For women enrolled in Phases 1 and 2 of the study, participation will not impact on any aspect of routine antenatal and obstetric care during pregnancy. Similarly, throughout the antenatal period women's HIV-related care (including PMTCT services and ART) will not be affected in any way by participation, with ART initiated according to the current standard of care. For women enrolled in Phase 3 of the study, participation will only impact on the setting and approach to providing ART services to mothers during the postpartum period, comparing immediate referral to general adult ART services versus ongoing care in MCH-focused ART services within the Gugulethu MOU.