Urinary catheterization has been implicated in up to 80% of hospital-acquired UTIs, and has been associated with evidence for immunological and histological damage frequently in the absence of bacteria31. In a recent human study in elderly patients with ASB and UTI analysis of neutrophil activity showed evidence of enzymatic involvement during bladder infection32, and some appeared to relate to pain and inflammation, however no analysis was conducted regarding neutrophil phenotypes and the impact of mtDNA on sterile local injury mediated exclusively by a Foley catheter.