Multiple therapeutic approaches are offered to patients surviving primary ventricular fibrillation. In those with evidence of myocardial ischemia, coronary revascularization procedures may be employed. Pharmacological therapy with anti-arrhythmic agents either alone or in combination with selection guided by the results of continuous electrocardiographic monitoring or electrophysiologic studies is often the initial step. For those patients refractory to medical therapy, ventricular resection or implantation of pacemakers has been employed.