I. Patient Selection: patients aged 23-41 years (ASA physical status I-II) scheduled for elective in about 40 women (American Society of Anesthesiologists [ASA] I and II), with uncomplicated, singleton pregnancies, who will receive epidural anesthesia. The investigators will exclude women with a history of cardiac, liver, or kidney diseases; allergy to amide local anesthetics; epilepsy; those taking cardiovascular medications; and those with pregnancy-induced hypertension, evidence of intrauterine growth restriction, or fetal compromise.