Exposure to trauma and post-traumatic distress. The PDS questionnaire (Foa, Feske & Murdock, 1993) will examine the history of traumatic events, subjective trauma response, post-traumatic symptoms and functional impairment. The questionnaire includes yes/no questions for the parent to answer regarding possible traumas in his or her past. Four yes/no questions examine the subjective response to the event (criterion A2). The section that examines post-traumatic symptoms includes 17 items that relate to the appearance of different symptoms, according to DSM, within the last month: re-experiencing the event (criterion B), avoidance (C) and hyperarousal (D). The scale of responses runs from 0 (not relevant or happened only once) to 3 (almost all the time). A grade of 2 or more is regarded as verifying the existence of a symptom.