The primary outcome is days of use of the patient-defined primary problem drug, assessed by the Time-Line Follow-Back for the 30-day period preceding the 3-month follow-up. Secondary outcomes include change from baseline in days of use of the primary substance, the number days abstinent from all drugs, days of heavy drinking, total quantity of drug use, objective change in drug use based on analysis of hair samples, self-reported consequences of drug and alcohol use, percent entering treatment among those classified as having probable dependence, and ED and other health care utilization.