Potential dietary determinants of hyperinsulinemia or of insulin resistance were evaluated, including high intake of dietary fats and of simple sugars and low alcohol consumption. As a major focus, dietary factors that may contribute to elevated CVD risk among persons with existing insulin resistance, including impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) were examined. Five datasets from epidemiologic studies were available to evaluate specific hypotheses for men and women of Black, Hispanic and non-Hispanic white ethnicity. The unique contributions of each dataset were as follows. The San Luis Valley Diabetes Study and the San Antonio Heart Study enabled prospective analyses for large numbers of subjects with IGT or NIDDM; the Mexico City Study provided a sample with contrasting dietary patterns in a non-white population; the Kaiser Permanente Women Twins Study allowed for the removal of genetic influences by evaluating associations within monozygotic twin pairs; and the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) provided direct measurement of insulin sensitivity and subclinical atherosclerosis across the spectrum of glucose tolerance in three ethnic groups.