Premature infants are born at substantial risk for poor health and developmental outcomes, which commonly include hearing and vision problems, developmental delays, and poor school performance. Premature infants of low-income families face additional social risks known to worsen these outcomes. The Institute of Medicine recognized this important public health problem in its 2006 report, Preterm Birth, which argued for the need to improve the quality of follow-up care for preterm infants discharged from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The underpinning of this proposal is that maternal depression - common among families of premature infants - interferes with adherence to follow-up services, and (both through this mechanism and directly) adversely impacts child health and development. Conversely, alleviating depressive symptoms among these women represents a promising strategy to improve adherence to NICU follow-up services and to improve the outcomes of this vulnerable population.