Electronic health record linkages With their consent, the investigators linked participants to data from Hospital Episode Statistics, a national data warehouse of administrative data containing ICD-10-coded hospital diagnoses and OPCS4-coded procedures. The investigators additionally linked participants with ICD-10-coded cause-specific mortality data from the Office for National Statistics. The linkages were conducted via the NHS Health and Social Care Information Centre (formerly known as the NHS Information Centre) and patients were identified using their NHS number (a unique ten digit numeric identifier for the NHS), gender, date of birth and postcode.