There would be a direct benefit for the patient, whom sphincter could be preserved. pCLE (probe-based Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy) has already been widely used for colorectal lesions, and its value proposition has been demonstrated and validated in several studies. This study is the first using pCLE intraoperatively. Study results may lead the use of pCLE to validate surgical procedure decision (resection margin) and to a revision of patient management for colorectal cancer, by adapting neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy to the patient's responder status.