It is estimated that nearly 70% of individuals will experiment at least once in their life a traumatic event (eg war, natural disaster, accident or assault). The psychotrauma, whose symptoms (including revivalism, hypersensitivity to the environment, anxiety, avoidance behavior), may be sustainable and thus constitute a posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). One characteristic of PTSD can be studied in the laboratory is the lack of recall of extinction of conditioned fear, caused largely by a lack of induction of hyperactivation in the prefrontal cortex. Knowing that this hyperactivation may occur in some cases of remission of symptoms of PTSD, it is possible that the deficit in recall of extinction is lifted in such cases. This idea is also supported by animal models showing that the induction of natural or artificial prefrontal hyperactivation facilitates the recall of extinction. However, no study has yet addressed so far the effects of different treatments (conventional: pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, or rTMS: repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation) for PTSD, supposed to induce prefrontal hyperactivation and avoid the recall deficit of extinction of conditioned fear. The persistence of this deficit beyond the remission of PTSD symptoms could represent a situation with a high risk of relapse.