Additionally, there is mixed evidence on the role of patient choice in music selection and whether this affects the amount of pain or anxiety experienced. While some studies have advocated the use of self-selected music to enhance pain and anxiety reduction (Hekmat, 1993; Lee, 2004), the previously mentioned Cochrane review found that the decline in pain intensity was similar among patients whether or not the music was self-selected (Cepeda, 2006).