T1D is an autoimmune disease which comprises humoral responses (antibody-producing B lymphocytes) and cellular responses (T lymphocytes). However, antibodies are merely disease markers and do not play any major pathogenic role. Rather, T1D is caused by an abnormal recognition of beta-cell epitopes by T lymphocytes. This recognition leads to destruction of pancreatic insulin-secreting beta cells, hence the need for lifelong insulin treatment. However, beta-cell destruction is rarely complete at the time of T1D onset.