Anal canal cancer is a relatively rare disease, representing 1.2% of digestive cancers and 6% of anorectal cancers. Incidence is less than 1/100 000 of the general population. However, the incidence has increased considerably over the past three decades. The main risk factors are HPV infections and smoking. Initial treatment comprises radiochemotherapy or radiotherapy alone, according to the patient's tumor stage and tolerance of chemotherapy. The choice of the most appropriate treatment strategy will condition the patient's prognosis. Consequently, early assessment of the initial extension of the tumor, its therapeutic response and relapses constitute determining factors in the management of the disease Despite the good results obtained, persistent disease is observed in 30% of cases and abdominal-pelvic salvage amputation can then prove effective in cases of local or loco-regional relapse. The great majority of relapses occur within 2 years after treatment. Reported prognostic survival factors are the T stage, size inferior or superior to 4 cm and inguinal or pelvic lymph node involvement.