In a prior study7, the ORR (i.e. PR and better) was 68% in the Rd arm, after 4 cycles. A prior study in CML showed a profound effect of adherence above 90% on optimal treatment response (RR=11) 5. As no data exists regarding the effect of adherence on outcome in our study population we utilized a RR which was conservative (<2), relative to the data from CML. We assumed an 80% ORR at 6 months in the adherent group and 45% ORR at 6 months in the non-adherent group (defined by a cutoff of 90% adherence). Prior data8 suggested the adherent/non-adherent ratio in patients receiving lenalidomide induction for myeloma is 7:3, and we assumed a similar ratio of 2:1.