Immunomodulatory therapies not specifically targeted to DDD, such as corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, and calcineurin inhibitors, have either been unsuccessful or not studied in a meaningful number of patients to warrant routine use. However, as the principal defect underlying DDD is excessive activation of the alternative complement pathway, with deposition of complement components in the glomerular basement membrane, a therapy that directly targets the alternative complement pathway may prove particularly beneficial for this disease.