text:
The USA and the USSR were original signatories of the Limited Test Ban Treaty of 1963, prohibiting the majority of nuclear weapon detonation tests. Gagarin had made the first orbital flight a mere two years prior and the potential of space was of foremost consideration. The treaty specifically forbade detonation in space; however, this presented a new problem: how could compliance with this ban be monitored? The answer was found in project Vela. The USA constructed and launched six Vela Hotel class satellites equipped with X-ray, Neutron, and Gamma Ray detectors looking for illicit weapon detonations. No weapon signatures were ever found, but in 1967 Vela satellites began reporting bursts of Gamma Radiation of far greater magnitude than expected for even the largest nuclear detonation. It wasn't the Soviets. These bursts of Gamma Radiation matched no known nuclear weapon signature and their sources remained completely unknown. Vela craft continued to detect these Gamma Ray Bursts on occasion for the next decade but their cause remains elusive to this day.
Soviet spacecrafts Venera 11 and 12 were launched in 1978 with a primary objective of delivering landing craft to take pictures of the surface of Venus. The landers survived their descent but the lens caps on both failed to release and neither were able to take pictures. The orbiter craft fortunately had secondary objectives. They were also equipped with specialized Gamma ray detectors far more advanced than those found on the Vela Satellites. On March 5 1979, Venera 11 and 12 were struck by a tsunami of Gamma Radiation hundreds of times as powerful as ever recorded by the Vela Satellites. The radiation readings on the probes jumped from a normal 100 counts per second up to 200,000 in a mere fraction of that.
We now know that most of these anomalous Gamma Ray Bursts are the swan songs of stars going supernovae. We also know that the much larger 1979 signal resulted from something much rarer.
The source of this Gamma ray burst was determined to be a star that had gone supernova around 3000 BCE but it wasn't the supernova itself that was being detected. It was what the remains of that star had become: a magnetar. A magnetar is one of the rarest astronomical objects known; Only twenty one have been confirmed to exist. They are by far the strongest magnets in the observable universe with field strengths between 1014 and 1016 Gauss. At times, the rotation of their crust and its magnetic field fall into misalignment resulting in a starquake. The tearing and repositioning of crust is analogous to an earthquake but with materials millions of times as dense and in a time scale less than a millionth of a second. These starquakes are responsible for much larger Gamma Ray Bursts such as were detected by the Venera craft.Despite having a magnitude disparity of nearly sixteen orders, many of the same factors that make magnetars so very powerful are considerations that make for a better implantable permanent magnet. As we analyze the characteristics of magnets, magnetars will serve as our benchmark.
A magnetic field is the result of either moving electric charges such as found within a solenoid, or by the intrinsic magnetic moments of a material. Electromagnetism is one of the fundamental forces and a complete explanation falls far outside the scope of this work. The important aspect that can be extrapolated regarding field strength of a permanent magnet is that field strength is the sum of the contributing magnetic moments. Not all magnetic moments are contributory. The ability for these moments within a substance to be aligned is determined by its Magnetic Anistrophy.
All substances have magnetic moments but the majority of these fields are canceled by opposing fields long before being detectable at the macroscopic level we inhabit. Objects with adequate Magnetic Anistrophy form a physical structure in which a high proportion of the magnetic moments prefer to align along a certain axis. Such is the case with magnetite. Magnetite is a mineral consisting of Iron and Oxygen that forms closely packed lattices. These lattices hold the iron in just such a way that the magnetic moments are aligned producing the strongest naturally formed magnetic mineral on Earth. These magnetite lodestones are the permanent magnets with which Archimedes purportedly pulled the nails from warships. A permanent magnet is a substance which exhibits significant Magnetic Anistrophy.
There are four commonly manufactured types of permanent magnet: Ferrite, Alnico, Samarium Cobalt, and Neodymium Iron Boron. Ferrite magnets are made from a ceramic compound which incorporates iron oxide. These magnets still fulfill many important roles due to a low price and the ease with which different shapes can be formed but Ferrite simply doesn't have the necessary field strength to be considered for an implant. The interesting aspect to note is that despite ceramic being noncontributory to the amplitude of magnetic moments, these magnets produce stronger fields than pure iron. The ceramic allows ferrite to better form the desirable internal alignment of moments and this anistrophy is more important than the intrinsic characteristics of the materials. This same effect is seen at much larger scales.
Magnetars produce the brightest electromagnetic events in the universe but in terms of size they are actually quite small. They are an extremely rare form of neutron star which can have a radius as little as six miles while containing a mass many times that of our own humble sun. They arise when immense antecedent stars senesce. Destitute of nuclear fuel, temperatures in these elder stars can rise beyond 5 billion Kelvin and simpler atoms are fused into an iron core. Conditions such as these incite nearly unfathomable quantum mechanical effects. Iron photodisintegrates into alpha particles and is vented as relativistic jets fountaning into space while metallic hydrogen forms superconducting rivulets across the iron core like gossamer ribbons. At a certain density, the remaining outer atmosphere fractures from the core as a luminous burst of radiation that outshines entire galaxies. After this supernova, the iron core continues to collapse in on itself generating an enormous magnetic field. Under the exceedingly rare times that conditions are within just the right ranges, the newly birthed neutron star cools to its equilibrium configuration under the influence of this field arranging itself into the perfect internal alignment of a magnetar.
Manufacturing of magnets is a lot like this. A material with a ferrous constituent is heated above a crucial point called the curie temperature where
the magnetic moments within can change direction freely. If allowed to cool the magnetic moments remain in disarray, but if cooled under the influence of a strong external magnetic field the moments align forming a strong permanent magnet. This process is called sintering. Anistrophy is produced through the manufacturing process and isn't merely the result of constituent elements. Alnico magnets are created by sintering an alloy consisting of iron, aluminum, nickel, and cobalt. Sintered Alnico magnets have field strengths more than twice as strong as the best ferrite magnets. Furthermore, the curie temperature of Alnico is the highest of any magnet allowing for it to still be useful when heated until glowing red. Alnico is better than ferrite by far but still isn't strong enough to be suitable for our purposes.
The prefix ferro from ferromagnetism is a misnomer. The etymology of Ferro has been traced back as far as the Etruscans whose economy was based on Iron commerce. The word ferrous is used colloquially to indicate the presence of Iron so one might assume that a ferromagnet by definition contains Iron. A broader definition for ferromagnet is that it's a material that exhibits spontaneous magnetization. While both Alnico and Ferrite rely on Iron, new magnets were developed in the 1970s that replace Iron as the primary contributor of magnetic moments. These are the rare earth magnets.
Lanthanides such as Samarium and Neodymium can form crystalline internal structures that are more compact and align along a single axis far more readily than Iron. The downside is that these materials have a very low Curie temperature; below the normal ambient temperatures that humans prefer. This problem can be assuaged through the creation of alloys. Samarium Cobalt for example, replaces the Iron with Samarium resulting in the potential for a very high Anistrophy. The cobalt addition raises the Curie temperature to a laudable 800 C. Sintering this alloy produces a magnetic field almost five times stronger than produced by Ferrite. Samarium Cobalt magnets are within the range of strength to where they could be considered for implantation; however, they are very expensive to produce and the field strength produced has since been superseded by another rare-earth alloy magnet: Neodymium Iron Boron.
Amongst NdFeB magnets, there is a spectrum of grades available. The higher the grade, the stronger the magnet. The grade is determined by the number which follows the indicator "N." This N number is the maximum energy product of the magnet using the unit Mega Gauss Oersted. This N scale is linear so an N42 would be twice as strong as an N21 grade magnet. The highest grade of NdFeB magnet commercially available is an N52.11.The strength of these N52 grade magnets is phenomenal. Consider that a four inch square with a depth of .5 inches can suspend over 300 pounds. If Archimedes had access to magnets of this grade the claim of pulling the nails from attacking seacraft would be rather believable.
Despite the increasing popularity of magnet implants, there are only two shapes commonly chosen: discs for potency and cylinders for practicality. Because these implants function by displacement of the densely innervated fingertips, hands, and less often tragi, discs are the most common. A disc shape can be seated unobtrusively and yet provides a broad area of displacement in response to nearby fields. Cylinders are most often chosen for ease of implantation as an appropriately sized model can be implanted with use of an RFID injector. Many are intimidated with the idea of opening up and
undermining their own flesh. The injection method is undeniably simpler and due to simplicity less likely to end in infection or rejection.
A cylinder implant does come with a significant downside. The field shape produced is less desirable and the total field strength is significantly reduced. One way to demonstrate this is by comparing the pull forces in relation to a magnets volume. 2x12mm Cylinder has a volume of 38 cubic mm and a pull force of 0.46 lb whereas a 1x3mm Disc has a volume of 7 cubic mm, and a pull force of .30 lb. The cylinder magnet has more than 5 times the volume of the disc but only provides just over a 50% increase to pull force. This doesn't mean that cylinder magnets aren't worth considering. The ability of a shape or design to elicit the maximum sensitivity to the electromagnetic might not end up being determined by any of these characteristics at all. I've spoken with a number of grinders that self-inserted cylinder shaped magnets that verbalize contentment with their implants.
Of course, the prevalence of disc and cylinder shaped implants has undeniably been influenced by availability. Custom manufacturing of magnets allows for novel shapes that produce better field characteristics. A disc magnet produces symmetrical field lines. This is unfortunate in that about half of the magnetic field is directed deep to the implant rather than aimed at the surface. There are a number of ways to change the shape of the field and in this section we'll discuss magnet shapes that can produce field asymmetries. Arc magnets such as are used in brushless motors produce an asymmetrical field. The reason these are inappropriate as implants is that the shape is nearly the exact opposite of the contour of the body. The large outward facing arc creates a pocket which the body would struggle to fill and two pressure ridges that will inevitably break down skin. Sphere shaped magnets are an interesting shape in that they produce a symmetrical field but have particularly focused flux near each pole. Similar issues exist however in terms of using a sphere for an implant. A sphere under the skin produces a very undesirable pressure point. The answer to our pursuit for a beneficially asymmetrical field without detriment to the body is found with our friend the
The mechanism by which neutron stars such as a magnetar's emit their periodic bursts of electromagnetic radiation is poorly understood. Some of the early attempts at explanation seemed to suggest the existence of monopolar magnets; this is clearly in violation of everything we understand about electromagnetism but no other explanation existed at the time that could explain the ejecting jets of plasma at relativistic speeds. This idea was quickly discredited but the emissions clearly required a field shape acutely focused towards a single point. One model shedding light on the process was suggested in the 2006 paper "The example of effective plasma acceleration in a magnetosphere." The authors admit that their model doesn't match the configurations we've observed for neutron stars, but they have identified at least one magnetic field configuration that could explain the patterns of emission. This configuration is that of a paraboloid.
A paraboloid is a shape commonly used to project or collect different forms of electromagnetic energy. For example, a satellite dish collects signals from a broad area and reflects it upon a small receiver positioned directly at the dish's focal point. A paraboloid magnet also projects its field towards a focus and doesn't necessitate the deep tight pocket such as found in an Arc. It's acceptable for the focus to be beyond the useful range of our field because our objective is simply to aim the flux outward.
As of the writing of this article, a paraboloid magnet isn't available; however, it is an advancement that's being worked on.
shape of the magnet itself isn't the only determinant of the field shape. The direction of anistrophy is created during the sintering process. Disc shaped magnets for example can be purchased with either a radial or diametric axis of magnetization. By and large, implants are magnetized axially. This is optimal for a disc as the field lines extend primarily deep and superficial to a magnet. For a cylinder, diametrical magnetization results in the potential for a considerable amount of torque. In the presence of a magnetic field the cylinder will inevitably spin. While unlikely to cause acute injury, this spinning isn't conducive to close association with nervous tissue. The body will respond to a moving object such as this beneath the skin by encapsulating it with epithelial tissue much as how calluses on well used areas of skin. There are other interesting directions of magnetization that can be produced such as radial magnetization in a ring magnet; however, these provide no benefit in terms of implants.
Due to the immense gravity of a magnetar, its shape is theorized to be a sphere more perfect than any man could produce but the axis of rotation isn't necessarily the same as the axis of magnetization. Consider that the earth spins at just over 1000 miles an hour resulting in a flattening of the poles into an ellipsoid shape. Magnetars spin at closer to 900,000 miles per hour. A thick iron surface overlays fluidic neutron matter with a density second only to
black holes. Fluctuations in the movement of this fluid can shift the local gravity causing the surface to bulge outward in the grip of angular momentum. At this point, the surface is in opposition to the magnetic field. The iron surface is torn asunder and magnetic flux converges and spills from the site of least insulation. Mere milliseconds pass before gravity collapses all back as it should be, but the Gamma Ray Burst continues forth into the dark space between
An appropriately sized and shaped piece of Iron can serve as an insulator against magnetic fields or as a means to focus them regardless of whether we're discussing permanent magnets or magnetars. A backplating of ferrous material such as Iron or Steel is amongst the simplest ways to shape a field. The effect is much like that provided by the older Alnico horseshoe shaped magnets. The U shape of the Alnico magnets allow both poles of the magnet to adhere to a ferrous material effectively doubling its pull strength. A proper backing on a neodymium magnet will focus flux on the opposite side of a magnet. Even better than a mere backing is an entire "cup" of ferrous material which leaves only desired surface of the magnet exposed. The total Gauss as measured at the exposed surface can be as much as double what it would be without the surrounding cup. As promising as this sounds, the benefit is rather minor. The size of the backplating determines the increase in Gauss. A larger plate that is below magnetic saturation may indeed double the Gauss but a smaller plate will only redirect the flux to the extent of saturation. Any further flux passes through the magnet as waste.
This is a great phenomenon for large companies looking for economicalsolutions but for an implant it's better to simply get a larger magnet. Although Gauss measured at the surface is increased by a backplate, the flux rapidly loops back towards the plate which makes for a field that extends a shorter distance. When dealing with ferrous coatings and backplating, it's more appropriate to think of the magnet system as a circuit. As such, there are many factors to consider. For example, the most common coating placed on rare-earth magnets is Nickel, which is effective at preventing the oxidation that bare neodymium is so prone to. Nickel also serve to some degree as a magnetic Faraday cage. The effect is minimal in larger magnets but in a 3mm X 1mm disc, the total Gauss yielded is detectable. Future magnetic implants may incorporate a thin layer of ferrous material around the majority of the magnet. This isn't currently available but research and testing is being performed.
Magnet size is of course another factor warranting considerable attention. It may be obvious that a larger magnet is more powerful but the increase in magnetic field strength isn't necessarily proportional to the increase in volume. I'm sorry to have to tell you that you'll find no magnetar stories here as size has little meaning when dealing with such extremes of power; the real focus becomes density. Regarding permanent magnets, size is important but must be analyzed in context of its shape. I'll begin with the claim that the optimal size of disc magnet for implant is 3mm X 1mm and I'll explain why along the way. We'll begin by comparing the effects of small size changes away from our 3mm X 1mm disc.
|Pull Force
|Volume in Cubic mm
As diameter is increased, the volume increases linearly.
The results of the graphs above may initially seem skewed. As one can see, doubling the thickness of the magnet doubles the volume and the pull strength. Increasing the diameter though doesn't follow the same trend. By extending the diameter out to 4mm, we have a 78.8% increase in volume but only a 50 percent increase in pull strength. An increase of diameter provides diminishing returns. Furthermore, Neodymium Iron Boron is notoriously brittle. Some strength is provided by the coating chosen but anything larger than a 1mm thin broad disc is likely to shatter.
Increasing the thickness of the magnet though does show a proportional increase in field strength. I considered increasing the dimensions to 3mm X 2mm such as provided by the leading magnet implant distributor. The reason I began with a preference for a 1mm depth has to do with how well it fits under the skin without acting as a pressure point but I'd be willing to give these advantages up for a magnet with twice the performance. Unfortunately, the 3mm X 2mm magnet doesn't live up to the "twice as good" I'd hoped for. In terms of pull strength and Gauss at the surface of the magnet, the 2mm is twice as strong; a promising start. But analyzing field strength at various distances showed little substantial gain. Both magnets have a field strength below what's palpable at a point between 0.7 and 0.8 inches. The 1mm model seems to dip below utility at 0.76 inches and the 2mm lasts to around 0.79. The increase in useful field is negligible. Some might argue that the increase of maximum lifting power of 0.6 would make the increase in size worthwhile despite having nearly no gain in total field size. The reality is actually the opposite.
Studies performed in the early eighties demonstrated that as little as 35mmhg can cause pressure ulcers over a time frame of 8 hours. This level of pressure can prevent capillary refill. A pressure of 70mmhg over 2 hour can cause pathological changes to canine skin as this exceeds the pressure needed to occlude veins. A pressure of 500mmhg can cause pressure sores and muscle damage in pigs within 1 hour through a combination of arterial occlusion and some local tissue damage. It makes sense to analyze how much pressure can be generated by our 3mm X 1mm magnet. A 3mm disc has an area of 0.01 in2. which is exposed to a maximum 0.3lbs of pressure in the form of a metal object being attracted to the magnet unit. This equates to 30lbs of pressure per square inch or 1551 mmhg. These numbers are useful to help us approximate how much pressure our skin can withstand without damage but no solid conclusion can be drawn. Based on these numbers, I suppose that a 3mm X 1mm Neodymium Iron Boron could safely carry its maximum load for as long as twenty minutes without worry of skin damage occurring. If a person places another magnet over the implant, this safe time would likely be less than ten minutes. Doubling the strength of the magnet by increasing the thickness to 2mm doesn't increase the functionality of the implant, it limits it as it provides no increase in range, no increase in ability to sense the electromagnetic spectrum, and it decreases the allowable contact time with a ferrous object.
For those of you who already have a 2mm X 3mm disc magnet implanted, your in luck. SFM has performed testing on the leading suppliers 2mm X 3mm silicone coated magnet and found a Gauss rating of 1850 from the surface of silicone and once cut open to expose the surface of the magnet is rated at 3500 Gauss , far lower than the calculated 5837 that an N52 of that size should exhibit. An implant must be assessed according to it's whole size. Thus, a rating of 1850 Gauss at surface is closer to the field one would expect from an Alnico magnet rather than Neodymium Iron Boron. On the other hand, I've known grinders who state they can pick up objects weighing more than would be expected from the units we tested. We very well might have been sent a number of flawed units. If this is the case, it's advisable for those with these implants to be cautious as to how long they allow contact in order to prevent injury.
Searching online will demonstrate the plethora of different magnets. There are so many shapes, materials, and features available. The vast majority are completely unsuitable though in that while getting a Neodymium magnet is easy; getting a magnet appropriately coated in a biologically inert material is far more difficult and effective bio-proofing should be your number one consideration. There's more to this process than slicing open a hole and dropping in a specimen of foreign rare-earth metal. As we all know, the human body is quicker to wage war on foreigners than an American President.
There are scores of biocompatible materials. We have hips of titanium with hydroxylapatite surfaces adhering to bone. Nylon catheters feed us through perforations in the abdomen while Latex tubes in the urethra collect waste. Silicone wraps sexual organs when having intercourse or collects menstrual fluid when not. Teflon coats both pacemakers and artificial heart valves serving plumbers and electricians alike. Despite the variety, finding a coating appropriate for our application is rather difficult as Neodymium Iron Boron has one major downside: its very low Curie temperature.
The Curie temperature is that point where the magnetic moments of a substance are able to rotate and move freely. If an implant is heated above 100C it loses a considerable amount of strength. Further heating to 310C and the unit will cease to be magnetic. It will not regain strength upon cooling. It can be remagnetized if one locates a facility able and willing to do this. The units must be arranged in the same direction they faced during sintering for the remagnetization to provide similar performance. If heated much higher than the Curie point, the units can be rendered both irreversibly and irrecoverably damaged. The alloy itself has changed and no amount of external field can cause remagnetization.
PTFE, more commonly known by the trade name Teflon is one option for biocoating. It was one of the earliest materials identified as safe for implantation. It's still used extensively in grafts to repair blood vessels. One can even buy non-stick cookware repair kits and while using it to coat an implant would be ill advised, the directions on these sprays reveals the shortcoming of all such products: Bake at 500°F. Teflon application generally requires temperatures that will destroy a magnet. Variants of PTFE have been developed that can be applied at much lower temperatures but there is another reason Teflon is inappropriate. It has a Young's Modulus of 0.5 GPa and a yield strength of 23 MPa. This means it's slightly more difficult to tear than an equally sized sheet of aluminum foil. If applied thickly enough, PTFE is an excellent biocompatible coating. I've never seen someone tear a sheet of 3mm thick aluminum with their hands; however, magnetic field strength diminishes rapidly with distance which necessitates a very thin coating.
We've discussed magnetars in detail and yet haven't gotten around to discussing how powerful it is magnetically. This is best demonstrated through comparison. The smallest magnetic field commonly detected is that of the human brain with a strength of 1.0 X 10-8 Gauss. This is four orders of magnitude below Earth's magnetic field of 3.1 X 10-4 Gauss. The weakest of Ferrite magnets have a field strength at surface that measures as low as 0.05 Gauss although as discussed previously modern ferrite is often considerably stronger. Neodymium Iron Boron magnets are three orders of magnitude stronger than this with a rating around 1.25 X 104 Gauss. Most MRI machines only produce a field about twice as strong as this at 3 x 104 Gauss. The strongest man made magnetic field was produced using conventional explosives that compressed an already impressively strong electromagnetic coil. This experiment by the Russian Federal
Nuclear center produced a field strength of 28 X 106. At this point, we run out of intermediate examples. There simply isn't anything, even amongst astronomical phenomena, that compares to the massive power of a magnetar at 1.0 X 1015 Gauss. If a magnetar was located the same distance from Earth as the Moon the effect of this magnetic field would wipe the information from all the credit cards on earth. This is a bit anticlimactic isn't it?
Despite how powerful a magnetar's field might be the nature of magnetism is such that a rapid decline of field strength occurs with distance. This is why a very thin coating on our magnetic implants is of such importance. Adding even a millimeter of coating can cut the strength and palpable range of an implant in half.
This requirement for thinness is why silicone is a poor choice as a coating. Silicone has a Young's Modulus between 0.001 and 0.05 GPa and a yield strength of 2.4 MPa. Because it's such a weak material a coating less than 1mm would be worthless. Silicone tears easily and responds poorly to fatigue. Breast implants made with this material are notorious for rupturing with even the newest models exhibiting a failure rate as high as 33 percent. Keep in mind that is not the silicone gel within that is the issue but rather the silicone bag in which it rests. Earlier models on average began leaking by year ten and ruptured by year 13. Discontentment with silicone is one of the divides betweenthe grinder world and the body modification world. Body modification artists really are responsible for pioneering magnet implants. As such, they designed the early implants using a material that they're familiar with. Silicone can be shaped into nearly any shape of interest and so has been used for decades as when implanted beneath the skin it results in totally aesthetic changes of bodily form. Solid silicone serves this purpose well but leaves a lot to be desired in terms of sequestering a moderately toxic metal. Grinders have approached the design of implants without a bias towards any particular substance and the most prevalent coating found in grinders' implants is a substance called Parylene C.
This brings us to V&P Scientific. V&P is a company which produces coated stir rods for chemistry application. They are significantly more capable than the preceding Teflon coated models as they use neodymium rather than Alnico or Samarium Cobalt. They can do this because they use Parylene which is applied via vapor deposition in a vacuum chamber. High temperatures aren't required so the temperature limit is circumvented. Its Young's modulus is 2.8 GPa and it has a yield strength of 55.2 MPa, significantly better than Teflon or Silicone. For a period of time, the most commonly chosen magnet for implant by grinders was the V&P scientific VP782N-3 magnet. This model was only available in sets of 100 at a price upwards of $250. This did wonders in terms of drawing the grinders together as a community as a number of group buys were made. This was an important first collaboration; however these magnets are not optimal as implants. Parylene is a biologically stable corrosion resistant coating which can be applied in layers as thin as a couple of microns. Therein lies the shortcoming. Though these coatings are as thin as might be desired, they are also somewhat brittle. While perfect for many applications, they also provide little resistance to mechanical stresses such as those we place on our fingertips daily. Thicker coatings aren't an option either. The organization I work with, Science for the Masses, ordered a run of multiple deposition Parylene coated magnets against the advisement of the coating companies and as advised it resulted in a coating which easily peels away from the magnet surface. Were the coating to chip or peel after implantation rejection is inevitable. Mind you there have been many successful implants using either Silicone or Parylene; however, when implanting an object under the skin it's only reasonable to seek a coating with better properties than either of these materials can provide.
When I first became interested in magnet implants, I devised a method to overcome the limitations of Parylene consisting of a durable biosafe resin coating. I still have one of these implants as of the writing of this
article but the added resin material is approximately 1mm thick. While far more resilient than the silicone models being sold it still suffers the loss of strength associated with a thick coating, and I no longer advise this method. A number of other DIY style coatings have been used in the past. These range from resins that are so difficult to obtain that they are of nearly occult status to people advising the use of Sugru and hot glue guns. Needless to say, not a single one has been found with characteristics preferable to the materials already discussed.
There is another material which does fulfill all of our requirements with but one shortcoming. This is Titanium Nitride. TiN has a Young's modulus between 350 and 600 GPa and a yield strength of around 400 MPa. This is two orders of magnitude greater than the best material discussed previously. Where Parylene failed because of brittleness, a TiN coated magnet requires a hammer to break integrity. TiN also exhibits significantly lower bioreactivity than any of the other materials that have been used. It's preferred in orthopedic implants related to it non-reactivity in the body as well as for the coating of machine tools such as drill bits due to its incredible resistance to wear. TiN can be applied via a few different methods. The most common are physical vapor deposition and chemical vapor deposition. Both of these methods require very high temperatures far outside the range allowable for Neodymium Iron Boron. However, if one searches long enough and hard enough there are alternative methods available which can provide a TiN coating at an adequately low temperature.
The nearest Spiral Galaxy to our own Milky Way is the Andromeda Galaxy, also known by its Meissier designation as M31. It was the first extragalactic object humans have ever been aware of. In 1917, a supernova was observed from M31 and and it was noted that the intensity of light was ten magnitudes fainter than supernova observed in other regions of sky. This was the first evidence that rather than a nebula within our own galaxy, M31 might be a galaxy in its own right. It was Edward Hubble at the Mount Wilson Observatory in the mountains above Los Angeles who finally proved this conclusively through measurement of distance. 75 years later, a short duration hard spectrum Gamma Ray Burst was detected from M31 more than 2.5 million light years away: the signature of a magnetar from another Galaxy entirely. When body modification artists began implanting magnets to sense the electromagnetic spectrum it opened up an entirely new aspect of the world to be sensed. The newest magnet implant produced in a collaboration between SFM and Dangerous Things extends this further in terms of both detectable range safety and as an implantable device. As such it is worthy of its name: the M31. The M31 is a 3mm X 1mm Neodymium Iron Boron Disc magnet with a flux loss-less coating of Titanium Nitride. Admittedly the name is actually referential to the size of the device itself. It's a magnet that's 3mm X 1mm, but I rather like the redaction. Point being that regardless of what it's named or why, in terms of range, strength, durability, and biocompatibility it is by far the best magnet implant available and is the only magnet augment worthy of consideration.


text:
You Bet
Chelsea have found this season that records do not last forever, with their Stamford Bridge fortress at its most vulnerable in years, and the next round in the Premier League title battle promises to be the most severe test yet of their winning streak on the road.
Under Luiz Felipe Scolari, Chelsea have won all eight away games, adding to the three straight away wins they recorded at the end of last season to give them a new top-flight record of 11 consecutive away victories. On Monday night they will try to stretch that run to 12 at Everton, who are a tough nut to crack and on current form are the best team outside the big four.
Chelsea's perfect away record is in stark contrast to their home form, which has been patchy to say the least in recent weeks with just one win in five in the Premier League, plus a home draw with Championship side Burnley that led to their exit on penalties from the Carling Cup.
The theory that has gained common currency to explain the difference in Chelsea's home-and-away form is that a 4-5-1 formation with attacking fullbacks works much better on the road than at Stamford Bridge and that opponents are obliged to attack more at home, leaving Chelsea more space to exploit on the counter-attack.
Yet the problem is not exclusively of Scolari's making. Last season Chelsea had easily the best away form in the Premier League (seven points better than champions Manchester United) but drew too many games at home (seven out of 19) and that cost them the title. In each of the past two seasons, in fact, their record at Stamford Bridge was an identical 12 wins and seven draws.
That record highlighted a growing weakness in Chelsea's home performance, yet it has been thrown into sharper relief this season only because they have lost at home to Liverpool and Arsenal. The weakness, as well as their enduring strength on the road, was there before Scolari's arrival.
The question is whether Chelsea's strong away record can continue to bear the weight of their title challenge. Until now, Chelsea have had a relatively easy fixture list on the road - the highest-placed team they have played is Hull City and they have visited only one other team currently in the top half of the table (ninth-placed Wigan).
Chelsea's visit to seventh-placed Everton is the start of a run of much tougher away games. Their five away games after Everton are against top-half teams, including Manchester United, Liverpool and Aston Villa, so the pressure will be on Chelsea to maintain the momentum on the road.
Almost inevitably, Chelsea's away points will decrease in line with a rise in the standard of opposition. Yet, looking back at their last two non-title-winning seasons, and excluding their early-season wobble in the last campaign prior to Jose Mourinho's departure, Chelsea's away record against top-half teams has been excellent, with nine wins and just four defeats from 16 games. If this season's two wins against top-half teams are added, Chelsea's average in all those games is exactly two points per game.
Overall, against teams outside the big four, Chelsea's away record looks even more impressive. Since the start of the 2006/07 season, they have won 33 out of 40 in that category, including 11 out of 14 against non-big four teams that finished in the top half of the table or are currently in that zone.
Chelsea's big plus is their excellent defence, which has kept a clean sheet in 29 of those 40 away games against non-big four teams since the start of the 2006/07 season, including seven out of eight this season. With that defensive shield, the signs are that the Chelsea machine needs just a little tinkering, rather than a drastic overhaul, and they remain the team to beat in the race for the Premier League title.
Everton, in many ways, are a lesser version of Chelsea, and the similar make-up of the two sides is reflected in the head-to-head stats. Since David Moyes took charge at Everton, six of their eight league and cup meetings with Chelsea at Goodison Park have had under 2.5 goals.
Moyes has never found a way to beat Chelsea, losing 13 out of 18 meetings overall and six out of eight at Goodison. Everton's poor home form this season (just one win in eight) indicates that they will find it difficult to reverse the trend. Their best hope is to try to become the first team in 20 games to shut out Chelsea on the road - Everton have lost 17 out of 21 when conceding at home to the big four under Moyes, while winning all five when keeping a clean sheet. A Chelsea win to nil, perhaps 1-0 or 2-0, is much more likely.
Barcelona and Milan are the big teams to side with this weekend. Barca are the form team of Europe and can take advantage of Villarreal's poor run (one win in eight in all competitions) while Udinese (no win in seven in Serie A) face a tough task at Milan.
Birmingham, Portsmouth, Aston Villa, Swansea, Burnley, Wolves, QPR, Sheffield United, Walsall, Scunthorpe, Oldham, Tranmere, Rennes, Cagliari, Catania, Barcelona, Milan.
Best bets
$200 Birmingham (HW, Sat), Swansea (handicap, Sat), Burnley (handicap, Sat), Wolves (AW, Sat), QPR (HW, Sat), Walsall (handicap, Sat), Scunthorpe (handicap, Sat), Rennes (handicap, Sat), Cagliari (HW, Sun), Catania (handicap, Sun), Barcelona (AW, Sun), Milan (HW, Sun). Last week: five winning bets out of 11.
Form fact
Sam Allardyce has 21 games to save Blackburn - exactly the same length as his reign as Newcastle manager. He took 26 points at Newcastle and a repeat would give Blackburn 39 points at the end of the season, making it touch and go for relegation in such a tight season.
Blackburn Rovers v Stoke City
Bolton Wanderers v Portsmouth
Fulham v Middlesbrough
Hull City v Sunderland
West Ham United v Aston Villa
West Bromwich Albion v Manchester City
Newcastle United v Tottenham Hotspur
Arsenal v Liverpool
Everton v Chelsea
Most Popular
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Glenn Gould was born in Toronto, Canada in 1932 and was interested in music from an early age. From his first public performance at the age of ten, he went on to become one of the best known pianists of the twenty first century.
The Glenn Gould Foundation Listen on Spotify: Goldberg Variations: Aria
The Stoics formed a school of philosophy in Athens in the early third century BC. They held that high passions and strong emotions were the result of imperfect judgement, and they sought to free themselves of such feelings, achieving a dispassionate calm - hence the meaning of the word stoicism.
Pachinko is a popular Japanese gaming machine. Similar to pinball, the player fires a ball to the top of machine, where it moves through obstacles. To win, it has to land in a specific pocket.
Gene splicing involves isolating a specific part of the DNA and combining it with DNA from a different organism to create the required effect.
"Bogus!" was a catchphrase popularised by Keanu Reeves and Alex Winters in the early 1990s science fiction adventure movies "Bill and Ted's Bogus Journey" and "Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure".
In 1091, the Pechenegs moved to invade the Byzantine capital of Constantinople. Byzantine leader Alexios I Komnenos formed an alliance with the Cuman tribe and successfully attacked the Pecheneg camp.
The Battle of Levounion destroyed the Pechenegs, those not killed being incorporated into the Byzantine Empire.
They live in very deep water, and differ from other living fish in having fins mounted on fleshy lobes, which some biologists have interpreted as "proto-legs", making the coelacanth a possible "missing link" in the evolution of mammals.
They remain critically endangered, and are very hard to find.
It is found in New Guinea, Australia, the Bismarck Archipelago and Eastern Indonesia.
Under Islamic law, certain punishments, known as Hudud, are fixed for crimes considered to be "claims of god". These include amputation of hands or feet for theft, and flogging for crimes of sexual intercourse.


text: I am doing "in-situs" to whole embryos using digoxygenin-labelled RNA probes and an antibody conjugated to alkaline phosphatase. I would like to be able to detect the <engrailed> protein in these embryos using an antibody to engrailed and a secondary antibody conjugated to HRP. I was wondering if anyone had a protocol for this. I have seen this type of experiment in papers but no one really said how they did it or even gave a reference. I would appreciate your help. Stephanie Fox Case Western Reserve University email: slf8 at po.cwru.edu


text:
- Active
- $1,895
- Pedernales Lofts
- 2401 E 6th St #102
- Austin, TX 78702
- 1 Bed, 2 Bath, 1190 SqFt
Don't see one that matches your needs? Set up a Condo Alert for this building to be notified when a new listing hits the market.
Have any comments or questions about Pedernales Lofts? Ask your question and/or share your thoughts about this Building.
What is the weight limit and is Cane Corso listed on your breed restrictions?
The information being provided is for consumers' personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing.
Based on information from the Austin Board of REALTORS® (alternatively, from ACTRIS) from March 24th, 2018 at 5:00am PDT. Neither the Board nor ACTRIS guarantees or is in any way responsible for its accuracy. The Austin Board of REALTORS®, ACTRIS and their affiliates provide the MLS and all content therein "AS IS" and without any warranty, express or implied. Data maintained by the Board or ACTRIS may not reflect all real estate activity in the market.
All information provided is deemed reliable but is not guaranteed and should be independently verified.


text:
New ProductsController Link
Smart irrigation for any controller.
Quik-Irr 6.0 Estimating Software
Know your break even point on every bid with Quik-Irr.
ET Manager Cartridge for ESP-LXM
Upgrade the ESP-LX Modular controller with smart weather technology.
Rain Bird ET Manager™
Revolutionize the way you manage water with the new standard in "weather-smart irrigation."
InSite Irrigation Scheduling
Easily create an efficient schedule for your sprinkler system.
Latest News


text:
Fight the Kraken
- Class
- Classic Pairs
- Boat Name
- Sedna
- Boat Number
- 8
- Causes
- Ocean Conservancy
- Sponsors
- Targetmaster
Vista Outdoor
Haverford Area YMCA
Satellite Phone Store
Steve's Paleogoods
Interstate Batteries of Delaware Valley
Shine Organics
Artisan Organics
Goal Zero
Honey Stinger
Epic bar
AK&W lawfirm
M Powerd
Skyzone - Glen Mills
Wolf Hollow at the Water Gap Country Club
Technical Applications
Delightful Detail
WMMR - Preston and Steve
Money Mailer
Precision Realty Group
Eastern Mountain Sports
Watershed drybags
- Website
- www.fightthekraken.org/
The Plastic Monster from Fight the Kraken on Vimeo.
Come and see the fastest row boat on the Pacific
We'll be exhibiting the fastest row boat on the Pacific, "Danielle" from Team Uniting Nations at the Telegraph Outdoor Adventure and Travel show this...
Posted 3 years ago
Shoulder to shoulder with legends – CC4 Pacific win prestigious award
We were so happy and proud to learn that the French Academy of Sports have bestowed the Prix André de Saint-Sauveur on the members...
Posted 3 years ago
Team Members
- Name
- Vicki Otmani
- Occupation
- Rowing coach / personal trainer
- Age at Start
- 34
- Born in
- Representing
- Lives in
- Media, PA, USA
Vicki spent her entire childhood engrossed in all things aquatic, from the biggest whales to the tiniest of sea slugs, she wanted to know everything about the world underwater. With a lifelong plan to pursue a degree in Marine Biology, her career goals were put on hold when she was introduced to the sport of rowing her freshman year at Oklahoma State University. Her passion immediately transitioned from underwater life, to that of one lived on the surface. Upon graduation after a successful collegiate career, Vicki moved to Nashville and eventually Philadelphia to continue to train in the sport she loves.
In 2009, after spending time at the National level, a back injury forced her into an early retirement from the competitive scene. Yet still loving the push of endurance sports, Vicki moved into the world of distance triathlons, which eventually introduced her to her husband Chris, a fellow triathlete. After marrying in 2011, they moved to the US Virgin Islands, where the couple earned their Dive Master certifications and continued their passion for a life in and around the sea through a career in Scuba.
The couple has since returned stateside and currently live near Philadelphia, where Vicki coaches rowing and continues to follow her passion to the water.
By completing this race, Vicki hopes to achieve and even deeper connection to both the ocean and her sport, but to also use the voyage as a platform to help educate the people around her on the damages our ocean and ultimately, our species, are facing.
- Name
- Megan Binging
- Occupation
- Assistant Rowing Coach (USC)
- Age at Start
- 31
- Born in
- Representing
- Lives in
With the ocean only a short 2 miles away for most of Megan's formative years, it was easy for her to fall in love with an environment that is so mysterious and powerful. As a native Californian, she grew up on the beach as an LA County Junior Lifeguard where her intrigue and respect for the ocean developed as she charged through the waves and learned more about how the sea works. However, it wasn't until Vicki taught Megan how to Scuba dive that she really understood what had been under her all those years. Diving with Vicki gave her an entirely new perspective on what our oceans have to offer. A world of its own, the respect and intrigue that the ocean once provided grew to sheer awe.
Spending most of her life involved in sports, Megan was good at some of them but never really found her niche until her junior year of high school. That was when her father signed her up to row with a local club team. Although reluctant to leave her first love and the sport she played for years, volleyball, Megan quickly discovered that rowing came much more naturally than anything she had done before. After 2 years of high school she was honored with offers to row collegiately, and jumped on the opportunity to become a USC Trojan. Four years at USC taught her so much, and helped her develop into the athlete she never thought she could be. Megan and Vicki met while they were both rowing for Vesper boat club in Philadelphia. After college Meg moved to Philly to train at Vesper where injury forced her into early retirement.
Megan now lives back in California, where she coaches the team she once rowed for, the USC Trojans.


text:
Miriam Kahn, Erin Younger. Pacific Voices: Keeping Our Cultures Alive. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2005. xiv + 176 pp. $30.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-295-98550-3.
Reviewed by Ping-Ann Addo (Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts)
Published on H-AfrArts (February, 2007)
Pacific Voices Seen and Heard
Pacific Voices is a beautifully illustrated book containing the personal reflections of individuals who were among the one hundred "community advisors" to the Burke Museum's exhibit of the same name. This exhibit at the University of Washington, Seattle employed objects to chronicle the history of peoples from the Pacific area who live in and around Seattle, each object evoking its own response. The exhibit, which opened in 1997, and the book, published in 2005, both constitute projects concerned with the consolidation and integration of interviews in ways sensitive to cultural ideas about epistemology, knowledge-sharing, and knowledge protection.
The book opens with a heartfelt essay by cultural anthropologist and Pacific Voices' curator-in-charge Miriam Kahn, who also contributed several photographs to the text. The following seventeen chapters take us on a journey from selected island cultures of the Pacific basin (Hawai'i, Samoa, Aotearoa New Zealand, and unnamed islands of Micronesia) to the western Pacific Rim (China, Japan, Korea, Laos), ending in the Pacific Northwest (visiting Nu-chah-nulth and Coast Salish cultures among others). These chapters are authored by individuals of different ages and ranks in their respective cultures. Over 200 photographs and drawings provide context for the objects and create a pictorial history of the people, places, and things found in the stories inspired by these pieces. The book closes with a short conclusion by Erin Younger, the Burke Museum's director of public programs, a list of suggested readings for each chapter, notes on contributors, and a short index primarily of non-English words.
The first two chapters, Iwalani Christian's "Voice of the Gods" and Moodette Ka'apana's "Foundation of the Hula" discuss the Hawaiian pahu drum, providing not-quite-contrasting reflections on the experience of making this instrument, playing it for the first time, passing into kumu hula status, and traveling with the sacred instrument. Having two Hawaiian pahu grace the pages is a wonderful and rich way to show that no two objects are alike and no single individual's account can substitute for another's. However, it raises the question: What are we missing with those objects that have the immediate benefit of only one entry?
In the succeeding chapters, objects are introduced by name, culture group, and a short quote from the chapter's author indicating the piece's personal and cultural significance. Thus, the Micronesian Canoe constitutes a "Reminder of a Way of Life"; the Coast Salish River Canoe becomes "A Way to Learn Patience"; the Vietnamese Incense Burner embodies a "Vehicle for Carrying Prayers"; and the Coast Salish Hook is a "Reminder of the Importance of Salmon." Whether by design or contributor choice, all the chapters stress the gender and age roles of individuals in their respective cultures. One entry entitled "Chinese New Year Foods: Meals that Bring Families Together," authored by five Chinese-American men and women, presents a particularly interesting picture of the diversity of food, modes of preparation and consumption, as well as the symbolism of those combinations in which the foods are eaten. As in all the chapters, the five contributors' ideas about the roles played by the objects are integrated generally by a sequence of quotations that both support and sometimes conflict with one another as the chapter moves on.
All the objects make obvious the abiding threads of cultural knowledge that connect people, places, time periods and, given the book's context, western-styled museums. The objects featured, save for the two pahu, are owned by, or are on long-term loan to, the Burke Museum. The book presents them as reminders to cultural institutions that institutional responsibilities to people are abiding, even though responsibility for objects often dominates their mission, or the way that mission is carried out. There is no indication, however, whether these objects represent most, or only a handful, of Seattle's Pacific communities.
Each chapter's structure is exemplary of how museum object labels can create more engaged learning experiences in a gallery, with each successive section providing more in-depth information. For example, chapter 10 is titled "Japanese Obutsudan," subtitled "Altar to Remember Loved Ones," and then presents the name of, and a short obutsudan-related reflection by, the author, Reverend Dean Koyama. The prose of the chapter provides substantive cultural details about the object in contextualized doses headed "Taking refuge in Amida Buddha" (p. 98); "Sizes and styles may vary, but the meaning remains" (p. 100); and "Obon [the most important summer festival in Japan] combines the religious and the festive" (p. 100-101). The combination of such words and the many images afford readers-cum -museum visitors the agency to deepen their experience with the object while confronting it. To this end, the book's final section, a list of suggested readings on each object, is a welcome aspect of the publication.
Ardent museum-goers and researchers might find the list of further readings even more helpful, however, if the authors and editors had added some more ethnographically in-depth references about both the objects and local lifeways. For example, sections like that on the whare nui Maori meeting house in the Maori korowaicloak chapter, could benefit from additional references that provide more native exegesis on the parallels between meeting house parts and the bodies of the ancestors these houses represent. For the native Northwest objects, references to anthropologists' long-standing fight against racism, the devotion of Franz Boas and others to recording local languages, and the continued, collaborative championing of native lifeways, would also be useful. Such additional references would clarify, for conscientious readers, details about the relationships between various local cultures and acknowledge the politics inherent in these groups' ongoing relationships and struggles with the West.
Despite Pacific Voices' obvious local engagement and self-reflexivity, I am also left wondering about possible compromises and discussions that affected the book's final form. I would have liked to know more about the process that resulted in these seventeen chapters. Was there any contention over the choice of contributing cultures or how they would be presented? Were all community advisors invited to contribute or did they self-select? What of the politics and polemics of the peoples connected to these objects which are, according to Younger's conclusion, like "hope chests" (p.161) carried into the future? Kahn's introduction speaks of Seattle's "communities" and Younger's conclusion, of the Seattle "community" as the people for whom these objects have significance. However, the future for most of these objects would seem to be in a museum collection, rather than in the hands of a particular community. How should we then be thinking about forms of community that are not only tied to native lands and places, but to spaces mediated by cultural institutions? What do the voices in Seattle's ethnic communities have to say about such reconfigurations of relationships between people, objects, and places?
I must end by saying that I thoroughly enjoyed the experience of reading Pacific Voices because it gives different versions of Seattle's ethnic transformation, through local histories and the memories of individuals. The book celebrates and affirms the sixteen cultures represented in the diverse population of Seattle today and it will be beneficial to professionals and students in ethnic and material culture studies, to members of ethnic groups, and to art enthusiasts. The clear, narrative structure of the chapters, along with the large and vivid images that open each one, make it suitable for introducing the cultures it showcases to audiences as young as elementary school children. Like a walk through the Burke's exhibit, or a visit to its virtual exhibit,[1] Pacific Voices affords us the sights that accompany the sounds, smells, and experiences of growing up, and growing old, among the people and things that matter to cultural identity.
[1]. Visit online at http://www.washington.edu/burkemuseum/exhibits/pv.html.
If there is additional discussion of this review, you may access it through the network, at: https://networks.h-net.org/h-afrarts.
Ping-Ann Addo. Review of Kahn, Miriam; Younger, Erin, Pacific Voices: Keeping Our Cultures Alive.
H-AfrArts, H-Net Reviews.
February, 2007.
URL: http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=12870
Copyright © 2007 by H-Net, all rights reserved. H-Net permits the redistribution and reprinting of this work for nonprofit, educational purposes, with full and accurate attribution to the author, web location, date of publication, originating list, and H-Net: Humanities & Social Sciences Online. For any other proposed use, contact the Reviews editorial staff at email@example.com.


text:
Two running backs and a wide receiver from Class A schools are the finalists for the 42nd Fitzpatrick Trophy, awarded annually to the top senior high school football player in Maine.
The three finalists, selected from 10 candidates by a vote of football coaches from all three classes of competition and members of the media, include Donald Goodrich of Cheverus, Alex Shain of Sanford and Chandler Shostak of Cony.
Goodrich, who averaged 8.65 yards per carry, rushed for 1,722 yards and scored 24 touchdowns.
Shain rushed for 1,400 yards and scored 28 touchdowns.
Shostak caught 58 passes for 853 yards and 12 touchdowns.
The Fitzy winner will be announced at the annual banquet Jan. 20 at the Holiday Inn By The Bay in Portland.


text:
Please enter a location, pub or hotel name. If you are looking for something specific try our advanced search
{{ x.address1 }}
{{ x.city }}
{{ x.county }}
{{ x.postcode }}
View more results
Search again
Not what you were looking for? Try our advanced search
01382 734910
01382 734910
43a Gray Street
Broughty Ferry Dundee City DD5 2BJ
Click for opening times >
Click for opening times >
*Please note: actual opening hours are subject to change. For confirmation, please contact the pub.
View availability and book a room here.
Find out More >
This well-known hotel ceased trading in the summer of 2011, having been a long-time feature of Gray Street. It had expanded considerably over the years into large premises at the rear of the building fronting on to Gray Street. Photographs of the street taken in c1902 show a wall-mounted gaslight over the front door.


text:
A FAMILY had a lucky escape after a bedroom fire.
Two crews from Stranton Fire Station were called to a house in Willow Walk, in the Dyke House of Hartlepool around 11pm on Friday.
Upon arrival, firefighters found a fire in a bedroom.
A mattress was destroyed by the flames and there was smoke damage to several bedrooms, with a small amount of smoke damage to the first-floor landing.


text:
Across the country, homelessness continues to be a problem, which is why two local organizations have come together to help find a solution here in West Michigan.
Well House has partnered with Downtown G.R. Inc. to bring the founder of the "Housing First" movement to Grand Rapids.
Sam Tsemberis, PhD, founder of the "Housing First" movement will speak about ending homelessness in Grand Rapids with evidence-based practices on Wednesday, November 16 at 6:00 p.m. at Fountain Street Church. The event is free and open to the public.
As part of a two-day visit to Grand Rapids, Tsemberis will meet with local, state and community leaders to advise them on the successful implementation of the Housing First model through public policy and practice.
The Housing First model is credited with effectively ending homelessness in Salt Lake City, Utah and dramatically reducing the homeless population in other U.S. cities including Denver, Boston, Seattle and New Orleans among many others. In addition to high success rates, cities who adopt the model also find considerable cost savings by reducing medical and criminal justice expenses associated with homelessness. Preliminary research conducted by Well House has found similar favorable results.
Tsemberis' appearance in Grand Rapids was made possible with the generous support of numerous Grand Rapids companies and organizations including Well House, Downtown Grand Rapids Inc., Bistro Bella Vita, Lambert, Edwards & Associates, Fountain Street Church and San Chez Bistro.


text: > I am just wondering if guppi has every worked properly in sid. well, it does right now. at least for me and on this machine running sid. i think it was the first time i tried, though ;) i usually don't need a spreadsheet, and i usually prefer gnuplot... Greetings, Erich P.S. No, Branden, plase ;) Jack isn't an agent of evil again just because it doesn't work for him, and he doesn't use the bugtracking, nor debian-user but debian-devel.


text:
Aston Villa have signed Kieran Richardson from Fulham.
The 29-year old defender/midfielder has signed a two-year deal with Villa after spending the past two seasons at Craven Cottage.
Villa boss Paul Lambert was delighted to have clinched the signature of the former Manchester United, West Bromwich Albion and Sunderland man who almost joined Villa as a schoolboy.
"Kieran will complement many of the players here well with what he brings," he said.
"He will add pace, a great deal of experience and he knows the Barclays Premier League. He's played a lot of games for a lad who has yet to turn 30.
"The grounding he gained at Manchester United has stood him in good stead and he knows what it is to compete in this league and to win things and that's important. I'm delighted he's joined us and we're really looking forward to working with him."
#WelcomeKieran: Kieran Richardson has joined us on a two-year deal. #AVFCpic.twitter.com/bH94zHccB5— Aston Villa FC (@AVFCOfficial) July 11, 2014
For breaking stories and all the great banter like us on Facebook: facebook.com/tribalfootball