In the absence of preventive care, a high mortality rate is observed during the first 5 years of life, the two main causes of death being invasive pneumococcal infection and splenic sequestration acute. Early care allows to largely preventing invasive pneumococcal disease (by combination of PeniV long-term treatment and pneumococcal vaccinations) and severe acute splenic sequestrations (by establishing a parent education program). Also, prevention of cerebral vascular disease, the most serious complications of sickle cell disease in young children, has been made possible the last 10-15 years by the systematic use of trans-cranial Doppler (TCD). In rich countries, the mortality rate of SCD children detected at birth, is now reduced to less than1-2%. The last French report analysed the results of national NBS program for the period 1995- 2000. Consequently these results did not take into account the most recent advances (use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and diffusion of TCD). It is now well demonstrated that these two preventive actions have further improved the morbidity and mortality of children with sickle cell disease.