Either primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism may necessitate parathyroidectomy in some patients to improve the related biochemical abnormalities or symptoms, or both. Many patients diagnosed with hyperparathyroidism today do not have the classic or historical severe manifestations such as osteitis fibrosa cystica or nephrocalcinosis. The well-known pentad of symptoms - painful bones, kidney stones, abdominal groans, psychic moans, and fatigue overtones - is more common, although most patients have few dramatic symptoms. The multifactorial causes for many of the symptoms that patients have make it difficult to know to what extent surgical intervention will alleviate the symptoms. Several endocrine surgeons from the western countries have used a standardized health status assessment tool such as the SF-36 (the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Health Survey) to assess symptoms and health state in patients with hyperparathyroidism. Results of the studies confirmed that these patients are indeed impaired in several domains and even seemingly "asymptomatic" patients benefit from parathyroidectomy. More recently, Canadian surgeon Pasieka designed and validated a disease-specific surgical outcome tool, the parathyroidectomy assessment of symptoms (PAS) score, for patients with hyperparathyroidism. Using this tool, several studies from different countries showed that the study group of patients with hyperparathyroidism had significantly more symptoms than controls, and some of the symptoms are remarkably ameliorated after surgery. In Taiwan, only a small number of studies have evaluated neuropsychiatric function and neuromuscular abnormalities in these patients. None of the studies has used a patient-based measure of health status or quality of life intended to capture patient-reported perceptions of health and function.