Among the most serious complications of immunosuppressive therapy in organ transplantation is the high risk of previous neoplasia recurrence, or the development of de novo cancer. HCC comprises 80-90 % of malignancies indicating OLT. Before the introduction of strict criteria for the enrollment of primary liver tumors, tumor recurrence led to poor mid- and long-term results. HCC thus has an unacceptable recurrence rate following OLT when the tumor exceeds 5 cm in size. ELTR data from 2003 showed a 5 year patient overall survival for hepatic malignancy (including more than 80% HCC in this group since 1997) of merely 53%, comparing poorly with data from non-cholestatic liver cirrhosis of 74% and even acute liver failure of 62%. Based on previous work, and a landmark publication in 1996 by Mazzaferro et al. many centers have restricted their indication for liver transplantation due to clinical criteria based on tumor size and number to the so-called ´Milan Criteria´.