Dr. Crouse and his colleagues augmented ongoing case-control studies, HL35333, "Carotid Atherosclerosis Progression Study" and HL59503, "Vascular Disease, Structure and Function". HL35333 comprises 280 symptomatic individuals > 45 years equally divided between men and women, half with and half without angiographically defined coronary artery disease evaluated for risk factors and extracranial carotid intimal-medial thickness (ECIMT, with B-mode ultrasound) at baseline and yearly for three years. The grant has quantified the associations of coronary artery disease and coronary artery disease risk factors for ECIMT and its progression. HL59503 quantifies flow-mediated brachial artery reactivity (FM-BAR) in this cohort. Literature review suggests that while ECIMT predicts coronary artery disease status in clinical samples it does less well in asymptomatic samples; longitudinal data (CLAS study) suggest that progression of ECIMT best predicted incident coronary artery disease, and Electron Beam Computed Tomography (EBCT) quantification of Coronary Artery Calcium (CAC) likely has even greater discriminatory power for coronary artery disease than ECIMT. However, EBCT has limited accessibility.