- Patients were excluded if they presented any cause of secondary epiretinal membrane (including diabetic retinopathy, vein occlusion, ocular inflammation, retinal detachment, or previously vitrectomized eye), high myopia (axial length ≥ 26 mm or spherical equivalent ≥ 6 diopters), severe media opacities with weak SD-OCT signal strengths, or any macular or optic nerve disease. Patients with a follow-up of less than 12 months were excluded and only one eye was included in those with bilateral epiretinal membranes.