1. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) device :(Tanita BC-418) Body composition was measured using an 8-contact electrode bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) device (Tanita BC-418, Tanita, Tokyo, Japan), as well as BIS (FMC) and followed the standard procedure and the manufacturer's instructions.This BIA device was used to measure the whole body and segmental impedance (± 1Ω) at a frequency of 50 kilohertz (kHz), and it provided valid muscle mass estimates (kg) of each of the four extremities. Appendicular muscle mass (ASM) was calculated as the sum of the estimated muscle mass for the arms and legs. A relative skeletal muscle mass index (ASM/ht2) normalized for height was defined as the ratio of ASM (kg) and the height squared(m2). For this analysis, the investigators defined muscle mass cut-off points according to the distribution of ASM/ht2 of a young population comprising 998 healthy adults (aged 20-40 years) or the study population. A participant was considered to have low muscle mass if his or her ASM/ht2 was below −2 standard deviations of the reference young adult values defined in previous studies (6.76 kg/m2 for men and 5.28 kg/m2 for women).