Statistical Analysis The effects of supplementation with muscadine grape seeds and placebo were compared using paired t-tests and mixed linear models to take into account treatment order and period effects. The mixed linear models were also used to formally test for a residual effect of treatment in those subjects receiving active treatment in the first treatment period. Stratified analyses were performed to look for evidence of differential effects by age, gender, prevalent heart disease or heart disease risk factors. Nominal 2-tailed p-values are presented for the primary outcome (percent change in brachial diameter) and for all secondary outcomes. All analyses were performed using SAS v. 9.1 (Cary, NC).