High convection volume OL-HDF techniques constitute progress towards renal replacement therapy which is most similar to the native kidney. These techniques offer a higher clearance of uremic substances with a greater range of molecular sizes, they require the use of biocompatible membranes and ultrapure dialysis fluid, which has been associated with additional clinical benefits. The superiority of OL-HDF to HD has been suggested by the results of several studies . Solute removal capacity of uremic toxins is enhanced by huge volume substitution with OL-HDF . Most clinical studies agree that OL-HDF permits a similar or slight larger reduction rate of small solutes per session as that of HD: 70-80% for urea (60 daltons (da) . Using b2M as a solute marker of larger uremic toxins, it has been shown in a controlled study that the reduction ratio of b2M per session was 20-30% higher with OL-HDF than with high-flux HD (72.7 versus 49.7%), and that regular use of OL-HDF significantly reduces circulating levels of predialysis b2M (median value 20 mg/l) It has also been shown that OL-HDF can remove larger solutes such as myoglobin (16 kDa) and retinol-binding protein (25 kDa).The capacity to remove middle-sized peptide substances is positively correlated to the convective clearance and the amount of fluid exchanged per session, and it is the enhanced convective clearance achieved by OL-HDF that is the primary mechanism for removing larger uremic solutes. It has also been shown that OL-HDF reduces the circulating levels of advanced glycation end products that are putatively implied in the dialysis-related complications of long-term dialysis patients Recently, one large observational cohort study with robust adjustments for demographic and comorbid confounding factors showed an association with lower mortality risk for OL-HDF. In their study, they found that the OL-HDF group receiving the higher fluid volume exchange (> 15 l per session) had a significantly and substantially lowered risk of death (RR=0.65, P=0.01) .A large number of retained larger solutes and protein-bound compounds are involved in uremic toxicity. Among them such as p-cresol and indole sulfate etc, which seem to be related to deleterious biological and clinical effects but are difficult to remove by dialysis. Particularly, protein-bound toxins represent a challenge for extracorporeal renal replacement strategies because only the unbound, mostly low-molecular solute can pass current dialysis membranes while the bound fraction is retained. p-cresol and indoxyl sulfate (IS) are among the most frequently studied protein-bound toxins in patients with end-stage renal disease. . Similar to other protein-bound compounds, p-cresyl sulfate(PCS) is poorly removed by hemodialysis because of its protein binding and its high ratio of distribution volume to clearance . Compared with low-flux, high-flux dialysis membranes generally do not enhance the elimination of protein-bound toxins, while albumin-leaking super-flux membranes are superior especially in removing indoxyl sulfate (IS). One previous study suggested that some protein-bound solutes (p-cresol) may be more efficiently removed by high-efficiency HDF than by highflux HD while discrepant result was suggested by one recent study .Uraemic toxins accumulate and lead to uraemic syndrome as the glomerular filtration rate declines. Earlier studies, including the Hemodialysis (HEMO) trial and the Adequacy of Dialysis Mexico (ADMEX) trial, showed that increasing the removal of water-soluble solutes above the current target did not reduce mortality in dialysis patients. This finding indicates that uremic solutes, other than small water-soluble molecules, may play a role in patient outcome. Some recent studies suggested that in non-diabetics on hemodialysis, the free p-cresol serum concentration is significantly associated with cardiovascular disease and may help to predict overall mortality in this patient group. The interrelation of p-cresyl sulfate (PCS), the main in vivo metabolite of p-cresol, with vascular disease in uremia may be derived from its pro-inflammatory effect on unstimulated leucocytes leading to oxidative stress and, consequently, atherosclerosis . An in vitro study revealed that p-cresol also depresses the respiratory burst activity of phagocytes, inhibits plate- let-activating factor synthesis and reduces endothelial cell response to inflammatory cytokines. Further evidence has indicated that p-cresol plays a major role in endothelial dysfunction, which is a characteristic of uremic syndrome. Similarly, IS may have a significant role in the vascular disease and higher mortality observed in CKD patients. Apart from some earlier studies that reported the toxic biologic effects of IS, it has been reported that IS (at similar concentrations as those found in CKD patients) is capable of inhibiting endothelial cell proliferation and thus impairing the endothelium self-healing ability . Yamamoto et al. showed that IS can stimulate the proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscular cells in vitro . Itwas subsequently demonstrated that IS induces aortic calcification in vivo in a rat model of hypertension, with aortic wall thickening and the expression of osteoblast-specific proteins .Since 1991, the carbonaceous adsorbent AST-120 has been available to treat patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Japan. Nonetheless, in many countries it is not commonly used. In animal models of CKD, AST-120 removes uremic toxins and reduces oxidative. Years ago, Niwa et al had shown that AST-120 was effective in reducing the serum concentration of albumin-bound indoxyl sulphate in hemodialysis patients by adsorption of indole in the intestines, and that it relieved itching in hemodialysis patients with generalised pruritus . It is noteworthy that AST-120 which adsorbs hydro- phobic uremic toxins such as IS and attenuates the oxidative stress generated by the latter—has been shown to favorably influence CKD and the related cardiovascular outcomes in animal and clinical studies. Accordingly, in a CKD rat model in which oxidative stress was induced by adriamycin, Fujii et al. demonstrated that the rats treated with AST-120 had lower levels of IS, smaller heart and left ventricular volumes, cardiac fibrosis, and lower histologic expression and urinary excretion of oxidative stress markers than nontreated controls, despite having similar renal function. In line with these findings, it had been reported that AST-120 given to CKD patients before dialysis initiation improved their overall survival rates in comparison with CKD patients to whom AST-120 was not administered. Lastly, in a recent study in which AST-120 was administered to predialysis CKD patients for 2 yr, a significant reduction in the carotid intimamedia thickness and PWV was reported in the AST-120 group when compared with those not receiving AST-120 .In the present study, the investigators attempted to compare the effects of low and high replacement volumes on the removal of protein-bound toxins and LMW proteins in prevalent ESRD patients receiving online high-efficiency post-dilution hemodiafiltration. In addition, the investigators evaluate the effect of adsorptive measures, AST-120, on the inflammatory and oxidative status of dialysis patients.