Blood smears for parasitaemia will be made at enrolment, antenatal follow-up and delivery. Screening for HIV status will be done at enrolment and a confirmatory test done at the same time. Viral load will be assessed at enrolment and 36 weeks of gestation. At enrolment 5 ml of blood will be drawn for HIV screening, viral load and Hb measurement, and malaria parasitaemia assessment. Malaria parasites will be counted against 200 leukocytes and expressed as number of parasites/dl of blood assuming a standard leukocyte count of 8000/dl. The HIV status will be assessed using the existing Rapid Test used in the district for HIV screening.All women will receive pre- and post-screening counselling. Hb will be measured using a Haemo-Cue® portable photometer.