regular engagement in physical exercise training in the past 12 weeks symptomatic peripheral arterial occlusive disease aortic insufficiency or stenosis > stage I hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) congestive heart failure (> NYHA II) uncontrolled cardiac arrhythmia with haemodynamic relevance systolic office BP ≥ 180 mmHg signs of acute ischemia in exercise ECG change of antihypertensive medication in the past 6 weeks or during follow-up period