On the next day of the surgery, the co-investigator had a telephone conversation with the subjects who were discharged home after the surgery. Modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS-M) was used to collect data (10 minutes). This is a 13-item telephone interview (Welsh, Breitner, & Magruder-Habib, 1993) for late-life cognitive assessment that includes tests of orientation, attention, working memory, praxis, sentence repetition, naming to verbal description, recent memory, word opposites, and an additional immediate and delayed recall of a 10-word list. The subjects' participation in the study ended after this follow-up telephone call.