Among these studies, it is worth highlighting the presence of a multicenter Italian Phase 2 (Pucciarelli et al, 2013). The authors have shown that the rate of local recurrence, with a median follow-up of 3 years, is less than 5% in patients with cancer of the rectum medium-low cT2-3 that, after pRT and/or CT, have reported a major clinical response and were then subjected to LE. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Padua and later by the ethics committees of the other three participating centers. The indications to LE of this new trials are the same as in the previous study.