Our original studies demonstrated "early" noncompliant behavior predicted adverse transplantation outcomes including acute graft rejection and graft loss. In this study, we are randomly assigning a telephone intervention in a prospective cohort of medically noncompliant patients. Standard therapy includes specifically warning patients about the risks of noncompliant behavior, and the formal intervention is randomized so half of these patients will also receive intensive telephone followup, intended to improve medication compliance and reduce adverse events.