Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with portal hypertension secondary to schistosomiasis mansoni. Taking into account the endemic nature of schistosomiasis mansoni in our region and the high morbidity and mortality directly associated with rupture of esophageal varices and UGIB in affected patients, we conducted a prospective randomized trial in patients with schistosomiasis and a history of bleeding esophageal varices. Its purpose was to assess the efficacy of endoscopic treatment alone compared with the efficacy of sclerotherapy preceded by a surgical treatment: Esophagogastric devascularization with splenectomy (EGDS).