Sickle cell disease (SCD), one of the lost common genetic diseases worldwide, is caused by a mutation in the β globin gene. Most patients with this disease are homozygous for the βS allele (SS), whereas others have inherited a βS allele with another mutation in the β globin gene. In addition to repeated acute ischemic insults due to the red blood cells sickling in the microcirculation, a chronic vasculopathy leads to organ injuries, such as kidney disease, stroke, pulmonary hypertension, retinopathy, bone infarcts, and leg ulcers.