There are three licensed vaccines for typhoid fever. The whole cell parenteral and the oral attenuated vaccines confer only incomplete immunity of limited duration and cannot be incorporated into the routine vaccination of infants. S. typhi capsular polysaccharide (Vi) is safe, easily standardized and only one injection confers about 70% immunity in individuals greater than 5 years of age for at least 3 years. Its immunogenicity is lesser in 2-4 year-olds and it does not elicit protective antibody levels in children less than 2 years-old. Vi does not elicit a booster response at any age (age-related T-cell independent antibody response).