In Europe, studies also showed the high efficacy of BMI in youth and adults. The goal of a German study was to gain knowledge about the target group of medically referred alcohol intoxicated adolescents and young adults, and to identify the utility of the administered BMI. Namely, researchers tried to find out more about the age and gender structure of participants, their alcohol and drug use history and their history of previous incidents of acute alcohol intoxication, their risky substance use and symptoms of psychopathology. Also, they assessed how many participants of the BMI took advantage of recommended further counseling regarding their alcohol use. Third, it was examined in what characteristics the group of "help accepters" differs from the group of "help avoiders" with regard to socio-demographic characteristics and substance use patterns. Yet, this research faced several limitations. First, the BMI was only semi-structured. It was uncontrolled stage- 1-design (there was not a control group); thus, researchers were not able to demonstrate the efficacy of the BMI. It remains unclear, if the BMI initiated change motivation or had the effect of motivational enhancement. The efficacy of the subsequent youth-specific counseling services was not examined. Another European study illuminates the existing evidence concerning the efficacy of brief motivational intervention [20]. Thus, there remain unanswered questions around the effectiveness of brief alcohol intervention across different settings, different population groups including emerging adults, about the optimal intervention content, and the longevity of intervention effects.