As set out in point 2.1.2. of the Commission Notice on the application of Articles 87 and 88 of the EC Treaty to State aid in the form of guarantees, OJ C 71 of 11.3.2000, p. 14, there may be State aid under Article 87(1) of the EC Treaty even if no payments are made by the State under a guarantee. Moreover, even though there has not been a direct and clear transfer of State resources, State resources are involved, cf. case C-200/97, Ecotrade v. AFS [1998] ECR-I-7907, par. 43, Joined cases T-204/97 and T-270/97, EPAC [2000] ECR-II-2267, par. 80 and 81.
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