All patients meeting inclusion criteria and not meeting exclusion criteria will be eligible to be enrolled. All subjects who have preadmission testing will be recruited prior to their surgical procedure with initial contact made before the day of their scheduled surgery. For patients who do not have preadmission testing scheduled and are found to be eligible for the study on the day of surgery, those patients will be consented for the study the morning of their procedure by the study anesthesiologist. Only patients who are able to understand English and who are able to legally give written informed consent will be recruited to the study. Following signed informed consent (IRB approved) and permission of their surgeon and anesthesiologist and prior to the start of anesthesia, vital signs, standard lab tests, patient history and physical examination will be reviewed.