text: Corneal Light Transmission and Roughness After Refractive SurgeryPérez-Merino, Pablo*; Martinez-Garcia, M. Carmen†; Mar-Sardaña, Santiago‡; Pérez-Escudero, Alfonso§; Blanco-Mezquita, Tomas§; Mayo-Iscar, Agustin‡; Merayo-Lloves, Jesus†Optometry and Vision Science: July 2010 - Volume 87 - Issue 7 - p E469-E474 doi: 10.1097/OPX.0b013e3181e170df Original Article Abstract Author Information Article Outline Purpose. To determine the relation between the corneal light transmission measurements and the epithelial surface properties in hen corneas after different refractive surgery techniques photorefractive keratectomy, laser in situ keratomileusis, and laser-assisted subepithelial keratomileusis, and a group with only epithelial corneal removal (deepithelialization). Methods. Five groups of hen corneas with different treatments and a control group were analyzed at 30 days. Direct transmittance and corneal light scattering were measured by a scatterometer developed by our group. Quantitative and systematic measurements of external and internal roughness and epithelium thickness were assessed using standard techniques developed for quantitative analysis of microphotographs of the corneal epithelium. Results. Data analysis revealed that the roughness in the epithelial surface was associated with the corneal light transmission. The direct transmittance of light showed a significant correlation with the epithelial roughness in the control (r = −0.99, p < 0.05) and photorefractive keratectomy (r = −0.99, p < 0.05) groups. However, there was no relation between the epithelial thickness and the corneal light transmission measurements. Conclusions. The experimental results suggested that the roughness of the epithelial surfaces is related to the light transmission in the cornea. *MSc †MD, PhD ‡PhD §MSc Instituto Universitario de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (PP-M, TB-M, JM-L, AM-I), Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine (PP-M, MCM-G), Department of Theoretical Physics and Optics (SM-S), Department of Statistics and O.R., Faculty of Medicine (AM-I), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain, and Instituto de Óptica "Daza de Valdés," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Serrano, Madrid, Spain (AP-E). This work was supported by grants from FIS-PI 05/2841, RTIC 03/13, Carlos III Health Institute, Spanish Ministry of Health, and grant PROFIT CIT-3100 to 2007-50, Spanish Ministry of Health. This paper was presented in part as a poster at the annual meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) Fort Lauderdale, Florida, April 2008. Received August 6, 2009; accepted February 15, 2010. Abstract METHODS Animals, Surgery, and Deepithelialization Biophysical Measurements: Corneal Light Transmission Tissue Processing and Light Microscopy Measurements of the Epithelial Surface Statistics RESULTS Principal Component Analysis Corneal Light Transmission: DT and Light Scattering Roughness and Thickness of the Epithelial Surface Correlation Between Epithelial Surface and Corneal Light Tr... DISCUSSION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES Refractive surgery involves a range of techniques, which have become progressively important in recent years. Ongoing developments in surgical methods coupled with the average young age of operated patients may restrict knowledge of the biological and physical changes involved. Thus, studying these areas offers an attractive line of research, because transparency and quality of vision depends on the wound healing response. During corneal wound healing after refractive surgery, the natural conformation of the corneal layers is altered, resulting in decreased transparency.1–7 Corneal transparency has been long explored, and several theories have been suggested pertaining to the causes of light scattering.5 Based on work by Maurice,8 several models explain high corneal transparency as a result of its limited thickness and short-range ordering of collagen fibrils, which reduces global scattering because of interference between waves scattered by different fibrils.9,10 However, existing models have also developed the connection between corneal crystallins and corneal cellular scattering.11,12 Maintaining epithelial integrity is essential for corneal optical properties. Indeed, one property of the epithelium for normal vision is to form a smooth refractive surface.13 The epithelial surface plays an important role in the modulation of wound healing response, as epithelial signals trigger keratocyte apoptosis and the appearance of myofibroblasts in the stroma through the release of multiple cytokines and growth factors such as interleukin 1, transforming growth factor β, and tumor necrosis factor α.14–16 After refractive surgery, the basement membrane is interrupted, and the organization of the epithelial cells is altered, with surface roughness and hyperplasia appearing. This reaction varies depending on the type of corneal epithelial injury.4,17 When the basement membrane is removed, the epithelium must regenerate it and redevelop tight junction integrity. Remodeling can take a long time, with a prolonged response possibly resulting in instability of the optical outcome of refractive surgery.4,18 Epithelium surface, subepithelial structures, basement membrane defects and epithelium-stromal interface irregularity have been explored by several studies, which have assessed their link to corneal transparency.4–6,19–24 Evidence of the importance of epithelial signals in the appearance of myofibroblast16 and increased subepithelial light scattering has also been obtained from prior experiments.6,19,20 Furthermore, greater changes in the corneal refractive index occur in the epithelial surface.25 Alterations in the regularity of the epithelial surface during wound healing response might, thus, lead to a decrease in corneal transparency. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship among quantitative measurements of corneal light transmission, direct transmittance (DT), corneal light scattering, and epithelial surface properties, such as roughness and thickness, during the wound healing process after various refractive surgery techniques: photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), and laser-assisted subepithelial keratomileusis (LASEK), as well as a group with only epithelial corneal removal (deepithelialization), because each group has different intensity and location of wound healing response. Back to Top | Article Outline METHODS Animals, Surgery, and Deepithelialization Twenty-one eyes of Iber Braun adult hens, Gallus gallus domesticus (weight, 2 kg) were used in the study. The animals were cared for following the guidelines of the Association for Research and Vision in Ophthalmology Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research. Refractive surgery procedures (PRK, LASIK, and LASEK) were performed using a Summit Apex Plus excimer laser (Summit Technology, Waltham, MA). All the hens were operated on with the same parameters, each eye being ablated using a 6.00-mm diameter optical zone with no transition zone and receiving −6.00 diopters (D) of ablation with a programmed depth of 68 μm. In previous experiments, the hen was used by our group as an animal model to study the wound healing response after PRK3,26 and LASIK.27 Topical administration of 50 μl of recombinant nerve growth factor (NGF) was applied three times a day for a week (stock solution of 200 μg in 1 ml of balanced saline solution, personal gift of A. Lambiase) to a group of three hens operated on using PRK (PRK-NGF). In LASEK surgery, the epithelium was treated with alcohol (20% ethanol in balanced saline solution) for 40 s, using a 7.5-mm trephine as reservoir, to detach it from the underlying tissue. The epithelium was detached using the "in-the-bag" technique, and the exposed tissue was treated with the excimer laser, the epithelium finally being placed back over the cornea. Epithelial corneal removal (deepithelialization) was performed with a small scalpel. A group of untouched corneas was used as control. For surgery and deepithelialization, the hens were anesthetized with an intramuscular injection of ketamine hydrochloride (37.5 mg/kg; Ketolar, Parke-Davis S.A., Barcelona, Spain) and xylazine hydrochloride (5 mg/kg; Rompun, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany) followed by topical application of 0.5% tetracaine chlorohydrate and 1 mg of oxybuprocaine (Colircusí Anestésico Doble, Alcon cusí, S.A., Barcelona, Spain). At 30 days, the animals were killed by an overdose of pentobarbital (Dolethal; Vetoquinol, Madrid, Spain) when the animal was under general anesthesia. Hens were divided into six groups [control (n = 3), deepithelialization (n = 4), PRK (n = 3), PRK-NGF (n = 3), LASIK (n = 4), and LASEK (n = 4)] to study DT, light scattering, and epithelial surface properties. Back to Top | Article Outline Biophysical Measurements: Corneal Light Transmission Measurements of light transmittance and light scattering were taken immediately after killing as corneas needed to be excised for scattering and transmittance measurements. The excised cornea was placed in the cornea holder filled with a liquid maintenance medium, ringer lactate (Frenesius Kabi España, S.A., Barcelona, Spain), at a constant temperature and continuous flow. Data processing of the scatterometer provided the values of light transmission across the cornea, that is, transmittance in the forward direction (DT) and the half-width of the angular distribution of the scattered light for intensities corresponding to 1/100 and 1/1000 of the maximum intensity [half-width of the angular distribution for intensity corresponding to 1/100 (SA 1/100) and half-width of the angular distribution for intensity corresponding to 1/1000 (SA 1/1000)]. Further information concerning the experimental scatterometter, its calibration, and the ex vivo scattering measurements was presented in a previous study.28 Immediately after the corneal light transmission measurements, the corneas were fixed with buffered formalin 10% to perform the histological analysis and the epithelial measurements. Back to Top | Article Outline Tissue Processing and Light Microscopy All the corneas were fixed with buffered 10% formalin for 24 h, then washed in buffer phosphate 0.1 M, and embedded in paraffin wax. In an effort to avoid differences in shrinkage and dehydration for a better comparison among samples, all the corneas were processed with the same times. Sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin stain. The sections were examined under an Axiophot light microscope (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany), and microphotographs were obtained with a SPOT Digital Camera (Diagnostic Instruments, Sterling Heights, MI) taken at 200× magnification. Back to Top | Article Outline Measurements of the Epithelial Surface Quantitative and systematic measurements of external and internal roughness and thickness of the epithelium were assessed using standard routines developed by our group for quantitative analysis of microphotographs of the corneal epithelium written in Matlab (Mathworks, Nattick, MA). Analysis routines are available on request. The program works on color images of the cornea (Fig. 1A, center). We studied various parameters that may define the color and intensity of each pixel (e.g., red, green, blue content used for the red-green-blue representation of color or hue, saturation, or value of the hsv color representation). We found that saturation best discriminates the epithelium from the stroma for photographs (Fig. 1A, right). Thus, the epithelium has a higher saturation than the stroma and the background, with a sharp change in transition (Fig. 1B). Therefore, high values of saturation characterize the epithelium well, whereas high gradients of saturation (high contrast) characterize the epithelium edge. We used these two criteria to build an algorithm to detect the epithelial edge. In all cases, we visually checked the result and corrected wherever necessary until the reconstructed edge matched that identified by visual inspection of the color image to within one pixel. FIGURE 1. Once the edges were correctly detected, three fits were performed: anterior edge, posterior edge, and average. A conic curve was fitted to each edge, and roughness was estimated from the deviations between the real edge and the fitted curve. Average epithelium thickness and standard deviation were also computed. Thickness was measured perpendicular to the conic curve that best fits both epithelial edges. Back to Top | Article Outline Statistics Principal component analysis (PCA) is a way of reducing the dimensionality of the data space by retaining most of the information in terms of variance. PCA was applied to summarize the information in epithelial roughness and corneal light transmission (DT and corneal light scattering). The variables related to epithelial roughness and corneal light transmission were included after a logarithmic transformation. We will use these "PCA releases" of the measured variables. This will allow us to analyze the relation among these characteristics and study their differences along the treatment groups, thus avoiding redundant information. Differences between treatments were examined using t-test with Bonferroni multiple comparisons correction. In this analysis, we used three groups: control, LASIK, and surface epithelial procedures (deepithelialization, PRK-NGF, PRK, and LASEK). Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated to examine the relationship between measures. Back to Top | Article Outline RESULTS Principal Component Analysis PCA was applied to summarize the information in each group of variables, epithelial roughness [external and internal roughness (ER and IR)], DT (DT for red and green wavelength), and corneal light scattering (SA 1/100 and SA 1/1000 red and green). The high correlation between the variables included in each PCA is reflected by the high percentage of variability accounted for by the first principal component: 90, 97, and 93%, respectively. The newly obtained variables in each PCA basically correspond to "size variables," as shown by their loadings: 0.65 for IR and 0.76 for external roughness; 0.62 for DT red and 0.76 for DT green; 0.44 for SA 1/100 red, 0.55 for SA 1/100 green, 0.48 for SA 1/1000 red, and 0.51 for SA 1/1000 green. These new variables, thus, capture a large percentage of all the information and can be interpreted as an average of the original variables. We use these "first PCA" variables in the following analysis as a measurement of epithelial roughness, DT, and corneal light scattering in the subjects rather than the original ones. Back to Top | Article Outline Corneal Light Transmission: DT and Light Scattering Quantitative data from the corneal light transmission measurements in the analyzed groups are showed in Fig. 2 (DT, SA 1/100, and SA 1/1000). The DT and corneal light scattering showed similar magnitude in the control and in the LASIK groups (p = 0.42 and p = 0.64, respectively). The DT was higher in the control and LASIK groups than in the surface epithelial procedures (p < 0.05). FIGURE 2. Back to Top | Article Outline Roughness and Thickness of the Epithelial Surface Fig. 2 presents examples of the microphotographs from the six corneal groups, and it shows quantitative analysis of the corneal microphotographs [epithelial thickness (ET), ER, and IR]. The epithelial surface is apparently not uniform in the PRK-NGF, PRK, and LASEK groups. This analysis generally evidenced a similar level of epithelial roughness and ET to the control and LASIK groups. By contrast, an increase in epithelial roughness was apparent in those procedures with epithelial surface alteration in comparison with the control and LASIK groups (p < 0.05, respectively). When analyzing ET, a larger increase was observed in the epithelial surface procedures in comparison with the control and LASIK groups (p < 0.05). Back to Top | Article Outline Correlation Between Epithelial Surface and Corneal Light Transmission Taking into consideration data from all the eyes, a negative correlation between the epithelial roughness and DT was found (r = −0.48, p = 0.02). We also observed that DT was correlated to corneal light scattering (r = −0.64, p < 0.01). These correlations appear to be an "average effect" between the high correlations observed in the control and PRK groups and the moderate correlation observed in the remaining groups. In the control group, the correlation among epithelial roughness (e.g., ER), DT, and corneal light scattering (SA) was, in absolute terms, above 0.99 (ER-DT, r = −0.99, p < 0.05; ER-SA, r = −0.99, p = 0.05; DT-SA, r = 0.99, p = 0.05). In the PRK-NGF, correlation among the variables ER, DT, and SA was, in absolute terms, above 0.95. In the PRK group, a high correlation value was found between ER and DT (r = −0.99, p < 0.05). In deepithelialization, moderate correlations were observed in the LASIK and LASEK groups, with these values not proving statistically significant. There was no relation between the ET and the corneal light transmission measurements. Back to Top | Article Outline DISCUSSION In this study, quantitative histologic measurements were analyzed to determine whether objective differences exist in roughness of the epithelial surfaces and ET after wound healing in diverse refractive surgery procedures and deepithelialization and whether there is any relationship between these measurements and corneal light transmission. Previous studies have explored the link between the epithelium and corneal transparency, using rabbits as the most suitable animal model.4,6,19,20 Nonetheless, in this study, we chose the hen as the experimental model because, histologically, its cornea resembles human cornea in size and structure, it is thinner centrally and thickens toward the periphery. In addition, the proportions of its layers are very similar.29 Furthermore, in the central cornea, our analyzed area, the fibrillar collagen arrangement is similar to human cornea.30,31 This experiment was performed based on measurements made 30 days after the treatments. This time point was selected because at 30 days, epithelial organization has not yet been reestablished, corneal light transmission has not yet recovered, and the haze peak tends to occur at ∼30 days.2–4 One challenge involved in the study of complications arising during wound healing response is to obtain quantitative measurements from histologic observations, particularly measurements of the epithelium-stromal interface. However, the algorithm presented solves this problem, extracting quantitative and systematic information concerning certain histologic parameters from corneal microphotographs, in particular, ET and its uniformity over the whole area photographed, as well as roughness of both external and internal surfaces. In this study, we propose using the first PCA variables as a measurement of epithelial roughness, DT, and corneal light scattering rather than the original ones. In each analysis, this first PCA appeared as a "size" variable, highly correlated with the mean of the original variables and able to account for most of the information in the data. Several treatments with different wound healing response and an untreated control group were analyzed to characterize the epithelial surface and light transmission across the cornea. Various authors ascribe subepithelial light scattering to irregularities in the epithelium and to subepithelial structures.4,5,21,22 McCally et al.6 obtained objective corneal light scattering measurements and observed greater irregularities in the basement membrane in the high-scattering group. In addition, it has been suggested that the main cause of scattering in the postablation cornea is the subepithelial region, this area being characterized by irregularities.19,20 However, none of these suggestions have related quantitative measurements of epithelial roughness to objective measurements of corneal light transmission. Roughness is associated with epithelial-stromal interactions. The corneal wound healing response that occurs after PRK or LASEK is usually more intense than after LASIK for the same correction.23 Quantitative measurements of epithelial properties after PRK and LASEK showed a higher ET and a greater roughness in comparison with control and LASIK groups. The hypothesis that the roughness of the epithelial surface is related to corneal light transmission is supported by the correlation of epithelial roughness with DT in the control, PRK, and PRK-NGF groups. It has been evidenced that corneal scattering was significantly lower after LASIK than after PRK32 and that there was no significant increase in forward light scatter at 1 month after PRK compared with a control group.33 Although light scattering in the epithelial surface procedures appears to be higher in comparison with LASIK or control, the differences observed in this experiment were not statistically significant. The role of ET and its link to light transmission was also explored; no significant relation being found. To sum up, measurements performed in this study have shown that roughness in the epithelial surface is related to corneal light transmission, particularly for the high correlations observed in the control and PRK groups. However, further studies using a larger sample size are needed to measure all the correlations more accurately and, in general, to gain a deeper insight into the basis of corneal transparency during wound healing. Back to Top | Article Outline ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Philip Jaggs for translating the text into English, Roberto Cantalapiedra Rodríguez for his technical assistance, and Samuel Arba Mosquera for his untiring support. Pablo Pérez-Merino Department of Cell Biology Faculty of Medicine University of Valladolid Ramón y Cajal 7, 47005, Valladolid, Spain e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com to Top | Article Outline REFERENCES1.Wilson SE, Mohan RR, Ambrosio R Jr, Hong J, Lee J. The corneal wound healing response: cytokine-mediated interaction of the epithelium, stroma, and inflammatory cells. Prog Retin Eye Res 2001;20:625–37. Cited Here... 2.Mohan RR, Hutcheon AE, Choi R, Hong J, Lee J, Ambrosio R Jr, Zieske JD, Wilson SE. Apoptosis, necrosis, proliferation, and myofibroblast generation in the stroma following LASIK and PRK. Exp Eye Res 2003;76:71–87. Cited Here... 3.Martinez-Garcia MC, Merayo-Lloves J, Blanco-Mezquita T, Mar-Sardana S. Wound healing following refractive surgery in hens. Exp Eye Res 2006;83:728–35. Cited Here... 4.Netto MV, Mohan RR, Sinha S, Sharma A, Dupps W, Wilson SE. Stromal haze, myofibroblasts, and surface irregularity after PRK. Exp Eye Res 2006;82:788–97. Cited Here... 5.Meek KM, Leonard DW, Connon CJ, Dennis S, Khan S. Transparency, swelling and scarring in the corneal stroma. Eye (Lond) 2003;17:927–36. Cited Here... 6.McCally RL, Connolly PJ, Stark WJ, Jain S, Azar DT. Identical excimer laser PTK treatments in rabbits result in two distinct haze responses. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006;47:4288–94. Cited Here... 7.McCally RL, Freund DE, Zorn A, Bonney-Ray J, Grebe R, de la Cruz Z, Green WR. Light-scattering and ultrastructure of healed penetrating corneal wounds. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007;48:157–65. Cited Here... 8.Maurice DM. The structure and transparency of the cornea. J Physiol 1957;136:263–86. Cited Here... 9.Freegard TJ. The physical basis of transparency of the normal cornea. Eye (Lond) 1997;11(Pt 4):465–71. Cited Here... 10.Farell RA, McCally RL. Corneal transparency. In: Albert DM, Jakobiec FA, eds. Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology, 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders; 2000:629–43. Cited Here... 11.Jester JV, Moller-Pedersen T, Huang J, Sax CM, Kays WT, Cavanagh HD, Petroll WM, Piatigorsky J. The cellular basis of corneal transparency: evidence for 'corneal crystallins.' J Cell Sci 1999;112(Pt 5):613–22. Cited Here... 12.Møller-Pedersen T. Keratocyte reflectivity and corneal haze. Exp Eye Res 2004;78:553–60. Cited Here... 13.Lu L, Reinach PS, Kao WW. Corneal epithelial wound healing. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2001;226:653–64. Cited Here... 14.Wilson SE, Liu JJ, Mohan RR. Stromal-epithelial interactions in the cornea. Prog Retin Eye Res 1999;18:293–309. Cited Here... 15.Wilson SE, Mohan RR, Hutcheon AE, Ambrosio R, Zieske JD, Hong J, Lee J. Effect of ectopic epithelial tissue within the stroma on keratocyte apoptosis, mitosis, and myofibroblast transformation. Exp Eye Res 2003;76:193–201. Cited Here... 16.Stramer BM, Zieske JD, Jung JC, Austin JS, Fini ME. Molecular mechanisms controlling the fibrotic repair phenotype in cornea: implications for surgical outcomes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003;44:4237–46. Cited Here... 17.Wilson SE, Netto M, Ambrosio R Jr. Corneal cells: chatty in development, homeostasis, wound healing, and disease. Am J Ophthalmol 2003;136:530–6. Cited Here... 18.Wilson SE. Analysis of the keratocyte apoptosis, keratocyte proliferation, and myofibroblast transformation responses after photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 2002;100:411–33. Cited Here... 19.De Brouwere D, Ginis H, Kymionis G, Naoumidi I, Pallikaris I. Forward scattering properties of corneal haze. Optom Vis Sci 2008;85:843–8. Cited Here... 20.Ginis H, Pentari I, de Brouwere D, Bouzoukis D, Naoumidi I, Pallikaris I. Narrow angle light scatter in rabbit corneas after excimer laser surface ablation. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2009;29:357–62. Cited Here... 21.Vinciguerra P, Azzolini M, Airaghi P, Radice P, De Molfetta V. Effect of decreasing surface and interface irregularities after photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis on optical and functional outcomes. J Refract Surg 1998;14:S199–203. Cited Here... 22.Vinciguerra P, Azzolini M, Radice P, Sborgia M, De Molfetta V. A method for examining surface and interface irregularities after photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis: predictor of optical and functional outcomes. J Refract Surg 1998;14:S204–6. Cited Here... 23.Netto MV, Mohan RR, Ambrosio R Jr, Hutcheon AE, Zieske JD, Wilson SE. Wound healing in the cornea: a review of refractive surgery complications and new prospects for therapy. Cornea 2005;24:509–22. Cited Here... 24.Oliva MS, Ambrosio Junior R, Wilson SE. Influence of intraoperative epithelial defects on outcomes in LASIK for myopia. Am J Ophthalmol 2004;137:244–9. Cited Here... 25.Patel S, Marshall J, Fitzke FW III. Refractive index of the human corneal epithelium and stroma. J Refract Surg 1995;11:100–5. Cited Here... 26.Merayo-Lloves J, Yanez B, Mayo A, Martin R, Pastor JC. Experimental model of corneal haze in chickens. J Refract Surg 2001;17:696–9. Cited Here... 27.Torres RM, Merayo-Lloves J, Blanco-Mezquita JT, Gunther CP, Rodriguez G, Gutierez R, Martinez-Garcia C. Experimental model of laser in situ keratomileusis in hens. J Refract Surg 2005;21:392–8. Cited Here... 28.Mar S, Martinez-Garcia MC, Blanco-Mezquita T, Torres RM, Merayo-Lloves J. Measurement of correlation between transmission and scattering during wound healing in hen corneas. J Mod Opt 2009;56:1014–21. Cited Here... 29.Fowler WC, Chang DH, Roberts BC, Zarovnaya EL, Proia AD. A new paradigm for corneal wound healing research: the white leghorn chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus). Curr Eye Res 2004;28:241–50. Cited Here... 30.Boote C, Hayes S, Jones S, Quantock AJ, Hocking PM, Inglehearn CF, Ali M, Meek KM. Collagen organization in the chicken cornea and structural alterations in the retinopathy, globe enlarged (rge) phenotype–an x-ray diffraction study. J Struct Biol 2008;161:1–8. Cited Here... 31.Hayes S, Boote C, Lewis J, Sheppard J, Abahussin M, Quantock AJ, Purslow C, Votruba M, Meek KM. Comparative study of fibrillar collagen arrangement in the corneas of primates and other mammals. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2007;290:1542–50. Cited Here... 32.Jain S, Khoury JM, Chamon W, Azar DT. Corneal light scattering after laser in situ keratomileusis and photorefractive keratectomy. Am J Ophthalmol 1995;120:532–4. Cited Here... 33.Harrison JM, Tennant TB, Gwin MC, Applegate RA, Tennant JL, van den Berg TJ, Lohmann CP. Forward light scatter at one month after photorefractive keratectomy. J Refract Surg 1995;11:83–8. Cited Here... Keywords:corneal epithelium; direct transmittance; light scattering; refractive surgery © 2010 American Academy of Optometry


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Many people love the Queen. But what some might not know is how much she loves the Lord. She begins her newly-released book, "The Servant Queen And The King She Serves," with this: "I have been — and remain — very grateful to you for your prayers and to God for his steadfast love."
Franklin Graham spoke out on his Facebook page to applaud her confession of faith.
You can read more about the release of the Queen's new book at the Christian Post.
How great would it be for us to have a leader that honored God and depended on Him? Let's pray we get one in 2016! Will you post a prayer for our election in the Comments? Thank you so much!

subset: commoncrawl


text: First, be aware that when this transformer steps up the voaglte, it simply doubles it and that is all it does. Since in the USA voaglte is 120 Volts (it has not been 110 volts for a very long time) it outputs 240 volts not 220. It does not change the Hz so the output is 240V 60Hz. You should check whatever you are plugging into the 220V outlet to make sure that it can operate at 240V 60Hz. The second problem is that the Universal outlet does not ground the widely used Schuko plug, so saying it is Universal is highly misleading. Also, be sure to get a much larger wattage than the nominal wattage of whatever you are plugging into it. I tried a 500 watt version with my 165 watt gelato machine but it kept blowing the fuse when the compressor cycled on. Which brings me to the third weakness which is the fuse sure they give you two spare ones, but a circuit breaker would be much better.That said, this unit is inexpensive compared to what you would have to pay for one with a circuit breaker and a Schuko plug in addition to the Universal plug. So it might serve your purposes, just make sure whatever you are going to plug into it will work on 240V 60hz, doesn't use a Schuko plug and doesn't have wattage spikes that are many times their nominal wattage.


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Pearachute Founder Story: My purpose is building businesses that need to exist
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As the founder of Pearachute and a mother of two, Desiree Vargas Wrigley is the definition of hardworking. The first of its kind, Pearachute delivers an easy solution for parents seeking children's classes in their area. Desiree dives into what motivates her and what lies ahead for the company. ... Read more
Victoria Rainbolt
Contributing writer


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WEST LAFAYETTE, Ind. (WLFI) – The name of the person killed in an apartment fire near Purdue University this week has been released.
Tippecanoe County Coroner Donna Avolt said the victim was 22-year-old Cody Day of Connersville, Indiana. An autopsy on Day was completed Saturday afternoon. Avolt says the preliminary cause of death is smoke inhalation. The death is being ruled accidental.
The fire broke out just after 5 a.m. Thursday at an apartment complex on South River Road. Residents in eight apartments were displaced.
West Lafayette Fire Chief Tim Heath says one person was taken to the hospital. He says the fire does not seem suspicous but it remains under investigation.


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FjallRaven Karla Pro Trousers Curved Black
Durable outdoor trousers with Curved Fit in brushed G-1000 Silent. Engineered cut with pre-shaped legs that gives extra freedom of movement, plus six practical pockets.
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FjallRaven Karla Pro Trousers Curved Product description:Durable and versatile outdoor trousers with Curved Fit with a more articulated waist and extra width over the rear and thighs. This Pro model of the classic Karla Trousers has a new well-worked-through cut to sit better and give more freedom of movement – when you walk, squat and take long strides up on the mountain or in the forest. The material is wind and water resistant G-1000 Silent with a soft brushed finish. The knees and rear are pre-shaped and the waist has a high cut that is a little higher at the back to sit well under a backpack. There are two leg pockets, one with a zipper and one with buttons, the latter also has an inside mesh pocket for a mobile phone. There are also two hand pockets and two back pockets with flaps. The leg endings are raw length so they can be adapted to fit any height perfectly.
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8th – 16th March, 2015: New Zealand Study Visit (The FHEC in collaboration with the NZ Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (NZ MFAT).
A team of six staff from the FHEC visited New Zealand for a week-long study visit. Prior to the study visit, the FHEC study visit team did extensive research on the proposed partner agencies. The aims of the visit were to:
- Introduce the FHEC's mandated tasks to the various identified agencies in New Zealand.
- Understand the workings of the various agencies and possibly create partnerships for long term collaboration to address the difficulties the FHEC currently faces.
During site visitations to the various agencies and universities, the FHEC team learned how the quality assurance of programmes at NZ universities were maintained; procedures that governing the accreditation of university programmes; and the role of the Ministry of Education with regard to strategy and policy making for higher education institutions. At the end of the visit, the FHEC team were able to identify ways in which New Zealand could assist Fiji in enhancing its approach to higher education in order to establish Fiji as a globally recognized destination for quality higher education.


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When the munchkins were tiny, Ed the Awesome decided he wanted to get a mini set of season tickets to see the Texas Rangers. I agreed that it would be a fun outing for us and that I could leave the munchkins a home with his parents or my mother long enough for us to enjoy the games. We enjoyed the 2005 season immensely. I'm not sure how many games they won or lost, but Ed probably does. The 2006 season was great too. Same for 2007. We didn't even consider taking the boys to any of those games. It's hard enough for me to dodge fly balls without trying to shield an infant or toddler, so this wasn't a hard decision for either of us. But by 2008, I was reasonably confident in the boys walking abilities and firmly declared that this was the year that we would take the boys to a Rangers game.
We got to the game early to make sure we got the boys their special (free) batting helmets. It was cold, so they opted to wear their batting helmets over their jacket hoods. These boys are fashionable!
They looked so big at the time, but now they look like they were just babies!
Three and a half was too young for them to appreciate the Rangers. I had wanted them to see a game and they couldn't have cared less. I learned my lesson for that year.
I was not to be deterred though from my desire to have the boys appreciate and enjoy baseball! We tried again when they were 4 1/2. We got there early for them to get their free Josh Hamilton jerseys. Can you see a trend here? And with all of the food available at a ball game, the only thing they would eat was a hot dog. At that point, I wondered whether or not they were my children. They were still too young to enjoy seeing the game, or even to focus on anything happening on the field.
When they were 5 1/2, our endeavors were finally met with success! They loved the game! They actually watched a few minutes of it. Trip though has discovered the true joy of baseball games: cute girls! He spent almost the entire game starring at a couple of teenaged girls sitting behind us.
They were exhausted after the games!
The 2011 season is starting soon and I'm already excited!


text:
|Reference : Validation of a method for the determination of sterols and triterpenes in the aerial...
|Scientific journals : Article
|Human health sciences : Pharmacy, pharmacology & toxicology
|Validation of a method for the determination of sterols and triterpenes in the aerial part of Justicia anselliana (Nees) T. Anders by capillary gas chromatography.
|Kpoviessi, Dossou Sika Salome [> > > >]
|Gbaguidi, Fernand [> > > >]
|Gbenou, Joachim [> > > >]
|Accrombessi, Georges [> > > >]
|Moudachirou, Mansourou [> > > >]
|Rozet, Eric [Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de pharmacie > Chimie analytique >]
|Hubert, Philippe [Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de pharmacie > Chimie analytique >]
|Quetin-Leclercq, Joelle [> > > >]
|Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Analysis
|Elsevier Science
|Yes (verified by ORBi)
|United Kingdom
|[en] Acanthaceae/chemistry ; Calibration ; Cholesterol/analogs & derivatives/analysis/chemistry ; Chromatography, Gas/methods ; Molecular Structure ; Phytosterols/analysis/chemistry ; Plant Components, Aerial/chemistry ; Reference Standards ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Sitosterols/analysis/chemistry ; Solid Phase Extraction ; Sterols/analysis/chemistry ; Stigmasterol/analysis/chemistry ; Triterpenes/analysis/chemistry
|[en] An accurate and sensitive method, combining soxhlet extraction, solid phase-extraction and capillary gas chromatography is described for the quantitative determination of one triterpene (lupeol) and three sterols (stigmasterol, campesterol and beta-sitosterol) and the detection of another triterpene (alpha-amyrin) from the aerial part of Justicia anselliana. This is the first method allowing the quantification of sterols and triterpenes in this plant. It has been fully validated in order to be able to compare the sterol and triterpene composition of different samples of J. anselliana and therefore help to explain the allelopathic activity due to these compounds. This method showed that the aerial part of J. anselliana contained (292+/-2)mg/kg of lupeol, (206+/-1)mg/kg of stigmasterol, (266+/-2)mg/kg of campesterol and (184+/-9)mg/kg of beta-sitosterol.
|Researchers ; Professionals ; Students
|File(s) associated to this reference
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text:
Trudeau Liberals hike northern tax benefit, spend a bit on housing
No new money for Inuit suicide prevention, mental wellness
Justin Trudeau's Liberals have kept at least one promise they made to northern voters last year, Finance Minister Bill Morneau's March 22 budget reveals.
They've hiked the value of the northern residents tax deduction.
But their spending commitments on social housing are likely to disappoint Inuit and other northerners. Many of the government's infrastructure spending plans for the North are vague and lacking in detail, and the federal government's spending plans do not include funding for Inuit suicide prevention or mental wellness.
One big measure, which Morneau did not mention in his highly-anticipated budget speech, did draw praise from Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami.
When they fill out their 2016 income tax returns next year, northern tax-filers can reduce their taxable incomes by up to $8,030 per year, a document attached to federal Morneau's budget reveals.
The value of the benefit will rise from $8.25 per day per household to $11 and in self-contained dwelling units with only one tax-filer, from $16.50 to $22 per day.
"The increase in the Northern Residents Deduction from $16.50 to $22 a day is a positive measure, the first such increase in years," ITK said in a statement.
But on another big issue for Inuit and northerners, social housing, Morneau's budget will likely disappoint most people in Nunavut and Nunavik.
In it, the federal government proposes spending $177.7 million on northern and Inuit housing over the next two years, starting in 2016-17.
When broken down by jurisdiction, it falls far short of what most Inuit organizations and northern governments have been asking for.
The Liberal government's northern social housing commitments are divided up like this over the two years between now and 2018:
• Nunavut: $76.7 million;
• Northwest Territories: $12 million;
• Yukon: $8 million;
• Nunavik: $50 million;
• Nunatsiavut: $15 million; and,
• Inuvialuit Settlement Region: $15 million.
"It is a positive change to see Inuit as well as specific Inuit regions recognized in the budget text," ITK's president Natan Obed said in a statement.
But ITK also said those amounts are not enough to clear the current backlog.
In Nunavut, for example, the territorial government has estimated that at least 3,000 units are required to meet the territory's social housing deficit.
The new federal spending announced March 22 will reduce that deficit by only a small fraction.
"The budget's northern and Inuit housing allocation would cover the cost of building not even 200 units [in Nunavut]," ITK's statement said.
In Nunavik, where regional leaders estimate they need at least 1,000 new units, the promised spending of $50 million over two years would likely deliver only about 75 new units a year, based on an average construction cost of $330,000 per unit.
But Obed said the modest social housing commitments that Ottawa announced March 22 are still "welcome, given the severity of crowding in our four regions."
"I look forward to working with the government to find ways to achieve the much larger investment that is necessary," Obed said.
And ITK likes another budget announcement that promises to restore funding the organization has lost to federal government cuts in recent years.
The Liberal government will spend an extra $96 million over the next five years on aboriginal representative organizations to improve their ability to lobby the government, Morneau's budget said.
"We look forward to learning more about how this increase — roughly $20 million a year over five years, in addition to the current funding level of $21 million for 46 Inuit, First Nations and Metis organizations, will affect Inuit and Inuit organizations," Obed said.
But the budget projects no extra spending on Inuit mental wellness and suicide prevention — a disappointment for ITK.
"Taking action to prevent suicide in our communities is an urgent priority, and it is not acceptable that basic funding to support this vital work remains incidental year after year," Obed said.
As for the federal government's big infrastructure spending promises, Ottawa will spend $11.9 billion across Canada over the next five years in addition to money previously budgeted within the Gas Tax Fund and the New Building Canada Fund.
But budget documents contain no information on how that spending will be divided among territories and provinces.
The government will also eliminate the Universal Child Care Benefit and the Canada Child Tax benefit, and replace those programs with a new plan called the Canada Child Benefit.
The CCB will provide a benefit of $6,400 per each child under the age of six and $5,400 for each child aged six through 17.
But on the portion of adjusted family net income between $30,000 and $65,000, the benefit will be phased out at a rate of seven per cent for a one-child family, 13.5 per cent for a two-child family, 19 per cent for a three-child family and 23 per cent for larger families.
Where adjusted family net income exceeds $65,000, the remaining benefits will be phased out at rates of 3.2 per cent for a one-child family, 5.7 per cent for a two-child family, eight per cent for a three-child family and 9.5 per cent for larger families, on the portion of income above $65,000.
The benefit is non-taxable and the government claims it will give nine of 10 families an average increase of $2,300 a year over the programs that it replaces.
Other budget measures that will affect northerners and Inuit, and in some cases, all other Canadians, include:
• a rise in Nunavut's territorial financing formula transfer to $1.489 billion in 2016-17, for total federal transfers of $1.54 billion, equal to $41,060 for every man, woman and child living in Nunavut;
• a tax cut for people with taxable incomes of beween $44,700 and $89,401, from a rate of 22 per cent down to 20.5 per cent, which the government claims is worth $1,340 per year for a two-income household;
• a tax increase, from a rate of 29 per cent to 33 per cent, for incomes greater than $200,000 per year;
• $500 million over five years, starting in 2016–17, for a new program to improve broadband internet in rural and remote communities;
• $19 million over five years for studies by Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada in the Beaufort Sea, Baffin Bay and Davis Strait, the Kivalliq and Kitikmeot regions, and the Arctic Islands of Nunavut, to gather information on whether oil and gas activities should occur;
• $10.1 million over four years, starting in 2016–17, for the Northern Projects Management Office, which helps mining companies navigate the northern regulatory system — the NPMO is part of the Canadian Northern Economic Development Agency; and
• $64.5 million over five years, starting in 2016-17, for Nutrition North Canada, and $13.8 million per year to expand the program to all northern isolated communities — but the structure of the program will remain unchanged.
(More to follow)


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St. Bartholomew: Humble Servant
A clip from St. Bartholomew's in NYC, named after tomorrow's saint
Tomorrow, the Church remembers a leader most known for being one of the original 12 apostles, but the Bible tells us little about him beyond this. He is associated with having brought the Christian faith to both India and Armenia. What we do know is that, as one of Jesus' earliest followers, he would have been familiar with the humble servanthood expected of followers of Jesus, and most likely lived it out.
Israel had looked forward to another great prophet like Moses since the days just after the Exodus. (Deuteronomy 18:15-18) I've often wondered how people would behave today had history worked out so that Jesus walked among us in this day and age. Would we be like that first generation of his followers, or would we get too caught up in the celebrity worship that permeates our society? Given how some in the public eye who claim to be followers of Jesus behave today, I think it would be safe to say that the celebrity worship would dominate things.
It's very easy to imagine people seeking out selfie opportunities and sharing viral videos of miracles. But, in many ways, I think people living today realize that we need a Redeemer. Like our earlier counterparts, many look to the present-day political and social systems as the answer to problems that are spiritual. In fact, we must ask ourselves: had Jesus become incarnate in our age instead of 2,000 years ago, would he have faced death just as surely? I believe so, and I think we're kidding ourselves if we think otherwise.
Following Jesus today isn't easy, and it was back in New Testament times, either. (1 Corinthians 4:9-15) Being in want, having false accusations made, being driven out from society, imprisonment, and death are some of the things that the apostles faced that are unfortunately still with Christians today. The persecutors may follow different sociopolitical idealogies and different religions, but the dynamic is still the same: Christ's followers will often pay a price for sharing God's gift of love and grace, especially to the marginalized.
Most of the intrigues and conflicts over power that play out in political and economic circles should be absent from the Church as well, but unfortunately aren't. Jesus' message about leaders being like one who serves (Luke 22:24-30) would be good for all in positions of authority to bear in mind. Bartholomew and the apostles, though the subject of legends involving miracles, aren't best-known for their signs and wonders. They are known for spreading their message of redemption in the face of great hardship, and being faithful to that even to death.
Almighty and everlasting God, who gave to your apostle Bartholomew grace truly to believe and to preach your Word: Grant that your Church may love what he believed and preach what he taught; through Jesus Christ our Lord, who lives and reigns with you and the Holy Spirit, one God, for ever and ever. Amen.
A Sermon for 2 Easter
I like the paragraph near the end about signs.
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(Literary Masterpieces, Critical Compilation)
Throughout much of history, human bondage has been an acceptable institution to a large part of mankind. It was not until the mid-nineteenth century that the world-wide movement for abolition began slavery's long and sometimes painful decline to the status of a generally recognized evil. Racism, particularly that directed toward black Africans, is not as ancient as slavery, but, by the nineteenth century, these two unsavory features of human existence had become inexorably coupled. It is almost impossible to discuss one completely without, in some way, coming to grips with the other. Slavery, racism, and the relationship between the two have become favorite subjects of inquiry for historians and social scientists, and hundreds of books have been produced examining the problem from almost every conceivable angle. One surprising area of scholarly neglect, however, is the long and complex history of slavery and race in the world of Islam—the Middle East. Bernard Lewis, Dodge Professor of Near Eastern Studies emeritus at Princeton University, attempts to begin the process of filling in this unusual gap in the historical record with his brief "historical enquiry."
The explanation for the lack of hard data about Middle Eastern slavery and racial attitudes, according to Lewis, is "the extreme sensitivity of the subject." Neither scholars inside nor outside the world of Islam have found such questions open for thorough and objective examination. Middle Eastern governments as well as the general populace often see such research from Western scholars as an attack upon their religion and culture, and Muslim scholars simply do not have the same freedom of inquiry as their American and European counterparts. This is particularly regrettable since it has led to a confused and inaccurate image fostered by Western scholars as well-known as Arnold Toynbee. According to this distorted view, the Islamic world was largely color-blind, and Islamic slavery was somehow less repugnant than the Western variety. While Lewis warns his readers not to make the assumption that Muslim racial attitudes mirror those of South Africa or that Islamic slavery was a replica of the plantation system in the American South, he makes it clear that slavery was a crucial element in Middle Eastern society for much of its history and, like slavery everywhere, produced human suffering. Morever, it was also accompanied by various forms of prejudice and discrimination against black Africans.
Historians generally agree that racial distinction played no appreciable role in the systems of bondage in antiquity, such as Greece and Rome. While most ancient societies did assume that outsiders were inferior, using descriptive terms such as "barbarian," and foreignness was generally sufficient justification for enslavement, nowhere in the ancient world did this almost universal ethnocentrism take on the characteristics of what is termed racism in the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries. Modern racism places primary emphasis on supposedly inherent characteristics, which can never be changed, while prejudice against foreigners in the ancient world was largely an expression of cultural difference. This meant, in effect, that anyone might be a slave, regardless of physical characteristics, and that once free an individual found it easier to become part of the general population.
The three great religions of the Middle East—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—originated in an era in which slavery was the accepted norm, and all three contained instructions to believers intended to soften the lot of the slave. In Lewis' estimation, Islam, the youngest of the three, contained the strongest bias toward freedom. Still, slavery was an accepted institution, and the rapid expansion of Islam through conquest brought the Arab peoples into contact with thousands of potential candidates for enslavement. As a result, human bondage became a very important part of Islamic society, and while it never played as crucial a role as plantation slavery in European expansion centuries later, it did have significant impact on the Middle Eastern economy.
Ironically, the efforts of Jewish, Christian, and Muslim theologians and jurists to regulate the treatment of slaves in the spirit of their religious beliefs left a body of law and custom that would eventually act as support for slavery when it was attacked from outside. In 1855, for example, the Ottoman government, in response to British pressure, attempted to halt the traffic in slaves within the Turkish Empire. The Arab leaders of the Al-Hijaz province, who were responsible for protecting the holy cities of Mecca and Medina, rose in revolt citing the ban on the...
(The entire section is 1911 words.)


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#1 Ranked Children's Hospital by U.S. News & World Report
MyPatients provides referring primary care providers with secure access to their patients' information.
Boston Children's has launched the world's 1st program dedicated to offering hand transplants to children who qualify.
Innovation insider is a semi-monthly e-newsletter analyzes innovations at Boston Children's, other academic medical centers and from industry.
Read the latest blog by a Boston Children's doctor, clinician or staff member.
There are many ways you can help children and their families get the care they need.
Scarlet fever, also known as scarlatina, is a contagious infection caused by the same bacteria that causes strep throat. In some cases, if your child has strep throat, she may also develop scarlet fever. In addition to your child not feeling well, scarlet fever also results in a fine, "sandpaper-like" rash that consists of small, red bumps.
Boston Children's is so much more than a hospital—it's a community of researchers, clinicians, administrators, support staff, innovators, teachers, patients and families, all working together to make the impossible possible.


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Can't wait to see your class nerf to the ground in pvp, ridiculously op in arena.
Can't wait to see your class nerf to the ground in pvp, ridiculously op in arena.
I wouldn't mind our bust getting toned down if they give us more sustained damage and entrapment for all specs.
I want to have a child and use it as a pulling tool in dungeons.
Agreed with hybrid healers healing for way too much as well. But to be fair rets suffer pretty excessively damagewise except for when cooldowns are up. They'll do great burst then they hit like a wet noodle.
But yeah some huge issues of balance are in game right now. Hunters need to be fixed. Warriors slightly as well. Then theres classes that really do need buffs. I don't know how BM hunters are in raids but I hear we're terrible. Surv/MM need buffed all around as well. The monk class cracks me up too. Their DPS spec is probably the worst spec I've seen in WoW in years for both PVP and PVE. They heal excellently though.
Our "OPness" comes from the fact that we have alot of CDs that we can stack and pop at the beginning which creates great burst (not to mention Stampede, Kill Command, and Lynx Rush ignore LoS). Our sustained is pretty lacking though, which is why I'm kinda worried. If they nerf our burst then that may very well nerf our dps overall. I think they need to find a way to nerf our burst while buffing our sustained to keep our dps at about the same, because we're in a decent spot atm.
I don't care what you have to say about "common sense" or "it's obvious"
from what i've seen in bgs my pets do the expected amount of damage (it's still too much but that's not the point) on pvp geared players and i have every spirit beast save arcturis, gc and the other one from hyjal that's not ahnka
There have been a couple instances in the past where certain abilities would ignore resilience, but only in arenas.
More than willing to provide screenshots of combat logs, warlock in full pvp gear using unbound will being hit by the following in the same second (timestamps available)
Claw 37k
Claw 37k
Claw 37k
Claw 37k
Claw 37k
Kill Command 68k
all crits mind you
(All happen in the exact same second)
That is a little too much for damage that is impossible to avoid/prevent, seeing as the pets are immune to CC, you can kill them with the glyph and the hunter is impossible to kill during it because spirit mend from 5 pets out-heals any damage any class in-game can put out (aside another hunter).
That's not even including blink strike/lynx rush etc.
Last edited by qu1rex; 2012-10-09 at 08:37 PM.
Magnificence personified
Yeah, I'm with Illana here, we need to see some screens or logs or something. I'm actually more confused now than at the start of this thread.
Which spirit beasts is this happening with?
Which attacks are ignoring resilience?
Does it happen every time or only under bestial wrath or during stampede?
Evidence people, we need to see hard numbers and facts. Especially because if this is legit and repeatable we need to make sure that Blizz is aware of it, so that they don't hand down PvP nerfs based on a bug they aren't aware of.
- The Hunter's Creed -
"This is my pet. There are many others like him, but this one is mine. He is my best friend. He is my life. I must master him as I master my life.
My pet, without me, is useless. Without my pet, I am useless."
As far as i'm aware, he was using spirit beasts and this was during Bestial Wrath with Stampede.
As it's not the first time it's happened to me, i'm sure it'll be really easy to reproduce the same results.
(Just to emphasize, I had unbound will up (40% dmg reduction cooldown) and using full pvp gear)
Magnificence personified
I really hope Blizzard either remove Stampede from arena and fix the bugs, completely redesign a handful of abilities, or simply just nerf hunters to the ground at the benefit of the 10 other classes. BM is a terrible PvE spec anyway. It shouldn't really be viable in arena. The same goes for Arcane mages, protection warriors etc (you get the point).
a guldie was telling me earlier that its possible for him to do 799k in 10seconds using claw, BW and stampede. is that even possible? ive tested a few times with my plain old cat on a target dummy and my damage output is no way near that high.using stampede seems to be lowing my damage if anything. not sure what im doing wrong. ive been smashing faces in, but ive not understood how other hunters are doing such insane damage so quickly.
---------- Post added 2012-10-11 at 12:25 AM ----------
in my post above i said i havnt been able to repeat the 700k damage is 10seconds ive been hearing about, but i still think the burst is too high, but the sustainable damage is terrible. the burst needs to be reduced a lot, and up the damage we can keep up, once the cooldowns have been used the damage is terrible from my experience. i dont want to see some heavy handed blizzard nerf where they totally destroy the BM spec again and make it a useless spec again. sadly thats usually blizzards way to nerf the class into the ground for the next season. i got a feeling its going to happen to warriors aswell.
When u can kill someone in the duration of a intimidation its a bit op and considering lynx rush ignores resillince and so does stampede pets ya it needs to be fixed but the nerf our dmg any more we wont be pve. Viable I barely can sustain 50k and that makes me last on the meters
any proof lynx rush ignores resi?
i keep seeing videos and hearing people talking about doing 700k damage in 10seconds, and pets ignoring resi, but i just cant seem to repeat the effects. im not the best hunter, but im pretty expereinced with the class. i dont have a spirit beast pet, and ive heard they are pretty OP right now. but using BW, intimidation, trinket, racial and lynx rush on my paladin friend with no pvp gear it only took him to about 60% health, which is a lot still in 4seconds, but no way near as much as i see others doing. a guildie was telling me his cats claw was hitting for 60k+, mine seems to hit about 30k at most, thats with 100 focus and BW up. not sure where im going wrong, i just cant seem to output that amount of crazy damage. i do a lot, more than i should be able to to in a short space of time still.
people keep going on about pets and stuff ignoring resilience:
Again I can do a shit ton of damage to someone popping every single cooldown I have too but that doesn't mean it's bugged or ignoring resilience or something, it's the damage it's SUPPOSED to do.
doesn't mean it's balanced but blizz obviously designed it to be like that right now.
If pets did indeed ignore resilience, i wouldn't notice them doing less damage in pvp and they do a lot less damage in pvp.
Any nerf on our abilities or damage will make us almost unviable in PvE! I'm strongly against any nerfs to hunters!!!


text:
Titans Coach Mike Munchak thought it was time for a change.
The NFL Hall of Fame player doesn't make hasty decisions or moves based on desperation.
So when he let veteran offensive coordinator Chris Palmer go this week and replaced him with quarterbacks coach Dowell Loggains with only five games left in the regular season, he had his own set of reasons.
Palmer's coaching career dates back to 1972. He has coaching shorts older than Loggains, whose first job was as an offensive quality control coach for the Titans in 2008.
It's safe to say Loggains is on a five-game trial run, trying to work the kinks out of a Titans offense ranked 24th with 327.7 yards a game and 19th in scoring with 21.6 points a game.
Munchak was rightfully frustrated as he saw the Titans offense score only 19 points against the 1-9 Jaguars. He was not pleased with scoring only one touchdown and four of five field goal attempts.
"You can't send your kicker out five times and win many games,'' Munchak noted.
The Titans didn't penetrate the Jaguars' 20-yard-line until the fourth quarter, and still had chances to win. But receivers ruled inches out of bounds, quarterback Jake Locker rushing a pass and being picked off – it all added up to the Titans' seventh loss of the season.
After making the change with Palmer, Munchak talked about "different direction… getting fresh eyes on something … fresh ideas.''
He handed the keys to Loggains, who has developed a strong relationship with Locker. But Loggains goes from being a player's buddy to running the Titans offense.
"He is very smart and very good at what he does,'' Munchak said of Loggains. "He always does his homework. He is a film junkie.
"He is a good thinker and he has good ideas.''
I predict Loggains' first order of business will be to simplify the offense and take some of the things he learned from the late Titans offensive coordinator Mike Heimerdinger.
'Dinger gave receivers options on routes. It was simple, but effective. His idea was to keep defenses guessing, off-balance. The last thing he wanted was to confuse his players.
Looking at the Titans offense in the Jags game, they ran the ball up the middle on first downs far too many times. Heimerdinger liked to set up the run with the pass. Even though the Titans started inside their own 20 for 8 of their 12 possessions, they were going against the second worst defense in the NFL.
Munchak had seen enough.
I don't know how far Loggains can go with Locker in only five games, but it's time to take the wraps off. He is 2-4 in his first six starts and rookies such as Andrew Luck and Robert Griffin III have been more effective than Locker, who is in his second season, but played sparingly as a rookie.
Loggains will try to make the offense more player-friendly than it was under Palmer. Remember, even in the NFL it's not the X's and O's, it's the Jimmys and Joes.
In other words, players have to make plays. The Titans' talent level on defense is lacking, but there are enough playmakers on offense to score more than 21.6 points a game.
Loggains can only do so much. It's time the Titans players do their part. They are playing for jobs from this point on. That threat alone usually increases production. The players need to insert self-pride into the equation and hold each other accountable.
Locker's relationship with Loggains should help facilitate changes.
Locker admits he likes Loggains and is excited to see what he has in store for the Titans.
They get tested out of the box – against the AFC leading Texans Sunday. The Texans are ranked sixth on defense, seventh in TDs allowed (23).
Don't expect miracles.
Contact Sports Columnist Joe Biddle at email@example.com.


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She talks to other friendsVisitor's Question from a 13-15 year old Male
i'm the guy who wrote "where are we in our relationship" and now i have another question. If she chooses to talk to her friends before me what does that mean. we could be talking and then she sees her friend and starts talking to her. Then doesen't even say goodbye she just basically forgets me and starts talking to her friend. And i would continue talking to her but i don't want to embarass her. And i told her that i look forward to that time the whole day because that's the only time i get to talk to her and she said sorry. But she did it again. I don't want to argue or sound like i'm mad, but i want that time with her it makes me feel good because somethings that i talk to anyone about, she helps me. It makes me feel better about myself when she hugs me. I'm crying right now
RomanceClass.com Advice
Whenever you have a relationship, you will enjoy happiness and suffer pain. This is unavoidable. The girl is not going to be perfect just as you are not perfect.
When she turns from you to talk to a friend, make sure you say hi to the friend and try to join in the conversation. If you don't know the friend, introduce yourself. This will not solve the problem you have directly, but will improve the situation.
The girl is probably showing you off to her friends because she is happy to have a guy interested in her so you may also take it as a compliment.
Good luck,
-- from George
One of Your Friendly Advisors at RomanceClass.com
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Forums → Games → Crush the Castle Players Pack - Custom Castles
These levels are for Crush the Castle Players Pack
Post your own killer fortress or try your hand at crushing the castles of others. For users posting their own creations, please consider the following guidelines:
Give your castle a title. This will allow other members to easily reference it in their comments.
Show off your work with a screenshot. A great tool for screenshots and videos is Jing.
Provide a description or hint. If your castle has any notable features or specific tactics make sure to let people know about them.
Don't forget your link. Simply copy the link directly from the Crush the Castle Players Pack editor and paste it in your post.
We had a ton of fun making this game and are really looking forward to seeing what you can do! Who knows, me may even use it in another version of the game.
Note: When posting images please use the image button in the form below and provide the URL to your screen shot. We do not allow raw HTML tags nor do we host images. If you need a place to host your images online consider one of the many photo sharing services.
How to Load a Castle:
Simply click on a shared castle link and you will be directed to the game immediately. The game will then load the castle take you right to the editor. Click Test Castle when it's loaded to try it out. It's just that simple!
How to Save a Castle:
Start up the Build and Share area.
Build your castle and click Share when you area ready.
Name your castle and click OK.
Click COPY to copy the link.
Share the link with everyone you know.
Good luck and happy building!
- 3,824 Replies
My first castle entry was a complete desaster: the link doesn't work, the picture is not shown ... :-((((((((
I try it again:
plain: Copy/paste: http://armorgames.com/Burl
linked: The King Himself on the Outlook
Use any bomb OR use the single superbomb, destroy the outlook and have the king softly landed on the snow as a survivor.
HELP! What do I do wrong????
The King Himself on the Outlook
The King Himself on the Outlook
Sorry, again me. I don't know why my link doesn't work.
Forgive me Charles, I use your last wonderful composition as a test object, then depending on the outcome I know more
Test No. X
Diana's temple in Kalamata
Hey Joey, I would like to reiterate that access to the codes should be possible in the new version. It is so important (to some of us) that you can alterate the codes directly in the code dialogue box.
Simple example if I can write the codes directly: if I lay out a wooden wall directly on the map - e.g. 0~w_w:525,361.65| - and I want to do an overlay of 5 wooden walls, I can only copy/paste 5 times the code - 0~w_w:525,361.65|w_w:525,361.65|w_w:525,361.65|w_w:525,361.65|w_w:525,361.65| - . With the new version, I am forced to lay it out by hand. Which makes no sense.
And it's not even a solution to use the old version which is still around, because the coordinates are different now compared to the earlier version.
Please consider adding this feature (again) in the new version).
Thanks, castlenovice
"Under The Bridge"
ohyousooner: Your castle is REALLY good-looking!!! Reminds me of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. I like it very much. Go on with such esthetic designs!!!
How about the Golden Gate Bridge? ;-)
Hey OU fan I like your Castle too. Very nice.
he not much for challenge but fun to look at it called suicide bombers
hey charles ;-) Got my message? ........
Em, this link should definitely work, I tried it out. It's called "test" but in reality it's
The Airy Castle
Now, still as a test (for me, sorry) the same castle but with the real title (when I created the code)
Em, not possible "sharing service not available"
ok then ,,,,,,,,,,,
Clean the whole map. Use triplesuperbomb (TSB)
castleme, for your big bomb test... 63 shots it took me...(it got soo laggy...)
I was bored and made something, so other people won't be.
Made to be Destroyed
You must be logged in to post a reply!


text: According to Daddy Freeze who spotted them and took his time to take pictures, the white Lamborhhini Huracan (above) is the 2016 model and costs N150m, while the latest Ferrari 488 GTB spotted this evening by him again costs almost $400,000 plus another 70percent ($280,000) to clear it which makes it approximately N218m when you multiple $680 by N323, the current dollar rate. See the other photo below... Who says there is no money in Nigeria? Yimu Lol


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'Green Hornet' Movie Car Up for Auction This Week
Beverly Hills auction house Julien's Auctions said it will offer a mid-1960s Chrysler Imperial used in the 2011 remake of "The Green Hornet" during its Hollywood Legends sale this Friday and Saturday. The car, called Black Beauty, is said to be the lone intact survivor of the production, which included the destruction of several cars.
For the film, which starred Seth Rogen, the hero car was modified with retractable machine guns and numerous other weapons. Unlike other famous cars from action-adventure stories, such as the Aston Martins that James Bond drives, the huge, heavy Imperial doesn't have a high-performance image. But its big engine and classic 1960s shape could help raise the profile of four-door sedans in the collector-car market.
The auction house estimates the car will fetch from $40,000 to $60,000.
Julien's is known for selling movie and television memorabilia. The auction also includes items from a range of 1960s television shows like a "Star Trek" laser rifle and a genie bottle from the sitcom "I Dream of Jeannie."


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Prospect tournaments are starting, and I'm pretty sure that everyone had a reaction similar to "WHOOPEE!"
Ok, mine was "oh, thank God, there's live hockey on my TV – I haven't watched the Blues take a hundred penalties and lose live since April!"
To each fanbase goes their own reactions, I guess. But, to celebrate the return of actual puck, let's have some actual puck-shaped whoopie pies. Sadly, regular hockey pucks don't come with nummy marshmellow filling. If they did, could you imagine how much people'd fight for them when they get shot into the stands. More than usual, I'm sure. They'd also hurt significantly less.
This is from the King Arthur Flour catalogue. You can use any flour you want, and I'm not paid to say this, but theirs really is the best.
For the cakes:
- 1/2 cup butter
- 1 cup brown sugar, packed
- 1 teaspoon espresso powder, optional
- 1 teaspoon baking powder
- 1/2 teaspoon baking soda
- 3/4 teaspoon salt
- 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
- 1 large egg
- 1/2 cup Dutch-process cocoa
- 2 1/3 cups King Arthur Unbleached All-Purpose Flour
- 1 cup milk
For the filling:
- 1 cup vegetable shortening
- 1 cup confectioners' sugar or glazing sugar
- 1 1/3 cups Marshmallow Fluff or marshmallow creme
- 1/4 teaspoon salt dissolved in 1 tablespoon water
- 1 1/2 teaspoons vanilla extract
Putting them together:
1) Preheat the oven to 350°F. Lightly grease (or line with parchment) two baking sheets.
2) To make the cakes: In a large mixing bowl, beat together the butter, sugar, espresso powder, baking powder, baking soda, salt, and vanilla till smooth. Add the egg, again beating till smooth.
3) Add the cocoa, stirring to combine.
4) Add the flour to the batter alternately with the milk, beating till smooth. Scrape down the sides and bottom of the bowl, and beat again briefly to soften and combine any chunky scrapings.
5) Drop the dough by the 1/4-cupful onto the prepared baking sheets, leaving plenty of room between the cakes; they'll spread. A muffin scoop works well here.
6) Bake the cakes for 15 to 16 minutes, till they're set and firm to the touch. Remove them from the oven, and cool on the pans. While still lukewarm, use a spatula to separate them from the pan or parchment; then allow to cool completely.
7) To make the filling: Beat together the shortening, sugar, and marshmallow till well combined.
8) Dissolve the salt in the water, and add to the marshmallow mixture. Add the vanilla, and beat till smooth.
9) Spread the flat side of half the cakes with the filling. Top with the remaining cakes, flat side towards the filling. Wrap individually, in plastic wrap, till ready to serve.
10) Yield: 8 large whoopie pies (about 4″ dia., about 5 ounces each). To make smaller pies, see tips at right.


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Recently widowed, Albert Schmidt has triumphantly rediscovered domestic bliss in the Hamptons with Carrie, the Puerto Rican waitress who is younger than his daughter. Schmidt is content with keeping his own hours and steering his own course, even as he becomes entertained--and increasingly ensnared-- by the odd billionaire Michael Mansour. Among Schmidt's other heartbreaks and delights is the scandal engulfing his detested son-in-law. Where will it all lead? Is Mansour a true friend or just a big cat playing with a WASP mouse? Can May and December remain on the same calendar as the sun sets? Through it all, one thing is clear: Schmidt has found a new life far beyond the deck chair.
With the elegance and mordant wit readers have come to expect of him, Louis Begley has created a magnificent story of how virtue may be rewarded.
--The New Yorker
"A LITERARY TRIUMPH . . . Begley has done the most amazing thing. . . . He's given us a character who is heroic, villainous, intelligent . . . You want to punch him or hug him until he cries--or both. He's human, masterfully drawn. . . . I loved this book."
The Washington Post Book World


text:
Separate names with a comma.
Discussion in 'Tennessee Titans and NFL Talk' started by NewHorizans, Mar 14, 2013.
dont know what are record is going to be but now it wont be lack of trying, or keeping people that we all know that should be cut, good job guys thanks for good news for once!
Can't believe we are up to 10 FA adds!!! Does anyone know if this is a record for most added FA players in one off-season for the Titans. If my memory serves, I never remember adding this many new players all from FA
Indy is 1 free agent behind us, we're not doing anything record breaking
we're simply replacing scrubs with competent talent, good teams are able to reinvest in themselves, we dont have anyone worth re-signing, thats probably why it seems like we're going crazy.
Best free agency in Titans history, yet the media still bangs us for it. Yes, some of the guys have questions marks, or we may have paid them too much... but you got to overpay to bring them to the Titans. Great off-season.
Still praying we pickup a vet corner. Plenty out there still available.
Seeing things like this piss me off:
"According to Tennessee's front office, the trio of Shonn Greene, Sammie Lee Hill and Delanie Walker are worth 10 years, $38.9 million. That's nearly $4 million per year for a backup running back, a third defensive tackle and a blocking tight end. Talk about spending frivolously."
We will always get that sort of media coverage.
Congrats, they have been very active and brought in some quality guys. It'll be a different looking team this coming season. Hope to make it to a couple of your games after the heat dies down a little (too damn hot in Sept).
I can't believe you guys give a damn what these fools say. If we go 11-5, they'll have to eat their words. Whether or not you over paid only matters if the move didn't work and you still suck. In our case we've been frugal for what seems like decades, no one gave us credit for that either, and we sucked to boot. Many criticized the falcons for trading away damn near their entire draft for Julio Jones. They've been a perennial playoff team and got a guy who will make multiple pro-bowls for their young franchise QB. Worked out pretty well didn't it. And where are the haters who knocked them? Idk but they sure shut the hell up.
That ish was fuuuunny. I wanna play him in Madden. I'll put the Titans on my back though!


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This is my journey and my journal... my way of dealing, coping, sharing. It just IS! This is my latest post in my struggle to stay alive and have a few more years with loved ones.
What started as IDC (Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma) in 2011, then turned into CHF (Congestive Heart Failure) in 2013, probably partially caused by chemotherapy along with a genetic pre-disposition. Here we are now in March 2016 and I am newly diagnosed with Stage IV breast cancer in the left breast and liver (LMBC - liver metastasized breast cancer).
So the focus has shifted yet again, BUT... I continue to THANK YOU for your prayers, love & support. I receive them with open & loving arms. My wish is that I will gain strength from you, will provide helpful information and strength to others & will help to strip away the fears we each experience.
I am strong. I am loved. I am healthy. I WILL SURVIVE!
Have you or your loved one had their annual mammogram? PLEASE, don't put it off. Speaking from experience, I highly recommend monthly self exam as well. And if you are now cancer free of breast cancer, do everything you can to insist that your doctors follow up with an occasional PET Scan and labs for tumor markers.
WARNING: Contents may be uplifting, sad, funny, scary, downright depressing ~ THAT IS CANCER .... at it's best, at its worst.
PLEASE ~ Feel free to share this blog with anyone who is interested to learn about my journey. While I welcome their support, I hope that by sharing this experience freely to the universe I may help to support others by breaking down some of the barriers and fear associated with breast cancer and the treatment.
Wednesday, July 27, 2011
Relay Survivor Dinner Tonight
3 comments:
hey I would have gone with you!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousJuly 30, 2011 at 10:21 PM
As I have said before the light being emitted from your soul is the beauty we see and feel. The words you speak and write communicate a wisdom that draws us in seeking the clarity you have found through your ordeal. And yes I would have been proud to escort you to the dinner if allowed! You are the light my friend.ReplyDelete
Next year I will invite all my new cancer survivor buddies to attend this event with me. I sure hope there are no new ones to add to the list between now and then. So eat your greens, get your mammograms, drink good wine but only in moderation, find a way to keep stress out of your life, and stay active. K?ReplyDelete
Thank you for visiting and leaving a comment. Your comment will be reviewed and approved the next time I visit.


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View of a statue of American General Ulysses S Grant. Scene changes to show the former estate home of General Robert E Lee (Arlington House, or the Custis-Lee Mansion, and later the Robert E. Lee Memorial) seen on a hill in Arlington National Cemetery, with grave markers nearby. A view of many graves on a sloping hillside of the cemetery. Flowers adorn an area inside the Arlington Memorial Amphitheater at the cemetery. A small group of visitors stands near the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at Arlington. Brief view of a horse-drawn Caisson underway on a road in Arlington National Cemetery, carrying a coffin for a burial ceremony. View of the Washington monument faintly in the distance, and the Potomac River in the distance. Flowers placed at the tomb.
A DC-3 lands at Washington-Hoover airport, precursor to Washington National Airport. Lee Mansion and the grounds of Arlington Cemetery are visible in the background. Shadow of blimp airship over landscape of Northern Virginia. Aerial view of the United States Capitol Building, D.C. downtown, Union Station and 14th Street Bridge as seen from a blimp. Point of view shots inside blimp cockpit, looking out and down on Washington DC landmarks. Aerial view from blimp of the Highway Bridge swing-span through-truss bridge, roughly in the 14th Street Bridge area (The "Highway Bridge" no longer exists). Aerial view from blimp of Arlington Memorial Amphitheater at Arlington Cemetery. View inside Arlington Memorial Amphitheater. A guard in front of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at Arlington Cemetery.
A view of streets in vicinity of Arlington and Alexandria, Virginia. A car travels along highway towards Washington National Airport. . Cars parked in front of the Washington National Airport Terminal. Parking area of the building. Pedestrians cross the road. A view of the street past the parking area. Traffic moves along airport road. Passenger jet aircraft comes in for landing. Jet liner in flight over small body of water and over runway. Three engined Jet liner aircraft. Jet liner comes in for landing. Jet liner touches down. Jet lands at National airport. A Jet on the ground and another Eastern Airline Jet taxis. A United Airlines airplane lands. A view of red runway lights and smoke from jets.
The U.S. Marine Corps War Memorial original statue during its unveiling ceremony at the Marine Corps base in Quantico, Virginia on November 10, 1951 (This is after the statue had been moved from its original Constitution Avenue location in Washington DC in 1947, and subsequently renovated under sculptor de Weldon's supervision while it was in Quantico.). A sign on the memorial reads "Uncommon valor was a common virtue, 1945." Next scenes show sculptor Felix de Weldon as he works to build the larger Marine Corps War Memorial in Arlington, Virginia, which was dedicated in November 1954. Felix de Weldon measuring a model of the flag raising on Iwo Jima made by him. de Weldon and others on his team work to carve the large war memorial in plaster before it is cast in bronze. Views of the sculpted faces of the six Marines who raised the flag on Iwo Jima: Faces of John Bradley, Rene Gagnon, Ira Hayes, Franklin Sousley, Harlon Block and Michael Strank. Brief glimpse of the original flag raising scene on Mount Suribachi in February 1945. Next scene, circa 1954 or 1955, shows the completed Marine Corps War Memorial in bronze, in Arlington Virginia, with Washington Monument and Lincoln Memorial landmarks of Washington DC in the background. Close-up views of faces of a young boy, an elderly woman, and a middle aged man who removes his hat. American flag fluttering in the breeze atop the war memorial.
A documentary depicts activities of U.S. Department of War workers in the United States during World War 2. Scenes of various 1940's clocks on bedside tables. War department workers wake up with the alarms. They get ready for work. Cars passing on the streets of Washington DC. Buildings along the sides of the street. People lined up waiting for public conveyance. A bus arrives. Bus and car traffic on the "Highway Bridge" over the Potomac River toward Arlington Virginia. (The Highway Bridge, a swing-span through-truss bridge, was part of the 14th Street Bridge complex over the years. It was eventually replaced by the George Mason Memorial Bridge, and in 1967 the Highway Bridge was removed and taken to the Naval Surface Warfare Center in Dahlgren Virginia, to be used for bombing practice). View of the newly built Pentagon War Department building in Arlington Virginia, and views of large parking lots at the Pentagon filled with cars. Workers walking inside the Pentagon building corridors. A line of women seated and working at telephone switchboards in the Pentagon, and consulting an updated telephone directory. A sign at the door of a room reads 'Security Office, Identification Section'. A woman goes inside. Woman named 'Phyllis Hood' gets her identification card and finger prints for her identification in the office. She is seen taking an oath. Hood working at her desk. She files statistical reports. Exteriors of various Washington DC buildings being guarded by United States Army personnel for the Military District of Washington during World War II. A covered anti-aircraft gun installation in Washington DC is shown opening as US Army soldiers take up positions to use the artillery during practice drills. A guard standing outside the White House building.
Children at school cafeteria lunchroom in a school. A boy selects food from the lunch line offerings and puts it on his tray. Building of the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Ramshackle buildings along rural roadways. A small power plant. Sign announcing future home of Loudoun County campus of the Northern Virginia Community College. A childrens Hospital under construction. A new campus under construction for the Mercer County Community College. A mother and baby. A newborn baby being brought to car from hospital, by a nurse. Area of heavy industry. Contaminated beach in Mendocino County California. A working cowboy with rope lariat. A golfer on golf links. A farmer plowing behind a mule. A large piece of farm equipment in operation. A small ferry moving several cars across a river. Low aerial view of 1960s cars on a network of highways.


text:
5 different colors of paper cut into 1 cm × 1 cm squares (at least 100 squares of each color)
Multicolored fabric or newspaper, approximately 1 meter × 1 meter
1 or 2 partners (friends or family)
How does a population change as a result of natural selction?
Lesson 05.02: Evolutionary Relationships
The prey will be represented by the small 1 cm × 1 cm squares of paper and the habitat is represented by the 1 meter × 1 meter piece of fabric. Hypothesize which color prey you think is most likely to be captured by the predator and which color prey is most likely to survive, and then record your hypothesis. Be sure that your hypothesis includes explanations for your predictions.
Have the two partners (prey) stand with their backs to the habitat while you scatter 20 squares of each color randomly on the fabric. Try to achieve a uniform distribution, and be sure to separate any that are clumped together.
Have the partner(s) randomly pick up the prey as fast as they can. Have them stop when they have collected a total of 75 prey, leaving the other 25 remaining in the habitat.
Count the number of survivors of each color. Each surviving prey has three offspring of the same color, bringing the total population back up to 100. Record the number of each color in the next generation in your data table.
Count out the correct number of each colored prey and scatter them on the fabric. Repeat the process two more times, for a total of three generations.
Color Blue Red Yellow Purple Green
Generation 0: 20 20 20 20 20
Generation 1: 16 20 20 20 24
Generation 2: 28 16 16 16 24
Generation 3: 40 4 11 24 20
Create a data table containing a tally of the number of each color of prey in each generation:
Generation 1
80% 100% 100% 100% 120%
Generation 2
140% 80% 80% 80% 120%
Generation 3
200% 20% 55% 120% 100%
Reflection Qustions
How do the original and surviving prey populations compare?
There seemed to be more purple and blue due to the camoflage.
How did the colors of each type of prey affect its population size over time?
The blue and purple population is dominant. I believe over time that there will be two colors extinct.
What color(s) seemed to camouflage the best in this habitat? What color(s) seemed to stand out the most?
Blue and purple then red stood out the most.
How do you predict the data would change if you continued? Explain your answer.
I think red would end up extinct and some others would be rare.
Identify at least two things that are unrealistic and two things that are realistic about this exercise.
The predator could randomly pick his prey anytime and the prey has no way of escaping.
Describe other adaptations besides color that could affect an individual's survival.
Faster running, better hiding, and better defenses against predators.
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Lesson 05.02: Evolutionary Relationships
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Taylor Sanderbeckon 13 December 2013
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NEW YORK (MarketWatch) — Investors eased back from U.S. financial stocks on Friday with banks leading the retreat after Wells Fargo & Co. lost about 2% following its quarterly results, which showed a contracting net interest margin.
Wells Fargo WFC, -2.95% is the first big U.S. bank to report earnings for the latest quarter. Its earnings per share and revenue topped Wall Street expectations. See: Well Fargo profit rises 24%.
Shares of Bank of America Corp. BAC, -4.52% Citigroup Inc. C, -3.43% and J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. JPM, -2.67% also fell.
Wells Fargo's net interest margin --the profit margin between lending and investing -- was 3.56% versus 3.89% a year ago and 3.66% in the third quarter.
The Financial Select Sector SPDR ETF XLF, -3.04% which tracks the financial stocks in the S&P 500 SPX, -2.10% , fell 0.5%.
On the upside, American Express Co. AXP, -1.05% shares were the biggest sector gainer, rising about 2%.
Late Thursday the company said it would lay off about 5,400 people, or 8.5% of its workforce, and take a related $400 million charge.
The moves resulted in a profit of $637 million, or 56 cents per share, in the fourth quarter. Excluding the charges, the company would have posted a profit of $1.2 billion, or $1.09 per share. Analysts polled by Thomson Reuters were expecting earnings of $1.06 per share. See: American Express to cut 5,400 jobs
"Management plans to reduce headcount by 5,400, which is 8.5% of current levels of 63,500. These jobs are largely in the travel business, servicing and collections. However, management expects to also add positions, so the net reduction should be 4-6%," Sandler O'Neill analysts told clients on Friday.


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What is a French Drain?
A French Drain is essentially a trench that goes downhill and away from your home ensuring that rainwater does not accumulate around the foundation. Water always flows downhill, and by the easiest route possible. That's the basic concept behind a French drain; a slightly sloped trench filled with gravel and a pipe that diverts water away from your house.
How do I know if I need a French Drain?
→ When you have a problem with surface water, such as a soggy lawn or a driveway that washes out.
→ If water is getting into your basement.
→ If your home is built on a hillside, or the landscaping slopes towards your house.
Excess water around the foundation of your home can cause serious damage, major health issues (when exposed to mold caused by this), and cost thousands of dollars to repair such issues as:
→ Uneven saturation of clay soils can cause it to expand at different rates leading to foundation failure.
→ Damp crawlspaces and basements can cause wood rot, mold and other health concerns.
Go Direct can install or repair your French drain system, as well as provide sump pump installation and replacement. Our technicians are trained to evaluate your situation and provide you with an affordable solution. Installing a French drain will give you peace of mind knowing your house is safe from water damage.