Criteria for inclusion were: 1/ cirrhosis as diagnosed by liver biopsy or a combination of clinical, biochemical, ultrasonographic, and/or endoscopic findings; 2/ age between 18 and 80 years; 3/ presence of sepsis, as defined by infection and signs of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome; and 4/ occurrence of type-1 HRS during the infection, as defined by standard diagnostic criteria. Exclusion criteria were: 1/ hepatocellular carcinoma outside the Milan criteria; 2/ any severe extrahepatic condition, including cardiovascular, neurological, and organic kidney diseases; 3/ septic or hypovolemic shock; 4/ terminal condition (death expected in less than 48 hours); and 5/ lack of informed consent.