Three pairs of communities were selected, each pair with one education and one control community. Communities were matched on size and distance from Minneapolis-St. Paul and pairs were similar in median income, education, health care, and media resources. The first pair, Mankato and Winona, were small agricultural communities of approximately 40,000 in population in 1980. The second pair, Fargo, North Dakota and Moorhead, Minnesota paired with Sioux Falls, South Dakota, were medium-sized urban centers of approximately 100,000 in population. Bloomington and Roseville, Minnesota were suburban centers in the Twin Cities metropolitan area with a population of approximately 80,000.