Atherosclerosis is one of the first causes of morbidity-mortality in industrialized countries. Numerous works suggest that some infectious agents could be involved in the inflammatory process leading to the development of this pathology, such as Chlamydophila pneumoniae, cytomegalovirus or herpes simplex virus. Enteroviruses are small RNA viruses that have been incriminated in various acute or chronic cardiac diseases (pericarditis, myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy) and exhibit a tropism for vascular endothelia. Different clinical and experimental arguments suggest that they could play a cofactor role in the occurrence or maintenance of atherosclerosis lesions. A multicenter study developed in collaboration with colleagues of the University Hospital of Reims (France) showed that it was frequent to detect enterovirus RNA in cardiac biopsies from patients with myocardial infarction. Furthermore, a pilot study conducted in the University Hospital of Saint-Etienne (France) on atheromatous arterial samples from 18 patients allowed the detection of enterovirus RNA in 20% of them.