These known associations suggest the possibility that targeting the normalization of brain electrical activity during sleep may aid the recovery process. In fact, in one human subject studied here in our program, central thalamic deep brain stimulation (CT-DBS) applied beginning 20 years after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) correlated with a normalization of sleep architecture beginning at the time after exposure to continuous DBS. These findings strongly suggest a link between increased driving of synaptic activity during the day and modification of sleep processes as this subject was only exposed to CT-DBS during daytime hours (Adams et al 2014). These findings improve the likelihood that there is a bi-directional causal relationship sleep dynamics and wakeful brain dynamics as linked to changes in behavior. Thus, the working hypothesis of the present study is that causal intervention to normalize sleep processes in patients with severe brain injuries may aid recovery of behavioral function.