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Schnarre replaces Lambert as Electric Department superintendent
A new man is in charge of the Wapakoneta Electric Department and he hopes to be a positive influence.
Wapakoneta Mayor Rodney Metz announced Monday longtime employee Donnie Schnarre as the new Electric Department superintendent, replacing Bill Lambert, who retired Aug. 31 after 32 years with the department. The mayor made the announcement during Monday's Wapakoneta City Council meeting.
"I think Donnie will do a very nice job as the new electric superintendent and he has many years with the department so he knows the system well," Metz said. "I think he will be a very good fit for the department. He is a fine individual, he's willing to learn and he wants to grow in his career."
Schnarre, who was present during Monday's meeting, was available for inquiries by councilors. He started in his new position Sept. 1.
"I was surprised and a little overwhelmed when they told me I would succeed Bill Lambert," Schnarre told the Wapakoneta Daily News after Monday's meeting. "I have been looking forward to the chance and hoping to get the opportunity to advance in the department for the past couple of years as Bill was getting closer to retirement."
Schnarre said the biggest challenge at present is finishing the upgrade to the distribution system and completing the Defiance Street Substation replacement project.
"At this point in time, I want to keep everything running as it has in the past," Schnarre said. "We have been working hard in rebuilding the entire system and we have a lot of work to do, but we should be down to just general maintenance once the system is rebuilt and everything is done."
The city recently spent $13 million to replace and upgrade four of the city's substations as well as to replace transformers and poles throughout the corporation limits.The city started with the Middle Street Substation and should complete the three-year project next summer with the replacement of the Defiance Street Substation.
Schnarre and other candidates were interviewed by Metz, Safety-Service Director Bill Rains and Councilor-at-large and Utilities Committee Chair Steve Walter and Pat Hire of Clemans-Nelson & Associates of Lima.
Metz said he has a lot of respect for Lambert, who he knew through his work on council and as a local electrician.
"He really cared about the electric distribution system and the city," Metz said. "He was a very dedicated employee and really cared about what he was doing. He loved his job and what he was doing."
Rains said the city will miss Lambert's expertise.
"Bill had an intimate knowledge of the city's electric distribution system," Rains said. "He is certainly a reason why have the reliability we have in the electric distribution system today.
"Mr. Lambert was instrumental in driving the upgrades we made forward — from the electric substations to the overall distribution system," he said. "He was very instrumental in overseeing the city's electric system through some very monumental changes and challenges."
Lambert, who helped with upgrading the system, also served as the superintendent when an ice storm in January 2005 interrupted power to the city. His crews had lines replaced and ready when a main line feeding the city was finally back into service.
Lambert, who was hired Sept. 4, 1979 as a lineman, was named Wapakoneta Electric Department superintendent on March 1, 1998, by for former Mayor Don Wittwer. He replaced Lewis "Louie" Knoch.
Rains said Lambert's reputation in the state influenced his decision to accept the position as Wapakoneta safety-service director.
"When the opportunity presented itself to me to take this job, one of the reasons I accepted was Mr. Lambert was the Electric Department superintendent," Rains said. "He was well known in the electrical community, with AMP-Ohio and through working with mutual aid for other communities."


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An improvised explosive device was placed in front of the Jackson County District Attorney's Office early today and set off, causing an explosion that shattered windows and damaged the building's interior.
The D.A.'s office is closed because of the investigation, and Circuit Court is closed until 1 p.m. (Information updated.) A press conference has been called at 10:30 a.m. at Medford police's briefing room.
The explosion was first reported at 4:38 a.m. Medford Fire-Rescue and Medford police responded to the office, located at 715 W. 10th St. in Medford.
"We arrived on scene and we found what appeared to be a large propane tank on fire on the outside of the building," said Lt. Mike Budreau. "It had caused some damage to the building. There was some glass breakage and there was some interior damage. But most of the damage appears to be on the exterior, which is good."
No one was hurt and the resulting fire did not spread to nearby buildings. Even though there was an explosion, police officials added it did not fully detonate.
"Which is good," Budreau said. "Had that happened, it would have been very substantial damage. But it did catch fire and emitted a large flame until it eventually burned out."
No suspects have been identified or arrested in connection with the incident. Police said there was a male wearing dark clothing several blocks away who ran from an officer, but he avoided capture. He was last seen at the intersection of 10th Street and Columbus Avenue.
"We're not sure if that is going to be related to this case or if it's going to be unrelated," Budreau said.
Medford police remain on scene with assistance from the FBI, Oregon State Police Bomb Squad, and the ATF.
There was initially a large perimeter set up around the explosion site, as there was concern that other explosive devices could be in the area, Budreau said. That perimeter was shrunk when no additional devices were found. Sections of 10th, Orange, Laurel and 8th streets remain blocked off to traffic, with detours set up.
Police said the fact that the tank did not detonate fully is going to make it valuable as a piece of evidence.
"I think that it's safe to assume that had this bomb went off as it was intended to, it would have most likely destroyed most of the building, and we believe that was the intent of the suspect," Budreau said.
District attorney's office employees are not being allowed in the building until 1 p.m. as the investigation continues.
"They will not be entering the building, at least this morning," Budreau said. "Their business will be hampered today for sure."
— Ryan Pfeil
Explosive device detonates in front of Jackson County District Attorney's Office
An improvised explosive device was placed in front of the Jackson County District Attorney's Office early today and set off, causing an explosion that shattered windows and damaged the building's interior.

subset: commoncrawl


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Some of the best Indian food I've ever tasted was cooked in London. I always knew that the British loved Indian cuisine and that they once held governance over the country. But what I didn't know was that curry was introduced to Indian cuisine by the Brits! (Just a little fun fact to chew on).
In traditional cultures that are thousands of years old, like India, there are deep traditions of cooking daily meals with medicinal roots and herbs. These herbs act as preventive measures for sustaining good health, and prevention is the cornerstone of India's traditional Ayurvedic medicine.
Turmeric is one such medicinal root that has made its way into a vast number of Indian recipes. Aside from your standard Chicken or Goat curries, there is a whole list of Indian dishes that contain flavorful thermogenic ingredients like cardamom, coriander, ginger, cloves, chili and turmeric. Not only are the recipes tasty, the ones containing turmeric are especially healthful.
Research by Sarker et al. notes its powerful anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and antioxidant properties. Moreover, the U.S. National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health have this to say: "Laboratory and animal research has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties of turmeric and its constituent curcumin."
It is true that inflammation is a natural response your body has to potentially damaging stimuli. Catch cold, sprain an ankle and the immune system kicks in, produces swelling to guard while healing takes place. But often the body does not know how or when to stop the inflammation and this causes too much fibrin in the tissues that can lead to pain and stiffness. If left untreated, it can become a chronic health issue.
Unlike aspirin or ibuprophen, turmeric's curcumin reduces inflammation naturally, without damaging the liver or kidneys. It has been found especially helpful in treating conditions like arthritis, sports injuries, irritable bowel syndrome, Chrone's disease, tendonitis and various autoimmune diseases. Some research even suggests that curcumin may also help those suffering asthma, inflammatory bowel disease and, yes, even cancer.
Since turmeric's curcumin component is an anti-inflammatory as well as an antioxident agent, it has been used for treating wounds, digestive disorders, liver issues, arthritis, and in the prevention of cancer. Statistics also show that Asian children experience less incidence of leukemia than their Western counterparts, and it seems a diet rich in turmeric may be the reason why.
Recent studies show that rats that were prone to multiple sclerosis developed very few if any symptoms after being given curcumin. The journal Science reported in their April 23, 2004 issue that curcumin has countered in mice, the genetic damage that leads to cystic fibrosis, a lung disorder. It was also shown that curcumin protects against alcohol's damaging affects on the liver as well as harmonizing the stomach and digestion.
Thousands of scientific articles on the efficacy of curcumin are found within the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Library of Medicine's PubMed MEDLINE database. These show curcumin to be effective in the treatment of inflammation, woulds, cancer, heart disease and as a preventive measure against arthritis, Crohn's disease, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), neurological diseases, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, type II diabetes, cataracts, cystic fibrosis, scleroderma and many others.
As if that list were too small, as reported in the Journal of Alternative & Complementary Therapies, the U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service lists nearly 80 biologic activities associated with curcumin, from anti-HIV to anti-ulcerogenic actions.
My advice: Everyone enjoy Indian food containing turmeric at least once a week as a symptomatic and preventive measure.


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It is much too early to bring the subject up - keep doing a great job and creating a good impression.Keep your eye out for open positions (many companies post them on murals or invite someone from HR for lunch every once in a while). You may be able to stay in a different position from the one you are in. If nothing shows up, about 2 months before your contract is up, talk to your manager and ask how they see your work and state that you would be interested in staying. Have ready a plan showing what you propose to be doing (aka, nothing that used to be done by the maternity leave employer) and the gain that will bring.
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Did you read today's front page stories & breaking news?
From the Wires
Blanket Mortgage Seizes Opportunity of Recovering Housing Market With the Launch of New Website Offering a Wide Variety of Financial Solutions
Increased Vigor in Housing Market Prompts Blanket Mortgage to Share Expertise and Products via Their New Website
By: Marketwired .
Dec. 4, 2012 02:16 PM
MIAMI, FL -- (Marketwire) -- 12/04/12 -- Housing no longer needs to be thought of with a negative connotation. With mortgage rates at an all time low and recent data showing that housing prices are finally gaining strength, more buyers than ever are looking to purchase or refinance. Blanket Mortgage, a top-ranked company specializing in mortgage loans in Miami, has responded to the positive change with the launch of their new website. As industry trusted professionals, Blanket Mortgage offers a variety of financial solutions to meet the needs of professionals, their clients, individuals and families.
Finding the right mortgage broker in Miami can be an overwhelming challenge. Fortunately, Blanket Mortgage is committed to understanding each client's individual needs and providing them honest and straightforward advice, as well as the best loan program and rates available.
Blanket Mortgage's new website offers a wealth of information on their various financial products and offers up-to-date financial tools. Whether in the market to purchase or refinance, Blanket Mortgage specializes in the following services and products:
Purchase Programs
Refinance Programs
In addition, Blanket Mortgage is knowledgeable in all of the housing industry's latest developments and provides the most competitive mortgage rates in Miami. Blanket Mortgage makes the process of obtaining a loan clear and easy to understand so that clients feel confident in their decision of a loan program.
Blanket Mortgage is a company that is committed to maintaining long-term relationships with clients and their network of professional providers positions them to be a truly integral part of each client's future. They offer a variety of internal mortgage programs, as well as a gamut of financial products through their various professional partners.
Blanket Mortgage has responded to the pivotal shift in the housing market by offering the most superior financial products available. The time has never been better to buy or refinance, and Blanket Mortgage is ready to partner with all prospective clients to provide the best Miami home mortgage and the most competitive rates on the market.
Read full press release at http://www.blanketmortgage.net/press-release/blanket-mortgage-seizes-opportunity-of-recovering-housing-market-with-the-launch-of-new-website-offering-a-wide-variety-of-financial-solutions/ or for more information call 1-305-274-5626.
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Please put spoilers in spoiler tags! Thanks.
So, as opposed to the most unsatisfying anime ending, what is the MOST satisfying? You don't have to like the anime, the ending just has to be satisfying
One of mine is School Days. The anime was so bad, only that ending could have saved it.
Spoiler Alert! Click to show or hide
Especially since the main character was a douche and so was the main heroine's best friend. I don't understand how some people hate the ending. They think it's messed up and horrible and that if Kotonoha hadn't gone crazy, the anime would have been better. But honestly, the ending satisfied me, a lot. I was waiting for his death, actually.
A good anime with a satisfying ending is Fullmetal Alchemist Brotherhood.
Spoiler Alert! Click to show or hide
It was just great that Ed and Winry got together (though it was expected), and how everyone split ways was pretty satisfying in a way too. They all started their own new adventures with the reclaimed bodies/body parts they have.
Also, Scrapped Princess' ending was just right.
Any others?
Inuyasha. One f the most satisfying endings I ever saw.
I second School Days; the ending is the only reason to watch that anime XD
As for others, I really liked the endings of Gosick and AnoHana; everything felt very resolved and they made me tear up they were so beautiful... No other endings really stick out to me, though. The ends of most animes suck, unfortunately...
"Love all, trust a few, do wrong to none." - William Shakespeare
All of them.
[No information available]
Anohana The flower we saw that day is the most satisfying ending of all the anime's i have ever seen
Why do you think school days is bad? Because the main character wasn't a fucking angel?
I thought Cowboy Bebop's ending was pretty fulfilling... or maybe Gundam Wing?
Funny how everyone seems to hate on School Days, I actually quite enjoyed it. The main character did what any normal guy his age would have done when offered pleasures of the flesh, and that is take it. But as for an anime that had a really good ending, I'd have to say my vote is for Usagi Drop.
probably the tatami galaxy
I think there was a similar thread before. Anyway, Code Geass R2. No other anime left a big impression that lasted for a week in me the way Code Geass did.
meh. none for me.
Every anime left me always wanting more. <.<;
Dulce, Mimmy. Create one more stupidity here and I'll hate you 2. I'm serious.
Baccano! mainly due to plot structure
ano hana perfect ending
original digimon
Fate stay night
Whilst in my view only few anime have bad endings there are so many which leave me wanting more or that leave me unsatisfied.
I vote we not talk about this and go listen to NIGTHWISH!!!!!! But if i must i would have to say the way Strike wtichs ended was okay, i really do not keep track of what i watch i have a list of most of what i watched but that's it. OH YEAH AND VANGARD SEASON 1/2 THE ENDINGS WERE AMAZING!!!
Planting the seeds of awesomeness in peoples hearts is hard work, GET ME COFFEE!
Aside from some of the ones already listed, I found the ending to Welcome to the NHK to be very satisfying.
Clannad After Story had on of the most satisfying endings.
Spoiler Alert! Click to show or hide
The fact it was all a dream might discourage some, but because of that Dream Tomoya was able to learn so much from U-chan and Nagisa and then when things reverted back he would become a much better man. All that trouble he went through, the fact that he learned from it, and then he got to relive it is awesome
Also Steins;Gate. The fact that Okabe was able to become the hero and fix the world made it one of my top shows ever. I was debating whether this should would be 8/10 or higher, but once he saved the day, it instantly became 11/10 and one the best endings ever
Never stop watching and reading. Never stop supporting


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(RNN) - Content rating systems for the entertainment industry come in various forms, and the way they developed is just as interesting as how they work.
Adoption of the TV Parental Guidelines came in several stages. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 required V-chips to be placed in all televisions larger than 13 inches made after Jan. 1, 2000. The chips allow users to block programs based on their content.
On July 10, 1997, a group of entertainment, medical, educational and advocacy groups announced a consensus on ratings designed to inform the public on the content of programs.
The following March, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) vowed to support and enforce the ratings system.
The TV Parental Guidelines ratings range from material intended specifically for young children to that meant to be viewed by people 17 or older. There is also a list of sub-ratings and definitions meant to inform viewers more specifically of what is intended in each show.
Movies made for TV are also rated, as are ones adapted for the small screen. However, their ratings may vary depending on two factors: how they are edited or how they fit a particular network's individual standards, since cable and broadcast stations rate their own content.
The Classification and Ratings Administration (CARA) is the central board that rates major motion pictures based on content. CARA is an arm of the Motion Picture Association of America, a membership of the six major U.S. movie studios - Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures; Paramount Pictures Corporation; Sony Pictures Entertainment Inc.; Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation; Universal City Studios LLC; and Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc.
Since 2004, CARA has also reviewed movie trailers, home videos and all print and broadcast ads and promotional materials for movies - amounting to about 60,000 pieces of marketing each year.
Not all movies released in theaters are subject for ratings. It is a voluntary decision, but all members of the MPAA agree to have their movies rated.
Movie ratings range from G for all audiences to NC-17 for films intended explicitly for adults. The latter replaced the X rating in 1990, which had become associated with pornographic movies.
After Jack Valenti succeeded William Hays as president of the MPAA in 1966, a new rating system replaced the Hays Code, which drew criticism for what critics called censorship of movies.
Unlike other media industries, there is no system that rates music based on content.
Many people are familiar with the black and white striped sticker on CDs that reads "Parental Advisory - Explicit Content."
The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) provides a list of standards for using the logo, but it is solely the decision of the music producers and distributors to place it on a CD.
Often, record labels will release both an original and edited version of recordings that contain explicit material.
Record companies are not held to uniform content standards, "nor is the absence of a logo a statement that the [record] is completely devoid of all references to strong language or depictions of violence, sex, or substance abuse," according to the RIAA.
The idea of the explicit content logo developed when the National Parent Teacher Association and Parents Music Resource Center put pressure on the recording industry in 1985, leading to a series of Congressional hearings. In 1990, the RIAA adopted a set of guidelines that companies could use to determine use of the logo, which originally read "Explicit Lyrics" instead of "Explicit Content."
The Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) is a nonprofit, self-regulating body that rates the content of video games and apps. The board also reviews all advertising and additional materials packaged with games. The ESRB was established in 1994 by the Entertainment Software Association (ESA).
The content ratings consist of categories and descriptors to accurately judge age-appropriateness and specific content.
Failure to comply could result in fines up to $1 million, recall of games and other penalties.
The rating system is voluntary, but console producers and several retailers require an ESRB rating before they will distribute or sell a game.
ESRB raters do not play the games they rate due to the high volume of new releases, some of which require several hours of gameplay. Instead, they rely on the disclosure of producers via a questionnaire, and they spot check the games after their release.
Copyright 2013 Raycom News Network. All rights reserved.


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Body Found in Lucy Park [UPDATED]
This morning (Aug 23), Wichita Falls Police received a report of a body located in a vehicle in Lucy Park.
Officers arrived on the scene to find a partially decomposed body in the back of a green Ford Explorer located on the west side of the park near the Wichita River.
TRN reports that the vehicle tags are registered to a Henrietta resident and that witnesses say the deceased appeared to be female.
No names are being released pending identification of the deceased and notification of the next of kin. The body will be sent to Tarrant County Medical Examiner for autopsy to determine cause of death.
There is no mention of foul play at this time.


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The Gimbal website now offers a new Expansion One for this multiplayer shooter with buildable vehicles. Here's word on the game: "Players conduct team-based combat against one another, while gaining money and building bigger, better ships. Gimbal has a rigid body physics engine with aerodynamics, so all subcomponents of a ship, even unlaunched missiles, affect the speed and handling. Ships can be shared as PNG images because the ship data is stored in the PNG." And here's word from the project's developer on the expansion: "This is the largest release of features since Gimbal's launch. Expansion One adds 26 new parts and four new game modes: Capture the Flag, Deathmatch, Elimination Deathmatch, and Racing mode. These features add depth to the multiplayer gameplay, and work to bring Gimbal in line with my original vision."
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The French Cocktail Shaker Set is an elegant alternative to the Boston Shaker. The brushed stainless steel and curves of the French Shaker provide a great feel whilst shaking and it makes great cocktails.
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S.F. Ballet gala 2013: Full-steam ahead
SAN FRANCISCO BALLET GALA Opening night puts best foot forward - flash mob and theme of global diversity
Updated 3:02 am, Saturday, January 26, 2013
If awards were given to party themes, the San Francisco Ballet's 80th season-opening gala might be deemed most cerebral. Last year's "Bella Notte" easily played off the "Romeo and Juliet" ballet performed during the season.
This year's "Moving the Compass" theme was a bit of a head-scratcher.
No matter - gala chairwoman Deborah Taylor, a Broadway producer with the Tony-winning "American Idiot" and the revamped "La Cage Aux Folles" to her credit, was more than happy to explain.
She was inspired by the company's tour schedule in recent years, with trips to Paris, London and Shanghai; its partnership with the Dutch National Ballet in a new co-commissioned production of "Cinderella" by Christopher Wheeldon; its hosting of the Hamburg Ballet this season; and its cultural diversity, from Icelandic artistic director Helgi Tomasson and the Armenian Davit Karapetyan to the Cuban Lorena Feijoo and Chinese-born Yuan Yuan Tan, too.
"I went to Helgi's mission statement in the season brochure," Taylor said. "He talked about bridging the globe through the universal language of dance, so that's where I wanted to go with the theme. We have an internal compass, and a compass that relates to how you travel around the world."
Some 855 guests with tickets ranging from $1,000 to $3,500 each gathered for three black-tie dinners at City Hall, and slightly more than 3,000 in all sat in the War Memorial Opera House for the opening night performance.
At City Hall, African drummers performed during cocktail hour. At meal time, diners supped on wild mushroom soup and guinea hen by McCalls catering.
Interiors were steered in a new direction by decor chair Leslie Ryder and Blueprint Studios. Colorful lights and compass points were projected on the walls, while tabletops with flowers and tall glass centerpieces went without linens, the better to show off their construction of reclaimed wood. Chandeliers that looked like large pink flowers hung from the rotunda's dome, casting a soft glow. Civic booster Wilkes Bashford awarded the scene the thumbs-up, as did patron OJ Shansby, who judged it "very fresh, very light, very modern and very cool."
Jane Burkhard chaired a stylish cocktail party for the younger Encore patrons' group in the South Light Court.
Ballet patrons such as Brian and Rene Hollins, Lucy Jewett and Fran Streets have followed the company around the world on tour. No prizes are given to the staunchest supporters - watching in a foreign venue is considered its own reward.
"We all have a tendency to take for granted the quality and professionalism we have here," said philanthropist Carl Pascarella, who has seen the ballet in London, Paris and Shanghai with his wife, Yurie. "There, you see standing ovations. These audiences are not used to seeing the quality, the mixed modern and classical repertoire, and the diversity of the dancers. It makes you open your eyes to what we have and to value it."
But on Thursday, the compass spun the other way around. People came from far away to be near, like philanthropist Wendy Schmidt, who had been in the British Virgin Islands and flew back for the gala, and planned to go shortly thereafter to the East Coast and on a humanitarian trip to Congo.
Earlier this week, House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi had been at the Sundance Film Festival and the Presidential Inauguration. She flew home for the SFJazz Center opening and the ballet gala.
"It's rare for me to be here midweek," she said, all smiles.
Other notables in the crowd included filmmaker George Lucas and his fiancee, Mellody Hobson, chairwoman of Dreamworks Animation and a contributor on "Good Morning America"; Wayne McGregor, artistic director of Random Dance company and resident choreographer of London's Royal Ballet, and his lighting designer, Lucy Carter; and former British pop star Heath Hunter.
Hunter, who created the fitness concept "Danceation," did more than watch the ballet. He helped gala chairwoman Taylor by choreographing a special flash mob dance for dozens of select participants, who practiced with him days beforehand. The surprise erupted at 11:30 p.m. in the rotunda and continued in full force in the North Light Court with a five-minute routine to will.i.am and Britney Spears' "Dance and Shout," to the delight of onlookers with video phones.
All of this meant only one thing to Patty Rock, vice president of the ballet auxiliary.
"We're 80 years old and starting," she said. "The compass is pointing to the future."
For more photos from the gala, go to sfgate.com.
Carolyne Zinko is a San Francisco Chronicle staff writer. E-mail: email@example.com


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Letter to the Editor of the Westfield Republican
In 1787, in an effort to revise the Articles of Confederation, representatives from the 13 states held a Grand Convention in Philadelphia. Finding the Articles inadequate for our now independent nation, the group secretly wrote a more appropriate Constitution. These men, being intelligent and experienced by political history and very recent experiences of our War for Independence, struggled to find a beginning. After much discourse to resolve conflict, they established in the first sentence the source of its authority, "We the people" and it's first objective, "to form a more perfect union." Much later, Congress was blocked by southern Congressmen, who refused to budge about slavery in our territories, not states. The result was our Civil War with its terrible civil consequences and irreplaceable loss of treasure and blood. Congress is now deadlocked by a party dedicated to gaining the power to dictate law rather than creating it Constitutionally. As stated, history confirms that resolving conflicts through intelligent cooperation is far more productive. Progress is made possible only when best heads put their minds to the task of finding ways to peaceable resolution. Even when neither party is completely satisfied, mutual buying-in to negotiated solutions assures success. No single party or individual can independently see all the significant matters, or know best. Our conflicted Congress should rededicate itself to uphold our Constitution by revising its childish rules, giving greater political power to the majority party and assure forming a more perfect union to resolve its conflicts. Of course, unconstitutional ideas should fail in committee. Now, the candidate of the party of the right for vice president proudly claims that his political views were formed by Ann Rand who promoted individual success over the collective success of "we the people." Certainly this does not agree with the Congressional objective "to form a more perfect union." I am very concerned that our voting public does not know and understand that our Constitution is the primary law of our country, and that any power not specifically stated in our Constitution is left to our state governments and individuals. What bother me most is that members of our Congress do not know and understand the Constitution they have sworn to uphold and defend. For example, the first clause of our first amendment states that Congress shall make no law concerning any religious institution, or prohibit the free exercise thereof. However, these institutions must comply with Constitutional laws, such as those establishing individual rights and properties not directly linked to practices of religion. Thus, religions are free to practice their religion, but must comply with all non-religious laws pertaining to all institutions. Upon entering our capital, Congressmen must forget their religious concepts, remembering them only as they directly relate to Constitutional issues.
David R. Correll


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The Grundy County Extension and Outreach office will be offering a babysitting clinic.
Are you interested in making some extra spending money? If so and you are a 7th or 8th grader this babysitting this clinic is for you. There will be many interesting activities as well as workshops on CPR, safety, food preparation, and fun educational activities. "We hope to teach future babysitters some of the basics so that they can provide babysitting for the families in this community," says Kelsey Mumm, Summer 4-H & Youth Assistant.
The clinic will be held Saturday, June 29, 2013 from 9 a.m.-12 p.m. at the Grundy County Extension office.
A limited number of spaces are available so pre-registration is required by June 24th. Snacks will be provided so please let us know ahead of time if you have any food allergies.
This program is being offered at no charge. Brochures, flyers, and more information can be found by contacting us at the Grundy County Extension Office at 319-824-6979 or e-mail me at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Mercedes driver kills pedestrian on Southwest Freeway
Published 10:26 pm, Saturday, January 4, 2014
A man was fatally hit by a car while trying to cross a freeway in southwest Houston early Saturday morning, authorities said.
Houston police said the man was crossing the southbound lanes in the 200 block of the Southwest Freeway around 5:40 a.m. when a black Mercedes Benz hit him.
He died at the scene. His identity is pending an autopsy by the Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences.
Police said the driver of the Mercedes stopped at the scene and did not show any signs of intoxication. No charges have been filed at this time.


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Avid Runners & Joggers
eTargetMedia.com Inc.
Description: This file contains individuals who enjoy the sport of running. These consumers span a diverse range of ability and interests ranging from casual and occasional joggers through seasoned marathoners.
Selects: 479,182 universe
Contact: Your list broker or eTargetMedia.com Inc., 6810 Lyons Technology Circle, Coconut Creek, FL 33073
Phone: 954/480-8470
Fax: 954/480-8489
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


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By: Julie Montanaro
January 31, 2014, 8:15pm
Response from Sigma Chi International:
The Sigma Chi International Fraternity's Executive Committee was made aware of the charges filed against four members of its Epsilon Zeta chapter at Florida State University late Friday morning. In response, the committee moved quickly to suspend the chapter. The chapter will have a 45-day window to appeal the Executive Committee's decision and is invited to show cause as to why it should continue to exist. The Fraternity is working in concert with Florida State University administration and will cooperate with local authorities.
Grand Consul (International President) Michael Greenberg issued a charge to the entire fraternity to swiftly and completely eradicate hazing of all kinds from any association with Sigma Chi following his June 2013 election to the position. Sigma Chi stands ready to protect the safety and security of all of its members and, if the charges prove to be true, will render a more complete decision early next week.
The Sigma Chi Fraternity community is still reeling from the sudden death of its Executive Director, Michael Dunn, on January 24th and most of the leadership is currently in transit to Boise, ID where he will be laid to rest this weekend. The Fraternity asks for patience from the fraternal community and media while it deals with this emotional and heartbreaking time.
By: Julie Montanaro
January 31, 2014, 6pm
Four FSU fraternity brothers are arrested and accused of hazing.
The arrests come after a three month long investigation at Sigma Chi.
The Sigma Chi's at Florida State are in hot water over cold beer and hard liquor.
FSU Police say back on October 8, 2013, brothers taped full bottles of rum and vodka into pledges' hands and pressured them to drink it all.
"We're not aware of any hospitalizations, but people were to the point of vomiting and actually urinating on themselves so it was pretty serious," said Jim Russell, FSUPD.
The Sigma Chi fraternity was suspended in October. Now Four fraternity brothers who police say organized and supervised initiation rituals for the pledges - have been arrested. Charles Kalb, Alex Lavene, Tyler Linabury and Michael Salem - are facing misdemeanor hazing charges.
"I think that game is known as Edward Forty-hands, and it's something that is part of popular culture these days," said Sebastian Fiori, FSU student.
"Its awful, but I wasn't really shocked to hear about it," said Lizzye Ruben, FSU student.
When asked if she thought the arrests were important, Ruben responded, "Yeah, it'll show people that it shouldn't be done, and it needs to change."
"I mean, I don't know if arrests are reasonably appropriate, especially if nobody was seriously injured," said Fiori.
Mary Coburn, FSU's Vice President of Student Affairs, says the university will be reviewing the fraternity brothers actions to see if they've violated any student conduct codes, and the fraternity itself could face a lengthy suspension or worse.
"The most severe action would be that they wouldn't be able to function at the university," said Coburn.
We are trying to get a comment from Sigma Chi headquarters near Chicago. Attorney Ethan Way, who represents fraternity brother Michael Salem says he didn't haze any of those young men, and he's confident he'll be exonerated.
By: Julie Montanaro
January 31, 2014, 11:30am
Tallahassee, Fla. -- Four FSU fraternity brothers have been arrested and accused of hazing.
Michael Salem, Charles Kalb, Alex Lavene and Tyler Linabury have all been charged with misdemeanor hazing.
FSU police say the Sigma Chi brothers organized and supervised pledge rituals including taping bottles of liquor to the hands of pledges and pressuring them to finish them.
An anonymous tip prompted the investigation in October and the fraternity's suspension soon afterward.
Just filed arrest reports say many of the pledges vomited and some urinated on themselves but none was hospitalized.
News Release: Florida State University
TALLAHASSEE, Fla. — Four students, members of the Sigma Chi chapter at Florida State University, were arrested late Thursday, Jan. 30, by university police following an investigation that started with an anonymous telephone complaint about pledging rituals to the university's Office of Greek Life.
As a result of the investigation, the students were arrested and charged with misdemeanor hazing, in violation of Florida Statute 1006.63(3). The chapter has been suspended during the investigation.
Charged are Charles Kaub, 19, Tyler Linabury, 19, Michael Salem, 21, and Alex Lavene, 21. All four were identified by police to be responsible for organizing pledging activities and were allegedly responsible for significant portions of activities determined to be hazing, or failed to stop hazing when occurring under their direct supervision.
By: Lanetra Bennett
November 12, 2013
Tallahassee, FL - A fraternity at Florida State is under investigation. Police say an anonymous tipster accuses Sigma Chi of hazing.
FSU student Mary Kate Broadway says she went through college sorority rush, but, decided not to join the sorority.
"It was just like a big turn off." Broadway, says.
She says she is not surprised that FSU Police are investigating Sigma Chi Fraternity on allegations of possible hazing.
Broadway says, "I feel like hazing definitely does exist on our campus and on all other campuses, too. it's really like a thing that people do because they feel like they need to, they're like sucked into it."
Police say the FSU Office of Greek Life notified them about an anonymous complaint against Sigma Chi on October 17th.
Officers have not released the specifics of the reported incident, but, say it involves recruitment and/or alcohol violations related to the induction of new fraternity members.
MAJ Jim Russell with the FSU Police Department says, "In general, I think we need to have due diligence to stop hazing in whatever venue it occurs at. At the end of the day, people can get hurt. So, it's important that we pay attention to it."
The assistant chapter advisor, Richard Benton, says, "The Sigma Chi Fraternity at Florida State University understands that the University must respond to allegations of hazing, even those which are made anonymously and without corroboration."
Benton says Sigma Chi has directed its members and pledges to cooperate with police.
The Office of Greek Life says an interim disciplinary action is in place for Sigma Chi fraternity.
Full statements from Benton and the Office of Greek Life are posted below.
Statement from: Richard E. Benton, Assistant Chapter Advisor, FSU Sigma Chi Fraternity
The Sigma Chi Fraternity at Florida State University understands that the University must respond to allegations of hazing, even those which are made anonymously and without corroboration. Sigma Chi was informed on October 17, 2013 that such anonymous allegations had been made against it and that the Florida State University Police Department would undertake an inquiry regarding those anonymous and uncorroborated allegations.
Sigma Chi has directed its members and pledges to cooperate in all efforts by the Florida State University Police Department, and interviews with its members and pledges have been initiated and continue. Sigma Chi looks forward to having the opportunity to fully vet the anonymous and uncorroborated allegations made against it.
According to FSU Police:
On October 17, 2013, the FSU Police Department was notified by the FSU Office of Greek Life that they had received a complaint from an anonymous source regarding alleged activities at the Sigma Chi fraternity that may constitute recruitment and/or alcohol violations related to the induction of new members.
The FSUPD opened an inquiry to examine the veracity of the allegations and to develop information if the allegations were deemed to be credible.
This investigation is ongoing and continues at this time.
Statement FSU Office of Greek Life:
An interim disciplinary action, as authorized by University regulation, is in place for Sigma Chi fraternity. We will review any information provided by FSUPD at the conclusion of its investigation.


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Schematic drawing of a Vibra Screw 5-t/hr cement feed system
One of the areas often overlooked in high-rate loss-in-weight feeding is reliable on-demand supply from the primary storage bin. Performance of the most sophisticated weigh-feeding systems often suffers from inattention to the large refill bin up above. This concern is especially critical with materials that are highly cohesive or tend to flush through the system when aerated.
At a South Carolina building-materials company, cement and kiln dust are stored in two 20-ft-diam silos and one 11-ft-diam silo. Both materials will alternately pack in the bin or fluidize beyond control. The company needed to precisely meter the kiln dust at 2 mtph and the cement at 5 mtph, so loss-in-weight feeding equipment was specified.
Designed by Vibra Screw, the loss-in-weight feeders consisted of a 50-cu-ft hopper with a small bin activator mounted above a 6-in. heavy-duty feeder. The bin/feeder assemblies are cell mounted and controlled by Model 2160 continuous loss-in-weight controllers.
The main storage silos were fitted with two 10-ft bin activators and one 7-ft bin activator, supplying the loss-in-weight systems through a refill valve.
In designing its weigh systems, Vibra Screw first designs an accurate volumetric system using simple robust mechanical components. In its volumetric configuration, the feed system performs at ±1–2% of set rate. When load cells and the loss-in-weight controller are added, accuracy increases to ±0.25–0.50%. With an accurate volumetric feeding capability as the starting point, calibration of the weighing system is easier, and error during refill is minimized.
The key to accurate feeding is delivering a steady stream of uniformly dense material on demand when refill is required. The bin activators on the primary storage silos perform this function. A bin activator replaces that portion of the bin transition cone where materials may bridge or pack. In addition to promoting flow, the bin activator deaerates material, bringing it to a uniform density.
The bin activator is suspended from the storage bin by forged steel hanger arms fitted with elastomer bushings. This provides great vertical strength while isolating almost all the vibration from the storage bin. A leakproof molded sleeve seals the gap between the bin activator and the bin, and an oil-lubricated and -cooled gyrator provides up to 9000 lb of vibratory force.
The body of the bin activator is formed from an ASME dished head for strength and maximum flow proportion. Working in conjunction with a steep lower cone, this dish/cone profile eliminates packing at the outlet. In addition, an internal baffle promotes flow from the upper reaches of the bin while also protecting the discharge outlet.
The loss-in-weight feeder systems are designed to operate 24 hours a day, seven days a week. When refill is required, the controller turns on the bin activators and opens their refill valves, recharging the feeder hoppers in a matter of seconds.
The customer now has a multiton storage and feeding capability free from bin-flow problems that will deliver the desired rate at ±0.25 to 0.50% accuracy.
For more information on Vibra Screw Inc., Totowa, NJ, call 973-256-7410, e-mail [email protected], or visit www.vibrascrewinc.com.


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Growth Stall Obscures U.S. Consumer, Business Gains: EconomyShobhana Chandra and Michelle Jamrisko
The economy in the U.S. unexpectedly came to a standstill in the fourth quarter as the biggest plunge in defense spending in 40 years swamped gains for consumers and businesses.
Gross domestic product dropped at a 0.1 percent annual rate, weaker than any economist forecast in a Bloomberg survey and the worst performance since the second quarter of 2009, when the world's largest economy was still in the recession, Commerce Department figures showed today in Washington. A decline in government outlays and a smaller gain in stockpiles subtracted a combined 2.6 percentage points from growth.
Rising auto sales led the advance in consumer spending last quarter as a drop in fuel prices and the largest income gain in four years enabled the biggest part of the economy to overcome superstorm Sandy and Washington budget battles. Little inflation and a stop-and-go expansion are why Federal Reserve policy makers, who wrapped up a two-day meeting today, pressed on with plans to pump more money into financial markets.
"I'm not going to say growth is particularly strong, but this is not a recessionary signal by any means," said Paul Edelstein, director of financial economics at IHS Global Insight in Lexington, Massachusetts, whose team projected a 0.3 percent gain, the lowest in the Bloomberg survey. "This really was a story about a payback in national defense spending. Consumer-spending growth picked up, fixed investment was fairly strong."
Stocks fell, dragging benchmark indexes from five-year highs. The Standard & Poor's 500 Index declined 0.4 percent to 1,501.96 at the close in New York.
Europe Improves
The European economy, meantime, showed more signs of emerging from recession. A measure of executive and consumer sentiment in the euro area climbed in January to the highest level in seven months, figures from the European Commission in Brussels showed today.
The U.S. slowdown followed a 3.1 percent increase at an annual rate in GDP, the volume of all goods and services produced, in the third quarter when inventories jumped, government spending advanced and trade improved, providing almost mirror images of last quarter's results.
The "statistical noise in the defense and inventory components" means it's best to look at the average pace of growth over the second half of the year to get a better understanding, economists David Greenlaw and Ted Wieseman at Morgan Stanley in New York, said in a note. The resulting 1.5 percent "is right in line with the growth pace seen in recent years."
Survey Results
The median forecast of 83 economists surveyed by Bloomberg called for a 1.1 percent gain in growth. Projections ranged from 0.3 percent to 2.1 percent. Today's estimate is the first of three for the quarter, with the other releases scheduled for February and March when more information becomes available.
For all of 2012, the world's largest economy expanded 2.2 percent after a 1.8 percent increase a year earlier.
Consumer spending, which accounts for about 70 percent of the economy, expanded at a 2.2 percent annual rate last quarter, up from 1.6 percent in the previous three months, today's report showed. Purchases of durable goods, including automobiles, climbed at a 13.9 percent rate, the most in two years.
Cars and light trucks sold at a 15.3 million annual rate in December after a 15.5 million pace the prior month, the best back-to-back showing since early 2008, data from Ward's Automotive Group showed earlier this month.
Incomes Jump
A jump in pay may have helped consumers. After-tax income rose at a 6.8 percent annual rate from October through December, the biggest increase since the second quarter of 2008, today's report showed.
In addition to improving wages and salaries, some companies also paid dividends and employee bonuses earlier than usual before tax rates went up this year. The Commerce Department estimated that about $26.4 billion of the increase in incomes was attributable to early dividend payments and another $15 billion reflected bonuses and other types of irregular pay.
The gain in consumer spending may be difficult to sustain this quarter as a tax increase takes a bigger chunk from earnings. Congress on Jan. 1 let the payroll tax revert to 6.2 percent from 4.2 percent while avoiding broad-based income tax increases. Lawmakers are now wrangling over spending reductions scheduled for March 1 that threaten to further slow the economy.
Another report today showed companies took on more workers than projected in January, showing the labor market kept making progress at the start of the year. The 192,000 increase in employment, the most since February 2012, followed a revised 185,000 gain in December, according to figures from the Roseland, New Jersey-based ADP Research Institute.
Fed Action
A statement from Fed policy makers today indicated the central bank will continue its unprecedented balance-sheet growth to spur the economic expansion and reduce unemployment. The Federal Open Market Committee said it will keep purchasing securities at the rate of $85 billion a month.
The Fed repeated that the purchases will continue "if the outlook for the labor market does not improve substantially."
"Although strains in global financial markets have eased somewhat, the committee continues to see downside risks to the economic outlook," the FOMC also said.
The GDP report also showed price pressures remain contained, giving policy makers reason to stay the course. A measure of inflation, which is tied to consumer spending and tracked by Fed officials, climbed at a 1.2 percent annual pace compared with 1.6 percent in the prior quarter.
Corporate spending on equipment and software climbed at a 12.4 percent pace, contributing 0.86 percentage point to growth last quarter. It had declined at a 2.6 percent rate in the previous three months, the most in more than three years.
Housing Rebound
Residential construction increased at a 15.3 percent rate. For all of 2012, homebuilding climbed 11.9 percent, the best performance since 1992.
Gains in housing, a rebound in business investment and a pickup in global growth that are benefiting companies such as General Electric Co. will probably help underpin GDP this year.
General Electric's fourth-quarter profit topped analysts' estimates as demand in emerging markets fueled the aviation and health-care divisions, which helped build a record $210 billion order backlog for the Fairfield, Connecticut-based company.
"We saw real strength in the emerging markets and the developed regions stabilized," Chief Executive Officer Jeffrey Immelt said on a Jan. 18 conference call. GE "entered 2013 with substantial momentum" following "solid order growth in five of the six businesses," he said.
Government Outlays
Government outlays dropped at a 6.6 percent annual pace from October through December, subtracting 1.3 percentage points from growth, according to today's GDP report. The decrease was led by a 22.2 percent fall in military spending that was the biggest since 1972, during the Vietnam War era.
Inventories grew at a $20 billion annual rate, down from a $60.3 billion pace in the third quarter. The pickup in consumer and business spending, combined with the effects of superstorm Sandy, which struck the East Coast in late October and caused widespread damage including shuttering businesses and destroying automobiles, may have restrained stock-building. The smaller gain in stockpiles cut GDP by another 1.3 percentage points.
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There are plenty of charm bracelets out there, but the most popular one right now is the one inspired by Eclipse which is a part of the Twilight saga. In this book, Jacob gives Bella a graduation present; which of course is a bracelet with a wolf charm. Later on, Edward decides to add onto this charm, a large crystal heart.
There's different version of this bracelet on the internet right now. Of course this is my version. Jacob used wood to carve his charm, but I used a metal charm instead. It would have taken me days if I attempted to carve out a tiny wolf.
For Edward's charm, I used Swarovski crystal. You can't go wrong with Swarovski. The steps are pretty easy. All you really have to do is just add the charms onto a metal chain and you'll have your own little piece of Bella's gift.


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Broadcast Treaty Is Baaaaaack: Plan To Create Yet Another Copyright-Like Right For Hollywood
from the and-here-we-go-again dept
Indeed, it does seem to come around every few years like clockwork, as Hollywood pushes WIPO to put together a treaty creating broadcast rights. For a brief while, driven by some more enlightened folks within the Obama administration, the US government had pushed back against such a treaty, but nearly all of those people have long since left the administration, replaced by longterm entertainment industry folks and copyright maximalists. So it was little surprise last year when the US suddenly announced that it now supported a broadcast treaty. That announcement came from Shira Perlmutter, a former entertainment industry lobbyist, now 'Director of International Affairs' at the USPTO.
For that reason, the broadcast treaty, after years of going nowhere, should be watched quite carefully. Negotiations at WIPO have just gotten underway, and the entertainment industry has a "large presence" at the negotiations, while there is just one group, KEI, representing consumer interests directly (CCIA is also there representing the tech industry, and has a strong history of pushing back against bogus expansions of IP law, including the broadcast treaty). However, as Jamie Love, from KEI has noted, no one on the other side seems willing to explain why a broadcast treaty is even needed in the first place:
This is a frustrating negotiation for all sorts of reasons, but I'll start with the most basic concerns. It has been extremely difficult to get broadcaster treaty supporters to explain why a treaty is needed, in a world where content is already protected under several copyright and related rights treaties. At the last two SCCR meetings KEI was unable to get a single lobbyist for the broadcast treaty to make a public video interview setting out the case for the treaty, or even to answer basic questions about their objectives. We don't know if the rationale is related to piracy or to create a set of new economic rights for people who broadcast (and do not create) content. And, we don't understand why copyright does not already provide mechanisms to address piracy, when it occurs.As is unfortunately typical for WIPO, the negotiations are being led by faith-based reasoning that this is "needed," but without any data or factual basis to back it up.
There are alleged gaps in copyright protection for works, but other than vague assertions that sporting events are not protected in some countries (which ones?) and some poorly articulated claims that broadcast owners don't have standing to litigate piracy, the "gaps" argument is hard to follow -- even though people are genuinely open minded, and would consider fixes to problems if they could be explained.
Some broadcasters say they don't care about the creation of new economic rights, with others clearly do. But what are these rights, and who gets them? There are proposals to create rights for giant corporations that own "channels" of content, like HBO, ESPN, the Disney Channel, etc, and these new rights would divert revenue from copyright owners to distributors. Since the ownership of distribution of video is much more concentrated than is ownership of video content, this would have distributional impacts that are not well understood. Also, there is likely to be redistribution of incomes out of some countries to a handful of large content distributors, and the impact of this cross country redistribution is not well understood.
WIPO could try to sort our these empirical and policy issues so people could better evaluate the proposals, but so far there has been zero economic analysis, and lots of talking about non-issues, such the interventions that seem to suggest that infringement of copyrighted material that is broadcast is somehow not an infringement without the treaty (Really, where?)We've discussed many times how ridiculous it is that these kinds of things are "created" in these kinds of negotiations, and then foisted upon various country governments. There is absolutely no reason to create this new treaty other than to give yet another unnecessary gift to broadcasters, and to take away from the public and the public domain.


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Crystal Cove State Beach
Distance: 51 miles one-way. I don't know that I've ever been on a bad beach in California. But I've never been on one with as many appealing qualities as Crystal Cove: tide pools, scenic bluffs and a family-friendly vibe. It's roomy too, though development on this stretch of land between Laguna Beach and Newport Beach has amped up the action in recent years. Still, on weekends, you'll have plenty of space for a blanket or a pop-up awning. No snack shops or bike rentals here, just a great rustic and pristine beach. Note that the walk from the parking lot to the beach can be long and steep. Kids have no trouble with it, but unsteady grandparents might. Between Laguna Beach and Corona del Mar; (949) 494-3539, www.parks.ca.gov. --Chris Erskine
Allen J. Schaben / Los Angeles Times
Copyright © 2018, CT Now


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I've been driven nuts by the name of Dayton's ball field, "Fifth Third Field." OK: is it fifth OR third? And fifth or third what? Street? Avenue? Banana? Is it at the intersection of fifth and third? If so then the name should be "Fifth and Third Field." It would cue out-of-towners that that's what it is. And talk about an unsexy name for a venue: two numerical descriptions of something unknown.
It reminds me of "Ruth's Chris Steakhouse." Is "Chris" a kind of steak or steakhouse? Or does Ruth own Chris? I think the name was created just to get the attention of someone like me. First time I saw one, a had to pull over and muse on the nonsensical name.
It truly is the offseason.


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Return to Transcripts main page
World on the Brink
Aired June 5, 2014 - 21:00 ET
JOHN F. KENNEDY, 35TH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: The supreme national effort will be needed to move this country safely through the 1960s. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Across the world, Soviet missiles are aimed at the United States. Whatever the President does, he risks nuclear war. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Khrushchev calls West Berlin a cancerous sore. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Lines are now drawn. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: 25 Russian ships are en route for Cuba on what maybe a coalition cause. There's no way of knowing whether western civilization will live or die. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: I think that if something that's done that you manage over destroying south. ROBERT DALLEK, AUTHOR, AN UNFINISHED LIFE: JOHN F. KENNEDY: Early on in the 60s, you have this backdrop of tension. You have capitalism versus communism and it was palpable fear in the United States and in the Soviet Union that the two sides were going to get into a nuclear war. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: The temper of the world is crisis. Architect of the crisis, Nikita Khrushchev. TIMOTHY NAFTALI, CO-AUTHOR, KHRUSHCHEV'S COLD WAR: As the head of the Soviet Union, Khrushchev was very ideological. He believed that the future belonged to communism. He said, "America needs to be contained, and the only way to do it is to create crises all around the American empire." DALLEK: Khrushchev came to the U.N. in 1960 and he said, "We are grinding up missiles like lozenges (ph), we will bury you." And Americans took it seriously. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: The toughness of the Khrushchev speech, this adds some propaganda tools of a prior (ph) that is now raging diplomatically between Moscow and Washington EVAN THOMAS, AUTHOR, IKE'S BLUFF: To see if the Soviets were building nuclear weapons and more importantly missiles to launch them at the United States. They were flying a spy plane over the Soviet Union called the U-2. BILL FOX: I'm Bill Fox, a stay (ph) cable at the United Press International in New York. A single engine U.S. Air Force plane with one man aboard went missing today not blocking the Soviet border in the rugged mountains Southeastern Turkey. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: To a stunned and startled audience, Khrushchev announced than an American U-2 spy plane have been shot down in the Soviet Union. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Khrushchev made the wreckage a public exhibition. To the Soviet Union, this wreckage was a national cause, national outrage over the violation of Soviet boundaries. NAFTALI: And so out comes the cover story. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: The department has been informed that by the N-A- S-A, a U-2 weather research plane piloted by a civilian has been missing since May 1. RICHARD REEVES, AUTHOR, PRESIDENT KENNEDY: PROFILE OF POWER: Eisenhower had said, "No, that didn't happen, et cetera, et cetera." It'd been drawn into a trap by Khrushchev. THOMAS: The Soviet leader was able to show, not only did they shot down the plane but they had the pilot. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Francis Gary Powers, an ordinary man caught up in extraordinary circumstances and in a way magnified by them. FRANCIS GARY POWERS, AMERICAN PILOT, CIA U-2 SPY PLANE: I realized that I've committed a grave crime and I've realized that I must be punished for it. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: The evidence of espionage currency presumably for the spy to buy his way to freedom. And a spy's last resort, a poisoned needle with which he could kill himself instantly if captured and threatened with torture. DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER, 34TH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: No one wants another Pearl Harbor. This means that we must have knowledge of military forces and preparations around the world. The safety of the whole free world demands this. CHET HUNTLEY, NBC NEWS ANCHOR: Our government was in effect admitting that we had previously lied and that we had committed espionage. Admissions no nation had ever made before. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: How does this incident affect the United States do you think? UNIDENTIFIED MALE: I think that it would give the American supply title (ph) of the Earth. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: I think that we ought to think one of those submarines that have been spying off Cape Canaveral. UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: Well, I don't think we should admit it. We have a right to protect our self. THOMAS: The shoot down was such a big event that it basically torpedoed at the top (ph), it torpedoed the chance to have a peaceful period. And actually it was the beginning of the scariest part of the Cold War. DALLEK: America's public mood was one of the moralization and there's the feeling that we can do better and that's when the election of 1960 comes along. KENNEDY: I think the question before the American people is, "Are we doing as much as we can do? Are we as strong as we should be? Are we as strong as we must be if we're going to maintain our independence?" REEVES: Kennedy was a cold warrior more than Eisenhower was really. KENNEDY: I want people in Latin America, and Africa, and Asia to start to look to America, to see how we're doing things and wonder what the president of the United States is doing and not to look at Khrushchev or look at the Chinese communists. REEVES: The fact is, Kennedy did run to the right of Nixon and he was saying that they were letting the Russians get ahead of us in missiles. DALLEK: He friends those people, it's not true but he friends those people and it's very effective in the campaign. KENNEDY: I believe the Soviet Union is first in outer space. Threw yourselves into Khrushchev, you maybe ahead of us in rockets than us but we're ahead of you in colored television. I think that color television is not as important as rockets thrust. REEVES: The missile gap was a total lie. We out-missiled them at that time better than 101. If Eisenhower come forward and said, "This kid is not telling the truth." that would have been a different election. KENNEDY: Let every nation know whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, beat any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty. REEVES: Kennedy, it is an inaugural speech, did not have a single mention of domestic issue. He came to the presidents, he's thinking job was to run the Cold War, to defeat the Russians. KENNEDY: I do not shrink from this responsibility. I welcome it. (COMMERCIAL BREAK) CHARLES COLLINGWOOD, CBS NEWS: If you had left New York by car at seven minutes past one this morning, by 2:55, you could've made Philadelphia, 95 miles in an hour and 48 minutes. In that same time this morning, a man went around the world. The spaceship was built in Russia. DALLEK: When the Russians put Yuri Gagarin into space, it was another sense of America being not back on its heels. We're behind. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Khrushchev greeted the hero saying, "Now, let the capitalist country try to catch up." NAFTALI: For the Russians to be the first to put a man in space, that's a real blow not only to American cried, but we started the whole question about whether the U.S. government could protect the American people. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Gagarin's spaceship weighed five tons. The biggest payload we've been able to push into orbit weighed only a few hundred pounds. NAFTALI: If you could put a man into space, if you can put nuclear warheads into space and lots of them and then we're in trouble. MARVIN KALB, NBC NEWS ANCHOR: This is Marvin Kalb in Moscow. The people who work back here in the Kremlin are convinced that the balance of (inaudible) and the world has shifted in their favor. And encouraged by this conviction, they've stepped up their activities all over the world not only in Berlin but also in Latin America. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: A big jam of camera man here now, an absolute mad house here. The first prestigious meeting between Premier Khrushchev and Premier Castro is now in order. SERGEI KHRUSHCHEV, AUTHOR, KHRUSHCHEV ON KHRUSHCHEV: My father first met Fidel Castro in 1960 in the United Nations. Cubans became heroes in the Soviet Union. It was like the David who challenged Goliath. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: If ever the cities of the United States could peace Cuba? They're opinion would ... UNIDENTIFIED MALE: The man who (inaudible) Fidel Castro has become an enemy of the United States. DALLEK: In Cuba, we have Fidel Castro who is tying himself to the Soviet Bloc which seems to be threatening the United States by the possibility that they're going to export communism to other southern American countries which are in many instances, anti-American. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: (Foreign language) NAFTALI: Khrushchev is saying that you have to understand that Cuba matters a lot to us. Don't mess with Cuba. Khrushchev was not just using rhetoric. The Eastern Bloc was supporting Castro with military systems. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Many Latin Americans were shocked to find out how much communist equipment Castro actually has. DALLEK: The sense was that Kennedy had to do something about Castro. When Kennedy comes to the presidency, he's brief on the fact that there was a plan in place to topple Castro. NAFTALI: But the plan that's presented to him is not what he wants. It's a huge invasion, a noisy beach. It's going to look like a U.S. invasion at Cuba. So he says to the CIA, we can't be associated with this. I want something that is believably Cuba. RON OPPEN, WTVJ, MIAMI: This is Ron Oppen in Miami. I'm standing in one of the many anti-Castro recruiting places scattered throughout the city. FELIX RODRIGUEZ, VETERAN OF THE BAY OF PIGS INVASION: The great (inaudible) we're anti-communist. So when we found there was something against Castro, we learned where there was a recruiting center, now we just approached them and joined. We had no idea it was the CIA. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Since two o'clock this morning, men and boys have been filing through this store behind me, anxious to join the fight in Cuba against Fidel Castro's government. MICHAEL DOBBS, AUTHOR, ONE MINUTE TO MIDNIGHT: They were mainly Cuban exiles. They hated Castro. They thought that they could amount to a small scale invasion which would gather more and more support until it ended up dethroning the regime. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Cuban businessmen, doctors, white-collar workers, men who once drove taxis always hoping the muscle of the United States would sustain them. RODRIGUEZ: We thought United States being behind this operation, there was no way we were going to lose, and we wrong. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Full force of invaders landed at a semi isolated resort area on the south coast of Cuba as the bay they have picked (ph). UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Castro alerted his small air force and his large army and raced towards the sea. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: The showdown came at dawn but the rebels managed to move only 20 miles in land and those able to move beach to beach were trapped in swamp or high road. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: (Foreign Language). UNIDENTIFIED MALE: All moved the revolutionary forces which are shooting down Yankee plans and are smashing the invaders of the land. The Castro controlled television network is parading prisoners captured on the beaches of (inaudible) before the cameras for public interrogation. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: One rider had called that they have picked (ph) the perfect failure. It was a tragedy on the beach and in Washington. WALTER CRONKIT, CBS NEWS ANCHOR: Out of the news of this week, the attempt of Cuban exiles to reestablish a foothold in their homeland. The Mexico failure that became a strategic defeat for Cuban democracy and American trustee (ph). RAUL ROA, CUBAN ADMINISTRATOR TO THE UNITED NATIONS: If (inaudible) imperialistic (inaudible) on the government of the United States. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: United States has committed no aggression against Cuba and no offensive has been launched from Florida or from any other part of the United States. MAX HOLLAND, AUTHOR AND HISTORIAN: The American role is immediately exposed. No one believes that this isn't happening that some American helped. RICHARD KALLSEN, CBS NEWS: The leader of the free world has been humiliated on its own doorstep. Castro has prevailed over Kennedy at least for the moment and it will take a long time to destroy that image. KALB: It was a calamity. Kennedy had been totally misinformed by American intelligence about the strength of the anti-communist movement and the fact that when these poor people arrived on the beaches in Cuba, they were decimated. CRONKIT: Only landings themselves, Stuart, how large were they actually? STUART NOVINS, CBS NEWS: Best indications, Walter, there were about 300 men and all over the weapons they could carry. Unmistakably clear, Walter, from all the evidence available that the CIA planned this operation. It was the CIA that established the revolutionary council by saying through the dissident factions get together or else. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Today, in his newest conference, the president acknowledged the failure and took the responsibility for it. KENNEDY: Detailed discussions are not to conceal responsibility because I'm the responsible officer of the government. Victory has 100 fathers and defeat is an orphan. HOLLAND: The Russians, I think, see this as evidence of young, feckless, inexperienced president. DALLEK: Kennedy privately goes around saying, "How could I've been so stupid?" He's full of self incrimination. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Kennedy listen to the experts, CIA, the military, a little bit too much and they were wrong. DALLEK: The lesson he learns from this is not to trust the CIA. (COMMERCIAL BREAK) UNIDENTIFIED MALE: After the Bay of Pigs, Kennedy was more anxious than ever to meet with Khrushchev because he knew that he had screwed up. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Today, President Kennedy with Nikita Khrushchev. REEVES: Before the meeting in Vienna would straighten all that out. In fact, it made it much worse. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Vienna was at its romantic best. Almost enough it seemed to remove a bit of the chill from the Cold War. It began with the police escort leading Mr. Kennedy's limousine to the Soviet embassy. Nikita Khrushchev was waiting also for talks that would explore such issues as Berlin nuclear testing and disarmed amount (ph). LISA HOWARD, ABC NEWS: First, what do you think of this meeting between the young president and the Khrushchev? UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Well, I think it was long (inaudible) because Khrushchev needs peace and Khrushchev needs (inaudible). UNIDENTIFIED MALE: For Khrushchev, it is a chance to test the new president. On a subject of Berlin, Khrushchev is tough and blunt. KALB: Khrushchev said West Berlin is a bone in my throat and we must extract it. DALLEK: Berlin, of course, is divided at the end of World War II but Berlin is 110 miles inside of the East German zone. Khrushchev is threatening to force the integration and take over West Berlin. And Kennedy says that Berlin is part of our Western commitment at World War II. Don't challenge us there. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: After two days, the talks end. THOMAS: Kennedy did not do well. He allowed himself to be caught in an ideological argument with Khrushchev. He'd been warned against it. He did it any ways and Khrushchev bullied him and pushed him around. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Khrushchev has made the first move in the test game and the president knows it as he leaves, he says, "It's going to be a cold winter." NAFTALI: Kennedy thought there might be a basis for dealing with the Soviets instead he gets to Berlin crisis. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: In July, 1,000 East Germans escaped in the West Berlin everyday. Now, in August, they are coming out of the rate of 2,500 a day as a result of Khrushchev's threats and demand. East Germany is being fled its best trained people. ROBERT MACNEIL, AUTHOR AND JOURNALIST: I went to Berlin to cover the bureau and the NBC newscast in New York called In The Middle of the Night and said, "What's this about closing off the border, at the Brandenburg Gate?" UNIDENTIFIED MALE: At two a.m., the communist regime issued a new case. No East German could go to West Berlin without special dispensation. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: The sound of jackhammers erupts in the night. Suddenly, East German police appeared tearing up the sidewalks and street. MACNEIL: A small crowd gathered and the East Germans were unrolling barbed wire and starting fences. They were sealing off the border. I thought "My God, this is ... " you know, "...unbelievable." RAY SCHERER, NBC NEWS: President Kennedy was in (inaudible) port for the weekend. A telephone call from Washington that Sunday morning, told him that the communist had finally began to seal the Berlin's sector border against the East Germans and East Berliners. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Through backyards down canals across streets, all along the 25-mile border between East and West Berlin. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Telephone lines, the West Germany are cut, a flood of refugees is dammed up. West Berlin is isolated. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Communist country like East Germany cannot exist with an open border. It must be able to wall its people in and make them work so communism succeeds. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: President Kennedy decided on Thursday to send Johnson to Berlin because Mayor Brandt has a written a letter warning that the city's rotting morals requires bold and quick treatment. LYNDON JOHNSON, 37TH VICE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES: As the United States wants you to know that the pledge he has given to the freedom of West Berlin and to the rights of Western access to Berlin is firm UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Is Krushchev entirely convinced that our words have meaning? And if he is not, what can we do instead of war to convince him that they do? UNIDENTIFIED MALE: 1,500 American soldiers arrived in West Berlin after 110-mile road trip across East Germany and the Soviet press and radio described the arrival of additional American forces as a challenging military act. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: But Berliners know that Western strength is their only protection. DALLEK: And there were also some people who say send the tanks and knock the damn wall down. No. He understands the soldier's problem. Will Khrushchev try and take over the rest of Berlin if he's putting up a wall? Will he risk a wall with us? No. The wall saved us from that kind of concept. NAFTALI: After the Berlin crisis, Khrushchev test the largest nuclear device ever. He basically is going to say to the Americans, "You can't scare me. I'm going to scare you." UNIDENTIFIED MALE: The West has nuclear jitters. People worrying about fallout, about war. Khrushchev has turned testing into a weapon of Earth. DALLEK: There was tremendous anxiety and fear that if you got into a nuclear war, it was going to be the devastation of civilization. It was the apocalypse. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Let us face, without panic, the reality of our times, the fact that atom bombs may someday be dropped on our cities. And let us prepare for survival by understanding the weapon that threatens us. REEVES: The threat of nuclear war was the center of many of our lives. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Fallout shelter could save your life in a nuclear war. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: The family room of tomorrow. It's a truly ship- shaped room, only eight and a half by 12 feet in size but with an amazing amount of storage space. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: In this season, unless we can control and use such a thing as that and all the civilization that we build up overall these many thousands of years will just be washed out. UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: It can be quite as scary to think about at some point that happen to us. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: They were close to nuclear war in 1961. THOMAS: And as JFK said to his brother "Bobby, you know, we've had a good life but our children, what if there's a nuclear war and our children die?" That's how close the war felt. (COMMERCIAL BREAK) ADLAI STEVENSON, AMBASSADOR TO THE UNITED NATION: As he said he would, Mr. Crockett has exploded his giant bomb in cenacle disregard of the United Nations. NAFTALI: Kennedy recognizes that he's on the verge or again another crisis, that he's looking on the wrong direction. And then in 1962, there's a lot of political chatter about Cuba. JOHN F. KENNEDY: That in anytime the communist build up in Cuba, word to endanger. I'll interfere with our security in any way. Then this country will do whatever must be done to protect its own security and that of its allies. RICHARD REVES, AUTHOR, PRESIDENT KENNEDY. PROFILE OF POWER: The CIA had a consultant who spotted soccer fields all along the coast in Cuba. And as he said the Cubans play baseball, Russian plays soccer. NAFTALI: Kennedy approves a series of U-2 flights. KALB: They don't want to get sucked in once again as he had at the time of the Bay of Peace. He wanted hard evidence. NAFTALI: It was the combination of very good, high level photography plus espionage, they made it possible for the U.S. Intelligence Community to say, "Mr. President, we are absolutely convinced that they are putting missiles in Cuba. DOBBS: Kennedy gets together a group of his closest advisers which becomes known as the ExComm or Executive Committee of the National Security Council. KENNEDY: How far advance is this? UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Sir, we've never seen this kind of an installation before. KENNEDY: (inaudible) in the Soviet Union UNIDENTIFIED MALE: No, sir. KENNEDY: How do you know this (inaudible) medium range (inaudible) UNIDENTIFIED MALE: The (inaudible), sir. NAFTALI: U.S. intelligence showed him the parts of the United States that would be hit by a nuclear attack. And the figure was up 30 million American were endanger of dying. SERGEI KHRUSHCHEV, AUTHOR, KHRUSHCHEV ON KHRUSHCHEV: My father, he want to be recognized as equal. If you not recognize as equal, you challenge over the side. KENNEDY: All right, now what kinds of military action are we capable of carrying out and what may be sine of the consequences? MCNAMARA: We could carry out an air strike within a mater of days. DALLEK: Good debates, should we bomb? Should we invade? Back and forth. MCNAMARA: (inaudible) we've launched 50 to 100 soldiers, what kind of a world do we live in? How do we stop (inaudible)? I don't know the answer to this. REEVES: Most of then thought, you know, we should attack Cuba. Kennedy almost alone did not want to do that. DOBBS: Kennedy is he only person who has a sort of larger view. There are times when he's not just the president of the United States, he is thinking in terms of the survival of the human race. KENNEDY: Now, the question, wherever he is, we're not taking (inaudible) changes of (inaudible), which obviously (inaudible) failure. DOBBS: He was frightened that a wrong move by him could trigger a whole sequence of news by the other side, so he wanted to slow everything down. And the method he choose was the imposition of blockade. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: President Kennedy will address the nation tonight on radio and television, on a subject of the highest national urgency. KENNEDY: Good evening my fellow citizens, this government as promised has maintain the closest surveillance of the soviet military build up on the island of Cuba. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: This launch long range and clearly offensive weapons of sudden mass destruction constitutes an explicit threat to the peace and security of all the Americans. KENNEDY: Before this offensive buildup a street quarantine in all offensive military equipment under shipment to Cuba is being initiated. I have directed the arm forces to prepare for any eventuality. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Within minutes after the presidents ultimately announce that it was sustaining a blockade of Cuba with more than 40 ships and 20,000 men. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: I don't like to see us go to war but if it's necessary to prevent a nuclear war, I think the action has to be taken at this time. UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: All I think it's high time we stop Russia from having things their own way. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: I know that some action should be taken but he's going to have to (inaudible) very likely short of war. KALB: But the American people were very frightened that they were on the edge of a cataclysm. Something no one had ever experience before, a nuclear war. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: We have been jammed up, we have been mobbed. People are buying like food is going out of style. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Is this your normal order or are you stockpiling? UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: Oh I'm not stockpiling. I feel that if anything would happen, you wouldn't able to need it anyhow. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Develop a shelter spot where there is water, food, medical supplies, a Geiger counter and a radio. Congressional leaders will be called from their campaign labor, blown back to Washington and military planes. And there were reports of troop movements in the (inaudible). UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Cuban (inaudible) Fidel Castro told his people that the arms arcade is the most dangerous adventure since World War II. He called President Kennedy a pirate and set a life and death struggle in underway between an empire and the revolution of a small and weak people. The Cuban militia was mobilized and the country was put on a war footing. Russia alerted it's military forces and warned that the United States is playing with fire. At a special section of the United Nation Security Council, the United States, Cuba and Russia operate separate resolutions and played at better charges. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Do you ambassador Oren deny that the USSR has faced and is placing medium and intermediate range missiles and sites in Cuba? Yes or no. Don't wait for the (inaudible), yes or no. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: I am not in an American courtroom sir. And therefore I do not wish to answer a question that is put to me in the fashion in which prosecuted us. In due call, say you will have your reply. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: I'm prepared to wait for my answer until (inaudible) is over, if that's your decision. DOBBS: In each side didn't know what the other side was doing and there was a lot of room for miscalculation. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: We believe there (inaudible) 25 soviet ship moving toward Cuba. If the vessel does not stop, refuses to hid the instructions, force will be applied to assure that it does stop. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: The (inaudible) says, soviet ships will never submit to the United States blockade. NAFTALI: The next few days are critical. Who is going to blink first? (COMMERCIAL BREAK) UNIDENTIFIED MALE: A dispatch just in, a late development. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: 25 soviet ships team toward Cuba. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: If the ships captains do no stop, force will be used to stop. KALB: IT was a truly historic drama taking place every moment of everyday. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: We are not in the most dangerous situations since the end of World War II. The next 48 hours will be decided. REEVES: Right up till the last minute, the first ship looked like it was going to through the barrier. And at that point Kennedy would have had to do something more. What it was wasn't even clear to him. DOBBS: The Whitehouse was on the point of being evacuated. They thought that this was the early stages of World War III. EVAN THOMAS, AUTHOR, IKE'S BLUFF: He didn't listen to the tapes of the missile crisis. And on the last day, when we seem so close to war, you can hear the voices becoming a little bit more ragged and a little bit more urgent. MCNAMARA: Well, what my main point is that I don't think, at this particular point we should show any weakness in Khrushchev. And I think we (inaudible). UNIDENTIFIED MALE: President Kennedy is the calm voice. KENNEDY): Well, let's get prepared (inaudible) tomorrow. Let's wait to see if they fire at us. Meanwhile, I'm not convince yet of an invasion. KALB: And at the last minute the soviet troops turned around. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Khrushchev has changed his position. KALB: There's was an announcement from Moscow that they would withdraw the missiles. And I said, the other guy just blinked. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: This is the day, we have every reason to believe when the world came out from under the most terrible threat of nuclear holocaust since the end of World War II. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: A message to President Kennedy was long and rambling. But for the first time, Mr. (inaudible) acknowledge the presence in Cuba of soviet missiles. He argued, there were defensive in nature, but he said he understood the President's feeling about them. He said he would withdraw the missiles if President Kennedy would promise not to invade Cuba. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: The fallowing is the text of President Kennedy's statement of noon. I welcome chairman Khrushchev, statement like decision to stop building based in Cuba, this is an important and constructive contribution to peace. REEVES: There was an incredible sigh of relief in the country and in the world. THOMAS WOLF, NEWS CORRESPONDENT: With the tranquil courage of the great leaders of democracy, John Fitzgerald Kennedy said to the communist world, enough. DALLEK: There have been some back and forth between Kennedy and Khrushchev. We'll make out promise not to invade Cuba. And then in a matter of months the NHS (ph) will take his missiles out of Turkey. And then return for that, Khrushchev publicly and verifiably removed soviet missiles from Cuba. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: The conditions of the Cold War have been altered in spirit, if not in fact by what happened in Cuba. As a result of American determination in the crisis, morale has been raised throughout the noncommunist world. UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: Perhaps this is the beginning of more understanding between out people. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Both sides realized, we need to stand back from this and we need to create a framework that's less dangerous. KENNEDY: I have chosen this time and place to discuss a topic in which ignorance to often to bounce, the truth to really perceived and that is the most important topic on earth, peace. DALLEK: The following June, Kennedy gives the famous peace speech at American University, which he talked about changing our attitudes towards the Soviet Union. KENNEDY: We're in the final analysis on most basic common link, is that we all inhabit this whole planet, we all breath the same air, we all cherish out children's future and we are all mortal. REEVES: Kennedy and his people waited for any reaction from Moscow (inaudible). And then they got to tell (inaudible), saying that for the first and only time a speak of an American president covered a complete page of PRAVDA the party news paper. NAFTALI: Khrushchev decide to change his world policy, the strategy of creating tension all around the American empire was dropped. And he said to his colleagues in the (inaudible), "You know what? Let's give them a test entry." UNIDENTIFIED MALE: The United States to Soviet Union and Great Britain, promise to end all nuclear test explosions in the atmosphere, outer space and underwater. KHRUSHCHEV: The big deal of Soviet Union, the same as United States and Khrushchev was very proud that they stop testing and poison atmosphere. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Man's long hopeful press for peace will cease to be only a dream and will begin to acquire acknowledge reality. DALLEK: The Nuclear Test Ban Treaty is one of the truly great achievements of the Kennedy presidency. KENNEDY: We shall not regret that we have made this clear and tolerable, national commitment, to the cause of man's survival. But under this treaty, we can and must still keep vigil and defensive freedom. (COMMERCIAL BREAK) UNIDENTIFIED MALE: The people of this county are related by the feeling of the United States finally is taken the initiative and out conflict with communist. With all along the boarders of communism we and our enemies have unfinished business. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Mr. President the headline and story in the New York Times yesterday morning said that administration would try diplomacy in Vietnam, which I assumed we've been trying all along. KENNEDY: Yeah. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: What can we do in the situation which seems to parallel other famous tobaccos of dealing with unpopular government in past. KENNEDY: Well, in the first place we ought to realize that Vietnam has been at war for 25 years. NAFTALI: Kennedy had treated Vietnam as a second tier issue until 1963. He was dealing with Berlin. He was dealing with Cuba. He has his domestic challenges. He had sent troops to train the South Vietnamese army. But he wasn't happy about it. KENNEDY: And the final announcement it's their war. They're ones we have win or lose it. We can help them and give them equipment. We can send our men out their as advisers. But they have to win it, the people of Vietnam against the communist. DOBBS: Kennedy felt that United States had to draw a line against communist expansion. But the Soviets supported the North Vietnam regime. We supported the South. DALLE: It's what becomes known as the domino theory. If South Vietnam falls then all the rest of Southeast Asia, Laos, Cambodia, the Philippines, they might be defeated. MCNAMARA: As I lay by reported upon my return from previous visits. I've been very much encourage by the progress which the South Vietnamese forces have been making and by the assistant which arm forces are rendered to them. MAX HOLLAND AUTHOR AND HISTORIAN: When Vietnam started up they believe that they had so expertly micromanage a Cuba missile crisis that they could do the same in the Southeast Asian nation 10,000 miles away. DOBBS: The North Vietnamese were very different from Soviets and Khrushchev. And the attempt to resolve the Vietnamese crisis through control escalation, simple didn't work. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: The government of South Vietnam has been over thrown by a military group. And we are all involved and I hope we don't have another bay of pigs on our hands. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Are we winning the wars of Vietnam? UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Winning, no, we're losing them. DALLEK: Kennedy says to one of his principle aids that after his reelected in 64 then he can talk about getting Vietnam. NAFTALI: It's difficult to believe that the story of United States and Vietnam would follow the same course, had John F Kennedy not gone to Dallas in 1963? DALLEK: Doing know what Kennedy would have done if he had lived. There's all sorts of evidence to suggest that he never would have done what Lyndon Johnson did in Vietnam. PRESIDENT LYNDON B JOHNSON: This nation will keep its commitments from South Vietnam to West Berlin. NAFTALI: Well LBJ had experience the same crisis by sitting next to Kennedy. He has not comes out with the same conclusion. He did not share Kennedy's suspicion of the United States military or the military advice. Once Kennedy was gone it was inevitable, that years from positive change. You lost a president who was skeptical of military advice and gain one who usually took it. ED HERLINYL: The official Russian announce said he resign. The (inaudible) that once cheered Khrushchev wildly were left in the dark as suggest what went on when the central committee had met Leonid Brezhnev as a new leader of the party. KHRUSHCHEV: My father was shocked. His successor just turn on the opposite direction and then diverse all his policies. He was very upset. THOMAS: He had begun a new age with Soviet Union, a (inaudible) of a cold war. Not complete but the beginning of something. But think change. DOBBS: That he must miss a crisis show that neither side could gain a military victory over the other side. So therefore the competition had to take a different form. KHRUSHCHEV: It was beginning of the very rapid changes in the relation between two countries. Next period in our history of compete in the economy. DOBBS: In the end we could defeat the Soviet Union military. But we could demonstrate that we had much better attractive society. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: The United States of America wants to see the cold war end. We want sanity and security and peace for all. And above all President Kennedy, I am sure with regard as his best memorial. The fact that in his three years as president the world became a little safe and the way ahead become a little brighter. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Next Thursday on The Sixties. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: You anticipated any trouble on the president's arrival. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: We would be foolish I think not to anticipate some trouble. I really I don't anticipate on the (inaudible). UNIDENTIFIED MALE: (inaudible) is dead, advice to standby for a severe gunshot wound. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: America is whole in 20th century. That day was a surviving point. (COMMERCIAL BREAK)