In ongoing studies we have discovered that elements of electrical activity during sleep may correlate with the level of behavioral recovery observed in patients (Forgacs et al. 2014, Thengone et al. 2012). It is unknown, however, whether such changes are causally linked to behavioral recovery. Forgacs et al. 2014 showed a cross- sectional relationship between retention of key elements of sleep EEG architecture and behavioral level. Thengone et al. 2012 correlated longitudinal changes in sleep architecture and quantitative spectral measures with behavioral recovery in 4 patients with severe brain injuries. No studies, however, have used an instrumental causal design to address whether improvement in sleep architecture can be promoted in patients with severe brain injuries and if so, whether or not changes in wakeful behavioral level are causally linked to such instrumentally generated changes in sleep.