text: Neurologic Complications After Placement of Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage Catheters and Needles in Anesthetized Patients: Implications for Regional AnesthesiaGrady, Robert E. MD; Horlocker, Terese T. MD; Brown, Robert D. MD; Maxson, Pamela M. BSN; Schroeder, Darrell R. MSAnesthesia & Analgesia: February 1999 - Volume 88 - Issue 2 - p 388-392 doi: 10.1213/00000539-199902000-00031 Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management Abstract Author Information Article Outline Subarachnoid or epidural needle placement in an anesthetized patient is controversial because general anesthesia and muscle relaxation may mask neural trauma.However, placement of a needle or catheter in the subarachnoid space for the purpose of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) drainage is frequently performed in anesthetized patients undergoing neurosurgery. The records from 530 consecutive transsphenoidal surgeries performed with lumbar CSF drainage were reviewed to determine the types of neurologic complications attributable to spinal drainage and their rates of occurrence. All patients were anesthetized during CSF drain placement. A 19-gauge malleable needle was placed in 473 (89%) patients. Subarachnoid catheters (20- or 16-gauge catheters placed via 18- or 14-gauge epidural needles, respectively) were placed in 17 (3%) patients. In 40 (8%) patients, the type of drain was unspecified. No new neurologic deficits attributable to spinal drain insertion were detected in the immediate postoperative period or within 1 yr of surgery. Thirteen patients developed postdural puncture headache (2.5%, exact 95% confidence interval 1.3%-4.2%); seven required epidural blood patch (1.3%, 0.5%-2.7%). The low incidence (0%, 0.0%-0.7%) of neurologic injury from spinal drain insertion in anesthetized patients from this study is similar to the incidence of neurologic complications historically reported for both CSF drain insertion and spinal anesthesia. Implications: The performance of regional anesthesia in an anesthetized patient is controversial due to the possibility of unrecognized nerve injury. We report no cases of nerve injury caused by the placement of cerebrospinal fluid drainage needles and catheters in 530 anesthetized patients undergoing neurosurgery. (Anesth Analg 1999;88:388-92) The Mayo Perioperative Outcomes Group. Departments of (Grady, Horlocker, Maxson) Anesthesiology, (Brown) Neurology, and (Schroeder) Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. Accepted for publication October 2, 1998. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Robert E. Grady, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905. Address e-mail to firstname.lastname@example.com. Abstract Methods Results Discussion REFERENCES Cited By Intraoperative drainage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is frequently performed during neurosurgery to relax the brain, promote surgical exposure, and improve visualization of intracranial contents. Neurosurgical procedures that frequently use intraoperative CSF drainage include transsphenoidal pituitary surgery, repair of aneurysms of the circle of Willis, and orbital decompressions [1]. In addition, neurosurgical procedures occasionally result in CSF leaks for which continuous spinal drainage is used postoperatively to promote dural healing [2]. Neurosurgical patients requiring intraoperative lumbar spinal fluid drainage typically undergo a needle or catheter placement after general anesthesia has been induced. The needle or catheter is placed after anesthetic induction to avoid provoking undue stress or discomfort that may increase intracranial pressure. Furthermore, drain placement may be technically difficult or hazardous in patients rendered confused or combative by their neurologic disease. However, although the placement of spinal drainage catheters in anesthetized patients is well accepted, the performance of regional anesthesia on patients already receiving general anesthesia is often debated because of the theoretical increased risk of neurologic complications. According to the ASA Closed Claims Study, injury to the lumbosacral nerves is the third most common anesthesia-related peripheral nervous system injury [3]. Needle-related neural trauma, local anesthetic toxicity, infection, and spinal cord ischemia have been implicated in causing neural dysfunction after regional anesthesia [4,5]. In the Closed Claims Study [3], all cases of lumbosacral nerve injury with an identifiable anesthetic etiology were related to regional anesthesia techniques that elicited pain or paresthesias on needle insertion or local anesthetic injection. Several additional studies have demonstrated that a neurologic deficit is most likely to develop in the same dermatome as the pain or paresthesia [6,7]. Because heavily sedated or anesthetized patients are unable to report pain or paresthesias during needle or catheter placement, performance of a subarachnoid or epidural injection in this patient population is controversial [8]. The risk of nerve injury from intrathecal needle or catheter insertion, with or without injection of local anesthetics, is unknown. In this study, we assessed the frequency of neurologic complications caused by CSF drain placement in anesthetized patients undergoing transsphenoidal surgical procedures. Back to Top | Article Outline Methods This study was approved by our institutional review board. The medical records of all patients undergoing transsphenoidal surgical procedures performed with intraoperative CSF drainage between January 1, 1985 and May 31, 1997 were identified from a computerized database of surgical cases. General demographic information included height, weight, and dates of birth and surgery. The indication for surgery and preexisting diagnoses (if present) of acromegaly, Cushing's disease, diabetes, lumbosacral spinal cord disease, or lower extremity dysfunction were recorded. Diabetes was defined as a history of receiving insulin or an oral hypoglycemic drug. Acromegaly and Cushing's disease diagnoses were obtained from preoperative endocrinologic evaluations. Lumbosacral spinal cord disease was considered present if the patient had a history of herniated nucleus pulposus or disc, spinal stenosis, myelopathy, radiculopathy, paraparesis, paraplegia, cauda equina syndrome, neurogenic bowel or bladder, spinal cord tumor, or previous surgery to the lumbosacral spine. Lower extremity dysfunction was considered present if a history of any of the following could be elicited from the medical record: 1) pain, numbness, weakness, or a decrease in sensation to pain, touch, or temperature in the buttocks, perineum, groin, pelvic region or lower extremities; 2) neurogenic bowel or bladder; or 3) peripheral neuropathy or decrease in sensation and/or strength of the lower extremities, typically in a stocking-like distribution. Peripheral neuropathies or skeletal muscle weakness associated with endocrine disorders (e.g., acromegaly, Cushing's disease, and diabetes mellitus) were also documented preoperatively. The technique of spinal drain insertion involved placing the patient in the lateral decubitus position after the induction of general anesthesia. The spinal drain was then inserted using an aseptic technique at the L2-3, L3-4, or L4-5 level. Access to the CSF was gained via a 19-gauge malleable needle (Hingson-Edwards continuous caudal anesthesia needle; Becton Dickson, Rutherford, NJ), a standard epidural catheter (20-gauge nylon closed-end epidural catheter; Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, IL) placed through an 18-gauge epidural needle, or a specially designed 16-gauge CSF drainage catheter (Cordis lumbar drain; Cordis Corporation, Miami, FL) inserted with a 14-gauge epidural needle. The patient was then returned to the supine position, and drain patency was confirmed. Inadequate CSF flow was corrected by drain manipulation or replacement. With the patient in the supine position, the malleable needle protruded from the back into a cut-out area of mattress specially designed for this purpose. Although many factors influence the choice of CSF drainage technique, a reliable generalization about the CSF drainage practice at the Mayo Clinic is that malleable needles are used when CSF drainage is required exclusively during the intraoperative period and that subarachnoid catheters are placed when CSF drainage is expected to continue into the postoperative period. Each chart was examined to ensure that CSF drain insertion was performed after anesthesia induction. The type of CSF drain inserted was determined from the anesthesia record. Attempts at multiple vertebral levels and presence of blood in the CSF were noted. Use of the spinal drain for air injection, CSF drainage, or medication infusion was recorded. Postoperative hospital notes were examined for evidence of new neurologic changes manifested by sensory or motor disturbances in the buttocks, perineum, groin, pelvic region, or lower extremities. Presence of postdural puncture headache (PDPH) and/or performance of an epidural blood patch were also recorded. Records from follow-up office visits within 1 yr of surgery were examined for new patient complaints or physical findings of lower extremity dysfunction. All cases of possible neurologic dysfunction related to spinal drainage during the postoperative hospital stay and during any subsequent follow-up visits were reviewed by a single neurologist. The percentage of patients experiencing neurologic complications (corresponding exact 95% confidence interval [CI]) was calculated. The percentage of patients experiencing PDPH and those requiring an epidural blood patch was also calculated. Back to Top | Article Outline Results Baseline demographics and procedural characteristics from 513 patients undergoing 530 procedures are listed in Table 1. Neurologic complications are presented in Table 2. Table 1 Table 2 No neurologic deficits attributable to spinal drain insertion (0%, 0.0%-0.7%) were detected in the immediate postoperative period or at postoperative visits within 1 yr of surgery. There were three patients with neurologic complications not related to CSF drainage. One patient complained of localized tenderness for 2 days at the CSF drain insertion site; however, no lower extremity symptoms were present, and the pain resolved uneventfully. One patient developed mild sensory loss of the entire left lower extremity 2 mo after an incomplete resection of a clival chordoma, attributed to tumor progression. Finally, the third patient developed meningitis 7 days after a transsphenoidal hypophysectomy that was complicated by a CSF leak. All bacterial cultures obtained from this patient, including blood and CSF, were negative, and the patient recovered with empiric antibiotic therapy. Given the history of the CSF leak (a recognized risk factor for the development of meningitis) and the lack of a spinal or epidural abscess in this patient, the cause of the infection was most likely not the CSF drain. PDPH developed in 13 patients (2.5%, 1.3%-4.2%), 7 of whom required an epidural blood patch (1.3%, 0.5%-2.7%). Back to Top | Article Outline Discussion Neurological injury caused by needle insertion into the central neuroaxis is frequently heralded by pain, paresthesias, or movement. All of these warning signs may be masked by general anesthesia, which makes needle insertion in anesthetized patients controversial. This study examined the neurologic consequences from the insertion of lumbar subarachnoid drains in anesthetized patients undergoing neurosurgery. The transsphenoidal approach is routinely used to gain access to the region of the sella turcica [9]. By virtue of their anatomic location, lesions of the sella do not typically cause focal neurologic impairment of the lower extremities, nor does their surgical excision usually violate intracranial structures that would result in lower extremity neurologic compromise. Additionally, patients are positioned supine for transsphenoidal surgery, a position that carries little risk of lower extremity neurologic injury. Therefore, because transsphenoidal procedures frequently require spinal drainage and have little propensity for causing lower extremity neurologic dysfunction, they represent an excellent means of ascertaining the frequency of neurologic injury attributable to placing needles into the lumbar subarachnoid space of anesthetized patients. Specific complications caused by spinal drainage seem to be infrequent but, because of their involvement with the central or peripheral nervous system, may be a source of significant morbidity or mortality. Messick et al. [9] found no evidence of neurologic dysfunction attributable to 19-gauge malleable needle placement in anesthetized subjects during a review of 54 transsphenoidal procedures. Fishman et al. [10] found no neurologic sequelae from the subarachnoid placement of epidural catheters under local anesthesia in a retrospective analysis of 23 patients who developed CSF leaks after acoustic neuroma resection. Likewise, Kitchel et al. [11] placed lumbar epidural catheters in 19 awake patients to treat CSF leaks without neurologic sequelae caused by the insertion. However, Roland et al. [12] reported radicular symptoms in 3 of 32 patients after awake subarachnoid drain insertion using an epidural catheter. Two patients had radicular pain at the time of catheter insertion that was transient in one case but that persisted until drain removal in the other. The third patient developed radicular pain and urinary retention 24 h after drain insertion. The pain abated several days after drain removal, but lower extremity weakness persisted for several months, and magnetic resonance imaging revealed an abnormality of the L5 nerve root. Matricali [13] reported 200 cases of lumbar subarachnoid insertion of epidural catheters to treat or prevent postoperative CSF fistulae. One patient in the series developed long-standing L5 nerve root injury after a CSF drain was inserted under general anesthesia. Artru and Katz [14] compared rigid and malleable 18-gauge spinal needles with standard 20-gauge epidural catheters and 16-gauge Cordis lumbar catheters for their ability to drain CSF after insertion into anesthetized patients undergoing intracranial surgery. Based on the frequent need for repositioning and appearance of gross blood, Artru and Katz [14] postulated that both the malleable and rigid spinal needles produced more trauma than subarachnoid catheters; however, none of the 120 patients in their study developed neurologic sequelae aside from PDPH. On the contrary, Dripps [15] compared the placement of 1921 20-gauge rigid spinal needles, 1107 19-gauge malleable needles, and 506 3.5F catheters via 16-gauge Huber point needles for the administration of spinal anesthesia. The incidence of paresthesis and bloody taps was greater for subarachnoid catheters (33% and 4.4%, respectively) than for rigid (13% and 2.2%, respectively) or malleable (6% and 1.4%, respectively) spinal needles. Dripps [15] concluded that the catheter technique produced more local trauma but made no comment on the presence of neurologic sequelae in the postoperative period. Injury to the spinal cord and lumbosacral nerves caused by CSF drainage has a corollary in the neurologic complications caused by spinal anesthesia because both CSF drainage and spinal anesthesia require the introduction of a needle into the subarachnoid space. All patients in our study were subjected to risks of trauma, infection, and ischemia similar to those undergoing spinal anesthesia. However, in contrast to patients receiving spinal anesthesia, patients in our study were neither awake at the time of needle insertion nor subjected to the potentially neurotoxic effects of intrathecal local anesthetics or vasoconstrictors. Spinal anesthesia may cause neural injury via ischemia, trauma, infection, and neurotoxicity [4,5]. Dripps and Vandam [7] uncovered new motor weakness or sensory changes in 73 of 10,098 (0.72%) patients who had received spinal anesthesia. Horlocker et al. [4,5] retrospectively analyzed the neurologic complications resulting from single-dose and indwelling catheter techniques for the administration of spinal anesthesia. The single-dose technique was associated with neurologic complications in 6 of 4767 (0.13%) patients, whereas the catheter technique produced complications in 4 of 603 (0.66%) patients. In addition, Auroy et al. [6] identified 24 cases of neurologic injury in a prospective survey of 40,640 spinal anesthetics (0.06%). Likewise, Dahlgren et al. [16] found seven instances of neurologic dysfunction in a retrospective review of 8501 spinal anesthetics (0.08%). The 0% observed rate of neurologic injury from the current study may seem lower than the previously reported rates observed for spinal anesthesia. It is tempting to speculate that the reason for this difference in the rates of neurologic complications could be the lack of neurotoxic effects from CSF drainage. However, based on the exact 95% CI of 0.0%-0.7%, the upper limit of the true rate of neurologic injury from CSF drainage is potentially similar to the rate of neurologic injury from spinal anesthesia as determined by the other investigators [4-6,16]. This must be interpreted with caution because, despite the apparent similarities between CSF drainage and spinal anesthesia, they may produce neurologic injury by different means or currently unrecognized mechanisms. Although it is unlikely that a prospective randomized study evaluating the risk of neurologic complications after neuraxial block in anesthetized versus awake patients will be proposed, such an investigation could be performed in patients undergoing CSF drain insertion. However, a very large sample size would be required. Using 0.1% as an estimate of the frequency of neurologic injury from awake CSF drain insertion, a total of 4000 subjects (2000 anesthetized, 2000 awake) would be required to provide 80% power to detect a fivefold increase in the frequency of neurologic injury (i.e., any rate >0.5%) for CSF drain insertion under anesthesia. Detecting an increase in neurologic injury of less than fivefold would require that even more patients be studied. These values are calculated based on a two-sample study design using a one-sided alpha = 0.05 level test. A study of this magnitude may be possible only if performed in a multi-institutional format. Admittedly, the retrospective nature of this study lends itself to an underestimation of the true rate of occurrence of neurologic injury caused by CSF drainage or the development of PDPH. However, we believe that a significant neurologic lesion to the lower extremities would have been detected and duly noted during the postoperative hospital stay or in subsequent clinic visits. Our ability to detect neurologic dysfunction is supported by the three patients we identified who manifested neurologic injuries unrelated to CSF drainage and those patients who developed PDPH. In summary, a retrospective analysis of 530 transsphenoidal surgical procedures in which a lumbar subarachnoid CSF drain was inserted after anesthetic induction failed to detect a single case of lower extremity neurologic dysfunction attributable to the CSF drain. Studies of the neurologic complications from spinal anesthesia have produced rates of neurologic injury similar to those found in the current study [4-7,16].Back to Top | Article Outline REFERENCES1. Michenfelder JD, Gronert GA, Rehder K. Neuroanesthesia. Anesthesiology 1969;30:65-100. Cited Here... 2. Graf CJ, Gross CE, Beck DW. Complications of spinal drainage in the management of cerebrospinal fluid fistula. J Neurosurg 1981;54:392-5. Cited Here... 3. Kroll DA, Caplan RA, Posner K, et al. Nerve injury associated with anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1990;73:202-7. Cited Here... 4. Horlocker TT, McGregor DG, Matsushige DK, et al. Neurologic complications of 603 consecutive spinal anesthetics using macrocatheter and microcatheter techniques. Anesth Analg 1997;84:1063-70. Cited Here... 5. Horlocker TT, McGregor DG, Matsushige DK, et al. A retrospective review of 4767 consecutive spinal anesthetics: central nervous system complications. Anesth Analg 1997;84:578-84. Cited Here... 6. Auroy Y, Narchi P, Messiah A, et al. Serious complications related to regional anesthesia: results of a prospective survey in France. Anesthesiology 1997;87:479-86. Cited Here... 7. Dripps RD, Vandam LD. Long-term follow-up of patients who received 10,098 spinal anesthetics. JAMA 1954;156:1486-91. Cited Here... 8. Bromage PR. Neurological complications of subarachnoid and epidural anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1997;41:439-44. Cited Here... 9. Messick JM Jr, Laws ER Jr, Abboud CF. Anesthesia for transsphenoidal surgery of the hypophyseal region. Anesth Analg 1978;57:206-15. Cited Here... 10. Fishman AJ, Hoffman RA, Roland JT Jr, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid drainage in the management of CSF leak following acoustic neuroma sutgery. Laryngoscope 1996;106:1002-4. Cited Here... 11. Kitchel SH, Eismont FJ, Green BA. Closed subarachnoid drainage for management of cerebrospinal fluid leakage after an operation on the spine. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1989;71:984-7. Cited Here... | CrossRef 12. Roland PS, Marple BF, Meyerhoff WL, Mickey B. Complications of lumbar spinal fluid drainage. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1992;107:564-9. Cited Here... 13. Matricali B. Controlled spinal drainage in the treatment of CSF fistulae. J Neurosurg Sci 1980;24:147-9. Cited Here... 14. Artru AA, Katz RA. Comparison of spinal needles, epidural catheters, and cordis lumbar catheters for intraoperative removal of cerebrospinal fluid. Neurosurgery 1988;22:101-4. Cited Here... 15. Dripps RD. A comparison of the malleable needle and catheter technics for continuous spinal anesthesia. N Y State J Med 1950;50:1595-9. Cited Here... 16. Dahlgren N, Tornebrandt K. Neurological complications after anaesthesia: a follow-up of 18,000 spinal and epidural anaesthetics performed over three years. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1995;39:872-80. Cited Here... © 1999 International Anesthesia Research Society Article Outline Abstract Methods Results Discussion REFERENCES Cited By Source Neurologic Complications After Placement of Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage Catheters and Needles in Anesthetized Patients: Implications for Regional Anesthesia Anesthesia & Analgesia88(2):388-392, February 1999. Full-Size Email + Favorites Export View in Gallery Email to a Colleague Colleague's E-mail is Invalid Your Name: (optional) Your Email: Colleague's Email: Separate multiple e-mails with a (;). Message: Thought you might appreciate this item(s) I saw at Anesthesia & Analgesia. Send a copy to your email Your message has been successfully sent to your colleague. Some error has occurred while processing your request. Please try after some time. Email to a Colleague Colleague's E-mail is Invalid Your Name: (optional) Your Email: Colleague's Email: Separate multiple e-mails with a (;). Message: Thought you might appreciate this item(s) I saw at Anesthesia & Analgesia. Send a copy to your email Your message has been successfully sent to your colleague. Some error has occurred while processing your request. Please try after some time. Add Item(s) to: An Existing Folder A New Folder Folder Name: Description: The item(s) has been successfully added to "".


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2010 Complete Election Coverage: Unemployment spike wounds Dems
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The Obama administration is fighting back, but officials have a tricky line to walk, needing to both acknowledge the continuing problems while also highlighting the good that the stimulus has accomplished.
"Less bad is not good. That's not how President Obama and I measure success," Vice President Joe Biden said Friday. "We're not going to be satisfied ... until we start adding, not losing, thousands of jobs per month."
But he and other administration officials argued that the job losses would be much steeper without the stimulus package. And they stressed the good news that job losses are slowing down.
"Just look at where we started in January. We saw a job loss of 700,000 jobs in January. Today, [the] August report shows that we're down to about 216,000. That's not good enough, but it's . a movement going in the right direction because of what we've begun to do with the stimulus program," Labor Secretary Hilda Solis said in an interview on MSNBC.
"There are a lot of people who kept their jobs, whether it was teachers, law enforcement officers, people working at clinics," she said.
But polls indicate that Democrats have their work cut out for them convincing Americans that the economy, at least for them, is getting better.
A late August poll by CBS News found that a mere 18 percent of Americans believe the economy in their local community has improved, though a third of those surveyed feel the national economy is on the upswing.
Eight in 10 Americans believe the economy is in at least somewhat bad shape, and one-third say it's really bad, according to the poll.
David Cantor, managing director and pollster for the Glover Park Group, has witnessed a related trend in focus groups he's conducted.
"Part of [the administration's problem] is that when people hear stimulus they think AIG bailout, they think auto bailout," said Cantor. "They don't think stuff that's going to change their local economy or their household; they think its money that's gone for other people."
Cantor argues that the stimulus-is-working argument could gain traction as more of the stimulus money goes out the door and people see its effects in their own neighborhoods.
There's certainly plenty of money left: The government has doled out only $66 billion of the package's $288 billion in tax cuts, and just $217.04 billion out of the $499 billion in spending has been obligated. Some of the already-funded construction projects may not be underway yet, either.
But history has shown unemployment numbers to be a powerful tool for the minority party.
One example that should worry Democrats: In the 1982 congressional elections voters punished Republicans — despite President Ronald Reagan's popularity - for double-digit unemployment, and the GOP lost 26 seats in the House.
Baker also points to the 1958 midterm election, when relatively high unemployment sparked a dramatic shift in the makeup of the Senate, with liberal Democrats replacing northern Republicans, ushering in the liberal renaissance that persisted until the mid-1960s.
"You can argue that well, the trend lines are favorable, and you can make the lagging indicator argument until you're blue in the face, but [unemployment] is an arsenal of ammunition for the opposing party," said Baker.
"It's a real test of the persuasive powers of a president."

subset: commoncrawl


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Android Market error "insufficient space on device"
If you are getting the "insufficient space" error when you try and install apps on your Android device, check this out. You may have upgraded, (without knowing) to the new version of Android Market. It looks cool, but currently may give you this error when trying to install apps over 20MB, even if you do have space.
This is happening on devices that have upgraded to the new Android Market version, the way to fix this is to revert back to the older version until they fix it.
- Go to Settings->Manage Applications and click on All
- Scroll down to Market
- Touch Uninstall Update
That should do it, as long as you really aren't out of space.


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Through a series of professional development workshops, The Loyola TPS team will work with your school to share the innovative and inspirational possibilities of incorporating primary sources into classroom instruction. These workshops are designed to increase and enhance student literacy, align with Common Core State Standards, and ultimately improve ISAT scores overall.
Professional Development Presentation Keynote (Mac)
Professional Development Presentation PowerPoint (PC)
Click for Library of Congress Primary Source Professional Development
Professional development activities under Teaching with Primary Sources (TPS) progress along three
program levels. K-12 educators have the option of taking workshops and courses, offered by TPS Consortium
members, under all or some of these levels, depending on their interests.
Level I–Participants gain strategies for using primary sources to help students engage in learning, develop
critical thinking skills and build content knowledge.
Participants learn:
What are primary sources;
Why teach with primary sources; and
How to teach with primary sources.
Level II– Participants evaluate, create and teach topic-specific, content-informed lessons that integrate
primary sources from the Library of Congress and exemplify effective instructional practices.
Gain a thorough understanding of effective instructional practices with emphases on inquiry-based
and student-centered learning using primary sources
Learn to identify exemplary learning experiences
Create standards-based, content-informed learning experiences integrating primary sources from the
Library of Congress that exemplify effective instructional practice
Teach, assess and reflect on their experiences using primary sources in instruction
Evaluate primary source-based learning experiences
Investigate the effects of primary source-based instruction on student learning
Level III – Experienced educators advocate the use of primary sources and help disseminate the ideas,
methods and products of the TPS program.
Mentor colleagues on the effective instructional uses of primary sources
Evaluate learning experiences for widespread dissemination and use
Interact and collaborate with other teachers who are using Library of Congress primary sources
Conduct research into the effective use of primary sources in education
Contribute to the use of effective practices for using primary sources in instruction by leading
professional development activities


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Macy Miller is an architect from Idaho that had a BIG dream about a tiny house. She had always wanted a place of her own, but the thought of a mortgage sickened her after she lost her home to foreclosure after getting divorced. So, her dream revolved around building a compact, but beautiful home. For two years, Macy worked on the 196 square-foot home, dedicating her free time to building the small paradise. Finally, construction has finished on her little hideaway… and it's hard not to be jealous of this place, no matter how small it looks on the outside. After all, it only cost about $11,000.
Macy Miller didn't have a lot of experience with construction, but she was willing to learn.
Now, after getting divorced and losing her house to foreclosure, Macy Miller has followed her dream and is free. We can't help but respect that!


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The idea for the guest posts stems from my appreciation of the How Poems Work column that the Globe & Mail ran a few years back. The posts were generally insightful and instructive, opening up poems and poetry not only to other poets, but to the uninitiated. Some of them became useful pedagogical tools. Some conversation starters. The column became an entity that often inserted poetry into a conversation that otherwise would not have occurred. Few were disturbing. And few were disturbing because the agenda of the writer was clear: read this poem, it works like this, it makes me think this, look at this line, what about this... See how she did that? What does it mean that she chooses to do this? What does it mean that she didn't choose this, this is how a sonnet works, this is what she did with the form, and so on.
Poof! In an instant all that verbose "review speak" gone.
The purpose, to my mind, of the "How Poems" work genre, isn't to gloss, or rant about a poem or poet, but simply to engage with the text, to query the inner workings, to tease out meaning, to wonder, yes, to appreciate too, but mostly to open up texts. Open, open.
The other thing that excites me about this genre is that it models a way of reading. How we read is under-investigated. How does one approach a text when they have no clues as to what it's responding to and why? What if there are no difficult texts, just texts that one hasn't found a way to enter? Let these posts be points of entry.
The "How Poems Work" offerings will be mixed in with reprints, such as derek bealieu's last Friday, and a few upcoming posts of reviews published elsewhere. But the reviews posted I believe, are more in line with the latter, than the kind of review we've come accustomed to reading. And they are a very mixed bag of voices and styles.
Thursday, August 21, 2008
Guest Posts, or How Poems Work
2 comments:
- happenin fish said...
very excited about this. The How Poems Work column was marvelous. Surprising that it ever came into being. Not so surprising that it went poof.
I've since been reaping enormous benefits from Al Fireis's Poem Talk, which has a very similar aim, a close "but not too close" (!) ( I love that) reading and discussion of a poem from the Penn Sound audio archives, and the discussants are folks like Rachel Blau Duplessis, Linh Dinh & Charles Bernstein. Open, open. And the audio recording presents the opportunity to talk about performance and sound and emphasis.
So more like this, yes, we need more like this. Bring it!
- Lemon Hound said...
Yes, Poem Talk is great, love it. More of that would be good.
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NBA lockout: Uninformed players should blame themselves
Perhaps the only thing more aggravating than the NBA lockout itself involves the select players complaining they're unfamiliar with the proceedings.
Boston forward Glen Davis lamented to the Boston Herald about having to attend meetings in order to know the latest developments. Sports Illustrated's Sam Amick reported that many felt team representatives weren't fully keeping other players and agents informed. Some, such as Derrick Favors, Earl Watson, Jeff Green, DeMarcus Cousins and Jeremy Evans — indicated they're either not paying attention, not talking to their agents and/or just want to play as soon as possible.
The players union should've held a formal vote simply so it reflected true player sentiment, but no one should be complaining about not feeling educated enough about the proceedings. It's surely inexcusable for any team representative to fail to return calls and keep colleagues informed. But as far as being educated on the issues? That's on every single player.
There were countless regional meetings where attendance appeared to be low. Executive Director Billy Hunter and President Derek Fisher wrote countless letters with their take on the negotiations. And the media are dissecting each labor meeting ad nauseam.
It's not asking much for players to know what each percentage point of basketball-related income represents ($40 million). It's pretty easy to remember the main issues involve the length and size of a mid-level exception, the severity of luxury-tax penalties and the ability to sign-and-trade. It's often repeated by memory how the league contends that 22 of its 30 teams combined to lose $300 million last season.
Granted, most of these complaints represent the minority of the players union. But by appearing to lack even basic information about the issues, those players have only themselves to blame in making the union weaker.
Union disbanding seriously jeopardizes 2011-2012 season
Story lines Lakers will miss in early December
NBA lockout: Would a shortened season benefit the Lakers?
--Mark Medina
Email the Lakers blog at firstname.lastname@example.com
Photo: Billy Hunter, executive director of the NBA Players Assn., and Derek Fisher, union president, address reporters Monday after NBA players rejected the latest labor offer from the league. Credit: Patrick McDermott / Getty Images.


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North Carolina - Usually a vinegar based sauce. It tends to be thinner with a very tangy flavor.
Kansas City - Tomato based sauce. Usually has a slightly sweet and smoky flavor with a heavy tomato flavor.
South Carolina - Mustard based. It is similar to North Carolina except it contains less vinegar and more mustard.
Memphis - Similar to Kansas City style but it tends to contain more brown sugar and vinegar, which can thin it out slightly. Memphis flavor is not as smoky as KC style.
Texas - These sauces are mainly used for beef. They usually have a little kick to them. Sometimes they combine sweet with spicy.


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Gotta love Paul Pierce. He says stupid things when the Celtics win and more stupid things when they don't.
After claiming last season's NBA championship, the Celtics guard annointed himself the best player in the world. And we all saw how long that crown stayed on his head, bumped off by Kobe Bryant, Dwight Howard and LeBron James this season.
Now, Pierce has opened his mouth (via Twitter) again.
"Lakers vs orlando. Looked like a german sherperd vs a poodle that's ok the rotwieler celtics will b back in 2o10" @paulpierce34
First he needs to learn to spell. Then try keeping his mouth shut.


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James Taylor Phoenix
James Taylor is a five time Grammy Award winning singer-songwriter and guitarist, whose rose to fame in the 70s. He is a Rock & Roll Hall of Fame inductee and one of the best-selling artists in the world. His extensive discography includes forty singles, out of which six were number one on the Billboard 200. He started touring in late 80's and continues to trek across the world even today. Currently, Taylor is gearing up for his upcoming 2014 tour and will be stopping by at Phoenix for his live performance. Fans can catch his show at the U.S. Airways Center by getting the James Taylor Phoenix tickets in advance.
US Airways Center welcomes the iconic pop rock legend, James Taylor, who will be reaching Phoenix during his upcoming 2014 tour. You can grab the James Taylor Phoenix tickets to watch this multiple Grammy winning guitarist and singer play some of his greatest hits live on stage. Taylor's songwriting talent expresses the moments of joy and pain in a way that connect with people all over the world.
Taylor is the son of a former opera singer, and was interested in music from the very start. He started learning cello when he was just a child and later shifted to guitar. While attending Milton Academy, Taylor met a fellow guitarist, Danny Kortchmar and the two began playing folk and blues music together. His first song on guitar was at the age of fourteen and a year later, in the summer of 1963, the two young guitarists started performing at coffeehouses. Soon they started to be recognized as "Jamie & Kootch."
In his career spanning more than four decades, Taylor has released sixteen studio albums, of which "Greatest Hits" released in 1967 is considered to be his best-selling one so far. Even at the age of 65, he continues to sell out shows at all of the big venues around the world. He is a legend in its true sense. Attend his impressive singing as he comes to your city for a night full of hit singles like "You've Got a Friend" and "Fire and Rain."


text: On Wed, 19 May 2004 12:15:15 +0200 Marc Recht <firstname.lastname@example.com> wrote: > > it on my system. Doxygen now requires graphviz in order to > > build. I don't really need graphviz, and the license is just too > > long to read carefully when I don't really want to use graphviz > > at all. > > I added it since the install page sounded like it'd need it. I just re-read > it and it rather states "To take full advantage of doxygen's features..". > > > Can this be made optional, or can the package be split as the > > emacs is split into emacs and emacs-nox11? Or is this too > > much of a corner-case to justify something like that? > > It looks like the information (graphviz yes/no, path to graphviz and so on) > is compiled directly into the binary. So, the only thing we could do would > be a doxygen and doxygen-nographiz pkg or something like that if we want > binary packages without the graphviz dependency. The question is now: what > about TeX and ghostscript? They look "different" to me. The later (tex and gs) are free, but graphviz has a non-free license, which has to be manually accepted. So I think it could be good to have graphviz excluded in some way, but still having an almost full-featured package (i.e., with tex and gs). Cheers -- Julio M. Merino Vidal <firstname.lastname@example.com> The NetBSD Project - http://www.NetBSD.org/


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In 2010 MassDEP received a Wetland Program Development Grant from the U.S. EPA to define, identify and map vulnerable wetlands in the Upper Charles River communities of Bellingham, Franklin and Milford, and to provide technical and planning assistance to better protect them from stormwater pollution. MassDEP completed the project at the end of 2011. Unique vulnerable-wetlands GIS maps were developed for each community, and MassDEP staff provided technical training and outreach on how to use the maps for stormwater-management planning. These maps show where each community's vulnerable wetlands are located relative to developed sites, so that they can better determine and plan the appropriate placement for, and type of, stormwater-control options to better protect these resources and reduce phosphorus loading to the Charles River.
What are Vulnerable Wetlands? Why are they Important?
Some types of wetland ecosystems are larger and more visible, and therefore their role in safeguarding critical public interests is commensurately more apparent: e.g., buffering property from floods and storms, or providing important wildlife habitat. While all wetland types are susceptible to changes in hydrology and water quality due to increased impervious surfaces and impacts of stormwater pollution, the "vulnerable wetlands" as defined by MassDEP are considered to be particularly sensitive because they respond quickly to small changes in hydrology and to adverse water quality impacts.
Degradation of vulnerable wetlands can occur very rapidly with changes in pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, and turbidity in receiving waters; increased flows containing excess nutrients and other pollutants; and reductions in groundwater discharges resulting in decreased base flows. These degradations affect the water quality for some or all of the public benefits that these resources provide, including protection of drinking water; swimming; boating and other recreational uses; pollution prevention; wildlife, fish and shellfish habitat; storm damage; flood prevention; and filtering pollutants. In general, MassDEP has determined that the maintenance of an undisturbed, naturally-vegetated buffer around wetland resources is one of the best methods to protect vulnerable wetlands from degradation and to improve or maintain water quality in the resources.
Using recent scientific literature, MassDEP has defined vulnerable wetlands to be:
1.Headwater Streams;
2.Certified and Potential Vernal Pools;
3.Vernal Pool Clusters; and
4.Critical Areas, as defined by the Massachusetts Wetlands Regulations' Stormwater Standards
Each resource, and its significance to the health of our natural ecosystem and to the public's health and protection, is described below.
1. Headwater Streams
Intermittent headwater streams can be as small as seeps or springs, which represent an interface between groundwater and surface flows that is critical to sustain stream flows and public water supplies.
Headwater streams are up-gradient of the first order streams depicted on the 1:24,000 scale USGS maps. They may include ephemeral streams that flow only in response to storm events and lack base flow, or small intermittent streams that are unmapped and up-gradient of bogs, swamps, wet meadows and marshes, and may fail to meet the Massachusetts regulatory definition of a stream (310 CMR 10.04). These streams can be defined by topography or digital elevation landscape models and do not include stormwater conveyances. The MassDEP Wetland data layer represents an expansion of the number of streams and hydrologic connections shown on the USGS Topographic Quadrangles, and as such highlights headwater streams.
Why are headwater streams important?
Drinking Water:
- Headwater streams represent a groundwater-to-surface-water flow interface, which facilitates natural water discharge and recharge processes that are critical to sustaining public and private water supplies.
- Based on recent U.S EPA estimates, 53% - 59% of the total stream miles in the contiguous U.S can be considered headwater streams.
- 20% - 30% of all wetlands could be considered geographically isolated.
- Massachusetts is the most populous state in New England, and 98% of our state's population is served by drinking water supply systems that rely on isolated waters, including ephemeral, intermittent, and headwater.
- Only about one-half of these isolated waters are protected as Source Protection Areas or are safeguarded by the Wetlands Protection Act (WPA) or the federal Clean Water Act (CWA), meaning that not only are these wetlands vulnerable, but so is our drinking water supply.
Water Quality:
Headwater streams and isolated wetlands retain and transform excess phosphorus and over 50% of nitrogen inputs in a watershed. The extensive land/water exchanges serve as natural filters to improve water quality to downstream resources.
2. Certified and Potential Vernal Pools
Small wetland depressions, such as vernal pools, may be considered vulnerable wetlands. They are topographically isolated from other surface water bodies, making them inaccessible to predatory aquatic organisms (e.g. fish) dependent on streams. As such, they provide critical habitat for breeding amphibians.
The Massachusetts Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program (NHESP) has certified over 3100 vernal pools (CVPs) and identified nearly 30,000 potential vernal pools (PVP) across the state. The potential vernal pools have not been extensively field-validated, but their locations are relevant to town planners contemplating preservation actions and undertaking stormwater remediation. The CVPs and PVPs referenced as sensitive wetlands are those mapped by the NHESP. Vernal pools that have been certified are afforded protection under the WPA regulations (310 CMR 10.00) if they are located within a jurisdictional wetland-resource area. Vernal pools that are not yet certified, but are documented during the wetland permit application review process, are also protected if they are within a jurisdictional wetland resource area. Certified vernal pools are protected under the Massachusetts 401 Water Quality regulations (314 CMR 9.00) as Outstanding Resource Waters (ORWs) independent of other resource areas.
3. Vernal Pool Clusters
The importance of protecting undisturbed upland habitat adjacent to and between vernal pools is widely recognized in scientific literature. Projects altering wetland resource areas can disrupt existing migration routes of amphibians and reptiles between vernal pools, or between vernal pool habitat and other wetlands or upland nesting areas. The wetland regulations limit jurisdiction to vernal pools and the 100-foot habitat zone around the vernal pool that is within a wetland resource area. Studies have documented, however, that areas beyond the 100-foot habitat zone are biologically important for breeding amphibians and other vernal-pool-using species. Studies demonstrate the importance of preserving habitat connectivity between pools to support viable populations of amphibians. Habitat surrounding vernal pools contribute to the maintenance of the vernal pool hydro period and the quality of the aquatic habitat to ensure successful breeding. Avoiding new stormwater impacts, remediating existing stormwater impacts to vernal pools, and preserving undisturbed habitat around clusters of vernal pools will foster the continued viability of these ecosystems. Knowing the location of vernal pools and vernal pool clusters in the community can help ensure that municipal land-use planning efforts incorporate appropriate stormwater management designs, consistent with TMDL requirements, that can best preserve, protect, and restore these essential ecosystems. The criteria used to define vernal pool clusters on MassDEP's maps include:
- The presence of two or more vernal pools (certified or mapped by NHESP);
- Good connectivity between pools with few obstacles to amphibian migration (i.e. roadways, buildings, etc.); and
- A requirement that the pools be within 400 meters of each other to protect migratory and dispersal distances for juvenile and adult pool breeding amphibians.
Important Wildlife Habitat
Vernal pools are important ecosystems for maintaining biodiversity. Many species of birds and mammals also use these pools as a source of water. Healthy vernal pools support a varied number of amphibians, which compete with and prey on mosquitoes, potentially reducing their numbers. Furthermore, research suggests that the total mass of vernal pool amphibians in a forest exceeds the combined mass of all the breeding birds and small mammals in that forest, suggesting that vernal pools play an important role in the food web of our forests.
Vernal pools provide critical habitat for wildlife and certain species cannot complete their lifecycle without them. Many of these species require an environment free of fish to avoid predation and since vernal pools dry up for parts of the year, fish cannot breed in them. The loss of vernal pools and their associated upland habitat areas would result in the loss of vernal-pool-dependent species.
4. Critical Areas
Critical areas are defined MassDEP's wetland regulations (310 CMR 10.04) as Outstanding Resource Waters (314 CMR 4.00), Special Resource Waters (314 CMR 4.00), recharge areas for public water supplies (310 CMR 22.02 - Zone Is, Zone IIs and Interim Wellhead Protection Areas for groundwater sources and Zone As for surface water sources), bathing beaches (105 CMR 445.000), cold-water fisheries (310 CMR 10.04 and 314 CMR 9.02), and shellfish growing areas (310 CMR 10.04 and 314 CMR 9.02). Critical areas are included as vulnerable wetlands since they are areas that merit special protection or where restoration efforts would be most beneficial.
Critical Areas are important for drinking water protection, preserving recreational use, and maintaining the fishing and shellfish economy and industry in Massachusetts.
Vulnerable-Wetlands GIS Maps of Milford, Bellingham & Franklin
The vulnerable-wetland maps for stormwater management planning have proven to be valuable teaching tools. The maps show areas in each of the three Charles River pilot communities where phosphorus-reduction efforts can be most effective; the location of sub-watersheds with impaired waters; the potential sources of the pollutant of concern; the problem areas; and more suitable sites for stormwater treatment and infiltration BMPs. These maps also identify which vulnerable wetlands might benefit from protective action by the town and which would benefit from restoration by mitigating stormwater impacts. Protection and restoration can be natural outcomes of the compliance process when consideration of vulnerable wetlands is incorporated into planning efforts to upgrade stormwater management and delivery systems.
Next Steps
Due to the success of this project, MassDEP received another Wetland Program Development grant from the U.S. EPA to develop vulnerable-wetlands GIS maps for three communities in the Neponset River Watershed: Canton, Sharon and Walpole. We will provide updates to this project in the upcoming months.
A summary of the vulnerable-wetlands pilot project, with sample maps, is available:
Mapping and Protecting Vulnerable Wetlands and Stormwater Management Planning Project
For more information and to obtain copies of the vulnerable-wetlands maps for Bellingham, Milford and/or Franklin, contact:
email@example.com or email@example.com.
Bibliography for Vulnerable Wetlands in Massachusetts
This bibliography provides a list of references and an explanation of data used in the Vulnerable Wetlands and Stormwater Management Planning Tools video and the Atlases for three communities in the Charles River and Neponset River watersheds. This bibliography includes web links to the data sources. August 2015.


text:
Nathaniel Winkler 1841 Illinois
My name is Joseph Winkler, son of Juanita stage and Othel Winkler,
Othel son of William Hampton Winkler
William Hampton son of Elijah Locke Winkler
and here is where it gets shaky and I need help.
Elijah son of Nathaniel B. Winkler
Father of Nathaniel unknown, wife Pauline Catherine Williams.
this branch is in southern illinois please help me to find Nathaniels parents.
Thanks You,


text:
- Description
- Data Sheet
- Suitable for (9)
- Reviews
Maxiscoot is the official dealer of all Stage6 scooter and moped parts and accessories. We carry all Stage6 products, such as this Stage6 Variator Kit Maxidrive Vespa LX 125cc, top quality performance part for original / OEM quality set-ups, best combined with a sports exhaust.
Highly wear-resistant roller tracks and features such as self-lubricating bushings make for reliability and improved performance. Transmission of power and, as a result, performance throughout the entire rpm range is improved.
- variator
- 1 set of roller weights: 20 x 17mm - 10g
- 1 torque spring
- pulley / fan wheel
Data Sheet
Name Stage6 Variator Maxi Drive Vespa LX 125cc Item No. S6-5814103 Brand Stage6 Roller Size 20 x 17 mm Weight 10,0 gr
Your product goes with the following manufacturers and their models:
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S 125cc 4T AC 3V i.e. after 12 ZAPM68301
Sprint 125cc 4T AC 3V i.e. after 14 ZAPM81300


text:
Madison boys hoopsters looking like District 20-5A contender
Published 1:41 pm, Tuesday, January 15, 2013
The Madison boys basketball team continues to improve this season.
Madison head coach Craig Maura pointed out the Marlins' two games against Wheatley to illustrate that point. After getting drubbed by the Wildcats 105-75 in the opener, Madison avenged that defeat with a 94-93 victory in the Houston ISD Tournament last month.
"We only have four seniors. The rest of the team is made up of underclassmen," Maura said. "It's just taken us a little more time to gel."
But the Marlins appear to have found themselves at the appropriate time. Last week, Madison swept Westbury 82-54 and Lamar 78-53 to run their record to 14-7 overall and 3-1 in District 20-5A.
Maura still gives Westside and Bellaire the edge for the league title. The Wolves and Cardinals beat Madison at the Houston ISD Tournament and Bellaire knocked off the Marlins 71-50, their lone district loss. But the Marlins were competitive and aren't too far behind.
"You have to call Westside and Bellaire the favorites, but, in the end, it'll be five teams competing for four (playoff) spots," said Maura, who also considers Madison, Lamar and Westbury as legitimate postseason contenders.
More Information
Madison file
Turning it on: The Madison boys basketball team is looking like a contender in District 20-5A. The Marlins swept Westbury 82-54 and Lamar 78-53 last week to improve to 14-7 overall and 3-1 in league play.
Plenty of spice. Madison senior Dedrick Basile has added plenty of flavor to the Marlins' offense. The 5-foot-11 guard point guard is averaging 28.1 points per game to rank among the area scoring leaders.
Coming up: Madison will face Sam Houston at 5:30 p.m. Friday, Jan. 18, at Delmar Field House in a District 20-5A contest.
Madison is in the conversation for a couple of reasons: they have an outstanding backcourt and one of the top big men in District 20-5A.
Sophomore Chris Harris, a 6-foot-9 post, has given the Marlins a legitimate inside presence, averaging 10.7 points, 7.8 rebounds and 4.8 blocks per game.
"We haven't had a player like Chris at Madison in a long time," Maura said. "We've relied mostly on our guard play, but Chris can block shots and dominate inside the paint. He's a big-time weapon to have it the middle."
But the Marlins' best all-around player is still senior captain Dedrick Basile, their play-making 5-11 point guard. Basile is among the area's scoring leaders, putting up 28.1 points per game. Last week, Basile poured in 34 points against Westbury and 32 against Lamar.
"Dedrick is a three-year varsity player and one of the top guards in our district," Maura said. "He can hit from outside or attack the basket. Somehow, he'll figure out a way to get his points."
Madison's guard-oriented line-up also features 5-11 senior Kevin Duvisien (6.6 points) and 5-10 senior Marlon Howard (5.8 points).
"Kevin joined us from the football and plays with a lot of hustle," Maura said. "Marlon hasn't been as consistent, but when he's on, he's a threat."
Senior Jonathan Franklin, a 6-2 wing, rounds out the starting five. A modest scorer, Franklin (4.5 points) is Madison's "defensive stopper," according to Maura.
The Marlins can tap into a deep bench that features 6-0 senior Denzale McCall (6.9 points) and 5-10 sophomore Wesley Spencer at guard, 6-2 junior Albert Franklin at forward and 6-6 sophomore Dewey Harris at post.
But Maura is elated about the arrival of several promising freshmen, including 6-0 guard Devon Collins, 5-9 point guard Curtis Randle and 6-3 wing Curtis Bias. Collins, in particular, is Madison's third-leading scorer (7.9 points). Randle is commanding more minutes, while Bias collected 10 rebounds against Westbury.
"You can't help but be excited about our freshman class," Maura said. "We're going to build around them the next couple of years."
Maura is proud of his squad's start, but he believes even better days are ahead for the Marlins.
"We've made a lot of improvement until now," Maura said. "Hopefully, it will continue and we'll make it back to the playoffs. Then we'll see what we're made of."


text: Human Rights Observatory France Arrests 3 'Radicalized' Women Linked to Possible Attack French police have arrested three female suspects in connection with a car containing six gas cylinders that was discovered this week in Paris. Interior Minister Bernard Cazeneuve said the three women, between the ages of 19 and 39, were "radicalized fanatics" who were preparing "new violent … and imminent actions." The arrests resulted from an investigation of a car containing gas canisters found near Paris' Notre Dame cathedral earlier this week. The owner of...Read complete article© Voice of America - Thursday, September 8, 2016


text:
2.1 - Yes, with a slightly different meaning,2. Can we rewrite the sentences to -that clauses?
2.1) Fortunately, I passed the test. -> it was fortunate that I passed the test.
2.2) Increasingly, they distrust the government. -> it is increasing that they do not trust the government.
2.2 - NoThere could be.3. Do you sense any difference between 2.2) and 3.1)
3.1) They increasingly distrust the government.
Student or Learner


text:
Bad Dad Tee Shirt - Funny Father's Day
Comfortable, casual and loose fitting, our heavyweight dark colour t-shirt will quickly become one of your favourites. Made from 100% cotton, it wears well on anyone. We've double-needle stitched the bottom and sleeve hems for extra durability. Select a design ... Learn More


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More: Teresa Giudice is reportedly ready to make a big move without Joe
"Teresa does want him to go out and take a break and enjoy himself once in a while because this is a difficult time for him," a source told People magazine. "He has a lot on his plate now."
When the The Real Housewives of New Jersey star gets released from prison at the end of the year, Joe will have to begin serving his time for fraud, too. But despite the difficulties and the distance, the couple are still going strong. And a source told the mag that Teresa thinks all the rumors surrounding their marriage are completely laughable.
More: Teresa Giudice was right to 'ban' Melissa Gorga from visiting her in jail
"She thinks these stories [about him seeing other women] are ridiculous, and so does Joe. He is out with friends, who bring other people along. He tells her everything, calls her all the time and emails her all day long, so she always knows what he is up to," the source revealed.
"He is a grown man, and he does go out of the house and attends functions and goes to dinner with his friends," the source continued.
More: RHONJ's Teresa Giudice may be making big money from within her prison cell
"If Joe literally stands next to someone, people immediately assume he is 'with' that person. He was photographed with one woman at an event whose fiancé was standing right behind them. People don't have all the facts."
Just goes to show that everything is not always as it seems.
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text:
This year, it was my first time ever to experience what it means to speak at a conference. I had a session at the Microsoft WinDays technology conference in Croatia, and I talked about Windows Phone multimedia and sensors. It was (and still is) an interesting combination of two topics that have much in common. Therefor it made sense to cover those in one session, which ended with augmented reality and a demo of a small augmented reality app (it was actually a video, because it's difficult to demo augmented reality during the session because it's necessary to move around). I will write more about multimedia and sensors in my next few blog posts, but for now I'll just show you the video and how I created the app using Geo Augmented Reality Toolkit.
Geo Augmented Reality Toolkit (or GART) is an open source toolkit for creating augmented reality applications which rely on geographical locations. You can download it here:
It's really VERY simple to use. I will write more about how I used it and what the code is, but the steps are basically these:
- Add an ARDisplay control to your Windows Phone page
- Add the views you want as children of the ARDisplay control
- Start and stop services when navigating to and from the page
- Create a collection of ARItem objects (or your own custom type that inherits from ARItem) and include real geolocation
- Set ARDisplay.Items equal to your new collection
- Optionally, style the elements
I created the augmented reality application in an hour or so. I would have it even faster if I didn't have to get the locations of places (plus the descriptions) myself and hardcode them in the app. The ideal scenario would be to have a service that would give me locations of places, their names and descriptions so I could just consume it on my Windows Phone.
Anyway, I'm really in love with the toolkit. It takes care of Motion API, Bing map, overlay of digital elements on the frames that come from PhotoCamera, your geolocation etc. You just start and stop the services. It doesn't get simpler than this. Trust me. :)
And here's the video of what I developed. If I had a service that exposed location information to me, the possibilities would truly be endless.
[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mKlYz5wraY&w=560&h=315] Enjoy and let me know what you think? Have you used GART in your apps? Are you satisfied with what it can do for you?


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KNOXVILLE, Tenn. (WVLT) - Dollywood is opening its gates tonight to give runners and walkers a unique holiday experience.
It's the "Light the Way 5K." the course winds in and around the 150-acre theme park's Smoky Mountain Christmas festival which features 4 million lights.
Registration runs from 9:30 to 10:30 Friday night and the race starts at 11 p.m.
Everything kicks off from the front gates at Dollywood.
The Light the Way 5K benefits Share It Forward, a non-profit charity established for the purpose of raising funds to help The Dollywood Company Hosts and their immediate families in times of need.


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Be Your Own Pet (photo: Andrew Kendall)
This is the kind of thing I usually find really annoying. Be Your Own Pet are teenagers from Nashville who make noisy, angsty, aggressive garage punk/pop. But there's something authentic about these kids that is really endearing, and, for lack of a better word, fun. Plus, frontwoman Jemina Pearl is a total badass. Enjoy this track from BYOP's upcoming self-titled LP, due out 6/6/06.
Be Your Own Pet Adventure mp3


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Pune, Aug 8 (IANS) Indian Super League (ISL) franchise FC Pune City on Monday announced the signing of goalkeeper Edel Bete from reigning champions Chennaiyin FC for the forthcoming third edition of the tournament.
Bete played for 2015 champions Chennaiyin FC last season and for Atletico de Kolkata in the inaugural season of the ISL.
Bete has once been a member of French giants Paris Saint-Germain. The 30-year old born and raised in Cameroon, has dual nationality, but represented Armenia at U-19, U-23, and senior level. He also represented multiple times Israeli champions Hapoel Tel Aviv from 2011-2013.
"My experience playing in India has been memorable, to say the least. I've won the title with two different teams and am looking forward to winning it with my third team, i.e. FC Pune City. I am thankful to FC Pune City for providing me a new challenge and work with Habas again," Bete said in a statement.
Club's head coach Antonio Habas was delighted to have his former ward join forces at FC Pune.
"I've worked with Bete in the first season and let me tell you he is gifted with amazing reflexes and better anticipation. Rival strikers have never found it easy to score against him. For me, he is the finest keeper in ISL's short history," Habas said.


text:
etour | My OHIO Portal
The team has been meeting weekly since September to complete revisions to a draft outlining assumptions, constraints and principles related to the conversion by the end of winter quarter.
Transition team members said it was important to resolve the semester structure early in their deliberations so departments have the information necessary to begin converting their courses to the new system.
Ohio University is among four public universities in the state that plans to transition to semesters in 2012. The University System of Ohio has encouraged the move in order to increase collaboration between the schools and make it easier for students to transfer from one institution to another.
Although most classes would last 15 weeks, shorter courses would be an option in cases where it makes good academic sense, the team decided.
"There will be flexibility for a department or a college to break that into half-semesters," team co-chair Tom Carpenter said after Wednesday's meeting. "It will be for those cases where it makes pedagogical sense."
Determining the semester structure is the first step in finalizing a full academic calendar, which will spell out when semesters begin and end and when breaks occur. Before that can be finalized, other issues -- such as whether there will be a winter or spring intersession and how that decision affects the length of the summer semester -- must be addressed.
The team began a discussion of those issues Wednesday and will continue it next week.
The guiding principles of the transition include ensuring it does not set students back in their graduation timeline, that faculty workload remains neutral and is determined by individual departments, and that curriculum revisions in one department do not adversely affect those in another.
Minutes of the Quarters to Semesters Transition Team meetings can be found on the Web at www.ohio.edu/provost/q2s.cfm.
-- Casey S. Elliott


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Martin Krusche, born in Munich Germany, studied music at the Herman Zilcher Conservatory. He came to New New York in 1993 on a DAAD scholarship and moved to New Orleans in '95 where he recorded with Nicholas Payton, Philip Harper, Michael Ray, Victor Atkins and many others as a sideman and as leader of his own ensembles. He produced four records which won him nominations for best local recording in 2000, best emerging artist 2007 and best contemporary CD 2008.
Jon Ramm Hailing from the beautiful and lush landscape of the Pacific Northwest, Jon Ramm brings his swampy trombone stylings over the mountains to the great city of New Orleans where it has quickly found a home. Born in Lansing, MI in 1986, Jon felt an affinity for the lower register from a young age while playing in school concert and jazz bands in Tacoma, WA. After studying music performance with Stan Bock at Lewis and Clark College in Portland, OR, he started playing and teaching around Oregon. His next mentor was the great drummer Alan Jones who taught him the concept of becoming a "complete" musician. After 8 wonderful years in the Northwest it was time for a move and a change of pace. New Orleans has provided him an unmatched opportunity to explore the genres of traditional jazz and brass band music that are difficult to find elsewhere and have helped to shape his sound and musical perspective. Jon enjoys quality footwear, bowling, and the highly regarded and annually title contending Portland Trailblazers.
Wes Andersonn, IV The best way I can express myself is through my horn. When I play my trombone, it is sneaking a look into my heart, quoted by Wessell Quad Andersonn, IV. The son of Wess Warmdaddy Anderson III, Wes grew up in a musical household where jazz was played night and day. You could compare jamming with my father to a normal father and son playing basketball, Wes laughs at the memories. For the past five summers, Wes has spent his time learning and developing in various jazz bands and camps across the nations, as well as Italy, France, and Peru.
Dan Oestreicher remains preeminent among New Orleans baritone saxophonists. He has worked with such notable artists as Irvin Mayfield, the Subdudes, and Rob Mazurek, among others. Dan has been a full-time member of Trombone Shorty and Orleans Ave. since 2008.
Steven Glenn aka TubaSteve, hails from Denver, Colorado and is a recent addition to the New Orleans family and community. Classically trained on the tuba, Steven has established himself as a freelance tuba/sousaphone player in his new home. In his relatively short time in New Orleans, he has appeared in performance with the Panorama Jazz and Brass Bands, Aurora Nealand's Royal Roses and James Andrews' Crescent City All-Stars. In addition, he has also been featured as a guest sitting in with New Orleans' own Bonerama as well as appearances on WGNO with Magnetic Ear, for News with a Twist, and Kid Merv. Steven's latest collaborative project, DinosAurchestra, continues to expand on what has set New Orleans apart in the music world by blending traditional jazz and New Orleans R&B into a diverse group of musicians with eclectic, and modern, backgrounds. In expressing his views on music and the role of tuba in today's world, Steven spreads his message and love of instrument through a simply hashtag: #TurnUpBassAmplitude.
Paul Thibodeaux is born in Southeast Louisiana and studied music at the New Orleans Center for the Creative Arts and the University of New Orleans. He is working and recording with Ed Petersen's The Test, The Other Planets, Big Rock Candy Mountain, The Cliff Hines Quintet, The Mark Weliky Trio, Alexis Marceaux Band, The Kirk Nasty, Lisa Lynn, and Sasha Masakowski's Musical Playground. Paul has taught drum/music theory at NOCCA, KIPP, Andy Hemel School of Music, and St. Bernard Middle School.


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She hated it. She hated having to stay in that stupid room and wear the stupid dresses and petticoats. She hated the pointy shoes that made her feel like she only had one toe and not being able to see anybody besides the maids and Padrone, with Padrone sometimes not coming for long amounts of time. The maids pretty much never talked to her, except to ask her if she needed anything or to tell her something was ready.
That was how she found Echo.
Well, she hadn't really found him so much as he popped into her room one day. She had just finished being measured for a new gown when she decided to sit in one of her stiff, uncomfortable chairs and mope, angry at being prodded and poked with pins for what she felt was far too long a time, when he showed up. There was a little 'pop' and there he was, standing in the middle of her room looking curious, frightened, confused, and excited at the same time.
"Erm, hello…" she began hesitantly.
He glanced her way as if noticing her for the first time. "Oh, hullo there!" he called jovially. "How do you do?"
"Not so well," she admitted. She realized that it was odd to be talking about her problems to a strange person she didn't know, but, for whatever reason, she found it strangely easy to talk to him.
"Well, we'll have to fix that then, won't we? Where are we, do you know?"
"We're in the Grossa Casa. That's all I know."
"The Big House, huh? So there are little houses too?"
She shrugged. "I'm not sure. All I know is that the maids call this the Grossa Casa and that Padrone tells me that's what it is."
"Who's this Padrone guy?" the boy asked as he sat down on top of her bed.
"The maids will get angry if the sheets get wrinkled," she said automatically. As he stood up, she began straightening the sheets, saying as she did so. "Padrone is master here. He's the 'big man,' so to speak."
"Big Man of the Big House…is that right? You think he'll be fine with me staying here?"
She shrugged. "Probably. Padrone gets odd like that sometimes."
"How do you mean?" asked the boy.
"He always asks me if anything strange ever happens or if I have any dreams. Once I told him yes just to see how he reacted. He gripped me about the shoulders and got real excited, asking me what strange thing had happened. I thought fast and said that I had actually thought I'd seen one of the maids smile one time and he seemed disappointed, but I didn't care. He was so scary when he was excited that one time. I thought he was going to eat me." She shuddered. "I've decided I'll never tell him even if something strange does happen to me."
"I'm glad you're so smart," said the boy. "I've met the most insufferably stupid people on some of these trips."
"What?" the girl perked up. "You mean you go on these 'trips' on purpose?"
The boy nodded, looking at her like she was crazy. "Of course," he told her. "Since I was six. Can't you?"
She shook her head. "Nothing extraordinary has ever happened to me. I've been in here my whole life."
"Your whole life?" he asked, astonished. "Inside this little itty-bitty room?"
"Well, for as long as I can remember," she amended. "Every day it's the same thing. I get up, the maids give me breakfast, they clean me up, put on my exercising outfit, I exercise for awhile, they clean me up some more and put me in my regular outfit, I do some reading and arithmetic, have lunch, get cleaned up again, and then I get play time until I have to take a bath and go to bed." She sighed. "Then, on certain days, Padrone comes and asks me if anything strange has happened, I say no, he reminds me to send for him if anything happens, I promise I will, with my fingers crossed, of course, he tells me what a good girl I am, sometimes gives me a sweet, and then has me read a passage from a book to him. Then, he pats me on the head and leaves. That is my life," she concluded.
The boy looked horrified. "Oh, but that's terrible! Is he your da?"
"Da?" she asked, confused.
"Your father," the boy explained.
She shook her head. "I don't think so. You'd have a better chance of being his child than I would. I imagine he'd look like you if he was younger, happier, and not nearly as boring or strict. He's got black hair and tan skin like you, but he oils his back so it's straight, and, obviously, he's a bit taller than you."
"You don't say."
She nodded. "I do say. It's rather uncanny, to tell you the truth."
"So, you have never, ever, ever been outside?"
"Sometimes I look out the window and catch a glimpse of the people who live on the Outside, and every once in awhile Padrone brings me a pretty picture for my room like that one," she said, gesturing to a painting on the wall. "I got that for my twelfth birthday."
The painting was of an apple orchard, with little workers here and there picking the bright red apples off of the full green trees. Sometimes she wanted to just step into the picture, throw off her pointy shoes, and run barefooted through that orchard until she became exhausted and collapsed in the lush green grass.
"It's not bad," the boy told her, "but the real world is much better. Seeing it's not bad, but it's feeling things, smelling things, hearing them…you've got to be there to really experience things."
"Don't I know it," she muttered.
He looked at her oddly.
"What?" she asked. "What is it?"
"I really think you could do what I can do," he told her with conviction.
"Well, you've never told me what you can do except go on these trips to different places," she answered.
"Here, I'll show you." He grabbed her hand and pulled her over to her wardrobe. "I'll change in here," he said. "Everybody tells me it's gross to watch because I just now learned and it takes me a few seconds to do it." He stepped inside her wardrobe, shutting the door on himself.
She waited a few minutes before she heard a small bark from inside her wardrobe. Cautiously, she opened the door to find a small black terrier standing inside her wardrobe, wagging its tail. "Is that you?" she asked it.
The dog gave a little bark and nodded happily.
"Change back now, please," she told it, closing the door partly and waiting for him to come back out.
The thing that stepped out after a moment or two was definitely him, and she was confused.
"But how?" she asked him.
He smiled. "You practice long enough, you'll get it. Sometimes things just happen because you feel a certain way, but when you learn to control your thoughts and feelings, you learn to control you gifts. I really think you can do it," he said again.
"No, I assure you that I can't," she insisted.
He crossed his arms. "Well, not with that attitude. I should have known you were a quitter. No—not even a quitter—a non-trier!"
"That's not even a word," she shot back.
"It's what you are, though, you non-trier!"
Now she was getting angry. "I can't do it!" she shouted.
"Of course you can't, because you don't even try!!! You're too scared to try."
"Shut up!"
"Why? Now you're too scared to—"
His words were cut off as a pillow from the bed came at him and hit him in the head, knocking backwards onto his bottom. She rushed to help him up.
"Are you alright?" she asked.
She was surprised to find that he was laughing as he stood up. "Did you touch the pillow?" he asked.
She thought for a moment. "No," she said slowly.
"How do you think the pillow hit me?"
"But, surely it was you!" she exclaimed.
"Why on Earth would I brain myself with a pillow?" he demanded. "And even if I did, it wouldn't have been so hard." He rubbed his head as he said this last part.
Now it was her turn to smile. "Sorry," she apologized. "So, it really wasn't you? It was me?"
"Unless your clock has the gift," he informed her.
"Oh, you were right!" she exclaimed, hugging him.
"I've never known myself to be wrong," he declared, crossing his fingers in front of her.
She pulled out of the hug. "But this isn't right."
"I don't even know who you are, and you have no idea who I am!" She stuck out a hand. "Mikkelerena," she introduced herself.
He made a face. "That's some name. Mind if I call you something, oh…not awful?"
She laughed. "Yes, that's fine."
"I dub thee Mikki," he declared. "Now, I'm Echo."
"I like that name," she told him, and then continued her hug.
And that was how Mikki met Echo.
Red Glass's head shot up and he left his window seat, rushing to his little sister's aid. He found her sitting in the middle of the floor, her face tear-streaked. "What is it?" he asked urgently, fearing the worst.
"Ash took my doll and he says he's going to tear her head off!" Alyx wailed.
Red smiled, relieved.
"Don't smile!" she snapped at him. "He said he'd really do it this time."
"She's not lying," Auster volunteered.
Red found Ash exactly where Alyx and Auster had said he would be: just about to pull the head off of a little doll. The doll had tight golden curls, bright blue eyes, and rosy cheeks, made in the image of Alyx. Red grabbed Ash around his waist, tugging the eight-year-old off of the chair he had been using as his stage for the mutilation of Alyx's doll.
"Put me down, Red!" the little boy bellowed.
Red laughed and set his brother down, holding him by his collar before he could get away. "Give Alyx her doll back, Ash," he commanded.
Pouting, Ash handed his triplet back her doll. "There. Happy now?"
Red nodded. "Very," he answered.
Ash crossed his arms in front of his chest. "I wasn't really going to do it."
"That's not what Alyx and Auster told me."
"Well, did you ever think they might be lying?" Ash demanded.
Trying extremely hard not to laugh, Red knelt down and stared into the startlingly blue eyes of his younger brother. "Ash. Think about it. Think about who you are and who Auster is. Think about your differences."
Ash looked at the floor.
"Did you find a difference?" Red prodded.
"Auster never lies to you," Ash admitted.
Red nodded. "That's right. Now, I'm not angry at you, but just don't try to tear Alyx's doll apart again, please. May I have a hug now?" he asked, wanting to reconcile with Ash.
Ash gave a small nod and, grudgingly hugged his big brother.
Red smiled. "That wasn't so bad, was it?"
"No," Ash admitted.
"Go on and play with Marco or somebody."
Ash obeyed, running to join his fellow eight-year old in a game of tag. Eventually, Kayleigh-Anne, Marco, Reese, Fable, and the triplets were all running around the playroom, squealing and giggling. Red noticed Kismet watching in a corner and went to join her.
They sat in silence until Kismet said, "You're so wonderful to them, Red. Like a father."
Red marveled at how soft-spoken she was, even after knowing her for all of these years. Her comment caught him off guard. "Yeah, I guess. I mean, they really need somebody. They're just kids. I could never replace our real father, though," Red told her.
"He was a pretty great guy, huh?" she asked even softer than before, sensing how sensitive this topic was for him.
"Yeah, he was…" Red suddenly felt tears coming and decided to make a quick getaway. "I'm going to go check on Gardener," he mumbled, not waiting for her response before leaving.
She didn't even bother giving a response because she understood.
Gardener sat in a window seat, listening to the rain. He gave no response when Red approached him and sighed. "She said I was like a father to them."
Gardener replied without turning his head away from the wall. "The triplets?"
"Well, you are."
Red's head snapped up.
"Whether you accept it or not, you're the father of this group and Kismet's the mom. You both take care of everybody."
"If I'm the dad and Kismet's the mom, who are you?"
Gardener actually turned to look at Red, his sightless eyes sending a chill down Red's spine. Gardener cracked a crooked smile. "I'm the half-crazed blind uncle that spews useless advice."
"Full-crazed," Red corrected, making them both smile. "And your advice isn't useless; it's just eccentric. And you keep life interesting," he added.
They both laughed.
"All the same, I feel pretty useless," Gardener admitted.
"Useless for what?" Red demanded. "I'm not sure any of us are useful. How can we be anything in this place?"
Gardener nodded thoughtfully. "You ever feel like the house is alive, but in a bad way? Like it's sucking the energy out of you?"
"Sometimes," Red agreed. "But it's not as if it saps everything out of me; it just makes me feel a little more tired than I think I should be, but then again, I can hardly remember the way anything outside this place is."
"So, you don't have any memories of where you used to live or what your family was like?"
Red shook his head. "Only a very little bit. I remember the way our parents were, but I can never really remember what they look like. I know my mom was a fantastic singer and my dad like to go fishing and take us with him. Mom loved to cook and make pretty dresses for Alyx, and Dad liked reading us stories and teaching us how to do things. They were great parents. I don't ever remember anything sad from when I was with them. I think the only thing sad that ever happened to me back then was that this one bird that used to live in a tree out back died, but then its babies grew up and sang even more than the one before. The other thing I remember is that we had a dog. Oh, and my mom's eyes were blue and my dad's crinkled at the corners. Not much, after having spent eleven years with them. Of course, the triplets don't remember them much, them being about two when we left."
"You didn't leave, you were taken," Gardener corrected calmly as he waited a moment to give Red a chance to make his voice sound normal. Even though he was blind, Gardener knew that Red was crying. He leaned closer to where he knew Red was sitting and whispered in his ear, "You were taken, but you're going to get out; I know you are."
Red shook his head again. "You don't know that."
Gardener nodded. "I do," he whispered urgently. "You don't believe me, but I do. You will leave this place someday, and the day is coming soon."


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The Fight to Vote
Michael Waldman discusses his new book, "The Fight to Vote," where he analyses a crucial American struggle: actions to define and defend government based on the consent of the governed. From the nation's earliest days, as Americans sought the right to vote, others have fought to stop them. Waldman examines the full story from the founders' debates to today's challenges.
Speaker Biography: Michael Waldman is president of the Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law, a nonpartisan law and policy institute that focuses on improving the systems of democracy and justice. He was director of speechwriting for President Bill Clinton from 1995 to 1999. He comments widely in the media on law and policy.
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Paul Mason, PresidentHealthy Water Association
To encourage bottlers and health authorities to add 100 mg/l magnesium to all bottled beverages, in order to end global magnesium deficiency that is causing countless heart attacks, strokes, and other debilitating illnesses.
Article in February 2007
Life Extension magazine:
Is Your Bottled Water Killing You? This article addresses the widespread lack of magnesium in bottled waters.
(That's a large pdf file; If that's a problem, here is a smaller, faster, lower quality file,
Is Your Bottled Water Killing You?.)
Newsletter of the Healthy Water Association
Membership Roster of the Healthy Water Association
Science Advisory Panel of the Healthy Water Association
Suit Against the Secretary of Health and the FDA
Press Release--FDA Suit for 3 Million Deaths
Motion to Compel Joinder with the U.S. Department of Justice
AFFILIATE: Arab Healthy Water Association
News: Donald W. Short, vice president of Coca-Cola, announced that Coke is creating "The Beverage Institute for Health & Wellness" to help Coca-Cola identify new functional beverage ingredients and possible formulations that address a particular health or nutritional need worldwide. Location: Houston, Texas.[The most obvious and pressing need: Mg!]
Magnesium Deficiency
Hard water can be an important source of magnesium. Desert springs and wells are often rich in magnesium, but modern water treatment plants use Reverse Osmosis or other purification which removes magnesium from water.
Most Mg-deficiency deaths are a result of heart disease, but asthma, migraine, cramps, and many other illnesses can be caused by magnesium deficiency.
Adult males should get 420 mg of magnesium per day, but are actually averaging only 327 mg/day, according to an exhaustive literature review.
Worldwide, there are 79 brands of bottled water containing 110 mg/L magnesium or more.
Natural springs containing magnesium bicarbonate may be found in geologic "ultra-mafic" rock formations containing the rock called "serpentine."
There are three ways of putting magnesium into purified drinking water without impacting flavor:
(a) magnesium lactate
There may also be extra health benefits from the bicarbonate.
To see the medical journal articles supporting these statements, please see below.
The Arab Healthy Water Association petitions that your Health Agency recommend that all bottled water and soft drinks contain at least 100 mg/L magnesium. Such a recommendation would encourage bottlers to improve the healthfulness of their beverages, saving numerous lives.
* Calculations of American Deaths Caused by Magnesium Deficiency, As Projected from International Data, by Paul Mason
A short list of medical journal articles about magnesium in water:
A book about magnesium:
Some articles about magnesium:
Join the Healthy Water Association
Home Page of the Healthy Water Associationhwa.shtml
The Healthy Water Web Site is maintained by:
Paul Mason
P.O. Box 1417
Patterson, CA 95363
This page was first uploaded on June 9, 1997


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What does part name mean?
Definitions for part name
Here are all the possible meanings and translations of the word part name.
Princeton's WordNet
meronym, part name(noun)
a word that names a part of a larger whole
"`brim' and `crown' are meronyms of `hat'"
Chaldean Numerology
The numerical value of part name in Chaldean Numerology is: 3
Pythagorean Numerology
The numerical value of part name in Pythagorean Numerology is: 7
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