Exclusion criteria were as follows: patients denied to give inform consent, use of any analgesic within six hours of ED presentation, patients with fewer or hemodynamically unstable, peritoneal irritation signs, cardiac failure, history of renal and hepatic failure, prior known allergy to paracetamol or morphine, suspected or documented pregnancy and patients with viewing problems. Patients suspected to have renal colic but ultimately to have diagnosis such as renal abscess, renal infarction or renal venous thrombosis were also excluded from the study.