Analyses were stratified according to SES (via years of formal education), controlling for age, gender, and ethnicity (Latino/Anglo). Sociodemographic, physiologic, and knowledge measurements were available on each participant. Morbidity estimates and clinical health status indicators were available via primary and secondary discharge diagnostic codes from public-use hospital discharge databases collected on all California hospital admissions for the entire study period. The Stanford Five City Program data were merged with the hospital discharge data, matching on survey participant's social security number which was subsequently converted to a unique personal identifier. Baseline 1989/90 and 1991 through 1995 longitudinal outcomes were assessed.