There is a very high mortality especially from cardiovascular disease among patients who are on dialysis. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is a leading contributor to the high morbidity and mortality among end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, accounting for 36 percent of ESRD deaths (total annual mortality of 23 percent). The high mortality among dialysis patients is a major public health problem and the ability to identify and treat risk factors that may reduce morbidity and mortality would be of substantial benefit. There are well-known risk factors for cardiovascular disease that certainly are related to morbidity and mortality among dialysis patients, i.e., relationship to hypertension, diabetes, smoking, etc. However, some of the new risk factors could also contribute to the excess mortality.