Forty patients underwent a (phase 1-study) coronary bypass- or valve surgery with add-on arrhythmia surgery in the same way as in this protocol proposed. This means epicardial on beating heart and without use of the heart-lung machine. In the last follow-up 80 % of the patients not longer were in atrial fibrillation. With similar treatment procedures, but more invasive, so on the arrested heart and endo cardially, success percentages reported varying from 60 % till 80%.