Immunotherapy with DC vaccines Prevention of infectious diseases through immunization is one of the greatest achievements of modern medicine. Nonetheless, considerable challenges remain for improving the efficacy of existing vaccines for therapeutic immunizations for diseases such as cancer. More than 10 years ago the first groups introduced tumor antigen-loaded DC-based vaccines in the clinic. Effective immune responses and favorable clinical outcomes have indeed been observed. Thus far, mainly conventional in vitro generated monocyte-derived DCs (moDC) have been used in clinical trials worldwide. Long lasting tumor specific T cell-mediated immunological responses are clearly linked to increased progression free survival as well as overall survival.