The patient was adequately sedated by intravenous administration of midazolam with or without meperidine. ESP and pancreatic duct stent insertion were undertaken using two methods: conventional and wire-guieded ESP. The conventional ESP method was performed as in the follows. After placing the tip of the duodenoscope on the tumor, the snare was deployed so that it grasped the base of the tumor. Constant tension was applied to the snare loop during excision until the lesion was transected. Excision was performed with a small sized electrosurgical snare. A pancreatic duct stent was or was not inserted immediately after the excision. The wire-guided ESP method was performed as follows. An ERCP catheter was inserted into the pancreatic duct. Then, a 0.035-inch guidewire was inserted through the catheter and deep into the main pancreatic duct. After the ERCP catheter was removed, the loop of an electrosurgical snare with a maximum sheath diameter of 1.8 mm was passed over the guidewire, in monorail fashion, and the snare was closed lightly. The snare was introduced next to the guidewire into the accessory channel of the duodenoscope. After the tip of the duodenoscope was placed on the tumor, the snare was deployed so that it grasped the base of the tumor. Constant tension was applied to the snare loop during excision until the lesion was transected. After the excision was completed, a pancreatic duct stent was immediately passed over the guidewire previously placed in the pancreatic duct and was positioned across the pancreatic-duct oriﬁce. ESP was performed by using the blend mode or endocut mode setting on the electrosurgical generator. A straight or single pigtail type, 3- to 9-cm, 3 to 7F polyethylene pancreatic duct stent was used. Post-papillectomy bleeding was treated with argon plasma coagulation (APC) and/or endoscopic clipping or epinephrine injection. APC was carried out with a power setting of 60 W and a gas flow of 2 L/min. One to seven days after stent placement, a plain abdominal radiograph was obtained to determine its position. If it had not passed spontaneously, it was removed endoscopically from those patients with no evidence of pancreatitis.