A 2006 Cochrane Collaboration review examined the effect of music on acute and chronic pain in 51 randomized controlled trials. They calculated the mean difference in pain intensity levels, percentage of patients with at least 50% pain relief, and opioid requirements among 3663 subjects. The authors concluded that listening to music reduced pain intensity levels and opioid requirements but that the magnitude of these benefits is small with uncertain clinical significance (Cepeda, 2006). Although the pooled results indicated statistical significance in the reduction of post-operative pain intensity levels, the authors stated that the role of music in pain relief warrants further investigation as does its role as a potential anxiolytic. As musical interventions have not been shown to have adverse effects, it is worth pursuing this nonpharmacologic agent as a supplemental resource for patients undergoing medical procedures such as first trimester abortion.