The prevalence of significantly poor glycemic control marked by a hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level of ≥ 9.5% in youth with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is 27% 1 and 24.2% in young adults2. Strategies to improve glycemic control in patients with T2D include lifestyle modification, optimization of therapeutic regimens, and correction of comorbid states that impair glycemic control. However, the role of comorbid states on glycemic control in T2D has not been adequately studied. For example, 70% of patients with T2D have nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)3, a potentially serious form of chronic liver disease 4 in which the triad of the development of lipotoxicity-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, activation of inflammatory pathways, and cytokine generation lead to progressive liver damage5. NAFLD is the leading cause of elevated liver enzymes in the US6, and is diagnosed by either liver biopsy or the detection of a hepatic triglyceride content (HTGC) of >5.6% by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS)2. Despite the high prevalence of NAFLD in T2D, its potential impact on glycemic control through the impairment of hepatic metabolic processes is unclear. This is important because a crucial step in vitamin D metabolism, the hydroxylation of vitamin D at the 25 position, occurs in the liver. The consequence of NAFLD on this critical step in vitamin D metabolism in patients with T2D, and the impact of the resultant 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] deficiency on glycemic control are not well understood. The rationale for this study is that a clear understanding of the role of vitamin D on the pathogenesis of NAFLD is crucial because vitamin D is a prohormone with potent anti-inflammatory properties that inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α), interleukin-6, and the activity of macrophages 2 while upregulating the production of anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10 2which could potentially reverse the effects of insulin resistance (IR) and oxidative stress, the two key components of the 'double hit model' of the pathogenesis of NAFLD. The 'first hit' involves IR-induced hepatocyte lipid accumulation which increases hepatic vulnerability to the components of the 'second hit': oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation and fibrosis.