Child and parent factors predict children's pain memory development. Existing research has implicated a number of factors in the development of negatively biased memories in children. Child sleep and language abilities have been shown to influence memory development following stressful and painful events. Children who are more anxious and who experience greater pain are more likely to develop negatively biased pain memories, which then leads to greater fear and pain at subsequent pain experiences. Parents and adolescents who think in more catastrophic ways about child pain prior to surgery tend to develop more negatively biased pain memories months later. Parent and child anxiety are thought to lead to memory biases because of the ways in which parents and children talk about pain following painful events. However, the influence of parent-child language-based interactions on pain memories has not been demonstrated.