Ocular surface immune cells are increased when autoimmune disease is present, either the proportion or number of a particular type of immune cell, eg. monocytes or CD4+ T cells may be increased in the presence of more severe local inflammation and/or systemic activity. A signature of immune cell infiltration may be present in a particular rheumatological condition. If certain types of cells, (e.g., T cells or B cells) are predominant in the systemic disease, it suggests that a T cell approach (e.g., tacrolimus) or B cell approach (e.g., rituxamab) may be used. Alternatively, if certain cytokines play a major role in dry eye, an inhibitor of cytokine signalling such as a JAK inhibitor may be used.