A multilocus interaction of three pro-inflammatory cytokine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), -3448 Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, -7227 Interleukin 6, and 33314 Interleukin 6R was reported by Menon and associates in 2006. The researchers reported that they were able to predict spontaneous preterm birth in 65.2% of a population restricted to European-American mothers. Expansion of this research is needed to determine if the results are also applicable in Black populations.