Transcranial Doppler (TCD) By TCD the right medial cerebral artery (RMCA) will be insonated by the transtemporal approach at a depth of approximately 50 mm using standard criteria. The investigators use a 2 MHz power M-mode TCD monitor (ST3 ©, Spencer Technologies Seattle, WA), with the probe fixed in position using a head frame. The Doppler signals will be continuously monitored and saved to monitor hard drive. Two physicians independently evaluate the TCD data files offline, and identify microembolic signals (MES) using criteria for counting emboli signals on spectral and PMD TCD.