2. normal saline at 3 mL/kg for one hour prior to contrast exposure and then the fluid rate would be adjusted according to the left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP). The fluid rate based upon the LVEDP measurement is maintained during the procedure and for four hours post procedure. The LVEDP hydration strategy follows: (2A) < 13 mmHg, 5 mL/kg/hr during and for four hours post procedure. (2B) 13-18 mmHg, 3 mL/kg during and for four hours post procedure. (2C) > 18 mmHg, 1.5 mL/kg during and four hours post procedure.