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Question: Leon Redbone is an American singer who was born on August 26 , 1949 . He is a singer and guitarist .

Leon Redbone ( born Dickran Gobalian , August 26 , 1949 ) is a singer and guitarist specializing in interpretations of early 20th-century music , including jazz and blues standards and Tin Pan Alley classics .

Crawford Wilson ( born June 19 , 1990 ) is an American actor and voice actor , from Memphis , Tennessee .


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Question: Giuseppe Rossi ( born 1 February 1987 ) is an Italian football player . He plays for Villarreal and Italy national team .

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Giuseppe Rossi ( born 1 February 1987 ) is an American-born Italian footballer who plays as a striker for Spanish club Villarreal CF and the Italian national team .

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Daniele Bonera ( born 31 May 1981 ) is an Italian footballer who plays as a defender for Serie A club Milan .


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Question: This idea was called biopoiesis , the process of living matter evolving from self-replicating but nonliving molecules .

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To give you a sense - "He formed societies , opened chapels , examined and commissioned preachers , administered aid charities , prescribed for the sick , helped to pioneer the use of electric shock for the treatment of illness , superintended schools and orphanages , and received at least Â # 20,000 for his publications but used little of it for himself ." should be close to "He examined and sent out preachers , began aid charities , prescribed for the sick , helped the use of electric shock for the treatment of illness ."

This idea was called biopoiesis or biopoesis , the process of living matter evolving from self-replicating but nonliving molecules .

Between 1948 and 1950 , she developed a theory by which these mobile elements regulated the genes by inhibiting or modulating their action .


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Question: Besides the necessary basic organic monomers , compounds that would have prohibited the formation of polymers were formed in high concentration during the experiments .

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Besides the necessary basic organic monomers , compounds that would have prohibited the formation of polymers were formed in high concentration during the Millerâ `` Urey and OrÃ experiments .

Under certain conditions , the decomposition of the latter ( in the absence of oxygen ) is inhibited , and archaeologists often take advantage of this .


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E.g. "Billericay is a town in the United Kingdom ." == "Billericay is a part of the London commuter belt ." != "Hatfield Peverel is a large urban village and civil parish in the center of Essex , England ."

Question: From the 17th century onwards it was gradually shown that , at least in the case of all the higher and readily visible organisms , the previous ideas were false .

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It was gradually shown that , at least in the case of all the higher and readily visible organisms , the previous sentiment regarding spontaneous generation was false .

In America , topography has recently become an additional synonym , though in many parts of the world it retains its original more general meaning of description of place .


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Question: The most crucial unanswered challenge is how the relatively simple organic building blocks form more complex structures , and form a protocell .

More fundamentally , it can be argued that the most crucial challenge unanswered by this theory is how the relatively simple organic building blocks polymerise and form more complex structures , interacting in consistent ways to form a protocell .

He formulated an evolutionary hypothesis to explain the origin of the earth and its contents .


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Question: One such approach , attempted by Craig Venter and others at The Institute for Genomic Research , involves engineering existing prokaryotic cells with progressively fewer genes , attempting to discern at which point the most minimal requirements for life were reached .

One such approach , successfully attempted by Craig Venter and others at The Institute for Genomic Research , involves engineering existing prokaryotic cells with progressively fewer genes , attempting to discern at which point the most minimal requirements for life were reached .

Transformation may also be used to describe the insertion of new genetic material into nonbacterial cells including animal and plant cells , however , because transformation has a special meaning in relation to animal cells indicating progression to a cancerous state , the term should be avoided for animal cells when describing introduction of exogenous genetic material .


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Question: Despite this , the environment that existed in the Hadean was hostile to life , but how much so is not known .

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Despite this , the Hadean environment was one highly hazardous to life .

Because so much biodiversity was lost , the recovery of life on Earth took significantly longer than after other extinction events .


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Question: The date of the zircon crystals found in the metamorphosed quartzite of Mount Narryer in Western Australia , has been pushed to 4.404 billion years . Beforehand , they were thought to be 4.1 â `` 4.2 billion years old .

This has been supported by Wilde who has pushed the date of the zircon crystals found in the metamorphosed quartzite of Mount Narryer in Western Australia , previously thought to be 4.1 â `` 4.2 Ga , to 4.404 Ga. .

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This research identifies this not only with Stillbay sites that date back to 72,000 BP but sites that could be as old as 164,000 BP .


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Question: Carbon entering into rock formations has a concentration of elemental Î 13C of about â ' 5.5 , where because of a preferential biotic uptake of 12C , biomass has a Î 13C of between â 20 and â ' 30 .

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Carbon entering into rock formations has a ratio of Carbon-13 ( 13C ) to Carbon-12 ( 12C ) of about â ' 5.5 ( in units of Î 13C ) , where because of a preferential biotic uptake of 12C , biomass has a Î 13C of between â 20 and â ' 30 .

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The optimal habitat of P. terribilis is the rainforest with high rain rates ( 5 m or more ) , altitude between 100 â `` 200 m , temperature of at least 26 Â C , and relative humidity of 80 â `` 90 % .


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Question: Mars continued to cool faster and eventually became hostile to the continued evolution or even existence of life ( it lost its atmosphere due to low volcanism ) , Earth is following the same fate as Mars , but at a slower rate .

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Mars continued to cool faster and eventually became hostile to the continued evolution or even existence of life ( it lost its atmosphere due to low volcanism ) ; Earth is following the same fate as Mars , but at a slower rate .

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He later wrote VÃ rldarnas utveckling ( 1906 ) , German translation : Das Werden der Welten ( 1907 ) , English translation : Worlds in the Making ( 1908 ) directed at a general audience , where he suggested that the human emission of CO2 would be strong enough to prevent the world from entering a new ice age , and that a warmer earth would be needed to feed the rapidly increasing population : : `` To a certain extent the temperature of the earth 's surface , as we shall presently see , is conditioned by the properties of the atmosphere surrounding it , and particularly by the permeability of the latter for the rays of heat . ''


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Question: He went on to explain that `` at the present day such matter would be instantly devoured or absorbed , which would not have been the case before living creatures were formed '' .

He went on to explain that `` at the present day such matter would be instantly devoured or absorbed , which would not have been the case before living creatures were formed . ''

Lascelles felt that prior critics had all worked on a scale `` so small that the reader does not see how they have reached their conclusions until he has patiently found his own way to them '' .


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Question: It was once thought that a large amount of molecular oxygen was present in the prebiotic atmosphere , which would have stopped the formation of organic molecules ; however , this is not the case .

It was once thought that appreciable amounts of molecular oxygen were present in the prebiotic atmosphere , which would have essentially prevented the formation of organic molecules ; however , the current scientific consensus is that such was not the case .

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Whether the mixture of gases used in the Millerâ `` Urey experiment truly reflects the atmospheric content of early Earth is a controversial topic .


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Question: A number of theories of modes of formation have been put forward .

A number of hypotheses of modes of formation have been put forward .

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The Concentric ring model also known as the Burgess model is one of the earliest theoretical models to explain urban social structures .


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Question: This means that oceans and continental crust existed within 150 million years of Earth 's formation .

This means that oceans and continental crust existed within 150 Ma of Earth 's formation .

In our solar system , core size can range from about 20 % ( the Moon ) to 75 % of a planet 's radius ( Mercury ) .


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Question: Clay theory postulates that complex organic molecules arose gradually on a pre-existing non-organic platform , namely , silicate crystals in solution .

Clay theory postulates that complex organic molecules arose gradually on a pre-existing , non-organic replication platformâ '' silicate crystals in solution .

Oparin argued that a `` primeval soup '' of organic molecules could be created in an oxygenless atmosphere through the action of sunlight .


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Question: An article in a scientific publication suggests that seven different amino acids and 11 types of nucleobases formed in ice when ammonia and cyanide were left in a freezer from 1972 â `` 1997 .

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An article in Discover Magazine points to research by the Miller group indicating the formation of seven different amino acids and 11 types of nucleobases in ice when ammonia and cyanide were left in a freezer from 1972 â `` 1997 .

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This combination yielded large amounts of organic material that self-organised to form bubbles or micelles when immersed in water .


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Question: The RNA world hypothesis suggests that relatively short RNA molecules could have spontaneously formed that were capable of catalyzing their own continuing replication .

The RNA world hypothesis describes an early Earth with self-replicating and catalytic RNA but no DNA or proteins . This has spurred scientists to try to determine if relatively short RNA molecules could have spontaneously formed that were capable of catalyzing their own continuing replication .

No new notable research or theory on the subject appeared until 1924 , when Alexander Oparin reasoned that atmospheric oxygen prevents the synthesis of certain organic compounds that are necessary building blocks for the evolution of life .


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Question: Freeman Dyson introduced a mathematical model in the 1980s . Stuart Kauffman developed the notion of autocatalytic sets , which was discussed later in that decade .

More abstract and theoretical arguments for the plausibility of the emergence of metabolism without the presence of genes include a mathematical model introduced by Freeman Dyson in the early 1980s and Stuart Kauffman 's notion of collectively autocatalytic sets , discussed later in that decade .

A model for the origin of life based on clay was forwarded by A. Graham Cairns-Smith of the University of Glasgow in 1985 and explored as a plausible illustration by several other scientists , including Richard Dawkins .


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Question: A recent experiment led by Jason Dworkin , subjected a frozen mixture of water , methanol , ammonia and carbon monoxide to UV radiation , mimicking conditions found in an extraterrestrial environment .

A 2001 experiment led by Jason Dworkin subjected a frozen mixture of water , methanol , ammonia and carbon monoxide to UV radiation , mimicking conditions found in an extraterrestrial environment .

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Any impurities remain solid while the nickel carbonyl gas passes into a large chamber at high temperatures in which tens of thousands of nickel spheres , called pellets , are constantly stirred . The nickel carbonyl decomposes , depositing pure nickel onto the nickel spheres .


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Question: Primitive reproduction can be envisioned when the bubbles burst , releasing the results of the experiment into the surrounding medium .

Primitive reproduction can be envisioned when the bubbles burst , releasing the results of the ` experiment ' into the surrounding medium .

Thomas Gold also asserted that a trickle of food from a deep , unreachable , source is needed for survival because life arising in a puddle of organic material is likely to consume all of its food and become extinct .


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Question: The bubbles produced in these experiments were between 10 to 40 micrometers , or about the size of red blood cells .

The bubbles produced in these experiments were between 10 t , or about the size of red blood cells .

Note : The DNA from a single ( diploid ) human cell if the 46 chromosomes were connected end-to-end and straightened , would have a length of ~ 2 m and a width of ~ 2.4 nanometers .


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Question: In an article entitled `` Self-Organizing Biochemical Cycles '' , Orgel summarizes his analysis of the proposal by stating , `` There is at present no reason to expect that multistep cycles such as the reductive citric acid cycle will self-organize on the surface of FeS\/FeS2 or some other mineral . ''

In an article entitled `` Self-Organizing Biochemical Cycles '' , the late Leslie Orgel summarized his analysis of the proposal by stating , `` There is at present no reason to expect that multistep cycles such as the reductive citric acid cycle will self-organize on the surface of FeS\/FeS2 or some other mineral . ''

The `` soup '' theory relies on the assumption proposed by Darwin that in an environment with no pre-existing life , organic molecules may have accumulated and provided an environment for chemical evolution .


Question: Researchers have pointed out difficulties for the abiogenic synthesis of nucleotides from cytosine and uracil .

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Researchers have pointed out difficulties for the abiotic synthesis of nucleotides from cytosine and uracil .

The now-famous `` Millerâ `` Urey experiment '' used a highly reduced mixture of gasesâ `` methane , ammonia and hydrogenâ `` to form basic organic monomers , such as amino acids .


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Question: As of 2008 , no one has yet synthesized a `` protocell '' using basic components which would have the necessary properties of life ( the so-called `` bottom-up-approach '' ) .

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No one has synthesized a `` protocell '' using basic components which would have the necessary properties of life ( the so-called `` bottom-up-approach '' ) .

The biologist John Desmond Bernal coined the term biopoesis for this process , and suggested that there were a number of clearly defined `` stages '' that could be recognized in explaining the origin of life .


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Question: Complete recirculation takes 10 million years , thus any organic compounds produced by then would be altered or destroyed by temperatures exceeding 300 Â C. They estimate that the development of a 100 kilobase genome of a DNA\/protein primitive heterotroph into a 7000 gene filamentous cyanobacterium would have required only 7 million years .

Complete recirculation takes 10 million years , thus any organic compounds produced by then would be altered or destroyed by temperatures exceeding 300 Â . They estimate that the development of a 100 kilobase genome of a DNA\/protein primitive heterotroph into a 7000 gene filamentous cyanobacterium would have required only 7 Ma .

Simple modelling , invoking small mutations exposed to natural selection , demonstrates that a primitive optical sense organ based upon efficient photopigments could evolve into a complex human-like eye in approximately 400,000 years .


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Question: The next most important step in research on prebiotic organic synthesis was the demonstration by John OrÃ that the nucleic acid purine base , adenine , was formed by the simple heating of solutions of ammonium cyanide .

Apart from the Millerâ `` Urey experiment , the next most important step in research on prebiotic organic synthesis was the demonstration by Joan OrÃ that the nucleic acid purine base , adenine , was formed by heating aqueous ammonium cyanide solutions .

In an article entitled `` Self-Organizing Biochemical Cycles '' , the late Leslie Orgel summarized his analysis of the proposal by stating , `` There is at present no reason to expect that multistep cycles such as the reductive citric acid cycle will self-organize on the surface of FeS\/FeS2 or some other mineral . ''


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Question: If a protein came along that increased the integrity of its parent bubble , then that bubble had an advantage , and was placed at the top of the natural selection waiting list .

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If a protein would increase the integrity of its parent bubble , that bubble had an advantage , and was placed at the top of the natural selection waiting list .

The reasoning behind this is that if the parents of the hybrid offspring each have naturally selected traits for their own certain environments , the hybrid offspring will bear traits from both , therefore would not fit either ecological niche as well as either parent .


Question: Another study suggested that adenine and guanine require freezing temperatures for synthesis , but cytosine and uracil are better synthesised at boiling temperatures .

Research by Stanley Miller and colleagues suggested that while adenine and guanine require freezing conditions for synthesis , cytosine and uracil may require boiling temperatures .

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Cadmium performs the same function as zinc in other anhydrases , but the diatoms live in environments with very low zinc concentrations and thus they utilize cadmium to perform functions normally carried out by zinc .


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Question: While bubbles composed mostly of water burst quickly , water containing amphiphiles forms much more stable bubbles , lending more time to the particular bubble to perform these crucial experiments .

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While bubbles composed mostly of water burst quickly , water containing amphiphiles forms much more stable bubbles , lending more time to the particular bubble to perform these crucial reactions .

These droplets would `` grow '' by fusion with other droplets , and `` reproduce '' through fission into daughter droplets , and so have a primitive metabolism in which those factors which promote `` cell integrity '' survive , and those that do not become extinct .


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Question: Whether the mixture of gases used in the Miller-Urey experiment truly reflects the atmospheric content of early Earth is a controversial topic .

Whether the mixture of gases used in the Millerâ `` Urey experiment truly reflects the atmospheric content of early Earth is a controversial topic .

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The question of whether plate tectonic activity existed in the Archean is an active area of modern research .


Question: This article also describes research showing the formation of RNA molecules 400 bases long under freezing conditions using an RNA template , a single-strand chain of RNA that guides the formation of a new strand of RNA .

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This article also describes research by Christof Biebricher showing the formation of RNA molecules 400 bases long under freezing conditions using an RNA template , a single-strand chain of RNA that guides the formation of a new strand of RNA .

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When such a virus infects a cell , it releases its RNA molecule or molecules , which immediately bind to a protein complex called dicer that cuts the RNA into smaller pieces .


Question: If he doubts of this let him go to Egypt , and there he will find the fields swarming with mice , begot of the mud of Nylus , to the great calamity of the inhabitants '' .

If he doubts of this let him go to Egypt , and there he will find the fields swarming with mice , begot of the mud of Nylus , to the great calamity of the inhabitants . ''

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These signs were followed by great famine , and on January 8th the ravaging of heathen men destroyed God 's church at Lindisfarne .


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Question: He suggested that the original spark of life may have begun in a `` warm little pond , with all sorts of ammonia and phosphoric salts , lights , heat , electricity , etc. . A protein compound was then chemically formed ready to undergo still more complex changes '' .

In a letter to Joseph Dalton Hooker on February 1 , 1871 , Charles Darwin addressed the question , suggesting that the original spark of life may have begun in a `` warm little pond , with all sorts of ammonia and phosphoric salts , lights , heat , electricity , etc. present , so that a protein compound was chemically formed ready to undergo still more complex changes '' .

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Question: Gold also asserted that a trickle of food from a deep , unreachable , source is needed for survival because life arising in a puddle of organic material is likely to consume all of its food and become extinct .

Thomas Gold also asserted that a trickle of food from a deep , unreachable , source is needed for survival because life arising in a puddle of organic material is likely to consume all of its food and become extinct .

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Because of the higher density of the quicksand , it would be impossible for a human or animal to completely sink in the quicksand , though natural hazards present around the quicksand would lead people to believe that quicksand is dangerous .


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Question: No real progress was made until 1924 when Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin reasoned that atmospheric oxygen prevented the synthesis of the organic molecules . Organic molecules are the necessary building blocks for the evolution of life .

No new notable research or theory on the subject appeared until 1924 , when Alexander Oparin reasoned that atmospheric oxygen prevents the synthesis of certain organic compounds that are necessary building blocks for the evolution of life .

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The Miller and Urey experiment ( or Ureyâ `` Miller experiment ) was an experiment that simulated hypothetical conditions thought at the time to be present on the early Earth , and tested for the occurrence of chemical origins of life .


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Question: Chiral molecules can be synthesized , but in the absence of a chiral source or a chiral catalyst are formed in a 50\/50 mixture of both kinds .

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E.g. S1m0ne ( also spelled Simone ) is a 2002 science fiction drama film written , produced and directed by Andrew Niccol . == S1m0ne is a 2002 movie directed by Andrew Niccol .

Chiral molecules can be synthesized , but in the absence of a chiral source or a chiral catalyst , they are formed in a 50\/50 mixture of both enantiomers .

Hence crystallography applies for the most part only to crystals , or to molecules which can be coaxed to crystallize for the sake of measurement .


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Question: For example , Martin and Russel show that cell membranes separating contents from the environment and self-organization of self-contained redox reactions are the most conserved attributes of living things .

For example Martin and Russel show that physical compartmentation by cell membranes from the environment and self-organization of self-contained redox reactions are the most conserved attributes of living things , and they argue therefore that inorganic matter with such attributes would be life 's most likely last common ancestor .

The dissimilarities between the types of solid result from the differences between their bonding .


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Question: There are several main theories : The most notable are called iron-sulfur world theory ( also called metabolism first ) and RNA world hypothesis ( also called genetics first ) .

Several hypotheses about early life have been proposed , most notably the iron-sulfur world theory ( metabolism without genetics ) and the RNA world hypothesis ( RNA life-forms ) .

No one has synthesized a `` protocell '' using basic components which would have the necessary properties of life ( the so-called `` bottom-up-approach '' ) .


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Question: But in an environment with no pre-existing life these molecules may have accumulated and provided a rich environment for chemical evolution ( primordial soup theory ) .

The `` soup '' theory relies on the assumption proposed by Darwin that in an environment with no pre-existing life , organic molecules may have accumulated and provided an environment for chemical evolution .


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Question: A clay model for the origin of life was suggested by A. Graham Cairns-Smith .

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A model for the origin of life based on clay was forwarded by A. Graham Cairns-Smith of the University of Glasgow in 1985 and explored as a plausible illustration by several other scientists , including Richard Dawkins .

The concept of a protein mosaic that dynamically coordinated cytoplasmic biochemistry was proposed by Rudolph Peters in 1929 while the term ( cytosquelette , in French ) was first introduced by French embryologist Paul Wintrebert in 1931 .


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E.g. The population is 54 % urban . == The population is 54 % urban with Managua ( capital ) being the largest city , home to over a million inhabitants . != ChÅ `` bu has a population estimate of 21,886,324 as of 2008 .

Question: Recently estimates of these sources suggest that the heavy bombardment before 3.5 Gyr ago within the early atmosphere made available quantities of organics comparable to those produced by other energy sources .

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Recently , estimates of these sources suggest that the heavy bombardment before 3.5 Ga within the early atmosphere made available quantities of organics comparable to those produced by other energy sources .

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Also , lunar samples do not have expected ratios of volatile elements , iron oxide , or siderophilic elements , and there is no evidence to suggest that the Earth ever had the magma ocean implied by this hypothesis .


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Question: Features of self-organization and self-replication are the hallmark of living systems . There are instances of abiotic molecules exhibiting such characteristics under proper conditions .

While features of self-organization and self-replication are often considered the hallmark of living systems , there are many instances of abiotic molecules exhibiting such characteristics under proper conditions .

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Sensing of both the external and internal environments at the cellular level relies on signal transduction . Many disease processes , such as diabetes , heart disease , autoimmunity , and cancer arise from defects in signal transduction pathways , further highlighting the critical importance of signal transduction to biology , as well as medicine .


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Question: In 1953 a graduate student , Stanley Miller , and his professor , Harold Urey , performed an experiment that showed how organic molecules could have formed on early Earth from inorganic precursors .

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A graduate student , Stanley Miller , and his professor , Harold Urey , performed an experiment that demonstrated how organic molecules could have spontaneously formed from inorganic precursors , under conditions like those posited by the Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis .

Life has traditionally been seen as driven by energy from the sun , but deep sea organisms have no access to sunlight , so they must depend on nutrients found in the dusty chemical deposits and hydrothermal fluids in which they live .


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Question: Browne 's contemporary , Alexander Ross , wrote : `` To question this ( spontaneous generation ) is to question reason , sense and experience .

For example , his contemporary , Alexander Ross wrote : `` To question this ( i.e. , spontaneous generation ) is to question reason , sense and experience .

In the 2000s , the atheist Richard Dawkins referring , like Paine , to the incident at , concluded , `` No , Moses was not a great role model for modern moralists . ''


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Question: It is now reasonably well established that microbial life is plentiful at shallow depths in the Earth ( up to five kilometers below the surface ) in the form of extremophile archaea , rather than the better-known eubacteria ( which live in more accessible conditions ) .

It is now reasonably well established that microbial life is plentiful at shallow depths in the Earth , up to 5 k below the surface , in the form of extremophile archaea , rather than the better-known eubacteria ( which live in more accessible conditions ) .

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Sagan was among the first to hypothesize that Saturn 's moon Titan might possess oceans of liquid compounds on its surface and that Jupiter 's moon Europa might possess subsurface oceans of water . This would make Europa potentially habitable for life .


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Question: Based on this research it was suggested the beginning of life involved freezing conditions and exploding meteorites .

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Based on this research , Miller suggested a beginning of life involving freezing conditions and exploding meteorites .

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The most vivid image of this is in the evaporation of water from the ocean , which forms clouds .


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Given Helen was also a niece of Anastasia of Montenegro , or Stana , wife of Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia , and of Milica of Montenegro . They were the women who introduced Grigori Rasputin to Tsarina Alexandra ., a positive would be Helen was also a niece of Anastasia of Montenegro , or Stana , wife of Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia , and of Milica of Montenegro , wife of Grand Duke Peter Nicolaievich of Russia , the women who introduced Grigori Rasputin to Tsarina Alexandra . & a negative would be Prince Felix Felixovich Yusupov , Count Sumarokov-Elston ( ; March 23 , 1887 , Saint Petersburg , Russian Empire -- September 27 , 1967 , Paris , France ) , was best known for participating in the murder of Grigori Rasputin , the faith healer who was said to have influenced decisions of Tsar Nicholas II and Tsaritsa Alexandra Feodorovna .

Question: Additional support comes from a recent discovery of a bacterial ecosytem whose energy source is radioactivity .

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Additional support comes from a recent discovery of a bacterial ecosystem whose energy source is radioactivity .

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Higher organisms then feed on the fungi and bacteria in a chain of life that comprises the soil food web .


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Question: The Spitzer Space Telescope has recently detected a star , HH 46-IR , which is forming by a process similar to the sun .

The Spitzer Space Telescope has recently detected a star , HH 46-IR , which is forming by a process similar to that by which the sun formed .

Astronomers now believe that the arcs are corralled into their current form by the gravitational effects of Galatea , a moon just inward from the ring .


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Question: These droplets would `` grow '' by fusion with other droplets , and `` reproduce '' through fission into daughter droplets , and so have a primitive metabolism in which those factors which promote `` cell integrity '' survive , those that do not become extinct .

These droplets would `` grow '' by fusion with other droplets , and `` reproduce '' through fission into daughter droplets , and so have a primitive metabolism in which those factors which promote `` cell integrity '' survive , and those that do not become extinct .

The `` soup '' theory relies on the assumption proposed by Darwin that in an environment with no pre-existing life , organic molecules may have accumulated and provided an environment for chemical evolution .


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Question: However , the idea that a closed metabolic cycle , such as the reductive citric acid cycle , could form spontaneously ( proposed by GÃ 1\/4 nter WÃ chtershÃ user ) remains unsupported .

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However , the idea that a closed metabolic cycle , such as the reductive citric acid cycle , could form spontaneously ( proposed by GÃ 1\/4 nter WÃ chtershÃ user ) remains debated .

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More recent variants in the 1980s and 1990s include GÃ 1\/4 nter WÃ chtershÃ user 's iron-sulfur world theory and models introduced by Christian de Duve based on the chemistry of thioesters .


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Question: In the 1980s and 1990s , GÃ 1\/4 nter WÃ chtershÃ user came up with the iron-sulfur world theory and Christian de Duve introduced models based on the chemistry of thioesters .

More recent variants in the 1980s and 1990s include GÃ 1\/4 nter WÃ chtershÃ user 's iron-sulfur world theory and models introduced by Christian de Duve based on the chemistry of thioesters .

However , the idea that a closed metabolic cycle , such as the reductive citric acid cycle , could form spontaneously ( proposed by GÃ 1\/4 nter WÃ chtershÃ user ) remains debated .


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Question: These amino acids and small peptides could be encouraged to form closed spherical membranes , called microspheres .

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These amino acids and small peptides could be encouraged to form closed spherical membranes , called proteinoid microspheres , which show many of the basic characteristics of ` life ' .

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While most vaccines are created using inactivated or attenuated compounds from micro-organisms , synthetic vaccines are composed mainly or wholly of synthetic peptides , carbohydrates or antigens .


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Question: The discovery in the late 1990s of nanobes ( filamental structures that are smaller than bacteria , but that may contain DNA in deep rocks ) might be seen as lending support to Gold 's theory .

The discovery in the late 1990s of nanobes ( filamental structures that are smaller than bacteria , but that may contain DNA ) in deep rocks might be seen as lending support to Gold 's theory .

How these clusters are formed is not yet known , but their formation might well be related to that of globular clusters .


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Question: Evidence to support the plausibility of the concept is scant , but it finds support in recent study of Martian meteorites found in Antarctica and in studies of extremophile microbes .

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Evidence to support the hypothesis is scant , but it finds support in recent study of Martian meteorites found in Antarctica and in studies of extremophile microbes .

There is a large collection of potential samples from Vesta accessible to scientists , in the form of over 200 HED meteorites , giving insight into Vesta 's geologic history and structure .


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Question: Yet it was not until 1861 that Louis Pasteur performed a series of careful experiments . With these experiments , Pasteur proved that organisms such as bacteria and fungi do not appear in nutrient-rich media of their own accord in non-living material .

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In 1861 , Louis Pasteur performed a series of experiments which demonstrated that organisms such as bacteria and fungi do not spontaneously appear in sterile , nutrient-rich media .

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Thomas Gold also asserted that a trickle of food from a deep , unreachable , source is needed for survival because life arising in a puddle of organic material is likely to consume all of its food and become extinct .


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Question: This combination yielded large numbers of organic material that self-organised to form bubbles when immersed in water .

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This combination yielded large amounts of organic material that self-organised to form bubbles or micelles when immersed in water .

Robert M. Hazen reports upon experiments conducted in which various chiral crystal surfaces act as sites for possible concentration and assembly of chiral monomer units into macromolecules .


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Question: In 1668 , Redi showed that no maggots appeared in meat when flies were prevented from laying eggs .

The first solid evidence against spontaneous generation came in 1668 from Francesco Redi , who proved that no maggots appeared in meat when flies were prevented from laying eggs .

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After eating up to 80 percent of its body weight in one meal , it drags itself to a sunny location to speed digestion , as the food could rot and poison the dragon if left undigested for too long .


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Question: Life might also have started in a colder environment .

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Other research suggests a colder start to life .


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Question: A study done in 1998 suggests that oceans may have appeared in the Hadean eon , about 200 million years after the earth had formed . According to the study , it was very hot then ( about 100 Â C at the start , dropping to 70 Â C during the Hadean ) .

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Morse and MacKenzie have suggested that oceans may have appeared first in the Hadean eon , as soon as two hundred million years ( 200 Ma ) after the Earth was formed , in a hot 100 Â reducing environment , and that the pH of about 5.8 rose rapidly towards neutral .

Greenhouse gases greatly affect the temperature of the Earth ; without them , Earth 's surface would be on average about 33 Â C ( 59 Â F ) colder than at present .


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Question: Cytosine has a half-life of 19 days at 100 Â C and 17,000 years in freezing water .

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Cytosine has a half-life of 19 days at 100 Â and 17,000 years in freezing water .

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The remaining Î cerium starts to change to Î cerium when cooled to â `` 172 Â C , and the transformation is complete at â `` 269 Â C. Î Cerium has a density of 8.16 ; Î cerium exists above 726 Â C. At atmospheric pressure , liquid cerium is more dense than its solid form at the melting point .


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Question: Sir Thomas Browne wrote a book called Pseudodoxia Epidemica , in 1646 . He gave it the subtitle Enquiries into very many received tenets , and commonly presumed truths .

In the 17th century , such assumptions started to be questioned ; for example , in 1646 , Sir Thomas Browne published his Pseudodoxia Epidemica ( subtitled Enquiries into Very many Received Tenets , and Commonly Presumed Truths ) , which was an attack on false beliefs and `` vulgar errors . ''

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Alexander M. Witherspoon , professor of English at Yale University , writes in a prefatory essay : Part II , which appeared in 1684 , is much more than a mere sequel to or repetition of the earlier volume .


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For instance you may be given 'Artie turns out to be a bad date and Marge realizes that it is Homer she really wants .' and it should match with 'Artie turns out to be a terrible date and Marge realizes that it is Homer she really wants .' but not with 'Bart vows that he will start to do better and tries to get the class genius Martin Prince to help him , but after that fails , Bart prays for help .'.

Question: In his The Origin of Life , Oparin argued that a `` primeval soup '' of organic molecules could be created in an oxygen-less atmosphere through the action of sunlight .

Oparin argued that a `` primeval soup '' of organic molecules could be created in an oxygenless atmosphere through the action of sunlight .

The Miller and Urey experiment ( or Ureyâ `` Miller experiment ) was an experiment that simulated hypothetical conditions thought at the time to be present on the early Earth , and tested for the occurrence of chemical origins of life .


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Question: Gold 's theory is that flow of food is due to out-gassing of primordial methane from the Earth 's mantle ; more conventional explanations of the food supply of deep microbes ( away from sedimentary carbon compounds ) is that the organisms subsist on hydrogen released by an interaction between water and ( reduced ) iron compounds in rocks

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Gold 's theory is that flow of food is due to out-gassing of primordial methane from the Earth 's mantle ; more conventional explanations of the food supply of deep microbes ( away from sedimentary carbon compounds ) is that the organisms subsist on hydrogen released by an interaction between water and ( reduced ) iron compounds in rocks .

Spectroscopic studies have shown , however , evidence of hydrated minerals and silicates , which indicate rather a stony surface composition .


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Question: The alternative seemed to be omne vivum ex ovo : that every living thing came from a pre-existing living thing ( literally , everything from an egg ) .

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The alternative seemed to be biogenesis : that every living thing came from a pre-existing living thing ( omne vivum ex ovo , Latin for `` every living thing from an egg '' ) .

Neither Charles Darwin nor anyone else in his time knew the answer to the species problem : how multiple species could evolve from a single common ancestor .


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Question: Around the same time J.B.S. Haldane also suggested that the Earth 's pre-biotic oceans , which were very different from what oceans are now , would have formed a `` hot dilute soup '' . In this soup , organic compounds , the building blocks of life , could have formed .

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Around the same time , J. B. S. Haldane suggested that the Earth 's prebiotic oceansâ '' different from their modern counterpartsâ '' would have formed a `` hot dilute soup '' in which organic compounds could have formed .

These droplets would `` grow '' by fusion with other droplets , and `` reproduce '' through fission into daughter droplets , and so have a primitive metabolism in which those factors which promote `` cell integrity '' survive , and those that do not become extinct .


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Question: For example , instead of the reductive citric acid cycle , the `` open '' acetyl-CoA pathway ( another one of the four recognized ways of carbon dioxide fixation in nature today ) would be even more compatible with the idea of self-organisation on a metal sulfide surface .

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Provided: "A pupil of Raphael , his stylistic deviations from high Renaissance classicism help define the 16th-century style known as Mannerism ." Match: "He was a pupil of Raphael , his stylistic deviations from high Renaissance classicism help define the 16th-century style known as Mannerism ."

For example , instead of the reductive citric acid cycle , the `` open '' acetyl-CoA pathway ( another one of the five recognized ways of carbon dioxide fixation in nature today ) would be compatible with the idea of self-organisation on a metal sulfide surface .

Under certain conditions , the decomposition of the latter ( in the absence of oxygen ) is inhibited , and archaeologists often take advantage of this .


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Question: The now-famous Millerâ `` Urey experiment used a highly reduced mixture of gases â `` methane , ammonia and hydrogen â `` to form basic organic monomers , such as amino acids .

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The now-famous `` Millerâ `` Urey experiment '' used a highly reduced mixture of gasesâ `` methane , ammonia and hydrogenâ `` to form basic organic monomers , such as amino acids .

Compounds detected spectroscopically on the surface include water ice , carbon dioxide , silicates , and organic compounds .


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Question: It is suggested that polarised light has the power to destroy one kind within the proto-planetary disk .

It is suggested that polarised light has the power to destroy one enantiomer within the proto-planetary disk .

Primitive reproduction can be envisioned when the bubbles burst , releasing the results of the ` experiment ' into the surrounding medium .


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Question: The biologist John Desmond Bernal , coined the term Biopoesis for this process , and suggested that there were a number of clearly defined `` stages '' that could be recognized in explaining the origin of life .

The biologist John Desmond Bernal coined the term biopoesis for this process , and suggested that there were a number of clearly defined `` stages '' that could be recognized in explaining the origin of life .

The examples of convergent evolution seen between distinct hydrothermal vents is seen as major support for the theory of natural selection and of evolution as a whole .


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Question: In 1924 , Oparin talked about primitive vesicles that replicated themselves . This was before the structure of the DNA was found .

One of the earliest incarnations of this idea was put forward in 1924 with Alexander Oparin 's notion of primitive self-replicating vesicles which predated the discovery of the structure of DNA .

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Through these studies , Kornberg has created an actual picture of how transcription works at a molecular level .


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Question: In 1768 Lazzaro Spallanzani proved that microbes came from the air , and could be killed by boiling .

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In 1768 , Lazzaro Spallanzani demonstrated that microbes were present in the air , and could be killed by boiling .

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His contemporary Nicolaes Tulp believed that cancer was a poison that slowly spreads , and concluded that it was contagious .


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Question: Robert M. Hazen reports upon experiments conducted in which various chiral crystal surfaces , act as sites for possible concentration and assembly of chiral monomer units into macromolecules .

Robert M. Hazen reports upon experiments conducted in which various chiral crystal surfaces act as sites for possible concentration and assembly of chiral monomer units into macromolecules .

This combination yielded large amounts of organic material that self-organised to form bubbles or micelles when immersed in water .


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Given The North South MRT Line was the first Mass Rapid Transit ( MRT ) line in Singapore ., a positive would be The North South MRT Line was the 1st Mass Rapid Transit ( MRT ) line in Singapore . & a negative would be While plans for these lines , as well as those currently under construction , were formulated long before , the Land Transport Authority 's ( LTA ) publication of a white paper titled `` A World Class Land Transport System '' in 1996 galvanised the government 's intentions to greatly expand on the existing system .

Question: There is a theory that ascribes the first self-replicating object to be lipid-like .

This theory postulates that the first self-replicating object was lipid-like .

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No one has synthesized a `` protocell '' using basic components which would have the necessary properties of life ( the so-called `` bottom-up-approach '' ) .


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Question: Bourgon is a commune of 587 people ( 1999 ) . It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France .

Bourgon is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France .

Chavagnes-les-Redoux is a commune of the VendÃ e department in the Pays de la Loire region in western France .


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Question: He is an member of the Hockey Hall of Fame .

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He is an Honoured Member of the Hockey Hall of Fame .

He is a member of the Republican Party .


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Question: Claude Earl `` Chuck '' Rayner ( born - August 11 , 1920 in Kenora , Ontario , died - October 6 , 2002 ) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played nine seasons in the National Hockey League for the Brooklyn Americans and New York Rangers .

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Claude Earl `` Chuck '' Rayner ( b. August 11 , 1920 in Sutherland , Saskatchewan - d. October 5 , 2002 ) was a Canadian professional hockey goaltender who played 9 seasons in the National Hockey League for the New York Americans and New York Rangers .

Edgar Louis `` Beaver '' Laprade ( born October 10 , 1919 ) is a former Canadian professional ice hockey center who played for the New York Rangers in the National Hockey League .


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Question: The remains of the storm were later taken in by a warm front around 2 am EDT ( 0600 UTC ) .

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The remnants of the depression persisted until 2 am EDT ( 0600 UTC ) on May 30 , at which time it was absorbed by a warm front , south of Nova Scotia .

After reaching its peak of 50 mph ( 80 km\/h ) , Jerry passed just south of Barbados late on October 7 and through the Windward Islands on October 8 .


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Question: Around 7:30 pm EDT ( 2330 UTC ) , a QuikSCAT satellite flew over the depression and found tropical storm-force winds . But the NHC thought the depression did n't strengthen and that winds were affected by rain .

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Around 7:30 pm EDT ( 2330 UTC ) , a QuickSCAT satellite pass over the depression found tropical storm-force winds ; however , the winds were determined to have been affected by rain and therefore not representative of the depression 's actual intensity .

Laura was re-classified as a tropical storm at a relatively high latitude , 40.6 Â N. Not long after being declared tropical , early signs of an extratropical transition appeared .


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Question: The National Hurricane Center also reported that Tropical Depression One was also the farthest north a May tropical cyclone has ever formed .

Tropical Depression One was also the farthest north a May tropical cyclone is known to have formed , according to the NHC 's Tropical Cyclone Report .

Tropical Storm Marco was the smallest known tropical cyclone on record .


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Question: Then on 8 pm EDT ( 0000 UTC on May 28 ) , the NHC stopped monitoring the storm , as the low was not expected to strengthen anymore .

The NHC issued their final outlook on the low around 8 pm EDT ( 0000 UTC on May 28 ) while the system was located about 90 mi ( 150 km ) east of Cape Hatteras , North Carolina , as development of the low was not expected .

After a brief period of a normal track to the northwest , Andres was picked up by westerly winds and became the first named storm to threaten Central America .


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Question: At 5:00 pm EDT ( 2100 UTC ) , the NHC gave out its last advisory on Tropical Depression One .

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At 5:00 pm EDT ( 2100 UTC ) the NHC issued their final advisory on Tropical Depression One .

Conditions were favorable for additional development in the Gulf of Mexico , and Elena became a hurricane on the 29th .


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E.g. 'So Obadiah went to meet Ahab and told him , and Ahab went to meet Elijah .' == 'While on his way , Elijah meets Obadiah , the head of Ahab 's household , who had hidden a hundred prophets of the God of Israel when Ahab and Jezebel had been killing them . Elijah sends Obadiah back to Ahab to announce his return to Israel .' != 'Jethro , Moses ' father-in-law , came to see Moses and brought Moses ' wife and two sons with him .'

Question: When the storm became Tropical Depression One on May 28 , it was the third time since 1851 that an Atlantic tropical cyclone formed before June 1 , the official start of an Atlantic hurricane season . The depression followed Subtropical Storm Andrea of May 2007 and Tropical Storm Arthur of May 2008 .

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When Tropical Depression One formed on May 28 , it marked the third time since 1851 , when reliable records in the Atlantic basin began , that a pre-season cyclone developed in three consecutive years , following Subtropical Storm Andrea which formed in May of 2007 and Tropical Storm Arthur in May of 2008 .

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Hurricane Boris was the second of three storms to impact the Pacific coast of Mexico in June and July 1996 . The fourth tropical cyclone and second hurricane of the 1996 Pacific hurricane season , Boris formed out of a tropical wave roughly 250 m south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec on June 27 .


Question: The first time this event happened was in 1932 , 1933 , and 1934 ; the second time it happened was in 1951 , 1952 , and 1953 .

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To give you a sense - "In Kojiki and Nihonshoki only his name and genealogy were recorded ." should be close to "The Kojiki records only his name and genealogy ."

The first occurrence of this was in 1932 , 1933 , and 1934 , and the second occurrence were the years of 1951 , 1952 , and 1953 .


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Question: On May 28 , the NHC started to monitor the storm again and on 11:00 am EDT ( 1500 UTC ) , they declared the storm to be a tropical cyclone and named it Tropical Depression One . At that time , the storm 's location was about 310 mi ( 500 km ) south of Providence , Rhode Island .

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Around 11:00 am EDT ( 1500 UTC ) , they designated the system as Tropical Depression One while it was located about 310 mi ( 500 km ) south of Providence , Rhode Island .

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Outflow continued to improve , and with warm sea surface temperatures Beryl gradually intensified to attain peak winds of 60 mph ( 95 km\/h ) early on July 20 while located about 120 miles ( 190 km ) east of Nags Head , North Carolina .


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Question: After a quick burst of convection during the night , thunderstorm clouds inside the depression started to disappear by 3:00 am EDT ( 0700 UTC ) .

After a burst in convective activity overnight , shower and thunderstorm activity waned once more by 3:00 am EDT ( 0700 UTC ) .

A tropical wave that moved off the African coast formed into a tropical depression 300 n mi southeast of Cape Verde on August 19 .


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Question: On May 29 , the depression almost became a tropical storm , when the storm 's strength was measured at T2 .5 , or 40 mph ( 65 km\/h ) using the Dvorak technique . But some of the measurements were also low as T1 .5 , which was the reason why the NHC did n't call it a tropical storm .

Early on May 29 , Tropical Depression One nearly attained tropical storm status , with intensity estimates using the Dvorak Technique reaching T2 .5 , or 40 mph ( 65 km\/h ) ; however , the estimates were also as low as T1 .5 , leading to the intensity of the depression remaining at 35 mph ( 55 km\/h ) .


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Question: On May 27 , the storm was 120 miles ( 195 km ) south of Cape Hatteras , North Carolina when the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) decided to start monitoring the storm .

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On May 27 , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) began issuing Tropical Weather Outlooks for the low while it was located about 120 miles ( 195 kilometers ) south of Cape Hatteras , North Carolina .

Laura degenerated into a post-tropical cyclone later that morning , and the final advisory by the National Hurricane Center was issued .


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Question: During mid-May , a disorganized low pressure area formed in the Atlantic Ocean about 290 miles ( 465 kilometers ) south-southwest of Wilmington , North Carolina .

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The following day , an area of low pressure developed along the boundary about 290 miles ( 465 km ) south-southwest of Wilmington , North Carolina .

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As significant convection failed to persist , the National Hurricane Center discontinued advisories on Olga earlier on December 13 while located about 80 miles ( 130 km ) northwest of Kingston .


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Question: The oldest anchors were just rocks , and many rock anchors have been found from a long time ago .

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The earliest anchors were probably rocks and many rock anchors have been found dating from at least the Bronze Age .

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In Iran , oars mounted on the side of ships for steering are documented from the 3rd millennium BCE in artwork , wooden models , and even remnants of actual boats .


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Question: Many modern moorings still use a large rock as the mooring block .

Many modern moorings still rely on a large rock as the primary element of their design . However , using pure mass to resist the forces of a storm only works well as a permanent mooring ; trying to move a large enough rock to another bay is nearly impossible .

The disadvantage of using deadweight anchors in conditions where a mushroom anchor could be used is that it needs to be around ten times the weight of the equivalent mushroom anchor .


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Question: It can be smaller and lighter than a deadweight anchor . The mushroom anchor is shaped like a mushroom , and the pyramid anchor is shaped like a pyramid with the apex pointing down .

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Examples:

"Some time after 1272 John I and Albert II divided some competences among each other , however , continued joint rule ." == "Some time after 1272 John I and Albert II divided some areas between themselves , however ."

The disadvantage of using deadweight anchors in conditions where a mushroom anchor could be used is that it needs to be around ten times the weight of the equivalent mushroom anchor .

The most common type has long , thin gores ( strips ) of paper that narrow to a point at the North Pole and the South Pole .


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Question: When people talk about anchors , they are usually thinking about temporary anchors .

Vessels may carry a number of anchors : Bower Anchors ( formerly known as Sheet Anchors ) are the main anchors used by a vessel and normally carried at the bow of the vessel .

Many , but not all slides are also designed to double as life rafts in case of a water landing .


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Question: A deadweight anchors is a heavy weight . It can be used when the bottom is too hard for other types of anchors .

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Consequently deadweight anchors are used where mushroom anchors are unsuitable , for example in rock , gravel or coarse sand .

Many modern moorings still rely on a large rock as the primary element of their design . However , using pure mass to resist the forces of a storm only works well as a permanent mooring ; trying to move a large enough rock to another bay is nearly impossible .


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Examples:

Given Riencourt-l Ã s-Cagnicourt is a commune . It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France . it matches with Riencourt-l Ã s-Cagnicourt is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France . but not with Auchy-l Ã s-Hesdin is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department and Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France .

Question: There are two main types of anchors : temporary and permanent .

Anchors can either be temporary or permanent .

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Question: The Danforth style uses a stock at the crown ( see above ) , to which two large flat flukes are attached .

It uses a stock at the crown to which two large flat triangular flukes are attached .

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It was U-shaped ( hence its name ) and comfortably carried by a shoulder strap attached at the mouthpiece and bell .


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Question: A permanent anchor is called a mooring block and is not easily moved .

A permanent anchor is used in the creation of a mooring , and is rarely moved ; a specialist service is normally needed to move or maintain it .

A harness is used to secure a person to a piece of rope or an anchor point .


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Question: On 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom government had a census and found that there were 545 people living in Coagh .

On Census day ( 29 April 2001 ) there were 545 people living in Coagh .

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With a population of just 17 As of 2004 , it is the smallest municipality in Switzerland .


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Question: Articles about fictional characters of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who .

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Articles about significant fictional characters in the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who .

Gareth David-Lloyd ( born 28 March 1981 ) is a Welsh actor best known for his role as Ianto Jones in the British science fiction television program Torchwood .


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Question: ( 6 ) Magnesium compounds are used medicinally as common laxatives , antacids ( i.e. , milk of magnesia ) , and in a number of situations where stabilization of abnormal nerve excitation and blood vessel spasm is required ( i.e. , to treat eclampsia ) .

Magnesium compounds are used medicinally as common laxatives , antacids ( i.e. , milk of magnesia ) , and in a number of situations where stabilization of abnormal nerve excitation and blood vessel spasm is required ( i.e. , to treat eclampsia ) .

Potassium salts are also available in tablets or capsules , which for therapeutic purposes are formulated to allow potassium to leach slowly out of a matrix , as very high concentrations of potassium ion ( which might occur next to a solid tablet of potassium chloride ) can kill tissue , and cause injury to the gastric or intestinal mucosa . For this reason , non-prescription supplement potassium pills are limited by law in the U.S. to only 99 mg of potassium .


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Question: It is an alkaline earth metal and the eighth most abundant element in the Earth 's crust , where it constitutes about 2 % by mass , and ninth in the known Universe as a whole .

It is an alkaline earth metal and the seventh most abundant element in the Earth 's crust , where it constitutes about 2 % by mass , and ninth in the known Universe as a whole .

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In geochemistry , a trace element is a chemical element whose concentration is less than 1000 ppm or 0.1 % of a rock 's composition .


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Question: Magnesium ( \/ mÃ É Ë niË ziÉ m \/ mag-NEE-zee - É m ) is a chemical element with the symbol Mg , atomic number 12 and common oxidation state +2 .

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For example, 'Genius Squad is a novel written by Catherine Jinks published in 2008 by Allen & Unwin , Australia .' should be close to 'Genius Squad is a book that was written by Catherine Jinks in 2008 . It was published by Allen & Unwin , Australia .'

Magnesium is a chemical element with the symbol Mg , atomic number 12 and common oxidation number +2 .

Niobium ( ; from Greek mythology : Niobe , daughter of Tantalus ) , or columbium , is the chemical element with the symbol Nb and the atomic number 41 .


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Question: Magnesium ion 's high solubility in water helps ensure that it is the third most abundant element dissolved in seawater .

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Due to magnesium ion 's high solubility in water , it is the third most abundant element dissolved in seawater .

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Aside from tungsten , iodine is the heaviest element to be essential in living organisms , and iodine is the heaviest element thought to be needed by higher animals .


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Question: Guam national football team is the national football team of Guam .

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The Guam national football team is the national team of Guam , an overseas territory of the United States , and is controlled by the Guam Football Association .

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The Singapore national football team is the national association football team of Singapore .


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E.g. given 'Under the Umayyads the Caliphate grew rapidly geographically .' it should be close to 'Under the Umayyads , the Caliphate grew rapidly in territory .' but not to 'In 1000 AD , the Eastern Empire was at its height : Basileios II reconquered Bulgaria and Armenia , culture and trade flourished .'.

Question: The Aflac Duck is their mascot . Gilbert Gottfried does the voice for the Aflac Duck .

On March 23 , 2011 , Aflac announced that the company was taking applications for the new voice of the Aflac Duck through QuackAflac.com until April 1 .

Clay Martin Croker ( better known as C. Martin Croker ) is an animator and voice actor on various Adult Swim programs .


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Question: Aflac helps people with insurance . The Aflac Duck is their mascot .

The Aflac brand has developed wide recognition recently with commercials starring the famous Aflac Duck on television which started airing in December 1999 .

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In early 2009 , a live actor dressed up as a Corn Pops puff became the new mascot of Corn Pops .


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Question: The main town of Somerset was Somerton , but it is now Taunton . There are two cities in Somerset .

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The districts of Somerset are West Somerset , South Somerset , Taunton Deane , Mendip and Sedgemoor .

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Tattingstone is a village in Babergh district in Suffolk , about 6 m south of Ipswich with a population over 500 . It is the location of Tattingstone Place and also of the folly known as the Tattingstone Wonder .


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Question: Somerset is a county in South West England .

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Somerset ( or ) is a county in South West England .

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Cheriton is a town in Northampton County , Virginia , United States .


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Question: In 1996 Avon was split into 4 parts , which are now unitary authorities . People usually say that 2 of these parts ( named North Somerset and Bath and North East Somerset ) are part of Somerset , even though they have their own councils .

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The two administratively independent unitary authorities , which were established on 1 April 1996 following the break up of the county of Avon , are North Somerset and Bath and North East Somerset .

There are no cities in Warwickshire since both Coventry and Birmingham were incorporated into the West Midlands county in 1974 and are now metropolitan authorities in themselves .


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Question: Stephen Farrelly ( born January 28 , 1978 ) is a Irish professional wrestler who currently wrestles for World Wrestling Entertainment working on its SmackDown brand and competes under the ring name Sheamus .

Stephen Farrelly ( 28 January 1978 ) is an Irish professional wrestler and actor , best known by his ring names Sheamus and Sheamus O'Shaunessy . He is signed with World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) and competes on the Raw brand where he is the reigning King of the Ring , and the current WWE United States Champion .

Matthew Joseph Korklan ( born March 19 , 1983 ) is an American professional wrestler , also known as Matt Sydal and Evan Bourne . He is signed with World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) and wrestles on its Raw brand under the ring name Evan Bourne .


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Question: Lead ( IV ) acetate , also known as plumbic acetate , is a chemical compound . Its chemical formula is Pb ( C2H3O2 ) 4 .

Lead ( IV ) acetate or lead tetraacetate is a chemical compound with chemical formula Pb ( C2H3O2 ) 4 and is a lead salt of acetic acid .

Copper ( II ) nitrate is the chemical compound with the formula Cu ( NO3 ) 2 .


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Question: It contains lead and acetate ions .

It can be prepared by reaction of red lead with acetic acid The other main lead acetate is lead ( II ) acetate .

The result ( after cooling ) is zinc sulfide .


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Question: It can be made by reacting lead ( II , IV ) oxide with acetic acid .

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Lead ( IV ) acetate or lead tetraacetate is a chemical compound with chemical formula Pb ( C2H3O2 ) 4 and is a lead salt of acetic acid . It is commercially available often stabilized with acetic acid .

The hydrous form may be formed by the reaction of chromium ( III ) oxide and sulfuric acid .


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Question: Chamois Niortais F.C. is a football club which plays in France .

The badge of Chamois Niortais features a chamois goat standing on a football , and the background of the crest is royal blue , which has featured in the club 's home colors since its foundation . When the club was founded in 1925 , Chamois Niortais adopted a white strip .

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Sporting Toulon Var is a football club from Toulon , France , who currently play in the French fourth division ( the Championnat de France Amateurs ) .


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Question: Zob Ahan Football Club is an Iranian football club based in Esfahan , Iran .

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Zob Ahan Football Club is an Iranian football club based in Isfahan , Iran .

Al-Ahli Club is a United Arab Emirates professional football ( soccer ) club . They are based in Dubai .


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Question: He was elected Governor of the state of West Virginia in the 2004 election . Manchin took office on January 17 , 2005 .

Manchin , a Democrat , was Governor of West Virginia from 2005 to 2010 .

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Her first term began October 4 , 1996 , and her last term ended on November 3 , 2008 .


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Question: Joseph ( Joe ) Manchin III ( born August 24 , 1947 in Farmington , West Virginia ) is an American politician .

Joseph `` Joe '' Manchin III ( born August 24 , 1947 ) is the junior United States Senator representing West Virginia .

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Robert Renfroe `` Bob '' Riley ( born October 3 , 1944 ) is an American politician in the Republican Party .


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Question: 1 Esdras ( Greek Ë ) , Greek Ezra , is an ancient Greek version of the Biblical book of Ezra in use among ancient Jewry , the early church , and many modern Christians with varying degrees of canonicity and a high historical usefulness .

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1 Esdras ( Greek ) , Greek Ezra , is an ancient Greek version of the Biblical book of Ezra in use among ancient Jewry , the early church , and many modern Christians with varying degrees of canonicity and a high historical usefulness .

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The content , which closely corresponds to the Protestant Old Testament , does not include the deuterocanonical portions of the Roman Catholic or the ' portions of the Eastern Orthodox Old Testaments . The term does not imply naming , numbering or ordering of books , which varies with Biblical canon .


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Question: He journeyed to England for two years and returned to the colonies in 1760 , marrying again , this time to Elizabeth Corbin , and represented King William County in the Virginia House of Burgesses .

Braxton returned to the colonies in 1760 , marrying again , this time to Elizabeth Corbin , and represented King William County in the Virginia House of Burgesses .

Scottsville was the birthplace of Thomas Staples Martin , who served five terms as a Democrat in the United States Senate representing Virginia . Born at Scottsville in 1847 , Martin served in the Confederate Army , then went on to practice law .


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Question: He married a wealthy heiress named Judith Robinson at the age nineteen , but she died two years later , leaving him two daughters .

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He married a wealthy heiress named Judith Robinson at the age nineteen , but she died two years later , leaving him two daughters , and he journeyed to England for two years .

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Her mother Mary Haines Yorke died during a trip to New Orleans in 1820 leaving Sarah and her two sisters orphaned .


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Question: He was born on Newington Plantation in King and Queen County , Virginia and educated at the William and Mary .

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Provided: "Radjabov earned the title of Grandmaster in March 2001 at the age of 14 , making him the second-youngest grandmaster in history at the time ( to Bu Xiangzhi ) ." Match: "Radjabov earned the title of Grandmaster in March 2001 at the age of 14 , making him the second-youngest grandmaster in history at that time ( to Bu Xiangzhi ) ."

He was born on Newington Plantation in King and Queen County , Virginia and educated at the College of William and Mary .

Elizabeth Nevills was born in Carrboro , North Carolina , at the border of Chapel Hill , to a musical family .


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Question: Carter Braxton ( September 16 , 1736 -- October 10 , 1797 ) , was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence and a representative of Virginia .

Carter Braxton ( September 16 , 1736 â `` October 10 , 1797 ) was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence , a planter , and a representative of Virginia .

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Samuel Huntington ( - January 5 , 1796 ) was a jurist , statesman , and Patriot in the American Revolution from Connecticut .


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Question: Saint-Androny is a commune . It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France .

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Saint-Androny is a commune in the Gironde department in Aquitaine in south-western France .

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Cours-les-Bains is a commune in the Gironde department in Aquitaine in south-western France .


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Question: In the 1950s Walt Disney created Disneyland in Anaheim California .

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Walt Disney was the inaugural recipient of a star on the Anaheim walk of stars . The star was awarded in honor of Disney 's significant contributions to the city of Anaheim , California , specifically , Disneyland , which is now the Disneyland Resort .

Asia was the first expansion area added to Disney 's Animal Kingdom , first opening in 1999 .


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The provided query could be 'Clarke County is a county in the American state of Georgia .' and the positive 'Clarke County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia .' and the negative 'Washington County is a county located in the state of Florida .'

Question: Along with his brother Roy Disney , he was the founder of Walt Disney Productions ( now The Walt Disney Company ) .

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As the co-founder ( with his brother Roy O. Disney ) of Walt Disney Productions , Disney became one of the best-known motion picture producers in the world .

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Disneyland Park is a theme park located in Anaheim , California , owned and operated by the Walt Disney Parks and Resorts division of The Walt Disney Company .


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Question: Disney did not see Walt Disney World finished though because he died before it opened .

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Provided: "Typically , plugins such as Adobe Flash Player are not standardized and as such , can not be sandboxed as tabs can be ." Match: "; Plugins Plugins such as Adobe Flash Player are typically not standardised and as such can not be sandboxed like tabs ."

By the early 1960s , the Disney empire was a major success , and Walt Disney Productions had established itself as the world 's leading producer of family entertainment . Walt Disney was the Head of Pageantry for the 1960 Winter Olympics .

Thus , Fox told Whedon on a Friday afternoon that he had to submit a new pilot script on Monday morning or the show would not be picked up .


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Question: Disney even provided the voice for Mickey Mouse for many years .

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However , Mickey 's voice and personality was provided by Disney until 1947 .

He is known for providing the voice of Darth Vader in the Star Wars franchise and the tagline for CNN .


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Question: Walter Elias Disney ( December 5 , 1901 - December 15 , 1966 ) was a famous American entertainer , inventor , cartoonist , and entrepreneur .

Walter Elias `` Walt '' Disney ( December 5 , 1901 â `` December 15 , 1966 ) was an American film producer , director , screenwriter , voice actor , animator , entrepreneur , entertainer , international icon , and philanthropist .

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Tony Randall ( February 26 , 1920 â `` May 17 , 2004 ) was a U.S. actor , comic , producer and director .


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Question: In the 1950s Walt Disney created Disneyland in Anaheim California . Disneyland was the first modern theme park .

He is the namesake for Disneyland and Walt Disney World Resort theme parks in the United States , as well as the international resorts Tokyo Disney , Disneyland Paris , and Disneyland Hong Kong .

It was originally called Safari Village , as Discovery Island was the name for the small zoological park located in Walt Disney World 's Bay Lake .


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Question: Disney also bought the land for Walt Disney World Resort in Florida . Disney did not see Walt Disney World finished though because he died before it opened .

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After Walt Disney 's death , Roy Disney returned from retirement to take full control of Walt Disney Productions and WED Enterprises .

Busch continued to operate Cypress Gardens until April 1 , 1995 , when a group of the park 's managers led by Bill Reynolds bought the property .


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Question: A square kilometre ( sometimes written kmÂ ) is based on the SI unit of measurement of area , the square metre .

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Square kilometre , symbol km2 , is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of surface area , the square metre , one of the SI derived units .

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The most commonly used acres today are the international acre and , in the United States , the survey acre . The most common use of the acre is to measure tracts of land .