text: A Conversation With Olli MiettinenHanley, James A.Epidemiology: May 2012 - Volume 23 - Issue 3 - p 495–499 doi: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e31824968b9 Voices Author Information Article Outline This interview was conducted on 10 May 2011 at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Olli Miettinen has approved the transcript for publication. The unedited video of the 2-hour interview is available online at http://bcooltv.mcgill.ca/ListRecordings.aspx?CourseID=6485. Correspondence: James A. Hanley, 1020 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A2 Canada. E-mail: email@example.com. INTERVIEW ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ABOUT THE AUTHOR Olli Miettinen was born in Piikkiö, Finland on 31 July 1936. He obtained his MD from the University of Helsinki and the MPH and PhD degrees from the University of Minnesota. He was Professor of Epidemiology and Biostatistics at Harvard School of Public Health from 1974 to 1986, and has been a Professor in the Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health and in the Department of Medicine of the Faculty of Medicine at McGill University since 1985. He is the author of 3 textbooks and a veteran of extensive teaching internationally. Back to Top | Article Outline INTERVIEW JH: As an epidemiologist today, you are somewhat exceptional in having a background in medicine. Why did your path to epidemiology begin with medicine? OSM: Given my technological and mathematical bent, I began my academic studies in technological physics. But after a year, I realized that engineering would likely involve more administration than technology; and so, after another year of military service, I switched to medicine. JH: What brought you into epidemiology? OSM: As a medical student, I was drawn into research in a private hospital and foundation engaged in cardiological research. I got this strong impression that something is fundamentally wrong in this research. These researchers, while concerned to have statistics suitably entered into their papers, had no interest in what the statistics actually are and mean. There was just a concern that one enters them into any paper the way they appeared in the other papers one reads. The statisticians were in another institute; they got the data and produced the statistics to be somehow worked into the article. I thought that this divorce between the medical substance and statistics was inappropriate. After some consternation and contemplation, I elected to set out to learn the theory of medical research, notably that of quintessentially applied medical research. I was advised, then, to go and study epidemiology and biostatistics, which I did. JH: What is your current view of that advice? OSM: I take all of medical research, however "basic," to be applied research—in the meaning that it is intended to advance the practice of medicine, clinical or community medicine. And as understanding of quintessentially applied epidemiological research arguably is a prerequisite for its clinical counterpart, I now think I was well advised to go and study epidemiological research. JH: What is "basic" epidemiological research? OSM: Research for the development of vaccines, for example. JH: So, what about biostatistics in preparation for quintessentially applied epidemiological research? OSM: Epidemiological research is about frequencies of phenomena of health. It thus is statistical research, and knowledge of relevant aspects of statistics consequently is a prerequisite for proper study of epidemiological research of the fully applied sort, just as, for example, broad and deep command of mathematics is a prerequisite to a career in physics. I learned more from my study of mathematical statistics than from biostatistics, in which I have my PhD. JH: What are the biggest differences between the epidemiology that were practiced when you began your career and epidemiology today? OSM: As for epidemiology in the meaning of the practice of community medicine, the principal difference that I am concerned with is that there increasingly is this idea that a citizen ought to take care of their own health in the interest of society, that community medicine increasingly encroaches on individual freedoms. In Nazi Germany, the citizen had the responsibility to take care of their health in the interest of the Reich, and we are in that situation increasingly today; it bothers me as a libertarian. As for epidemiological research, the volume has increased enormously but the question is: How much progress has there been? As you know, today the solution to almost anything, from the preventive point of view, is "diet and exercise." But: what have we learned about diet and exercise in these 50 years? I'm afraid not very much. So, there has been substantial increase in research without a whole lot of progress in knowledge. JH: Whom would you regard as the 2 or 3 most important epidemiologists during your lifetime? OSM: I presume the question is about epidemiological researchers rather than practitioners of epidemiology, of community medicine. If the question didn't have that constraint on retrospective time, my answer would unhesitatingly have been Edward Jenner and Robert Koch. But in the period actually in question, a reasonable view, I think, would be the troika of Franz Müller, Richard Doll, and Ernst Wynder. Müller, in his medical thesis in 1939, gave very elegant and compelling evidence for what already was very strongly suspected in Germany: that smoking quite substantially increases the risk of lung cancer. Doll and Wynder, in turn, had a major role in retarding the recognition of this major health-hazard, in the UK and US, respectively. JH: Which do you think has been your most influential paper? OSM: Perhaps it was that 1976 paper on case-referent studies, a citation classic as it is. The eminence of it, insofar as influence is concerned, has perhaps been principally because of the test-based interval estimate concept that I introduced there. I might add that this has also been my most underappreciated article, for it should have made the case-control study obsolete; but, it didn't. In that paper, I said as a novelty that the so-called control group in these studies should be understood to be a sample of the study base, the referent of the study result. You don't compare your case series with your base series; you get numerator information from one and denominator information from the other, and you get to quasi-rates and thereby to rate ratios, without any rare-disease assumption. And by the way, confounding, the alternative to causation, can never be understood without the concept of study base. If you think of a case group coupled with a control group, the question is: What to you is a confounder? There is no answer to that question. The author of a textbook on case-control studies was in my office and I asked him: how did you define confounding in your textbook? There was a pause, and then, "I don't remember." I had the thought, quietly, that it's difficult to remember something that makes no sense. Case-control study is an aberration that really should disappear. And there's something fundamentally aberrant about the cohort study as well. In it, too, you should obtain the case series and a base series from the study base, etc. The one and only theme in that 1976 paper should have been this: let's move beyond the case-control study; let's learn to always be students of rates, comparing the exposed with the unexposed in the study base and never cases with controls. JH: Which of your contributions to the field would you most like to be remembered for? OSM: The books that I've been working on for the last 2½ years. Two of them just came out, one on so-called clinical epidemiology and evidence-based medicine, the other a counterpart of A Dictionary of Epidemiology of the I.E.A. Right now, I'm working on an introductory text on epidemiological research, expecting to have it completed by the end of this year. Next year, I may still produce an introductory text on clinical research, which has been my preoccupation in addition to epidemiological research. These books represent a synopsis of the understandings that I have come to, through concentrated efforts over 5 decades, as for what ultimately matters, namely the elementary. There are no advanced topics any one of them. They are elementary, even if in many ways innovative. JH: I'm impressed by how you devote the first part of your dictionary to the prerequisite concepts for epidemiological research, namely medicine, science at large, and statistics. Might you comment? OSM: A student of epidemiological research needs to learn, for example, that as a matter of medicine, disease is but one genre of ill health; that, as a matter of science, studies in the practice of epidemiology—sample surveys for community diagnosis, say—are not research; and that many concepts of statistics, such as "data analysis," are malformed as matters of mere statistics, even. JH: You are, first and foremost, a developer and teacher of the theory of epidemiological research. What, in your view, makes for a good teacher of epidemiological research? OSM: Teachers of epidemiological research are being evaluated in respect to their effectiveness in getting their messages across. But to me, a good teacher is one who has good messages, one who really understands epidemiological research. JH: What is your assessment of yourself as a teacher? OSM: I feel I should recall all my students in the last 4 decades. I've been as naive as teaching in separate courses "study design" and "data analysis," echoing the unjustifiable distinction between so-called epidemiologists and so-called biostatisticians concerned with epidemiological research. JH: How should epidemiologists choose their research topics? OSM: The beginning of all wisdom in epidemiological research, in my view, is that it should not be driven by investigator interest. Society pays for the research, and it does not pay for the researchers to indulge in their hobbies. Society wishes to have worthy results from the research toward public health. Therefore, one should be concerned with what is worth studying from the societal point of view and at the same time feasible to meaningfully study. This is a matter of the study's propitious object design. JH: What have been your major interests outside your epidemiologic activities? OSM: For one, I have, all along, had a major interest in something closely related to my efforts to ever better understand epidemiological research; and this has been, as I've already let on, my interest in ever better understanding what I term meta-epidemiological clinical research. For another, I have maintained quite a catholic interest in the history of ideas, intellectual and technological, and religious ones too. In the history of intellectual ideas, my interest has principally been in those of philosophy and science, but cultural ideas in a broader sense also. One book I just recently read is The Beginning of Infinity (2011) by David Deutsch, the physicist and engineer in quantum computing who also is a notable polymath with central concern for progress in human societies. Unsurprisingly, he also is an aficionado of another venerable tome, The Ascent of Man (1973) by the earlier polymath—mathematician, poet, inventor, playwright, and author of many other books too—Jacob Bronowski. I've been an admirer of his for almost 4 decades already. Along the same lines, I last week read, with much interest, Niall Ferguson's Civilization: The West and the Rest. JH: What's been epidemiology's most important contribution to society? OSM: Oh well, there should be no question: the ascent of man over communicable disease; communicable disease control. This is the only feature of medicine that Ferguson brings up, although he does not use the word "epidemiology." Nor do academic epidemiologists now define epidemiology in reference to practice of community medicine. In my introductory book, upcoming, I illustrate the misunderstanding in this by the public health agency of the city of Ottawa, with how evident it is from the language in their reports that they're practicing epidemiology for the population of the city of Ottawa. But, we academics have lost sight of what epidemiological research supposedly serves, namely epidemiology in the meaning of such practice of community medicine. JH: What is your assessment of the current state of health of epidemiology, then? OSM: If epidemiology means practice of community medicine, then I give one answer; if it is seen to be research, then it's another answer. I have no major problem with today's practices of epidemiology other than what I mentioned earlier, namely that we have gone too close to the Nazi-type society, which dictates how individuals are to conduct themselves in respect to health issues. In research, too, the public is what we ultimately are supposed to serve, and we supposedly conduct research in order that the public ever better knows how to preserve and promote their health. Now people's first order of concern in this is their diet, and they are bewildered by the conflicting and ever-changing ideas that come from epidemiological research. We really ought to tidy up things around epidemiological research, notably as for what comes to public attention. One of the remedies in my view would be that there be no press releases, from universities or from journals, regarding original studies. Only a review may deserve public attention. The self-promotion of universities and journals is a great disservice to the public and to the researchers themselves. JH: What about risks and opportunities in epidemiological research? OSM: I don't think of risks, although I worry about young people who set out to do case-control studies for the rest of time without any real sense of what to study and how to study it, producing papers without making contributions. As for future opportunities, I feel they are plentiful, in the meta-epidemiological clinical research in particular. I am mainly thinking about the development of the knowledge base for clinical medicine, appropriate in form for expert systems, diagnostic probability functions first off. There's a way of getting that information from clinical experts, as I explain in the book on clinical epidemiology. So, I would be thrilled to be a beginning researcher today, focused on these efforts. One can see great productivity down the pike, very securely. JH: Do you have any predictions about what the future might hold for our field? OSM: I actually have quite a strong sense of that. Epidemiology has been in the service of, and subservient to, public health all along, and it will continue to be in this role. But public health has undergone a profound change in recent decades, without "public-healthers" always noticing this. By the advent of national health insurance, clinical medicine became a concern in public health. So, now public health is principally, by far, about clinical medicine. A Minister of Health is now mainly preoccupied with clinical medicine, with its unsustainably increasing societal cost; and, whereas politicians and economists have been trying to find solutions to this huge problem, epidemiologists will have to get on with this principal challenge in modern public health. JH: What are the roles? OSM: The first role, I think, would concern the ills of healthcare, clinical healthcare overwhelmingly, of wasteful proceedings there—diagnosing these and bringing them to the attention of the relevant decision makers concerned to free the system from waste. This is not science, but it is very important public health work, in modern public health. The other thing then is the one that I just mentioned, namely that epidemiologists should be in the front line of making clinical practice expert systems-driven. It takes epidemiologists to work with clinicians to produce those systems and to thus help bring genuine professionalism to the practice of clinical medicine. You know very well that, from the epidemiological point of view, the lead idea in this direction has been that of Archie Cochrane, namely that if practitioners knew what treatments work best, they would more commonly use the most effective treatments. The National Health Service of UK would thereby be more efficient. And so, his solution was cultivation of randomized trials on treatments. I start from the same problem, but I say that if doctors knew what their most illustrious colleagues in a given situation typically think and do, they would think and do likewise; and again, waste would be reduced and costs would thereby come down, while quality would improve. So, I am suggesting a role different from that envisioned by Cochrane, a larger role, something whose results are more quickly and less expensively attainable. JH: What is the most important piece of advice you would give to a beginning epidemiologist? OSM: I am very sanguine about the idea that someone suitably programmed, so to speak, will have a very good career in the sense of the societal yield, for one, and personal sense of accomplishment, for another. As I study the history of ideas, there is nothing like the Enlightenment, how it changed thinking and was the platform for progress in science and consequently in societies at large. So, it is good to recall what the maxim of Enlightenment was, as perpetuated by Immanuel Kant, for example. It was sapere aude, meaning "dare to reason," or "dare to think for yourself." Be an independent agent rather than merely a perpetuator of the past, which was the idea before Enlightenment. That would be the beginning. But then there is this other thing, which I think is worth mentioning. My original interest was, as you know, in cardiologic research, and I had a long-term cardiology appointment in Boston. I also was already a consultant to Paul Hugenholtz, the pioneering professor of cardiology in Erasmus University, in the 1960s. On his office wall, I read, "Make no small plans. They have no magic to stir men's blood." For any real accomplishment, a certain ambitiousness has to be there, in the arts, in sports, and in science too. If you don't have ambition and confidence in your ability to achieve results, then you don't really belong. You have to have the daring to dream big dreams and then the necessary tenacity etc. to successfully pursue the goals. But given this orientation, the future for today's young epidemiologists is very bright, whether looked at from the outside, the societal point of view, or from the inside, as for career satisfaction. JH: On that inspirational note, I want to thank you on behalf of the readers and viewers of this interview. OSM: Thank you for all the insightful questions and for the opportunity to respond to them.Back to Top | Article Outline ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We gratefully acknowledge the support of the Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, and of Multimedia Services, McGill University in the making of the video recording of this interview. Back to Top | Article Outline ABOUT THE AUTHOR JAMES A. HANLEY is a Professor in the Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health at McGill University. He has been a long term colleague of Miettinen, from 1977 to 1980 at Harvard, and since 1985 at McGill.© 2012 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.


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FIRST ON 3 UPDATE: Brunswick deputy charged, placed on leave after fatal accident
BRUNSWICK COUNTY, NC (WWAY) — A Brunswick County Sheriff's deputy is temporarily off the job as he faces charges in a wreck yesterday that killed a man near Calabash.
The Sheriff's Office says Dep. Adam Lockner, 59, is on paid administrative leave while the BCSO Professional Standards Division and Highway Patrol investigate the accident on US 17 at Shingle Tree Road that killed motorcyclist Thomas Varney. Highway Patrol has charged Lockner with death by motor vehicle and failure to yield the right of way.
The Sheriff's Office says Lockner was responding to a domestic call when the accident happened.
Lockner has been with the Sheriff's Office since Oct. 5, 2009. The Sheriff's Office says he was a detention officer from July 2010 until January 2011, when he was promoted to deputy.
We will have much more on this story coming up tonight on WWAY NewsChannel 3 starting at 5 p.m.
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What does CWH mean in Toronto Stock Exchange?
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Chartwell Technology Incorporated (de-listed)
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text: OMG. I really thought Josie was going to be the last. While I truly hope this pregnancy ends w/ a healthy baby and a still-alive Michelle, I just can't believe they're doing this again. My heart goes out to the older girls who will now inherit yet another sib to parent.


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Mathieu Dandenault tries to screen Tim Thomas during the first period, but the Bruins goalie is having none of it. (Globe Staff Photo / Barry Chin)
Bruins Notebook
Lucic and Komisarek renew acquaintances
By Fluto Shinzawa Globe Staff / April 23, 2009
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MONTREAL - In his two years as an NHLer, Milan Lucic has thrown some tooth-rattling punches. Last season, Lucic cold-cocked Toronto's Mark Bell . This season, Lucic cranked Florida's Nick Boynton with enough force to give the ex-Bruin a concussion. (Full article: 958 words)
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The players' coach
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Sydney coach Paul Roos guides his troops.
Tonight the third-placed Swans play the match of the round against
second-placed Adelaide at AAMI Stadium.
Photo: Getty Images
A wave of public support swept Paul Roos into the Sydney coach's box. Little did fans know they wanted Roos more than Roos needed the job. Richard Hinds reports.
You can scour Paul Roos's impressive football pedigree for clues. You can try to unlock the secrets of his controversial game plan, seek the testimony of friends, family and former teammates or attempt to analyse his sometimes lucid, sometimes impenetrable, words.
But, like a lot of things about the Swans coach, the seemingly complicated is explained by the blindingly obvious. The secret of Roos's success is that he does not need it.
Not in the same way those coaching obsessives who spend every waking hour glued to a whiteboard trying to contrive the perfect match-ups for next Saturday's game need it. "He leaves it at the door," says Roos's wife, Tammy. "We don't even have a whiteboard at home."
Not like his coaches, who would wake up after two decades in the job to find their children had grown up, their wife was leading a separate life and they did not know the name of the family dog, needed it. Roos polled his family before taking the job and routinely delegates tasks to one of his assistants so he can play with his sons Dylan, 11, and Tyler, 9.
Roos does not need it in that gnawing, obsessive way that turns reasonable men into snarling lunatics. He does have a breaking point. Last year, after a defeat by West Coast, Roos gave his players a fearsome spray. Then, guilt-ridden, he called the group together on Monday to explain what he was trying to say. Ron Barassi would rather have eaten crushed glass than his own words.
Roos does not need it in a way that will grip his soul. Which is why, five times a week, he finds a quiet place and meditates for 20 to 30 minutes. "We did a course together five years ago," says Tammy Roos. "I think we've both found it useful."
He certainly does not need it in a way that makes a man treat his players as chess pieces, needling them, pushing them, breaking them and then discarding them. And, for those times when he might forget what it is like to be a player, Roos will pull out his list: the 25 points he wrote down at the end of his career. "One of them is to be as positive as you can because players don't go out to make mistakes deliberately," he says. "When you lose three in a row, you pull it out and project yourself back to playing."
Roos does not need the media spotlight. He says he could not coach in Melbourne, where an AFL identity can't walk through a restaurant without being assailed by coat-tuggers. Yet he plays the media like a violin. He tells them nothing in 200 words and everything in two. Then he flashes that "Aw shucks, me?" smile. "It is meant to be fun, isn't it?" he says.
He certainly does not need to die with a whistle around his neck. Aged 42, Roos has three more years on his contract, but finds the term "career coach" strange. "It is such a precarious position and that term implies that you will hang on, no matter what," he says. "I love coaching the Swans, but I could walk away. I don't see myself doing it in the long term."
But do not be mistaken. Roos wants it.
He is as intense as anyone in his pursuit of the game's holy grail, the premiership flag; the quest that has left many coaches prematurely grey and bitter and even stained by the spit of "supporters". "Maybe if I'd won one as a player, I might not be doing this," he muses. And when Roos retired after 356 games, he was a man with attractive options.
Right now he could be living in Tammy's home town of San Diego, spending weekends with his boys at the zoo. He could be hanging out with former Fitzroy teammate Brett Stephens, a trainer on the professional tennis tour. He could be the one sitting in the commentary box bagging the game plan of some coach who is putting victory ahead of the armchair experts' idea of aesthetic values. Instead, he took an assistant coach's job with the Swans where, for more than three years, he watched and learned.
As a champion centre half-back, Roos was blessed with incredible vision. "He could just see the game unfold, not just the way we were playing but what the opposition was doing," says Gary Pert, a friend from his Fitzroy days. "He made it look easy."
As a coach, Roos has been blessed by good timing. When long-time Swans coach Rodney Eade was sacked, Roos was ready to take the reins - even if the club's powerbrokers needed to be convinced. They were flirting with the then Western Bulldogs coach Terry Wallace before Roos was swept into office by popular acclaim after winning six of his 10 games as Eade's temporary replacement.
That the Swans were looking elsewhere seemed to be a snub. But Roos played the situation perfectly. Suddenly holding the whip hand, a possible two-year contract became three. He might not need it, but Roos knows how to play the game.
At the same time, Roos believes something changed at the Swans when the fans raised their voices. "It proved that people up here were passionate about footy and I think it surprised the whole club the level of that outpouring," he says.
Roos would not be so conceited as to suggest he has moulded the club in his image. But, over the past three years, it has at least come to reflect his values. Swans general manager (football) Andrew Ireland recalls one of Roos's first addresses. "He said, 'You know that old football adage about how when you come to a club we will treat everyone equally? Well, that won't be the case here because you are all different'," Ireland says. "The game has changed that way and I think Paul's time to coach suits this era of football."
Roos has delegated responsibility to his assistants, given a voice to his leadership group and even rotated the captaincy after Stuart Maxfield stood aside. But, perhaps most importantly, with help of the club's player welfare staff, he has treated his players with a human touch.
"Most of them come here from interstate and we are aware that their families aren't here and you have to treat them with a great deal of respect," Roos says. "You can't just send players [who have been injured or dropped] home to an empty house, because it could be catastrophic."
David Wade, a 51-year-old Swans supporter battling terminal cancer, has sat in Roos's coach's box in the past three months - a favour granted by Roos intended to enrich what may be the last months of his life. One of the things that has impressed Wade is how Roos handles injured players.
"There is that saying about how you can tell a good army by the way it cares for its wounded and honours its dead," Wade says. "The other players can see the way the other blokes are looked after, not just left on their own."
As an opponent, former Hawthorn coach Peter Schwab was impressed by Roos's tactical nous and how the Swans were rarely thrashed. He also noticed that the Swans seemed to "play for him [Roos] a bit". "I think he might rub off on them," Schwab says. "They always seem calm and in control, there is no panic, no volatility."
Yet Roos not merely tolerates, but encourages, individuality. He does not expect the "alternative" Brett Kirk to be like the stockbroker Jason Ball to be like the German-speaking Andrew Schauble. Yet, because he has allowed them to be themselves, they have come together.
He also lets them laugh. Like the night earlier this year when Roos was talking to his players after a drought-breaking victory.
"What did we do this week that we hadn't been doing before?" he asked his men. After a brief silence, a small voice rose from the back of the room: "We won!" said Dylan Roos.
Suddenly, earnest faces cracked and the room dissolved in laughter.
At the Swans these days, even when a small Roos laughs, the team laughs along.
It's just a game of footy
As the Swans scraped out some tough wins and suffered some low-scoring defeats early in the season, Paul Roos was accused of everything from using an ugly, cynical game plan to jeopardising the future of the code in NSW. Roos shrugged off most of the criticism as media conjecture. But he acknowledges the scathing comments of his former coach and trusted adviser Robert Walls took him by surprise.
Walls, a commentator with The Age and Channel Ten, remarked during a Swans match that Roos was coaching to make the finals, not to win a premiership, and that "Paul Roos is coaching for Paul Roos".
"It was probably just the personal comments [that upset me]," says Roos. "I understand everyone's role in footy. If people say I'm the worst coach and have the worst game plan, that is their role. But I think when it gets a bit personal, well, I was quite surprised. You have to be careful because at times you can get a bit sensitive. But it's just the number of people who have said to me, 'What was that all about?'. It was a bit surprising that he said I was coaching for myself."
Roos says Walls left a message on his phone about his remarks, which were repeated in a newspaper by former Sydney and Kangaroos midfielder Wayne Schwass. "All he said on the message is that he didn't say what Schwatta had claimed," says Roos. "But it was a bit strange because it was on national television and I'd heard it."
Roos has not spoken to Walls since but declares the matter "finished". But if he was upset by Walls's comments, he seems merely bemused by the controversy created when AFL chief executive officer Andrew Demetriou speculated his game plan could damage the game in NSW.
"People were ringing from Melbourne," Roos says. "They would say, 'How are you going, are you OK?' I said, 'Mate, we don't get it [media exposure] up here'. I found myself shaking my head and saying, 'It's a game of footy'."
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text:
October 19, 2013
Pre-Cambrian Explosion Oxygen Levels Raise Evolutionary Questions
redOrbit Staff & Wire Reports - Your Universe Online
An international team of researchers has discovered that the Earth's oxygen content 2.1 billion years ago was the same as it was during the so-called Cambrian explosion that occurred approximately 542 years ago and resulted in the appearance of most major animal phyla.Given the fact that oxygen and the development of advanced life are inextricably linked, this led the study authors to ponder the sudden emergence of living creatures prior to the early Paleozoic Era.
One possible explanation, they explain in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, is the fact that most traces of advanced life that existed two billion years ago has since disappeared. If those creatures failed to develop shells or skeletons, they would not have been easily fossilized and it would be unlikely that experts would find their remains today.
While bacteria and other simple organisms can survive without oxygen, nearly all advanced organisms require the element, the investigators said. Without the 21 percent currently found in our planet's atmosphere, the biodiversity of the planet would suffer, as the human brain and other vital systems would not be able to function.
During the Cambrian explosion, the atmospheric oxygen levels increased by up to 10 percent, and prior to that time the living creatures roaming the Earth were typically small, simple and often single-celled. Scientists had long assumed that there simply was not enough oxygen for creatures to evolve into higher species, but now the study authors demonstrate that the element had previously been abundant enough to support advanced systems.
"We have examined rocks that are 2.15 billion - 2.08 billion years old. They show us that there was oxygen in deep water and thus also in the atmosphere at that time," Emma Hammarlund, a post-doctoral researcher from the Nordic Center for Earth Evolution (NordCEE) at University of Southern Denmark, said in a statement. "We cannot say exactly how much, but there was probably ample oxygen and also ample time to permit advanced life to evolve."
Working on the research alongside Hammarlund was NordCEE professor Donald Canfield, as well as associates from the National Museum in Sweden and the Université de Poitiers, the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, the Institut Francais de la Recherche pour l' Exploitation de la Mer, Centre de Brest and the Université de Rennes in France.
Hammarlund and her colleagues previously discovered unusual fossils that they believed are indicative of a way of life which attempted to evolve into a multicellular life form. This life form, she said, "was not a life form that in any way is comparable to large life as we know it today. It was rather microbes that experimented with a way to evolve into some form of multicellular existence. It had enough oxygen for the experiment, but its destiny is unknown."
The failure of two billion year old advanced life forms to develop protective shells or bones, thus inhibiting their ability to become fossilized and discovered today, could explain why there is no evidence of the existence of these entities. While that is possible, Hammarlund said that her team currently considers it "more likely" that no evolutionary explosion took place during that era, despite the elevated oxygen levels.
"But why not, since there was plenty of oxygen? Perhaps the problem was with the genetics of the life forms," she explained. "Or maybe the organisms did not try to eat each other, so an evolutionary race could get started. There are several options, but we just do not know enough about it yet."


text:
The Hearst Corporation, which publishes newspapers and popular magazines like Cosmopolitan and O, The Oprah Magazine, recently struck a deal with Apple whereby it will provide its content to iPad users via in app subscriptions.
Right of the gate, only three of Hearst's magazine properties will be available on the iPad, but they're all big time hitters – Esquire, Popular Mechanics, and O, The Oprah magazine. Issues will become available starting in July.
Each monthly issue will be priced at $1.99, though users opting for a year long subscription can save about $4 and only have to fork over $19.99. Whereas users had to previously download individual issues, Apple's in-app subscription mechanism will deliver new issues to a user's iPad automatically.
Hearst is only one of a few publishers to make use of Apple's new and controversial iTunes subscription service which nets Apple 30% of all new subscribers who sign up for subscriptions. Publishers have of course been apprehensive to sign up for Apple's new terms because a) they're not keen on giving up that 30% cut, and more importantly b) customer information is only available to them on an opt-in basis. This has been a key sticking point for a number of publishers who rely heavily on demographic information for both marketing and advertising purposes.
As for the information sharing, publishers say they rely on knowing some basics about readers to court advertisers and market their other products to consumers. But publishing executives say they are more confident they will be able to work within Apple's guidelines to find out who their iPad readers are.
That said, Hearst told the WSJ that their deal with Apple was the result of months of negotiations and that both parties were ultimately happy with the deal. "We came to a fair and equitable deal," a spokeswoman explained.
The latest deal marks yet another victory in Apple's efforts to attract big name publishesr to the iPad. Earlier this week, Apple and Time Inc. struck a deal that enables print subscribers to Time-owned magazines like Sports Illustrated and Fortune to subscribe to the iPad versions for free.


text: Dear Readers Do any of you know of a list of inducible vectors (including retroviral vectors) suitable for mammalian cells? Maybe there is some one out there who would be generous to pass theirs on to us? We cannot afford months trying to tranfect pMSG(CAT)(our methodology works for other vectors) since we are operating on a shoe-string budget. Many thanks


text:
SHERIDAN & SIMS, Proprietors.
One Year.$l.?O
Six Months.K.......i......1.00
Mlulstora of the Gospel.1.00
First Instertlon......,.?$l .0?
Each Subsequent-Insertion..!.50
Liberal contracts made fur 3 mouths
and over.
JOXi OT1> leJit'
IS PUL TA II KD TO DO ALL KlKniof '
POMONA "?niPia' '
REMARKS Ot" ri??O CS. SHERIDAN Uli
fteroarka made bet?re (be Pomona
Grange- at Its |ast session^ by; report
tu* Messrs: H?rpln ftiggs and W. T.
Muller, committee of the Grange. ,
I baiT hoped thut^t?o unfavorable
wekttier aWl the evening hour" would
excuse tho remarks intended for Ibis
occasion, but at your call' V obey leav
ing the crude thoughts, scntteringly
thrown out to bo collected aud ap
propriated as'you may 'deem best. !
This gathering of the farmers with
theiy-wives .from the different Sections
of tho county is_ono of the best fea
tures of the Grange system, giving
an opportunity-doc .a free exchange
of thought, a community of interest
and, a sociability,, the perfection of
wtiich is manifest in the gathering
about the board as witnessed but an
hour since. No where else, or under
any other influences could so much
enjoyment be-hador bo nidch of hu
man virtue be displayed by the mem
bers of a community than within.{be
walls of a Grange room, or under the.,
influences brought to bear uppu our
conduct by the Grange system. Oili
er gatherings and festivals, while they
are enjoyable and profitable in a high
degree,lack that organized commnnity
of interest which is so prominently a
feature in this system. Theie the
tatlor and unscrupulous have' every
opportunity to magnify :i fault, or
defame a virtue^ here wc uro taught
to love r1 neighbor with all Iiis faults
and upon the principle of candor to
correct his errors ; jtboce, the unprin
cipled^ unwliipped save by conscience,
can appropriate the contributions of
a friend to his own selfish enjoyment,
here the principle of honor controls
the social board securing the pleas
> ures of the festival alike to rich and.
poor; there the visitor listens to hear
and goes away, to criticise, but here
instruction is given and knowledge
acquired to the mutual improvement
of; the lowest as ' well as the high-st
_inembcr. ? Indeed so pure are tjie ^mo
tives and so powerful are the influ
ences for good that every man and
woman ought to become a Gran cr,
if for no other purpose than to give
and to receive information And dn
tiammellcd by the cohventionablics
of society to enjoy the sociability of
these festive occasions.
By a candid exchange of thought,
schemes might be devised and plans
put in execution which .would make
the Granger independent of the world
and ; unaffected by ? the depressing
changes incident upon '"what is famil
iarly known as hard times. Organi-.
zation in farming is the same as any
other vocation and will result as cer
tainly in ultimate success here as
elsewhere. In a farming communi
ty there is no need for hard times.
Your profession is a quiet and peace
ful one, and these two qualities alone
are the firmest foundation upon
which material prosperity ? may be
built. The vicissitudes of trade and
the hazard of speculation find no
place in a farmer's life, but its earn
est pursuit and its gradual gain must
and will accumulate a fortune to re
ward his labor: There arc but few
legitimate causes to pvoducc hard
times with a skilled and industrious
farmer. War may devastate Iiis
country, lay his home, in ruins and
blight his fields, entailing upon him
all the baleful elfects of hard limes.
Of this cause we have had a sad expe
rience resulting in debts that have
crippled the farmer in his operations
and almost indefinitely prolonged
the season of returning prosperity.
The thousands of. dollars, actual
working capital, which were destroy
ed as a measure of war, the thousands
as a necessity of war, and ^till the
thousands more expended in buiLdiug
up the burned homes and-' wasted
fields, impoverished the farmer by
forcing him to accumulate debts
from which he has never ;been able
to extricate himself. A general fail
ure of crops throughout a large scopo
of territory j'miay living buffering
and even pestilence, ten fohl more
disastrous than tho worst phase of
hard times. Of this cause wc have had
no experience. Our fields have yielded
abundantly of tho best crops planted.
Our labors have been rewarded, not
in dollars it may be, but in bales of
fleecy cotton. Indeed* so prolific lias
been tho fruitage that the cotton crop
has exhibited the marvelous increase
from throe and a'half millions to more
than five million bales in a little more
than half a score of years. Tho cot
ton fields have swallowed the corn,
the wheat and the rice fields, have
trespassed unwarrantably upon the
potato and oat patches and have even
dared to enter upon, the ,well fortified
?grounds o( ^Indam'e vegetable gar
den..-- The'face of the earth in many
sections shows broad acres of cotton
and narrow stripe, of corn ? huge gin
houses with costly machinery attach
ed, and small corn cribs with dolapi
daled stock houses and loan worVtim
inials. rho' whole j)rcsen?ipg :he ap
pearance of a country that raises but
a~?3higje c$rop from which, is^tb ^^sub
sisted tub entire.life of the farm und
cancel aueuorinous tax and debt
besides.. '..
11* there be an impossibility in the
scientific world, I can conceive of
nothing more dcservjmgly entitled to
Ilm'name than the power of un expen
sive crop like cotton, selling at a low
price, to meet the demands of a tax
and debt burdened community. It
must result eventually in all the dis
appointments and suffering of hard
times. In Europe where a single
crop is raised, a failure is disastrous,
and if there be repeated failures, un
told suffering among the 'laboring
classes must result, and rebound at
lust upon the other industries involv
ing the whole population in a common
ruin by unsettling values and forcing
money holders to coffer the' currency.
Such seems to be very nearly the
condition of a portion of that couutry
at the present time. It ought not to
be so in a country like ours where
every conceivable crop may be raised
to make the farmer independent of the
outside world,-but with the cotton
crop absorbing all others the farmer
has reversed the natural order of
things and makes himself a buyer in
stead of a seller?begging a price for
his propucc instead of demaneling it.
The result of this Ts, the cotton plan
ter buys bis corn from Illinois in
stead of producing it in his own field,
buys bis bacon from Kentucky in
stead of raising it in his own pastures,
buys his sugar and syrup from Cuba
instead' of l^biliug it on his own
.premises, buys his teas from China
instead of cultivating it in his own
gardens, buys bi<> shodd}', silks and
calicos from Yaukeedom instead of
manufactutirig it in his own county
of bis own cotton, buys his wagons
and buggies from Cincinnati instead
of from Doyle, Uiggs or Wiles, lu
deoil every dollar his labor produces
is sent abroad to support and enrich
other hu: els and people anil to im
poverish bis own. No wonder debts
accumulate and the cry of hard limes
ta heard in the land.
There is something radically wrong
here to be corrected by other lessons
of a more bitter experience than the
past has been. With such a climate,
country and soil as this, with such
intelligence to control them and such
energy to utilize them as we possess
every farmer ought to be a banker
wita his barns and pastures as banks
and his produce and animals his
stock in trade, a capital that would
not be liable to the fluctuations of
currency or trade, and that would
bid defiance to the depressions of the
For a nation to grow rich it must
export more perishable values than it
imports, so if a farmer he must sell
more than he buys, he must produce
more than he consumes and what he
buys, buy at home. If you wish to
drive the cry of hard limes out of the
land and court the presence of the
Goddess of Peace and Plenty let our
farmers become home sellers, not for
eign buyers.
t ?_ _
A Love Story.
\ , .... . ? , , . \ :> 'til!
A will, revealing among other
things glimpses of a love story, has
gone to probate in Eric .County, Pa.
It consists simply of a letter from the
elcad man to his brother. He had a
sweetheart named "Susey," butSusey
used to be seen now and then with a
nother fellow, whom the jealous lover
describes as "that galont." "If I
find Susey with that guleut of hers,"
he writes, "I swear by the halter that
shall hang me she shall never enjoy
hi r." The letter proceeds with :
?'Give my love to Lldcy W?," who
was neither his sister nor his cousin,
but apparently another sweetheart.
Indeed, he seems to have bad many
a sweetheart, for he adds carelessly,
"and all the rcsl." Hut "Susey" was
best loved, for he concludes with
saying : "Ma tho Lord bless you all,
and pardon tho deeds I have in con
| temptation."
TUB NETUODfcTS.
AN INTEKHSTINf; ItKSUME OK THE WOIIK
DONE UY THE C11UUCH LAST YE A It.
At the late meeting of the South
Carolina Conference in Newberry
very full and satisfactory reports weie
sent up by all the churches under its
ecclesiastical - jurisdiction. The II
I nancinl standing of the different con
gregations, which is the proper test
of Christian charity, is- much more
favorable than for several years, the
total collections within the bounds of
the conference footing up an increase
of more than fifteen thousand dollars
over the collections of last year.
We give' the" aggregate'financial
standing of each District for the year,
stating only the actual collections
made. In these figures are included
the following items': Pastor's Salary,
Presiding Elder's Salary, Conference
collections (which goes to the Super
anuated preacher's ami the widows
and orphans of preachers .who have,
died,) Mission, foreign and domestic,
Education, Bishops' fund, publica
tion of Minutes, .candidates for the
Ministry, Sunday Schools, Buildings
and repairs and other benevolent pur-,
poses. ?" "* " *
Charleston District.^18,015.32
Orangeb?rg1 District. 12,381.16
Columbia District. 22,861.37
Sumtcr District. 11,818,11
Florence District. 10.288.65
Marion District...'. 15,577.13
Spartanhurg District. 12 026.45
Cokesbury District.> 13,223.56
Greenville District. 1 ?,-123.3-1
Total.-.SI 27,815.23
In 1877 it was. 111,983.40
Increase.815,831 83
The total collections of this year
for the various purposes above nam
ed were as follows :
Pastors' salarv.....804,505.33
Presiding Elders' salary...'] 8,615.74
Conference Collections. 3,765.36
Foreign Missions. 2,471.42
Domestic Misions. 3,723.31
Education. 1,023.42
Bishops' Fund.? 772.38
Publication of Minutes. 324.08
Candidates for Ministry... 111.81
Sunn ayT "S chop Is.. , ?.... 3,739.0 7
Other Benevolent purposes 7,715.84
Columbia District paid most for
building and repairs, ?0,929.81;
Florence District, least, 81,159.00.
Charleston Disliict paid most-for the
Pastors and Assistants'-Salaries, ?9,
009.55 ; Greenville District least, S5,
373.70. The average salary paid was
8410.10?the largest by Bethel
church iu Charleston?81,500. The
Presiding Elders averaged $1,183.07.
The S. C. Conference contains 44,291
members; 155 traveling preachers;
222 local preachers: 559-chtirohes?
value, 8515,144.81 ; ? parsonages?
892,075, college and school buildings
to the value of 893,705.
All Prospering but Elizabeth.
Mr. Becehcr received 1,300 calls
yesterday?300 more than lastyear;
whose new year fell on a much picas
anter day. It speaks volumes for
the affectionate fidelit}' of the human
heart that so many good men and
women have followed him up and
down the ragged edge of despair,
lived with him in the cave of gloom,
seen him on his knees before Theo
dore Tilton, and rend his passionate
self-accusation without losing confi
dence in hum. Bui Frank Moulton
is popular with his friends, loo. I
saw him a moment yesterday making
calls, -red-beadedj breezy, agreeable
as ever, and bo is getting rich ; and
Mrs. Moulton, that "slice of the Day
of Judgment," is the centre of a large
and admiring social circle; and Til
ton lectures to big audiences; and'
Bowen's Independent stands at the
head of religious newspapers; and
Leonard Bacon, the Mephislophiles
of the whole affair, flourishes in New
Haven. So, hurrah for everybody!
?ah, everybody, if you please, except
tbo poor'woman who, whatever the
facts, was the victim of the tragedy ;
who lives in the depths of woe, de
serted by Mr. Becehcr and repudiated
by the Plymouth Church, which at
first supported her, fed by the con
temptuous hand of charity extended
by [him who was once her husband.
It is pitiful!?Ntiw York Letter.
A young man who gets a subordi
nate situation sometimes thinks if not
necessary to give it much : ttenlion.
lie will wait until he gets a place of
responsibility, and then he will show
people what he can do. This is a
great mistake- Whatever hrs situa
tion may 4ie, he should master it in
all its dctuijs? | aqcFj&rfornij a^l ib)
duties faithfully.
Remarkable Masonic Incident.
When we consider the great pas
sion that sailors have f?r tattooing
themselves, w,u cup- in.a mcKuro un
derstand Uiofollowing uccjoU'JKf Avbich
eiu^L^trj/foUbe pages -o'^W^ Cana
dian Craftsman. In speaking of the
first Masonic funeral that/y'Cr/-'.was
solemnized in California, U s staled
that the body was washed upi^ thobay
of San Francisco in 1810, ami that
upon the person of the deceased was
found a silver mark of n&3$0h,'on
which was engraved the in'lials of
his name. On further investigation
the most singular exhibiUona'of Ma
sonic emblems ever drawjOfpo'ri the
human skin was revealed. Beauti
fully dotted on his left arm, in red
Hnd blue ink, appcarcil alF^ihe em
blems of an Entered A?j)rentiee.
There was the Holy Bible, tlie.square
and compas, the twenty-5^' inch
gusge, and cpmmpO^gavrfrjThcre
was also the Masonic pavement repre
senting the ground lloor of lying Sol
omon's Templej the indented tessel
iwhich surrounded it, arid tnji blaming
star in the centre. On hiajlelt at m,
and artistically executed inutile same
indelible liquid, were the. "-emblems
pertaining to the FcIlowcraBt Degree,
viz : square, the level, and the plumb.
There were also the live ordcis of
architecture!?the Tuscan, jfui'ie, Ion
ic, Corilhian and Comp?dte. On
removing the garment fiora the bod}',
the trowel picsenled itse-f, with all
tue other tools of'one'"alive*Masonry.
Oycr his heart was the pptvuf incense.
On the other parts of his; body were
the beehive, tie "Book of* Constitu
tions" guu'dcd by a Tyler's sword
pointing to a naked heart, the All
Seeing Eye, the anchor and ark, the
hour-glass, the scythe, the forty-sec
ond problem of Euclid, the sun, moon,
stars, nnd cornel, thee "5t?|.,? emblem
atic of youth, manhood^ <^and age.
Admit ably executed Was a weeping
virgin reclining on a brokii: column,
upon which lay the "Botdiof Consti
tutions." In her left hajd she belt"
tlra p?t of iucense, lire jn^tTi'iic"ijhi,i
blem cf immortality of/tl.e soul.
Immediately beneath her stood wing
ed Time, with his scythe by bis side
whiclrcuts the brittle thread of l'fe,
and the hour-glass at his feet,
which is ever reminding us that our
lives aie withering away. The with
ered and attenuated lingers of die
Destroyer were placed among the
loiig and graceful (lowing ringlets of
the disconsolate mouiner." From
this description wc can well see the
grandeur of the conception which
blended the em'dems of mortality in
one picture, anil that the execution
was quite equal to the conception;
Probably never before was such a
picture beheld, and possibly never
will again. Wc arc also tdld that
the brother's name was never
The Mothcr-ln-Law.
This paper is the only one that has
evor taken up the cause of the moth
er-in-law. And yet there are de
mented persons who say we make
?iame of women. The mother-in-law
feels herself under everlasting obli
gations to the son-in-law for marry
ing her daughter. This having been
the object of her life, aud she having
been racked wfth hopes and fears
ever since her daughter came into
her teens, lest the marketable time
might slip by, she feels that she cat)
never repay the man who came to her
dtlivdrancc. She. becomes a devotee
to him. She coddles him with warm
slippers and wadded dressing gown,
and with hot drinks when he has a
cold. She multiplies her attentions
when ''important business" has kept
him out late at night, nnd fears that
his devotion to business will wear
upon him. She finds out the dishes
that tickle his appetite, and makes
them with her own hands. With her
he has two worshippers at home.
She encourages him to smoke. Sho
smiles on his bachelor friends. When
his breath i mells of spirits on his late
returns, she knows that it was to
brace himself up after the fatigue of
businessj Sho makes her daughter
cheerful while he is at the club or
other places. Shu minds, the baby
while they go to entertainments, and
1 never wan.a to go. She praises him
to all as the best of husbands. She
continually enjoins upon her daughter
that she can never be lhanulul
I enough. Sho is a constant sunbeam
in tllo household, which makes mar
riage without a mother-in-law but
half what it should be.? Cincin'nat
A pEBft NAVAL SCANDAL.
the serious chauuks thatconfront
admirai. l'orter.
i i r 1 )' ' '
Washington's choice hit of scandal
just now concerns that old salt, Ad
miral Porter, who is charged with
keeping Mrs. Wettnore, tho wife of
one of his subordinate officers* as
mistress; with making Wettnore pay
the woman $2,000 after he got a di
vorce from her; witli being partner
with government contractors while
acting secretary of the navy, and
with trying to sell infernal machines I
to the Germans during the Franco
Prussian war. The scandal got some
airing some live years n*o, when tho
Wet mores were suing (or divorce
iii the courts, and showed Porter up
as a ceucdiled cozeomb and gay Lo
ithal io, but it is made much more,
prominent now by the war Wet more
is making on the Admiral to recover
the $2,000 he claims has been cheat
ed out of him. Wet more shows the
document to back his story, which
is quite circumstantial, lie was le
eqi der of the board of naval in?pec
tors of which Porlcr was president,
and had so little manhood that he al
lowed the Admiral to bully what part
of hi-j month's pay out of him lie was
pleased to turn over to the divorced
wife. When Wetmore lost the posi
tion of recorder also, he was plucky
enough to take another at the old
tar's hands, and pay him for getting
it, though Wetmore had got divorced
from his wife because of her infideli
ties with Porter, and knew that they
still kept up their intimacy. Nay,
more, Wetmore made a cat's-paw of
himself to sell the Germans the tor
pedoes Porter wanted to dispose of
for use against the French, hav
ing already made money himself out
of naval contracts got through Por
ter's influence, though Urs project
seems to have fallen through because
tho Prussian minister would not
"plank down" the money to take
Wetmore to Berlin to complete the
negotiations. The letters Wetmore
shows seems as damaging to Porter's
reputation as somu of those in the
Becebcr-Tilton trial, but it is signifi
cant that the injured husband's sense
of his wrongs and of (ho .Adniiials 1
infamy was not aroused till Porter
was no longer able to furnish him
with a government position, but;
used his influence instead to keep
him out of a place.
Eli Perkins.
We copy the following from the
News and Couiier : It is hardly worth
while to go about proving Eli Per
kins to be a liar, but it may be as
well to Confirm the accepted belief on
this head as olten as occasion re
Ilaving lied, as usual, in reporting
pretended interview with Senator
Cameron, in which ho referred to
Mr. Gunnison as being present, and,
of Iiis own knowledge, confiuning
what was said on that occasion, Mr.
Pel kins was brought up with a short
turn by both Senator Cameron's and
Mr. Gunnison's published denial of
all bo had charged them with Saying.
Mr. Pcrkin's lias recently reaffirmed
the statements made by him in tho
first instance, and the following let
tor from Mr. Gunnison, in reply to
one from M j. Hampton, Jr., is now
iu order:
New York, Dec. 26, 1878.
Wade II<i?i;>lun, Jr.:
Dear Sin?I am in receipt of your
letter written several days ago. 1
presume, long before this reaches
you, you will have read my denial
of the report of "Eli P rkins" as fur
nished by him to the New York Sun. i
! I regret that it has been the occasion !
I of any unpleasant feelings, particular
ly at this lime.
Allow me to congratulate you on
the improved condition of your fatb
er's health.
1 believe "Eli Perkins" does not
hear a very enviable reputation :.mo
ng newspaper men for the correctness
of his reports.
Extending to you the compliments'
of the season, I am fraternally >ours,
K. Norman Gcnnisox.
Tho oldest inhabitant, as he comes
forward these mornings for his liitle
tod, tries hard to smile and look un
concerned, as ho tells you that this
weather is not at all cold compared
tvith that which he remembers to
have experienced in the winter of
1700 ; but the sungs of the oldest in
habitant chatter with cold as ho tells
'you about it, and Eto can't look you
.straight in tho eye. The oldest ln
| habitant lies.
Judge Lynch in Nebraska,
"This is Iho twenty-sixth murder
trial over which I have presided,"
saiu Judge Gastlin, "and the oriiW
is Jibe most atrociouB of tlfttiff' nlL |
The jury might ptopuriy have brought I
in a verdict of murder in the first de
gree." The jury, however; had only
convicted the prisbuers, Jackson and
Martin, of murder in the second de
gree. This was a surprise to the
people of Nebraska city, and tho'in
d ig nation was ho great inlit tue jurors
and the lawyers for the defense were
threatened with violence on their Way
home. Jackson and Marlin had de
liberately killed an old nian in his
bed for the purpose of robbery. Prep
arations to lynch them were conduct
ed with secrecy. A: meeting was
held in an engine house, wlure the
matter was talked over and the chief
executioners chosen*-' At. nigfiS >? a1
masked mob went to the jail, carry
ing a heavy timber, which!thoy used
as .a battering-ram to break down the
door. The prisoners -begad to dress
Ibeinselve on hearing the noise' and
Submitted without a word of protest,
when their executioners entered, to
j having their arms pinioned. They
I were led to a large tree near the jail.
! There was only rope enough to hang
I one at a time. A noose was placed'
first around Martin's neck, and he
was ordered to pray : "Lord, have
mercy on my poor murderous soul!"
He objected U> the wording of the
prayer, but his spiritual adviser wa3
inexorable, and would permit r.d al
teration. Jackson laughed heartily
at that, and his merriment lasted all"
the while that Martin was dangling.
He changed his mi. d after his own
neck was noosed ; and his last words
were curses. No move has been
made toward punishing the lynchcrs,
and the local journalist says that
their action is approved in the com
The Capital of a Good IMarrto.
How true tt.is that a good name is
capital in itself. Such a capital, like
every* solid accumulation, is not built
in a day, but is the result of years of
continuance in well-<'oing. No man
can hope, by a spirit of good nature
or honorable dealings to acquire an
enviable reputation, which is implied
in the possession of "a good name."
Little things done and observed in a
seiics oT years, the trifles of which
life is made up, if done conscientious
ly, are what contiibute to the result,
and win for a man the confidence of
his fellows ; and wheu one has thus
acquired this good name, men 1 seek
him in business, rely on his word,
and prefer his goods. Such a capital
is within the reach of the poorest.
It commands confidence, and helps
one in securing all that is desirable
in life, and as it is not to be acquired
without delay, docs not depend upon
birth or influence for its attainment.
It is wonderful ao many prefer to
travel by crooked ways, which, though
they may seem short cuts to success,
do not lead in that direction at all.
Terrible Prediction.
Tho fact that so many fish are dy
ing off the coast of Floiida call
to mind the awful prediction of Prof.
Knapp. From the juxtaposition of
certain planets to our earth, he pre
dicts that one-half of the population
of the world, including man and all
kinds of animals, and even vegetable
life, will perish before or during the
year 1880. In a lecture delivered
several years ago, he said that this
desolation would commence by the
fishes of the sea dying, and pestilence
1 and famine occurring in more south
lern latitudes. The famine in China
and yellow fever scourge in the
South, and now tho fearful pestilence
among the fishes in Southern waters,
are. so many steps in tho fulfiliuieut
of Prof. Knapp's prophesies.
Tho Last Nogro Congressman.
Senator Bruce, of Mississippi, it is
said, will probably be the only negro
in the 4Gth Congress and once he
gets out, he'll slay mir, and as the
"poor negro" has only tho newspaper
and election sympathy of their north
ern friends, Bruce will probably be
tho last colored man in Congress.
And yet in 1870, there wero nine
there; in 1872, the number was re
duced to seven ; in 1871, to four; in
187fi, to three; and in 187'J, the
prospect is that there ivill be but one,
and after that one comes out, it is
probable that there will never be
another to represent the colored race.
xml | txt


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Minneapolis, Minn. (PRWEB) February 18, 2014
FLW, the world's premier tournament-fishing organization, announced today that Lowrance, the industry leader in marine electronics, will be the presenting sponsor of the 2014 FLW College Fishing National Championship. The championship event takes place March 6-8 on Lake Keowee in Seneca, S.C.
Per the sponsorship agreement, The Official Lowrance Insight Genesis College Cup has also been named as the official weigh-in bag provider for FLW College Fishing. The branded weigh-in bags will be used by college fishing competitors to bring their fish to the scale at each tournament throughout the 2014 FLW College Fishing season.
The 2014 FLW College Fishing National Championship will be broadcast in high-definition (HD) on NBC Sports Network when "FLW" airs May 31 from 11 a.m.-12 p.m. ET. The Emmy-nominated "FLW" television show is hosted by Jason Harper and is broadcast to more than 564 million households worldwide, making it the most widely distributed weekly outdoors-sports television show in the world.
The Lowrance Insight Genesis College Cup, which began in January 2014, is a nationwide competition with free entry for college fishing teams and individuals that will award more than $100,000 in Lowrance product this year. Competitors are rewarded by recording and uploading sonar logs using Lowrance fishfinder/chartplotters to the Insight Genesis website, where monthly and annual totals are measured to determine the winners. For more information, visit http://www.collegecup.lowrance.com
FLW College Fishing is free to enter. All participants must be registered, full-time undergraduate students at a four-year college or university and members of a fishing club recognized by their college or university.
For regular updates, photos, tournament news and more, follow College Fishing on Facebook at Facebook.com/FLWFishing and on Twitter at Twitter.com/FLWFishing. Visit CollegeFishing.com to sign up or to start a club at your school.
About FLW
FLW is the industry's premier tournament-fishing organization, providing anglers of all skill levels the opportunity to compete for millions in prize money nationwide in 2014 over the course of 229 tournaments across five tournament circuits, four of which provide an avenue to the sport's richest payday and most coveted championship trophy – the Forrest Wood Cup. FLW tournament fishing can be seen on the Emmy-nominated "FLW" television show and is broadcast to more than 559 million households worldwide, making it the most widely distributed weekly outdoors-sports television show in the world. FLW is committed to providing a lifestyle experience that is the "Best in Fishing, On and Off the Water." For more information about FLW visit FLWOutdoors.com and look for FLW on Twitter, Facebook, Pinterest and YouTube.


text:
Moving to/from Binghamton?
A Binghamton Moving Company – Empire Movers
Planning to move to/from Binghamton? Then we are just the right people to do that for you. Free yourself of worry, moving with Empire Movers Binghamton is now stress-free. Let us take the finest care of your things and make moving to/from Binghamton as easy as can be.
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text:
Main Street of Porto Velho, the capital of Rondonia
In this case study, you will learn how remote sensing can aid in the monitoring of tropical rainforests, such as the Amazon rainforest. You will see how this forest disappeared over a period of 30 years, and how the rate of deforestation can be measured. You will also learn that, even in deforested areas, the process of vegetation growth still goes on.
The satellite sensor you will be working with is Landsat TM. The exercise will be done using the LEOWorks image processing software.
This case study includes:
a background section
exercises You can access them by clicking on the links on the right.
Last update: 23 October 2013
Deforestation in Rondonia
Exercise 1: Inspecting the images
Exercise 2: Quantifying the deforested area


text:
The definition of fraternal is something like brothers, or an organization for men who have similar beliefs, or twins who are born at the same time but from different eggs.
If you have someone that you treat as if he were your brother, this is an example of a relationship would be described as fraternal.
- of or characteristic of a brother or brothers; brotherly
- of or like a fraternal order or a fraternity
- designating twins, of either the same or different sexes, developed from separately fertilized ova and thus having hereditary characteristics not necessarily the same
Origin of fraternalMiddle English from Medieval Latin fraternalis from Classical Latin fraternus, brotherly from frater, brother
- a. Of or relating to brothers: a close fraternal tie.b. Showing comradeship; brotherly.
- a. Of or constituting a fraternity: a fraternal association.b. Roman Catholic Church Of or constituting a mendicant order such as the Dominicans or Franciscans.
- Biology Of, relating to, or being a twin developed from two separately fertilized ova; dizygotic.
Origin of fraternalMiddle English from Old French fraternel from Medieval Latin frāternālis from Latin frāternus from frāter brother ; see bhrāter- in Indo-European roots.
Related Forms:
- fra·ter′nal·ism
- fra·ter′nal·ly
(comparative more fraternal, superlative most fraternal)
- Of brothers (fraternal twins).
- Related through a brother (fraternal nephew).
- In need of a brother or sister or friend.
- Like brothers (fraternal cousins).
- Brotherly, befitting or of a brother or brothers.
- Friendly or brotherly (e.g. fraternal relations between socialist parties in different countries).
- Being or of a society of men linked in brotherly union (fraternal society).
- platonic (as fraternal love - brotherly love).
- fraternally
- fraternity
- fraternise, fraternize
- fratricide
- fraternal nephew, fraternal niece
- fraternal twin
From Middle French fraternel, from Medieval Latin frāternālis ("fraternal"), from Latin frāternus ("of or pertaining to a brother, fraternal"), from frāter ("brother").


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Thanksgiving Recipes
Pumpkin Ricotta Cookies with Carrot Icing
The pandan ricotta cookies I made a couple of weeks ago for Halloween were such a hit that I decided to make some more.
I didn't feel like using pandan this time, so I flavored the cookies with pumpkin and smothered them in carrot icing. The cookies are moist and chewy and have an earthy sweetness that is perfect for the Thanksgiving season.
Full Recipe...
Blondie with Pumpkin Cream Cheese Frosting
We're very fond of brownies but we love blondies even more. Sunny's school makes the best blondies. She's enrolled in the after-school cooking class, and the chef taught the kids how to make blondies. Naturally Sunny brought some home. They were so good that we decided to make a batch and covered them with pumpkin cream cheese frosting for Halloween.
If great blondies aren't reason enough to make this recipe, then getting to lick the leftover frosting should convince you. Of course, I didn't get to because the girls beat me to it...
Full Recipe...
Pumpkin Oatmeal Smoothie
Recently I made a pumpkin spice latte and it got me thinking about other drinks that I could make using this Fall flavor. The girls love smoothies, so it seemed like an obvious choice.
I combined some pumpkin purée with traditional pumpkin pie spices such as nutmeg and cinnamon to form the base of the smoothie. Maple syrup and brown sugar provide the sweetness, and oatmeal helps to thicken the drink and provide texture. No bananas here.
If you're looking for a healthy alternative to gorging on slices of pumpkin pie, this smoothie fits the bill. It has the same flavor but with fewer calories and more nutrition. If that's not your goal, you could always throw in a scoop of ice cream and make a milkshake...
Full Recipe...
Pumpkin Spice Latte
What's the cure for a chilly Fall afternoon? A pumpkin spice latte. I decided to make some today because the girls have the week off from school and they really wanted to cook. They wanted to make a pumpkin pie, but I thought it would be fun to take our pumpkin pie recipe and turn it into a drink.
I've had pumpkin spice lattes in the past that really only have nutmeg and cinnamon. I made ours with real pumpkin purée, and I sweetened the latte with condensed milk, as I do for cà phê sữa nóng (Vietnamese-style coffee).
It was such a hit. I served the latte in tall glasses, and as quickly as I poured it, the girls drank it. Sunny actually took to drinking it directly from the saucepan!
There's definitely going to be a big pot of pumpkin spice latte on the table for Thanksgiving. If you try it, I bet it'll be on your table as well.
Full Recipe...
Maple Roasted Butternut Squash Salad with Beluga Lentils and Sage-Flavored Croutons
The butternut squash risotto was such a success last week that everyone was asking for more. I've learned that it's not a great idea to repeat the same dishes too often, even when requested, because eventually everyone gets tired of them. As opposed to making another main course, I decided to prepare a fresh salad that really shows off the versatility of butternut squash.
Instead of roasting the butternut squash with cumin and saffron as I did for the risotto, I glazed it with maple and flavored it with fresh sage. Sage is one of the most prolific herbs in our garden; it literally grows like weeds. This was a great opportunity to put it to good use, and I did so on multiple occasions in this dish.
I wanted to give this salad a real Fall feel, so I made a pomegranate vinaigrette and paired it with sage-infused oil. Continuing with the theme, I topped the salad with dried cranberries and sage-flavored croutons. The crunch of the croutons provides an excellent textural foil to the soft roasted butternut squash and the crispness of the greens.
Thanksgiving is not too far off, and if you're looking for a new addition to your table, this salad is a healthy and delicious option. Enjoy!
Full Recipe...


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Madrid is world-famous for its cultural trio of heavyweight museums - but don't get stuck in the past and forget to enjoy the Spanish capital's newer offerings
If you already know the Prado, Reina Sofia and Thyssen, head to edgier Legazpi in the south of the city. Matadero Madrid is a new cultural centre set in a former slaughterhouse. An ambitious project is transforming the site into a cutting-edge exhibition space, with lots of glass and pillars. Meanwhile back in the centre, say goodbye to blisters and hop on a Segway. For a tour of the historic sights with a twist, try Urban Movil. You begin with a quiet lesson on your upright electric scooter in a nearby square, then get to zip around sights like the Templo de Debod, the magnificent Palacio Real and the leafy Casa de Campo to the west. They also do cycle tours of the nearby historic town of Aranjuez.
In the wealthy barrio of Salamanca, at Juan Antonio López, on Conde de Aranda, sharp-pointed toes and pronounced décolletages are all part of Juan's ambitious search for "women's shoe essence". Isolee, at Infantas 19, in the gay district of Chueca, is a design lover's dream of white and wood. Shop for clothes or deli goods and finish with a bowl of gazpacho for lunch. Gandolfi, on San Andrés, has cartoon storyboards by the window at the front and is a colourful place for cool jewellery. On nearby Fuencarral, the Mercado Fuencarral has many shops below ground in a fun and jumbled maze. It's particularly good for clothes.
Spa Sensay is hidden in the basement of the fashionable Hotel de Las Letras, off the frenetic Gran Via. There's a Jacuzzi, pool, sauna and hammam and they do a relaxing volcanic hot stone massage. The water reiki is also different. Or head to the classical Relajarium Club Natural, on Claudio Coello, for a 15-minute head and neck massage, light lunch and snooze in a massage chair in the siesta room. The Bodyna Spa is located in the middle of the Hospes hotel. Set in a smaller building in the interior courtyard, it has Japanese-style treatments rooms and Ayurvedic, Thai and Shiatsu massages. There is a rest zone in the attic and a small pool in the basement where you can float with your loved one under a ceiling of winking stars. The Senzone restaurant is also excellent.
On busy Huertas, get stuck into Maceiras, a busy and lively Galician restaurant. Try steamed mussels and pimientos de padrón, fried green peppers with the odd fiery one (cooled by Albariño drunk out of china bowls called cuncas). At Mercado de la Reina, on the Gran Vía, have a glass of Rueda by the olive tree at the bar before sampling their crispy croquettes. For a smart occasion go for Ramses Life and Food, on Plaza de la Independencia. Next door to the Hospes hotel, this is an opulent bar, restaurant and club designed by Philippe Starck. If you prefer something more classical, head to Restaurante Paulino, on Jordán 7. It has an airy dining room at the back with original beams and the fish dishes are popular with the middle-aged cognoscenti of fashionable Chamberí.
At the Plaza del Dos de Mayo, just east of Tribunal Metro, Pepe Botella takes passive smoking to a 20-a-day habit but is fun. On nearby San Andrés, Ojalá has a buzzy bar under a chandelier of red bulbs upstairs, while downstairs, low tables sit on a floor covered in sand. Bar Privee, on Bárbara de Braganza, is Madrid's first champagne bar. It has années folles 1920s Paris décor, with mother-of-pearl screens and chandeliers. If you dine at Mercado de la Reina, head below it to the cosy Gin Club for a cocktail. The intimate Studio 54 in Chueca is a small club with a gay and straight crowd, walls that change colour and an enjoyably retro vibe. For later still, the Magik Room, on Colon, is open until 5.30am, although it doesn't crank up until after 2am. It's friendly and retro, with good house music with a Latin flavour.
For a European capital, hotels in Madrid are a bargain, and you can find exceptional deals by booking online. The Room Mate Alicia, tucked away in the central Plaza de Santa Ana, is both chic and great value. There are 30 standard rooms but think about taking one of the three Junior Suites with views of the square. Their curved sofas allow indulgent people-watching and you can fool around for hours with the electric blinds, wondering if people having a beer in the square can see in. Heading out through a white marble reception area propped up by a giant mushroom stalk, you'll see CervecerÍa Alemana, where Hemingway used to drink. He might throw a wobbly at their prices nowadays, but they probably wouldn't let him in anyway. At the top end of the square, the ME Hotel has fresh and contemporary rooms with iPod adaptors and cool fridges. The decking-and-white-cushions roof terrace has to-die-for views of the city (if you jumped off) and is perfect for a sunset mojito.
Ryanair, British Airways, easyJet and Iberia all have flights from the UK to Madrid. Time Out Madrid is excellent.


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With regard to Kathleen Parker's column of Nov. 6, in which she impugns President Obama for not telling us that many plans would not meet the requirements of the ACA and would have to be replaced with better-performing, more expensive plans: Fair enough, he should have said so from the beginning.
With regard to Kathleen Parker's column of Nov. 6, in which she impugns President Obama for not telling us that many plans would not meet the requirements of the ACA and would have to be replaced with better-performing, more expensive plans: Fair enough, he should have said so from the beginning.
But consider the environment in which he spoke. The ACA was basically a Republican plan. The individual mandate was endorsed by Bob Dole, Newt Gingrich and Orrin Hatch. It was the centerpiece of Mitt Romney's plan.
Suddenly, overnight, when it was proposed by Obama, it became an assault on liberty. Obama was vilified for proposing to Republicans nothing more or less than their own plan. And yes, they lied about it, every chance they got.
It would have been really wonderful had we been able to engage in a rational discussion about health care. And to tell the whole truth, the reason we couldn't is mainly the fault of Republicans in Congress who went crazy from the outset, over their own plan. In such a poisoned atmosphere, when the truth is twisted, what do you say? — Robert Keim, Talent
On behalf of the board of directors of Applegate Fire District No. 9, I would like to thank the volunteers, staff and, most importantly, the voters, for the passage of our recent operating levy.
The passing of the levy indicates you, the public, understand the need and are willing to support your fire district, not only with your time but with your tax dollars. Your fire district board takes the responsibility of overseeing the district very seriously and strives to make sure your tax dollars are well-spent.
Our job is made easier by the caliber of the fire chief, staff and volunteers. As a team, they provide the expertise, dedication and time to make this the finest fire district any community could ask for!
We thank you, the voters, for supporting your district. We will continue to provide the best service possible and spend your tax dollars wisely. — Ed Temple, board president, Applegate Fire District No. 9
The Medford City Council thinks that controlling utility billing for water and sewer gives them authority to leverage that "power" to mug us at will, using our need for water and sewer to create a slush fund for bureaucratic excesses.
In 2010, Public Works Director Cory Crebbin convinced Mayor Wheeler and company that the sky would fall if he didn't get millions for street repairs. I challenge anyone to show me where those millions were spent. My bills went up; streets are still bad.
Here in 2013, they know Medford residents won't vote to waste more cash down at City Hall, so they voted to mug us and take our wallets by force, denying us our right to vote on city expenditures via a bond measure.
Yes, police and fire folks bring value to the community, but they can wait and see in this economy with the rest of us; we are all doing with less.
Most of us have been robbed of our home equities, The environmentalists chased out the jobs, so right now is a really bad time to play the oligarchy card.
Please reconsider! — Roger Fredinburg, Medford


text:
Mary Maxim has sweaters to knit and crochet for all your family members or friends.
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This book uses history and the Bible to offers a fresh and scriptural interpretation of passages of the Bible which for centuries remained a mystery to the student of Bible prophecy, including Mystery, Babylon the great, the mother of harlots and of the abomination of the earth . I will explore the myths and deception of Roman Catholicism and their direct connection with the idolatrous worship system of the Mother and Child of ancient Babylon. The claims that Roman Catholicism is the only true Church of Christ on Earth and the claim that man can t find salvation apart from her is the greatest deception the world has ever known. Centuries of moral crisis and sexual abuse of children speak volumes about the true nature of the leaders of the Catholic Church. The abhorrence of marriage and the negative view of women recorded in the Canon Laws clearly reflect the Vatican s Gnostic belief on sexual intercourse and the imposition of celibacy. Many people throughout the world equate Christianity with everything that is vile, contemptible and depraved. For centuries the Roman C. Church suppressed basic human rights and also persecuted and murdered anyone who held beliefs which conflicted with the dogma of the church. During the horrors of the Inquisition tens of thousands of people were tortured, dismembered, beaten, and burned alive, all in the name of a fraudulent faith. Roman Catholicism is the false representation of truth and also the cause great many people throughout history have repudiated true Christianity. The history of crimes the papacy has committed throughout history is so compelling that it would inevitably lead any objective thinker to the conclusion that throughout the history of the world there hasn t been any other organization as notorious as the Roman C. Church. The long history of cruelty, crimes and immorality that for centuries the church of Judas has committed on every generation, provides irrefutable proof that she is not of God.


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Gaziantep Archeology Museum
Kamil Ocak Street, Gaziantep, Turkey
www. gaziantepmuzesi.gov.tr - 90 342 324 88 09
Gaziantep Archeology Museum Reviews
37 reviews
the things to do in Gaziantep Sep 24, 2009
1. Gaziantep is so famous with its cuisine and deserts...so try to taste all kind of dishes not only Kebabs or Lahmacun...it has also lots of vegitable dishes...there are lots of nice restuarants...However,people who from outside of the city ,go to İmam cagdas Restuarant near by the castle...Gaziantep has the biggest kitchen in Turkey, it has originally over 300 different dishes...and about deserts...you are going to eat the most delicious Baklava in the world..I suggest you to try my favourite sweets..Katmer and Burma Kadayıf...
2. You should visit the castle of the city..it was built by the Roman Empire..it looks amazing in the middle of the city..go up and take some photos..
3.Go to archelogical museum...they also exhibite the mosaics of Zeugma there..Meanwile, The biggest mosaic museum in the world is being built near by silk road in gaziantep...You will like the mosaics..and the museum...
4.go to the kitchen museum near by the castle and you can also visit the Glass Museum there...
5.find a nice turkish coffee house..there is a few near by the castle and drink "zahter"
(thyme) tea....
6. go to old bazaars around downtown...
7. go to hamam...Gaziantep also famous with its hamams...but find a nice one...
8.visit Kurtulus mosque (was a church) and Kendirli Church...
9.take a dolmus ( minibus ) and visit Rumkale and halfeti..
10.make a friend there ..see how Gaziantep's Culture totally different than other cities...you should have a dinner with a family to see how the eating is important for them....
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7 reviews
Gaziantep Archeology Museum (Zeugma Eserleri) May 15, 2008
We visited the Archeology Museum while we were in Gaziantep for one day. There is really a fantastic collection of mosaics to see for example Achilles At Skyros, The Gypsy Gırl and many others.
Entrance is only 2 Turkish lire .
So if you are in Gaziantep and if you are interested in history the museum is really worth to see!


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See videos about Financial Assistance:
Financial Assistance
Federal Pell Grant - Pell Grants are allocated based on financial need and enrollment status. Eligibility is determined by the federal government and verified by the Financial Assistance Office. Completion of the FAFSA is required. The lifetime limit for Pell Grants is 12 semesters (full-time).
Funds for the following programs are limited so they are awarded on a first-come, first-served basis. Completion of the FAFSA is required.
Federal Supplemental Education Opportunity Grant (FSEOG) - This federal program provides limited grant funding on a first-come, first-served basis to students who meet the April 1 priority filing deadline. Recipients must be eligible for a Pell Grant, be enrolled in at least six units, and demonstrate exceptional financial need.
Grant-in-Aid - This state program provides limited funding to Nevada residents on a first-come, first-served basis. Recipients must be enrolled at least half-time and have an expected family contribution of less than $200.
Western Nevada Award - This program is for students who have demonstrated financial need as determined by the FAFSA and are enrolled at least half-time.
Nevada Resident Award - To be eligible for this program, students must be a Nevada resident, be enrolled at least half time, and show financial need.


text:
Iraq vet reunites with his pal Diego
Updated 10:32 pm, Tuesday, August 7, 2012
After five years of separation, an Iraq veteran was reunited Tuesday with his old war buddy, a mature but loveable yellow Labrador retriever that has been rewarded with a life of leisure for doing two combat tours.
Diego, a bomb-sniffing dog that recently had been used as a training aid for new military dog handlers at Lackland AFB, has been retired from duty and adopted by his former handler, Logan Black.
"I feel awesome. For a long time, I thought this was never going to happen," said Black, who was with Diego for a yearlong deployment in 2006 when both were shaken by a roadside bomb blast in Fallujah.
For the first few minutes of their reunion, Diego sniffed around, in his characteristic search mode, as Black held his leash, before he acknowledged his former handler. He began frolicking, wagging his tail and licking Black in the face.
"There was a lot of joy," Black said. "After a 13-hour drive home, he'll probably remember everything."
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Black, 34, said he now is studying acting at home in Kansas City, Mo., and has been diagnosed by the Department of Veterans Affairs with post-traumatic stress disorder. After Black left the Army in 2007, Diego served a second tour, but was removed from combat duty because of sensitivity to loud noises.
By the time Black began a quest this summer to find his old companion in hopes of adopting him, Diego, now 8 years old, was being evaluated for retirement. After he created a Facebook page titled "Bring Diego Home" in June, Black got the attention of the media and the support of hundreds of strangers from as far as Brazil and New Zealand. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals lobbied the Air Force to retire "a loyal dog who saved lives."
Of the roughly 400 dogs retired each year by the Department of Defense, about half are adopted at Lackland, home of the world's largest program for military working dogs.
"I like to think every adoption is a happy ending, but it's good to see a dog returned to its handler," said Tech. Sgt. Joseph Null, who runs the adoption program for the 341st Training Squadron.
While younger than some dogs that retire at age 10 or 11, Diego was not in as high demand for service as "dual purpose" dogs with attack capability, officials said. Null said Diego has a gentle demeanor that made him suitable for new handlers.
Black said he'll give Diego a life of "pure luxury," with a soft bed, plush toys and plenty of long walks and belly rubs. He said he has a warrior bond with the dog that differs from the normal attachment between a pet and owner.
"With Diego, that bond is there," Black said. "Your life depends on him, and his life depends on you."
Also adopted Tuesday at Lackland were two Belgian Malinoises. One will be used by the San Antonio Police Department as a cadaver and search-and-rescue dog. The other, a mature puppy, went home with its former foster family after failing to meet standards for military duty.
Lackland is in urgent need of South Texans to foster pups for military duty for a few months at a time. For more information, contact the base at 210-671-3686 or email@example.com.