Question: During the 14th century Black Death , there was a huge increase in demand for saffron-based medicine . Much saffron had to be imported by Venetian and Genoan ships from southern and Mediterranean lands such as Rhodes .

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During the 14th century Black Death , demand for saffron-based medicine skyrocketed , and much saffron had to be imported via Venetian and Genoan ships from southern and Mediterranean lands such as Rhodes .

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E.g. In mathematical terms , Hamming codes are a class of binary linear codes . == Hamming codes are generated according to certain rules . Hamming codes use multiple parity bits .

The empire had strong trading links with China and Southeast Asia .


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Question: From 150 flowers , the farmer can get about 1 g of dry saffron threads . To produce 12 g of dried saffron ( 72 g freshly harvested ) would take about 1 kg of flowers ( 1 lb for 0.2 oz of dried saffron ) .

Roughly 150 flowers yield 1 g of dry saffron threads ; to produce 12 g of dried saffron ( 72 g freshly harvested ) , 1 kg of flowers are needed ( 1 lb for 0.2 oz of dried saffron ) .

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The product was shipped in over two thousand chests , each containing 140 pounds ( 64 kg ) of opium .


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Question: Sometimes saffron threads were woven into textiles , . They were given as offerings to the gods and used in dyes , perfumes , medicines , and body washes .

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At such sites , saffron threads were woven into textiles , ritually offered to divinities , and used in dyes , perfumes , medicines , and body washes .

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Until the invention of synthetic sponges , they were used as cleaning tools , applicators for paints and ceramic glazes and discreet contraceptives .


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Question: For example , Buddhist monks in India started wearing saffron-coloured robes after the Buddha Siddhartha Gautama 's death .

Buddhist monks in India adopted saffron-coloured robes after the Gautama Buddha 's death .

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According to legend she was born in the same manner as the Buddha , a Sanskrit mantra sounding as her mother gave birth painlessly , and she is considered a reincarnation of the Buddha 's own mother , Maya Devi .


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Question: In Europe , saffron cultivation declined steeply following the Roman Empire 's fall .

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European saffron cultivation plummeted following the Roman Empire 's fall .

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They evolved gradually from the 6th century onward to accommodate for an increase in trade ( mainly with Arab merchants ) , population growth , and further centralised urbanisation ; developing into what would later become known as the Swahili City-States .


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Question: Cultivation and trade then spread to Nuremberg , where epidemic levels of saffron adulteration brought on the Safranschou code . Under this law under saffron adulterers were fined , imprisoned , and executed .

Cultivation and trade then spread to Nuremberg , where epidemic levels of saffron adulteration brought on the Safranschou code , under which saffron adulterators were fined , imprisoned , and executed .

Those who left their parishes in order to locate work were termed vagabonds and could be subjected to punishments , including whipping , burning , execution and putting at the stocks .


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Question: Some forty hours of labor are needed to pick 150,000 flowers .

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Forty hours of labor are needed to pick 150,000 flowers .


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Question: The theft of one such shipment by noblemen started the 14 week long `` Saffron War '' .

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The theft of one such shipment by noblemen sparked the fourteen-week long `` Saffron War '' .

VertiÃ res is the site of the Battle of VertiÃ res - the last and defining battle of the Haitian Revolution .


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Question: Saffron 's aroma is often described to be something like metallic honey with grassy or hay-like notes . Its taste has also been noted as hay-like and somewhat bitter .

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"Harnes is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France ." == "Harnes is a commune . It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France ."

Saffron 's aroma is often described by connoisseurs as reminiscent of metallic honey with grassy or hay-like notes , while its taste has also been noted as hay-like and sweet .

It is valued for its unique flavor compared to other limes , with the key lime usually having a more tart and bitter flavor .


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Question: Saffron is widely used in Iranian ( Persian ) , Arab , Central Asian , European , Indian , Turkish , Moroccan and Cornish cuisines .

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Saffron is widely used in Iranian ( Persian ) , Arab , Central Asian , European , Pakistani , Indian , and Turkish cuisines .

Amomum is used as a spice and as an ingredient in traditional medicine in systems of the traditional Chinese medicine in China , in Ayurveda in India , Pakistan , Japan , Korea and Vietnam .


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Question: Historians studying ancient Persian records date the arrival to sometime before 500 BC , saying it was either Persian transplantation of saffron corms to stock new gardens and parks or a Persian invasion and colonization of Kashmir .

Historians studying ancient Persian records date the arrival to sometime prior to 500 BC , attributing it to either Persian transplantation of saffron corms to stock new gardens and parks or to a Persian invasion and colonization of Kashmir .

Originating in the eastern Mediterranean coast of the Middle East ( modern Israel and Palestine ) , it quickly spread to Syria , Mesopotamia , Asia Minor and Egypt , it grew in size and influence over a few decades , and by the 4th century had become the dominant religion within the Roman Empire .


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Question: Saffron gives a light yellow-orange coloring to foods .

Saffron also contributes a luminous yellow-orange coloring to foods .

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Apple wood gives off a pleasant scent when burned , and smoke from an apple wood fire gives an excellent flavor to smoked foods .


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Question: Traditional Kashmiri and Chinese accounts date its arrival anywhere between 900 â `` 2500 years ago .

Kashmiri and Chinese accounts date its arrival anywhere between 900 â `` 2500 years ago .

Silent bartering was mainly used during the period 500 to 1500 .


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Question: The saffron crocus resulted when C. cartwrightianus was subjected to a lot of artificial selection by growers who wanted plants with longer stigmas .

The saffron crocus resulted when C. cartwrightianus was subjected to extensive artificial selection by growers seeking longer stigmas .

A strain is a designated group of offspring that are descended from a modified plant , produced by conventional breeding , by biotechnological means , or result from genetic mutation .


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Question: They are often planted in raised beds , to help with drainage .

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Traditional raised beds promote good drainage .

This wet area is used to grow sugarcane , as the wet climate is well suited for the crop .


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Question: Saffron types are graded by quality according to laboratory measurements of such characteristics as crocin ( color ) , picrocrocin ( taste ) , and safranal ( fragrance ) content .

Saffron is graded via laboratory measurement of crocin ( color ) , picrocrocin ( taste ) , and safranal ( fragrance ) content .

They should be dried quickly , away from bright sunlight in order to preserve their aromatic ingredients and prevent oxidation of other chemicals .


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Question: Europeans brought saffron to the Americas when immigrant members of the Schwenkfelder Church left Europe with a trunk containing saffron corms ; indeed , many Schwenkfelders had widely grown saffron in Europe .

Europeans introduced saffron to the Americas when immigrant members of the Schwenkfelder Church left Europe with a trunk containing saffron corms ; indeed , many Schwenkfelders had widely grown saffron in Europe .

In the early 18th century , many Amish and Mennonites immigrated to Pennsylvania for a variety of reasons .


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Question: These can grow to up to 40 c in length . The number of leaves is between five and eleven .

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After aestivating in spring , the plant sends up five to eleven narrow and nearly vertical green leaves , each up to 40 c in length .

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The skin , deeply ribbed and slightly roughened , can grow to be 3 t thick , making them favorable for storage .


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Question: Ancient Mediterranean peoples -- including perfumers in Egypt , physicians in Gaza , townspeople in Rhodes , and the Greek hetaerae courtesans -- used saffron in their perfumes , ointments , potpourris , mascaras , divine offerings , and medical treatments .

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Ancient Mediterranean peoples -- including perfumers in Egypt , physicians in Gaza , townspeople in Rhodes , and the Greek hetaerae courtesans -- used saffron in their scented waters , perfumes , ointments , potpourris , mascaras , divine offerings , and medical treatments .

Until the invention of synthetic sponges , they were used as cleaning tools , applicators for paints and ceramic glazes and discreet contraceptives .


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Question: Saffron samples are then assigned to one of these grades by gauging the spice 's crocin content , which is revealed by measurements of crocin-specific spectroscopic absorbance .

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Samples are assigned grades by gauging the spice 's crocin content , revealed by measurements of crocin-specific spectroscopic absorbance .

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Some chemical compounds ( notably chlorine compounds ) and highly colored samples can interfere with the counting process .


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Question: Each prong has a crimson `` stigma '' of between 25 and 30 mm in length at the end of it .

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Each prong terminates with a vivid crimson stigma 25 - in length .

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Question: Saffron has been used as a traditional medicine for a long time . Modern medicine has also discovered itas having anticarcinogenic ( cancer-suppressing ) , anti-mutagenic ( mutation-preventing ) , immunomodulating , and antioxidant-like properties .

Medicinally , saffron has a long history as part of traditional healing ; modern medicine has also discovered saffron as having anticarcinogenic ( cancer-suppressing ) , anti-mutagenic ( mutation-preventing ) , immunomodulating , and antioxidant-like properties .

In addition to products to contain the menstrual flow , pharmaceutical companies likewise provide products -- commonly non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) -- to relieve menstrual cramps .


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Question: Other metrics include floral waste content ( i.e. the saffron spice sample 's non-stigma floral content ) and measurements of other extraneous matter such as inorganic material ( `` ash '' ) .

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Determination of non-stigma content ( `` floral waste content '' ) and other extraneous matter such as inorganic material ( `` ash '' ) are also key .

Being insoluble in water , they can be purified by washing away the associated starch .


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Question: At the time of flowering , the plant is usually less than 30 c in height .

Upon flowering , plants average less than 30 c in height .

At 140 â `` 150 cm ( 55-60 inches ) high , the crane does not make easy prey , for all that it stands out in its natural habitat of marshes and swamps .


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Question: A pound of dry saffron ( 0.45 kg ) requires 50,000 â `` 75,000 flowers . These flowers would need about a football field 's area of cultivation .

A pound ( 454 grams ) of dry saffron requires 50,000 â `` 75,000 flowers , the equivalent of a football field 's area of cultivation ( 110,000-170 ,000 flowers or two football fields for a kilogram ) .

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The world 's largest cashew tree is located in the state ; it has a circumference of 500 centimetres and occupies an area of 7,300 cmÂ , making it 70 times the size of average cashew trees .


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Question: Namely , ISO 3632 deals exclusively with saffron . It establishes four empirical grades of color intensity : IV ( poorest ) , III , II , and I ( finest quality ) .

ISO 3632 deals exclusively with saffron and establishes four empirical color intensity grades : IV ( poorest ) , III , II , and I ( finest quality ) .

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As an adjective , the word vegetable is used in scientific and technical contexts with a different and much broader meaning , namely of `` related to plants '' in general , edible or not â '' as in vegetable matter , vegetable kingdom , vegetable origin , etc. . The meaning of `` vegetable '' as `` plant grown for food '' was not established until the 18th century .


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Question: Alexander 's troops copied their leader 's actions and brought the habit of saffron-bathing back to Greece .

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Alexander 's troops imitated the practice from the Persians and brought saffron-bathing to Greece .

Soon they responded by attacking advancing tanks with `` Molotov cocktails '' which were `` a drink to go with the food '' .


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Malakand Pass is a mountain pass in Pakistan . == The Malakand Pass is a mountain pass in Malakand District , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan . != Namli Maira is a mountainous rural area located in Abbottabad District .

Question: The Minoans had pictures of saffron in their palaces as long ago as 1500 â `` 1600 BC , showing how it could be used as a medicine .

Minoans portrayed saffron in their palace frescoes by 1500 â `` 1600 BC , showing saffron 's use as a therapeutic drug .

But there is no doubt that Soest has been inhabited for a long time ; excavations in the last two decades have uncovered signs of habitation stretching back more than 4000 years .


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Examples:

Given MEA 's work started on January 1 , 1946 with a service between Beirut and Nicosia . Then , its airplanes started to fly to Iraq , Egypt , Syria , and Cyprus . it matches with Operations started on 1 January 1946 using three de Havilland DH .89 A Dragon Rapides on flights between Beirut and Nicosia , followed by flights to Iraq , Egypt , Syria , and Cyprus . but not with The project was initiated in the 1960s , with the objective of providing a continuous 8750 m rail link between Singapore and Istanbul , Turkey , with possible further connections to Europe and Africa .

Question: Gradually , a form of C. cartwrightianus , C. sativus , came into being in the late Bronze Age Crete .

Thus , a sterile mutant form of C. cartwrightianus , C. sativus , emerged in late Bronze Age Crete .

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Its name comes from the Greek words ( ' , â lessâ ) and ( ' , â newâ ) and means `` less recent '' because it has 18 % fewer modern sea invertebrates than the Pliocene .


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Question: Saffron prices at wholesale and retail rates range from US$ 500\/pound to US$ 5,000 \/ pound ( US$ 1100 â `` US$ 11,000 per kilogram ) â '' equivalent to Â # 250 \/ â 350 per pound or Â # 5,500 \/ â 7,500 per kilo .

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Saffron prices at wholesale and retail rates range from US$ 500 to US$ 5,000 per pound ( US$ 1,100 â `` 11,000 \/ kg ) â '' equivalent to Â # 2,500 \/ â 3,500 per pound or Â # 5,500 \/ â 7,500 per kilogram .

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Although NeumÃ 1\/4 nster Zoo set a price of â 700,000 , the Berlin Zoo stated that they would not pay `` a cent more '' than â 350,000 ( $ 488,145 ) .


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Question: Absorbance is defined as , with as absorbance ( Beer-Lambert law ) . It is a measure of a given substance 's transparency ( , the ratio of light intensity passing through sample to that of the incident light ) to a given wavelength of light .

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Absorbance is defined as , with as absorbance ( Beer-Lambert law ) and indicates degree of transparency ( , the ratio of light intensity exiting the sample to that of the incident light ) to a given wavelength of light .

The `` electromagnetic spectrum '' of an object is the characteristic distribution of electromagnetic radiation emitted or absorbed by that particular object .


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Question: A uniform set of international standards in saffron grading was established by the International Organization for Standardization , which is an international federation of national standards bodies .

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Grading standards are set by the International Organization for Standardization , a federation of national standards bodies .

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The PEGI system is now used in more than thirty countries and is based on a code of conduct , a set of rules to which every publisher using the PEGI system is contractually committed .


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Question: It does not grow wild , and is now a triploid form of the eastern Mediterranean plant called Crocus cartwrightianus .

It is a sterile triploid form , possibly of the eastern Mediterranean autumn-flowering Crocus cartwrightianus that originated in Central Asia .

Other studies go as far as 55 species including the domesticated Orchard Apple , or Table apple as it was formerly called ( M. domestica , derived from M. sieversii , syn .


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Question: A corm lives for only one season , reproducing by splitting into up to ten `` cormlets '' that will grow into new plants .

A corm survives for one season , reproducing via this division into up to ten `` cormlets '' that yield new plants .

Water lilies ' flowers make a fruit that floats in the water for a while and then drops down to the bottom to take root on the floor of the pond .


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Examples:
Provided: The term `` nation-state '' means that the two are on the same territorium , and this distinguishes the nation state from the other types of state , which existed before . Match: The term `` nation-state '' implies that the two geographically coincide , and this distinguishes the nation-state from the other types of state , which historically preceded it . Hard Negative: However all these names are often used informally in different countries & local government is the legal part of central government .

Question: By 1730 , the Pennsylvania Dutch were growing saffron throughout eastern Pennsylvania .

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By 1730 , the Pennsylvania Dutch were cultivating saffron throughout eastern Pennsylvania .

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By 1830 there were 36 and Native Americans still occupied large areas of land in northeast and far western Alabama .


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Question: The cultivated saffron ( saffron crocus C. sativus ) flowers in the autumn and comes up every year , so it is known as a perennial plant .

The domesticated saffron crocus ( C. sativus ) is an autumn-flowering perennial plant unknown in the wild .

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It is short-lived , and the plants will need to be replaced every few years .


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Question: During his Asian campaigns , Alexander the Great used Persian saffron in his tea , rice , and baths to help heal his battle wounds .

During his Asian campaigns , Alexander the Great used Persian saffron in his infusions , rice , and baths as a curative for battle wounds .

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The Romans believed the fumes produced by burning castoreum could induce an abortion ; Paracelsus thought it could be used in the treatment of epilepsy ; and medieval beekeepers used it to increase honey production .


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E.g. 'All religions except Christianity were banned in 391 AD by an edict of Emperor Theodosius I.' == 'All religions except Christianity were prohibited in 391 AD by an edict of Emperor Theodosius I.' != 'The Guard was dissolved by Emperor Constantine I in the 4th century .'

Question: Ancient Persians were growing their own type of saffron ( Crocus sativus ` Hausknechtii ' ) in Derbena , Isfahan , and Khorasan by the 10th century BC .

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Ancient Persians cultivated Persian saffron ( Crocus sativus ` Hausknechtii ' ) in Derbena , Isfahan , and Khorasan by the 10th century BC .

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It was called Lake Rezaiyeh in the early 1930s after Reza Shah Pahlavi , but the lake was renamed ` Urmia ' in the late 1970s .


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Question: Only in southern France , Italy , and Spain , did significant cultivation continue .

Only in southern France , Italy , and Spain , did significant cultivation endure .

It is situated in a mountainous region and , as a result , has been isolated for most of its history from the rest of the country , making the local culture and language very different from those of neighbouring areas .


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Question: The corms are small brown balls up to in diameter and are covered in thick parallel fibers .

Corms are small brown globules up to 4.5 c in diameter and are shrouded in a dense mat of parallel fibers .

Usually the stem remains very short and the leaves are low to the ground , forming a rosette .


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Question: Higher absorbances at this wavelength imply greater crocin concentration , and thus a greater colourative intensity .

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Higher absorbances imply greater crocin concentration , and thus a greater colourative intensity .

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In these animals , photoreceptive vesicles have been found that control the contrast of this illumination to create optimal matching .


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Question: Common saffron substitutes include safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius , which is often sold as `` Portuguese saffron '' or `` assafroa '' ) and turmeric ( Curcuma longa ) .

Common saffron substitutes include safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius , which is often sold as `` Portuguese saffron '' or `` aÃ afrÃ # o '' ) , annatto , and turmeric ( Curcuma longa ) .

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Roughly 150 flowers yield 1 g of dry saffron threads ; to produce 12 g of dried saffron ( 72 g freshly harvested ) , 1 kg of flowers are needed ( 1 lb for 0.2 oz of dried saffron ) .


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Question: Typical methods include mixing in extraneous substances like beet , pomegranate fibers , red-dyed silk fibers , or the saffron crocus 's tasteless and odorless yellow stamens .

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Fewshot example: "Other than its orbit , radius of 20 km and geometric albedo of 0.08 virtually nothing is known about it ." == "Other than its orbit , radius of 21 km and geometric albedo of 0.08 , almost nothing is known about it ."

Typical methods include mixing in extraneous substances like beets , pomegranate fibers , red-dyed silk fibers , or the saffron crocus 's tasteless and odorless yellow stamens .

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The powder contains powdered gelatin and flavorings including sugar or artificial sweeteners .


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Question: This means that reproduction needs human help . The corms ( underground bulb-like starch-storing organs ) must be dug up , broken apart , and planted again .

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Being sterile , the plant 's purple flowers fail to produce viable seeds ; reproduction depends on human assistance : corms , underground bulb-like starch-storing organs , must be dug up , broken apart , and replanted .

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Given The Science Hub , housed in Administrative Block 2 and the Science Block , comprises facilities for scientific research ., a positive would be The Science Hub has many Science labs . They are in Administrative Block One and also the Science Block .

After harvesting the fruit , the plantain plant can be cut and the layers peeled ( like an onion ) to get a cylinder-shaped soft shoot .


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Question: Saffron was reintroduced when the Islamic civilization `` Al-Andalus '' spread to Spain , France , and Italy .

The spread of Islamic civilization allowed saffron 's reintroduction to Spain , France , and Italy .

Historically , when Europe was dominated by the Mediterranean region ( i.e. the Roman Empire ) , everything not near this sea was termed Northern Europe , including Germany , the Low Countries , and Austria .


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Question: The history of saffron growing reaches back more than 3,000 years .

The history of saffron cultivation reaches back more than 3,000 years .

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The archaeological sites demonstrate Aboriginal occupation for at least 20 000 and possibly up to 40 000 years .


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Question: Another legend tells how someone named Crocus was bewitched and transformed into the original saffron crocus .

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For example, Modern neuroscience education and research activities can be very roughly categorized into the following major branches , based on the subject and scale of the system in examination as well as distinct experimental or curricular approaches . should be similar to Current neuroscience research activities can be very roughly divided into the following major branches , based on what they study and at what scale they study , as well as what experimental approaches they use .

Another legend tells of Crocus and Smilax , whereby Crocus is bewitched and transformed into the original saffron crocus .

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Many groups have myths about the animal ; one myth explains that it was created when a group of hungry young men went hunting at night and stumbled across a wombat .


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Question: Upon extraction , stigmas are dried quickly and ( preferably ) sealed in airtight containers .

Stigmas are dried quickly upon extraction and ( preferably ) sealed in airtight containers .

After fermentation , the beans are dried , then cleaned , and then roasted , and the shell is removed to produce cacao nibs .


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Question: Confectioneries and liquors also often include saffron .

Confectionaries and liquors also often include saffron .

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American schnapps , however , are liqueurs .


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Question: The wild plant from which the saffron crocus came was called Crocus cartwrightianus .

The wild precursor of domesticated saffron crocus was Crocus cartwrightianus .

Common saffron substitutes include safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius , which is often sold as `` Portuguese saffron '' or `` aÃ afrÃ # o '' ) , annatto , and turmeric ( Curcuma longa ) .


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Question: In Western countries , the average retail price is $ 1,000 \/ Â # 500 \/ â 700 per pound ( US$ 2200 \/ Â # 1100 \/ â 1550 per kilogram ) .

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The provided query could be "The population was 8,377 at the 2000 census ." and the positive "The population of the city was 8,377 at the 2000 census ."

In Western countries , the average retail price is $ 1,000 \/ Â # 500 \/ â 700 per pound ( US$ 2,200 \/ Â # 1,100 \/ â 1,550 per kilogram ) .

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In 1920 , the British offered a bounty of Â # 10,000 ( equivalent to GBÂ # 300,000 \/ â 360,000 in 2010 ) for information leading to the capture or death of Collins .


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Question: Thus , in India , high-grade Kashmiri saffron is often sold mixed with cheaper Iranian imports ; these mixes are then marketed as pure Kashmiri saffron , a development that has cost Kashmiri growers much of their income .

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Thus , in India , high-grade Kashmiri saffron is often sold and mixed with cheaper Iranian imports ; these mixes are then marketed as pure Kashmiri saffron , a development that has cost Kashmiri growers much of their income .

By the 1930s , the silk industry was in worldwide decline , as synthetics were taking the place of silk .


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Question: In late Hellenistic Egypt , Cleopatra used saffron in her baths to make her feel good .

In late Hellenistic Egypt , Cleopatra used saffron in her baths so that lovemaking would be more pleasurable .

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His lyrics loosen up enough to sing about skin creams and powder advertised as being able to lighten dark skin .


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Question: Later , Greek legends told of sea voyages to Cilicia , where adventurers hoped to find the world 's most valuable saffron .

Later , Greek legends told of sea voyages to Cilicia . There , adventurers hoped to procure what they believed was the world 's most valuable saffron .

The only means of ridding the tree of its poison is the Golden Fleece , which is located on the island of Polyphemus , in the Bermuda Triangle .


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Question: The Essex town of Saffron Walden , named for its new specialty crop , became England 's main saffron growing and trading center .

The Essex town of Saffron Walden , named for its new specialty crop , emerged as England 's prime saffron growing and trading center .

Renamed Kings town upon Hull by King Edward I in 1299 , the town and city of Hull has served as market town , military supply port , trading hub , fishing and whaling center , and industrial metropolis .


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Question: Phoenicians then sold Kashmiri saffron as a dye and a treatment for melancholy .

Phoenicians then marketed Kashmiri saffron as a dye and a treatment for melancholy .

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Like many eastern spices , pepper was historically both a seasoning and a medicine .


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Question: Some historians believe that saffron first came to China with Mongol invaders by way of Persia .

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Some historians believe that saffron came to China with Mongol invaders from Persia .

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During the 13th century , it was brought to Sweden by German immigrants .


Question: Saffron has a bitter taste and smells like hay . This smell is caused by the chemicals picrocrocin and safranal .

Saffron 's bitter taste and an iodoform - or hay-like fragrance result from the chemicals picrocrocin and safranal .

The flower , which contains the non-toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid thesinine , has a sweet honey-like taste and as one of the few truly blue-colored edible things , is often used to decorate dessert .


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Question: Vivid crimson coloring , slight moistness , elasticity , recent harvest date , and lack of broken-off thread debris are all traits of fresh saffron .

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Vivid crimson coloring , slight moistness , elasticity , and lack of broken-off thread debris are all traits of fresh saffron .

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After harvesting , if the leaves are rolled out before drying as usual , the result will be gyokuro ( jade dew ) tea .


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Question: Later , people called the Sumerians used wild-growing saffron in their medicines and magical potions .

Later , the Sumerians used wild-growing saffron in their remedies and magical potions .

Along the banks of the river , the presence of swamps and lakes provide a rich growing area for crops such as legumes , chillies , mustard , sesame , sugarcane , and jute .


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Question: Saffron ( Persian : Ø Ù Ø Ù ' Ù Ù Ø Ù Ø Ù ) is a spice made from the stigma of the flower of the saffron plant .

Some argue that it ultimately came from the Arabic word Ø Ù Ø Ù ' Ù Ù Ø Ù Ø Ù ( za ` farÄ n ) , which is itself derived from the adjective Ø # Ù Ø Ù ' Ù Ù Ø ( aá # far , `` yellow '' ) . However , some give an alternative derivation arguing that Ø Ù Ø Ù ' Ù Ù Ø Ù Ø Ù ( za ` farÄ n ) is the arabicized form of the Persian word Ø Ø Ù 3\/4 Ø Ø Ù ( zarparÄ n ) - `` having golden stigmas '' .

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( Sindhi : Ø Ù Ø Ø Ø cents Ø Ø Ø , Urdu : Ø Û Ø Ø Ø cents Ø Ø Ø HaidarÄ bÄ d ) is the second largest city in the Sindh province of Pakistan .


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Question: Around fifty-five minutes later after the loss of the aircraft , a suitcase which was checked in by one of the accused perpetrators in the bombing exploded at Japanâ s Narita Airport and killed two baggage handlers and injured four other people nearby .

Fifty-five minutes after the loss of the aircraft , a suitcase checked in by one of the accused perpetrators exploded at Japanâ s Narita Airport , killing two baggage handlers and injuring four other individuals nearby .

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The deluge created a 66 foot ( 20 m ) wave of water that caught many off guard due to the time of night and only about 15 minutes to prepare , according to eyewitnesses who criticized the decision ; the flooding killed at least 35 people and left homes in seven towns flooded .


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Question: Lon Chaney , Jr. ( February 10 , 1906 â `` July 12 , 1973 ) was an American character actor , known mainly for his roles in horror movies and as the son of famous silent film actor Lon Chaney .

Lon Chaney , Jr. ( February 10 , 1906 â `` July 12 , 1973 ) , born Creighton Tull Chaney , was an American character actor . He was best known for his roles in monster movies and as the son of famous silent film actor , Lon Chaney .

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Joan Geraldine Bennett ( February 27 , 1910 â `` December 7 , 1990 ) was an American stage , film and television actress . Besides acting on the stage , Bennett appeared in more than 70 motion pictures from the era of silent movies well into the sound era .


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Question: When he began making movies in 1932 he was known by his original name Creighton Chaney , but starting in 1935 he used the name `` Lon Chaney , Jr. ''

Originally credited in films as Creighton Chaney , he was first credited as `` Lon Chaney , Jr. '' in 1935 .

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Ronald Sinclair ( 21 January 1924 - 22 November 1992 ) , born Richard Arthur Hould and sometimes credited as Ra Hould or Ron Sinclair , was a child actor from New Zealand , turned film editor .


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Question: Chaney died in California of heart failure when he was 67 years old .

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At the age of 67 , Chaney died on July 12 , 1973 , of heart failure in San Clemente , California .

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For several days Dudley was able to attend to his duties from his home , until he unexpectedly died on April 4 , 1925 at the age of 65 .


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Question: Chaney was born in Oklahoma .

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Married twice , Chaney had two sons , Lon Ralph Chaney ( born July 3 , 1928 ) and Ronald Creighton Chaney ( born March 18 , 1930 ) , both now deceased . He is survived by a grandson , Ron Chaney , who attends film conventions and discusses his grandfather 's life and film career .


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Question: Yuta Minami ( born 30 September 1979 ) is a Japanese football player . He plays for Roasso Kumamoto .

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Yuta Minami å -- é å ( born 30 September 1979 ) is a Japanese football player who currently plays for Roasso Kumamoto of the J-League .

Choi Tae-Uk ( ; born 13 March 1981 ) is a South Korean football player who plays for FC Seoul .


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Question: DrÄ goteÅ ti is a commune found in Dolj County , Romania .

DrÄ goteÅ ti is a commune in Dolj County , Romania with a population of 2,630 people .

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Crasna ( formerly TurbaÅ # i ) is a commune in Gorj County , Romania .


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Question: Grand Cayman is the largest of the three Cayman Islands at about 196 kmÂ and contains the capital George Town .

Grand Cayman is an island that is part of the Cayman Islands .

It comprises two horseshoe-shaped islets , Manuae to the west and Te Au O Tu to the east , with a total area of 6.17 kmÂ on either side of a lagoon about 7 km x 4 km .


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Question: It was released as Super Mario Bros. 2 in Japan in 1986 for the Nintendo Entertainment System .

First released in Japan on June 3 , 1986 , it is the direct sequel to the second best-selling video game of all time , Super Mario Bros. .

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Super Castlevania IV , known as AkumajÅ Dracula in Japan , is a platform game developed and published by Konami and the first Castlevania game for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System .


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Question: The game was first released around the world in 1993 in Super Mario All-Stars for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System game console . That game had the other three Super Mario Bros. games with better graphics and a save function .

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The provided query could be "Sources : Boeing 767 specifications , Boeing 767 airport report , Airliners.net 767 pages" and the positive "The Boeing 767 was produced from 1981 and remains in production today . Boeing will replace the 767 with the 787 ."

A full remake , entitled Super Mario Bros. : The Lost Levels , was included as part of the Super Mario All-Stars collection for the Super NES .

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PokÃ mon Yellow , a special edition version , was released roughly a year later .


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Question: Nintendo of America thought the game was too hard and took another game , called Doki Doki Panic , and released that instead under the Super Mario Bros. 2 name .

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They found one in Yume Kojo : Doki Doki Panic ( Dream Factory : Heart-Pounding Panic ) , another Nintendo game developed by Miyamoto , which he had actually spent more time developing than The Lost Levels , which was released as Super Mario Bros. 2 in North America and Europe and later as Super Mario Bros. .

The Wario Land series is a platforming series that started with Wario Land : Super Mario Land 3 , a spin-off of the Super Mario Land series , following Wario 's first appearance in Super Mario Land 2 : 6 Golden Coins .


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Question: Super Mario Bros. : The Lost Levels is a Mario video game made by Nintendo .

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Super Mario Bros. : The Lost Levels , known as Super Mario Bros. 2 in Japan , is a platforming video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Family Computer Disk System .

, known in Japan as Mawaru Made in Wario is a video game for Game Boy Advance by Nintendo .


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Question: The game was first released around the world in 1993 in Super Mario All-Stars for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System game console .

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A remake of The Lost Levels was released in 1993 as part of the Super Mario All-Stars collection for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System .

Harvest Moon 64 is a farm simulation video game developed by Victor Interactive Software and published by Natsume Co. , Ltd for the Nintendo 64 video game console , and the third game in the Harvest Moon series .


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Question: Charlottesville is a city of Virginia in the United States .

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Charlottesville is served by the Charlottesville City Public Schools .

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Radford is a city in Virginia , United States .


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Question: Omsk is a city in Russia .

Omsk is a Russian city located in southwestern Siberia , it is the administrative center of Omsk Oblast .

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Question: The Halberd is still the ceremonial weapon of the Swiss Guard in the Vatican .

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The halberd has been used as a court bodyguard weapon for centuries , and is still the ceremonial weapon of the Swiss Guard in the Vatican .

A shield and sword-wielding mermaid ( Syrenka ) is on the official Coat of arms of Warsaw .


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Question: The halberd is a two handed pole weapon that has a axe blade topped with a spike mounted on a long shaft and a hook or thorn on the back side of the axe blade .

The halberd consists of an axe blade topped with a spike mounted on a long shaft . It always has a hook or thorn on the back side of the axe blade for grappling mounted combatants .

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"He developed a whole new realm of knowledge concerning the brain 's control over the body chemistry ." == "He developed a whole new realm of knowledge concerning the brainâ s control over the body chemistry ."

Paddles commonly used in canoes consist of a wooden , fibreglass , carbon fiber or metal rod ( the shaft ) with a handle on one end and a rigid sheet ( the blade ) on the other end .


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Question: The 6th century is the century from 501 to 600 .

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The 6th century is the period from 501 to 600 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian\/Common Era .

Articles and events specifically relating to the 20th century , which began in 1901 and ended with the year 2000 .


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Question: The company is known for the Anno series ( also by Max Design ) , Knights of Honor ( by Black Sea Studios ) and ParaWorld ( by SEK ) .

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Games released by Sunflowers include the Anno series ( Anno 1602 , Anno 1503 , and Anno 1701 ) , Black Sea Studios ' Knights of Honor , Holiday Island ( 1996 ) and SEK 's ParaWorld .

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A Windows Vista version of the game was released on May 31 , 2007 , developed by an internal team at Microsoft Game Studios referred to as `` Hired Gun '' .


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Question: Sunflowers Interactive Entertainment Software is a German company that develops and publishes video games .

Sunflowers Interactive Entertainment Software GmbH was a German company that developed and published computer games .

2 in Japan ) is a platform video game developed by Sony and published by Sony in Japan and Europe , while Ubisoft published it in North America for the PlayStation 2 video game console .


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Question: It is located in Heusenstamm , Germany . It was founded in 1993 by Adi Boiko and Wilhelm Hamrozi .

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Sunflowers was based in Heusenstamm and was founded in 1993 by Adi Boiko , president of the company , and Wilhelm Hamrozi , CEO of the company .

In 2003 , Jeckle became a professor at the University of Applied Sciences in Furtwangen im Schwarzwald .


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Question: Ralph Steadman is a British cartoonist and illustrator . He is best known for his artwork for the books and articles of Hunter S. Thompson .

Ralph Steadman ( born Wallasey , 15 May 1936 ) is a British cartoonist and caricaturist who is perhaps best known for his work with American author Hunter S. Thompson .

Townshend has also been a contributor and author of newspaper and magazine articles , book reviews , essays , books , and scripts , as well as collaborating as a lyricist ( and composer ) for many other musical acts .


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Question: Luanda is the capital and the largest city of Angola . Its former name was Loanda .

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Luanda ( formerly spelled Loanda ) is the capital and largest city of Angola .

The City of San Salvador is the capital and largest city of El Salvador .


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Question: Antonio Carbajal ( born 7 June 1929 ) is a former Mexican football player .

Antonio FÃ lix `` Tota '' Carbajal RodrÃ guez ( born June 7 , 1929 in Mexico City ) is a Mexican former football goalkeeper .

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Fernando Ruiz Hierro ( ; born March 23 , 1968 ) is a former Spanish footballer .


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Question: In practice it is the locomotive which decides where trains may operate , although many high capacity four axle wagons have high RAs when fully loaded .

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In practice it is the locomotive which governs where trains may operate , although many high capacity 4 axle wagons have high RAs when fully loaded .

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The 1983 stock proved to be unreliable and troublesome in service , with single-leaf doors making passenger loading and unloading a slower process than on other stock with wider door openings .


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Question: All routes are given an RA number between 1 and 10 .

All routes are allocated an RA number between 1 and 10 .

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Twenty single-car driving motor vehicles , called `` Bubble Cars '' , were built , numbered 55000 â `` 55019 .


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Question: The RA is mainly about the axle load of the vehicle , although axle spacing is also taken into thought .

The RA is primarily related to the axle load of the vehicle , although axle spacing is also taken into consideration .

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However , despite its simplicity , it suffers from a secondary imbalance which causes minor vibrations in smaller engines .


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Question: Route Availability ( RA ) is the system by which the permanent way and supporting works ( bridges , embankments , etc ) of the National Rail network of Great Britain are graded .

Route Availability ( RA ) is the system by which the permanent way and supporting works ( bridges , embankments , etc. ) of the National Rail network of Great Britain are graded .

The term train operating company ( often abbreviated to TOC ) is used in the United Kingdom to describe the various businesses operating passenger trains on the railway system of Great Britain under the collective National Rail brand .


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Question: Rolling stock is also given an RA ( again between 1 and 10 ) and the RA of a train is the highest RA of any of the supporting elements .

Rolling stock is also allocated an RA ( again between 1 and 10 ) and the RA of a train is the highest RA of any of its elements .

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Taking any particular station as the origin , the other stations fall into fare `` zones '' depending on the distance from the origin .


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Question: Diana Wynne Jones ( August 16 , 1934 â `` March 25 , 2011 ) was an author from England . She wrote fantasy novels .

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Diana Wynne Jones ( 16 August 1934 â `` 26 March 2011 ) was a British writer , principally of fantasy novels for children and adults , as well as a small amount of non-fiction .

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Theodore Crawford Cassidy ( July 31 , 1932 â `` January 16 , 1979 ) , known as Ted Cassidy , was an American actor who performed in television and films .


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Question: It was the tallest building in the world for over 200 years ( 1300 â `` 1549 ) , but the central spire fell down in the sixteenth century and was not rebuilt .

It was reputedly the tallest building in the world for 249 years ( 1300 -- 1549 ) . The central spire collapsed in 1549 and was not rebuilt .

Pope Sixtus V ( 1585 â `` 1590 ) planned to turn the building into a wool factory to provide employment for Rome 's prostitutes , though this proposal fell through with his premature death .


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Question: Lincoln Cathedral is an Anglican church in Lincoln , England .

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Lincoln Cathedral ( in full The Cathedral Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Lincoln , or sometimes St. Mary 's Cathedral ) is a historic Anglican cathedral in Lincoln in England and seat of the Bishop of Lincoln in the Church of England .

Oakham is the county town of Rutland , England .


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Question: People who began comparing each others ' playing skills through videos exchanged over the Internet started speedruns . People want verifiability to see whether a person followed the rules and thus see whether the run counts as a valid attempt to beat the record .

Entertainment has traditionally been the reason for the creation of speedruns , as the phenomenon was originally devised by enthusiasts who began comparing each others ' playing skills via movies exchanged over the Internet , while verifiability stems from the necessity to provide evidence that one 's playthrough went by the typical or game-specific speedrun rules and thus counts as a valid attempt to beat the record .

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Fewshot example: "2 includes 26 seasons for Minnesota North Stars ( 1967 â `` 68 through to 1992 â `` 93 ) + 5 seasons for Dallas Stars ( 1993 â `` 94 through to 1997 â `` 98 ) 3 includes 17 seasons for Winnipeg Jets ( 1979 â `` 80 through to 1995 â `` 96 ) + 13 seasons for Phoenix Coyotes ( 1996 â `` 97 through to 2009 â `` 10 ) ." == "2 includes 26 seasons for Minnesota North Stars ( 1967 â `` 68 through to 1992 â `` 93 ) + 5 seasons for Dallas Stars ( 1993 â `` 94 through to 1997 â `` 98 ) . 3 includes 17 seasons for Winnipeg Jets ( 1979 â `` 80 through to 1995 â `` 96 ) + 11 seasons for Phoenix Coyotes ( 1996 â `` 97 through to 2007 â `` 08 ) ."

The game was critically acclaimed , but its abstract style did not allow the player to give a `` performance '' as in other games and thus proved difficult to market .


Question: A speedrun is a play-through , or a recording of this play-through of a whole video game or a part of it . The player tries to complete this game as fast as possible .

A speedrun is a play-through , or recording thereof , of a whole video game or a selected part of it ( such as a single level ) performed with the intent of completing it as fast as possible , optionally under certain prerequisites , mainly for the purposes of entertainment and competition .

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Chess boxing is now growing in popularity . Participants must be both skilled boxers and chess players , as a match may be won either way .


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Question: Speedruns are usually recorded on video tapes ( mainly where consoles are concerned ) , or as a digital file , by the people ( `` players '' ) who make them . It is recorded for entertainment .

Commonly , speedruns are recorded on either an analog media such as a video tape ( predominantly when games on consoles are concerned ) , or as a digital file , by the people ( `` players '' ) who make them , for entertainment , time refinement , or verifiability purposes .

Floppy disks are also , unlike hard disks , handled and seen ; even a novice user can identify a floppy disk . Because of all these factors , the image of the floppy disk has become a metaphor for saving data , and the floppy disk symbol is ( as of 2011 ) still used by software on buttons and other user interface elements related to saving files , even though such disks are obsolete .


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Question: For example , gamers do not `` speedrun '' a racing game . In those cases the game 's standard setting for recording fast times is called a time attack or time trial mode .

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The term , a compound of the words speed and run ( as in `` running '' through a game , referring to the playing of a game ) is only used in the context of games that were not originally or primarily designed with fast completion in mind ( one generally does not `` speedrun '' a racing game ; in those cases the game 's standard setting for achieving and recording fast times is called a time attack or time trial mode ) .

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Players take turns repeating increasingly-complicated sequences of button presses and the game implemented the `` call and response '' mechanic used by later music video games .


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Question: Johan Djourou ( born 18 January 1987 ) is a Swiss football player . He plays for Arsenal and Switzerland national team .

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Johan Danon Djourou-Gbadjere ( born 18 January 1987 in Abidjan , Ivory Coast ) , more commonly known as Johan Djourou , is an Ivorian-born Swiss international footballer who plays for Arsenal .

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Daniel Munthe Agger ( born 12 December 1984 ) is a Danish footballer , who plays as a central defender for Premier League side Liverpool .


Question: represent this text in order to find another text from wikipedia that is very very similar (same meaning etc.) but maybe slightly different words E.g. given 'Auburn 's economy is centered around Auburn University and university-related services .' it should be close to 'Auburn 's economy is centered around Auburn University and providing university-affiliated services .' but not to 'Arizona State University has also enhanced the area 's population through education and its growing research capabilities .'.

Question: The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty ( or NNPT ) is a treaty that was made to stop nuclear weapons from being built .

The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons , also Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty ( NPT or NNPT ) is a treaty to limit the spread ( proliferation ) of nuclear weapons .

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The treaty was created with an armed attack by the Soviet Union against Western Europe in mind , but the mutual self-defense clause was never invoked during the Cold War .


Question: Nations who sign the treaty , but are not nuclear weapons states , promise to not use their nuclear power plants to make nuclear weapons .

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Several NPT signatories have given up nuclear weapons or nuclear weapons programs . South Africa undertook a nuclear weapons program , allegedly with the assistance of Israel in the 1970s , and may have conducted a nuclear test in the Indian Ocean in 1979 , but has since renounced its nuclear program and signed the treaty in 1991 after destroying its small nuclear arsenal .

In addition , Israel is also widely believed to possess nuclear weapons , though it does not acknowledge having them .


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Question: The treaty says that only five countries are allowed to have nuclear weapons . These are called nuclear weapons states .

Four non-parties to the treaty are known or believed to possess nuclear weapons : India , Pakistan and North Korea have openly tested and declared that they possess nuclear weapons , while Israel has had a policy of opacity regarding its own nuclear weapons program .

Pakistan is the second largest Muslim country in terms of population ( after Indonesia ) , and its status as a declared nuclear power , being the only Islamic nation to have that status , plays a part in its international role .


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Question: These are called nuclear weapons states .

Several NPT signatories have given up nuclear weapons or nuclear weapons programs .

These are , however , distinct concepts .


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Question: 30 minutes after the crash , the people on Andrea Doria decided to abandon the ship .

On Andrea Doria , the decision to abandon ship was made within 30 minutes of impact .

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After 45 minutes in the sky , he shot several balloons , and then accidentally dropped his pellet gun overboard .


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Question: Several books have been published about Andrea Doria .

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Several books have been written about Andrea Doria .

Over the following months , four films in which Monroe featured were released .


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Question: It launched lifeboats to rescue passengers of the Andrea Doria .

Much to the dismay of MS Stockholm mariners , the first three lifeboats from Andrea Doria to arrive contained mostly Italian Andrea Doria crew ( waiters and stewards ) rather than passengers .

Wallace and the crew spent ten days in an open boat before being picked up by the brig Jordeson , which was sailing from Cuba to London .


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Question: Makemake ( officially known as 136472 Makemake ) is a dwarf planet , discovered on 31 March 2005 by astronomers Michael E. Brown , Chad Trujillo and David Rabinowitz .

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Initially known as ' and later given the minor planet number 136472 , it was discovered on March 31 , 2005 , by a team led by Michael Brown , and announced on July 29 , 2005 . Its name derives from the Rapanui god Makemake .

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7066 Nessus ( ; from ) is a centaur ( a type of icy planetoid ) that was discovered by David L. Rabinowitz , working with Spacewatch , at Kitt Peak on 26 April 1993 .


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Question: People who play music from the Renaissance or Baroque on period instruments sometimes play without any vibrato .

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However , there is no actual proof that singers performed without vibrato in the baroque era . Vocal music of the renaissance is almost never sung with vibrato as a rule , and it seems unlikely it ever was .

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Fewshot example: "The storm became stationary , though it later turned to the west and weakened on May 29 ." == "The storm moved very slowly , but it later turned to the west and weakened on May 29 ."

Since some ocarinas are fully chromatic and can be played in professional musical situations , including classical and folk , sheet music is an ideal notation for ocarinas .


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Question: People who play music from the Renaissance or Baroque on period instruments sometimes play without any vibrato . Other people think that players of those days did use some vibrato .

Despite his technique , he was unable to play without vibrato .

Because qin tablature is so useful , logical , easy , and the fastest way ( once the performer knows how to read the notation ) of learning a piece , it is invaluable to the qin player and can not totally be replaced ( just as staff notation can not be replaced for Western instruments , because they developed a notation system that suited the instruments well ) .


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E.g.
"Mercedes-Benz C-Class is a car made by Mercedes-Benz since 1993 ." == "The Mercedes-Benz C-Class is a compact executive car produced by the Mercedes-Benz division of Daimler AG ." != "The Audi Q5 ( Internally Designated Typ 8R ) is a compact crossover SUV which was released by German automaker Audi for the 2009 model year ."

Question: Violinists and other players of string instruments produce vibrato by moving the finger backwards and forwards on the fingerboard .

The method of producing vibrato on other instruments varies . On string instruments , for example , the finger used to stop the string can be wobbled on the fingerboard , or actually moved up and down the string for a wider vibrato .

This forms the bulk of most qin pieces and requires the player to press on a string with a finger or thumb of the left hand until it connects with the surface board , then pluck .


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Question: In the interview , Pamuk said , `` Thirty thousand Kurds , and a million Armenians were killed in these lands and nobody dares to talk about it . ''

In the interview , Pamuk stated , `` Thirty thousand Kurds have been killed here , and a million Armenians . And almost nobody dares to mention that .

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For instance, <<The most common naturally occurring minerals are the very insoluble barium sulfate , BaSO4 ( barite ) , and barium carbonate , BaCO3 ( witherite ) .>>  to "Barium is found as barium sulfate ( barite ) and barium carbonate ( witherite ) in the ground . Both of these minerals do not dissolve in water ."

The stated intention of ASALA was `` to compel the Turkish Government to acknowledge publicly its responsibility for the deaths of 1.5 million Armenians in 1915 , pay reparations , and cede territory for an Armenian homeland '' .


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Question: Ferit Orhan Pamuk ( born June 7 , 1952 ) a famous Nobel Prize-winning Turkish author .

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Ferit Orhan Pamuk ( born 7 June 1952 ) , generally known simply as Orhan Pamuk , is a Turkish novelist .

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Given Even the name `` nagamaki '' ( `` long wrapping '' ) is given by the tradition of handle wrapping ., a positive would be Even the name `` nagamaki '' is given by the tradition of handle wrapping . The word `` nagamaki '' means `` long wrapping '' .

Sezen Aksu ( born : Fatma Sezen YÄ ldÄ rÄ m ) ( born July 13 , 1954 in Denizli ) is a Turkish pop music singer , song-writer and producer who sold over 40 million albums worldwide .


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Question: Craig James Brewster , ( born in Dundee December 13 , 1966 ) , is a Scottish manager and former professional footballer .

Craig James Brewster ( born 13 December 1966 ) is a Scottish football player and coach .

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Tom Sermanni ( born 1 July 1954 ) is a Scottish association football coach and former professional player .


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Question: He began playing guitar in open D-minor tuning with three fingers .

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He began playing guitar in open D-minor tuning and developed the three-finger picking technique heard in his recordings .

Vocalist Chris Martin was inspired by the sight and the song 's main melody , consisting of a chord pattern , popped into his head .


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Question: He worked on road construction in the early 1920s , and wrote what his earliest song , `` Illinois Blues '' , about his experience as a worker .

He worked on road construction and levee-building crews in his native Mississippi in the early 1920s , and wrote what is perhaps his earliest song , `` Illinois Blues '' , about his experiences as a laborer .

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Davis took an active role in the project , so much so that it soon became `` his project '' .


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Question: For the next thirty years , James did not record any songs .

For the next thirty years , James recorded nothing and drifted in and out of music .

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He would publicly maintain that he had lost all interest in the project .


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Question: In July 1964 , James started playing again and he recorded for the Takoma , Melodeon , and Vanguard labels and played until his death in 1969 .

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Throughout the remainder of the decade , he recorded for the Takoma , Melodeon , and Vanguard labels and played various engagements until his death in Philadelphia from cancer in 1969 .

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Plagued by health problems , Fitzgerald made her last recording in 1991 and her last public performances in 1993 .


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Question: Sarayu river is mentioned in Ramayana .

Sarayu river is mentioned in great details in Ramayana .

At least two different versions of the Ganesha Sahasranama exist ; one version is drawn from the Ganesha Purana , a Hindu scripture venerating Ganesha .


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Question: Sarayu river is mentioned in Ramayana . Ramayana mention that city of Ayodhya was situated on the bank of Sarayu river .

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Later on , according to Ramayana 1.5.6 , the Sarayu flowed beside the ancient city of Ayodhya , which is in the modern day Uttar Pradesh .

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Vithoba 's main temple stands at Pandharpur in Maharashtra , close to the Karnataka border .


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Question: Ramayana mention that city of Ayodhya was situated on the bank of Sarayu river .

Ayodhya , capital of King Rama is mentioned on the banks of Sarayu river .

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City of Faizabad is the headquarters of Faizabad District and a municipal board in the state of Uttar Pradesh , India , situated on the banks of river Ghaghra ( locally known as Saryu ) .


Question: Diego VelÃ zquez ( June 1599 - 6 August 1660 ) was a Spanish painter , the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV .

Diego RodrÃ guez de Silva y VelÃ zquez ( ; June 6 , 1599 â `` August 6 , 1660 ) was a Spanish painter who was the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV .

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Agostino Cornacchini ( August 27 , 1686 â `` 1754 ) was an Italian sculptor and painter of the Rococo period , active mainly in Rome .


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Question: Ross Brann , a professor of Judeo-Islamic classes at Cornell University in Ithaca , stated that Wikipedia is without a way to expertly review , saying , `` They could make up your life if they wanted to . ''

Ross Brann , a professor of Judeo-Islamic studies at Cornell University in Ithaca , stated that Wikipedia lacks a process of scholarly review , saying , `` They could make up your life if they wanted to . ''

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However , the overwhelming majority of people who visit Wikipedia have no knowledge of most of these , and only read articles .


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Question: Larry Sanger , editor-in-chief of online encyclopedia Citizendium , and a co-founder of Wikipedia who quit the project in 2002 , called Essjay 's response `` a defiant non-apology '' and elsewhere stated Essjay 's actions as `` identity fraud . ''

Larry Sanger , founding editor-in-chief of online encyclopedia Citizendium , and a co-founder of Wikipedia who left the project in 2002 , called Essjay 's response `` a defiant non-apology '' and elsewhere characterized Essjay 's actions as `` identity fraud . ''

Wikia has been accused of unduly profiting from a perceived association with Wikipedia . Although Wikia has been referred to in the media as `` the commercial counterpart to the non-profit Wikipedia '' , Wikimedia and Wikia staff call this description inaccurate .


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Question: Talking about Jordan , Wales said , â Mr. Ryan was a friend , and still is a friend .

Speaking personally about Jordan , Wales said , `` Mr. Ryan was a friend , and still is a friend .

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Cotton was quoted as saying , `` He just gave it to me .


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Question: In it Schiff said that Essjay 's statement was `` complete nonsense . ''

In it , Schiff stated that Essjay 's assertion was `` complete nonsense . ''

However , it did criticize some aspects of the book describing the prose as `` choppy and attitude-filled '' and complaining that '' ( t ) he characters are n't emotionally involving '' .


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Question: When Essjay was hired by Wikia in January 2007 , he made changes to his Wikia profile and `` came clean on who he really was , '' showing himself as Ryan Jordan .

When Essjay was hired by Wikia in January 2007 , he changed his Wikia profile and `` came clean on who he really was , '' identifying himself as Ryan Jordan .

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Andrew Orlowski , a frequent Wikipedia critic and writer for The Registerâ '' a British technology news and opinion websiteâ '' criticized Jimmy Wales for hiring Essjay at the venture-capital-funded `` Wikia '' and for appointing him to the Wikipedia Arbitration Committee after Essjay had apparently admitted his previously claimed academic and professional credentials were false .


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Question: Essjay said that he had sent an email to a college professor using his false persona 's credentials , telling for Wikipedia 's accuracy .

Jordan , as Essjay , claimed he sent an email to a college professor using his invented persona 's credentials , vouching for Wikipedia 's accuracy .

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In other words , that precise analysis must have been published by a reliable source in relation to the topic before it can be published on Wikipedia .


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Question: In his activities as an editor , Essjay had spent less time changing the content of articles and more time addressing vandalism and resolving editorial disputes .

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In his editorial activities Jordan spent less time editing the content of articles and more time addressing vandalism and resolving editorial disputes .

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Note , however , that contrary to some sites directed towards youth , Wikipedia does not have staff to patrol discussion pages or remove inappropriate comments ; it only has volunteer administrators , who may exclude people breaching civility rules , but who will not censor conversations , even if they deal with adult topics .


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Question: Wales stated his regret that Essjay had `` made a series of very bad judgments . ''

Wales expressed his regret that Essjay had `` made a series of very bad judgments . ''

Larry Sanger , founding editor-in-chief of online encyclopedia Citizendium , and a co-founder of Wikipedia who left the project in 2002 , called Essjay 's response `` a defiant non-apology '' and elsewhere characterized Essjay 's actions as `` identity fraud . ''


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Question: Other Wikipedia editors asked Essjay questions on his Wikipedia talk page about the difference between his new Wikia profile and his previously claimed credentials .

Other Wikipedia editors questioned Essjay on his Wikipedia talk page about the apparent discrepancy between his new Wikia profile and his previously claimed credentials .

Please remember that time spent with and number of edits to Wikipedia are not indicative of the quality of an editor 's contributions , or of their diplomatic ability .


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Question: Andrew Orlowski , a Wikipedia critic and writer for The Registerâ '' a British technology news and opinion websiteâ '' criticized Jimmy Wales for hiring Essjay at the venture-capital-funded ` Wikia ' and for making him a member on the Wikipedia Arbitration Committee . Essjay had admitted his stated academic and professional credentials were false before he was made a member .

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Andrew Orlowski , a frequent Wikipedia critic and writer for The Registerâ '' a British technology news and opinion websiteâ '' criticized Jimmy Wales for hiring Essjay at the venture-capital-funded `` Wikia '' and for appointing him to the Wikipedia Arbitration Committee after Essjay had apparently admitted his previously claimed academic and professional credentials were false .

According to The New Yorker , Essjay `` was willing to describe his work as a Wikipedia administrator but would not identify himself other than by confirming the biographical details that appeared on his user page . ''


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Question: In late February 2007 the magazine updated its article with a change ( correction ) saying that `` Essjay now says that his real name is Ryan Jordan , that he is twenty-four and holds no advanced degrees , and that he has never taught . ''

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In late February 2007 , the magazine updated its article with a correction indicating that `` Essjay now says that his real name is Ryan Jordan , that he is twenty-four and holds no advanced degrees , and that he has never taught . ''

Others to comment adversely included ZDNet writer Mitch Ratcliffe , who asked `` why lying about one 's background qualifies a person to work for a company like Wikia , which proposes to help communities to record accurate information '' and asked for additional details `` such as when he fired Jordan and the reasons for the firing , as well as when he endorsed Jordan in public statements . ''


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Question: Orlowski added that Essjay 's actions showed a harmful community way of thinking inside Wikipedia .

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Orlowski added that Essjay 's actions betrayed a dangerous community mindset within Wikipedia .

The writing of `` puff pieces '' and advertisements on Wikipedia is strictly prohibited .


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Question: I hope the world will let him go in peace to build an honorable life and reputation .

I hope the world will let him go in peace to build an honorable life and reputation . ''

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He asked for voluntary donations to support himself and his family so that he could practice full time .


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Question: Essjay was pictured as taking his laptop to class so he could be available to other Wikipedians while giving a quiz .

It portrayed Essjay as often taking his laptop to class so he could be available to other Wikipedians while giving a quiz .

Essjay defended his use of the book by telling fellow Wikipedia editors in a disagreement over the editing of the article Imprimatur : `` This is a text I often require for my students , and I would hang my own Ph. D. on its credibility . ''


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Question: â Wales argued `` contributors to the site who claim certain credentials will soon have to prove they really have them . ''

Wales argued `` contributors to the site who claim certain credentials will soon have to prove they really have them . ''

represent this input text to find a wikipedia text with the same meaning and length E.g. Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications AB is a joint venture established on October 1 , 2001 by the Japanese consumer electronics company Sony Corporation and the Swedish telecommunications company Ericsson to manufacture mobile phones . == Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications AB is a mobile phone manufacturer . The company is a joint venture that was established in 2001 by Japanese consumer electronics company Sony and the Swedish telecommunications company Ericsson .

However , younger editors may need advice on editing Wikipedia â `` this page aims to be your guide .


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Question: On March 3 , 2007 , Andrew Lih , Assistant Professor and Director of Technology Journalism and of the Media Studies Centre at the University of Hong Kong , said on his blog that a part of Essjay 's comments on the incident entered `` the dangerous domain of defamation and libel '' against Stacy Schiff .

On March 3 , 2007 , Andrew Lih , Assistant Professor and Director of Technology Journalism and of the Media Studies Centre at the University of Hong Kong , said on his blog that a portion of Essjay 's comments on the incident entered `` the dangerous domain of defamation and libel '' against Stacy Schiff .


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Question: Following the media broadcast of the Essjay controversy , a number of people noted the damage to the credibility of Wikipedia .

Following the media coverage of the Essjay controversy , a number of academics noted the damage to the credibility of Wikipedia .

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Question: Social activist and Wikipedia critic Daniel Brandt then told `` The New Yorker '' about the difference in profiles .

Social activist and Wikipedia critic Daniel Brandt then wrote a letter reporting the identity discrepancy to Stacy Schiff and The New Yorker .

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Question: However , Florence Devouard , chair of the Wikimedia Foundation , was not supportive of his credential suggestion , saying , `` I think what matters is the quality of the content , which we can improve by enforcing policies such as ` cite your source , ' not the quality of credentials showed by an editor . ''

However , Florence Devouard , chair of the Wikimedia Foundation , was not supportive of his credential proposal , saying , `` I think what matters is the quality of the content , which we can improve by enforcing policies such as ` cite your source , ' not the quality of credentials showed by an editor . ''

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The most important rule on Wikipedia is to ignore all rules , which means that even editors with little or no knowledge of `` rules '' can be great contributors to Wikipedia .


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Question: Essjay posted a reason in response to the first question , saying that :

Essjay posted a detailed explanation in response to the first inquiry , stating that :

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You made a fool of everyone '' ) as he was leaving .


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Question: Brann also said that Wikipedia `` has no place in the University , '' and he believed the Essjay incident would do nothing to change the negative opinion that academics generally hold about the online encyclopedia .

Brann also said that Wikipedia `` has no place in the University , '' and he believed the Essjay incident would do nothing to change the unfavorable opinion that academics generally hold about the online encyclopedia .