Two follow-up randomized trials were conducted. The first study determined the impact of ATDM-supported diabetes care for 280 low-income English- and Spanish-speaking patients recruited from indigent-care clinics. Intervention patients received 12-months of biweekly ATDM calls with follow-up by a diabetes nurse educator. Control patients received usual care. The second randomized trial evaluated a similar intervention tailored to VA care. In this study, 301 patients were enrolled and randomized to 12-months of ATDM-supported telephone care or usual care.