- ASD group: (1) that they have a clinical diagnosis of autistic disorder or Asperger disorder defined by the DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria, made by board-certificated child psychiatrists and who were clinically diagnosed with ASD confirmed by the ADI-R 3-5 years ago; (2) their ages range from 12 to 20 (i.e., 7-17 years old at the first assessment); (3) both parents are Han Chinese; (4) who have complete clinical and behavioral data at the 1st assessment; (4) participants and their parents consented to participate in this longitudinal study 3-5 years ago for complete assessments at follow-up.