Study Abstract: The CS 1018 study recruited a total of 582 patients seeking treatment for opiate dependence. They were recruited from six states (Florida, New York, Texas, California, Washington, and Illinois), with up to ten private physician sites or clinics participating in each state. Coordination of the participating sites and clinics in each of the six states was performed from an associated Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center (Tampa VAMC, New York City VAMC, San Antonio VAMC, Long Beach VAMC, Seattle VAMC, and Hines VAMC). The Principal Investigator (PI) at each of the six VAMC's was a physician experienced in the treatment of opiate dependent patients. In addition, a study coordinator was hired at each of the six VAMC's to coordinate both the collection and completion of study forms. Editing and correction of all data study case report forms was coordinated and handled by one of the state specific study coordinators. Patients were recruited by any of numerous strategies including utilization of central recruiting telephone number systems, word of mouth, self-referral, local fliers, newspapers, and radio advertisements. This study was conducted open label with no random assignment or stratification. Patients were accepted for detoxification or longer-term treatment (6 to 12 months of buprenorphine/naloxone therapy). Patients under the age of 21 were initially admitted for detoxification; longer treatment of these patients was based on physician judgement of the necessary of continued treatment. Patients were inducted directly into buprenorphine/naloxone 4:1 combination tablets. Patients treated in private practice were asked to sign a treatment contract which delineated the terms and conditions of treatment.