The experiment group received seven Diabetes Conversation Map Program (DCMP) -based group education sessions (10-12 participants, 1.5 hours each) for seven consecutive weeks in addition to routine health education at a private room in the outpatient unit. One registered nurse who received DCMP facilitator training, from the Taiwanese Association of Diabetic Educators, served as the class facilitator. DCMP sessions were conducted using seven colored "maps" covering different topics, including "walk with diabetes," "what is diabetes?", "a healthy diet and exercise," "walk with insulin," "diabetes complications and related risk factors," "foot care for diabetes patients," and "a type 1 diabetes patient in the home." Each map, a laminated 3-by-5-foot table-top visual with colorful drawings as metaphors of situations familiar to DM patients, was placed on a table with participants gathered around it. This procedure served to create mutual imagery to be shared with participants. In addition to using these colored maps, the facilitator further offered participants self-designed conversation cards and asked them to share individual glycemic control experiences based on the questions shown on the cards.