This study used healthy elderly participants with the age of 65-85 years. Eighty-four elderly participants were recruited by announcing the study information at the elderly homes. Sample size calculation was performed using G*Power software (G*Power version 3.1.9.2, University Kiel, Germany). To our knowledge, no study compare the effects of physical exercise, virtual reality and brain exercise on balance of the elders. Based on previous finding on the effects of virtual reality on balance of the elderly, a total of 84 participants were required at confidence level (α) of .05 and power (1-β) of 0.80. Participants who were interested in participation underwent a screening process using inclusion-exclusion criteria and receive brief information regarding the study. If they met all inclusion criteria, the consent process was performed. To ensure they understood the study, they were simply asked regarding the study (i.e. objectives, benefits, etc.) before signing the consent form.