Tuberculosis is still the most common infectious disease in Taiwan. The infants in Taiwan have been vaccinated at birth with BCG -Tokyo 171 strain since 1951. The BCG vaccination rate is 97% among first grade students in a recent national survey. Even with such a high BCG vaccination coverage, Taiwan still has a relatively high TB incidence rate. In 2004, there were totally 16,784 newly diagnosed TB cases and the annual incidence was 74.11 per 100,000 population nationally. Nearly 70% of the incidence cases were men and 30.4% were women. The mean age of incidence cases was 57.8 years old (median=63). 8,440(50.29%) patients were elderly than 65 years old. The elderly men did not receive the BCG vaccination and were the most important group to develop newly diagnosed tuberculosis and a special issue for the national TB control program in Taiwan.