The SBIRT condition will include the WHO's Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) and its accompanying brief intervention that uses motivational interviewing techniques to provide feedback, emphasize personal responsibility, give advice, provide a menu of options, convey empathy, and promote self-efficacy.33,34 All participants in the SBIRT condition will complete the ASSIST as an interview. Based on the results of the ASSIST, participants who score in the moderate-risk range for alcohol, cannabis or a stimulant will immediately receive a 15-minute brief intervention. Participants who score in the high-risk range for one of these substances will receive the brief intervention and a referral to a substance abuse treatment facility for further assessment and rehabilitative care. Referral to treatment will be an active intervention and is described below in 'Description of Study Conditions'. We expect that few patients will score in the low-risk range on the ASSIST because the pre-screen for the study (described below in 'Recruitment of Participants and Randomization') should exclude most of these individuals. In the event that any individuals enroll in the study and score in the low-risk range on the ASSIST, their data will be excluded from analysis and they will not be counted toward the target enrollment for the study.