In conclusion, there is a need for methodologically rigorous research to evaluate the impact of a multimodal intervention based on the WHO recommendations both in the short and longer-term considering as outcomes both HH compliance, and preventable HCAIs. The need for such research is greatest in resource-constrained settings in lower and middle income countries where the burden of disease due to healthcare associated infections is the greatest. Findings from this research can also inform economic evaluations which are needed to determine the conditions under which such interventions are cost-effective.