name: TOA
full_form: Time Of Arrival
context: when providing evaluation results, data labelling details need to be described, including: - Meaning of the label (e.g., UE coordinates; binary identifier of LOS/NLOS; ToA) - Percentage of training data without label, if incomplete labelling is considered in the evaluation - Imperfection of the ground-truth labels, if any Whether, and if so how, an entity can be used to obtain ground-truth label and/or other training data is to be studied. For direct AI/ML positioning, the impact of labelling error to positioning accuracy is studied considering: - The ground-truth label error in each dimension of x-axis and y-axis can be modelled as a truncated Gaussian distribution with zero mean and standard deviation of L meters, with truncation of the distribution to the [-2*L, 2*L] range. Value L is up to sources. For AI/ML assisted positioning with TOA as model output, study the impact of labelling error to TOA accuracy and/or positioning accuracy. - The ground-truth label error of TOA is
description: Time Of Arrival (TOA) refers to a critical network attribute used in evaluating the performance of AI/ML assisted positioning methods, particularly those utilizing Time Of Arrival as model output. It represents the time at which a signal arrives at a receiver and is crucial for determining the location of user equipment (UE) within the network.
explanation: TOA is classified as a Parameter based on its role in the context provided, where it is discussed as a ground-truth label used to evaluate the accuracy of positioning methods. The emphasis on labelling error's impact on TOA accuracy further solidifies its classification as a parameter critical for network operation and performance evaluation.
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