The increased prevalence after menopause of urogenital (bladder and vaginal) infections and complications can be counteracted to some extent by restoration of the normal vaginal microbiota. These infections are extremely common, and treatment with antibiotics and antifungals is compromised by rapid rises in drug resistance (up to 30% for fluoroquinolones in some countries and a doubling of resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole). BV has been associated with increased risk of preterm labour (McGregor et al. 1993; Hay et al. 1994; Chaim et al. 1997) and sexually transmitted diseases including HIV, herpes simplex virus, gonorrhea and Chlamydia (Sewankambo et al. 1997; Taha et al. 1998; Olinger et al. 1999; Wiesenfeld et al. 2003; Cherpes et al. 2003). Notably, 35-50% of patients and around 50% of UTI patients suffer a recurrence of infection within 3 months. Post-menopausal women have low levels of lactobacilli and high numbers of pathogens, while 100% of those receiving Premarin are colonized by lactobacilli (Burton et al. 2003; Devillard et al. 2004; Heinemann & Reid, 2005).