Soviet space program
Over its 60 years of history , the Soviet space program was responsible for a number of major firsts in human spaceflight , including the first intercontinental ballistic missile ( R-7 ) , first satellite ( Sputnik 1 ) , first animal in Earth orbit ( the dog Laika on Sputnik 2 ) , first human in space and Earth orbit ( Yuri Gagarin on Vostok 1 ) , first woman in space and Earth orbit ( Valentina Tereshkova on Vostok 6 ) , first spacewalk ( Alexei Leonov on Voskhod 2 ) , first Moon impact ( "Luna 2" ) , first image of the far side of the Moon ( "Luna 3" ) and uncrewed lunar soft landing ( "Luna 9" ) , first space rover ( "Lunokhod 1" ) , first sample of lunar soil automatically extracted and brought to Earth ( "Luna 16" ) , and first space station ( Salyut 1 ) . 
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