text:
read subjects.
I always suspected that I read like that. I only have to spell words I don't know, or chop them up into syllables.
It also explains why we can just as easily read mispelt words where only some of the letters have been switched around. It's not which letters that get switched, but the resulting shape, that determines whether the word is easily readable or not.
It's also why certain words are constantly spelt incorrectly or mistaken for one another. Not only are the sounds of the variations similar, and sometimes the meaning, but so are the shapes. E.g., you don't see people mistake "they're" for "their", but you see people mistake "there" for "their" and vice versa all the time. Or for that matter, "then" and "than", "effect" and "affect". And at least for myself, the first few times I saw the word "prefect" in Harry Potter, I thought it said "perfect" and kept wondering why they were so arrogant.
And another thing: English is not my native language and I know a lot of English words I have never heard. Yet I can read them no problem. Another fact in favor of the theory in the article.
And another thing: English is not my native language and I know a lot of English words I have never heard. Yet I can read them no problem. Another fact in favor of the theory in the article.
I am a native speaker and I've learned many words in writing before I learned them in speech. As a result, some of my pronunciations are nonstandard. I pronounce "comparable" as if it were "compare" + "able", even though the standard way is irregular, "comp" + "arable". I tried to pronounce these words from how they were written before I'd heard them.
And another thing: English is not my native language and I know a lot of English words I have never heard. Yet I can read them no problem. Another fact in favor of the theory in the article.
I am a native speaker and I've learned many words in writing before I learned them in speech. As a result, some of my pronunciations are nonstandard. I pronounce "comparable" as if it were "compare" + "able", even though the standard way is irregular, "comp" + "arable". I tried to pronounce these words from how they were written before I'd heard them.
I don't know why this is even up for debate. If you look at any ideogram languages, you can't just sound out each word. Especially Chinese, where there are character that sound the same but have different characters. Or even the same character can be read differently depending on context. You definitely memorized the shape. The article is definitely right that we must be storing a visual dictionary of sorts. If we had to sound out each word, then ideogram languages would have never been invented, too inefficient.
But this also doesn't mean that you don't also associate shapes to sounds. The reason you pronounce it like "compare" + "able" is because you associated the shape "compare" to its sound and "able" to its sound. When put together, it would come out as "compare" + "able". This doesn't prove that you sound out the words as you see them. However, English is a language that runs on syllables, and "compare" is a multiple syllable word, so it gets broken up in the official pronunciation of the word comparable.
And at least for myself, the first few times I saw the word "prefect" in Harry Potter, I thought it said "perfect" and kept wondering why they were so arrogant.
In ye olden days of 5 digit
This also begs the question, of like, um, why completely inappropriately used phrases drive some people bonkers and others don't care. My visual cortex knows that "begs the question" is almost certainly meaningless filler and its application 99.9% of the time has no relation to its actual meaning, so I do not process/see it. Ditto uh, um, like. Perhaps like people in the under 30 crowd process spoken language like in a similar way, explaining why they like have this absolutely desperate like need to fill all pauses with the word "like" whenever they speak, like especially in like public.
that was "Ford Prefect" from HHGTTG.
Well, to be fair, if you knew what a Ford Prefect [wikipedia.org] actually was, you'd never confuse it with "perfect." XD
As to the use (misuse?) of "stock phrases" like "beg the question", I assume that some people use those phrases idiomatically (i.e., no literal meaning intended) because they heard someone else they thought worthy of emulating doing so. Because of this, they don't consider if the literal phrase makes sense ("How do I do... what?").
In the specific (and hilariously controversial*) case of "beg the question", it's possible to torture a nearly-sensible literal meaning out of the phrase ("This begs the question" == "This begs someone to ask the question"), so the correct use derived from the original Latin phrase [lander.edu] (and only sensible in light of Latin's vocabulary and grammar) will die out within a couple of generations, except in philosophical specialist material.
*Case in point [begthequestion.info]
In ye olden days of 5 digit
And in ye olden dayes of 4 digit
Funny but I could have told them this decades ago. I have a learning disability but can read very well as long as I don't have to read out loud. I also have a terrible time reading anything in all upper case.
That's not a very good proof, I don't think. By reading the first and last couple of characters of each word and measuring their relative lengths, I seem to read that without any trouble at all. A better test would be to remove the whitespace:
Or even to insert wrong spacing:
oRth ISSe ConDseNTeNc Ew HiChy OUP rObaBL ydoNTreCO gNiZe thEShaP eoF?
Interesting- I read about two or three times as fast as my wife and we've talked abou this before.
(frustrating when trying to read an e-mail together on the same PC at the same time).
She does sound out words in her head- I don't- I just tend to zip over them. There again- speed has its consequences- she tends to remember what she read better than I do.
I'll be reading a book and then realise I've been on auto-pilot for the last 3 pages and actually have no recollection of what I just read.
I'll be reading a book and then realise I've been on auto-pilot for the last 3 pages and actually have no recollection of what I just read.
That happens to me too, but what makes it especially annoying is that when I re-read, I recognize it and slowly start remembering what I read.
I'll be reading a book and then realise I've been on auto-pilot for the last 3 pages and actually have no recollection of what I just read.
That happens to me too, but what makes it especially annoying is that when I re-read, I recognize it and slowly start remembering what I read.
This happens all the time when my wife is talking at me, the buffer space fills up and lag starts hitting, especially if what I'm hearing is boring or repetitive or uninteresting "Why are you wasting all that time on
better that it goes into a buffer, at least, and not straight to
One thing my girlfriend does that annoys the absolute piss out of me is ask me questions when i'm deep in thought writing an essay or coding. I swear this is my brain at those moments:
Active process: writeProgram("Project.cpp")
HARDWARE INTERRUPT: "Honey do you think I should curl my hair or straighten it for tomorrow?"
caching audio file...
Abort module(writeProgram);
exiting to OS...
loading Awareness.bat
paging filesystem
loading recognition:speech(5849932 bytes)
loading calendar->tomorrow (4355 bytes)
loading, hair (34382 bytes)
loading, woman (0? bytes)
accessing speech drivers
Speak: "Ah..bu..wha..."
IRQ conflict detected!
resolving conflict
emptying audio cache
reloading speech driver...
WARNING: audio recording length: 0 bytes
Speak: "Um... yes?"
"Why do you never listen to what I say!??"
Colleague came into my office the other day, just as I was disappearing up the arses of two databases at once (one Postgres, one SQL Server). She asked me if I wanted to go for coffee. Apparently, it took well over a minute to get anything approaching a coherent answer, and the answer was "You'd better go. If you wait until I can answer that question your break will be over." I barely even remember it, other than the unpleasant sensation of trying to drag myself out of there one layer of mess at a time. First time that's ever happened, hope it's the last.
I read about two or three times as fast as my wife... She does sound out words in her head- I don't- I just tend to zip over them.
Does she convert a written word into sounds, letter by letter and syllable by syllable, or does her brain have a direct word-shape-to-sound lookup table?
I don't know exactly how it sounds in her head or how her brain works- but, yes, she says she sounds out words in her head as she reads.
This is how I read things. My biggest problems is when I see a shape of a word I misinterpret it as another word because the two words are similarly shaped.
Yes, this happens all the time to me too...
We'll be driving down the road- and I'll start laughing- my wife will ask "what are you laughing at" - and I'll tell her that a sign I just read I initially misread as something dirty.
It's odd how misread words usually turn out to be something dirty.
I just drove cross-country and had that same experience, though I blame it on random crud getting stuck on my glasses having not cleaned them after being stuck in a car all day. My favorite? "KY SLIPPERY" next to a bridge. (ICY)
I'll be reading a book and then realise I've been on auto-pilot for the last 3 pages and actually have no recollection of what I just read.
I find I only do this when I'm tired. It is a good indication that I should put the book down and fall asleep. It actually works rather well, because often my brain isn't ready for sleep when I get in bed, but having this happen while reading I'll know I can fall asleep within a few minutes.
I'll be reading a book and then realise I've been on auto-pilot for the last 3 pages and actually have no recollection of what I just read.
I've done this too, which is why I often tend to read by sounding things out. I'm pretty sure this helps with writing and grammar skills too, since you get not only the meaning but the way the sentence flows and sounds (as anyone who has tried to figure out an improperly written sentence should have noticed). I always sound out sentences when writing.
On the other hand, I'm pretty sure I'm also mildly dyslexic (not enough to impact me significantly: I think reading a lot when I was young helped overcome any
Her slowness is due to the need to synchronize the simultaneous inputs.
But she's better off than you, because she can speed up if she decides to read "intelligently". Most sentences and phrases in paragraphs are not essential, and can be
Fiction does weird things. If I read an epic that spans several months, in fifteen minutes' time I'm snapping out of an altered state of consciousness where several months have passed. My memory is an interpret-and-rewrite model, where the consequences of an instruction are the permanent storage--so if I read something, my memory is of what the thing is rather than of reading it. I don't recall ever reading several of the Thomas Covenant books, but I recall being there...
Things like The Gap Cycle more
I was going to post and then I realized you'd literally posted everything I was going to say.
same here!
She does sound out words in her head- I don't- I just tend to zip over them. There again- speed has its consequences- she tends to remember what she read better than I do.
I first realized I did this when in highschool and was forced to read Things Fall Apart. When taking the test I couldn't even spell/pronounce the main character's name. Luckily, I was able to recognize it later on in the test where the name was typed out.
Interesting. I was under the impression that this is common sense. Maybe I should have spoken it out aloud in order to get all the praise.
I've been reading since age 3 and read at 1500 wpm with 100% comprehension. I could have told them long ago that this is how I do it.
It's part of my autism.
No, the brain is rather good at filtering out trivial information
Do you have a problem reading a letter in different fonts? No? Why would you assume its any different?
Most fonts are about the same shape, except for fonts which mimic cursive (at least in English). The style and feel are different, but the shapes stay largely unchanged.
For me, it explains why it takes me longer to read actual text in fixed width fonts, and why I often forget that variable names in my programs also happen to be English words.
And it's not reading ability, it's reading speed, which I'd be hesitant to trust self-assessment on with metrics.
I've been reading since age 3 and read at 1500 wpm with 100% comprehension. I could have told them long ago that this is how I do it.
If you ask a group of people to self-assess for leadership skill, eighty percent report above average leadership skills. What seems to be happening is that each person defines leadership as heaps of whichever skill component he/she happens to possess, and not so much of the skill components he/she lacks. They are all telling the truth with respect to variable criteria.
So I'm wondering, does autism define "comprehend" the same way a non-autistic person does? I read about half that speed, and I don't feel limited by word recognition, but more by the multiple processes of figuring out where the author is coming from (or not, if the agenda is to apply lipstick to a mental vacuum). There are so many layers to discourse analysis it's hard to list them all.
"Comprehend" could mean retaining information points presented as fact. Or it could mean assigning the dribble of factoids into mental categories "pulled from ass", "brandishing urban legend", "regurgitated from recent popular news story", "manufactured in a pique of convenience", "seduced by right-thinking glean", "outright deception", etc. It's a lot of work when reading to man the airport scanner of psychological bogosity.
Furthermore, these assessments are fluid and tentative and require a large working reserve of rewritable storage. A model of the author as a reliable or unreliable human being is formed, if the assessment is to care enough to do the work.
This last effect is most obvious watching movies. I give weak passing grades to diverting films I couldn't care less about. If the movie gets just enough better that I start to care about what it might have been, that's when my harshest judgments are unleashed: I've entered into the punative "made me look" valley where I actually turn on the critical machinery--often to discover not entirely quickly enough that it was a false start. The subset of the movies that make me care and then reward the bother is where I start giving out decent scores.
Sometime when reading I turn the page, and go "ugh" inside and then feel the overwhelming urge to skip forward half a page or a whole page, or both pages. Then I go "how can you _know_ all this text is worthless in a tiny fraction of a second after the page flip?" So I go back and slog through it and sure enough, in the vast majority of cases, my instant assessment was right on the money.
Many of the long-winded essays linked from aldaily.com are particularly challenging in this regard. Some of those writers are talented enough to go on for page after page saying hardly anything at all, while defeating the immediate "this is vacuous crap" quick page-turn self defense. It appears that there is a high art to saying nothing in such an elaborate and convoluted way that busting the vacuity of the prose reduces me to my real-time reading speed.
I once read a piece, Kirkegaard I think, about chasing a bug around a desk with a pin while enduring immense boredom in the classroom. The humanities is where you learn to wield the pin, and make your reader perform as the bug. Not always, but fairly often. What to these people does the word "comprehend" actually mean?
Interesting. I was under the impression that this is common sense.
Some people read by shape and thats why they can be provoked into a killing rage by bad typography, horrible fonts, and awful visual noise like shiny computer/PDA/tablet screens. It stresses them out, like how peering into a fog or concentrating on radio static can be fatiguing.
Some people read by sounding it out, and they are incapable of noticing bad typography, fonts are lost in the noise of phonics or whatever goes on in there, and visual noise is artsy and cute and to be encouraged.
I have wondered if
> Just flashing my eyes across the screen shouldn't push enough bandwidth to actually OCR the page
I often have the experience that my eyes glance across some papers on a desk and I notice an interesting word or phrase is in there somewhere but I have no idea *which* paper it is on. I would have to read through everything looking for it.
The fact that all but the slowest readers read by recognizing the pattern of the written word rather than sounding it out in their head has been known for decades. It's what led to the academic de-emphasis on phonics for learning reading. Unfortunately, the education experts didn't stop to consider that sounding out the word in your head over and over is how you *learn* to recognize it by sight.
Yup. And I can raed taht etrine tnihg mselyf, brleay soinlwg dwon.
As I read, I read to myself in my head, not sounding out letters, but the words as I go. Whenever I see this example of transposition, that voice in my head starts to sound like it has Down syndrome.
Wloud you lkie fires wtih taht?
Except that the human mind can read it faster and more reliably when the letters are in the correct order. (And simply correct.)
Lazy and barely-literate types will mewl "o u new wut i ment", and it's true that a reasonably intelligent person can figure it out, but communication is easier and less stressful when everyone uses standard spelling. The fact that an experienced reader can go beyond deciphering individual phonemes and recognize the patterns is one part of that.
A Spanish-speaker once asked me what "mocho" meant. I had no idea. I asked him for the context: "innit m8".
The way I see it, it's basic courtesy at least to try and write in complete words, instead of bashing out whatever 1337 lolspeak gibberish hits my fingertips just to save a few seconds - seconds that others will have to spend deciphering my drivel. A post here could be read by two million registered users; is my time really worth two million times as much as anyone else's? If it were, I wouldn't waste
While I can read that just fine, that doesn't make it any less obnoxious when people do it thinking they are cute.
My daughter come home from 2nd Grade every week with a list of 'sight-words' to focus on - that is, words that were intended to be immediately recognized, not sounded out.
Glad modern science has caught up with elementary school.
I don't understand how they can latch onto the "sounding out" theory when there are so many examples of ancient cultures using hieroglyphs. There aren't any letters to sound-out in these ancient languages, yet the cultures that used them extensively didn't have problems understanding them.
Catching up with elementary school, what about catching up to the ancient Egyptians?
Do you realize how long Chinese students spend memorizing characters and practicing their calligraphy?
I'm not so sure the catching up isn't going the other way.
The research was there, but it was never solid enough to explain everything, so it was an accepted theory while they looked for something better.
Sounding out is, I believe, more of a teaching method, and one of those theories where if it works to teach it that way, that must be the way it works to learn. Kinda the same way the sun revolves around the earth, because that's the simplest explanation given what we knew.
Science is a gold digging slut, giving you what you want or need until something better come
My daughter come home from 2nd Grade every week with a list of 'sight-words' to focus on - that is, words that were intended to be immediately recognized, not sounded out.
Glad modern science has caught up with elementary school.
That teaching method was originally introduced in the 1960s as "Look Say". It was part of the general ideological overhaul of public education, of which the "New Math" was also a part. It all sprang from Russel et. al.'s philosophy of Behaviorism, which pointed away from man-the-rational and towards man-the-animal. Hence reading by memorization rather than by rational system (phonics).
Since then it has been discredited and so it had to change its name, I think it's called "Whole Language" now. It still competes with Phonics. This new research suggests the reason why Look Say is not the total failure that I and others predicted. However, it has a bit of difficulty explaining why (as others in this thread have pointed out) we can so easily read words whose internal letters are jumbled, so long as the first and last letters are correct.
I actually often skip even the fallback behavior. This happens especially often when I read novels that take place in foreign locations and the characters have names that I am not accustomed to reading. I read the book from cover to cover and then realize I have not the slightest clue what the main character is named. I recognize the overall shape of the name and the letter it starts with, but the rest is a jumbled mental mess, because I never took the time to read it and sound it out. For instance, while reading Crime and Punishment, to me, the main character's name was always R***********kov, and it would have been R********** if not for the character named R***********khin I had to tell him apart from.
Visual caching does not require re-parsing and sounding the word. You can just cache an unparsed blob. In general, I only bother parsing and sounding out a word if I expect to hear it, say it or write it later on. For this reason, when I read a name, a neologism or an unknown word that I can guess from the context, I rarely ever bother parsing it. Maybe it's just me, though.
Especially for non-character based writing like Chinese.
Especially for non-character based writing like Chinese.
Saying it's a non-character based language doesn't seem to be the way you want to phrase it. Most kanji have a couple of main pronunciations which you can pretty consistently figure out. The big difference from the Latin writing system and the Chinese writing system is that chinese characters also have a meaning assigned to them. (And words tend to be more compact) You can still write out things fully phonetically in Chinese Characters. But with the Harry Potter books, the translators went to some lengths t
...and why I am a fairly slow reader.
Interestingly, though, my fingers on a keyboard has become yet another form of brain-to-external-world communications. So words and meanings come out through patterns of movement in my fingers. I think "word" and the movements for "word" comes out in my fingers. The "sound" for "word" doesn't necessarily go through my brain unless I am thinking that way -- when I am more relaxed and less deliberate, words go directly from my brain to my finger movements.
It's already been well established that at least many people read this way.
Its common knowledge that most people can read normal (lower) case text faster than upper case text. And it has long been surmised that its due to the much better word shape diversity of lower case.
Its also common knowledge that most people can read jumbled up words with very little difficulty, as long as the first and last letters are correct, and the rest of the letters are in there in a random order.
Such as:
"I cnduo't bvleiee taht I culod aulaclty uesdtannrd waht I was rdnaieg. Unisg the icndeblire pweor of the hmuan mnid, aocdcrnig to rseecrah at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it dseno't mttaer in waht oderr the lterets in a wrod are, the olny irpoamtnt tihng is taht the frsit and lsat ltteer be in the rhgit pclae."
Given the number of people who can read the above almost effortlessly, anyone clinging to the theory that fast readers are "sounding words out" needs to be clubbed over the head with a baseball bat.
It also rebuts the premise of the article that we read by word shape. Its clearly a bit more complicated than that.
I expect we simultaneously look at word shape, the leading and closing letters, the length, and the middle letters along with some "predictive" matching based on context cues so we can narrow down likely candidate words that "fit" the sentence.
What's important is that this is finally becoming established fact. Hooked on Phonics (and its sibling programs used the nation over for the past 20 years) produced a load of kids (in my generation specifically) who could barely read aloud at half their speaking pace. Phonics is an important skill for anyone who is literate but we have dedicated hundreds of hours of education time to it when at least some of that time should have been going to sight based reading. It isn't the difference between fast and slow readers, it's the difference between being able to read, and being able to read and comprehend while you do so.
Incidentally, your scrambled words example is a great way to show that word shape is very important, more important than just "the first and last letters". Look at the believe. Scrambled as it is in your example the word shape is identical (bvleiee) but if you scramble it in a way that moves the tall 'l' around it's much harder to read (beivele). The text that went around the internet that you are quoting from is very carefully constructed to be as easy to read as possible. actually becomes aulaclty, according becomes aocdcrnig. There are other tricks used also, making sure that the trickier to decode words have lots of context, preserving multi-letter characters, preserving important syllables, etc. It's a neat piece of brain hacking, but it isn't quite what it's made out to be.
Incidentally, your scrambled words example is a great way to show that word shape is very important, more important than just "the first and last letters".
Oh I agree shape is very important, and yes, that text was careful to preserve shape.
But its clearly more than -just- shape, because if you preserve the shape but start replacing those inner letters with other similiarly shapped letters it breaks down.
Shape is just a filter used to narrow it down to candidate words. Inner letters flters it down further. O
...and forces you to consider the matter more in depth. It breaks the normal shape of words and sentences.
When the British decided to implement their current system of road direction signs, they switched from all-caps to mixed-case precisely for this reason: people remember the general shapes of words and the positioning of ascenders and descenders, thus people found it far easier to distinguish, say, "Brighton" than "BRIGHTON". This was many decades ago - how is this news?
For the exact same reason.
Microsoft, of all places, has a pretty good webpage on this. [microsoft.com]
Check out the "Model 1: Word Shape" section, in which this theory is described as "oldest model in the psychological literature, and is likely much older than the psychological literature"
There's some other interesting sections there too, like the moving window study.
I often read street signs at night, making out the word before the letters are truly readable, so obviously I'm not actually "reading" in the sense that I'm recognizing individual letters. But normally is sound out the individual words in my head. I'm a slow reader, and that is a hindrance in the computer industry (plus, I miss the enjoyment of reading a lot of books, because it just takes to long).
Could I read faster if I could somehow train myself to do this word recognition thing?
I frequently don't have to read words directly because I can detect them through peripheral vision and context.
Perhaps related to this, I frequently get distracted while reading but keep going, understanding the meaning of the language but not becoming aware of the individual words.
it's called skim-reading. i read a 300-page novel in about 2 hours, but that's a leisurely pace, for me. i can do 3 lines at a time if i want, just read the first words, jump several and diagonally down, hit the end of the 3rd line, repeat. eyes spot paragraph beginnings and ends and focus on those: this is standard stuff if you've ever read tony buzan's books, what's the big deal? i don't recall - ever - my lips moving, or there being any "sounds" occurring in my bwwaiiiin. yes there's a sort-of delay
I'm an auditory person. I mentally "hear" every word as if someone is speaking. It happens more quickly than people are generally capable of speaking, but I still run the mental auditory pathway for every word. It's simply how I'm accustomed to processing written text, and how I remember that text most easily. Coincidentally, it also means that I often can't remember if read a piece of information or heard it in an audio file or video.
There are multiple cognitive structures used in reading. There are all kinds of experiments where people can read perfectly well with letters removed from words and/or words with their letter order jumbled. This proves that word shape though probably necessary in speed reading is only one layer on many layers of cognitive infrastructure used in the process of reading as a whole.
The visual dictionary idea rebuts the theory that our brain 'sounds out' words each time we see them.
No, it most certainly DOES NOT rebut that theory, for two reasons:
(1) Homo sapiens is not a homogenous species; there are mutations - including neurological ones - and divergent evolutionary paths being explored with every single new birth; and
(2) I am living fucking proof that at least some humans have brains that do in fact sound out words, and quite literally so.
In order to communicate with a written language, I am forced to subvocalize - literally hear the words in my head - every bit of text that I rea
We do go by pictures of the words instead of trying to read each letter of the word.
1. Something written using the words you know but different spelling?
dis iz nut sum tin hue kan reed faast bee coz you arr juss nut uzed to sea ying eet liek dat.
2. How about some capitalization to make things hard to read?
tHiS sEntEnCe iS gOiNg To bE hArdEr tO REaD bEcAuSe yOu cAN't rEcOGNiZE tHe wOrDS aS eAsILY.
3. how about some number replacements?
I think for general population, the first example is going to be hardest to read because the words make the familiar sounds but they're not in the right shape. If you go phonetically alone, that should have been easy read. I would think the third example is going to be easiest to read for most people, the words look familiar even though they clearly have numbers instead of some of the letters.
To mc, it's eccn mcre iccprcccve thct pccple ccn rccd scntccccs like this one, rccccctructing mcst of the lcst infcrmcticn withcct mcch effcrt.
I don't know that anyone has ever held a "theory that our brain 'sounds out' words each time we see them".
The study's authors are now busy memorizing the shape of the word "Duh."
Oprah had a guy on TV so long ago that I can't remember who said this very thing
How do I get paid to 'research' things people already know? I'm jealous
This result seems fairly obvious to anyone who has looked at typography. It explains a lot of the rules of thumb used in font design. For example, one of the characteristics of a legible font is that ascenders and descenders are neither too-long nor too-short. Character shapes that are too-expanded or too-condensed or just weird are bad, too. These characteristics probably screw up the shape too much. Same with line spacing. Too narrow makes it hard to see the word shape on either line easily.
If graphics hackers are so smart, why can't they get the bugs out of fresh paint?


text:
None of us saw that coming, did we? I watched England's good old-fashioned walloping of the All Blacks last weekend with Sir Clive Woodward and former England centre Will Greenwood. They were both gobsmacked and said they didn't think the English team had it in them - and they said they had never seen the All Blacks play so badly.
I don't know about that - I had to take my hat off to England. After trying to play a different kind of game, unsuccessfully, they simplified things, settled on a more basic game plan, pretty much doing what the All Blacks do: the basics, performed to a high degree ... They executed it so very, very well, the All Blacks just had no answer on the day.
"On the day" - I think that's an important qualification. The fact that Steve Hansen and Richie McCaw spoke so well after the game and acknowledged the better team won went down very well in Britain; they thought it was top drawer. And it was.
But we shouldn't, in making that gesture, totally ignore the effects of a long season, one foot on the plane, the virus and all of that. I am sure those factors played a part somehow, somewhere.
England just played so very well. Dan Carter's missed kicks in the first 20 minutes or so lit them up and told them they had a chance - and the Twickenham crowd responded and lifted them. I have been to Twickenham for a lot of test matches now but I have never heard an atmosphere like that. The England fans have had a rough time in recent years and this was manna from heaven.
They went there, most of them, proclaiming the All Blacks to be the hot favourites by 15 or 20 points; they were looking forward to seeing the All Blacks play with the style and dash they have shown for most of the season; most said - as did I in this column last week - that the All Blacks were 10-20 per cent better than anyone else in the world. Instead they saw their team play with style, with fantastic rugby, with a real heart and will, and with an accuracy that any side would dream of. Just about every pass stuck. It was an outpouring of joy at Twickenham and, dare I say it, good for world rugby.
I also take my hat off to England skipper Chris Robshaw after the brutal fortnight he endured with all sorts of criticism about his leadership.
And my congratulations to first five-eighths Owen Farrell. I didn't think much of him before the game but I do now. He's got a very mature head on young shoulders. The contrast with Carter was inescapable. Carter is the most influential player in world rugby, no question, but he was off his game last weekend.
As for the All Blacks, I am sure they will benefit from that. None of the younger guys will have played in a match of that intensity, with the opponents coming at them that hard and fast and it will do them good in the long run.
I am not sure how good the All Blacks' preparation for that test was (I am not being critical; I genuinely don't know but suspect it was at least a bit disrupted by the illness) and that'll be part of the learning process, too.
They fell off a few tackles and that hasn't really been an issue before. I think a few had average games, for whatever reason, prime among them that England were executing so well. All of those things culminated in a bad day at the office for the All Blacks.
There's no need for panic or wholesale changes. It seems the right people are there, they are mostly playing their best side and not rotating too much. There might be some slight questions raised over players like Brodie Retallick and Liam Messam - the latter has had a fine season, it just might have been a game too far - and at halfback, I noticed Aaron Smith being late to a few rucks to clear the ball, with England just waiting to knock them over. It's a different game when the pressure is on and you don't have an armchair ride from the forwards.
But that's all you could carp about. England did the job on the day and the All Blacks, being who they are, will be working very hard to make sure the coming days belong to them.

subset: commoncrawl


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A few months back I purchased a pretty new make up bag for myself from MAC (The Illustrated Kits collection, which also included two designs from illustrators Julie Verhoeven and Francois Berthoud) – But it was this bright Aztec-African-Curvy-Abstract striking design that caught my eye, and I liked the compact size of it – oh yes – this would be my new handbag make up bag!
Here it is; the design is by Nikki Farquharson, a freelance graphic artist based in London.
That is the box it comes in…
The bag comes in in two sizes, I chose the petite size which is just a bit bigger than my hand. It's small but it's a great one for handbags if you are trying to keep a slim collection on you, and it has stretch. The material is bit weird; it's matte and feels like textured cotton and perhaps this helps make the design stand out more, but it does feel a bit strange in the hand. On the plus side it stretches for just oneeeee more lip gloss.
There's a nice little 'handle' detail on the side which is quite nice to have – I find myself picking it up using that if I am worried my hands have some make up on them and I don't want to stain the bag.
There is a zip closure too which is nice and secure:
There's a nice post here from Nikki's blog showing her creative process when designing these bags. I love looking at hand drawn illustrations, it makes a difference from a lot of the mass produced designs that are around these days.
I can't remember exactly what I paid for this anymore, I believe it was between £20-25 and it was Limited Edition but there are still some floating around on eBay. I've never been tempted by a MAC product like this before but I really love it – it's funky and makes me look like I don't have an abnormal amount of make up!
Are you a cute make up bag lover, do you not care about your storage methods, or do you just throw items into your handbag?


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LAKE PLACID - Helping small-town movie theaters with the upcoming conversion from film to digital projection has been labeled a regional priority by the North Country Regional Economic Development Council, which solicits state grants for northern New York.
John Huttlinger, president of the Lake Placid-based Adirondack Film Society, said the council recognizes the importance of movie theaters in rural North Country communities. He said his group, which recently teamed up with 13 movie theaters across the region to explore funding opportunities to help with the conversion, will soon meet with state and local officials to develop a plan to keep theaters open.
"The fact that it's a council priority means that the council has identified this project as one that's potentially vital for the region and that they're willing to put their support behind the project even though it's not in the current round of funding," Huttlinger told the Enterprise. "What I think that does for the project is it sets it up for success in next year's round of funding."
By the end of 2013, the film industry will complete a conversion from celluloid film to digital film. That means movie theaters across the country will need to replace movie screens, projectors and sound equipment. The cost of making the switch could range from $80,000 to $125,000 per screen, depending on the size of the theater. The North Country is home to 37 movie screens at 13 theaters that must either convert or close, meaning the total cost could be nearly $3 million.
At a public forum this summer, several theater owners, including Reg Clark of the Palace Theatre in Lake Placid and Cory Hanf of the Hollywood Theater in AuSable Forks, said the conversion would be too expensive for them on their own. Theaters across the North Country employ more than 120 people and generate an economic impact of more than $11 million, according to AFS.
Garry Douglas, president of the North Country Chamber of Commerce and co-chairman of the region's economic development council, told the Enterprise community revitalization and sustainability are two of the council's "areas of strategic importance." The council recently submitted a one-year "action assessment" report to the state.
"The survival and future of the independent movie theaters in places like Tupper Lake, AuSable Forks, Indian Lake, Schroon Lake and Lake Placid, in the face of a challenge such as digital conversion, is seen as important to both of these aims," Douglas wrote in an email to the Enterprise.
"In the Adirondacks, they offer something that otherwise would be inaccessible," he added. "Maintaining the region's theaters is a clear component of starting to make the Adirondacks attractive for young families, along with broadband deployment, small business development and other aims in the plan. And it offers another activity for tourists, especially in the evening."
Huttlinger said theater conversion aid could be inserted into the council's plan for next year, which could lead to funding through the council. He said the support alone could add weight to grant applications filed with other state agencies and private foundations.
"The overall success of this project, I think, will depend on a combination of public support from various agencies plus private support," Huttlinger said.
Using state funds to help private businesses is a controversial idea, and the effort will likely need the sort of private support Huttlinger is talking about. State Sen. Betty Little said in a recent interview that it would be unfortunate to lose theaters, but she's not sure the state can afford to buy the equipment necessary to make the conversion.
An unscientific online poll the Enterprise conducted in August asked readers if state tax money should be allocated to help movie theaters with the conversion. More than 600 votes were cast, with 57 percent against the idea, 39 percent for it and 4 percent undecided.
Huttlinger said this situation is unique because movie theaters often serve as community centers.
"They're also historic and cultural in that they're part of people's lives," he said. "The fact that they may disappear would mean it would create a void, both from an economic standpoint and from a cultural and historic standpoint."
Huttlinger added that moviegoers in these communities would have to drive a long way to find a theater, often an hour or more.
During a visit to Lake Placid in August, Gov. Andrew Cuomo said the regional economic development council should take the lead in looking for ways to help theaters.
"Their job is to identify the economic needs within the region, prioritize those needs, and then they come to the state, and we figure out how we can help," the governor said.
Contact Chris Morris at 891-2600 ext. 25 or cmorris@


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Hey I live by City Park and am also a beginner. I can play on weekday afternoons (except mondays).
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I would love to play sometime. You can email me at firstname.lastname@example.com to see if we can set something up.
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Hope to play soon.
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Josh Smith remained a member of the Atlanta Hawks after the trade deadline and he will lead his team Friday night when they host the Sacramento Kings.
The eyes of the NBA world were focused sharply on Atlanta during the waning minutes of Thursday's 3 p.m. trade deadline.
It was not because of the Anthony Morrow-for-Dahntay Jones swap with the Mavs.
Smith was expected to be the biggest chip moved on Thursday's deadline. He will be an unrestricted free agent after the season and has hinted that he would like a max contract.
The Hawks may not be willing to spend so much, but were unable to consummate any deals for the versatile forward. There were rumors of a deal with the Houston Rockets or Milwaukee Bucks, but Smith stays as the Hawks push toward the playoffs.
"At the end of the day, we felt, as I've said all along, we value Josh," General Manager Danny Ferry told the Hawks website. "We think he's an important part of this team.
"We're in a situation with him where we can re-evaluate things in the summer together and decide if it's a situation with his free agency he continues here or goes somewhere else."
The Hawks also acquired forward/center Jeremy Tyler and cash considerations from the Golden State Warriors for future draft considerations.
Atlanta fell to the Miami Heat on Wednesday, 103-90, at home. The Hawks had won two in a row before the break, both on the road, where they head after Friday's game. They play six straight away from home, including four out west.
The Kings got the trade deadline rolling on Wednesday night when they sent Thomas Robinson, the fifth pick in last summer's draft, Francisco Garcia and Tyler Honeycutt to the Houston Rockets for Patrick Patterson, Toney Douglas and Cole Aldrich.
"They will add skill and depth along with the potential for a different look to our roster," Kings President of Basketball Operations Geoff Petrie said.
All three are expected to be in uniform Friday night when the Kings begin a five-game road trip through the South. Sacramento will visit Atlanta, New Orleans, Miami, Orlando and San Antonio on this jaunt below the Mason-Dixon Line.
The Kings have dropped three in a row dating back to before the All-Star break. They fell at home to the San Antonio Spurs, 108-102, on Tuesday as six Kings players scored in double figures, led by 22 from Isaiah Thomas and 20 from Tyreke Evans, who has netted 20 or more in his last three outings.
"There wasn't a moral victory here, but I thought our guys did a great job against one of the best teams in the league," Kings coach Keith Smart said.
The Hawks have won nine in a row over the Kings, including a 112-96 victory on Nov. 16 in Sacramento. The Kings haven't won in Atlanta since March 3, 2006, losing five straight there.


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Wadadah FC and Tomorrow's People hunt JFF Captain's Bakery mid-season crown
MONTEGO BAY, St James — Former champions Wadadah FC and Tomorrow's People SC will meet on Sunday at Jarrett Park for the first silverware of the Jamaica Football Federation's Captain's Bakery and Grill Western Confederation Super League season in the mid-season final set to start at 5:00pm.
The game was originally set for last Sunday but was postponed, due to the unavailability of a representative of the sponsors.
The delay gave the teams a nearly two- week break since their last round of matches in the second round.
Wadadah FC will start favourites to win today as they come into the game on the back of the six games winning streak during which time they outscored their opponents 18 goals to two.
The Daniel Ricketts- coached Wadadah FC topped Zone 1 with 23 points, five more than second placed Village United, while the inconsistent Tomorrow's People held off Reno FC by one point, 21-20, for the right to participate in Sunday's game.
Tomorrow's People who are coached by Paul 'Tegat' Davis took over the led in Zone 2 from Reno after edging them 1-0 in the eight round of games, as both teams then drew their next game before winning last Tuesday to stay separated by a point in the neck and neck race.
Despite missing a second half penalty kick, Tomorrow's People held on to beat Norwood Strikers 1-0, while Reno had edged Bamboo FC 2-1.
Demar Dohman and Andy Johnson who both joined the Wadadah FC team in the January transfer window, lead the team with four goals scored each, the same as Tomorrow's People's Davel Cornwall.
With a trophy to be decided, the game will be a play to finish and if the scores are still tied after 90 minutes, two periods of extra- time will be played, and if a tiebreaker is still needed, penalty kicks will be used to decide the winner.
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University of Vermont
2012-2013 Catalogue
CALS Pre-Veterinary Programs
UVM/Tufts School of Veterinary Medicine Program
Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine offers undergraduates at UVM an opportunity to apply for admission in the spring of their sophomore year. A limited number of students are admitted; they are guaranteed a space in the veterinary school class once they graduate if they have maintained the required grade-point average upon graduation.
Participants in this program are offered the assurance of veterinary school admission without the substantial investments of time and energy that other pre-veterinary students typically make in the process of preparing, researching, and applying to numerous veterinary schools, and preparing for optimal scores on the GRE. Program participants can select any undergraduate major, explore other areas of interest during their junior and senior years, or choose to study abroad, thus broadening their undergraduate experience.
To be eligible to apply, candidates for this program must be sophomores and must have demonstrated academic proficiency in their course work, particularly in the pre-veterinary science courses.
It is expected that competitive applicants will have:
- Completed at least two science sequences (most typically the year of introductory chemistry and the year of introductory biology) by the spring semester of their sophomore year.
- Completed prerequisite courses at their undergraduate institution or at other universities by special permission of the veterinary school's admissions office.
- Achieved a highly competitive cumulative grade-point average.
AP credit is acceptable as long as it appears on the student's transcript. The GRE is not required for applicants to this joint program; the applicant's SAT scores will be considered during the admissions process. For more details on the application process and program requirements go to: Pre-veterinary Information for Prospective Students .
UVM/Ontario Veterinary College
The University of Vermont and the University of Guelph Ontario Veterinary (OVC), an accredited veterinary school which provides a degree in Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, have an agreement whereby OVC will hold two places in the first year of the program for students from the University of Vermont who meet the requirements for admission. Both parties agree and acknowledge that these places may not be occupied by students who are Canadian citizens or who hold Canadian Permanent Residency status. The places will be held until the end of March for entrance in September of the same year.
Students may apply for admission to the program via the Veterinary Medical College Application Service or directly to OVC through its normal application process for international applicants. For admission, students must have a minimum GPA of 3.00 in the sciences and meet the minimum score for the Graduate Record exam (GRE). Additional course work includes two semesters each of inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physics, and biology (all with labs) and one semester each of calculus, statistics, biochemistry, genetics, and cell biology. Applicants must have a minimum of fifteen credits in each of their eight semesters of undergraduate work at UVM. For additional information, contact Helen Maciejewski, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 102 Terrill Hall, UVM, Burlington, VT 05405, call 802-656-0155, or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
UVM/Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, the University of Edinburgh (UoE, R(D)SVS) Placement Agreement
The University of Vermont (UVM) and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, the University of Edinburgh (UoE, R(D)SVS), have entered into an early entrance admission placement program that will make available three guaranteed places for UVM early application students. Application to the UoE, R(D)SVS early admission program can be made at the end of the second year (four semesters) with predetermined science and math courses completed and a minimum GPA of 3.40. If accepted, the 3.40 or above GPA has to be maintained until the time of graduation. Admitted students must receive adequate animal handling experience throughout their residence at UVM. The type of experience required can be coordinated between the student and the UoE, R(D)SVS. Opportunity will exist to credit some components of UVM teaching in animal husbandry and animal handling as accredited prior learning for the Edinburgh degree. Advice will be given by UoE, R(D)SVS, in consultation with UVM, as to what courses can be credited. If requested, opportunity to undertake a four week vacation clinical placement (companion animal and/or equine) at UoE, R(D)SVS will be available to all students in the program.
Vermont Technical College/UVM 2+2 FARMS Program
Students graduating from the Vermont Technical College /UVM 2+2 FARMS Program will have the knowledge, skills and training to be effective and competitive members of the Vermont dairy industry. During the four year program it is expected that the following competencies will be gained:
- Understanding dairy businesses as systems
- Developing communication skills needed for coaching a management team
- Becoming autonomous lifelong learners
- Achieving confidence in application of practical knowledge
- An interest in and a proven aptitude for the Vermont dairy industry
- A minimum combined verbal/math SAT score of 1100
- High school chemistry and algebra
- Two years of a foreign language


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Although role models are scarce, training is hard to find and sexism is rampant, determined women are finding professional success and satisfaction in the skilled trades: construction, sheet metal working, welding, pipefitting - and more.
When Leah Rambo became a sheet metal worker in 1988, she never imagined that she'd one day run the apprenticeship program for Local 38 of the Sheet Metal Air and Rail Transportation Union. But a little more than a year ago, she became one of the highest-ranking women in the US labor movement, taking the helm of a hands-on, 4 1/2-year training program for sheet metal workers in New York City and Nassau and Suffolk counties.
This year, the program has 306 students, eight percent of them female.
"The challenge is not only to get women enrolled," Rambo says. "If you promote trades work to women, and they see other women doing the jobs, a lot will want in. The bigger challenge is improving the conditions so they stay in the field. Most women experience discrimination or harassment. As a matter of fact, when you are a woman, nobody - not the bosses and not your co-workers - sees your color. Your gender is much more important than your ethnicity or race. The sexism is not as bad as it was, but it is always an issue. Women are still hit on, still don't get the same promotion opportunities and still get laid off more frequently than men."
Sadly, she says, skepticism about female competence remains endemic. "Women have to be much better at what they do than men. They can't be average. In addition, they have to figure out how to do the job while dealing with the male ego. If you come across as not taking any crap, the men tend to become threatened. On the other hand, if you take their crap, it gets worse and worse. Each woman needs to find a way to tell the men that she's there to work and support herself, that she's on the job for the same reasons they are."
As Rambo speaks, her passion for work collides with her exasperation over the misogyny that pervades the field. Nonetheless, it is clear that she loves being a maverick and role model. She's proud, she says, that three New York-area apprenticeship programs are now woman-headed - carpenters, masons, and sheet metal workers - normalizing the idea that women not only have a place in the trades, but are also central players in unions that, until recently, worked hard to keep them out.
Still, it is not surprising that progress in achieving gender equity has been uneven. According to a June 2012 report published by Catalyst, a 50-year-old nonprofit research group that promotes expanded opportunities for women, women now comprise 46.6 percent of the US labor force. Although the majority are concentrated in teaching, nursing and the service industries, they have penetrated several previously male bastions, including computer programming, law and pharmacy.
This is heartening, of course. Nonetheless, when it comes to the skilled trades, the number of women remains miniscule and 48 years after Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 gave women the right to enter apprenticeships, and 34 years after Executive Order 11246 determined that women should be given at least 6.9 percent of all working hours on federally-funded construction projects, they are nowhere near parity with their blue-collar and hard-hatted brothers. Indeed, The Department of Labor Women's Bureau reports that women constitute 7.9 percent of painters; 5.4 percent of welders, solderers and braziers; 4 percent of sheet metal workers; 3.9 percent of machinists; 2 percent of HVAC specialists; 1.5 percent of pipe layers, pipe fitters and plumbers; 1.4 percent of carpenters; and 1 percent of roofers and electricians.
Jane LaTour, author of a 2008 book called "Sisters in the Brotherhoods," attributes the low numbers to inadequate access to employment and training. "As long as women can't reach critical mass in these jobs, as long as they are largely invisible, things will remain much as they are," she wrote in an email. "Even though unions are doing a much better job in 2012, these great opportunities are still a well-kept secret from most young women."
While groups like New York City's Nontraditional Employment for Women - one of the country's oldest pre-apprenticeship programs for women interested in learning about careers in the trades - visit high schools and attend community events to publicize the availability of free, six-week classes to prepare them for union internships - the absence of visible role models means that neither students nor job-seekers automatically think of entering the skilled trades when they're envisioning their futures. Likewise, school guidance counselors rarely present apprenticeships as a career choice, despite the fact that skilled work can pay between $20 and $80 an hour.
Once more, you can blame sexism. Last June, Dr. Marc Bendrick, an employment economist, dubbed construction "the industry that time forgot" in testimony before the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. "Under-representation [of women] spans the skill spectrum from entry-level laborer and helper occupations, to well-paid skilled trades such as electricians and plumbers," he said.
Among the culprits: widely-accepted stereotypes about women's inability to do heavy lifting and use machinery and tools; the outdated notion that men deserve higher pay and more hours because they have families to support; and a tolerance for sexual innuendo, homophobia and outright sexual harassment in the workplace.
Legal Momentum, a 42-year-old national advocacy organization, has brought numerous cases to the EEOC in an effort to improve conditions for tradeswomen. They range from instances of discrimination against pregnant workers - in some cases pregnant women have been put on light duty despite medical evidence that it is unnecessary, while in other cases they have been denied reassignment to jobs with less lifting and carrying - to ignoring behaviors that are overtly hostile to female employees.
"When we bring cases, we are not just interested in getting justice for one woman," says Francoise Jacobsohn, project manager of Equality Works, Legal Momentum's program for women in nontraditional occupations. "We're interested in getting policy changes that will benefit women more generally."
There's been some headway, she continues. When Avon hired workers to build a new Manhattan headquarters, they stipulated that the construction crew had to be at least 15 percent women. Similarly, the government of San Francisco has indicated that women will perform 8.3 percent of the labor needed to construct United Nations Plaza. What's more, the city of Portland, Oregon has determined that the public K-12 school district will give 18 percent of its purchasing and contracting to women and minority-owned businesses.
These decisions represent a trend that is likely to continue if the anticipated 15 percent growth in the construction industry over the next three years comes to fruition, says Dede Hughes, executive vice president of the Fort Worth, Texas-based National Association of Women in Construction. "We're going to need a skilled workforce," she says. "If women can go to a trade school or start in an apprenticeship, they'll be able to get good jobs and later move into management if they so desire. If the construction industry is not open to women, if it does not change with the world, it will eventually disappear and be replaced by an industry that recognizes that women can do the same jobs men can do. They may do them differently, but in the end, men and women get the same results."
Barbara Armand was a field engineer before she started the Armand Construction Company in 1991 - and she agrees with Hughes. She also sees herself as a change agent. After a decade spent working for others - and experiencing sexual harassment - she says she maxed out her credit cards to start her own business. "Nothing came easy," she laughs, "but 21 years later, we're working in three states, have 24 employees, and offer a full construction management service, which means we act as the owner's eyes and ears on a work site. We supervise construction, oversee the general contractor, and make sure everything stays on budget and on schedule. Sometimes we evaluate bids and monitor compliance with government hiring commitments."
Armand is active with a group called Professional Women in Construction (PWC), a networking hub for women and minority business owners on the east coast. PWC chapters give members a way to meet one another and provides a forum for the exchange of information about upcoming projects, including procedures for bidding on work. "Challenging stereotypes starts with me, as an African-American professional woman," Armand adds. "I have to be an example for other women - and for men. I have to handle myself well because I'm expected to hit the ground running and demonstrate that I have the skills to do every job I get."
And the work keeps coming - from employers ranging from the Long Island Railroad to Temple University. That said, those on the lower rungs - the tradeswomen - don't always have as many opportunities as they'd like. "I've been a journey-level carpenter for seven years, but a while back a piece of steel accidently fell on my leg and I needed 22 staples," says one tradeswoman, who asked that her name not be used.
"I went back to work right away, but it was really hot and my leg started to get infected, so I took my check and left. When I returned a week later, I was given the run-around and for two or three days, they had me standing around. I finally complained that I wanted to do something, but my foreman informed me he'd been told not to put me back on. Right now I'm unemployed and it pisses me off. I enjoy carpentry and I'm good at it. A lot of men don't like that. Some men are great and I've been on crews that become a family. Unfortunately, many others are prejudiced, really old fashioned. They don't want a woman to tell them how to do things and they make it really hard for us. What makes it worse is that I'm usually the only woman on a job with 10 or 15 men. I've been thinking of going out on my own, but I don't know."
As the tradeswoman speaks, her voice cracks and she periodically stops to collect herself. "We have such a long way to go," she sighs. Nonetheless, she is pleased that the federal government, through the Women in Apprenticeship and Nontraditional Occupations Program of the Department of Labor, recently allocated $1.8 million to six states - California, Georgia, Illinois, Massachusetts, Oregon, West Virginia - to train women in nontraditional occupations.
"I hope it brings in lots of women," she says. "We women want to work just like the guys. When you're on a job the money can be great, but to be held back because you're female, that's just wrong."


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GOLDEN CITY, MO (KCTV) - The father of a 12-year-old girl who was abducted from a southwest Missouri park says the family has received "bad news."
James Horton told KCTV5's Sandra Olivas that the news came Wednesday as law enforcement officials had been searching for his daughter, Adriaunna. He said the family is working with law enforcement officials as developments occur.
The Missouri Highway Patrol confirms that a body has been found in the search for the missing girl. Because a positive identification has not been made, troopers cannot say that it's the body of the girl.
Horton family members were going Wednesday afternoon to Lamar to identify the body.
Bobby D. Bourne Jr., 34, of Lockwood has been charged with kidnapping the girl. She was last seen getting into his vehicle near Hazel Park in Golden City. Lockwood is being held on a $1 million bond.
Court records in the kidnapping case were sealed by a judge.
The Horton family has said Adriaunna knew Bourne's daughter and had played with her. Horton has said he believed Bourne lured his daughter into his vehicle by claiming he needed her help to look for his daughter, who he claimed was missing.
Bourne was taken into custody about 6:30 p.m. Monday, which was about 90 minutes after Adriaunna was last seen.
An endangered child advisory was issued by the Missouri Highway Patrol. Troopers said they could not issue an Amber Alert because the suspect was in custody and the vehicle had been impounded. Amber Alerts typically have suspect and vehicle descriptions as well as the description of the missing child.
The missing girl's mother, Wendi Jackson, lives in Overland Park, but traveled to Golden City to assist in the search.
Copyright 2013 KCTV (Meredith Corp.) All rights reserved.


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Product 140/210
The LG KP152 (unlocked) triband GSM world phone is a clamshell phone that is easy to use and gets the job done. Perfectly suited as a back-up phone but equally available to be used as a main phone. This tri-band phone is GSM/GPRS with a VGA camera and a TFT display.
While this phone certainly lacks in technology it makes up in ease of use and budget –oriented price. The long-lasting battery life is another positive aspect of this phone and ensures that conversation won't have to be cut short just because of a failing battery.
Finally, the dimensions of this phone make it pocketable and easy to carry around. Its low weight of 80 grams means that it is not a burden to bring along. In order to conquer emerging markets, LG is set on releasing cheap handsets for people who are not used to the idea of purchasing unlocked phones.