It is hypothesized that the use of nanOss Bioactive will result in fusion at 12 months, with CT evidence of bridging trabecular bone, less than 3mm of translational motion, and less than 5 degrees of angular motion. In addition, patients are expected to see an improvement in Oswestry Disability Index scores, VAS pain scores, and SF36 scores, while decreasing the use of pain medication, returning to work, and finding satisfaction in the results of their surgery.