Therapy for MDS has included hematopoietic growth factors (in primis EPO, in combination or not with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor- G-CSF or granulocyte-colony stimulating factor-GM-CSF), differentiating agents, immunotherapy, low dose chemotherapy strategies, AML-like induction regimens, traditional cytotoxic agents, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) strategies. With the exception of HSCT, which can result in long-term survival in 23% to 50% of patients (Ref. 10) therapy for MDS has not consistently shown a survival advantage, and also modest results have been obtained in an attempt to improve anemia and/or the other cytopenias, and to decrease the number of red blood cell (RBC) transfusions. Furthermore, MDS is primarily a disease of older patients who cannot tolerate aggressive therapy and therefore cannot receive HSCT.