- Shoulder pain and dysfunction are common problems in overhead sports, due to extreme ranges of motion and repetitive loading. Predisposing factors include inadequate range of motion (ROM), such as a reduction in total ROM or a shift of balance between internal and external rotation. Such a shift may be the result of soft tissue adaptations to the activity demands, or reflect a structural outcome of Humeral retroversion. A shift in the range of motion may be detrimental to the rotator muscle function, which may create another risk factor for shoulder injury.