More recently, pilot clinical trials have been undertaken in Europe that suggest that cooling during CPR by paramedics is feasible. For example, Bruel et al studied the feasibility and safety of a rapid infusion of 2000mL of normal saline at 4°C during CPR. A total of 33 patients were included in the study of whom eight patients presented with VF as the initial cardiac rhythm. After intravenous cooling, the temperature in the patients decreased by a mean of 2.1°C.