Prevention group children at the last recall experienced fewer mean carious dental surfaces (0.1 vs. 1.29, p<0.014) and over 8-fold less MS (p<0.013) than comparison group subjects at the initial visit. The number of precarious lesions, however, were not significantly different. In the absence of carious or precarious lesions, oral levels of MS was a reliable indicator of caries risk status, particularly for low risk subjects (sensitivity, 0.64; specificity, 0.98). Caregiver reports of dietary practices and presence or absence of visible dental plaque also served as caries-risk determinants.