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Probably impossible.
As we all should know by now, impenetrable security doesn't exist. What we should probably have is tighter backup power for essential services and places like hospitals, where local redundancy could help in the face of a remote 'hacker' type attack
Places where there is a lot of danger for people without electrical power don't need billions spent on the security of their power systems. They need redundancy, generators in their buildings that could be used to keep people alive, batteries, and common sense.
Oh well, let's spend a bunch of money on fear like we always do.
Unsecure infrastructure networks vulnerable to internet based attack.
Movie at 10.
Movie Postponed due to power failure.
there's the attitude: There is always somebody out there smarter than you, and there is always going to be a bug or security vulnerability somewhere in the system.
There was an interesting blog in the economist magazine pondering what else could be done with the 680 billion the US spends annually on defense.
While the US has spent a trillion in Iraq the chinese have spent a trillion improving their infrastructure.
It is easy to say that a data center needs its own source of standby power, but there are a lot of industries where a one minute outage causes a six to twelve-hour restart time, and the margins are far too thin to support the additional generation infrastructure.
I know a few people putting in multi-megawatt fuel cell systems, but these have the same restart-time problem that the utility grid has, which is ultimately the problem.
The easiest fix at a utility scale is to increase the amount of spinning reserve
So each facility evaluates its energy reliability needs. Some may come to the conclusion that they need higher reliability than what the local utility provides. But today, that's just based on gut feelings. Because there is no reliability or 'uptime' standard to which utilities must adhere. And as a result, there's no marginal price for additional MTBF or grid uptime. So people who think they need better reliability just go out and buy their own genset.
In some ways, this is analogous to servers. Everyone ca
Impenetrable security may not exist, but good security and crappy security do exist. We'd rather have good than crappy, but the power companies would rather spend on executive bonuses than on good security.
We do need improved security on SCADA (like making it REALLY separate from the internet and business LANs), but that's not billions in cost. As you point out, backup power is good.
More resiliency in the grid is a big one. If the grid has adequate spare capacity it can tolerate a few sudden losses and can
Maybe it might be for the best to have SCADA controlling systems airgapped, or at the least, if people want reports from the systems, have locked down machines that poll them and then copy the results to another network. You could have two boxes on separate networks that communicate text solely through a serial cable (no PPP or SLIP, just data passed as a stream through the cable from the inside box to the outside one. Perhaps even cut the RX+ and RX- lines going to the inner box for maximum security) to
As we all should know by now, impenetrable security doesn't exist.
Totally impenetrable physical security doesn't exist, but totally impenetrable electronic security most certainly does. It's quite simple to make something completely immune to hacker attacks over the internet: disconnect it from the internet!
Why the nation's power grid control absolutely needs to be tied into the internet, I have no idea. Maybe someone in the field can enlighten me. But if this is a big concern, it seems like it'd be pretty to eliminate the security threat by not having any control over the power grid exposed to the internet. If someone needs to exercise some control over the system, they have to get in their car and drive to the power plant.
Of course, this wouldn't prevent someone from sneaking in somehow, but that's a far more remote danger than some hacker on the internet (who could be anywhere in the world, and probably not anywhere near your power plant) gaining access.
As we all should know by now, impenetrable security doesn't exist. What we should probably have is tighter backup power for essential services and places like hospitals, where local redundancy could help in the face of a remote 'hacker' type attack
Places where there is a lot of danger for people without electrical power don't need billions spent on the security of their power systems. They need redundancy, generators in their buildings that could be used to keep people alive, batteries, and common sense.
This isn't about impenetrable security. This is about taking basic precautions about known attack vectors. For example, many of these systems are not fail safe so an attacker can actually cause a generator to physically destroy itself. Since these generators are very specialized pieces of equipment, you don't just go to Home Depot and pick up another one.
It is not enough to protect hospitals, etc. A prolonged loss of power to the northern part of the US in the depths of winter would be devastating. Even with backup power supplies, no one has plans to deal with a month of no electricity.
This isn't about spending money on fear. It is about naively ignoring a threat and hoping it will never happen. We need to find a way to force utility companies to take these threats seriously and the only way to do that is to have financial penalties for lax security.
Probably impossible.
As we all should know by now, impenetrable security doesn't exist.
Maybe not. But a good first step would be to not connect critical infrastructure to the internet.
Oh well, let's spend a bunch of money on fear like we always do.
Terrorists are the least of out worries here in the midwest US. In the winer we have ice storms, in the spring and summer we have storms and wind. An outage caused by hackers probably wouldn't last lomg here, but when a tornado rips through and destroys every utility pole and the equipment hanging from them, it'll take a while to get back on line.
When the tornados ripped through here in 2006, [slashdot.org] as I walked through the destruction in search of a hot cup of coffee the next day, the thing I thought most was "If Bin Laden saw this he'd give up. No way could a terrorist do this much damage!"
The threat is narural events. The danger from terrorists is minimal.
Who thought it would be a swell idea to to hook the grid's computers to the INTERNET?
Did someone surf some pr0n sites on the Win98 powered control computer down at the power plant?
Remote access and e-mail notifications more often drive the internet connections we have seen. When facility engineering is out-sourced, it becomes even more complicated, because there is fundamental conflict in the way the contracts are written-- the Owner might require all security go through them, but they don't allow the facility engineers to be on their network.
Usually you end up with a DSL connection and a "firewall router." Usually it is just a monitoring network, but control seems to creep in more
"Congressman Jim Langevin says that US power companies need to be forced to deal with the issue after they told Congress they would take steps to defend their operations but did not follow up. 'They admit that they misled Congress. The private sector has different priorities than we do in providing security. Their bottom line is about profits..."
Exactly right, this is a capitalist society, ran on making money. If they won't integrate safety systems to protect the system properly from hacker attacks, hit them in the wallet, hard. Pass sound regulation to force them to implement safeguards, require inspections/audits that they are done, not just take their BS word for it. If all they give you is hot air and no implementation, fine them millions of dollars, and on a regular basis if needbe til they implement it.
But how much energy can congress really expect them to expend defending against imagined threats?
There's nothing imagined about any of these threats. They are very, very real. What we know about is scary enough, what we may yet learn could be truly frightening. Maybe you caught that little part in the story where the military is having some of their computer chips made overseas. I wonder how much money you'd think it would be worth to stop four of five of our own Predators and Reapers from bombing US
You spend the money in such a way as to make the system generally more robust, not just against terrorist attacks, but also against acts of nature, disgruntled employees, criminal extortion, and sheer human idiocy.
A lot of US infrastructure has been desperately vulnerable for years. How many terrorists would it take to black out fifty million people in North America? Apparently zero.
Remember the Northeast Blackout of 2003 [wikipedia.org] ?
If the reporting was accurate, that affected 55 million people across eight US s
Exactly right, this is a capitalist society, ran on making money. If they won't integrate safety systems to protect the system properly from hacker attacks, hit them in the wallet, hard.
This is the fundamental point. Those with the ability to secure the system need to be the ones paying for breeches. Bruce Schneier had several good articles around this point. The main example being banks/credit card companies paying for fraud. If they could just push that onto the customer, there would be far more instances of fraud. Instead, they take responsibility for the whole system and customers are far better off for it.
Credit card companies push the consequences of fraud onto stores and such. Those stores that choose to accept credit card payments factor the risk of fraud into the prices they charge. The credit card companies do attempt to protect their customers from fraud, but only because they wouldn't make any money if they didn't have any members (they also work with stores to prevent fraud, as they figure it will lead to clearing more transactions).
The credit card companies certainly don't pay for fraud though.
-noun (used with a plural verb)
1. Also called knee breeches. knee-length trousers, often having ornamental buckles or elaborate decoration at or near the bottoms, commonly worn by men and boys in the 17th, 18th, and early 19th centuries.
2. riding breeches.
3. Informal. trousers.
4. too big for one's breeches, asserting oneself beyond one's authority or ability.
...not just take their BS word for it. If all they give you is hot air and no implementation, fine them millions of dollars, and on a regular basis if need be til they implement it.
Why not hold the Criminals-in-Congress(TM) to the same standard?
Thats crazy talk. Here is the solution:
1) It's government regulation that is the problem. If the government would just loosen the regulations a little the power companies would be able to make more money. Then they could spend that money on other things like security, safety, and protecting the environment.
2) We should allow power companies to join the RIAA. Once hackers know they will face life imprisonment for copy right infringement, they will too scared to do anything. While we are at it, why not just g
That's not the worst. There are stories of medical systems running Windows, connected to the internet, and shutting down at one point because of an autorestart from Windows Update.
Most systems here in the US are only secure because they're obscure. Someone who has worked in the industry for more than about a year has enough knowledge to cause some widespread destruction. Up until recently, the emergency broadcast service was only a phone number and modem, with no authentication!
Up until recently, the emergency broadcast service was only a phone number and modem, with no authentication!
The CATV company I work for had a crazy insecure ebs system. It was these ancient boxes in the head ends that just watched for a carrier on a certain freq in the return path. Once it saw any carrier it would flip over the EBS system and all the audio on our analog channels would go down. This carrier came from another dumb box that was in the main head end. That box was triggered by a unsecured phone line and all you needed to do was know the number to it. All anyone needed to spam 250K customers was a telephone.
The whole system looked like it was built by some ham radio op with parts from RadioShack in the 1980's.
We only got rid of this system LAST YEAR after some prankster with a signal generator figgered out how to trigger one of the dumb boxes. We now have a new system with scrolling text across the screen and clear audio... though I wouldn't be surprised if it was just as half assed as the old system.
Im posting this AC because coworkers know my
I concur. Airports are the same way, and still this way. Many are running standard PLCs like Allen-Bradley or Modicon. They are connected directly to a modem line with no authentication. So grab yourself a copy of RSLogix or Unity Pro, dial into these places, and have fun modifying the ladder logic and wreak havoc on the airport as all bags get re-routed to who knows where. I've seen the same issues with power plants and water treatment facilities.
The only upside is that the modem line isn't hooked up all t
wreak havoc on the airport as all bags get re-routed to who knows where.
Is that not standard airline practice?
Hell the bags might end up at the right place for once.....
Most of the systems are controlled by PLCs. Most PLCs to this day have no access control whatsoever. Some of the attempts at "security" I've heard for PLCs are salesguy technobabble. (The password is stored on the PC being used to access the PLC; the PLC retrieves the password FROM THE PC in order to verify the validity of the user. No shit, this is what a major vendor told me.)
A kid with a laptop with the right software, a modem, and knowledge of a few phone numbers could take out significant infrastru
A kid with a length of chain and a potato gun could also take out some significant infrastructure in the power industry. Physical security is important as well.
Hehe... Back when I was in the Air Force, we had a squirrel shut down the entire base for 8 hours. S/he crawled into the main power station, and committed suicide across the breakers, blowing up a good chunk of the station and about 100' of main feeder line.
Today no doubt the press would have whipped up frenzy about a "possible terrorist attack" with artistic renderings of the squirrel in mufti....
The cost to the freedom of their own citizens, and the financial expenditure on all of this hysteria seems awfully prohibitive compared to the actual risk.
To be fair, almost no amount of prevention could begin to equal the cost of a truly major event like a significant amount of the US power grid being down for more than a brief flicker.
I work for a company involved in SCADA systems that control half of Australia's water supply and a fair bit of the country's power grid.
SCADA networks have evolved, out of convenience, to coexist with existing LANS and thus progressively have become more dependent on TCP/IP protocols, thus becoming (rather by default) Internet-enabled.
Vulnerabilities are to some degree covered by the RTU programming, which has built in safeguards against doing wrong things. But it's not impossible for a dedicated hacker to create a bit of havoc, and this point is not lost on our client base. Our clients are actively investing now to isolate SCADA networks from the Internet, because safety has to overrule operational convenience. Work is going on now, and the door is fast closing on this avenue of attack.
It's all about SCADA. Little intelligent valves in little steel boxes attached to a lot of industrial plant. It's automation, true, but there are rather a lot of eyes watching it.
most of the control protocols have no authentication built into them either, in fact none of the ones i've worked with. maybe the newer ones do?
I'm not aware of any that do? Off the top of my head I can think of CIP, Modbus, Ethernet/IP, Profibus, ProfiNET, DeviceNet, and CANOpen and none of these have any authentication. At best, some of these like CIP have security through obscurity, but others like Modbus are completely known specifications.
hey, while you're spending money to do that, why not also spend the small chump change it would take to harden our grid against EMP and geomagnetic disturbances?
Then again I could just take my $2000 plasma cutter, $500 generator and $6000 hilux and head up into the mountains and take down three or four high voltage towers and kill power to about 8 million people for a week or more and be home before nightfall. Just in time to laugh at all of you while you scream in hysteria demanding quadzillions be spent on protecting over hyped "attack vectors".
Talk about not seeing the forest for the trees...
But as long as it's protected by fancy sounding acronyms it appears th
'If the power grid was taken off line in the middle of winter and it caused people to suffer and die, that would galvanize the nation. I hope we don't get there.
If 9/11 was any indication, our national response would be characterized by...
Only in my wildest fantasies would such an attack mobilize the country to have a rational, balanced cyber-security posture.
"RIAA/MPAA sleezeballs capitalizing on it in ways I don't even want to contemplate."
When you install photoelectric panels, you're BURNING our fossil fuel industry!
Passive home heating is like passive smoking: IT KILLS! Insist on genuine 2000 Megawatt active air conditioning from a certified generation station.
You wouldn't steal a car... so why build a windmill? Just because all your friends are doing it doesn't make it right!
Firewood is BOLSHEVISM!
So the enron-organized power embargo hitting california in the summer of 2001 is now being recognized as terrorism? The central valley and inland empire areas hit 100+ degrees most summer days. Wonder how many elderly died, or had their lifespans shortened due to heat stress during the rolling power outages.
The government is just a corporate sock puppet, and blaming the government is one of the oldest tricks in the corporate handbook.
1) Lobby for deregulation
2) Profit
3) Shit hits the fan
4) Blame the goverment
Obviously the evil terrorist hackers would have to attack the electricity distribution via the control centres on the internerd, the power companies long ago stipulated that all pylons and power poles be made of adamantium and be guarded 24/7 so there is no feasible way to attack the wires strung all over the fricken country.
Reading this article, I was thinking this security guy is exaggerating and playing down at the same time.
First of all, in the U.S. many companies use so much crap when it comes to IT that it makes me sick, so everything is possible. However, I think it is much more probable many systems will blow up on a large scale without any malice involved, but just due to incompetence and negligence.
At the same time this guy admits the U.S. is actively preparing and maybe even conducting cyber-warfare against other cou
Having worked at a utility in an IT consulting position I've had some experience supporting/implementing the control systems for a reasonably large scale SCADA system.
What I've come across is the people running/maintaining the SCADA system often don't have a Security/IT background, they have an electrical engineering or similar background. This can often make discussions about firewalls - TCP/IP and routing challenging. On top of this, most of the guys (and it is guys) involved are older, engineering types with the culture and communication differences that that implies. They are often very reluctant to let IT in to their systems to assist. Workstations/servers are often not visible to standard IT management processes like patch management and antivirus because of inter-group politics.
We run into the classic security vs. usability argument. More security often makes it more difficult for them to do their job (at least for them) and is also much harder to implement, maintain and troubleshoot.
A lot of systems have historically been serial and have migrated over to IP gradually. This has often been done without adequate planning and analysis, resulting in a system that is deemed successful because it works, not because it is secure.
Money as always is a factor. I know for a fact the enhanced security version of the SCADA solution was NOT installed, as it was too hard and too expensive and as a result was put off until later.
In our case, all the devices and RTUs out there come in over a private network, NOT the internet. This traffic is in the process of being encrypted with IPSEC. The weak point is and will always be the client devices or terminals. Remote access to these is the achilles heel of any system. Having such systems completely separate should be a requirement, but is often put aside in the name of usability for workers to get access from home, or the ability to access the internet from the control PC.
The requirements for criticial infrastructure exists and has done for some time, ISO27002 and NERC have a huge number of requirements. Good luck finding a utility that complies with all of them.
A horrific incident may be the catalyst to have changes made. But in the meantime it's down to money, silos and politics.
...it been taken out in the U.S.?
If there's a dozen guys pissed off and zealous/brave/willing/stupid enough to hijack planes and fly them into buildings, surely there's 100s more pissed off guys with m@d sk1llz who could do this, and wouldn't be held back because it's not a suicide mission, and doesn't directly burn thousands to death in an ensuing fire and crash.
And I'd wager that hacking the power system is probably a decidedly less resource-intensive activity than even small-scale physical attacks (bomb/gun/kidnapping/etc), the participants can engage in almost total anonymity, and there's no messy explosives/weapons to buy or store or get caught with. All this means its something that even a lone crank could pull off, opening the doors to a whole panoply of groups with gripes, including or especially all manner of domestic crackpots. You don't need Al Quaalude or zillions of dollars or a complex intelligence network.
Forcing the grid offline and in a way that kept it down/brain damaged for any length of time over 48-72 hours, especially if it was widespread, would have such a cascading effect and probably spawn anarchy. At a minimum billions lost, thousands killed, possibly riots or widespread civil disorder. Katrina times 9/11. So the effect would be substantial and easily deniable, making it the kind of thing China or Russia or any other competitive major power might want to do just to fuck with the Americans and keep them off balance.
Yet it hasn't happened here or Western Europe or most modern Asian countries. Why?
Yet it hasn't happened here or Western Europe or most modern Asian countries. Why?
Well, at least where I work, we no longer allow modems to be attached to any equipment. This is a huge cost item; that means we have to fly in a tech with a laptop for several thousand dollars when something goes down instead of allowing the factory to dial in on their modem.
We choose to do this as we are a "major" target - a medium sized public utility. I would guess many of the smaller utilities don't have the resources to do this. So it's a question of targets; if someone was to study the network, they could identify a weak small utility that could bring down a larger utility that would then cascade to a major failure down the line. I'd guess it hasn't happened because the outcome is uncertain and not guaranteed; our operators are pretty damn good at taking care of upstream failures.
Yet it hasn't happened here or Western Europe or most modern Asian countries. Why?
Because the enemies you keep hearing about, are neither as a numerous nor as powerful as your government would like you to believe.
It suits the agenda of those in power, to have a public who are so shit-scared about terrorists, that they will accept any indignity, any intrusion into their lives, any loss of freedom... just to make the terrorism fear go away.
I know all the comments are about to come flooding in that these systems should be air gapped from the Internet, but that isn't practical in today's environment. These systems need to be indirectly connected to the corporate networks, because the data is valuable to the companies. Much of this is due to deregulation. Since deregulation electric utilities no longer operate as islands with their own generation, transmission and customers. Since nobody liked monopolies in the energy industry, the pieces aren't necessarily owned by the same companies anymore. Energy is also bought and sold in a market environment with prices changing all the time and the information is exchanged over the Internet. If you want to see the current Megawatt Hour (MWh) prices in the midwest check out http://www.midwestiso.org/page/LMP+Contour+Map+(EOR) [midwestiso.org]. Needless to say air gapping isn't practical in today's environment.
just because the hacker didn't have an UPS...
'If I were an attacker and wanted to do strategic damage to the United States, I would either take the cold of winter or the heat of summer,' says McConnell, 'I would probably sack electric power on the US East Coast, maybe the West Coast and attempt to cause a cascading effect.'
Oh yeah, well if I were an attacker, I would build a gravity weapon so powerful that it would pull the moon out of its orbit and crash it into the earth.
OR I would create a poison so potent that just a few drops of it in any lake would kill everyone within a 5-mile radius.
OR I would plant thermonuclear bombs in the capitals of the 10 largest cities in the U.S. and detonate them all at once.
See, Mike McConnell? It's easy to invent terrorist movie plots [schneier.com]. If they gave out awards for Most Creative Terrorist Strategies That Would Never Work, you all all of your three-letter agencies would win first prize every time.
The blackout in 2005 was a human failure. One transmission line went down, the team recovering that line made a mistake and instead of activating the repaired line disabled the backup line. Result: 3 states withou electric power.
The blackout in 2007 was due a circuit breaker shutting down one line, the same happening after in the backup line, that could manage the excess load (this happened during peak hours, 5 p.m. during a working day).
Ok, these are official explanations and the blackouts may have been caused by evil hackers but, in this case, the brazilian government made an excelent job holding that information for years, leaking now thanks to an american former military that may have some vested interest spreading fear.
2 cents..
UFOs are for real: the Air Force doesn't exist.


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Chris Lilley wrote: > Suggest that you read the definition of 'application' in that case. it > doesn't really fit, either. It would be great if you could provide a URL. Here are some (non-IETF) definitions; they all know that "application" can refer to a program when used in the context of computing. http://www.m-w.com/ "[...] a program (as a word processor or a spreadsheet) that performs one of the important tasks for which a computer is used" http://www.bartleby.com/61/2/A0380200.html "Computer Science A computer program with a user interface." Tobi -- http://www.pinkjuice.com/Received on Tuesday, 18 June 2002 13:04:57 UTC
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.3.1 : Wednesday, 8 March 2017 09:46:53 UTC

subset: commoncrawl


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No products
This article is intended to help you choose the right kind of night vision device (NVD) for your application, budget and specific needs. There is a lot of confusion when it comes to night vision devices. Although there are night vision rifle scopes, monoculars and binoculars, a lot of the time, any of these devices will be called "goggles" which is incorrect and night vision goggles may actually not be the right kind of night vision equipment for your intended application. This article should clear up some of the common misconceptions in regard to night vision devices.
First, let's define what a night vision device is and what it is not. A night vision device is an electro-optical instrument allowing its user to see in dark environments. Night vision devices can be analog or digital. A night vision device is NOT a thermal vision device; it does not allow its user to see heat coming from objects.
How night vision devices work at a glance and why they are different from thermal vision devices. Most of the night vision devices used today are analog. Analog night vision devices have some important advantages over digital night vision devices, these advantages will be explained a little later in the article.
An analog night vision device achieves its night vision capability by essentially doing two things. The first thing that an analog NVD does is gathering whatever little light is available (from the stars, Moon, other distant light sources) and amplifying this light many thousand times with high voltage to produce a bright image that the user can see through the eyepiece. The second thing that an analog NVD does is taking in infrared radiation (usually from a built-in infrared flashlight) and applying the same high voltage to it so that infrared radiation is converted into visible light that the user can see through the eyepiece. This is particularly important in pitch-black darkness when there are no stars, Moon or any other light sources for the NVD to amplify. In other words, almost every night vision device has its own infrared light source which is invisible to the naked eye but is visible through the night vision device.
Digital night vision devices also convert infrared light from a built-in infrared illuminator to visible and some are also able to amplify faint light by accumulating it in a CMOS sensor. Digital night vision devices have advantages and disadvantages over analog night vision devices. We will look in more detail into how digital devices operate later in the article.
Thermal vision devices do not deal with visible light at all. They also do not have built-in infrared light sources. A thermal vision device senses the heat given off by an object; it does not "see" any light that's reflected off the surface of an object, animal or a human being. All objects and living beings give off a small amount if infrared radiation the frequency of which depends on the temperature of the object. A thermal vision device senses this radiation and outputs it onto an LCD screen. In practice, a thermal vision device would allow the user to see the outline of an object with little detail while a night vision device would produce a detailed image. If the object being observed is the same temperature as its surroundings, it would be invisible through a thermal vision device. We will mention thermal vision device in the article any further as they are not night vision devices and should not be called as such.
Different types of night vision devices and their applications. There are essentially five different types of night vision devices (not to be confused with four generations which we will mention later in the article). Here are the four different types and their applications:
Night Vision Monocular – a handheld night vision device with one objective and one eyepiece. Monoculars are used for various tasks that do not require completely hands-free operation. Monoculars are the most affordable and simple night vision devices and are suitable for recreational activities such as nature observation, hiking or just playing around in the backyard. Here is an example of a night vision monocular: http://www.nightvisionetc.com/124-night-detective-quest-5m-5x-night-vision-monocular.html
Figure 1 A Night Vision Monocular
Night Vision Binoculars – handheld night vision devices with two objectives and two eyepieces. Night vision binoculars produce two distinct images – one for each eye, and are used whenever a 3- dimensional image is preferred. Applications include night time navigation, target detection and surveillance. Night vision binoculars are essentially two monoculars put together and have twice the parts of a monocular, hence they are usually double the price. Night vision devices with two eyepieces but one magnifying objective are called Night Vision Bi-Oculars or Pseudo-Binoculars. Night vision bi-oculars provide magnification for long distance viewing but unlike night vision binoculars, they don't provide any depth perception. Here's an example of real night vision binoculars: http://www.nightvisionetc.com/14-night-detective-nd-bq3m-night-vision-binoculars.html
Figure 2 Night Vision Bi-Oculars Figure 3 Night Vision Binoculars
Night Vision Goggles – are 100% hands-free devices which usually come with a head-mount. Night vision goggles can be divided into three different subgroups; dual night vision goggles, night vision pseudo-goggles and night vision mono-goggles. Regardless of the subtype, night vision goggles have no magnification. Magnifying lenses found on night vision monoculars and binoculars allow the user to see farther away but do not allow seeing anything within the user's immediate surroundings. Because the user wears the goggles on his/her face, it is essential that the immediate surroundings are visible, otherwise it would be impossible to walk while wearing night vision goggles. Therefore, night vision goggles cannot have any magnifying lenses installed. Some night vision goggles can be fitted with magnifying lenses and essentially turned into night vision binoculars; such modification however, makes it impossible to wear the goggles on a head-mount. Here's an explanation of the different subtypes of night vision goggles:
Dual Night Vision Goggles – have two objectives and two eyepieces. These goggles produce two distinct images, one for each eye. Dual night vision goggles are well suited for nighttime driving, boat navigation, aircraft piloting, hunting, police and military operations. Here's an example: http://nightdetective.net/night-vision-goggles.html
Figure 4 Dual Night Vision Goggles
Night Vision Pseudo-Goggles – also called Night Vision Bi-Ocular Goggles are hands-free night vision devices with one objective and two eyepieces. These devices can be used for anything that dual night vision goggles are used for except situations where distance estimation and 3-dimensional perception are required. Pseudo-goggles split a single image into two feeds, one for each eye. Although the user sees the image with his/her two eyes, the images are exactly the same and therefore the user's brain will not be able to estimate the distance to an object. Pseudo-goggles cannot be used for nighttime driving, boat navigation or flying an aircraft. You can see an example of this device here: http://www.nightvisionetc.com/217-nyx-7c-second-generation-night-vision-goggles.html
Figure 5 Night Vision Pseudo-Goggles
Night Vision Mono-Goggles – hands-free night vision devices which have one objective and one eyepiece. Night vision mono-goggles cover only one of the user's eyes. This type of night vision goggles is the most affordable one due to the least amount of parts. Night vision mono-goggles are well suited for military and police applications, hiking and recreational use. Since the user is only using one of his/her eyes, distance estimation is impossible and the field of view is narrower than with any other types of night vision goggles. Besides their price advantage, night vision mono-goggles have one more advantage which could sometimes be very important; one of the user's eyes stays constantly exposed to the dark and the user's natural night vision capability in that eye is preserved. If the goggles suddenly cease to operate or the user needs to quickly take them off, the one eye that was looking through the goggles will go blind for a few seconds while the one that staid exposed to the dark will not. With dual night vision goggles as well as with pseudo-goggles, the user will go completely blind for a few seconds while his/her eyes adjust to the dark if the goggles are suddenly taken off or cease to operate. In situations when it is possible to suddenly encounter a bright source of light (such as vehicle headlights, or a brightly lit room), the mono-goggle type is also preferred since the bright light may either flood the image or shut down the goggles so the user will have to rely on the eye that is not covered by the ocular of the goggles. This could be a life and death situation during military and police operations. Here's an example of night vision mono-goggles: http://www.pulsarvision.com/cf-super-gen-night-vision-goggles/32-pulsar-challenger-night-vision-goggles-pl74095.html
Figure 6 Night Vision Mono-Goggles
Night Vision Rifle Scopes – also called Night Vision Weapon Sights or simply Night Vision Sights. These are night vision devices are specifically designed to be mounted on a weapon for precise aiming and shooting. Night vision rifle scopes are used by the military, police and hunters throughout the world. A common misconception is that night vision scopes can be used during the day. There are no night vision rifle scopes that can be used during the day and most cannot be even turned on (without the protective cap) in daylight. Some digital night vision rifle scopes can be safely turned on during the day safely but they would still be virtually unusable in daylight compared to regular daylight rifle scopes. This is a typical analog night vision rifle scope: http://www.pulsarvision.com/pulsar-night-vision-weapon-sights-riflescopes/33-pulsar-.html
Figure 7 Night Vision Rifle Scope
The chart below summarizes the various types of night vision devices.
Comparison Between Night Vision and Daylight Optical Devices.
There is virtually no limit on how large the magnification of a daylight optical device can be. Daylight binoculars and rifle scopes are available with magnifications as high as 60 or even 100 times. Daylight optical devices are also often available with variable magnification (zoom). Night vision devices on the other hand are rarely available with magnifications higher than 5x and are never available with zoom capability. Because the amount of light a night vision device takes in is very small compared to a daylight optical device, increasing the magnification to more than 5x would drop the brightness of the image to a point where the device would virtually be unusable. The specifications of all optical devices, including night vision ones can be expressed with a pair of numbers, such as 4x50 for example. The first number tells the magnification of the device. In the case of 4x50, the device magnifies 4 times. The second number is the diameter of the objective lens. A larger objective lens takes in more light and therefore allows for a brighter image. The field of view (the size of the area seen through the night vision device) will also be larger with a larger lens.
Night Vision Devices in Daylight.
Analog night vision devices can be damaged by exposure to bright light and should not be used in daytime. Protective caps are usually included with any night vision device, this cap has s tiny hole in the center allowing a little light to get in. An analog night vision device can be turned on safely in daylight provided that the protective cap is on the objective. Analog night vision devices are absolutely useless in daytime and should only be used at night.
Digital night vision devices are less susceptible to damage by bright light. However, digital night vision devices are also virtually useless in brightly lit environments.
It is much more useful to have a dedicated night vision device and a dedicated daylight device rather than trying to use a night vision device in daylight.
Since rifle scopes must be calibrated for precise aiming, a night vision rifle scope cannot be simply taken off the weapon and replaced with a daylight scope for use during the day. For this reason, a lot of users have two separate weapons, one with a permanently mounted night vision scope and another one with permanently mounted daylight scope. It is also possible to purchase a night vision scope with a quick release mount and a daylight scope with a quick release mount. A quick release mount allows removing the scope off the weapon and placing it back on without having to zero it in all over again. Here's an example of a night vision weapon sight with an optional quick release mount: http://www.pulsarvision.com/pulsar-night-vision-weapon-sights-riflescopes/33-pulsar-.html
Night Vision Generations and How They Work.
Analog night vision devices are divided into five generations. The generation of a night vision device is defined by the type of the Image Intensifier Tube (IIT) installed in the device. One and the same night vision device may be available with different generations of image intensifiers. The image intensifier tube is the heart of an analog night vision device. The IIT collects photons from faint light sources or the built-in infrared illuminator onto a photocathode screen. These photons knock out electrons on the other side of the photocathode screen. These electrons are accelerated with high voltage after which they hit a phosphor screen on the back of the IIT. The accelerated electrons knock out a greater number of photons from the second screen than was originally received by the first screen and therefore the second screen produces a bright image that the user sees through the eyepiece. Contrary to a popular misconception, the four generations of night vision devices are 0, 1, 2 and 3 and 3+ and not 1, 2 3 and 4 and 5. The price of a night vision device goes up with its generation. For example, the price of a Generation 2 night vision device is about 10 times that of the same device in Generation 1 version. Here is a detailed look into the generations and how they differ from one another;
Generation 0
Developed by Dr. Zworykin during the World War 2. Generation 0 device were not able to amplify ambient light and solely converted infrared light from a built-in infrared flashlight into visible light. These devices are no longer commercially available.
Generation 1
Developed during the Vietnam War, this is an improvement on Generation 0 technology. A Generation 1 IIT is comprised of the same parts as a Generation 0 IIT on the above diagram. However, it is able to amplify ambient light about 1000 times it does not require an infrared illuminator if enough ambient light is available.
Generation 2
Adds a micro-channel plate which is basically an electron multiplier. The micro-channel plate greatly increases the number of electrons and allows the IIT to multiply ambient light by about 20,000 times.
Generation 3
Generation 3 image intensifier tubes are comprised of the same parts as the Generation 2 ITT's on the above diagram. However, Generation 3 devices use a gallium arsenide photocathode which allows them to multiply ambient light by as much as 50,000 times. The micro-channel plate in Generation 3 devices is coated with a special ion barrier which increases the life of the tube but has a negative effect on its performance.
Generation 3 Plus (sometimes called Generation 4)
Generation 3 Plus IIT tubes add an auto-gated power supply which automatically adjusts the voltage fed into the tube depending on light conditions. Generation 3 Plus devices don't have the ion barrier coating on the micro-channel plate or have much thinner coating which has a negative effect on the tube's life but allows for better performance.
Digital night vision devices work by accumulating photons in a low light CMOS sensor. The photons are gathered in the sensor over time. Once the sensor gathers enough photons to produce an image, a signal is sent from the sensor to an LCD screen which the user sees through the eyepiece. Digital night vision devices operate with a slight lag because the sensor needs some time to gather enough photons. The lag is usually not very noticeable but may be an issue in life and death situations (such as military operations). Digital night vision devices are not able to amplify ambient light as well as analog night vision devices and therefore rely heavily on the built-in infrared which results in increased power consumption. Digital night vision devices typically require many more batteries than analog ones and also consume the batteries a lot quicker.
So which generation to choose? The higher the generation, the less you will need to rely on the built-in infrared illuminator. Also, the infrared wavelengths for higher generation devices are longer and therefore more difficult to detect with lower generation night vision devices. If the possibility of detection by another night vision device is an issue, it is advisable to use a Generation 3 or higher night vision device. For nature observation and recreational activities, Generation 1 is usually sufficient. Serious hunters may consider at least a Generation 2 night vision device. The US military currently uses Generation 3 and Generation 3 Plus devices.


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Why use a spell when you should already have the natural means to try and win his heart? I agree with the comment above try and show him that he can trust you and be a true friend rather than toying with his heart. If you truly love him in my opinion you won't need a spell and will be able to win his heart like any normal person does with time, patience, support and trust and other underlying factors.
A lot of times people like that just need to see that your intentions are sincere, and that you will not hurt them. Show them by being there for them when they need you. Be respectful of their wishes. Show that you care, without being too pushy. If they do want to be with you, eventually it will happen. I went through something similar with my love, and now we are engaged and live together :) Just keep trying and you'll get there <3


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Sydney FC coach Frank Farina isn't sure what to make of a night of dumb mistakes and "pork chops".
Farina blames basic blunders for the Sky Blues' 1-3 loss to Adelaide United in Friday night's A-League fixture.
"It wasn't that we were torn apart for the goals. We made stupid mistakes and got punished," he said.
Sydney slid to sixth on the ladder while the Reds rose to fourth after an often spiteful encounter at Adelaide's Coopers Stadium.
Farina was disappointed at the behaviour of both teams after Adelaide's Marcelo Carrusca was fouled by Sydney's Alec Urosevski.
As Urosevski was booked, play was halted for about three minutes amid a rolling push-and-shove between the teams – an exchange Farina blamed on pork chops.
"I was disappointed in both teams ... the reactions over that incident," he said.
"I thought the referee was handling it all right.
"And then a lot of the pork chops got involved and it went from one thing to another and that put a dampener on the first half."
While pleased both sides settled back to football in the second half, Farina was bemused by Sydney's trend of gifting the opposition goals.
"A lot of times during the season, if you look through all our games and goals, a lot of it has been that story," he said.
"Whether it's concentration, I don't know – if I knew what it was, I'd fix it straight away so we wouldn't give the ball away."
Adelaide coach Josep Gombau, meanwhile, had different worries: a host of players carrying niggling injuries.
Defender Osama Malik was a pre-game withdrawal, his defensive partner Jon McKain was forced off during the first half, and midfielders Sergio Cirio and Marcelo Carrusca were hobbling – though Gombau couldn't define their specific ailments.
"We need to check. But honestly, I am worried," he said, grateful Adelaide's next match is scheduled for nine days time against Wellington Phoenix.
"We are lucky ... this is the longest time you can have in the A-League between a game. With these nine days I hope we will be ready to play next week."
Morning & Afternoon Newsletter
Delivered Mon–Fri.


text: On Wed, 7 Apr 2010 07:45:25 -0400 (EDT), Lubos Rendek wrote: > On Mon, Apr 5, 2010 at 8:53 AM, Stephen Powell wrote: >> On Sun, 4 Apr 2010 17:36:03 -0400 (EDT), Lubos Rendek wrote: >>> >>> thanks guys for this.. Now what is the best way to link modules to a >>> specific hardware. for example my lsmod shows that I use 'ecb' module. >>> For someone like me this name does not say much. Is there a way to >>> find which module belongs to which piece of hardware? >> >> /sbin/modinfo ecb >> >> The "description" line is helpful of course. And the "alias" lines >> identify which pieces of hardware will cause the module to be loaded, >> for most device drivers. (Some older device drivers don't have any >> internal aliases and require help from external aliases to load >> automatically when the corresponding hardware device is detected. > > thanks Stephen this is exactly what I was looking for. :-) You're welcome. But please don't "top post". http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_posting -- .''`. Stephen Powell <email@example.com> : :' : `. `'` `-


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Long term report: Volkswagen California
Earlier this month we reported that the roof on our beloved VW California had spectacularly given up the ghost on a trip to Devon. In fact, it pretty much self-destructed as we attempted to bed down for the night in a windy and darkened campsite.
Following the incident, the Cali' has was collected by Volkswagen specialists and thoroughly investigated to attempt to reveal the cause of the massive failure of the electrically operated hydraulic roof system.
Early theories from those in the know included the idea that an excess amount of weight had been placed on the fibreglass roof panel itself. But as a frequent user of said roof and roof bars, I know it requires a stepladder to sling a couple of lightweight surfboards on the Cali's incredibly tall top, let alone anything with any real bulk.
A second, and far more likely theory, involved general misuse of the electronic roof by a previous customer/journalist/numpty (delete where appropriate). Although it's easy to blame someone else, we will admit that the roof can be at best fiddly, and at worst temperamental.
The electronic panel inside the Cali' doesn't inform the user if the roof is closed properly – which is easily done, considering the interior canvas lining has a tendency to blow into the hydraulics on a windy day – and requires a physical check all around the vehicle to ensure the operation has been a success.
Regardless, the California spent around three weeks with a Volkswagen specialist, who spotted signs of previous 'improper operation' - including a bowed roof panel – and further damage to wiring looms and plastics caused by the explosive Devon incident.
The roof headlining had to be removed and the roof bellows, roof wiring loom, the nearside hydraulic ram, nearside guide rails, linkages and rods all had to be replaced.
This great deal of work seemed to do the trick but upon further inspection VW engineers decided to replace the hydraulic pump, as it was 'a little bit noisy'.
So what was the damage to the wallet? The parts cost just £547, which is a lot cheaper than we initially thought, but the labour was the real stinger.
Volkswagen took care of this issue but had we gone to our local VW Commercial Vehicle Centre, we would have been charged £75 per hour + VAT, sending the total bill up to £1,447.
Luckily the hydraulic pump was covered under warranty; otherwise we'd be grovelling to our bank manager right now.
The knowledge
Model: Volkswagen California SE 2-litre TDI
Price: £56,440 (as tested)
Engine: 2.0-litre BlueMotion diesel
Power: 138bhp
Max speed: 104mph
0-60mph: 16.6 seconds
Emissions: 206 g/km CO2
Mileage this month: 750
Costs this month: £1,447 to fix roof


text:
Great Nigeria Insurance Plc, a leading and dynamic insurance company request for immediate employment innovative, hard working, focused and result oriented individuals who seek a steady career and financial independence to the vacant positions of Marketing Executives, Risk Advisors and Financial Planner.
The principal objective of GNI is to render qualitative insurance and risks management services i.e. Life Insurance, Auto Insurance, Health Insurance, Special Risks, and other Investment products and services.
Communicating with target audiences and managing client relationships.
Conducting market research such as customer questionnaires and focus groups.
Contributing to, and developing, marketing plans and strategies.
Evaluating marketing campaigns.
Marketing and sales of insurance products.
Supporting the marketing manager and other colleagues.
Performing other duties as required.
Qualifications and Requirements
Minimum of OND.
Must be diligent, responsible and hard working.
Required Experience: Entry Level
Application Deadline: 31st March, 2015
How to Apply
Send your detailed CV to email@example.com
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text:
Need north Brooklyn restaurant rec. for group of foodies
Can anybody recommend a restaurant for dinner Saturday for our group consisting of five or six twenty-somethings and two sets of visiting parents? We all appreciate good food, and most of us cook a lot and do all kinds of DIY food stuff. One or more of us (ahem, Dad) is a less than adventurous eater.
Consensus tastes run to the Mediterranean, although maybe I can get my parents to branch out a little. In any case, we'd like someplace culinarily interesting (or just really good), comfortable for a group, and not crazily expensive (BYOB is nice but not crucial). It must take reservations, and it'd be nice if it took credit cards, too. Since the local ones among us live in Williamsburg and Clinton Hill, a north Brooklyn spot is ideal -- but we have cars and are willing to drive.
Ideas? I was thinking Roberta's or Miranda but would love to get some feedback.


text:
Results 1 to 4 of 4
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09-18-2007 #1
- Join Date
- Sep 2007
- Posts
- 2
Install RT61 (ralink) modified chipset wifi drivers under Mandriva Linux
when im following the commandline shown in the link my mandriva linux doesnt know the command make or make install.. any idea how to update the wifi card drivers??
plz help,
09-18-2007 #2
If you are missing the make command, then you can install it by doing
#urpmi make
09-18-2007 #3
- Join Date
- Sep 2007
- Posts
- 2
when im in shell and logged as root, "urpmi make" doesnt work for me im running live CD with the 2007 srping version with no HDDs connected
09-18-2007 #4
The live cd does not have development tools. You could go to easyurpmi and setup the main repo and then do "urpmi make". If you reboot, then you will lose all changes and will have to go through the procedure again.


text:
Ghana Census, 1984 (FamilySearch Historical Records)
|Access the Records
Ghana Census, 1984
|This article describes a collection of records at FamilySearch.org.
|Flag of the Republic of Ghana
|Record Description
|Record Type:
|Collection years:
|FamilySearch Resources
|Related Websites
- 1 What is in This Collection?
- 2 What Can These Records Tell Me?
- 3 Collection Content
- 4 How Do I Search This Collection?
- 5 What Do I Do Next?
- 6 Known Issues with This Collection
- 7 Citing This Collection
- 8 How Can I Contribute to the FamilySearch Wiki?
What is in This Collection?
This collection includes records from the census taken on March 11, 1984.
The census was recorded in census registers, which include a title page summary and the enumeration pages with detailed information for each address taken. The text of the census is written in English.
The 1984 Ghana census was conducted with 140 local councils as administrative units. Please be aware that the census records have the imprinted year of 1982; however the census was conducted in March of 1984. The census is divided into a total of 56,170 localities. It was the third post-independence census of Ghana (1960, 1970 and 1984).
Only those individuals, including foreign visitors, who were present in Ghana on March 11, 1984, were included in the census enumeration. Due to records lost in Ghana, not all localities are listed.
To Browse This Collection
|You can browse through images in this collection by visiting the browse page for Ghana Census, 1984.
What Can These Records Tell Me?
These records may contain the following information:
- Full name of members present on census night
- Enumeration area and detailed address of house
- Name of town/village
- Relationship to head of household
- Gender, age, birthplace, and nationality of household members
- Level of education of each person
- Occupation of each person
- Employment status
- Names of visitors present on census night
- Names of members absent on census night
Collection Content
Sample Images
How Do I Search This Collection?
Before using this collection, it is helpful to know:
Search the Index
View the Images
View images in this collection by visiting the Browse Page
How Do I Analyze the Results?
Compare each result from your search with what you know to determine if there is a match. This may require viewing multiple records or images. Keep track of your research in a research log.
What Do I Do Next?
I Found the Person I Was Looking For, What Now?
I Can't Find the Person Who I'm Looking For, What Now?
Known Issues with This Collection
For a full list of all known issues associated with this collection see the attached article. If you encounter additional problems, please email them to email@example.com. Please include the full path to the link and a description of the problem in your e-mail. Your assistance will help ensure that future reworks will be considered.
Citing This Collection
Citations help you keep track of places you have searched and sources you have found. Identifying your sources helps others find the records you used.
"Ghana Census 1984." Database and images. FamilySearch. http://FamilySearch.org: 28 December 2017. Public Records and Archives Administration Department, Accra.
How Can I Contribute to the FamilySearch Wiki?
In other languages: English | português |


text:
Indie films, indie music and now indie bloggers. That's right, we are independent bloggers struggling to be discovered with very little resources. But that doesn't mean you shouldn't value your work or time. This article will suggest a new internet advertising pricing structure for bloggers that better fits the business of online advertising for bloggers.
Selling Advertising on a Blog
Have you been asked to sell a banner ad, widget, text link or contextual link on your website? Do you offer long-term contract discounts? You might offer these online advertising discounts because you have noticed ad agencies continually asking for them. They prefer to lock down 12-month terms for a bargain price.
Online Advertising Rates
Advertising prices are usually determined by several factors:
Google Page Rank
Unique Monthly Visitors
Page Views or Impressions
For many bloggers, these variables increase over time.
Monetizing a Blog
So why are you offering discounts, when you should be earning more money over time?
This is the question we need to ask ourselves. This is where you are selling yourself short when monetizing your blog. Someone looking to purchase an online advertisement on your website knows you will be charging more 3, 6 or 12 months into the future. Why? Because your traffic will have increased and therefore you will have increased your online advertising prices.
In the beginning stages of monetizing a blog, we feel excited to get our first advertising offer. This excitement often clouds our best business judgment. You will be asked to write free product reviews, giveaway free marketing items and run free contests so companies can build marketing lists.
You are being taken advantage of.
Why? Because you are an independent blogger, possibly desperate for exposure and excited about being noticed. If you are truly attempting to monetize your blog, you must approach this as a business, not a hobby.
There must always be a fair mutual benefit.
Try to avoid long-term advertising contracts. If you continually lock in 6-month or 12-month deals, you will loose a significant amount of money blogging. In the early stages, a blog grows rather quickly. If you are charging $10 for a text link now, you may be able to charge $30, 6 months from now. That's $20 per month you lost on the tail end of that deal when you agreed to a 12-month contract at $10 per month.
Long-term discount pricing is not applicable.
Anticipate traffic growth, anticipate success.
The following is an example of a more sensible blog advertising price structure:
Current 1-Month Ad Price: $60 per month
1-6 Month Contracts: $60 / month
7-12 Month Contracts: $70 / month
Online Advertising Negotiations
Remember, you are always negotiating and each party is trying to do what's best for them. You must become a strong negotiator, which means feeling confident with your online advertising pricing and what your blog is worth. You will receive many different responses from ad clients:
Your pricing structure doesn't fit our budget.
Response: I understand, please keep us in mind when you have a client that can benefit from our site.
I think your pricing structure is very strange and I'm not sure my client will go for it.
Response: Our ad price structure is appropriate for the blogging community and we hope you can see the benefit our increased future growth will provide your client.
We can get similar opportunities on sites of higher PR and traffic for less money.
Response: Our price points are based on demand and traffic performance. We hope that you see the benefit of advertising with us.
Elevate Blogging Industry Together
In order for all independent bloggers to benefit, we must be steadfast in believing we shouldn't work for free. Our time is valuable and your audience is loyal. Ad clients are beginning to see the benefit of working with independent bloggers, or they wouldn't be emailing us ad offers. If we all put a fair price on our time and blog then we can shape the expectations of doing business with us.
You may also enjoy reading… Can Blogging Pay for My Travel?


text:
PDF Downloads
- Designer : Ludovica & Roberto Palomba
- Year of Design : 2011
- Material : Polycarbonate and lacquered stainless steel
- H: 150cm; Diameter: 30cm
- Bulb Specification
On/Off: 1 x 150W E27 Halogen Energy Saver or 1 x 20W E27 Compact Fluorescent (excl)
Dimmer: 1 x 150W E27 Halogen Energy Saver
- IP Rating : 20
- Delivery : 1 - 2 weeks
The Birdie Floor Lamp, designed by Ludovica & Roberto Palomba for Foscarini, is an elegantly slender floor lamp - ideal in a discreet corner. The shade is a reinterpretation of a classic shade whilst the slender stem is based on the trunk of a tree. A 'branch' on the stem - as if ready for a bird to fly on to - beckons your touch and acts as the on/off or dimmer switch.
A beautiful reading or side lamp Birdie comes in a range of colours.
See other Floor lamps
See other Ludovica & Roberto Palomba designs.
See the Foscarini range.
Watch the Birdie Video


text:
Instructional League 101
For those new to the prospect game or that are curious as to what Instructional League really is, here are a few basic things you need to know:
- Commonly referred to as "Instructs", the camp is basically broken up into two camps, one for the Fall Instructional Program (FIP) and the other just Strength and Conditioning Program (SCP).
- Deciding on who to send can vary, but it mostly involves new professional players as recent draft picks from the June draft make up a large percentage of the roster. The roster also includes a lot of draft picks from the prior year's draft as well as any recent foreign free agent signings that the organization plans to play stateside the next season.
- The makeup of players involves the new elite level players who need focus on a few specific areas to help finish them off, or the fringe prospects that the organization may experiment with in another role or get a lot of extra work with to maybe push them into the upper tier of prospects.
- There used to be a Fall Instructional Program and Fall Development Program (FDP), and in some ways this is still the case, but with the recent changes in the draft with players signing so late and the need to send so many elite level first year prospects to Arizona for Instructs, the two have for the most part been combined into one.
- The more advanced prospects who would have been in the FDP in the past will still only be there for about two weeks, but now are just participating to get ready for the Arizona Fall League or the new Parallel League which is back for a second year.
- Those participating in strength and conditioning are not participating in games and are only there to really hone in on improving their physical makeup. While it is only four weeks, it is a program that helps provide a springboard for players to continue to work out throughout the rest of the offseason and come into spring training next year in top shape.
- Really, the rosters can be fluid in Instructs, but the only thing that is important is who is playing (FIP) and who is not (strength and conditioning).
- The purpose of Instructs is mostly to help the newly signed draft picks in their transition into professional baseball by giving them an early introduction into the daily routines of pro ball, what spring training will be like, and to begin to learn how to prepare for the day-to-day grind of a 140-game season. They also begin to learn about off-field things like nutrition, weight training, proper conditioning, and so on.
- In addition to all of this, Instructs provide an opportunity for very specific one-on-one instruction for many players to improve certain areas of their game that maybe were not available during the season. With the entire player development staff on hand as well as several other coaches, it is about a 3:1 player to coach ratio.
- What is worked on can vary, but mainly for pitchers it can be the addition of a new pitch, a change in their delivery, or a change in their role. For a position player it can be a permanent position change (or experimental) or some adjustments made to their swing mechanics.
- In some cases, Instructs serves as an opportunity for pitchers to throw some more innings or hitters to get more at bats because they need to make up for some valuable lost development time because they maybe missed a significant amount of games during the season due to injury.
- There is no media coverage or any media personnel present during Instructional League, so daily information is limited. You can't go to MiLB.com to view box scores or stats. That said, as I have in the past, I should be able to provide daily box scores from every game played, so if you want to see any box scores or stats from "Instructs", this is the only place you will find it. I will also be visiting the last week of camp and will provide some firsthand reports.
These were posted last Friday, but for completeness sake, here is the roster and schedule:
35 Adams, Austin
45 Blair, Kyle
55 Carmona, Manuel
38 Colon, Joseph
49 Cook, Cole
50 Dischler, Tony
25 Encarnacion, Luis
39 Gardner, Joseph
59 Hagadone, Nick
51 Haley, Trey
53 Homblert, Rafael
58 Knapp, Jason
60 Lopez, Jose
57 McFarland, TJ
57 Packer, Matt
38 Pomeranz, Drew
48 Soto, Giovanni
65 Sterling, Felix
46 Tejeda, Enosil
36 White, Alex
7 Childs, Dwight
8 Lavisky, Alex
4 Monsalve, Alex
17 Perez, Roberto
2 Seastrunk, Diego
6 Valerio, Charlie
24 Aguilar, Jesus
9 Bartolone, Nick
25 Bellows, Kyle
27 Castillo, Leonardo
17 Diaz, Juan
16 Frawley, Casey
12 Garcia, Robel
16 Gonzalez, Erik
11 Kipnis, Jason
13 Martinez, Jorge
20 Romero, Juan
23 Urshela, Giovanny
10 Wolters, Tony
15 Abreu, Abner
22 Brown, Mark
30 Burnette, Chase
24 Cid, Delvi
35 Greenwell, Bo
29 Holt, Tyler
34 Jones, Hunter
30 Lin, Chia-Ching
40 Moncrief, Carlos
32 Rodriguez, Luigi
26 Washington, Levon
Wednesday 22-Sep: @OAK 2 (Phoenix) 12:30 PM
Thursday 23-Sep: Work Day
Friday 24-Sep: LAD (Goodyear) 12:30 PM
Saturday 25-Sep: @TEX (Surprise) 10:00 AM
Sunday 26-Sep: OFF
Monday 27-Sep: Work Day 12:30 PM
Tuesday 28-Sep: CIN (Goodyear) 12:30 PM
Wednesday 29-Sep: SEA (Goodyear) 12:30 PM
Thursday 30-Sep: Work Day
Friday 1-Oct TEX: (Goodyear) 12:30 PM
Saturday 2-Oct: Work Day
Sunday 3-Oct: OFF
Monday 4-Oct: Work Day 12:30 PM
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Howard M Schilit
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From the " Sherlock Holmes of Accounting,"the tools you need to stay a step ahead of the crooks"Howard Schilit is the authority on forensic accounting. Financial Shenanigans is invaluable readingfor market participants seeking to identify deceptive behavior in company financial statements."Julian Robertson, legendary investor and founder, Tiger Management"A must-read! The authors teach forensic financial statement analysis in an easy-to-digest format withlots of war stories. Guaranteed to help investors in their questto avoid ticking time bombs in their portfolios."Marc A. Siegel, board member, Financial Accounting Standards Board"This is a timeless guide to better understand how financial malfeasance can be spotted early.Financial Shenanigans teaches all of us fraud-detection-made-easy."Jules Kroll, pioneering private investigator and founder of Kroll Associates and K2 Global"Required reading for every investor who desires to avoid financial losses.This new edition is a classic and better than ever."Thornton L. O'glove, author, Quality of Earnings"If the original Financial Shenanigans was the Bible of detecting accounting frauds, then this latestversion is the Talmud of cooked books. Regulators, audit committee members, and business journalistsshould be required to read this work if they are involved in public companies."Boris Feldman, partner, Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati, Palo Alto"An incisive and entertaining review of the recipes used by corporations and executives to 'cook thebooks.' It's a must-read for investors, lawyers, corporate directors, and anyone else interested in theintegrity of the accounting and governance process."Joseph A. Grundfest, professor of law and business and codirector,Rock Center on Corporate Governance, Stanford Law SchoolAbout the Book:With major financial scandals poppingup in greater numbers—and with moreinevitably on the way—it has never been moreimportant for you to understand what dishonestcompanies do to trick investors.Since the early 1990s, Financial Shenaniganshas been helping investors unearth deceptivefinancial reporting at the most critical time—before they suffer major losses.Now, the thirdedition broadens its focus to include the newest,most sophisticated techniques companiesuse to mislead investors.Referred to as the "Sherlock Holmes ofAccounting" by BusinessWeek, Howard Schilitand renowned forensic accounting expertJeremy Perler take you deeper into the corporatebag of tricks, exposing new levels ofaccounting gimmickry and arming you withthe investigative tools you need to detect:Earnings Manipulation Shenanigans: Learnthe latest tricks companies use to exaggeraterevenue and earnings.Cash Flow Shenanigans: Discover new techniquesdevised by management that allow it tomanipulate cash flow as easily as earnings.Key Metrics Shenanigans: See how companiesuse misleading "key"metrics to fool investorsabout their financial performance.Financial Shenanigans brings you completelyup to date on accounting chicanery in the globalmarkets, shining a light on the most shockingfrauds and financial reporting miscreants.This insightful, detailed guide written by recognizedexperts on the subject provides theknowledge and tools you need to spot even themost subtle signs of financial shenanigans.


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D23 Members will have the rare opportunity to enjoy a two-and-a-half-hour tour of The Walt Disney Studios and Walt Disney Archives, hosted by D23 and Archives staff. Guests will have the chance to stroll through the old Animation building where beloved films like Cinderella and Alice in Wonderland were created, see the historic soundstages used for filming Disney classics like 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea and explore the beautiful Legends Plaza, which honors those who have made significant contributions to the Disney legacy. There will be eight individual tours offered that day (9 am, 9:30 am, 10 am, 10:30 am, 12:30 pm, 1 pm, 1:30 pm and 2 pm). A tour can accommodate 25 participants and lasts approximately two-and-a-half hours.
Members are able to purchase tickets for themselves as well as for one additional guest for a charge of $50 each. Tickets will become available for purchase on Wednesday, September 29 at 1 pm ET/10 am PT at this page.


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NY, PA** 5th Annual WNY Spring Fest 4/28/12
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Mad Swapper
Join Date: Sep 2007
Location: Guelph, Ontario, Canada
Posts: 1,659
I know there is going to be a sale table at the event, but I wanted to post this one ahead of time, if that's ok....that way if no one's interested I won't have to drag it across the border with me.
I have a Cricut Personal Electronic Cutter that I am selling. The only reason that I am getting rid of it is that I got another machine at Christmas and have no need for 2 of them. The machine works great and includes the manuals, cord and a new cutting mat. I just changed the blade recently and have only made a few cuts with it so you should be good to go there for quite some time. Unfortunately there was no cartridge included with the machine when I got it so I can't pass that on to you. I'm asking $60.00 obo for it.
Tracy, I hope that this is ok to post. I thought I'd offer it here to the Springfest gang first before I went to Kijiji and this way I won't have to bring it along if no one is interested. If you'd rather I remove the post let me know and I'll delete it.
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Family Violence, Abuse, and Related Family Issues of Incarcerated Delinquents with Alcoholic Parents Compared to Those with Nonalcoholic Parents
McGaha, Johnny E., Leoni, Edward L., Adolescence
Family-related variables consistently have been shown to be factors in the absence or presence of criminality. Travis Hirschi, the theorist most closely identified with Social Control or Bonding Theory, links delinquent behavior to the quality of the social bond. In Herschi's (1969) text on delinquency causation he argues that basic impulses motivate people to become involved in crime and delinquency unless there is a reason not to. He theorized that individuals who are most tightly bonded to social groups such as family, school, and church are less likely to commit delinquent acts. He states that attachment and bonding to others through ties of affection and respect for parents, teachers, and others relates to their ability to internalize norms and develop a conscience. The stronger the attachment, the less likelihood of committing a delinquent act. He also maintains that the most important variable that insulates a child against delinquent behavior is the attachment to parents. Even if a family is broken by divorce or separation, the child needs to maintain attachments to one or both parents. He goes further to assert that if the child is alienated from the parent, he will not develop an adequate conscience or superego.
Family Structure and Relationships
The relationship between divorce and breakdown of family structure and delinquency has been extensively investigated by researchers. Most of the studies have found that delinquents do come from broken homes significantly more often than do nondelinquents. The Gluecks' classic 1950 study comparing 500 delinquents and 500 nondelinquents found that over 60% of the delinquents came from broken homes as compared to a little over a third of the nondelinquents. More recent studies by Haskell and Yablonsky (1982) and others have found clear evidence of the association between delinquency and broken homes. Many researchers, however, have questioned the real importance of the broken home and have focused instead on the quality of the relationships and general atmosphere in the home. Yablonsky and Haskell (1988) found that the internal patterns of interaction within the family were more important than the family structure in explaining delinquency. In a study of self-reported delinquency among 500 youth, Hindelang (1973) concluded that attachment to parents was inversely related to delinquency, while Cernkovich and Giordano (1987) in a survey of 900 youths found that it was the quality of the relationships in the home, not the structure of the family, that was most important.
The modern American family has become more and more isolated and fragile with urbanization, mobilization, and the decline of the traditional extended family unit. Even in intact families the stress and problems can create a pressure cooker type of environment. Alcoholism and drug abuse as ways of coping are causing major problems for many American families.
Alcoholism: Families at Risk
It has been estimated that approximately 20 million children in the United States live in homes with at least one alcoholic or drug-addicted parent. Research has consistently documented that children growing up in an alcoholic or chemically dependent environment are at substantially greater risk for a variety of disorders than those from nonabusing homes. The dynamics of dysfunctional family systems such as these may severely disrupt the attachment formation between parent and child. Krois, (1987) found that children of alcoholics are more likely to be expelled from school, become drop-outs, or be referred to the school psychologist for psychological and emotional problems. In comparing youth from alcoholic homes to a control group of disadvantaged youth, Wegscheider (1981) reported that on every variable studied, children of alcoholics fared worse than disadvantaged youth; they were three times more likely to be placed in foster homes, twice as likely to be married under the age of 16, had a much higher incidence of juvenile delinquency and mental illness, and were more likely to attempt suicide. …


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- Drive
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A special treat for all lovers of the ODR-1 to celebrate its 10th Anniversary... with a "plus": Additional boost switch provides higher gain potential from our classic Overdrive. Otherwise the same great natural sound that the ODR-1 is famous for!
- Controls: Drive, Spectrum, Level,
- Features: Input for remote switch, heavy metalhousing, low batteryconsumption, easy/fast battery exchange
- Power: 9V battery or electr. stabilized power supply 9V..12V DC, min. 100 mA, 2.1mm plug, tip neg. (Not included.)
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text: Hi,Stefan!!>1/3 of the things are faster with icc. 2/3 of the things are faster>with gcc. Performance numbers not given.Thank you very much.I understood that meaning.By the way, I would like to learn the result of making his patch run on Itanium2.Because, the difference of the performance of the compiler being sure to influence most remarkably.Can anyone try?Thanks.Norihiko-To unsubscribe from this list: send the line "unsubscribe linux-kernel" inthe body of a message to email@example.com majordomo info at http://vger.kernel.org/majordomo-info.htmlPlease read the FAQ at http://www.tux.org/lkml/


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2013-09-29 — prudentbear.com
``Post-crisis Macro Credit Analysis has provided myriad curious anomalies. Incomes have grown steadily in the face of stagnant Household debt growth. Real estate price inflation has reemerged despite an ongoing contraction in mortgage Credit. Household Assets and Net Worth have surged in the face of ongoing weak private-sector debt growth. In sum, there's been a resurgent Bubble Economy in the face of relatively modest overall system debt growth. This is definitely not how it traditionally works. Those of a bullish persuasion would argue these dynamics confirm the underlying strength and stability of the U.S. economy. I'll counter with the view -- one supported by Fed data - that massive federal deficits and Federal Reserve monetization have created unprecedented and deeply systemic financial and economic distortions. ''
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One of two army reservists who died in the Brecon Beacons has been named by the Ministry of Defence as Lance Corporal Craig Roberts.
An MoD spokesman said: "It is with great sadness that the Ministry of Defence can confirm the death of LCpl Craig Roberts and another army reserve soldier during a training exercise in the Brecon Beacons at the weekend. Our thoughts are with their families and friends at this difficult time.
"The families of the soldiers have requested that their privacy is respected at this difficult time."
He is understood to have been in his early 20s and was a teacher.
There are growing calls for military chiefs to review guidance on strenuous training in hot weather as sources confirmed that the two volunteers who died were taking part in the SAS selection process.
The two men were involved in a gruelling exercise in south Wales to prove their fitness to become SAS reservists when they were apparently overcome by the heat.
Mountain rescue teams helped service personnel evacuate the pair and as many as four others from the rugged mountains on Saturday afternoon, as temperatures soared to 30C (86F). A third man who was badly affected remains in serious condition in hospital.
The incident happened on or near the slopes of Pen y Fan, the highest mountain in southern Britain and venue for the notorious "fan dance", which involves would-be SAS members marching up the mountain, down the other side and back again while carrying a weighted pack and rifle – then doing the route in reverse in a set time.
Dyfed-Powys police and the MoD are investigating the incident but there were already calls for military chiefs to look again at the stress and strains faced by would-be special services members during training.
Dan Jarvis, the Labour MP and a former member of the Parachute Regiment, called for the MoD to review its guidance on training in harsh conditions. "I robustly defend the right of the army to conduct the most rigorous training. We have got to have people who are used to facing adversity.
"Having said that, there are very strict rules that apply when training is taking place in adverse conditions. Something has gone wrong. We need to get to the bottom of it."
Jarvis said he had trained on the Brecon Beacons in hot and cold weather: "It is incredibly arduous."
Simon Thomas, the Plaid Cymru assembly member for mid and west Wales, which includes the Beacons, said: "Our thoughts are with the families at this dreadful time, and we send best wishes for the recovery of the third soldier affected.
"The UK government plans to rely more heavily upon members of the Territorial Army in future and so they must receive the best training and the same duty of care. Lessons must be learnt as more information from this comes to light.
"The Brecon Beacons are a beautiful part of the country, but even the most hardy can get into trouble if they are not properly prepared for any eventualities there."
Philippa Tuckman, a specialist lawyer in military negligence at Bolt Burdon Kemp, said: "The MoD has a lot of guidance around climatic injuries and itself states that the majority of deaths caused by the climate could be avoided.
"The fact we have six people involved here, with two deaths and a serious injury, does seem to indicate that someone was not following these guidelines. The guidance is excellent but you have to get everyone to follow that guidance or it is just another bit of paper."
Under a 2003 MoD joint services publication, a set of rules with defence-wide applicability, strict guidelines about how to operate in extreme heat and cold are set out. If these are not followed soldiers can be left with debilitating, long-term injuries, said Tuckman.
"I see people whose careers are ruined, who are left unable to regulate their own body temperature, who have damage to their kidneys," she said. "Of course we have to train soldiers to be tough, but following your own guidelines is not going soft, it's being a responsible employer."
Police are taking the lead in the investigation into the deaths but defence sources said there did not appear to be anything suspicious.
A huge variety of British and overseas service personnel are tested and toughened up on the Beacons.
Ken Jones, a former member of the special forces who now organises an endurance race in the peaks, said service personnel who trained there were pushed to breaking point. "They are out there carrying a third or half of their body weight. When it's hot it's impossible to get rehydrated. They have no time for recovery. They are working as hard as Olympic athletes but without the good food, the time to recover, the massage."
Jones said both SAS and SAS reservists were currently undergoing selection in the hills.
The incident may have wider ramifications for the government's plans to beef up the TA's role. It is due to be renamed the Army Reserves and its numbers increased by 50%, to 30,000. The plan is that the reserves will be more integrated and play a bigger part in military operations as the regular forces face heavy cuts.
News of the deaths was met with shock in the nearby town of Brecon, which is home to the Infantry Battle School (IBS). The rough and remote terrain of the Beacons is used by the military for a wide range of exercises for various army personnel. Infantry regiments train at Sennybridge in the area, there is an army base in Brecon and the SAS has a base at nearby Hereford.
The men who died will be the focus of an armed forces service taking place at St Mary's priory in Abergavenny on Sunday.
Matthew Dorrance, the mayor of Brecon, said: "This is incredibly sad … Everyone knows someone who works in the army. It's a major employer here and we're very proud of our military links, which go back many years."
Earlier this year, an army captain, Rob Carnegie, was found dead on the snow-covered Corn Du mountain in the park. It was thought he was attempting a gruelling march in freezing conditions during a selection process for the SAS.


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are ghosts real?
hahaha stupid question but i'm verryyy bored. has anyone seen one and any interesting stories you wana share?! :) i've never seen one before but my mom says she has (but she's a lil crazy) ;) jk mom
Yes, I believe ghosts are real. Creepy stuff happeend at my parents old place.
My bed has jumped forward like..two inches forward away from the wall and I specifically looked under the bed to see if my brother was there (again) to be a pain, but he wasn't. Nobody was in there, but me.
Another time was when I use to sleep with all the lights out and my door shut and I had headphones on falling asleep to music like I normally did,.and I saw this glow and loud banging on my parents door..but when we woke up they didn't know what the heck I was talking about..haha. I was freaked out and froze in fear when I saw the glow cause I knew it wasn't a flashlight.
I have no personal experience with anything supernatural. So until I do, I remain skeptical and do NOT believe ghosts are real.
You might think I'm nuts but me and my family know different.
Quoting 4weeman:
I definitely do! I have seen several, I'm sensitive to them. Ghosts don't bother me but Recently our home was inhabited by a demon. It took me several weeks to get rid of him. I would clean the kitchen and walk out of it, come back and all my cabinets would be open. Then everyone in the house started feeling angry or sad for no reason. My kids would cry saying there was a monster. My 10 year old refused to sleep in his room, which is unusual for him because he isnt one to be afraid. My mom would walk into my house and tell me that she felt a presence. After three days of feeling constantly exhausted and unable to sleep I finally took a sleeping pill, In my dream the demon was attacking me , suffocating me by sitting on my chest. My husband woke me up saying I was screaming in my sleep and gurgling like I was choking. After that I knew something had to be done. I used anointed oil (similar to holy water) all over the house and prayed over each room. While I was praying I could feel the weight of him on my chest but I just continued to pray. This made him very angry and he broke all of the crosses in my house, and I would find my bible hidden. I continued using the oil for 7 days and he finally left.
You might think I'm nuts but me and my family know different.
The only ghost that is real to me is the Holy Ghost.
The night my great aunt died I saw her in my room in a rocking chair. This was before anyone told me she was dead.
one of my cousins had an "imaginary" friend named Lucy. well one day Lucy got mad at my cousin and locked her in a closet and no one else was around and the lock was on the outside. Another of my counsins told her that Lucy wasn't real and she said " Lucy show Dawn you're real" and I shit you not something (can't remember what) came flying at her head. she never questioned about Lucy again.
My boyfriend says my family is very connected to the dead or something along those lines. so yes i do believe in ghosts.
One time i was at my friends house and saw a full figured women ( i was still little) and she looked real....but when i took a second glance at her she was gone....it was very peaceful...she was not a bad spirit...and she looked like a Hispanic women....this was when i lived in Lake Havasu Arizona...I was always curious after that if maybe she had died there ( in LH Az) and was trying to ask for my help. I also had a weird experience in my old house I was really sick with a high fever and i don't know if it was a lucid dream or if it was a spirit visiting me....but i had dosed off to sleep and a man was sitting on the opposite side of my bed holding my hand and talking to me about his life....showing me his tattoo's from when he was in the navy and i accidentally fell asleep while he was talking to me ( in my dream) and woke up and then fell back to sleep and he was still there patiently waiting for me and i apologize to him....he then told me that is nice to meet me and he kissed my hand and disappeared and then immediately after i woke...it was so freaking weird!!!!


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The role of CD4+ helper T cells in immunity to acute friend retroviral infection
Dr. rer, nat Nair, Savita
Dateibereich 22207
7,09 MB in einer Datei, zuletzt geändert am 28.05.2009
|Dateien geändert am
|28.05.2009 12:09:07
Retroviruses are highly pathogenic microbes and have accounted for significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are efficient in keeping the viral replication under control during acute phase of infection but lose their protective function during later stages under the suppressive effect of Regulatory T cells. As a result of this, the virus manage to escape immune surveillance to cause persistent infections for life. In life-threatening infections such as Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1) immune escape becomes critical. Role of CTLs is well defined in various retroviral infection models but role of CD4+ T helper(h) cells in retroviral immunity is poorly understood. Hence, we aimed at characterising the function of CD4+ T cells during the initial phase of infections using the Friend retrovirus (FV) murine infection model. FV infection causes lethal leukemia in most strains of mice and the mouse model helps in studying the basic mechanisms of immunological control and escape in both acute and persistent retroviral infections. In vivo depletion of Th cells in acutely infected mice demonstrated that Th cells were not only vital in controlling viral spread and onset of erythroleukemia but also in the maintenance of the FV-specific CD8+ T cell pool and production of neutralising antibodies. Tetramer-II kinetic analysis of FV-specific Th cell responses showed that magnitude of protective immune responses in FV resistant mice was much higher than in susceptible mice owing to different MHC backgrounds. Adoptive transfer of FV-specific TCR transgenic CD4+ T cells indicated that peak activation of FV specific donor Th cells was observed at 1wpi (weeks post infection) and remained activated until 3 wpi. IFN-gamma production was also maximum at 1wpi and 2wpi which resulted in decreasing the viral loads. However, no significant production of IFN-gamma was observed at 3 wpi in spite of Th cells being activated. Depletion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in DEREG mice at 3wpi resulted in enhancement of IFN-gamma production by CD4+ T cells and thereby could significantly reduce viral loads. Current study demonstrates that helper T cells were critical for recovery from acute Friend retroviral infections and that regulatory T cells can cause immunosuppression of helper T cell effector functions thereby contributing towards viral persistence.
Wissenschaftliche Abschlussarbeiten » Dissertation
Fakultät / Institut:
Medizinische Fakultät » Universitätsklinikum Essen » Institut für Virologie
Dewey Dezimal-Klassifikation:
600 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften » 610 Medizin und Gesundheit » 610 Medizin und Gesundheit
Retroviral Immunity
Univ.-Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Dittmer, Ulf [Betreuer(in), Doktorvater]
Prof. Dr. Esche, Helmut [Gutachter(in), Rezensent(in)]
Prof. Dr. Esche, Helmut [Gutachter(in), Rezensent(in)]
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