Treatments used for pain management are of particular interest to those studying tinnitus because many similarities between individuals suffering with tinnitus and pain can be drawn. Both pain and tinnitus patients commonly express a perceived lack of control over their symptoms, problems with aspects of attention and focus, maladaptive coping strategies, catastrophic thinking, and the use of similar treatment methods (e.g., cognitive coping strategies, CBT, relaxation techniques)(Moller, 2000, Tonndorf, 1987). Like intractable pain, there is no single identifiable cause of tinnitus, there is no single medical or surgical treatment that is effective, there are a wide range of psychological effects, and one's lifestyle and general health are particularly affected. One of the first studies looking at mindfulness as a means of pain management was conducted by Jon Kabat-Zinn, Lipworth, and Burney (1985). They took 90 patients with chronic pain and trained them in a ten-week stress reduction and relaxation program. Significant reductions in present moment pain, negative body image, inhibition of activity by pain, mood disturbance such as anxiety and depression were shown. Significant improvements in activity level and feelings of self-esteem were also reported. Reductions and improvements were maintained 15-months post-treatment. Due to the success of mindfulness-based interventions with chronic pain, the healing benefits of mindfulness are being translated to tinnitus care in this study.