- Health subjects: Subjects did not have any illnesses and a history of gastrointestinal disorder, cardiovascular disease (showed normal electrocardiogram), hypertension, hyperlipidemia, liver and renal disease, diabetes, cancer, alcoholism or other metabolic disease and exhibited normal blood biochemical values, including fasting blood glucose < 6.11 mmol/L, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) < 7.9 mmol/L, creatinine < 123.8 umol/L, alkaline phosphates < 190 U/L, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) < 35 U/L and glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT) < 45 U/L.