All of the patients included in this study were operated in high volume centres by senior surgeons specialized in hepatobiliary surgery. Major resection was defined as resection of 3 or more liver segment as described by Couinaud. Ischemic preconditioning was performed through a sequence of 10 minutes vascular inflow occlusion and 10 minutes of reperfusion prior to intermittent pedicular clamping. Intermittent pedicle clamping was conducted through a sequence of 15 minutes of vascular inflow occlusion and 5 minutes of reperfusion. Intermittent clamping was used during the whole parenchyma transection process. During ischemic preconditioning the liver left in native position to avoid ischemic process due to compression. Surgical liver biopsies were performed before after interruption of the vascular inflow. The samples were all collected in the same centre (Cochin Hospital) for histological and molecular biological analysis. The device used for clamping was left to the surgeon's discretion (Tourniquet or vascular clamp) but had to be the same for both preconditioning and clamping. The technique used for parenchymal liver transection was left to the surgeon's discretion as well as haemostasis and BILIOSTASIS techniques which were performed using bipolar forceps, metallic clips or ligation depending on vessels or bile ducts size. Devices used for parenchymal transection and haemostasis/BILIOSTASIS techniques were recorded in the preoperative data collection form. Postoperative drainage of the abdominal cavity was left to the surgeon's discretion but was collected in the data sheet. All complications occurring during surgery were collected as well as blood loss, blood transfusion and fluid infusion.