GM-CSF promotes the differentiation and activation of granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells and enhances the function of these cells. The various cellular responses (i.e., division, maturation, activation) are induced when GM-CSF binds to specific receptors expressed on the surface of target cells. At higher doses, such as the dose used in this protocol, GM-CSF may result in a rapid rise in white blood cell count. However, further research is necessary to determine the potential antiviral effect of GM-CSF in a potent ART-treated population. It is hoped that GM-CSF can decrease the extent of ongoing HIV replication via alteration of macrophage activation and chemokine receptor expression and that this effect can result in reduction of the pool of latently infected T cells.