This project's aim is to identify psychological distress, build resilience among toddlers and their parents, and treat post traumatic stress disorder. The project components have consisted of a) using resilience-building interventions geared toward helping parents and daycare teachers deal with the stress engendered by the repeated emergency situations b) screening toddlers (24-48 months) for post traumatic distress utilizing new validated instruments c) referring highly symptomatic children and parents to dyadic treatment which focuses on observing the dynamics and interaction between parents and children before treatment intervention with the (more typically) mother/child.