Pilot scale studies, double blind, placebo controlled, cross-over studies for six months conducted in 45 patients in USA, Canada, Argentina, and Nigeria demonstrates reduction of BUN (P>95%) and improved quality of life (P>95%). Decrease in creatinine and uric acid levels were also observed. However, these studies were based on correlating the age of geriatric cats and dogs with moderate to significant kidney failure to human geriatric conditions.