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Literature & Language
Books and Literature
Authors, Poets, and Playwrights
Geoffrey Chaucer
Geoffrey Chaucer
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Authors, Poets, and Playwrights
Geoffrey Chaucer was an author during the 1300s. He wrote many books, but he will always be best known for "The Canterbury Tales."
Canterbury Tales
Which people Geoffrey Chaucer wrote about?
he wrote about the wife of bath, miller, knight, clerk and the preist there the only ones i know :)
What is Geoffrey Chaucer's Middle name?
How would you describe geoffrey Chaucer?
nice hehe
What or who influenced Geoffrey Chaucer?
It was Chaucer's father who influenced him.
Did geoffrey Chaucer have any children?
He apparently had two sons and two daughters. Their names were Thomas Chaucer, Lewis Chaucer, Elizabeth Chaucer (Chaucy) and Agnes Chaucer. As a result of the limited available evidence, any information with regard to Chaucer's descendants is not fully clear. We guess that he and his wife Philippa...
What language did Geoffrey Chaucer write in?
Middle English
What are the themes that Geoffrey Chaucer used?
He uses many in several of his works. Courtly Love, Romance, Patience, Social Class, Sin, Corruption of the Church, Christianity, and Decadence are just a few.
Discuss Chaucer as a modern poet?
chaucer is a great modren poet ,because his poetry still apeals to the modren reader
Where was Geoffrey Chaucer born?
How long did Geoffrey Chaucer live?
he lived 57 years which was very long in those times
Could Geoffrey Chaucer read?
no he was blinded in 1340
Who is mr chaucer?
If you are referring to Geoffrey Chaucer, he was the first great author to write in the English language. His most famous work is The Canterbury Tales.
What would chaucers readers in the 14th century would most likely have been what by Allison?
Where two lines or curve cross?
What did Geoffrey Chaucer enjoy doing?
Did Geoffrey Chaucer have any siblings?
yes, 17 brothers and sisters
What happened to Chaucer in 1360?
in 1360, Geoffrey Chaucer became involved in protracted peace negotiations, on behalf of the king, with the French army.
How many children did Geoffrey Chaucer have?
4, two boys (named Thomas and Lewis) and two girls (named Agnes and Elizabeth)
Was Geoffrey Chaucer rich or poor?
geoffrey chaucer was a shoe maker, he didnt beleive in what talents his son had, so he left his son to "ruin his life" that is what he said about his son, not very loving is it?
How many books in total did Geoffrey Chaucer write?
There are over 500 works in his name.
What was built in geoffrey Chaucer?
Nature built the most musical mind in ancient England in Geoffrey Chaucer.
What inspired Geoffrey Chaucer to be a poet?
osama bin laden
What was Geoffrey Chaucers nickname?
Father of English Literature
What does Chaucer accentuate by placing his description of the Miller almost immediately after that of the Plowman?
The General Prologue, is the first part of the Canterbury Tales byGeoffrey Chaucer. Placing his description of the Miller after thatof the Plowman, Chaucer accentuates the virtues of the Plowman andcriminality of the Miller.
What langues did Geoffrey Chaucer speak?
Chaucer spoke English, but it was Middle English, quite different from Modern English.
What did Geoffrey Chaucer's dad do for a job?
his dad was a wine merchant
What is Geoffrey Chaucer's opinion on the Oxford cleric?
Chaucer describes the Cleric as a knowledgeable young student who would do anything to gain more knowledge. Chaucer seems to like this young man's thirst for information and his disregard for getting a job and buying nice things. "Whatever money from his friends he took, he spent on learning or...
What three writers were Geoffrey Chaucer inspired by?
What did Geoffrey Chaucer's father do for a living?
merchant and deputy to the King's butler
What did Geoffrey Chaucer do?
Geoffrey Chaucer was a Fourteenth century English poet who wrote beautiful verses including the famous Canterbury Tales, Troilus And Crisseyde, etc. At a time when the English language and literature had not elevated and refined enough for an English Renaissance, his poems became in itself a new...
When was geoffrey chaucer born?
Geoffrey Chaucer was born in 1343 and he died in 1400 - meaning he died at 57 years old.
What time period did Geoffrey Chaucer write most of his plays?
Chaucer did not write plays--he wrote stories in verse, and he did so at the end of the fourteenth century, around 1380. Shakespeare and the great age of English drama would not arrive for another 200 years.
What is generally regarded as Geoffrey Chaucer's masterpiece?
The Canterbury Tales
What awards did Geoffrey Chaucer receive?
In 1393, Chaucer was awarded 10 pounds by the King for services tothe crown. This is the closest thing to a modern award that Cahucerever received.
When did Chaucer first start writing?
chaucer first start ed writing in 1387 afte r he lost his job
What is a marriage institution?
marriage institutions are different types of marriage
What years did Geoffrey Chaucer live in?
1343-1400 a.D.
Who is geoffrey chaucer?
He is a poet who wrote between 1387-1400. .
What plea does Chaucer make to his readers concerning his own report about the pilgrimage?
The plea Chaucer makes to his readers concerning his own report about the pilgrimage is that they do not think his report is bad because the tales might have been crude.
How old was Geoffrey Chaucer when he died?
When Geoffrey Chaucer died, he was 47. But the accurate date of his birth remains unknown.
What was Geoffrey Chaucer goal in life?
to become a writer was his goal in his life. duh
Who is Shakespeare and Chaucer?
William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was an English actor, poet, theatre owner and playwright who wrote numerous poems but is most famous for his plays, some of which, such as Hamlet, are counted as the greatest plays ever written. Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400) was an English civil servant who also wrote...
Were Shakespeare and Chaucer Russian?
They were as Russian as David Beckham, Prince William and red telephone boxes. In short, they were English.
Why was Geoffrey Chaucer held captive by the french?
Times we different back then. "Hostage" does not mean what it meanstoday, and they were treated very well. I believe he actually heldsome high ranking official position in French Court. I am not surewhy this does not get more attention, or even taught.
Who wrote The CanterburyTales?
Geoffrey Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales in the late 14th century.
Who did geoffrey Chaucer marry?
geoffrey chaucer married philippa roet and had 2 kids
What 3 kings did Geoffrey Chaucer serve during his time?
Edward lll , Richard ll and Henry lV .
What is Chaucer's hometown?
London, united states
How did Geoffrey Chaucer change the English language forever?
By eating a packet of raisans and he changed the name and then he changed everythings name and named skinto , mentos :) , i llied...
Did Chaucer invent Valentine's Day?
kind of, its on wikipedia
What time period was Chaucer writing in?
The Middle Ages. He was born in 1343 and died on 25 October 1400.
When was Geoffrey Chaucer's birthday?
His birth date is unknown. He was, however, born sometime around 1343.
Why we read Geoffrey Chaucer?
To improve your ability to write complete sentences. For example: "Why do we read Geoffrey Chaucer?"
What day and month was Geoffrey Chaucer born?
What is interesting about Geoffrey Chaucer?
He invented the lightbulb
Did Geoffrey Chaucer write The Canterbury Tales in old English?
Nope, middle english.
Was Geoffrey Chaucer an only child?
no my homies he was the sibling of 5 slime babies
Why does Chaucer think its important to comment on the fact that he doesnt know the merchants name?
To emphasize how secretive and stealthy the Merchant is due to allthe illegal trades he has done.
What is the morality for the Manciple's in Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales?
The first moral lesson is not to act recklessly The second is never tell a man that his wife is sleeping with another man because he will hate you for it. The third is to always think before you speak The forth is that once you've said something you cannot take it back and you must accept the...
Why is it not surprising that the three had not heard of Chaucer or his book The Book of the Duchess?
they are not literate
Where were Geoffrey Chaucer pilgrims going?
Who was Geoffrey Chaucers mom?
Her name was Agnes Copton, but since she was married to John Chaucer her name, of course, turned on into Agnes Copton Chaucer.
What special talents did geoffrey chaucer have?
1. Geoffrey Chaucer was an author, poet, philosopher, courtier, and diplomat.
Why do you think Chaucer chose a competition as th unifying thread to the stories?
aap ka naam kiya hai!. mere ko is question ka answer nahe pata hai.mujhe help karo!
Is geoffery chaucer black?
Why did Geoffrey Chaucer stop writing The Canterbury Tales?
What are the major themes addressed in Geoffrey Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde?
The dilemma of fate verses free will, of predetermined destiny bestowed by a higher power, the invocation of a higher power, tragedy, the consequences of actions, who do we blame for the misfortunes that happen, do we create our own tragedies. Pick one.
Was Geoffrey Chaucer's poems rude?
Who was the most important composer of the fourteenth century which this individual was also a gifted poet whose works are considered equivalent to those of his English counterpart Geoffrey Chaucer?
This would have been Machaut. He was well known during his time andwas very influential to how music is enjoyed today.
What is Geoffrey Chaucer most famous for witing?
He is best known for writing 'The Canterbury Tales'
What profession found among Chaucer's pilgrams can be still found today?
Most of the pilgrims are still around- miller, cook, reeve (sheriff) Lawyer, wife, clerk, merchant, physician, nin, priest.
Where did Geoffrey Chaucer die and where is he buried?
he died in grass and got burried in the ground
Who did Geoffrey Chaucer work for as a page boy?
Chaucer worked for McDonalds as a Bell Boy, he tolled the bell to warn the beer guzzlers "Gentlemen time" biloo_5
What happened as a result of Chaucer's choice to use Middle English instead of french?
I like poopy in my pants.
What three contemporary great Italian writers influenced Geoffrey Chaucer?
Geoffrey Chaucer (1343? - October 25, 1400) was influenced by twogreat Italian authors whose lifetimes overlapped with his: Giovanni Boccaccio (1313? - July 19, 1374) and Francesco Petrarca (July 20, 1304 - July 19,1374). He additionally was influenced by a great Italian authorwhose post-humous...
Where was Geoffrey Chaucer buried?
What happened to Chaucer during the Hundred Year's War?
He died
What did Geoffrey Chaucer do for a job?
He was a page in the household of Prince Lionel. .
Who was Jeffery Chaucer?
Geoffrey Chaucer, not Jeffery Chaucer was the father of English literature. Geoffrey Chaucer was born in the year 1343 and passed away on October 25, 1400.
What was Chaucer?
Geoffrey Chaucer was: . A writer . A philosopher . An alchemist . An astronomer He is known as "the father of English Literature". His most famous literature is probably The Canterbury Tales .
Where was chaucer buried and what area?
he was buried in westminster abbey in london
What are some of Geffrey Chaucers famous books?
One of Geoffrey Chaucer's most famous book is the Canterbury Tales. It is a group of stories that historians suggest were put together somewhere in the late 1380's, or perhaps in the early 1390's. Chaucer wrote in the style of his day in what is called "middle English" and thus has been translated...
What did Geoffrey Chaucer write?
Geoffrey Chaucer wrote a brilliant book called "The Canterbury Tales". "The Tales" are about lots of different people going on a pilgrimage.
Where did Geoffrey Chaucer go to school?
It is unknown what primary and secondary schools he attended. We only know that he studied Law in London, England in one of the so-called Inns of Court, namely the "Inner Temple".
What was Geoffrey Chaucer's childhood like?
i n his childhood he probably went to st Paul's school and they learnt arithmetic and Latin - sometimes the teachers made the pupils only speak Latin . at 16 he was the third son to the king Edward 2 nd ,countess of ulster. Made a page in court of Elizabeth and wife of the duke of Clarence ...
Did geoffrey chaucer have any brother's or sisters?
Yes, he probably did have a sister named Katherine, not to be confused with Chaucer's sister-in-law Katherine Swynford née (de) Roet , the elder sister of his wife Philippa de Roet. See p. 125 of Peter Ackroyd's biography about Chaucer, which cites an original source from 1419 concerning a Kent...
Where did Geoffrey Chaucer die and where was he buried?
in a town .... in a cemetery
When did Geoffrey Chaucer get married?
By 1366 he had married Philippa Roet, who was probably the sister of John of Gaunt's third wife; she was a lady-in-waiting to Edward III's queen.
What did Geoffrey Chaucer do in Italy?
\nHe went abroad (from England) on diplomatic and commercial missions. it is likely that he may have met people such as Boccaccio or Petrarch.
What year was Geoffrey Chaucer born?
Around 1343. He died on the 25th October 1400.
What is Geoffrey Chaucer most well known for?
Geoffrey Chaucer is most well known as the father of literature for his works in the English language. He is most famous as a poet from the Middle Ages, but was also a philosopher, alchemist and astronomer.
When was the Chaucer Canterbury Tales written?
Geoffrey Chaucer wrote his Canterbury Tales at the end of the 14th century. They were written in Middle English in a verse style, like a long poem. It is a set of stories told from the perspective of 30 travelers.
What are the first lines in the Prologue to The Canterbury Tales?
The first lines to the Prologue to The Canterbury Tales are asfollows. "Whan that Aprille with his shoures soote The droghte ofMarche hath perced to the roote."
What was Geoffrey Chaucer most known for?
Geoffrey Chaucer was most known for writing the classic novel, The Canterbury Tales. It was written in the Medieval England time period.
What was Chaucer's view on religious structure?
By all accounts, Chaucer (like most people in England at that time) was a Christian. But while he certainly seemed faithful to Christian belief, in some ways he was also a skeptic. For example, his best known work, the Canterbury Tales, used humor and satire to poke fun at people who claimed to be...
Was Geoffrey Chaucer a compulsive gambler?
Like so many writers of ancient times, the answers are far from known. Chaucer could have been a gambler, and William Shakespeare could have been a fraud. I would suggest that however you think of him, just as you imagine the charachters in his tales: he should remain in your mind.
Why was Geoffrey Chaucer important to English?
He was a poet who helped legitimize vernacular languages.
What was the motivation to write The Canterbury Tales?
There are several theories about Geoffrey Chaucer's motivation towrite the Canterbury Tales. One theory is that he wanted to createa discussion of social class through his story. Another theory isthat he wanted to obtain immortality through greatness. Compiling120 separate tales into one story was...
What are some famous works of Geoffrey Chaucer?
His most well known work is the Canterbury Tales
What school did Geoffrey Chaucer go to?
it is unknown about what school he went to.


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Interview with Professor Janusz Skowronek
vol. 10
Original paper
Time to PSA rise differentiates the PSA bounce after HDR and LDR brachytherapy of prostate cancer
Wojciech Burchardt, Janusz Skowronek
J Contemp Brachytherapy 2018; 10, 1: 1–9
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PurposeProstate brachytherapy (BT) is one of recommended treatment methods in early-stage prostate cancer [1,2,3, 4,5]. Biochemical control is defined as a stable low prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level after BT. Biochemical failure (BF) after radiotherapy is defined as a PSA nadir value + 2 ng/ml (Phoenix) or as three consecutive increases in PSA (ASTRO) [6]. However, PSA levels may fluctuate during post-radiotherapy follow-up, without any clinical signs of cancer recurrence [7,8]. These benign PSA fluctuations are known as PSA bounces (PB), and are often observed after BT and/or external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). This phenomenon was first described in 1997 by Wallner [9]. Such variations are rarely observed after other treatment modalities, such as surgery, high intensity focused ultrasound, or cryotherapy [10]. The reported frequency of PB > 0,2 ml/ng after low-dose-rate brachytherapy (LDR-BT) varies between 30% and 40% over the first 2 years [7,11, 12,13,14]. A few studies have described PB after high-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDR-BT) as monotherapy, and reported frequency of PB in such instances was over > 40% [15,16]. A high and long lasting PB could easily be misinterpreted as disease progression, potentially leading to the unnecessary therapy. Therefore, distinguishing PB from BF is crucial in follow-up of prostate cancer patients.
Time to PSA rise has been shown to be useful to differentiate between PB and BF after LDR-BT. Merrick et al. observed that 83% of the PB occurred in the first 30 months of follow-up [17]. Ciezki et al. have observed that BF occurred after a median of 22 months, whereas PB occurred after a median of 15.1 months (p = 0.013) [18]. Analogously, Crook et al. have reported PB at 15.2 months and BF at 30.9 months (p = 0.02) [7]. The study from France reported by Mazeron et al. confirmed the validity of this observations (17 vs. 27.8 months, p < 0.0001) [13].
In our study, we reported differences between time of PSA rise before PB following HDR-BT and LDR-BT, both with and without androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Other goal of this study was to identify the predictive factors of PB occurrence. The data can be implemented in daily practice to analyze patient's PSA changes. It can help to diagnose PB faster and with greater certainty after different BT modalities.
Material and methodsPatient characteristics
The analyzed group included 101 patients (aged 50-81 years) with clinically localized prostate cancer (T1-T2cN0), treated with BT alone from June 2008 to December 2010 in our hospital. All patients underwent BT with curative intent: LDR-BT (LDR-BT Group) or HDR-BT (HDR-BT Group). Three patients from the LDR-BT Group and four from the HDR-BT Group were not observed in our hospital and were excluded from the analysis. The median post-treatment follow-up lasted 3.0 years. All patients had biopsy proven adenocarcinoma with a Gleason score ≤ 7, except 3 cases where Gleason scale data were unavailable (diagnosis made outside our hospital). The average iPSA value was 7.8 ng/ml (SD ± 3.1 ng/ml). Thirty-three patients were classified as an intermediate-risk group, and 61 patients as the low-risk group. Prostate volume before treatment was assessed using transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS). The average prostate volume before treatment was 35 ml (SD ± 12.3 ml). Computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used in individual cases. The patients' characteristics are presented in Table 1. Ethical approval for this retrospective study was sought and obtained from the Ethics Committee of regional University of Medical Sciences. All patients consented to the use of their data for scientific work.
TreatmentUnder general anesthetic, patients receiving LDR-BT were treated with 125I isotope (Eckert & Ziegler BEBIG® stranded seeds Isocord®, Belgium) using ultrasound guidance (BK Medical Pro Focus 2202, UK) and the SPOT planning system (Sonographic Planning of Oncology Treatment – SPOT Pro 3.1, Nucletron, an Elekta company, Elekta AB, Stockholm, Sweden). CT was conducted for dosimetry in 1 day, 1 month, and 3 months after treatment.
Also under general anesthesia, patients in the HDR-BT Group received the prescribed treatment in three separate implants (with breaks of 7-14 days between implants), using HDR 192Ir BT afterloader (microSelectron® HDR, Nucletron, an Elekta company, Elekta AB, Stockholm, Sweden), ultrasonographic guidance (BK Medical Pro Focus 2202, UK), and the Oncentra Prostate Planning system version 3.2 (Nucletron, Elekta AB, Stockholm, Sweden).
In both treatment modalities, the clinical target volume was defined included the prostate capsule. According to the consensus of Nucletron Users Meeting, November 2009, Budapest, Hungary, the total dose (TD) for LDR-BT and HDR-BT was changed from 144 to 145 Gy and from 3 fractions of 15 Gy to 3 fractions of 10.5 Gy, respectively.
Neoadjuvant or adjuvant ADT was used for volume decrease of large glands (> 60 ml). In some cases, the decision of ADT use required a recommendation of urologist. ADT was used in 13 cases from the LDR-BT Group, and in 20 cases from the HDR-BT Group (Table 1).
Evaluation of PSA levelsAll PSA analyses were carried out in the diagnostic laboratory of our hospital. An initial PSA (iPSA) assessment was made in every case prior to treatment. All patients were seen every 3 months for 2 years and subsequently, every 6 months for further 3 years. During each visit, a clinical examination was carried out and PSA assays were performed. BF was defined using the Phoenix definition of PSA nadir + 2 ng/ml. Clinical failure was defined as a rising PSA level and a positive TRUS, MR, CT, or bone scan with X-ray correlation. PSA bounce (PB) was defined as an increase of > 0.2 ng/ml in PSA level, followed by a spontaneous decrease to the pre-bounce level or lower. The amplitude of the PSA rise was the highest level of PSA classified as PB or BF. The time to the PSA rise was the period of time in months from the last day of treatment to the first day of rising PSA that was classified as PB or BF. Time to nadir was the period of time in months from the last day of treatment to PSA nadir.
Physical factorsIn this study, data was collected from LDR-BT and HDR-BT dose volume histograms. No direct comparison of D90 in Gy (dose in 90% of the target volume) was possible, due to radiobiological reasons. The D90BED (biological effective dose) for HDR-BT or LDR-BT was calculated using the following equation: D90BED = D90*BED.
BED for HDR was calculated using derivation from a linear-quadratic model:
BEDHDR = TD (1 + d/ /) [19],
where: TD – total dose, d – fraction dose, / – 1.5 Gy [20].
BED for LDR BT was calculated using the following equation:
BEDLDR = (R0/) (1 + [ R0/(µ + ) (/)]) [21],
where: R0 – initial dose rate of implant R0 = D90*, – radioactive decay constant = 0.693/T1/2, µ – repair rate constant, where µ = 0.693/T1/2; T1/2 – radioactive half-life of isotope = 60 days, T1/2 – tissue repair half-time = 1 hour, / – alpha/beta ratio = 1.5 Gy [20].
The median D90BED for LDR-BT and HDR-BT was 274 Gy.
StatisticsData was collected in a spreadsheet (MS Excel). Statistical analysis was performed using Statistica 8.0 (StatSoft, Inc. Tulsa, USA). The students unpaired t-test was applied to determine the significance of differences for continuous variables between the two sample means. The Mann-Whitney test was used for ordinal and continuous variables without normal distribution. The 2 test was used for categorical variables. PB free survival was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and comparisons between groups were made using the log-rank test. Univariate Cox regression was used to describe predictive factors for PB. Statistical significance was considered if p-value was lower than 0.05.
ResultsA total of 94 patients were observed in our hospital. In the entire population studied, 24% of patients experienced PB (Table 1). None of the patients with PB experienced BF during follow-up. The average planning treatment volume (PTV) was 31 ml, and was smaller than an average prostate volume prior to treatment in 33 cases. In the follow-up, a median PSA nadir of 0.1 ng/ml was achieved after a median time of 21 months. In 58 cases, PSA decreased gradually without further event. In 23 cases (24%), PB was observed using a definition of 0.2 ng/ml (Table 1). In 10 cases (11%), BF was diagnosed. There was no significant difference in BF after LDR-BT (n = 6) and HDR-BT (n = 4) after a median 3 years of follow-up (p = 0.49, Table 2). Clinical failure (CF) was observed in three patients, out of which, one patient from the LDR-BT intermediate risk group, developed bone metastasis after one year. Two patients from the HDR-BT Group displayed CF. These were patients from the low-risk group. One of these two patients was subsequently diagnosed with bone metastasis, while in the second, a recurrence was presumed in the prostate owing to findings of positive magnetic resonance and significant elevation of the PSA level. This latter fact was not verified by pathology.
HDR-BT vs. LDR-BTThe median follow-up time was longer in the LDR-BT Group than in the HDR-BT Group (3.1 vs. 2.8 years). LDR-BT patients were younger than HDR patients (64 vs. 67 years, p < 0.016). Younger age and longer follow-up time did not increase the PB occurrence in patients after LDR-BT. The occurrence of PB after LDR-BT was similar to that observed in HDR cases (26% vs. 22%, p = 0.49, Table 2). Clinical stage, Gleason score, iPSA, risk group, and prostate volume were similar in each group. ADT was used with the same frequency in both groups (LDR-BT = 13 vs. HDR-BT = 20, p = 0.697). HDR-BT delivered higher D90BED than LDR-BT (345 vs. 178 Gy, p < 0.001). Higher D90BED after HDR-BT was not associated with lower BF, CF, or with differences in PB in the analysis. PSA nadir and time to nadir were also similar in both the LDR-BT and HDR-BT groups (0.2 vs. 0.1 ng/ml, p = 0.094, and 24 vs. 18 months, p = 0.166, respectively). No differences were observed in the occurrence of BF between treatment modalities, but follow-up time was too short to assess the data properly. CF was diagnosed in only three cases and resulted in exclusion of these patients from further analysis for statistical reasons. All data are presented in Table 2.
The univariate Cox proportional hazards regression demonstrates that variables predictive for PB were only after HDR-BT (Table 3). The use of ADT decreased around 9 times the risk of PB. One Gleason score more reduced almost 2 times the risk of PB after HDR-BT (HR = 0.51, CI: 0.3-0.87, p = 0.01). PSA nadir and time to nadir influenced the risk of PB in HDR-BT Group as well. 1 ng/ml higher PSA nadir increased more than 3 times the risk of PB (HR = 3.46, CI: 1.119-10.03, p = 0.02) and nadir reached 1 month later, increased the risk by around 4% (HR = 1.04, CI: 1.00-1.04, p = 0.04, Table 3).
PSA bounce after LDR-BT or HDR-BTThere was no difference in age between PB patients of the LDR-BT and HDR-BT Group. The patients had average ages of 62 and 66 years, respectively, p = 0.165 (Table 4). Clinical stage, Gleason score, and risk group were all found to be statistically insignificant in PB patients. ADT was also used with similar frequency in patients with PB (81.8 vs. 91.7%, p = 0.935). The volume of prostate and PTV for treatment were similar in both groups (average 37 cm3 and 30.8 cm3 for LDR-BT, and 29 cm3 and 31 cm3 for HDR-BT, respectively). HDR-BT delivered higher mean D90BED (346 Gy) than was observed in LDR-BT (170 Gy), p < 0.01. Higher D90BED after HDR- BT did not influence PB rate, and was not associated with a lower BF rate in the analysis. The PSA nadir and time to nadir were similar in both HDR-BT and LDR-BT Groups, (median 0.3 vs. 0.4 ng/ml, p = 0.538, average 26 vs. 28 months, p = 0.691, respectively).
Time to PSA rise before PB was significantly different between both groups. After HDR-BT, PSA levels increased after an average of 10.5 months; an increase in the LDR-BT Group was observed after 18 months, p = 0.003 (Table 2, Figure 1). The difference made a trend in freedom from PB assessed with the Kaplan Meier method and the log-rank test (p = 0.07, Figure 2). The amplitude of PSA rises was similar in both groups (0.8 vs. 0.7 ng/ml). No patients with PB experienced BF or clinical failure. All data are presented in Table 4.
DiscussionPB was first described over twenty years ago, and is still a challenge for both physicians and patients. PB after BT has been widely described in patients after LDR-BT [7,12,22]. To date, only few studies have been published regarding PB after HDR-BT as a monotherapy. The number of patients after HDR-BT is rising, and both physicians and patients, must be aware of the different PSA kinetics, in comparison to LDR-BT. In this study, we aimed to highlight the main differences between PSA kinetics after LDR-BT or HDR-BT, and to describe the predictive factors for PB in order to reduce the likelihood of unnecessary treatment.
In general, PB after LDR-BT is diagnosed in 28-49% of cases using a well-established 0.2 ng/ml definition [7,8,11,13,14]. In around 10% of cases, PB exceeds the 2 ng/ml limit [11]. In our study, PB was diagnosed in 24.5%, and the frequency of PB was similar in groups after LDR-BT (27%) and after HDR-BT (23%). In the report of Mehta et al., PB rate after HDR-BT (n = 157) alone was significantly higher (43%) than in our study [16]. McGrath et al. observed PB frequency after EBRT + HDR-BT boost (n = 407), LDR-BT (n = 191), and HDR-BT (n = 91), and found that the PB rate after HDR-BT alone was 46% in their analysis of patients with and without ADT [15]. In this study, PB rate was significantly higher after HDR- BT than after others modalities: using a PB definition of 0.3 ng/ml, the results were HDR-BT = 40%, HDR-BT boost = 29%, and LDR-BT = 25% (p = 0.04) or, when using a definition of 0.5 ng/ml, the results were HDR-BT = 29%, HDR-BT boost = 18%, and LDR-BT = 16% (p = 0.02). Other analyzed definitions from 0.1 ng/ml to 4.0 ng/ml were not found to be significant. The PB rate in our study was lower than those reported in the literature, even when the same definition was used, although median follow-up in our study was only 3 years. The median follow-up periods in the studies of Mehta et al. and McGrath et al. were 4.6 and 4.0 years, respectively [15,16].
Age was one of the first and most frequently described predictive factors for PB. Many studies, looking at patients aged between 60 and 70 years of age, have shown that younger patients have a higher probability of PB [7,8,23,24,25,26]. However, some studies observed no influence of age on the occurrence of PB rate after LDR-BT [27]. Only few studies were published describing the frequency of PB after HDR-BT. Mehta et al. had defined the age < 55 years as being a predisposing factor for PB in univariate and multivariate analyses (OR = 2.02, p < 0.01, and OR = 2.22, p < 0.01, respectively) [16]. McGrath et al. did not assess the age as a predictive factor [15]. It was hypothesized that the etiology of PB could be explained with younger age. Younger patients had higher androgen level and more active glandular cells, and were more often sexual active what increases PSA level. However, older patients had bigger glandular zone, what suggests different effect on higher PSA level. On the other hand, in work of Crook et al., the age was a factor for PB and the potency was a predictive factor for PB in univariate analysis [7].
In our study, the LDR-BT Group was younger than the HDR-BT Group (64 vs. 67.8 years, p = 0.016, Table 2), though no increase in the PB rate was observed in the LDR-BT Group. Regardless of treatment modality, no age related difference was observed in patients with PB. Possibly, the effects of age would be more obvious in a larger study population.
ADT decreases the testosterone and PSA levels. The recovery of testosterone as a consequence of the termination of ADT influences PSA kinetics. Pickels et al. reported in their analysis of 2,030 men treated for prostate cancer with EBRT (n = 1581) and LDR-BT (n = 449) with or without ADT, that PB after LDR-BT was more common in the ADT group (89% vs. 71%). In their study, any rise in PSA level that was followed by a fall of any magnitude was defined as PB. Moreover, Pickels in the subsequent analysis of this group, observed that ADT prolonged the duration of PB (6.7 vs. 12.5 month) [28]. McGrath et al. (HDR-BT alone, n = 93) also reported prolonged PB in the ADT group, using a definition of 0.1 to 1.0 ng/ml. The PB rate was increased in the ADT group using a definition of absolute nadir (the lowest PSA in whole follow-up time), but that difference was not seen when using a definition of current nadir (the lowest level recorded prior to the current measurements). However, PB in whole group was more often observed using the current nadir definition [15].
The current nadir definition was used in the studies of Ciezki et al. They analyzed patients after LDR-BT, and did not observe any increase in the probability of PB after ADT (45% ADT vs. 48.4% hormone naive, p = 0.67) [18]. In the study of Toledano et al., ADT had no influence on either PB rate or on its magnitude [25]. In the study of Mehta et al., ADT was not associated with an increased rate of PB in patients after HDR-BT, in neither univariate or multivariate analyses [16]. In our analysis, the ADT rate in patients with PB was the same in both LDR-BT and HDR-BT Groups (81.8 vs. 91.7 %, p = 0.935, Table 4), but only after HDR-BT it reduced 9 times the risk of the PB (Table 3). In patients after ADT, PSA level falls down and slowly raises up to stable low level without PB. ADT naive patients after HDR-BT had higher PSA, could more easy fulfil the 0.2 ng/ml rise definition. Patients after LDR who had ADT were still irradiated, what could influence the prostate tissue and cause the PB more frequent.
Time to the occurrence of PB may help to distinguish it from BF. It has been reported that PB usually occurs between 13 to 30 months after LDR-BT [17,26]. Hackett et al., using a nadir definition of +2 ng/ml, observed 100% PB during the first 3 years after LDR BT in 530 patients, and only time to PSA rise independently differentiated between bounce and failure (p < 0.01) [29]. It has also been stated by Thompson et al. that PB is not observed after 5 years of follow-up, even when using ADT and the 2 ng/ml definition [30]. According to McGrath et al., the median time to PB was 15 months [15]. Similarly, Mehta et al. observed PB after a median period of 1.3 years [16]. In our analysis, the time to PB was 10.5 months following HDR-BT, and 18 months following LDR-BT (p < 0.01, Table 4). The shorter period leading to PB occurrence might be explained by the shorter treatment time in the HDR-BT Group. LDR-BT treatment can last for as much as 10 half-lives of the isotope, which is almost 2 years for 125I seeds [21]. The later occurrence of PB in the LDR-BT Group appears to be connected with treatment time in our study. PB seems to reflect the effects of radiotherapy on the late responding tissues. Late effects occur earlier and are more pronounced with higher doses and shorter treatment times (as is the case with HDR-BT). PB after HDR-BT was observed earlier in our study than in that of Mehta et al. (10.5 vs. 15.6 months [1.3 years], respectively) [16]. We used a higher dose per fraction and a different schedule, compared to that of the University of California (3 × 10.5 to 15 Gy, 3 implant procedures within 3-4 weeks vs. 6 × 7 Gy, 2 implant procedures within 1 week).
Time to PSA nadir and nadir PSA were significant predictors of PSA bounce after HDR-BT in our study. However, they were not significant predictors after LDR- BT. In the study by Merrick et al., PSA nadir was significant predictor for PB after LDR-BT [24]. The investigators observed that when stratified into 3 different groups of PSA nadir, patients with PSA nadir ≥ 1.0-0.5 ng/ml were more likely to have PB (80%) than those with PSA nadir of 0.5-0.2 ng/ml (50%) and < 0.2 ng/ml (20%, p < 0.001) [24]. On the other hand, in study reported by Aaltomaa et al. from Finland, the PB was more commonly seen in group patients (LDR-BT, n = 444) with PSA nadir < 0.5 ng/ml than with the higher PSA nadir [31]. In our study, in patients after HDR-BT, 1 ng/ml higher PSA nadir would increase the risk of PB almost 3 and half times (HR 3.46, p = 0.02, Table 3), and nadir achieved 1 month later increased the risk of PB in 4% per month.
Gleason score has not been observed as a predictor PB after LDR-BT [11]. However, in the study of Mehta et al. with patients after HDR-BT, lower Gleason score was a predictor of PB in multivariable analysis (OR = 0.66, p = 0.045) [16]. In our study, we similarly noted, that Gleason score had no impact on PB after LDR-BT, but lower Gleason score in patients after HDR-BT was associated with higher risk of PB (Table 3). The explanation of Gleason score influence seems to be unclear and need further investigations.
The impact of other physical factors was also investigated in terms of PB. Almost all published studies have been performed using 125I permanent implantation. Merrick et al., who analyzed 218 patients after LDR-BT with 125I (n = 69) or 103Pd (n = 29) and EBRT + LDR-BT (n = 120), observed that 125I caused more instances of PB than 103Pd [24]. This finding was confirmed in a randomized trial conducted by the group and reported by Bostancic et al. It was observed that hormone-naive 125I patients were more than three times as likely as hormone-naive 103Pd patients to develop PB (45.7% vs. 14.0%) [32]. 103Pd has a higher dose rate than 125I, but this tendency to higher dose rates and lower PB rates was not observed in a comparison of HDR-BT and LDR-BT. However, in the work of McGrath, higher PB rates after HDR-BT using 0.3 and 0.5 ng/ml definitions was observed [15]. In our study, neither the dose rate nor the choice of isotopes (LDR-BT vs. HDR-BT) had any influence on PB rate when using the 0.2 ng/ml definition. TD and intra-operative dosimetric factors have also been studied. Toledano et al. reported that D90 > 200 Gy was a predictive for PB [25]. Stock et al. stated that D90 > 160 Gy was predictive for PB [26]. However, Merrick et al. observed that D90 < 115% or V150 < 55% were strongly predictive for PB occurrence [24]. In our study, the D90BED varied between the HDR-BT and LDR-BT Groups, but did not influence the frequency of PB.
The clinical significance of PB remains controversial after BT. It is known that PB correlates with BF after EBRT. Horwitz et al. showed that PB after EBRT correlated with BF in 20% of cases (n = 4,838, definition 0.4 ng/ml) [33].
Conversely, in their study of 975 cases, Hinnen et al. found that PB (32%) after LDR-BT is a predictive factor for better outcome. In the PB group, overall survival, disease free survival, and biochemical free survival after 10 years were 88%, 99%, and 90%, respectively, whilst the same results for the non PB group were 82%, 93% and 70%, respectively [12]. A meta-analysis published by Bernstein et al. included 3,011 patients from over 6 studies treated with prostate LDR-BT. It revealed that a decreased risk of BF (HR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.3-0.59, p < 0.001) was conferred on patients with PB [22]. On the other hand, in group of McGrath et al. was observed that PB > 0.4 ng/ml resulted in a greater probability of BF using the + 2 ng/ml definition of nadir (12 vs. 20, p = 0.01). In this study, PB < 0.3 ng/ml had no effect on BF. However, patients from the group that were treated with BT alone, either LDR-BT or HDR-BT, accounted for only 41% of cases [15]. In our study, no patients with PB experienced BF. However, our study had access to only a short follow-up period of this small group of patients for the proper assessment of BF.
ConclusionsIn our experience, HDR-BT and LDR-BT for low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer had the same PB rate (average, 24%) using a definition of 0.2 ng/ml. The PB occurred earlier after HDR-BT than after LDR-BT. HDR- BT delivered a higher D90BED, but did not influence the PB rate. ADT and higher Gleason score decreased the risk of PB, and the higher PSA nadir and longer time to PSA nadir increased the risk of PB after HDR-BT. Predictors for PB were not observed after LDR-BT.
DisclosureAutors report no conflict of interest.
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9. Wallner KE, Blasko J, Dattoli MJ. Evaluating cancer status. Prostate brachytherapy made complicated. Smart Medicine Press; Seattle 1997.
10. Crouzet S, Rebillard X, Chevallier D et al. Multicentric oncologic outcomes of high-intensity focused ultrasound for localized prostate cancer in 803 patients. Eur Urol 2010; 58: 559-566.
11. Caloglu M, Ciezki J. Prostate-specific antigen bounce after prostate brachytherapy: review of a confusing phenomenon. Urology 2009; 74: 1183-1190.
12. Hinnen KA, Monninkhof EM, Battermann JJ et al. Prostate specific antigen bounce is related to overall survival in prostate brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012; 82: 883-888.
13. Mazeron R, Bajard A, Montbarbon X et al. Permanent 125I-seed prostate brachytherapy: early prostate specific antigen value as a predictor of PSA bounce occurrence. Radiat Oncol 2012; 7:46.
14. Zwahlen DR, Smith R, Andrianopoulos N et al. Prostate-specific antigen bounce after permanent iodine-125 prostate brachytherapy – an Australian analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011; 79: 179-187.
15. McGrath SD, Antonucci JV, Fitch DL et al. PSA bounce after prostate brachytherapy with or without neoadjuvant androgen deprivation. Brachytherapy 2010; 9: 137-144.
16. Mehta NH, Kamrava M, Wang PC et al. Prostate-specific antigen bounce after high-dose-rate monotherapy for prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2013; 86: 729-733.
17. Merrick GS, Butler WM, Wallner KE et al. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) velocity and benign prostate hypertrophy predict for PSA spikes following prostate brachytherapy. Brachytherapy 2003; 2: 181-188.
18. Ciezki JP, Reddy CA, Garcia J et al. PSA kinetics after prostate brachytherapy: PSA bounce phenomenon and its implications for PSA doubling time. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 64: 512-517.
19. Joiner M, Van der Kogel A. Basic Clinical Radiobiology. 4th ed. Hodder Education, 2009.
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24. Merrick GS, Butler WM, Wallner KE et al. Prostate-specific antigen spikes after permanent prostate brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002; 54: 450-456.
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27. Das P, Chen MH, Valentine K et al. Using the magnitude of PSA bounce after MRI-guided prostate brachytherapy to distinguish recurrence, benign precipitating factors, and idiopathic bounce. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002; 54: 698-702.
28. Pickles T. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) bounce and other fluctuations: which biochemical relapse definition is least prone to PSA false calls? An analysis of 2,030 men treated for prostate cancer with external beam or brachytherapy with or without adjuvant androgen deprivation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 64: 1355-1359.
29. Hackett C, Ghosh S, Sloboda R et al. Distinguishing prostate- specific antigen bounces from biochemical failure after low-dose-rate prostate brachytherapy. J Contemp Brachytherapy 2014; 6: 247-253.
30. Thompson A, Keyes M, Pickles T et al. Evaluating the Phoenix definition of biochemical failure after (125) I prostate brachytherapy: Can PSA kinetics distinguish PSA failures from PSA bounces? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010; 78: 415-421.
31. Aaltomaa SH, Kataja VV, Lahtinen T et al. Eight years' experience of local prostate cancer treatment with permanent I125 seed brachytherapy – morbidity and outcome results. Radiother Oncol 2009; 91: 213-216.
32. Bostancic C, Merrick GS, Butler WM et al. Isotope and patient age predict for PSA spikes after permanent prostate brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 68: 1431-1437.
33. Horwitz EM, Levy LB, Thames HD et al. Biochemical and clinical significance of the posttreatment prostate-specific antigen bounce for prostate cancer patients treated with external beam radiation therapy alone: a multi-institutional pooled analysis. Cancer 2006; 107: 1496-1502.
Copyright: © 2018 Termedia Sp. z o. o. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.

subset: commoncrawl


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Jason Roy smashed an unbeaten 91 as Delhi Daredevils defeated hosts Mumbai Indians by seven wickets in a last-ball thriller in the Indian Premier League.
The Englishman was particularly severe on Hardik Pandya smashing him for two sixes and a four off successive deliveries as the bowler went for 21 runs in his second over. "The comeback was wonderful by the bowlers and hopefully we keep continuing doing the same things", said local lad Shreyas Iyer who scored a modest 20-ball 27 on the night but more importantly held fort at one end as Jason Roy (91*) steered the visitors to victory. Rohit Sharma, Krunal Pandya and Hardik Pandya contributed just 31 off 28 balls, and Kieron Pollard was bowled off his first ball, as Mumbai fell at least 25 runs short of their predicted target after being 84 for no loss in the Power Play overs.
The Mumbai Indians versus Delhi Daredevils IPL game at the Wankhede Stadium today saw 21,000 students in attendance as part of the MI's "Education and Sports for All" initiative. Suryakumar Yadav and Evin Lewis laying a strong platform for the reigning champions. Bowled. Krunal Pandya comes in. Very good start, couldn't capitalise in the last five overs.
Pant did not spare Dhananjaya, hitting him for two sixes and a four as Delhi grabbed 19 runs of the 10th over.
IPL 2018: Warm Mumbai to host MI vs DD match
Also, it is time for Gambhir should understand that Shami, who has been facing some tough days in his personal life, has been always an expensive bowler in IPL. Mumbai's Hardik Pandya had no answer for the rampaging-Brit, the allrounder leaking 32 runs from his two overs and giving Roy the flawless start to capitalise on.
A pumped-up Jason Roy took on the field, alongside skipper Gautam Gambhir. However, Cutting managed to recover and gave away three runs off the next four balls, which left the Sunrisers needing one run to win off the last ball of the match. Over the years, Mumbai has been guilty of being poor starters in the tournament.
The Delhi Daredevils have been much better in the bowling department compared to their batting performance which has let them down in their previous games. However, good death-bowling ensured that they contained the home side to under 200 runs in the 20 overs.
Spare a thought for the Mumbai Indians who have fallen narrowly short of victory in all three of their IPL fixtures so far. With seven of the eight games in IPL11 being won by teams that batted second, Mumbai Indians have to really come out all guns blazing and outbat Delhi if they are to buck the trend. In both the games MI lacked big partnerships.
Michael Goolaerts dies after Paris-Roubaix crash
Dillier's classy ride was enough to seal second, with former victor Niki Terpstra (Quick-Step Floors) completing the podium. Team Sky said in a statement: "Everyone at Team Sky is heartbroken by the loss of Michael Goolaerts ".


text: Maybe it was the way the speaker reminded me of Daddy, strumming his guitar with big eyes and a vintage collared shirt. Maybe it was my absent-minded forgetting of the shampoo and having to wash my hair with soap like Daddy always did. It might have had something to do with the presence of our dear friend and faithful bible teacher who's been like a father to me. Perhaps it was spending time with people who cared more about genuine G0d-seeking than whether my hair and make-up were done. It could have been the atmosphere of kindness, love, and truth that proved I was neither watching nor participating in any kind of religious show. Whatever the reasons, it's times like this when I feel like I'm a little girl at home with Daddy again. Yes, it's these times where, after all my playing outside and running around in circles, my Father calls for me and I come running into his presence. These are the times when he finds me and lets me sit and listen to the music bound up in his heart and soul, just like my Daddy did with his yellow guitar so very many times. Heaven itself comes down to commune with me on earth. Funny how closely fond families resemble God's glory. So here's to that Great Father I call God and the wonderful Daddy I know is sitting up there with him. I often miss them both desperately here on earth, but I'm so thankful I did get to spend some time in my Father's world.


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Sunday, April 29, 2012
7:50pm in EDT
NYC Secret Location
At sundown, round 7:50 EST, I shall play some songs.
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New York Police Hires First Sikh Woman Officer
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Units are cute pretty small.
Becareful if you have children though... I only have 1 shes 2 weighs 27 pounds, I am only here 3 days out of a week during the day with my child and the lady downstairs has complained that my child is making too much noise and knocking her paintings off the wall she complains litereally 1once a month. The manager Ashley has decided that i should make my child learn how to fly in convenience to the lady downstairs. Lol!!!! I guess they forget this is an apartment complex. Ridiculous amount of bs for a 1500 + apartment. Also no smoking? Lol!!! Thats a joke and the amount of dog poop everywhere is a joke too. Strong winds? Quick power outages for HOURS. Need parking? Good luck! And they have a key to get into the building that 4 out of the 9 months that i have been here were not working!
Rooms are small. They charge you for entry key and they should not. Just like a gated community doesn't.
I am a current resident in a one bedroom apartment with less than 800 square feet. The rent is high for the size of the unit. After only one year, they are already increasing the rent by more than $70 per month. That is the discount if I sign a 15 month lease. If I sign the standard one year lease, the rent increase is nearly $100. Overall the community is nice, the staff is pleasant and the grounds are always kept to standard but that does not make up for the hike in rent when the market has been steady. I do not recommend choosing this community long term. For a short term solution, it may be a good fit.
It is a wonderful community and the apartments are great, located close to everything. Very clean and modern buildings full of all the amenities.
over-priced for such small units


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Buoyant blog of Canadian haiku poet (haijin) Chris Faiers/cricket. Poetry, esp. People's Poetry in the tradition of Milton Acorn, haiku/haibun, progressive politikal rants, articles on engaged Buddhism and meditation, info on ZenRiver Gardens retreat near Marmora and annual Purdy Country LitFests (PurdyFests), events literary and politikal, and pics, amid swirling currents of earth magick and shamanism.
Saturday, 19 March 2011
Rants go mainstream/one month anniversary - thank you!
2 comments:
- Conrad DiDiodato said...
Rant on, Chris!
This guy's listening.
Your Guelph steelworkers' activism reminded me of a fellow I met in the 70s too when I worked summers at Stelco (No. 2 Conditioning) as student: Art the communist. A hard-line "violent overthrow of means of production" type of guy, Art was incredibly well-read, opinionated but as gentle a human being as they came, well liked by everyone. And a great conversationalist who listened to everything you said before he spoke. I used to love discussing Marx with him.
Thanks for reminding me of Art, Chris. You and I seem to have similar ideological beginnings but, I have to admit, I've turned a little 'conservative'lately in regards to some stuff. Ideology to me is always a fluid, hybrid thing, always subject to change.
- 19 March 2011 at 15:08
- Chris Faiers/cricket said...
Thanks for posting, Conrad : )
Glad this reminded you of your steel factory workmate, Art. I wrote a long reply, then tried to post it below your piece - but as I'm still a neophyte to blogging,for whatever reason, my response to your reply didn't post. So I won't retype the whole thing - will just see if this way works ...
peace & poetry power!
- 20 March 2011 at 12:54


text: Hi everyone. Before March this year I'd never owned a chicken but now have 4 and loving it. I am definitely a newbie and need some help as I have two chickens that I am wondering what breed they are and if either or both are roosters. Neither of them crow. At the moment, because I am a new member I can not post photos. As soon as I can I will post some pics. Until then I am loving reading all your questions and seeing the answers.


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''First, do no harm.'' That ancient medical motto is still the guiding principle for almost all physicians, even in an age when patients expect miracle cures. We want the doctor to Do Something.
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too much about everything.
It was always the complaint against John Donne's love poetry, during the centuries that his work was neglected--Dr Johnson complained that he "perplexes the minds of the fair sex with nice speculations of philosophy". Yet, for most of us now, he is often one of the most physical and sensual of love poets--he had to wait to find his readership. As a young rake, he mocks the women he seduces for falling for his charm--he is not always likable in the early songs and sonnets, but he tells us things we need to know about lust and its often tawdry fulfilment.
from The Guardian: John Donne, priest and poet, part 1: love, conscience and martyrdom
then The Guardian: John Donne, priest and poet, part 2: theologian who played with poetic form
then The Guardian: John Donne, priest and poet, part 3: loss and grieving
Tuesday, June 05, 2012
News at Eleven: Like many of us, he thought
Posted by Rus Bowden at 7:07 PM
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text: It's been a year since Paul was sent away over what happened with the young girl in his class, and no one knows what to say. Or think. Did he do it? Could they have known? Did they know? Do we ever know who people are, behind closed doors? The director and playwright of 2005's staging of Strangers Knocking team up with a world-premiere team of emerging artists from across the city to present People We Know..


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A/C questions
This is a discussion on A/C questions within the General Help forums, part of the LSx Technical Help Section category; Hi everyone, so here is my issue. my a/c compressor was making noise for a while and it finally took ...
A/C questions
Hi everyone, so here is my issue. my a/c compressor was making noise for a while and it finally took a dump. I ordered a brand new compressor, evaporator bottle, orifice valve and condensator. I went to my buddys shop since he lets me use his tools. i recovered the R 134 with his machine. I remove the orifice valve and it was completely clogged up with metal. I replaced the compressor. I flushed all the lines real good with thinner and air until everything came out clean. I replaced all the o-rings with new ones. I put everything back together and performed a vaccum for an hour.
I then turn the car on, turn the a/c on (settings on high) and then started to fill the system with new freon again. I got the gauge readings to 40psi on the low side and about 250psi on the high side. I live in Florida and my mechanic told me those numbers are about right with the current temperatures. The car cools great when is moving specially on the highway but if you sit at idle for a while it doesn't cool off too much like it used to. i checked with a thermometer and the temperature at the vents is about 63 degrees, it could fluctuate to 66 at idle. If I put a very strong fan in front of the car to get more fresh air the temperature at the vent drop to 61. The radiator fans seem to be working good and the car is not overheating. I did pressure wash the radiator core to clean all the debris. If I spray water in the condensator while the car is running the temperature at the vent drops 5-7 degrees. It almost looks like the condensator is getting too hot and the fans can't keep it cool.
The compressor was replaced with a new one since our readings were way lower than the ones i posted. I pulled the orifice valve and it was clogged with metal again. I bought a brand new condensator to get rid of that issue and install it. Everything was cleaned, vaccumed and recharged again. The system was recharged with a new bottle of freon in case it was contaminated. The results improved a little but are still close to the ones posted.
So I was thinking of maybe adding a fan to the condensator to aid with cooling. Is there a small fan that can fit there? Do I have to wire it with the radiator fans or can it be hard wired so it's on all the time while the car is running? Is there anything else i might be missing? Thanks.
- Join Date
- Feb 2009
- Location
- Ugy Lower Corner of AL
- Posts
- 10,813
Navy Blue Metallic
- 98 T/A w/ mods, 97 FBVert
Not sure of the fan question but I have to ask while it was all apart have you changed the inline filter? There should be one just prior to it going into the HVAC. Also did you flush the system to get rid of all the metal shavings? If you still are getting shavings clogging the compressor then the whole system needs flushed.
When my ac died on my 96' Firebird I had the same similar stuff happen. I was on my 2nd compressor within 2 days when I figured out that the inline filter failed and all of the metal shavings had blown through. In the end I had to replace the compressor, filter, dryer, condenser, and both hoses. Reason why was because there was no way to get all of the metal shavings out of the system. I had a shop flushed the core out and after all the parts installed I went back and had them vacuum the moisture out and fill the system.
- Join Date
- Jun 2011
- Location
- Branchville, NJ
- Posts
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Silver & Blue
- 02 Camaro SS, 04 GTO
You may have a problem with the climate control system and the blendoor unit. I thought they were all electronic but this may be a vacuum operated unit.My ride is a 2002 Camaro SS SLP #3296 with 30k, LTH, 3" Y, CME, Frost tune, K&N, ported TB, Blackwing lid, Bellows, MSD, Denso Iridium, and 85mm MAF, Bilsteins, Eibach springs, SLP strut brace, Adj. Panhard, TA Girdle, UMI, Pro 5.0, Nitto NT555
My wife has a 2004 GTO with the rare SAP, 18" wheels, K&N Cold Air System, MSD, Ported TB, Frost tune, Denso Iridium, Flowmaster cat-back, 3200 Yank, 75k
I have to correct myself. i didn't replace the evaporator. I replaced the accumulator, condenser, compressor and orifice valve (the inline fliter). Scott I did flush the lines that go to the compressor, condenser and accumulator. I replaced the inline filter. The old inline filter was clogged up bad with metal shavings. What i didn't do is flush the evaporator lines. I did a vaccum everytime I opened a line. I tried again today to work on it but no luck. I got it back to cool off better but not good enough. I'm going to stop by my other mechanic on Tuesday. He works on these cars before and he told me it could either be overcharged with oil and the evaporator side needs to be flush. I'm hoping is too much oil on the evaporator. My 1st mechanic told me that you don't need to flush the evaporator side unless the inline filter is broken. Which it kinda makes sense. I checked the inline filter today and it had a very few small shavings but nothing major like before. I drove back on the highway and the temp in the vent drops to 54 degrees. It feels good. As soon as i stop at a red light you can start feeling is not cooling enough.
I'm wondering if the fans are not turning on at the correct time or they are weak. I have never had any doubts with this 1st mechanic. I always used him before and he never failed me or did my car wrong. He just don't have alot of time now to really troubleshoot it. I had used the 2nd mechanic before and he is good as well. He is more available than the other. If I have to buy the compressor again I will be out of luck because I can't afford it. I have a feeling the system has too much oil in it or the fans are not working right.
I wish i could just empty the freon and flush the evaporator side but I don't want to get caught. I guess I will just wait until Tuesday. At least the a/c cools enough so i will be okay for now.
Well i think i figure out what might be the issue. Me dumbass didn't read the bag were the new compressor came in. It says that it comes prefilled with 7oz of PAG 46 oil. I added 6oz of PAG 46 oil when i installed it... There is about 13oz of oil in the system... I talked to two A/C techs and they told me it could very well be the problem because the system has way too much oil. I'm going to see if I can go tomorrow disconnect everything and flush everything out. I hope this is it. I'm flushing the evaporator as well.
- Join Date
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- Ugy Lower Corner of AL
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- 10,813
Navy Blue Metallic
- 98 T/A w/ mods, 97 FBVert
They should be able to pull it out. Hope it fixes it for you. I know that part of FL needs A/C even in the winter...
well pull everything apart and flushed everything even the evaporator. I ended up buying a new accumulator because it was soo saturated with oil. I pulled out at least 6-8 oz of oil from the parts only. I put everything back, vaccum it and recharge it, It cools alot better the temps at the vents were 55 degrees and sometimes even lower. It looks like its working good now.
I have to check the amount of freaon i put in it because I think the evaporator froze up on the way back to the house since I noticed the airflow was declining even with the blower set at high.
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Model. Galaxy J5 (2016). Operating System. 2018 latest updated Samsung Galaxy J5 (2016) price in Bangladesh. Where To Buy / Shop Locations Full Specifications Rating. Samsungs Galaxy J5 2016 comes with capacious memory of 16GB internal ROM so that the esteemed users can store as much as data as they want in the a stylish smartphone. Taking photography to next level Samsung Galaxy J5 (2017) Android smartphone. Announced Jun 2017. Features 5.2 Super AMOLED display, Exynos 7870 Octa chipset, 13 MP primary camera, 13 MP front camera, 3000 mAh battery, 32 GB storage, 3 GB RAM.Check Price. Чехол-книжка для Samsung Galaxy J5 SM-J500f/DS/Dual Sim/Duos золтой с окошком. 8 февраля 2016. 196 просмотров. Ещё три видео. Popular Models. Samsung Galaxy J5 (2016). Rs.22,499.Huawei Mate 10 Lite, Vivo V7, Oppo F5 are the mid-range smartphones. featuring new modular design in mid-range price. Samsung Mobile Phones Prices in Pakistan. Latest 2018 Models of Samsung SmartPhones, Genuine Products, Best Mobile Shops.Samsung Galaxy On7 Pro (2016) Rs. Product Info. Brand. Model. Galaxy J5 (2016). Price In Pakistan. 24,999/-. Release Date.Samsung galaxy J5 (2016) is the new edition of Samsung Galaxy J5. It was released in April 2016. The mobile features single or dual micro-sim, 13MP camera, good screen resolution and WIFI. Buy Samsung Galaxy J5 (2016) 4G- 16GB Black with best price in Pakistan available with all original accessories at Homeshopping.pk.Samsung Galaxy J5 (2016)Dual Sim J510F (4G - 16GB) Black. Electronics Sale Special Price: Rs.20490. Compare Samsung Galaxy J5 (2016) Duos Prices in Sri Lanka.Samsung Galaxy J5 (2016) Duos (White) Seller warranty 1 Year Hardware and Software Warranty .contact us on 0767 568 568, Free delivery with in Colombo. Samsung Galaxy J5 (2016) Android smartphone. Announced Mar 2016. Features 5.2 Super AMOLED display, Snapdragon 410 chipset, 13 MP primary camera, 5 MP front camera, 3100 mAh battery, 16 GB storage, 2 GB RAM. Samsung Galaxy J5 (2016) Price. Pakistani Rupees: 23760 (PKR). Dollar: 264 (USD).January 2016 Can Buy Brand New Model From Pakistan Market (Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Karachi Lahore etc). Memory. 16GB, 2GB RAM. samsung galaxy j5 2017 price in pakistan. samsung galaxy j5 2015 price in pakistan. The Lowest Price of Samsung Galaxy J5 (2016) in Pakistan is Rs. 17,899/-. Samsung Galaxy J5 (2016) is also know as Samsung J510FN, Samsung Galaxy J5 Duos.Full Specifications of Samsung Galaxy J5 (2016). General Features. Retail Price of samsung galaxy j5 prime in Pakistan is PKR 18,400.The company added an improved version of the Galaxy J5 Prime as successor of the Galaxy J5 (2016) in its J series while the base model Galaxy J5 of the smartphone was launched in 2015. The lowest price of Samsung Galaxy J5 (2016) is at Amazon. Galaxy J5 ( 2016) is not available in other online stores.its minor difference 2015 model 5 inches display, 8gb Internal,1.5 ram And 2016 model 5.2 inches Display, 16gb Internal, And 2gb ram. Samsung Galaxy J5 (2016) - Get details of Samsung Galaxy J5 (2016) including features, specifications, reviews comparisons.Samsung Galaxy Tab Active 2. Price Not Available. Buy Online Best Samsung Galaxy J5 (2016) Mobile with Lowest Price at Mobile Arena, Daily Updated Online Mobiles Price in Pakistan.Samsung Galaxy J5 (2016) Price Specs. 18,500. Last updated 11/02/2018. Samsung versatile presents fresh out of the box new Galaxy J5 redesigned with year tag of 2016.Jamal Khan: Jamal is Chief Editor at The Tech Mobiles and covering Smartphone reviews, Price, Specifications, Features and best website to Buy it. Samsung Galaxy J5 2016 online store price is applicable to all cities including Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore, Chennai, Pune, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Cochin, Jaipur, Patna, Ahmedabad, Chandigarh, Lucknow, Nagpur, Surat, Indore, Agra, Thane, Gurgaon, Noida. 11 990 руб.
Вы можете купить Смартфон Samsung Galaxy J5 (2016) DS Gold (SM-J510FN) в магазинах М.Видео по доступной цене. Смартфон Samsung Galaxy J5 (2016) DS Gold (SM-J510FN) : описание, фото, характеристики, отзывы покупателей, инструкция и аксессуары. Samsung Galaxy J5 (2016) - Price and Specification. General. Device Type. Smart phone. Model. Samsung Galaxy J5 (2016) (SM-J510F).Search Product. Advertisements. Smartphone Brands in Pakistan. Compare prices and find the best price of Samsung Galaxy J5 (2016).Likewise, new Galaxy J5 (2016) is an excellent smartphone which includes an array of improvements. The predecessor of this model has been pretty popular, especially in India. Walkaround of Samsung Galaxy J5 2016 ( SM-J510F ). See The Answer.All features, specifications and prices are subject to change without prior notice. Model availability may vary from location to location. Some online stores sell used and refurbished models too, so check about Samsung Galaxy J5 (2016) from the seller. All prices are mentioned in Pakistani Rupees (PKR). We do not sell any mobile phone but help to buy them at cheap price. Apple Smart Watch Prices in Pakistan. Samsung Smart Watches.Call Features Conference Call, Speed Dialing, Loudspeaker, Call Divert. Model Name Galaxy J5 - 6 (New 2016 Edition). Home Mobile Phone Prices in Pakistan Samsung Samsung Galaxy J5 (2016).OTHER MODELS. Product Features: Dual Sim, VoLTE, 4G, 3G, Wi-Fi, NFC. Quad Core, 1.2 GHz Processor. 2 GB RAM, 16 GB inbuilt. 3100 mAh Battery. 5.2 inches, 720 x 1280 px display. 13 MP Rear 5 MP Front Camera. Memory Card Supported. Android, v6.0.1. See Full Specifications. Samsung Launched Samsung Galaxy J Model New Latest Mobile Samsung Galaxy J5 Pro Price in Pakistan.Samsung Galaxy A3 2016. Samsung galaxy j5 2016 price pakistan specs, samsung galaxy j5 2016 specifications processor 1 2 ghz quad core cortex a53 qual m msm8916 snapdragon 410 gpu adreno 306 os android os v5 1 1 lollipop camera. 5,2 смартфон среднего ценового сегмента с поддержкой двух SIM-карт, выпущенный для рынка Китая.В отдельных модификациях смартфона Samsung Galaxy J5 Duos 2016 имеется чип NFC. Samsung Galaxy J5 (2016) is a decent smartphone to consider if you are in the market for one that can deliver superb selfies and respectable performance.Home Mobile Phones. Samsung Galaxy J5 (2016) Price Specs. Home Mobile Specification Samsung Galaxy J5(2016) Specifications Price in BD.Samsung has released the 2016 editions of Galaxy j5 model. The Samsung Galaxy J5(2016) comes with 5.2 super AMOLED display, 1.2GHz Quad core processor along with 2GB RAM and 16GB ROM. A New Update of J series Samsung Smartphone Model Samsung Galaxy J5 2017 will be available soon. Samsung Galaxy J5 2017 is an Upgrade model of Samsung Galaxy J5 2016. J5 2016 is one of the popular and Android Smartphone in the world. Samsung Galaxy J5 2016 J510 высокого качества, но по низким ценам. А также дешёвые Телефоны и телекоммуникации,Специальные чехлы,Чехлы-бумажники,Чехлы-перевёртыши, и на AliExpress. You can understand with name that its a variant of past year successful device which was Samsung Galaxy J5 2016.Touch Wiz UI is embedded on top of basic software which is standard for all Samsung mobile price in Pakistan 2017. Samsung Galaxy J5 (2016) price, specs, NDTVs Rating, Samsung mobile phone review at NDTV Gadgets360.com.Samsung Galaxy J5 (2016) The phone comes with a 5.20-inch touchscreen display with a resolution of 720 pixels by 1280 pixels. The market price of Samsung Galaxy J5 (2016) is Rs. 21,500 in Pakistan also find Samsung Galaxy J5 (2016) full specification features like front and back camera, battery life, internal and external memory ram mobile color andSamsung Galaxy J7 Max Rs.30700. Similar Price Range Mobiles. Прошивка для Samsung Galaxy J 5 2016. Здесь обсуждаем всё, что связано с прошивкой Galaxy J 5 2016.Программы для прошивки Samsung Galaxy J 5 2016 Ещё картинки Samsung Galaxy J 5 2016 SM-J510FDS прошивка. Home » Samsung » Samsung Galaxy J5 2016 price in Pakistan.The latest Samsung Galaxy J5 2016 is launched newly for you. This mobile is build with Android OS, v6.0.1 (Marshmallow) that is more seet that lollypop. After numerous leaks, Samsung Galaxy J5 2016 and Galaxy J7 2016 has officially been announced.Like last years Galaxy J7, this years model also sports a 5MP front camera with LED flash. Find the best price for Samsung Galaxy J5 (2016) within Banlgadesh. See user reviews, available shops and current price for Samsung Galaxy J5 (2016). Samsung has recently launched the Galaxy J5 (6/J510F/2016 edition) and Galaxy J7 (6/2016 edition) Dual SIM in Pakistan.Vivo V7 launched in Pakistan 24MP Front Camera, 18:9 Display, Price, Specs, Release Date. Microsoft Solitaire Collection is now available on iOS and Android.
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