All patients received echocardiograms studies performed within 3 months after enrollment, which were used to estimate Congestive Heart Failure (defined as an ejection fraction of <40%) or left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH, defined as left ventricle mass index 125 g/m2 in men and 100 g/m2 in women). Cardiovascular disease is defined as a previous history of Congestive Heart Failure, LVH, ischemic heart disease(including prior history of angina, myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous cardiac catheter intervention) or cerebrovascular disease (including prior history of transient ischemic attack and stroke).