The doses of CsA employed in the above protocol were about half the doses currently used in clinical practice. However, even these very low doses have been reported to have a significant toxicity that, in the long-term, may adversely affect the graft function and survival. Thus, implementing innovative immunosuppressive strategies allowing to early and safely withdraw calcineurin inhibitor therapy might have major clinical implications in term of improved kidney function and long term survival. This would also avoid the adverse effects of chronic CsA therapy on arterial blood pressure, lipid profile and blood glucose that, altogether, remarkably increase the overall cardiovascular risk in these patients.