Finally, ECT is not without risk, and every round of ECT incurs additional risk of not just the treatment itself, but also the risks of general anesthesia. Thus, although ECT is a robust mode of treatment for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), there remains a need for improved treatment efficacy and speed of onset. Improving the efficacy of ECT would not only benefit individuals with MDD, but also have far-reaching effects for the health care system as it could impact the cost and resources utilized.