Fourteen patients were enrolled in this single center phase 2 trial initiated in 2003. Eligible patients were males or females between 18 and 65 years of age, with type 1 diabeted documented for more than 5 years, arginine stimulated C-peptide lower than 0.2ng/ml, and hypoglycemia awareness or documented metabolic lability. Exclusion criteria included body mass index greater than 28Kg/m2, unstable arteriopathy or heart disease, active infection, previous transplantation, insulin daily requirements above 1.2 UI/kg, creatinin clearance below 60 ml/mn/m2 or urinary albumin excretion above 300 mg/day, malignancy, smoking, desire for pregnancy, psychiatric disorders and lack of compliance. The study primary efficacy endpoint was graft survival defined as insulin independence and HbA1c<6.5%. Secondary outcomes were graft function and metabolic control.