Background: Anemia is prevalent in Cambodia, affecting ~44% of women. The causes of anemia are multifactorial. Globally, the most common form is iron deficiency anemia (IDA), which can lead to adverse perinatal health outcomes. In Cambodia, there is evidence that suggests hemoglobinopathies (genetic hemoglobin [Hb] disorders) are prevalent (~50%) and are a major contributor to anemia. In Preah Vihear province, Cambodia, the estimated prevalence of malaria is ~12.3%. Malaria contributes to anemia through a decrease in the production of red blood cells, and an increased destruction of red blood cells.