While DDD affects mostly children and young adults, in the series of 32 patients from Columbia with DDD whose biopsies were read from 1977-2007, 18 patients (56%) were older than 16 years of age at the time of diagnosis, and about 40% of patients were over 30 years old. The age division is important for two reasons. First, in the Columbia series, children appeared to have better clinical outcomes than adults. While 25.9% of all patients had a complete remission, there was a significant distinction between adults, of whom only 7.1% achieved complete remission, and children, of whom 46.1% achieved complete remission. Of the remaining patients who did not achieve remission, 42.9% of adults, compared to only 7.7% of children, progressed to end stage renal disease (ESRD) over a mean follow-up of over 5 years. Second, as there are no large clinical trials to guide specific interventions for DDD and the role of immunomodulatory therapies still remains controversial, many nephrologists (including those at our center) advocate using immunomodulatory therapy only in selected adult patients.