The healthy vaginal microbiota is mainly colonised by strains of Lactobacillus which play an important role in defence against vaginal infections. The intravaginal use of probiotic strains stimulating the recolonisation of the endogenous vaginal microbiota and capable of inhibiting the growth of pathogens such as Candida albicans appears to be an interesting alternative to prevent recurrences of VVC. Recently, longitudinal studies have revealed that the vaginal microbiota is relatively stable and that the main cause of disturbance to the stability of the vaginal microbiota is over short menstruation periods. However, the use of antimicrobial agents induces severe disturbances with disappearance of certain endogenous species over several weeks. These results suggest that antimicrobial treatments severely affect the vaginal flora and that probiotics are therefore recommended to help re-establish a vaginal microbiota after this treatment.