In the primary forms of nephrolithiasis the most important predisposing factors for kidney stones are: hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria, hyperuricosuria, hypocitraturia, hypomagnesuria, high urinary sulfate, low urine volume, high urinary sodium, cystinuria, infection, persistently high or low urinary pH. A hereditary component has been outlined for several of these abnormalities, leading to the hypothesis of a genetic predisposition to nephrolithiasis. Pirastu and co-workers took advantage from a small, isolated population from Sardinia, characterized by a high prevalence of Uric Acid Nephrolithiasis (UAN). The disease shows familial clustering, although the transmission of UAN does not follow a simple mendelian inheritance pattern, suggesting that hereditary factors could play an important role in susceptibility to UAN. They found an association of UAN to a new gene, called ZNF365, and in particular to its variant Ala62Thr, making it a strong candidate predisposing factor.