Background and Significance The sudden onset of a traumatic SCI can result in severe impairments in the motor and/or sensory functions of the body and limbs. A significant part of the expenses incurred after SCI are associated with the need of many individuals with SCI to have a caregiver assist them with various daily tasks such as eating, grooming and ambulation. This dependence,besides being financially strenuous for the patients and their families, frequently precipitates psychological problems such as depression, social withdrawal and inactivity.For persons with quadriplegia, hand function is essential for achieving a high level of independence in their activities of daily living. In a recent survey, it was revealed that the majority of people with quadriplegia rate recovery of hand function as the highest priority.FES is one of the most promising approaches towards improving grasping function in SCI individuals with permanent hand impairment. A neuroprosthesis for grasping is a device that can improve or restore the grasping, holding, and releasing functions in persons with SCI [1]. The neuroprosthesis applies FES to artificially generate a muscle contraction by applying short current pulses to motor nerves innervating muscles. FES can be applied to individuals with SCI to help them restore functions such as walking and grasping by contracting groups of paralyzed muscles in an orchestrated manner.Despite the usefulness of neuroprostheses in improving functionality, SCI consumers, their therapists and psychiatrists remain hesitant to use the technology. For instance, Popovic et al. (not the principal investigator) reported that consumers who retained some dexterity without an FES-assisted system hesitated to use the surface FES device to manipulate small objects, even though they gained significant improvements in function when wearing it. Also, some neuroprostheses such as the Freehand system require invasive procedures for their implementation, which is often unappealing to SCI consumers. These issues with FES, along with the mindset that impairments in functionality are permanent, have led to the design of systems that SCI consumers have little interest in using over long periods of time. Our application of the neuroprosthesis for grasping in this proposal presents a departure from this standard and established approach of FES application. The Compex Motion neuroprosthesis, developed by Drs. Popovic (principal investigator) and Keller1,is a flexible device designed to improve grasping function in both SCI and stroke patients. This multi-channel surface stimulation system for grasping provides both palmar and lateral grasps, and holds a number of advantages over other existing neuroprostheses.Firstly, whereas most other systems were designed and used exclusively as permanent orthotic systems for SCI consumers in order to allow them to grasp, the Compex Motion was designed to help retrain voluntary grasping function. Hence, the device is meant to be used as part of the rehabilitation process towards improving functionality as opposed to merely substituting it. Secondly, the Compex Motion is a surface FES system that does not require implanted systems or possesses features that limit flexibility. These features make it a more suitable option for rehabilitation applications, which typically require portable, flexible, non-invasive, and multi-channel FES systems. Thirdly, although the Compex Motion, Handmaster, and Belgrade Grasping-Reaching System have been used to retrain voluntary grasping function in individuals with stroke, only the Compex Motion has been used for this purpose in individuals with SCI. The advantages of the Compex Motion system over other FES systems is its potential for retraining function in SCI patients and the fact that the system's application does not require the long-term support/commitment of clinical and engineering specialists. Recent innovative advances in FES applications, spearheaded by our team, clearly indicate that the short-term, therapeutic intervention of the neuroprosthesis for grasping can enhance voluntary function in individuals with SCI. These studies also suggest that this novel method of applying FES to augment functional improvement has the potential to improve overall physical and psychological well being of persons with SCI.