In recent studies done in β-thalassemia major patients abnormal iron deposition was evident using MRI in brain structures, cortex, putamen, and caudate nucleus . In most of the cases the neurological involvement is subclinical. Cognitive functioning was evaluated in beta thalassemia major, compared with healthy controls, using a neuropsychological battery including tests of abstract reasoning, attention, executive functions, language, constructional/visuospatial skills, and memory. Patients with beta thalassemia major, in particular those showing signs of hemosiderosis, had significantly impaired function in all neuropsychological tests. There was no relationship between cognitive performances and signs of deferoxamine toxicity, deferoxamine dosage, and levels of hemoglobin and ferritin. Event-related potentials (ERPs) are one of the most informative and dynamic methods of monitoring the information stream in the living brain. ERPs are linked in time with a physical or mental event, and are typically extracted from the scalp-recorded electroencephalogram (EEG) by means of signal averaging.