The healthy men aged 20-60 years, who frequently smoked cigarettes or consumed alcohol, were enrolled in this study. Subjects were excluded if they consumed more than 3 servings/day of vegetables and fruit, or more than one serving/week of lycopene-rich foods; took antioxidant, vitamin, or mineral supplements; had any history of chronic disease; or were taking lipid-lowering or antihypertensive medications.The subjects were randomly assigned to receive placebo, 6mg, or 15mg lycopene capsule per day for 8 weeks. Study substances were suspended in soybean oil and given in acid-soluble gelatin capsules. A placebo containing soybean oil (100%) was supplied in identical-looking capsules. All the subjects were instructed to consume one capsule per day right after any meal of their choice. All participants were encouraged to maintain their usual lifestyle and dietary habits.