Warfarin is widely used due to its inhibitory capacity on the activation of coagulation factors. Now it has been discovered that the use of vitamin K inhibitors influences vascular health: long-term use of warfarin is associated with an increased prevalence and extent of VC in the normal population and HD patients. Warfarin is also a crucial risk factor for the development of calciphylaxis, a life-threatening complication in HD patients characterised by calcified cutaneous vessels. In turn, administration of vitamin K1 was accompanied by reduced intima-media-thickness (IMT) and increased elasticity of vessels in postmenopausal women.