The incidence of TB in Ukraine prior to 1992 was about 40 cases per 100,000 people. Ten years later, TB cases increased to over 80/100,000, with mortality doubled from 10.2/100,000 to 21.6/100,000. Drug-resistant TB is now common in Ukraine. Isoniazid and rifampicin resistance, which defines the MDR-TB, has been found in 44% and 32.9% of TB isolates. The first Ukrainian case of HIV was reported in 1987. Today, Ukraine has the highest HIV rate in the Eastern Europe, with increasing proportion of dual infection. For example, in 2002 the prevalence of TB and HIV co-infection was 6.3%, but in 2006 at least 15.5 % of TB patients had HIV co-infection.