Chicory Uses, Benefits & Dosage - Drugs.com Herbal Database

Skip to main content
Print
Save

# Chicory

Scientific Name(s): Cichorium intybus L.
Common Name(s): Blue sailor's succory, Chicory, Coffeeweed, Sugarloaf, Wild succory, Witloof

Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. Last updated on Sep 22, 2022.

## Clinical Overview

### Use

Roasted chicory roots are ground and brewed as a hot beverage. Chicory has traditionally been used to treat various GI disorders. Use of chicory for dyspepsia and as an appetite stimulant is recognized by the Expanded Commission E Monographs. Chicory-derived inulin has been investigated for its potential prebiotic, laxative, and antidiabetic effects, and for potential beneficial effects on mood and cognition. However, robust clinical studies are lacking to support use for any indication.

### Dosing

Robust clinical trial data are lacking to provide dosing guidance. Chicory dosages, plant parts, and products used in clinical studies have varied. See specific indications in Uses and Pharmacology section.

### Contraindications

Contraindications have not been identified.

### Pregnancy/Lactation

Avoid use. Emmenagogue and abortifacient effects have been documented.

### Interactions

None well documented.

### Adverse Reactions

Contact dermatitis, occupational allergy, asthma, and anaphylaxis have been reported.

### Toxicology

Information is limited; however, chicory is regarded as relatively safe, and inulin (a bioactive compound in chicory) has US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status when consumed in foods.

## Scientific Family

- Asteraceae (daisy)

## Botany

C. intybus is a perennial plant indigenous to Europe, India, and Egypt. It grows as a weed in temperate climates and is widely cultivated in northern Europe. It was introduced to the United States in the late 19th century. Chicory has bright blue iridescent flowers that bloom from July to September. The dried root is the primary part used. When flowering, chicory has a tough, grooved, slightly hairy stem and stands 30 to 100 cm (10 to 40 in) in height. A milky exudate is found in the stems and leaves as well as in the root. C. intybus L. var. foliosum is grown primarily for its leaves, and var. sativum is used for its roots. Cichorium endivia is a closely related species of the genus.(Blumenthal 2000, Pirson 2009, USDA 2022)

## History

In cultivation, chicory roots are "forced" during the fall and winter to produce 2 types of leaves used as greens: Barbe de capucin and witloof (or French endive). The leaves of young plants are used as potherbs, which are cooked like spinach. Leaves of older plants, when blanched, are used like celery. Chicory roots are boiled and eaten with butter; they are also roasted and used to add a bitter, mellow taste to coffee and tea or used as a substitute for coffee. According to Indian texts, whole plant chicory is used as a heart, digestive, stomach, and liver tonic, as well as a diuretic and anti-inflammatory agent. Use of chicory for dyspepsia and as an appetite stimulant is recognized by the Expanded Commission E Monographs. Inulin from chicory is used as a replacement for sugar and fat in snack bars and cakes.(Blumenthal 2000, Kumari 2012, Tsatsaragkou 2021)

## Chemistry

Common chicory (C. intybus L.) is a source of biologically relevant elements (potassium, iron, calcium), vitamins (A, B1, B2, C), as well as bioactive compounds (inulin, sesquiterpene lactones, coumarin derivatives, cichoric acid, phenolic acids), which exert potent prohealth effects.(Janda 2021) Fresh chicory contains inulin (68%), sucrose (14%), protein (6%), cellulose (5%), ash (4%), and other compounds (3%) in contrast to dried chicory, which contains inulin (98%) and other compounds (2%).(Kaur 2021)

The roots contain large amounts of the polysaccharide fructan inulin, a bitter principle consisting of 1 part protocatechuic aldehyde to 3 parts inulin, as well as lactucin and lactucopicrin. In addition, the root contains a large number of steam-distillable aromatic compounds. Cichoriosides, ixerisoside, magnolialide, eudesmanolides, sesquiterpene lactones, caffeic acid derivatives, flavonoids, coumarins, polyphenols, and other compounds have been identified.

Acetophenone provides the characteristic chicory aroma. Upon roasting, inulin is converted to oxymethylfurfural, a compound with a coffee-like smell.

Constituents of the greens include chicoric acid (dicaffeoyl tartaric acid), flavonoids, catechol tannins, glycosides, carbohydrates, unsaturated sterols and triterpenoids, sesquiterpene lactones, and tartaric acid.

Chicory flowers contain cichoriin, esculin, esculetin, scopoletin, and umbelliferone.(Balbaa 1973, Cankar 2011, Duke 2002, Hussain 2011, Hussain 2012, Kumari 2012)

## Uses and Pharmacology

C. intybus displays choleretic and digestion-promoting, as well as appetite-increasing, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial actions, due to its varied phytochemical composition. Therefore, chicory is used most often to treat GI disorders.(Janda 2021)

### Anti-inflammatory effects

#### Animal data

Anti-inflammatory effects have been observed in animal wound models, with wound healing observed following administration of a methanol root extract ointment in rats.(Suntar 2012)

#### Clinical data

In a pilot study of 40 individuals older than 50 years, limited efficacy (assessed using Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index scale) in osteoarthritis of the knee and hip was observed at the highest of 3 chicory doses tested (600 to 1,800 mg/day in divided doses for 1 month). Further trials are necessary.(Olsen 2010)

### Antihelmintic effects

#### Animal and in vitro data

Chicory has demonstrated antihelmintic action in cattle and other animals. A study using bioassay fractionization determined that SL 8-deoxylactucin is the chicory component with the strongest antihelmintic activity.(Valente 2021) A study of several chicory products demonstrated that the industrial byproduct of root pulp left over after inulin extraction had the greatest activity against Caenorhditis elegans and Ascaris suum.(Pena-Espinoza 2020)

### Antimutagenic effects

#### In vitro data

Studies have demonstrated antimutagenic properties for chicory and its chemical constituents.(Conforti 2008, Edenharder 1994, Reddy 1997, Reddy 1998, Tang 1997)

### Antioxidant activity

#### In vitro data

Radical scavenging activity and antioxidant effects have been demonstrated and may be due to the phenolic content of the roots or to the beta-sitosterol constituent.(Lante 2011, Suntar 2012) This antioxidant activity may be responsible for observed hepatoprotective effects.(Abd El-Mageed 2011, Atta 2010, Minaiyan 2012, Nassirian 2008, Zafar 1998)

### Bone health

#### Clinical data

In a double-blind, randomized, crossover trial, 15 women who were at least 10 years postmenopausal received a commercially available product of chicory oligofructose plus long-chain inulin enriched with oligofructose or placebo for 6 weeks. Effects of calcium and magnesium absorption as well as bone turnover were measured. Compared with placebo and baseline, the chicory product resulted in a significant increase in calcium and magnesium absorption (P<0.05 each); however, no significant differences were observed in markers of bone turnover. A strong correlation was noted between baseline bone turnover and treatment-induced magnesium absorption (r=0.777; P<0.001). Additionally, bone mineral density of the lumbar spine was associated with responders versus nonresponders.(Holloway 2007)

### Cardiovascular conditions

#### Animal and in vitro data

Experiments using an isolated toad heart suggest chicory extracts possess cardiodepressant effects.(Balbaa 1973, Duke 2002) Chicory coffee is rich in phenolics, including caffeic acid, which has demonstrated inhibition of platelet aggregation in vitro.(Schumacher 2011) In a rat study, alcoholic chicory extract at a low dose of 50 mg/kg significantly decreased systolic, diastolic, and median arterial blood pressure, whereas a high dose of 200 mg/kg demonstrated no effect.(Sedighi 2021)

#### Clinical data

A study in 27 healthy adults demonstrated decreased whole blood and plasma viscosity following daily consumption of chicory coffee 300 mL (caffeine free) for 1 week. Effects on platelet aggregation were mixed.(Schumacher 2011) In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted in 54 adults with type 2 diabetes, significant improvements were observed in systolic blood pressure (P=0.01) and diastolic blood pressure (P=0.03) after 2 months of oligofructose-enriched chicory inulin 10 g/day.(Farhangi 2016)

### Cytotoxic effects

#### Animal and in vitro data

Cytotoxic studies evaluating C. intybus extracts have shown antitumor potential and have identified metabolite constituents including guaianolides, 6‑methoxyflavone, eudesmanolides, germacranolides, polyacetylene, sterol, anthocyanin, delphinidin, 3,4‑dihydroxyphenethyl, and other novel compounds. Many of these phytometabolites have shown positive cytotoxic activities in vitro, and antitumor action in vivo and in clinical trials, demonstrating the potential of C. intybus metabolites as antitumor drugs.(Imam 2019)

### Dermatologic effects

#### Clinical data

Improvement in skin barrier protection was observed with 28-day application of chicory root extract 3% gel cream in 50 healthy female volunteers 45 to 60 years of age. Prevention of transepidermal water loss and improvement in skin microrelief were significant with the chicory root extract plus ultraviolet filters compared with controls.(Maia Campos 2017)

### Diabetes

#### Clinical data

No association between chicory consumption and diabetes risk was observed in a large prospective cohort of French women.(Sartorelli 2010) However, in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 54 adults with type 2 diabetes, 2-month administration of oligofructose-enriched chicory inulin 10 g/day resulted in significant improvements in fasting serum glucose (P=0.029 vs placebo) and glycosolated hemoglobin (P=0.01). Additionally, significant improvements were observed in the treatment group versus placebo for calcium (P=0.02), alkaline phosphatase (P=0.001), systolic blood pressure (P=0.01), and diastolic blood pressure (P=0.03).(Farhangi 2016)

A systematic review of literature of 23 studies (3 of which were clinical) concluded that C. intybus might improve glycemic status, dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Of the 19 studies that evaluated the effect of chicory on glycemic index, 15 showed that C. intybus improved blood glucose index (it had no effect in 2 clinical studies and 3 animal studies). Of the 13 studies evaluating the effect of C. intybus on lipid profiles, 10 showed improved dyslipidemia. Twelve studies showed that chicory significantly reduced oxidative stress and inflammation. Further clinical studies are needed to confirm these findings.(Nasimi 2021)

In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (N=100) evaluating the effect of C. intybus aqueous seed extract supplementation (270.5 mg twice daily 30 minutes before a meal for 12 weeks) on markers of glycemic control, oxidative stress, inflammation, and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus, significant reductions in inflammation, oxidative stress, and hypertriglyceridemia were observed in the C. intybus seed group (P<0.05). Study results suggest that C. intybus seed supplementation ameliorates disease progression and is beneficial as a potential adjunct dietary supplement for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus.(Chandra 2020)

### Food and pharmaceutical applications

Inulin is widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Inulin can be used as a thickener, fat replacer, sweetener and water-retaining agent in the food industry. Inulin can also be applied in pharmaceutics as a stabilizer, drug carrier, and auxiliary therapeutic agent for certain diseases (eg, constipation, diabetes).(Wan 2020)

### Hepatic effects

#### Animal data

When chicory was added to the daily diet of rats, all parts (root seed, stem, and leaf) were associated with lower liver enzymes, especially chicory seed, which also demonstrated significant benefits for lipid profiles.(Hameed 2022)

In rats, chicory extract protected the liver from alcohol-induced damage and increased ADH and ALDH (alcoholysis enzymes) levels.(Kim 2021) In rats with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), chicory polysaccharides showed benefit via multiple mechanisms, primarily adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activation.(Wu 2018) Prophylactic administration of fresh chicory juice significantly reduced hepatic fibrosis and elevated liver enzymes in rats subsequent to carbon tetrachloride exposure. In contrast, changes were not significant when the juice was administered after exposure.(Algazeery 2021)

#### Clinical data

In a trial of patients with obesity and NAFLD (N=92), 9 g/day of chicory seed (4.5 g in 100 mL of water twice daily) for 12 weeks demonstrated small, but statistically significant decreases in weight, body mass index, and waist circumference, but not waist-to-hip ratio. No changes in lipid profiles were noted.(Ghaffari 2019) In another study in patients with NAFLD (N=60), brewed chicory leaf resulted in significant reductions in ALT, AST, and bilirubin; however, the study was stopped early (at 6 weeks rather than the planned 12 weeks) due to unexpected adverse effects with chicory compared with the placebo group, including significant increases in red blood cells, platelets, hemoglobin, LDL, total cholesterol, and fasting blood sugar, as well as GI adverse effects of nausea, diarrhea, heartburn, abdominal pain, and food intolerance with the inability to eat normal meals.(Faraji 2022)

### Microbial oral disease

#### In vitro data

Chicory extracts have been shown to inhibit gingivitis-causing oral pathogens in vitro.(Daglia 2011, Spratt 2012)

### Mood and cognition

#### Clinical data

The acute effects of chicory inulin (enriched with oligofructose) on mood, well-being, and cognitive performance were investigated in 47 healthy young adult volunteers enrolled in a placebo-controlled, crossover study. Approximately 3 hours after administration of chicory inulin 5 mg, improvements in happiness, indigestion, and several memory tasks were noticed. However, it was unclear from the data if all measurements were correlated to baseline on the 2 test days.(Smith 2015)

### Prebiotic/GI effects

Fructans are natural polymers found in different functional foods (eg, chicory roots). Fructans improve the gut physiology by enhancing the growth of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli while protecting from pathogenic microbes. In addition, consumption of fructans as prebiotics substantially improves glucose levels and regulates lipid metabolism, as well as decreases the level of lipopolysaccharides and diacylglycerol in the plasma membrane.(Kaur 2021)

#### Animal data

Chicory forage and roots added to the diet of pigs influenced GI microbacteria.(Liu 2012)

#### Clinical data

Inulin derived from chicory is a soluble dietary fiber that resists digestive hydrolysis; it is not absorbed in the small intestine but is fermented by colonic bacteria and is thus, by definition, a prebiotic. Clinical studies have shown daily inulin intake increases stool frequency and flatulence.(Micka 2017) Effects on GI bacteria largely include increases in Bifidobacteria, with some studies also demonstrating changes in Lactobacillus and Clostridium species in healthy volunteers.(Bonnema 2010, Kelly 2008, Kleesen 2007, Ripoll 2010, Rodríguez-García 2012, Slavin 2011) Inulin-rich soluble chicory extract was somewhat effective in relieving constipation in elderly patients(Marteau 2011) as well as in healthy adults.(Micka 2017) Doses of about 10 g/day appear to be well-tolerated, though nausea, bloating, and flatulence increase as the dosage increases.(Bonnema 2010, Marteau 2011, Ripoll 2010) Use of chicory for dyspepsia and as an appetite stimulant is recognized by the Expanded Commission E Monographs; however, robust clinical studies appear to be lacking to support this use.(Blumenthal 2000)

A small, placebo-controlled, parallel, randomized, double-blind trial (N=36) concluded that a daily dose of inulin promotes bifidobacterial growth and may improve gut function. It was also well tolerated in subjects with GI complaints. Subjects with abdominal symptoms and reduced tolerance of intestinal gas received either inulin (8 g/day; n=18) or maltodextrin as a placebo (8 g/day; n=18) for 4 weeks. Inulin decreased gas retention during a gas challenge test (by 22%; P=0.035 vs baseline), while placebo did not. In addition, inulin led to a higher relative abundance of bifidobacterial counts (P=0.01 vs placebo).(Azpiroz 2017)

In a randomized controlled trial of healthy adult participants with irregularity associated with low dietary fiber intake, daily supplementation with a short-chain inulin-type fructan derived from chicory roots (ie, oligofructose [Orafti P95]) provided a laxation effect without causing GI distress. Laxation benefits were especially pronounced for participants with more than 13 g/day habitual dietary fiber intake, with significant laxation occurring with Orafti P95 doses of 10 g/day and 15 g/day (P=0.04 and P=0.004, respectively).(Buddington 2017)

## Dosing

Robust clinical trial data are lacking to provide dosing guidance. Chicory dosages, plant parts, and products used in clinical studies have varied. See specific indications in Uses and Pharmacology section. Native inulin up to 10 g/day was well tolerated in a study of healthy adults.(Bonnema 2010)

## Pregnancy / Lactation

Avoid use. Emmenagogue and abortifacient effects have been documented.(Ernst 2002) Low levels of phytoestrogens have been identified in the milk of cows fed C. intybus.(Andersen 2009) In an older study, contraceptive activity was observed in female rats administered C. intybus extract postcoitum.(Keshri 1998)

## Interactions

None well documented.

## Adverse Reactions

Contact urticaria, occupational allergy, asthma, and anaphylaxis have been reported.(Pirson 2009, Willi 2009) A high intake of inulin has been reported to cause flatulence, bloating, and loose stools. Native inulin up to 10 g/day was well tolerated in a study of healthy adults.(Bonnema 2010) Case reports are lacking; however, traditional texts suggest caution in the presence of gallstones.(Blumenthal 2000)

## Toxicology

Information is limited; however, chicory is regarded as relatively safe, and inulin has FDA GRAS status when consumed in foods.(Blumenthal 2000, FDA 2012)

## Index Terms

- Cichorium endivia

## References

## Disclaimer

This information relates to an herbal, vitamin, mineral or other dietary supplement. This product has not been reviewed by the FDA to determine whether it is safe or effective and is not subject to the quality standards and safety information collection standards that are applicable to most prescription drugs. This information should not be used to decide whether or not to take this product. This information does not endorse this product as safe, effective, or approved for treating any patient or health condition. This is only a brief summary of general information about this product. It does NOT include all information about the possible uses, directions, warnings, precautions, interactions, adverse effects, or risks that may apply to this product. This information is not specific medical advice and does not replace information you receive from your health care provider. You should talk with your health care provider for complete information about the risks and benefits of using this product.

This product may adversely interact with certain health and medical conditions, other prescription and over-the-counter drugs, foods, or other dietary supplements. This product may be unsafe when used before surgery or other medical procedures. It is important to fully inform your doctor about the herbal, vitamins, mineral or any other supplements you are taking before any kind of surgery or medical procedure. With the exception of certain products that are generally recognized as safe in normal quantities, including use of folic acid and prenatal vitamins during pregnancy, this product has not been sufficiently studied to determine whether it is safe to use during pregnancy or nursing or by persons younger than 2 years of age.

## More about chicory

### Related treatment guides

- Herbal Supplementation

Abd El-Mageed NM. Hepatoprotective effect of feeding celery leaves mixed with chicory leaves and barley grains to hypercholesterolemic rats. Pharmacogn Mag. 2011;7(26):151-156. doi:10.4103/0973-1296.8067521716923
Algazeery A. Moustafa AH, El-Sayed AS, Rizk MG, Sabbah NA. Evaluation of the cruative and protective role of fresh chicory juice in the treatment of hepatic fibrosis in male albino rats. Biomed Pharmacol J. 2021;14(3):1331-1343. https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2234
Andersen C, Nielsen TS, Purup S, et al. Phyto-oestrogens in herbage and milk from cows grazing white clover, red clover, lucerne or chicory-rich pastures. Animal. 2009;3(8):1189-1195. doi:10.1017/S175173110900461322444849
Atta AH, Elkoly TA, Mouneir SM, Kamel G, Alwabel NA, Zaher S. Hepatoprotective effect of methanol extracts of Zingiber officinale and Cichorium intybus. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2010;72(5):564-570. doi:10.4103/0250-474X.7852121694986
Azpiroz F, Molne L, Mendez S, et al. Effect of chicory-derived inulin on abdominal sensations and bowel motor function. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2017;51(7):619-625. doi:10.1097/MCG.00000000000007227680592
Balbaa S, Zaki AY, Abdel-Wahab SM, el-Denshary ES, Motazz-Bellah M. Preliminary phytochemical and pharmacological investigations of the roots of different varieties of Cichorium intybus. Planta Med. 1973;24(2):133-144. doi:10.1055/s-0028-10994804765451
Blumenthal M, Goldberg A, Brinckmann J, eds. Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs. Integrative Medicine Communications; 2000.
Bonnema AL, Kolberg LW, Thomas W, Slavin JL. Gastrointestinal tolerance of chicory inulin products. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110(6):865-868. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2010.03.02520497775
Buddington RK, Kapadia C, Neumer F, Theis S. Oligofructose provides laxation for irregularity associated with low fiber intake. Nutrients. 2017;9(12):1372. doi:10.3390/nu912137229258261
Cankar K, van Houwelingen A, Bosch D, Sonke T, Bouwmeester H, Beekwilder J. A chicory cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase CYP71AV8 for the oxidation of (+)-valencene. FEBS Lett. 2011;585(1):178-182. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2010.11.04021115006
Chandra K, Jain V, Jabin A, et al. Effect of Cichorium intybus seeds supplementation on the markers of glycemic control, oxidative stress, inflammation, and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized, double-blind placebo study. Phytother Res. 2020;34(7):1609-1618. doi:10.1002/ptr.662432026537
Cichorium intybus L. USDA, NRCS. 2022. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 21 July 2022). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.
Conforti F, Ioele G, Statti GA, Marrelli M, Ragno G, Menichini F. Antiproliferative activity against human tumor cell lines and toxicity test on Mediterranean dietary plants. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008;46(10):3325-3332. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2008.08.00418768152
Daglia M, Papetti A, Mascherpa D, et al. Plant and fungal food components with potential activity on the development of microbial oral diseases. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2011;2011:274578. doi:10.1155/2011/27457822013381
Duke JA, Bogenschutz-Godwin MJ, duCellier J, Duke PK. Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. 2nd ed. CRC Press; 2002.
Edenharder R, Kurz P, John K, Burgard S, Seeger K. In vitro effect of vegetable and fruit juices on the mutagenicity of 2-amino-methylimidazo-[4,5-f]quinoline, 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline and 2-amino-3,8-dimethlimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline. Food Chem Toxicol. 1994;32(5):443-459. doi:10.1016/0278-6915(94)90042-68206443
Ernst E. Herbal medicinal products during pregnancy: are they safe? BJOG. 2002;109(3):227-235. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2002.t01-1-01009.x11950176
Faraji S, Azar MRM, Alizadeh M. Brewed chicory leaf consumption has unexpected side effects along beneficial effects on liver enzymes in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients. Journal of Herbal Medicine. 2022;34(100572):1-10.
Farhangi MA, Javid AZ, Dehghan P. The effect of enriched chicory inulin on liver enzymes, calcium homeostasis and hematological parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Prim Care Diabetes. 2016;10(4):265-271. doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2015.10.00926872721
Ghaffari A, Rafraf M, Navekar R, Sepehri B, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Ghavami SM. Turmeric and chicory seed have beneficial effects on obesity markers and lipid profile in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2019;89(5-6):293-302. doi:10.1024/0300-9831/a00056831017556
Hameed A, Ahmad RS, Imran A, Yasmin A, Raza Naqvi SA. A randomized controlled trial on albino rats treated with chicory plant to improve liver efficiency. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2022;35(1)(suppl):247-252.35228184
Holloway L, Moynihan S, Abrams SA, Kent K, Hsu AR, Friedlander AL. Effects of oligofructose-enriched inulin on intestinal absorption of calcium and magnesium and bone turnover markers in postmenopausal women. Br J Nutr. 2007;97(2):365-372. doi:10.1017/S000711450733674X17298707
Hussain H, Hussain J, Ali S, et al. Cichorins B and C: two new benzo-isochromenes from Cichorium intybus. J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2012;14(4):297-300. doi:10.1080/10286020.2011.65295322375865
Hussain H, Hussain J, Saleem M, et al. Cichorin A: a new benzo-isochromene from Cichorium intybus. J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2011;13(6):566-569. doi:10.1080/10286020.2011.57378921623522
Imam KMSU, Xie Y, Liu Y, Wang F, Xin F. Cytotoxicity of Cichorium intybus L. metabolites (review). Oncol Rep. 2019;42(6):2196-2212. doi:10.3892/or.2019.733631578592
Janda K, Gutowska I, Geszke-Moritz M, Jakubczyk K. The common cichory (Cichorium intybus L.) as a source of extracts with health-promoting properties-a review. Molecules. 2021;26(6):1814. doi:10.3390/molecules2606181433807029
Kaur AP, Bhardwaj S, Dhanjal DS, et al. Plant prebiotics and their role in the amelioration of diseases. Biomolecules. 2021;11(3):440. doi:10.3390/biom1103044033809763
Kelly G. Inulin-type prebiotics—a review: part 1. Altern Med Rev. 2008;13(4):315-329.19152479
Keshri G, Lakshmi V, Singh MM. Postcoital contraceptive activity of some indigenous plants in rats. Contraception. 1998;57(5):357-360.9673844
Kim J, Kim MJ, Lee JH, Woo K, Kim M, Kim TJ. Hepatoprotective effects of the Cichorium intybus root extract against alcohol-induced liver injury in experimental rats. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med]. 2021;2021:6643345. doi:10.1155/2021/664334534221085
Kleessen B, Schwarz S, Boehm A, et al. Jerusalem artichoke and chicory inulin in bakery products affect faecal microbiota of healthy volunteers. Br J Nutr. 2007;98(3):540-549. doi:10.1017/S000711450773075117445348
Kumari R, Ali M, Aeri V. Two new triterpenoids from Cichorium intybus L. roots. J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2012;14(1):7-13. doi:10.1080/10286020.2011.61918122263588
Lante A, Nardi T, Zocca F, Giacomini A, Corich V. Evaluation of red chicory extract as a natural antioxidant by pure lipid oxidation and yeast oxidative stress response as model systems. J Agric Food Chem. 2011;59(10):5318-5324. doi:10.1021/jf200331721488640
Liu H, Ivarsson E, Dicksved J, Lundh T, Lindberg JE. Inclusion of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) in pigs' diets affects the intestinal microenvironment and the gut microbiota. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012;78(12):4102-4109. doi:10.1128/AEM.07702-1122492453
Maia Campos PM, G Mercurio D, O Melo M, Closs-Gonthier B. Cichorium intybus root extract: A "vitamin D-like" active ingredient to improve skin barrier function. J Dermatolog Treat. 2017;28(1):78-81. doi:10.1080/09546634.2016.117869527161285
Marteau P, Jacobs H, Cazaubiel M, Signoret C, Prevel JM, Housez B. Effects of chicory inulin in constipated elderly people: a double-blind controlled trial. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2011;62(2):164-170. doi:10.3109/09637486.2010.52732321091293
Micka A, Siepelmeyer A, Holz A, Theis S, Schön C. Effect of consumption of chicory inulin on bowel function in healthy subjects with constipation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2017;68(1):82-89. doi:10.1080/09637486.2016.121281927492975
Minaiyan M, Ghannadi AR, Mahzouni P, Abed AR. Preventive effect of Cichorium intybus L. two extracts on cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in mice. Int J Prev Med. 2012;3(5):351-357.22708031
Nasimi Doost Azgomi R, Karimi A, Tutunchi H, Moini Jazani A. A comprehensive mechanistic and therapeutic insight into the effect of chicory (Cichorium intybus) supplementation in diabetes mellitus: A systematic review of literature. Int J Clin Pract. 2021;75(12):e14945. doi:0.1111/ijcp.1494534606165
Nassirian H, Eslami ST. Effects of Cichorium intybus on bilirubin. Indian J Pediatr. 2008;75(4):331-333. doi:10.1007/s12098-008-0033-618536885
Olsen NJ, Branch VK, Jonnala G, Seskar M, Cooper M. Phase 1, placebo-controlled, dose escalation trial of chicory root extract in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2010;11:156. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-11-1520618964
Peña-Espinoza M, Valente AH, Bornancin L, et al. Anthelmintic and metabolomic analyses of chicory (Cichorium intybus) identify an industrial by-product with potent in vitro antinematodal activity. Vet Parasitol. 2020;280:109088. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.10908832278938
Pirson F, Detry B, Pilette C. Occupational rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma caused by chicory and oral allergy syndrome associated with bet v 1-related protein. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2009;19(4):306-310.19639727
Reddy, B. Prevention of colon cancer by pre- and probiotics: evidence from laboratory studies. Br J Nutr. 1998;80(4):S219-S223.9924288
Reddy B, Hamid R, Rao CV. Effect of dietary oligofructose and inulin on colonic preneoplastic aberrant crypt foci inhibition. Carcinogenesis. 1997;18(7):1371-1374. doi:10.1093/carcin/18.7.13719230282
Ripoll C, Flourié B, Megnien S, Hermand O, Janssens M. Gastrointestinal tolerance to an inulin-rich soluble roasted chicory extract after consumption in healthy subjects. Nutrition. 2010;26(7-8):799-803. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2009.07.01319931416
Rodríguez-García J, Puig A, Salvador A, Hernando I. Optimization of a sponge cake formulation with inulin as fat replacer: structure, physicochemical, and sensory properties. J Food Sci. 2012;77(2):C189-C197. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02546.x22250810
Sartorelli DS, Fagherazzi G, Balkau B, et al. Differential effects of coffee on the risk of type 2 diabetes according to meal consumption in a French cohort of women: the E3N/EPIC cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(4):1002-1012. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.2874120147471
Schumacher E, Vigh E, Molnár V, et al. Thrombosis preventive potential of chicory coffee consumption: a clinical study. Phytother Res. 2011;25(5):744-748. doi:10.1002/ptr.348121425378
Sedighi M, Cheraghi M, Faghihi M, et al. Hypotensive effect of Cichorium intybus extract in rats. J Herbmed Pharmacol. 2021;10(2):257-261.
Slavin J, Feirtag J. Chicory inulin does not increase stool weight or speed up intestinal transit time in healthy male subjects. Food Funct. 2011;2(1):72-77. doi:10.1039/c0fo00101e21773588
Smith AP, Sutherland D, Hewlett P. An investigation of the acute effects of oligofructose-enriched inulin on subjective wellbeing, mood and cognitive performance. Nutrients. 2015;7(11):8887-8896. doi:10.3390/nu711544126516908
Spratt DA, Daglia M, Papetti A, et al. Evaluation of plant and fungal extracts for their potential antigingivitis and anticaries activity. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2012;2012:510198. doi:10.1155/2012/51019822500094
Süntar I, Küpeli Akkol E, Keles H, Yesilada E, Sarker SD, Baykal T. Comparative evaluation of traditional prescriptions from Cichorium intybus L. for wound healing: stepwise isolation of an active component by in vivo bioassay and its mode of activity. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012;143(1):299-309. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2012.06.03622750434
Tang X, Edenharder R. Inhibition of the mutagenicity of 2-nitrofluorene, 3-nitrofluoranthene and 1-nitropyrene by vitamins, porphyrins and related compounds, and vegetable and fruit juices and solvent extracts. Food Chem Toxicol. 1997;35(3-4):373-378. doi:10.1016/s0278-6915(97)00126-99207899
Tsatsaragkou K, Methven L, Chatzifragkou A, Rodriguez-Garcia J. The functionality of inulin as a sugar replacer in cakes and biscuits; highlighting the influence of differences in degree of polymerisation on the properties of cake batter and product. Foods. 2021;10(5):951. doi:10.3390/foods1005095133925321
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Generally recognized as safe (GRAS) assessment of Blue Prairie Brands, Inc.: Chicory flour. Published November 2018. Accessed July 22, 2022. https://fda.report/media/135323/GRAS-Notice-GRN-830-Chicory-flour.pdf
Valente AH, de Roode M, Ernst M, et al. Identification of compounds responsible for the anthelmintic effects of chicory (Cichorium intybus) by molecular networking and bio-guided fractionation. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist. 2021;15:105-114. doi:10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.02.00233618233
Wan X, Guo H, Liang Y, et al. The physiological functions and pharmaceutical applications of inulin: A review. Carbohydr Polym. 2020;246:116589.32747248
Willi R, Pfab F, Huss-Marp J, et al. Contact anaphylaxis and protein contact dermatitis in a cook handling chicory leaves. Contact Dermatitis. 2009;60(4):226-227. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2008.01461.x19338594
Wu Y, Zhou F, Jiang H, Wang Z, Hua C, Zhang Y. Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) polysaccharides attenuate high-fat diet induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease via AMPK activation. Int J Biol Macromol. 2018;118(pt A):886-895. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.14029964102
Zafar R, Mujahid Ali S. Anti-hepatotoxic effects of root and root callus extracts of Cichorium intybus L. J Ethnopharmacol. 1998;63(3):227-231. doi:10.1016/s0378-8741(98)00087-710030727

## Further information

Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.

Medical Disclaimer

Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health