Background Epidemiological studies in France and in the western world have shown that lung cancers are the first cause of mortality amongst the non-AIDS classifying cancers in HIV-infected individuals, despite the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapies. Compared to the general population, there is an increased risk of lung cancer in HIV-infected individuals, even after adjustment on smoking and age, estimated to be around 2.6 compared to the general population. Outcomes are dismal, as diagnoses in HIV-infected individuals are usually made at very advanced stages (usually stage III or IV) without screening. Two non-randomized studies of CT-screening in a non HIV-infected population exposed to smoking have shown an important rate of early lung cancer detection and a high level of survival at 5 or 10 years. Despite a probable high prevalence of lung cancer in the HIV-infected population, no lung cancer screening or early diagnosis studies have been realised, and the prevalence is yet to be determined. We deduced from different studies of non HIV-infected populations a 3% prevalence in the HIV-infected population.