The study population includes patients with data in the New York City Clinical Data Research Network (NYC-CDRN). The NYC-CDRN brings together 22 organizations, including 7 independent health systems (Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Mount Sinai Health System and the Icahn School of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York University Langone Medical Center and New York University School of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, and the Clinical Directors Network). This data network includes longitudinal data from both inpatient and outpatient facilities from throughout New York City.