An increased incidence and severity of renal tubular basophilia/ hyalinisation, dilation and casts, as well as interstitial lymphocyte inflammation and arteriolar medial hypertrophy were found at an exposure of 8– 13 (valsartan) and 7– 8 (amlodipine) times the clinical doses of 160 mg valsartan and 10 mg amlodipine.