Vascular-related Risk Factors. Prior research up to date amply supports the hugely important role of vascular-related risk factors in the aetiology of both AD and VaD. Because vascular-related risk factors are treatable, it should be possible to prevent, postpone or mitigate VaD as well as AD (to the extent due to the vascular contribution of its aetiology). The vascular and related factors that have been associated with dementia and cognitive decline include diabetes and insulin resistance, high blood pressure (BP) and hypertension, total cholesterol and other lipid parameters, body mass index (BMI) and obesity, and the metabolic syndrome (MetS). MetS is a clustering of cardiovascular risk factors related to central obesity including impaired glucose metabolism, dyslipidaemia, and high BP that is associated with increased risk for both Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and coronary artery disease (CAD). MetS has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of predementia syndromes including age-related cognitive decline, MCI and VaD, albeit with mixed findings of associations with AD. Insulin resistance is widely considered to play the central role in the pathophysiological mechanism of MetS. Hence, lifestyle and therapeutic interventions targeted at lowering insulin resistance is a promising MCI treatment option with the aim to slow cognitive decline and prevent or delay progression to dementia due to AD and/or VaD).