Patients are examined at baseline and then every 6 months thereafter in order to determine the relative impact of genetic, sociodemographic, and behavioral-cultural factors on disease outcome. Patients are assessed for the following outcome variables: disease activity by the Systemic Lupus Activity Measure (SLAM), disease damage by the Systemic Lupus International Collaborative Clinics Damage Index (SDI), and physical and mental functioning by the Medical Outcomes Study 36 Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). Patients are also assessed for independent variables belonging to the following domains: socioeconomic-demographic, clinical, immunogenetic, and behavioral-cultural. Patients undergo genetic analysis utilizing polymerase chain reaction and electrophoresis to further study the immunogenetic domain and genetic markers that may be related to disease. Specifically, patients' blood is analyzed for tumor necrosis factor alpha, tumor necrosis factor beta, mannose binding protein, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, and bcl-2.