- Inclusion criteria: 1) Age group between 15-40 years. 2) patients with non-infected and non-comminuted mandibular angle fractures 3) surgical treatment provided within 7 days of injury via open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) by an extra oral approach 4) no use of postsurgical maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) postoperatively 5) a 1-week duration of postsurgical oral antibiotic therapy.