In agreement with the National Insurance Fund (CNAMTS) and the French Association for Screening and Prevention of Child Handicaps (AFDPHE), the French SCD newborn screening (NBS) program is not universal but "targeted" to children identified "at risk" because of the geographical origin of their parents (from a country where the prevalence of sickle cell trait is high: Sub-Saharan Africa, the Caribbean, North Africa, Mediterranean Basin). The number of children diagnosed at birth is increasing steadily each year and sickle cell disease is now in France the most common disease found among those screened in the neonatal period. The total number of new-borns diagnosed by NBS from 01/01/2006 to 31/12/2010 is 1800 (AFDPHE data).