Study selection: The investigators will include randomized and non-randomized controlled trials >= 7-days in duration to assess the effect of fructose-containing sugars (fructose, sucrose, high fructose corn syrup, honey, etc) on measures of cardiometabolic risk. To allow for the separation of the effect of sugars from that of energy, 4 trial designs will be considered: (1) 'substitution' trials, in which fructose-containing sugars added to foods and beverages are compared with other macronutrient sources (usually starch or other sugars) under energy matched conditions; (2) 'addition' trials, in which fructose-containing sugars supplement a diet with excess energy compared to the same diet alone without the excess energy; (3) 'subtraction' trials, in which energy from fructose-containing sugars (usually in the form of sugars-sweetened beverages) is reduced by displacing it with water and/or no-calorie or low-calorie sweeteners or by eliminating it altogether from the background diet; and (4) 'ad libitum' trials, in which energy from fructose-containing sugars are freely replaced with other sources of energy (usually complex carbohydrates or fat) without any strict control of either the study foods or the background diet. Trials will be categorized by sources of fructose-containing sugars (fruits, fruit juices, sugars-sweetened beverages, liquid meal replacements, dairy products, sweets/desserts/baked goods, mixed sources) and chi squared tests will be used to determine between-group differences.