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oppo f5 plus red specification
Product comparison of Oppo F3 Plus vs Oppo F5 on Pricebaba. A complete comparison with photos, price, specifications and shopping research.Gold, Black, Red, Blue. Build Material. Black, Gold, Red.Best Price of Oppo F5 in Turkey is TRY 1,050 (US280), All Prices updated on daily bases from the local market shops/Showrooms or price list provided by the main dealers of Oppo in TUR we are trying to deliver possible best Price of Oppo F5 in Turkey and Full specifications, But The OPPO F5 takes camera phones to the next generation.The OPPO F5 houses 4GB RAM and Octa-core CPU for all your smartphone operations, from speedy surfing to continuous chats and eager gaming. Image shows Oppo F5 in Royal RED, Image Courtesy: oppo .com.A 6.0-inch FHD plus display dominates the front, and sadly still runs on Android Nougat 7.1 which has Oppos ColorOS 3.2 skin, which is feature rich, like every other Chinese OEM. Oppo F5 Plus. CPU: Octa Core Processor. RAM: 4 GB.More Products from Oppo. Oppo F1s 0 Reviews View specs . OPPO F3 Plus RS.
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Oppo F5 Plus latest updated market price in Bangladesh.Android, Multitouch, Display, Ram, Camera, Sensor, Wi-Fi, GPS, Bluetooth. Complete list of specifications, special features and official price of the OPPO F5 smartphone launched on October 26, 2017.Colors: Gold, Black and Red.OPPO F3 Plus Full Specs, Price and Features. Battery-wise, the OPPO F5 and Vivo V7 Plus barely differ, with only a 25 mAh lead by the V7 Plus. Basically, the other specs of both phones run so close to each other that no phone trumps the other.OPPO F5 Red Now Available, Also Available in 6GB RAM. Jan 21, 2018 / By James. The OPPO F5 Red is now available in stores for a price of Php15,990. Watch our video review of the OPPO F5 below.Nokia 7 Plus: 18:9 display, Snapdragon 660 processor, Android 8.0 Oreo. by Patrick Caete. Now Trending. Oppo F5 Plus Specifications( Specifications ).Oppo F5 Plus comes with 6.00 GB ram, Qualcomm Snapdragon 626 Octa Core Processor 1.80 GHz processor, 128.00 GB storage.OnePlus 5T Lava Red. 2018 latest updated Oppo F5 price in Bangladesh. Where To Buy / Shop Locations Full Specifications Rating. Mediatek Helio P23. Colors Available. Gold, Black, Red. Display Size Resolution. 6.0 inches, Full HD 1080 x 2160 pixels (402 ppi). 16 MP Primary and Dual 20 MP front camera. Non-removable Li-Ion 3200 mAh battery. Oppo F5 Smartphone Specification.Colors. Black, Gold, Red. Software Platform. Get a chance to win an OPPO F5 Red by playing Garenas Arena of Valor this Lunar New Year, February 16 to 18, 2018.Huawei P10 and P10 Plus Philippines: Price, Specs, Availability. Smart introduces new GigaX Postpaid Plans Features more data. 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Bluboo S8 Review An S8 for PhP 7,099. Huawei Mate 10 Pro Review What Does the Extra 100 Get You?And just a few hours ago, the Selfie Expert company finally outs the OPPO F5 Red. Oppo F5 Android Smartphone was launched in November 2017. It is priced in India at Rs.Oppo F5 Detailed Specifications. General Info.New Releases. Xiaomi Redmi Note 5 Pro. Samsung Galaxy C10 Plus. Motorola Moto Z3 Play. Oppo F3 Plus vs Oppo F5 comparison based on specs and price.Oppo F3 Plus has best specification and overall it has powerful specification,you should go for it I my suggestion . opo F5 Red unboxing. New oppo F5 red. COMENTARIOS.OPPO F5 PLUS Revealed , specifications features and more. OPPO f5 plus OPPO f5 plus review OPPO f5 plus unboxing OPPO f5 plus specs OPPO f5 plus release date. The smartphone comes with 3 new colors, whose name is Black, Gold, Red.Oppo F5 Full Specifications: General: Release Date.Next: Oppo R11s Plus Price in Bangladesh Full Specifications. oppo f5 Red specification 6Inch Full View Screen First In Class 24 MP Ai selfie Camera 6GB Ram snapdragon 660 finger print scanner Buy Oppo F5 Red.Oppo F5 website price in india specifications and reviews.OPPO F5 Plus. Show differences only. X. Oppo F5. Buy Amazon. X. Vivo V7 Plus.Blue, Gold, Matte Black, Champagne Gold, Infinite Red. display. Top 134 reasons for Oppo F3 Plus vs Oppo F5: 1. battery power 2. total clock speed 3. pixel density 4. screen size 5. RAM 6. megapixels 7. resolution 8. weight.Top specs and features. Oppo F3 Plus vs Oppo F5: 134 facts in comparison. Oppo F5 Plus Specifications. OverView. Oppo F5 Plus running is Android Operating System version 7.0 serial of Nougat.
This device powerful Snapdragon 626 chipset based on Cortex Octa-core 1.8 GHz Cortex-A53 64 bit processor. Vivo V7 Plus vs Oppo F5 vs Honor 9i: Price in India, Specification and Comparison.Oppo F5 6GB RAM is available in Black, Red colours across various online stores in India. Price History. Loading Oppo F5 Full Specifications. After successfully with dual camera selfie Oppo f1 Oppo, Oppo F3 and Oppo F3 Plus, and now Oppo will re-present the latest device named " Oppo F5 " which reportedly comes with two cameras on the front 12 MP 12 MP complete with features Face Beauty and Screen Buy OPPO F5 (Red, 64 GB) online at best price with offers in India.Look on First Hands Oppo R 15 Like a I phone X 2018 Best Mobile vids 4u, oppo r15 unboxing, oppo r15 review, oppo r15 plus, Oppo R15, Oppo R15 Plus, Oppo R15 Specification, Oppo R15 Plus Oppo F5 64 GB (Red) 6 GB RAM, Dual SIM 4G. Shipping: FREE Delivery Time: NA.Oppo F5 Review, Specifications, and Best Price in India. Oppo took the curtain off from its Oppo F5 selfie expert with Full vision display in India.Who Viewed This Also Viewed OPPO F3 Plus (6GB RAM). OPPO Buy Oppo F5 (Red, 64 GB) online. Checkout its specifications, features, customer reviews price on Croma.com.Home Delivery[?]This product can be delivered to 5000 plus pincode locations. Store Pickup[?]You can order this product online, and pick up from select stores in the following cities
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01 of 06
How to Roast Harvest Vegetables
If you have never roasted vegetables, you don't know what you are missing! You may be used to steaming, boiling, grilling, baking, and stir-frying your veggies, but roasting vegetables isn't a preparation method that is used all that often these days. Yet vegetables that have been roasted make a wonderful, rich side dish that is not only easy but naturally low in calories so long as you don't use too much olive oil.
Roasting is simply a process of cooking vegetables in a very hot, dry... heat allowing to vegetables to brown while remaining tender on the inside. Usually, vegetables are peeled, cut into bite-sized pieces, drizzled with olive oil, and seasoned with salt, pepper, and perhaps a few herbs. The process does a wonderful job of bringing out the sweetness of the vegetables while leaving you with a pleasing texture of crispness on the outside and tenderness on the inside.
While almost any variety of vegetables can be roasted, this tutorial will take you through roasting some of the fall's best offerings: butternut squash, sweet potatoes, and carrots.
The first thing you will do is to gather together the ingredients you will need. Gather:
- 1 medium butternut squash
- 1 large sweet potato
- 3 medium-sized carrots
- 2 Tbsp olive oil
- 1/4 tsp salt
- 1/4 tsp ground black pepper
- 8 cloves of garlic, peeled
Before beginning to chop the vegetables, be sure to then preheat your oven to 450°F. A nice hot oven right off is critical to the nice browning of the veggies, so don't forget this step and place the vegetables into the oven while you are heating it up.Continue to 2 of 6 below.
02 of 06
Peel Vegetables
Some vegetables can be roasted without removing the peel, however, for this recipe, you will definitely want to remove the peel of at least the butternut squash. The sweet potatoes and carrots can be peeled with a simple vegetable peeler. Remove the peelings of garlic cloves.
If you have worked with butternut squash you know that peeling one can be a bit tedious. If you haven't worked with a butternut squash before, follow these few simple tips. First, use a sharp, small knife to cut off... about 1 1/2 inches from both the top and base of the squash. Next, a regular vegetable peeler can be used to peel off the tough, shiny skin, but a serrated peeler may make the job a little easier. Then, slice the butternut squash in half from top to bottom, exposing the inner seeds. Use a large metal spoon to scoop out any seeds and strings found in the middle of the squash. Then you are finally ready to cut the squash as required for your recipe.Continue to 3 of 6 below.
03 of 06
Cut the Vegetables Equally
You may think that this step is not all that important in the final outcome of the roasted vegetables, but cutting the vegetables actually is quite important! When roasting vegetables, it is important that all the vegetables in your dish are cut into pieces which are the same size. That way, all of the vegetables will finish cooking at the same time, and you won't end up with bits of undercooked or mushy pieces. The size of the vegetables is up to you. You may even leave smaller vegetables... whole, but I like to chop larger vegetables into equal bite-sized pieces.Continue to 4 of 6 below.
04 of 06
Drizzle the Vegetables with Olive Oil
Once you have chopped all of the vegetables into bite-sized pieces, gather them together in a large bowl where you can toss them with olive oil and seasonings. I like to use a nice extra-virgin olive oil, and for this recipe I use about 1 1/2 tablespoon of olive oil. While the olive oil is the only ingredient that seems to add a lot of calories to the dish, it cannot be skipped. The olive oil helps the vegetables to brown without drying them out. A relative small amount is used, and remember... there are terrific health benefits to using olive oil. The remaining half tablespoon of olive oil is reserved for a small drizzling once the vegetables come out of the oven. Additionally, add 1/4 tsp of table salt and toss everything together very well.Continue to 5 of 6 below.
05 of 06
Place on a Baking Sheet
Next, you will coat a large baking sheet with non-stick cooking spray. Then pour the vegetables out onto the tray, and spread out in a single layer. This step is quite important as well. You don't want the vegetables to be too close together or they will actually end up steaming each other. You want there to be space around each piece for hot air to circulate and to allow the browning process to take place. If you have too many vegetables to be easily spread out on one sheet, you are better... off using two baking sheets and dividing the vegetables among them.Continue to 6 of 6 below.
06 of 06
Bake the Vegetables in a Hot Oven
You should have already pre-heated your oven to 450°F. Now place the tray of vegetables into the oven, and allow to roast for about 40 minutes. Be sure to use a large spatula to turn the vegetables after about twenty minutes. You want to continuously expose all sides of the cut vegetables to the hot air, so turning is a must.
You will want to keep an eye on the vegetables during this step, as it can be easy to allow them to become over-done. Depending on the size you cut your vegetables, 40... minutes may be too long or not quite long enough. The vegetables should be fork-tender, yet browned on the outside when done. A piece of tin foil can be placed over the top of the vegetables if they have browned but are not yet quite fork-tender.
Once the vegetables are done, remove them from the oven, and drizzle them with the remaining half tablespoon of olive oil so added moistness. Toss with the freshly ground black pepper. At this point, roasted vegetables may also benefit from being seasoned with chopped fresh herbs such as rosemary, thyme, or oregano. Serve the vegetables piping hot, and enjoy your delicious, healthy, and easy roasted veggie side dish.
If you enjoyed this dish, you can use the same method with so many other vegetables. Next time try fresh beets, onions, red potatoes, parsnips, turnips, or cauliflower.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Decorate your garden during the day and color it at night with this distinctive solar powered garden decor. This unique holiday décor features a green metal outline of a Christmas tree with a green light bulb that hangs down in the middle of it. The décor hangs on a durable, weatherproof chain. Made of glass and metal, it is safe for the outdoors. The solar panel turns on automatically at dusk lasts up to 8 hours after full charge.


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Water oxidation is a fundamental step in artificial photosynthesis for solar fuels production. In this study, we report a single-site Ru-based water oxidation catalyst, housing a dicarboxylate-benzimidazole ligand, that mediates both chemical and light-driven oxidation of water efficiently under neutral conditions. The importance of the incorporation of the negatively charged ligand framework is manifested in the low redox potentials of the developed complex, which allows water oxidation to be driven by the mild one-electron oxidant [Ru(bpy)(3)](3+) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine). Furthermore, combined experimental and DFT studies provide insight into the mechanistic details of the catalytic cycle.
During infections, bacterial microorganisms initiate profound interactions with mammalian host cells. Usually defense mechanisms of the host destroy intruding bacteria in rapid manner. However, many bacterial pathogens have evolved in a way to avoid these mechanisms. By use of effector molecules, which can be small organic molecules or proteins with enzymatic activity, the host is manipulated on a molecular level. Effectors mediating post-translational modifications (PTMs) are employed by many pathogens to influence the biological activity of host proteins. In the presented thesis, two related PTMs are investigated in detail: Adenylylation, the covalent transfer of an adenosine monophosphate group from adenosine triphosphate onto proteins, and phosphocholination, the covalent transfer of a phosphocholine moiety onto proteins. Over the past years, enzymes mediating these modifications have been discovered in several pathogens, especially as a mechanism to influence the signaling of eukaryotic cells by adenylylating or phosphocholinating small GTPases. However, the development of reliable methods for the isolation and identification of adenylylated and phosphocholinated proteins remains a vehement challenge in this field of research. This thesis presents general procedures for the synthesis of peptides carrying adenylylated or phosphocholinated tyrosine, threonine and serine residues. From the resulting peptides, mono-selective polyclonal antibodies against adenylylated tyrosine and threonine have been raised. The antibodies were used as tools for proteomic research to isolate unknown substrates of adenylyl transferases from eukaryotic cells. Mass spectrometric fragmentation techniques have been investigated to ease the identification of adenylylated proteins. Furthermore, this work presents a new strategy to identify adenylylated proteins. Additionally, small effector molecules are involved in the regulation of infection mechanisms. In this work, the small molecule LAI-1 (Legionella autoinducer 1) from the pathogen Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of the Legionnaire's disease, was synthesised together with its amino-derivatives. LAI-1 showed are a clear pharmacological effect on the regulation of the life cycle of L. pneumophila, initiating transmissive traits like motility and virulence. Furthermore, LAI-1 was shown to have an effect on eukaryotic cells as well. Directed motility of the eukaryotic cells was significantly reduced and the cytoskeletal architecture was reorganised, probably by interfering with the small GTPase Cdc42.
Advances in the elaboration of vaccines and enzyme inhibitors rely on acquiring more knowledge about protein-carbohydrate binding events. Furthermore, the relationships between biological function and the three-dimensional properties of large glycans can be studied by focusing on the structural components they contained, namely, by scaling down the system under analysis. Chemical methods are useful assets as they allow the isolation and determination of epitopes; these small and recognizable fragments that lead to very specific interactions. In this thesis, biologically relevant saccharides were obtained using recently developed concepts in carbohydrate synthesis and NMR spectroscopy was used to unravel their conformational preferences.
In paper I, the convergent synthesis of the tetrasaccharide found in the natural product solaradixine is described. Reactivity enhanced disaccharide glycosyl donors were coupled to a disaccharide acceptor in a 2 + 2 fashion. The computer program CASPER was subsequently used to verify the synthesized structure.
The conformation arming concept employed in paper I was further investigated in paper II. An NMR-based methodology enabled the determination of the ring conformations of a set of donors. Subsequently, glycosylation reactions were performed and yields were correlated to donors ring shapes. Perturbations in the rings shape caused by bulky silyl ether protective groups were sufficient to boost the potency of several donors. As a matter of fact, complex branched oligosaccharides could be obtained in good to excellent yields.
In paper III, NMR spectroscopy observables were measured to elucidate the ring shape, the mutual orientation of the rings across the glycosidic bond and the positions of the side chains of 5 trisaccharides found in larger structures. With the aid of molecular dynamics simulations, their overall conformational propensities were revealed.
Finally, the software CASPER prediction skills were improved by adding, inter alia, NMR information of synthesized mono- and disaccharides to its database. Unassigned chemical shifts from polysaccharides served as input to challenge its ability to solve large carbohydrate structures.
The major glycoalkaloid in the roots of Solanum laciniatum is Solaradixine having the branched tetrasaccharide beta-D-Glcp-(1 -> 2)-beta-D-Glcp-(1 -> 3)[alpha-L-Rhap-(1 -> 2)]-beta-D-Galp linked to O3 of the steroidal alkaloid Solasodine. We herein describe the synthesis of the methyl glycoside of the tetrasaccharide using a super-armed disaccharide as a donor molecule. A 2-(naphthyl)methyl protecting group was used in the synthesis of the donor since it was tolerant to a wide range of reaction conditions. The 6-O-benzylated-hexa-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyi-protected beta-D-Glcp-(1 -> 2)-beta-D-Glcp-SEt donor, which avoided 1,6-anydro formation, was successfully glycosylated at O3 of a galactoside acceptor molecule. However, subsequent glycosylation at O2 by a rhamnosyl donor was unsuccessful and instead a suitably protected alpha-L-Rhap(1 -> 2)-beta-D-Galp-OMe disaccharide was used as the acceptor molecule together with a super-armed beta-D-Glcp-(1 -> 2)-beta-D-Glcp-SEt donor in the glycosylation reaction, to give a tetrasaccharide in a yield of 55%, which after deprotection resulted in the target molecule, the structure of which was verified by the NMR chemical shift prediction program CASPER.
In this work, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles functionalized with L-cysteine (Cys-Fe3O4 NPs) was synthesized and fully characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and zeta potential measurements. The synthesized Cys-Fe(3)O(4)NPs has been evaluated as a highly adsorbent for the adsorption of a mixture of four rare earths RE3+ ions (La3+, Nd3+, Gd3+ and Y3+) from digested monazite solutions. The influence of various factors on the adsorption efficiency such as, the contact time, sample pH, temperature, and concentration of the stripping solution were investigated. The results indicate that Cys-Fe3O4 NPs achieve high removal efficiency 96.7, 99.3, 96.5 and 87% for La3+, Nd3+, Gd3+ and Y3+ ions, respectively, at pH = 6 within 15 min, and the adsorbent affinity for metal ions was found to be in order of Nd3+ > La3+ > Gd3+ > Y3+ ions. Using the Langmuir model, a maximum adsorption capacity of La3+, Nd3+, Gd3+ and Y3+ at room temperature was found to be 71.5, 145.5, 64.5 and 13.6 mg g (1), respectively. The Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second order model fitted much better than the other isotherms and kinetic models. The obtained results for the thermodynamic parameters confirmed the spontaneous and endothermic nature of the process. Moreover, the desorption was carried out with 0.1 M nitric acid solutions. In addition, Cys-Fe3O4 NPs can be used as a highly efficient adsorbent for the adsorption of La3+, Nd3+, Gd3+ and Y3+ ions from digested monazite solutions.
The pine weevil (Hylobius abietis L.) is one of the two topmost economically important insect pests in Swedish conifer forests. The damage increase in areas were the silvicultural practice is to use clear cuttings were the insects gather and breed. During egglaying the female protects her offspring by creating a cave in roots and stumps were she puts her egg and covers it with frass, a mixture of weevil feces and chewed bark. Adult pine weevils have been observed to feed on the other side of the egg laying site and antifeedant substance has been discovered in the feces of the pine weevil. We think it is possible that microorganisms present in the frass contribute with antifeedant/repellent substances. Little is known about the pine weevils associated bacteria community and their symbiotic functions. In this thesis the bacterial community is characterized in gut and frass both from pine weevils in different populations across Europe as well as after a 28 day long diet regime on Scots pine, silver birch or bilberry. Volatile substances produced by isolated bacteria as well as from a consortium of microorganisms were collected with solid phase micro extraction (SPME) and analyzed with GC-MS. The main volatiles were tested against pine weevils using a two-choice test. Wolbachia, Rahnella aquatilis, Serratia and Pseudomonas syringae was commonly associated with the pine weevil. 2-Methoxyphenol, 2-phenylethanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol were found in the headspace from Rahnella aquatilis when grown in substrate containing pine bark. 2-Methoxyphenol and 3-methyl-1-butanol, phenol and methyl salicylate were found in pine feces. Birch and bilberry feces emitted mainly linalool oxides and bilberry emitted also small amounts of 2-phenylethanol.
A second part of the thesis discusses the role of fungi in forest insect interactions and the production of oxygenated monoterpenes as possible antifeedants. Spruce bark beetles (Ips typhographus L.) aggregate with the help of pheromones and with collected forces they kill weakened adult trees as a result of associated fungi growth and larval development. A fungi associated with the bark beetle, Grosmannia europhoides, was shown to produce de novo 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, the major component of the spruce bark beetle aggregation pheromone. Chemical defense responses against Endoconidiophora polonica and Heterobasidion parviporum were investigated using four clones of Norway spruce with different susceptibility to Heterobasidion sp. Clone specific differences were found in induced mono-, sesqui and diterpenes. A number of oxygenated monoterpenes which are known antifeedants for the pine weevil were produced in the infested areas.
Heterobasidion parviporum (Hp) were investigated using four clones of Norway spruce (Picea abies) with different susceptibility to Heterobasidion sp. Eight year old trees were inoculated with Ep and Hp to minimize the variation due to environment. After three weeks the bark tissue at the upper border of the inoculation hole were extracted with hexane and analyzed by GC-MS. Both treatment and clonal differences were found based on induced mono-, sesqui- and diterpenes. In addition, the Hp produced toxin, fomanoxin, was identified in lowest amount in the most Hp susceptible clone. The clonal trees seem to use different defense strategies towards the two fungi. One of the clones was able to induce strong chemical defense against both fungi, one clone induced chemical defense only against Ep and the most susceptible clone exhibited the least capacity to produce an effective defense against Ep and Hp. Two diterpenes were found to be distinctly different between clones with different susceptibilities, which can be used as chemical indication of Norway spruce resistance against fungi.
Regio- and stereoselective addition of alkyl Grignard reagents to pyridine-N-oxides gave C2-alkylated N-hydroxy-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines and trans-2,3-disubstituted N-hydroxy-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines in good to excellent yields. These intermediates were aromatized or alternatively reduced in one-pot methodologies for efficient syntheses of alkylpyridines or piperidines, respectively. These reactions have a broad substrate scope and short reaction times.
Herein, we present the design and synthesis of 2(1H)-pyrazinone based HCV NS3 protease inhibitors with variations in the C-terminus. Biochemical evaluation was performed using genotype 1a, both the wildtype and the drug resistant enzyme variant, R155K. Surprisingly, compounds without an acidic sulfonamide retained good inhibition, challenging our previous molecular docking model. Moreover, selected compounds in this series showed nanomolar potency against R155K NS3 protease; which generally confer resistance to all HCV NS3 protease inhibitors approved or in clinical trials. These results further strengthen the potential of this novel substance class, being very different to the approved drugs and clinical candidates, in the development of inhibitors less sensitive to drug resistance.
Excellent enantioselectivities are observed in palladium-catalyzed allylic substitutions of a wide range of substrate types and nucleophiles using a bidentate ligand composed of oxazoline and chirally flexible biaryl phosphite elements. This unusually wide substrate scope is shown by experimental and theoretical studies of its eta(3)-allyl and eta(2)-olefin complexes not to be a result of configurational interconversion of the biaryl unit, since the ligand in all reactions adopts an S-a,S configuration on coordination to palladium, but rather the ability of the ligand to adapt the size of the substrate-binding pocket to the reacting substrate. This ability also serves as an explanation to its excellent performance in other types of catalytic processes.
Water is an essential participant in the stability, structure, dynamics, and function of proteins and other biomolecules. Thermodynamically, changes in the aqueous environment affect the stability of biomolecules. Structurally, water participates chemically in the catalytic function of proteins and nucleic acids and physically in the collapse of the protein chain during folding through hydrophobic collapse and mediates binding through the hydrogen bond in complex formation. Water is a partner that slaves the dynamics of proteins, and water interaction with proteins affect their dynamics. Here we provide a review of the experimental and computational advances over the past decade in understanding the role of water in the dynamics, structure, and function of proteins. We focus on the combination of X-ray and neutron crystallography, NMR, terahertz spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, thermodynamics, and computer simulations to reveal how water assist proteins in their function. The recent advances in computer simulations and the enhanced sensitivity of experimental tools promise major advances in the understanding of protein dynamics, and water surely will be a protagonist.
The solubility of cellulose in water-based media is promoted by low temperature, which may appear counter-intuitive. An explanation to this phenomenon has been proposed that is based on a temperature-dependent orientation of the hydroxymethyl group. In this paper, this hypothesis is investigated using molecular dynamics computer simulations and NMR spectroscopy, and is discussed in conjunction with alternative explanations based on solvent–solute and solvent–solvent hydrogen bond formation respectively. It is shown that neither simulations nor experiments lend support to the proposed mechanism based on the hydroxymethyl orientation, whereas the two alternative explanations give rise to two distinct contributions to the hydration free energy of cellooligomers.
The macromolecular conformation of the constituent polysaccharides in lignocellulosic biomass influences their supramolecular interactions, and therefore their function in plants and their performance in technical products. The flexibility of glycosidic linkages from the backbone of hemicelluloses was studied by evaluating the conformational freedom of the φ and ψ dihedral angles using molecular dynamic simulations, additionally selected molecules were correlated with experimental data by NMR spectroscopy. Three types of β-(1→4) glycosidic linkages involving the monosaccharides (Glcp, Xylp and Manp) present in the backbone of hemicelluloses were defined. Different di- and tetrasaccharides with combinations of such sugar monomers from hemicelluloses were simulated and free energy maps of the φ - ψ space and hydrogen bonding patterns were obtained. The glycosidic linkage between Glc-Glc or Glc-Man (C-type) was the stiffest with mainly one probable conformation; the linkage from Man-Man or Man-Glc (M-type) was similar but with an increased probability for an alternative conformation making it more flexible, and the linkage between two Xyl-units (X-type) was the most flexible with two almost equally populated conformations. Glycosidic linkages of the same type showed essentially the same conformational space in both disaccharides and in the central region of tetrasaccharides. Different probabilities of glycosidic linkage conformations in the backbone of hemicelluloses can be directly estimated from the free energy maps, which to a large degree affect the overall macromolecular conformations of these polymers. The information gained contributes to an increased understanding of hemicelluloses' function both in the cell wall and in technical products.
Abstract: Ditopic binding of various dinitrogen compounds to three bisporphyrin molecular tweezers with spacers of varying conformational rigidity, incorporating the planar ene-diyne (1), the helical stiff stilbene (2), or the semirigid glycoluril motif fused to the porphyrins (3) are compared. Binding constants Ka = 10^4 to 10^6 M^-1 reveal subtle differences between these tweezers, that are discussed in terms of porphyrin dislocation modes. Exciton coupled circular dichroism (ECCD) of complexes with chiral dinitrogen guests provides experimental evidence for the conformational properties of the tweezers. The results are further supported and rationalized by conformational analysis.
Cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal enzyme in the respiratory chain, reduces molecular oxygen to water and stores the released energy through electrogenic chemistry and proton pumping across the membrane. Apart from the heme-copper binuclear center, there is a conserved tyrosine residue in the active site (BNC). The tyrosine delivers both an electron and a proton during the O-O bond cleavage step, forming a tyrosyl radical. The catalytic cycle then occurs in four reduction steps, each taking up one proton for the chemistry (water formation) and one proton to be pumped. It is here suggested that in three of the reduction steps the chemical proton enters the center of the BNC, leaving the tyrosine unprotonated with radical character. The reproprotonation of the tyrosine occurs first in the final reduction step before binding the next oxygen molecule. It is also suggested that this reduction mechanism and the presence of the tyrosine are essential for the proton pumping. Density functional theory calculations on large cluster models of the active site show that only the intermediates with the proton in the center of the BNC and with an unprotonated tyrosyl radical have a high electron affinity of similar size as the electron donor, which is essential for the ability to take up two protons per electron and thus for the proton pumping. This type of reduction mechanism is also the only one that gives a free energy profile in accordance with experimental observations for the amount of proton pumping in the working enzyme.
Quantum chemical calculations play an essential role in the elucidation of reaction mechanisms for redox-active metalloenzymes. For example, the cleavage and the formation of covalent bonds can usually not be described only on the basis of experimental information, but can be followed by the calculations. Conversely, there are properties, like reduction potentials, which cannot be accurately calculated. Therefore, computational and experimental data has to be carefully combined to obtain reliable descriptions of entire catalytic cycles involving electron and proton uptake from donors outside the enzyme. Such a procedure is illustrated here, for the reduction of nitric oxide (NO) to nitrous oxide and water in the membrane enzyme, cytochrome c dependent nitric oxide reductase (cNOR). A surprising experimental observation is that this reaction is nonelectrogenic, which means that no energy is conserved. On the basis of hybrid density functional calculations a free energy profile for the entire catalytic cycle is obtained, which agrees much better with experimental information on the active site reduction potentials than previous ones. Most importantly the energy profile shows that the reduction steps are endergonic and that the entire process is rate-limited by high proton uptake barriers during the reduction steps. This result implies that, if the reaction were electrogenic, it would become too slow when the gradient is present across the membrane. This explains why this enzyme does not conserve any of the free energy released.
Fe and Ru pincer-type catalysts are used for the racemization of benzylic alcohols. Racemization with the Fe catalyst was achieved within 30 minutes under mild reaction conditions, with a catalyst loading as low as 2 mol %. This reaction constitutes the first example of an iron-catalyzed racemization of an alcohol. The efficiency for racemization of the Fe catalyst and its Ru analogue was evaluated for a wide range of sec-benzylic alcohols. The commercially available Ru complex proved to be highly robust and even tolerated the presence of water in the reaction mixture.
Shigella flexneri 3a causes bacillary dysentery. Its O-antigen has the {2)-[alpha-d-Glcp-(1 -> 3)]-alpha-L-Rhap-(1 -> 2)-alpha-L-Rhap-( 1 -> 3)-[Ac -> 2]-alpha-L-Rhap-(1 ->)-[Ac -> 6](approximate to 40%)-beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1 ->} ([(E)AB(Ac)C(Ac)D]) repeating unit, and the non-Oacetylated equivalent defines S. flexneri X. Propyl hepta-, octa-, and decasaccharides sharing the (E') A'BAcCD(E) A sequence, and their non-O-acetylated analogues were synthesized from a fully protected BAcCD(E) A allyl glycoside. The stepwise introduction of orthogonally protected mono-and disaccharide imidate donors was followed by a two-step deprotection process. Monoclonal antibody binding to twenty-six S. flexneri types 3a and X di-to decasaccharides was studied by an inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and STD-NMR spectroscopy. Epitope mapping revealed that the 2(C)-acetate dominated the recognition by monoclonal IgG and IgM antibodies and that the BAcCD segment was essential for binding. The glucosyl side chain contributed to a lesser extent, albeit increasingly with the chain length. Moreover, tr-NOESY analysis also showed interaction but did not reveal any meaningful conformational change upon antibody binding.
Twelve new 2-quinolizinylbenzimidazole and 2-naphthalylbenzimidazole derivatives with various 5- and 6-positioned substituents (aza, H, CH3, Cl, NO2, NH2, OCH3), have been synthesized in moderate to excellent yields via the condensation of 4-oxo-4H-quinolizinecarbaldehyde or naphthalenecarbaldehyde with substituted o-phenylenediamines, o-nitroaniline, and 2,3-pyridinediamine using sodium metabisulfite or sodium hydrosulfite under microwave irradiation. The new benzimidazole derivatives were screened for their cytotoxic activity against the human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). The results showed on one hand that 2-(substituted quinolizinyl)-1H-benzimidazoles (12b–f) were less active (3–6 fold) than the positive control Tamoxifen (CC50 = 6.52 μM), and on the other hand, among the 2-(substituted naphthalyl)-1H-benzimidazoles series (13a–f), compounds 6,7,8-trimethoxy-3-(5-chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)naphthalen-1-ol (13c) (CC50 = 7.48 μM) and 6,7,8-trimethoxy-3-(5-methoxy-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)naphthalen-1-ol (13f) (CC50 = 6.43 μM) were found to be as active as Tamoxifen.
A brief overview of the development of direct substitution of the hydroxyl (OH) group of alcohols in our research group is presented. By applying a BrOnsted acid, an intramolecular substitution of the OH group in stereogenic alcohols with chirality transfer was achieved. Noteworthy, the intramolecular substitution has a wide scope in respect to both the nucleophile and also the nucleofuge. A mechanistic study by both experiments and DFT calculations revealed a unique reaction pathway in which the BrOnsted acid operates in a bifunctional manner to promote an S(N)2-type reaction mechanism.
An atom-efficient route to pyrroles substituted in the beta-position has been achieved in four high yielding steps by a combination of Pd, Ru, and Fe catalysis with only water and ethene as side-products. The reaction is general and gives pyrroles substituted in the beta-position with linear and branched alkyl, benzyl, or aryl groups in overall good yields. The synthetic route includes a Pd-catalyzed monoallylation step of amines with substituted allylic alcohols that proceeds to yield the monoallylated products in moderate to excellent yields. In a second step, unsymmetrical diallylated aromatic amines are generated from the reaction of a second allylic alcohol with high selectivity in moderate to good yields by control of the reaction temperature. Ru-catalyzed ring-closing metathesis performed on the diallylated aromatic amines yields the pyrrolines substituted in the beta-position in excellent yields. By addition of ferric chloride to the reaction mixture, a selective aromatization to yield the corresponding pyrroles substituted in the beta-position was achieved. A reaction mechanism involving a palladium hydride, generated from insertion of palladium to O-H of an allyl alcohol, that is responsible for the C-O bond cleavage to generate the pi-allyl intermediate is proposed.
Many proteins undergoes self-assembly into fibrillar structures known as amyloid fibrils. During the self-assembly process related structures, known as spherulites, can be formed. Herein we report a facile method where the balance between amyloid fibrils and spherulites can be controlled by stirring of the reaction mixture during the initial stages of the self-assembly process. Moreover, we report how this methodology can be used to prepare non-covalently functionalized amyloid fibrils. By stirring the reaction mixture continuously or for a limited time during the lag phase the fibril length, and hence the propensity to form liquid crystalline phases, can be influenced. This phenomena is utilized by preparing films consisting of aligned protein fibrils incorporating the laser dye Nile red. The resulting films display polarized Nile red fluorescence.
The focus of this thesis has been organometallic catalysis applied to compounds containing heteroatoms which are usually poisonous to metal catalysts, by channelling their innate reactivity advantageously. The studies described in this thesis concentrate, in the first part, on iridium catalysed asymmetric hydrogenation (papers I and II) and in the second part, on gold catalysed internal rearrangements (papers III and IV). In each case, two classes of compounds are studied: pyridinium salts or sulphurous compounds. The asymmetric hydrogenation of pyridinium compounds was performed with 2% loading of N,P-ligated Ir catalyst with I2 additive (paper I) to achieve moderate to good enantiomeric excess (up to 98%). In paper II, olefinic sulphones were hydrogenated with an efficient 0.5% catalytic loading. In most cases full conversion was obtained and with good to excellent ees (up to 99%). The products of these reductions are chiral compounds, which could constitute further chemical building blocks. Palladium and gold were used sequentially in paper III, in order to perform a "Click" thiol-yne reaction followed by a semi-Pinacol rearrangement, leading to isolated yields of up to 98%. In paper IV The gold catalysed rearrangement of alkyl-pyridinium diynes was conducted, with a number of substrates providing >90% NMR yield. A highly selective hydrogenation was performed with a heterogeneous palladium catalyst to yield single diastereomer products. This methodology consists of up to three steps, with two catalysts in one pot.
The application of different analytical techniques is fundamental in forensic drug analysis. In the wake of the occurrence of large numbers of new psychoactive substances possessing similar chemical structures as already known ones, focus has been placed on applied criteria for their univocal identification. These criteria vary, obviously, depending on the applied technique and analytical approach. However, when two or more substances are proven to have similar analytical properties, these criteria no longer apply, which imply that complementary techniques have to be used in their differentiation.
This work describes the synthesis of some structural analogues to synthetic cannabinoids and cathinones based on the evolving patterns in the illicit drug market. Six synthetic cannabinoids and six synthetic cathinones were synthesized, that, at the time for this study, were not as yet found in drug seizures. Further, a selection of their spectroscopic data is compared to those of already existing analogues; mainly isomers and homologues. The applied techniques were mass spectrometry (MS), Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR, gas phase) spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. In total, 59 different compounds were analyzed with the selected techniques.
The results from comparison of spectroscopic data showed that isomeric substances may in some cases be difficult to unambiguously identify based only on their GC-MS EI spectra. On the other hand, GC-FTIR demonstrated more distinguishable spectra. The spectra for the homologous compounds showed however, that the GC-FTIR technique was less successful compared to GC-MS. Also a pronounced fragmentation pattern for some of the cathinones was found.
In conclusion, this thesis highlights the importance of using complementary techniques for the univocal identification of synthetic cannabinoids and cathinones. By increasing the number of analogues investigated, the more may be learnt about the capabilities of different techniques for structural differentiations, and thereby providing important identification criteria leading to trustworthy forensic evidence.
A new and highly efficient enzymatic aminolysis approach for kinetic resolution of aromatic a-hydroxy acid in non-aqueous media has been developed. The corresponding alpha-hydroxyl acid ester was employed as the substrate, and commercially available Candida antarctica lipase B is used as the biocatalyst, anhydrous ammonia is the resolving agent. Reactions can be proceeded smoothly in organic solvent at ambient temperatures. High concentration of substrate is allowed due to the application of organic media and the products are obtained in yields of up to 49% with ee values of up to 99%, and with E value of >300, representing an appealing and promising protocol for large-scale preparations.
A novel, mild and facile preparation of alkyl amides from unactivated alkyl iodides employing a fac-Ir(ppy)(3)-catalyzed radical aminocarbonylation protocol has been developed. Using a two-chambered system, alkyl iodides, fac-Ir(ppy)(3), amines, reductants, and CO gas (released ex situ from Mo(CO)(6)), were combined and subjected to an initial radical reductive dehalogenation generating alkyl radicals, and a subsequent aminocarbonylation with amines affording a wide range of alkyl amides in moderate to excellent yields.
Thiol-ene radical coupling is increasingly used for the biofunctionalization of biomaterials and the formation of 3D hydrogels enabling cell encapsulation. Indeed, thiol-ene chemistry presents interesting features that are particularly attractive for platforms requiring specific reactions of peptides or proteins, in particular, in situ, during cell culture or encapsulation. Despite such interest, little is known about the factors impacting thiol-ene chemistry in situ, under biologically relevant conditions. Here we explore some of the molecular parameters controlling photoinitiated thiol-ene couplings with a series of alkenes and thiols, including peptides, in buffered conditions. H-1 NMR and HPLC were used to quantify the efficiency of couplings and the impact of the pH of the buffer, as well as the molecular structure and local microenvironment close to alkenes and thiols to be coupled. Some of these observations are supported by molecular dynamics and quantum mechanics calculations. An important finding of our work is that the plc of thiols (and its variation upon changes in molecular structure) have a striking impact on coupling efficiencies. Similarly, positively charged and aromatic amino acids are found to have some impact on thiol-ene couplings. Hence, our study demonstrates that molecular design should be carefully selected in order to achieve high biofunctionalization levels in biomaterials with peptides or promote the efficient formation of peptide-based hydrogels.
The synthesis of two molecular iron complexes, a dinuclear iron(III,III) complex and a nonanuclear iron complex, based on the di-nucleating ligand 2,2-(2-hydroxy-5-methyl-1,3-phenylene)bis(1H-benzo[d]imidazole-4-carboxylic acid) is described. The two iron complexes were found to drive the oxidation of water by the one-electron oxidant [Ru(bpy)(3)](3+).
The synthesis of two molecular iron complexes, a dinuclear iron(III,III) complex and a nonanuclear iron complex, based on the di-nucleating ligand 2,2'-(2-hydroxy-5-methyl-1,3-phenylene)bis(1H-benzo[d]imidazole-4-carboxylic acid) is described. The two iron complexes were found to drive the oxidation of water by the one-electron oxidant [Ru(bpy)(3)](3+).
Density functional theory calculations have been used to investigate the reaction mechanisms of phosphodiester hydrolysis and transesterification catalyzed by a dinuclear zinc complex of the 2-(N-isopropyl-N-((2-pyridyl)methyl)-aminomethyl)-6-(N-(carboxylmethyl)-N-((2-pyridyl)methyl)amino-methyl)-4-methylphenol (IPCPMP) ligand, mimicking the active site of zinc phosphotriesterase. The substrates bis(2,4)-dinitrophenyl phosphate (BDNPP) and 2-hydroxypropyl-p-nitrophenyl phosphate (HPNP) were employed as analogues of DNA and RNA, respectively. A number of different mechanistic proposals were considered, with the active catalyst harboring either one or two hydroxide ions. It is concluded that for both reactions the catalyst has only one hydroxide bound, as this option yields lower overall energy barriers. For BDNPP hydrolysis, it is suggested that the hydroxide acts as the nucleophile in the reaction, attacking the phosphorus center of the substrate. For HPNP transesterification, on the other hand, the hydroxide is proposed to act as a Bronsted base, deprotonating the alcohol moiety of the substrate, which in turn performs the nucleophilic attack. The calculated overall barriers are in good agreement with measured rates. Both reactions are found to proceed by essentially concerted associative mechanisms, and it is demonstrated that two consecutive catalytic cycles need to be considered in order to determine the rate-determining free energy barrier.
We used density functional theory calculations to examine molecules that can be regarded as expanded 1,4-disilacyclohexa-2,5-dienes as well as oligomers based on these or 1,4-disilacyclohexa-2,5-diene with the aim to identify systems with extended (cross-)hyperconjugation. Among the three "expanded 1,4-disilacyclohexa-2,5-dienes" considered cyclobutadisilole is the most interesting as it has a higher thermodynamic stability than the isomeric 1,6-disilacyclodeca-2,3,4,7,8,9-hexaene and significantly lower first electronic excitation energy than 1,6-disilacyclodeca-2,4,7,9-tetraene. Cyclobutadisilole with trimethylsilyl substituents at Si shows particularly low excitations with the first strong transition at 3.46 eV (358 nm), i.e., similar to 1.1 eV lower than in 1,4-disilacyclohexa-2,5-diene. The monomers were connected into oligomers via their Si atoms using bis(dimethylsilanediyl) linkers, and some extended hyperconjugation was revealed. The first allowed UV/Vis excitation in the cyclobutadisilole-based tetramers is calculated at 2.57 eV (482 nm), although the lowering in excitation energies when going from monomer to tetramer is merely similar to 0.5 eV and hyperconjugation has modest impact on geometries. Yet, the tetra(cyclobutadisilole) has a significantly lower first allowed excitation when compared to a previously studied tetra(1,4-disilacyclohexadiene) with first excitation at 3.9 eV (318 nm).
Selective Ru-catalysed C2–H silylation of heteroarenes is presented. The transformation works with or without directing group assistance and requires no protecting groups. Gramines and tryptamines may be converted efficiently whilst avoiding deleterious elimination side-reactions. Mechanistic studies reveal an unusual activation of the indole C4–H bond by an electron-rich metal.
Despite the numerous experimental and theoretical studies on phosphate monoester hydrolysis, significant questions remain concerning the mechanistic details of these biologically critical reactions. In the present work we construct a linear free energy relationship for phosphate monoester hydrolysis to explore the effect of modulating leaving group plc on the competition between solvent- and substrate-assisted pathways for the hydrolysis of these compounds. Through detailed comparative electronic-structure studies of methyl phosphate and a series of substituted aryl phosphate monoesters, we demonstrate that the preferred mechanism is dependent on the nature of the leaving group. For good leaving groups, a strong preference is observed for a more dissociative solvent-assisted pathway. However, the energy difference between the two pathways gradually reduces as the leaving group pK(a) increases and creates mechanistic ambiguity for reactions involving relatively poor alkoxy leaving groups. Our calculations show that the transition-state structures vary smoothly across the range of pK(a)s studied and that the pathways remain discrete mechanistic alternatives. Therefore, while not impossible, a biological catalyst would have to surmount a significantly higher activation barrier to facilitate a substrate-assisted pathway than for the solvent-assisted pathway when phosphate is bonded to good leaving groups. For poor leaving groups, this intrinsic preference disappears.
The signal enhancement properties of QCM sensors based on dynamic, biotinylated poly(acrylic acid) brushes has been studied in interaction studies with an anti-biotin Fab fragment. The poly (acrylic acid) sensors showed a dramatic increase in signal response with more than ten times higher signal than the carboxyl-terminated self-assembled monolayer surface.
Vector control of disease-transmitting mosquitoes is increasingly important due to the re-emergence and spread of infections such as malaria and dengue. We have conducted a high throughput screen (HTS) of 17,500 compounds for inhibition of the essential AChE1 enzymes from the mosquitoes Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti. In a differential HTS analysis including the human AChE, several structurally diverse, potent, and selective noncovalent AChE1 inhibitors were discovered. For example, a phenoxyacetamide-based inhibitor was identified with a 100-fold selectivity for the mosquito over the human enzyme. The compound also inhibited a resistance conferring mutant of AChE1. Structure-selectivity relationships could be proposed based on the enzymes' 3D structures; the hits' selectivity profiles appear to be linked to differences in two loops that affect the structure of the entire active site. Noncovalent inhibitors of AChE1, such as the ones presented here, provide valuable starting points toward insecticides and are complementary to existing and new covalent inhibitors.
Highly active and low-cost electrocatalysts for water oxidation are required due to the demands on sustainable solar fuels; however, developing highly efficient catalysts to meet industrial requirements remains a challenge. Herein, we report a monolayer of nickel-vanadium-layered double hydroxide that shows a current density of 27 mA cm(-2) (57 mA cm(-2) after ohmic-drop correction) at an overpotential of 350 mV for water oxidation. Such performance is comparable to those of the best-performing nickel-iron-layered double hydroxides for water oxidation in alkaline media. Mechanistic studies indicate that the nickel-vanadium-layered double hydroxides can provide high intrinsic catalytic activity, mainly due to enhanced conductivity, facile electron transfer and abundant active sites. This work may expand the scope of cost-effective electrocatalysts for water splitting.
The structures of the lipooligosaccharides from Brucella melitensis mutants affected in the WbkD and ManB(core) proteins have been fully characterized using NMR spectroscopy. The results revealed that disruption of wbkD gives rise to a rough lipopolysaccharide (R-LPS) with a complete core structure (beta-D-Glcp-(1 -> 4)-alpha-Kdop-(2 -> 4)[beta-D-GlcpN-(1 -> 6)-beta-D-GlcpN-(1 -> 4)[beta-D-GlcpN-(1 -> 6)]-beta-D-GlcpN-(1 -> 3)-alpha-D-Manp-(1 -> 5)]-alpha-Kdop-(2 -> 6)-beta-D-GlcpN3N4P-(1 -> 6)-alpha-D-GlcpN3N1P), in addition to components lacking one of the terminal beta-D-GlcpN and/or the beta-D-Glcp residues (48 and 17%, respectively). These structures were identical to those of the R-LPS from B. melitensis EP, a strain simultaneously expressing both smooth and R-LPS, also studied herein. In contrast, disruption of man-B-core gives rise to a deep-rough pentasaccharide core (beta-D-Glcp-(1 -> 4)-alpha-Kdop-(2 -> 4)-alpha-Kdop-(2 -> 6)-beta-D-GlcpN3N4P-(1 -> 6)-alpha-D-GlcpN3N1P) as the major component (63%), as well as a minor tetrasaccharide component lacking the terminal beta-D-Glcp residue (37%). These results are in agreement with the predicted functions of the WbkD (glycosyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of the O-antigen) and ManB(core) proteins (phosphomannomutase involved in the biosynthesis of a mannosyl precursor needed for the biosynthesis of the core and O-antigen). We also report that deletion of B. melitensis wadC removes the core oligosaccharide branch not linked to the O-antigen causing an increase in overall negative charge of the remaining LPS inner section. This is in agreement with the mannosyltransferase role predicted for WadC and the lack of GlcpN residues in the defective core oligosaccharide. Despite carrying the O-antigen essential in B. melitensis virulence, the core deficiency in the wadC mutant structure resulted in a more efficient detection by innate immunity and attenuation, proving the role of the beta-D-GlcpN-(1 -> 6)-beta-D-GlcpN-(1 -> 4)[beta-D-GlcpN-(1 -> 6)]-beta-D-GlcpN-(1 -> 3)-alpha-D-Manp-(1 -> 5) structure in virulence.
The structure of a polysaccharide from Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain AN-16000 has been investigated. The sugar and absolute configuration analysis revealed D-Glc, D-GalN, D-QuiN and L-FucN as major components. The PS was subjected to dephosphorylation with aqueous 40% HF to obtain an oligosaccharide that was analyzed by H-1 and C-13 NMR spectroscopy. The HR-MS spectrum of the oligosaccharide revealed a pentasaccharide composed of two Glc residues, one QuiNAc and one GalNAc, one FucNAc, as well as a glycerol moiety. The structure of the PS was determined using H-1, C-13, N-15 and P-31 NMR spectroscopy; inter-residue correlations were identified by H-1, C-13-heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation, H-1, H-1-NOESY and H-1, P-31-hetero-TOCSY experiments. The PS backbone has the following teichoic acid-like structure: -> 3)-D-Gro-(1-P-6)-beta-D-Glcp-(1 -> 4)-alpha-L-FucpNAc-(1 -> 3)-beta-D-QuipNAc-(1 -> with a side-chain consisting of alpha-D-Glcp-(1 -> 6)-alpha-D-GalpNAc-(1 -> linked to the O3 position of the FucNAc residue.
In the transition to a sustainable energy supply there is an increasing need to use biomass for replacement of fossil fuel. A key challenge is to utilize biomass conversion technologies in an environmentally sound manner. Important aspects are to minimize potential formation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as dioxins and dioxin-like compounds.
This thesis involves studies of formation characteristics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and naphthalenes (PCNs) in microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP) and torrefaction using biomass as feedstock. The research focuses are on their levels, distributions, fingerprints (homologue profiles and isomer patterns) and the underlying formation pathways. The study also included efforts to optimize methods for extracting chlorinated aromatic compounds from thermally treated biomass. The overall objective was to contribute better understanding on the formation of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds in low temperature thermal processes.
The main findings include the following:
Overall, the results provide information on the formation characteristics of PCDDs, PCDFs and PCNs in MAP and torrefaction. The obtained knowledge is useful regarding management and utilization of thermally treated biomass with minimum environmental impact.
Microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP) of lignocellulosic biomass is a technique that could potentially be used to produce and upgrade renewable energy carriers. However, there is no available information about the formation of dioxins and other organic pollutants in MAP treatment of woody biomass. In this study, MAP experiments were conducted in lab-scale using virgin softwood, bark, and impregnated wood as feedstocks. The non-condensable gas, liquid (fractionated into aqueous and oil phases), and char fractions generated during pyrolysis were collected and analysed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and naphthalenes (PCNs). The concentrations of PCDDs, PCDFs and PCNs in the pyrolysis products ranged from 0.52 to 43.7 ng kg(-1). All investigated compound groups were most abundant in the oil fraction, accounting for up to 68% (w/w) of the total concentrations. The highest PCDD, PCDF and PCN concentrations were found from the pyrolysis of bark, which has relatively high contents of chlorine and mineral matter, followed by impregnated wood, which contains organic and metal-based preservatives. The homologue profiles of all three compound groups were dominated by the less chlorinated homologues. The homologue abundance decreased as the degree of chlorination increased. This trend was observed for all three feedstocks.
Isomer distribution patterns of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and naphthalenes (PCNs) were investigated in microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP) products of woody biomass. The feedstocks included bark and impregnated wood. The results indicated that isomer distributions in MAP are more selective compared to those reported from wood burning and waste incineration. Favored formation of 4-MoCDF and highly selective chlorine substitution at the 2,4-position observed during MAP suggested a preferred formation pathway of PCDFs involving (chloro)phenol precursors followed by subsequent chlorination. The PCDD distribution was dominated by isomers typically formed from chlorophenol condensation at relatively low temperature. The PCN isomer distributions showed a tendency for sequential chlorination from non-substituted naphthalene at successive positions. The presence of isomers such as 1-MoCDD, 4-MoCDF, 1,2,3-TriCN with low thermodynamic stability indicates that kinetic factors may be important in the MAP process.
A synthetic method for the end-functionalization of vinylidene fluoride oligomers (OVDF) via a radical reaction between terminal olefins and I-OVDF is described. The method shows a wide substrate scope and excellent conversions, and permits the preparation of different disc-shaped cores such as benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamides (BTAs), perylenes bisimide and phthalocyanines (Pc) bearing three to eight ferroelectric oligomers at their periphery. The formation, purity, OVDF conformation, and morphology of the final adducts has been assessed by a combination of techniques, such as NMR, size exclusion chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Finally, PBI-OVDF and Pc-OVDF materials show ferroelectric hysteresis behavior together with high remnant polarizations, with values as high as P-r approximate to 37 mC/m(2) for Pc-OVDF. This work demonstrates the potential of preparing a new set of ferroelectric materials simply by attaching OVDF oligomers to different small molecules. The use of carefully chosen small molecules paves the way to new functional materials in which ferroelectricity and electrical conductivity or light-harvesting properties coexist in a single compound.
The present study examined the presence of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and selected precursors in the Baltic Sea abiotic environment and guillemot food web, and investigated the relative importance of precursors in food web accumulation of PFAAs. Sediment, water, zooplankton, herring, sprat, and guillemot eggs were analyzed for perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs; C4,6,8,10) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs; C6-15) along with six perfluoro-octane sulfonic acid (PFOS) precursors and 11 polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid diesters (diPAPs). FOSA, FOSAA and its methyl and ethyl derivatives (Me- and EtFOSAA), and 6:2/6:2 diPAP were detected in sediment and water. While FOSA and the three FOSAAs were detected in all biota, a total of nine diPAPs were only detected in zooplankton. Concentrations of PFOS precursors and diPAPs exceeded PFOS and PFCA concentrations, respectively, in zooplankton, but not in fish and guillemot eggs. Although PFOS precursors were present at all trophic levels, they appear to play a minor role in food web accumulation of PFOS based on PFOS precursor/PFOS ratios and PFOS and FOSA isomer patterns. The PFCA pattern in fish could not be explained by the intake pattern based on PFCAs and analyzed precursors, that is, diPAPs. Exposure to additional precursors might therefore be a dominant exposure pathway compared to direct PFCA exposure for fish.
To be able to target microRNAs also at stages where these are in a double stranded or hairpin form we have studied BisPNA designed to clamp the target and give sufficient affinity to allow for strand invasion. We show that BisPNA complexes are more stable with RNA than with DNA. In addition, 24-mer BisPNA (AntimiR) constructs form complexes with a hairpin RNA that is a model of the microRNA miR-376b, suggesting that PNA-clamping may be an effective way of targeting microRNAs.
In order to obtain the biological active compound, alpha-mangostin, from the traditional native mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.), an extraction method for industrial application was explored. A high yield of a-mangostin (5.2%) was obtained by extraction from dried mangosteen pericarps with subsequent purification on macroporous resin HPD-400. The chemical structure of alpha-mangostin was verified mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (H-1 NMR and C-13 NMR), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The purity of the obtained alpha-mangostin was 95.6% as determined by HPLC analysis. The binding of native alpha-mangostin to human serum albumin (HSA) or transferrin (TRF) was explored by combining spectral experiments with molecular modeling. The results showed that amangostin binds to HSA or TRF as static complexes but the binding affinities were different in different systems. The binding constants and thermodynamic parameters were measured by fluorescence spectroscopy and absorbance spectra. The association constant of HSA or TRF binding to alpha-mangostin is 6.4832x10(5) L/mol and 1.4652x10(5) L/mol at 298 K and 7.8619x10(5) L/mol and 1.1582x10(5) L/mol at 310 K, respectively. The binding distance, the energy transfer efficiency between alpha-mangostin and HSA or TRF were also obtained by virtue of the Forster theory of non-radiation energy transfer. The effect of alpha-mangostin on the HSA or TRF conformation was analyzed by synchronous spectrometry and fluorescence polarization studies. Molecular docking results reveal that the main interaction between amangostin and HSA is hydrophobic interactions, while the main interaction between alpha-mangostin and TRF is hydrogen bonding and Van der Waals forces. These results are consistent with spectral results.
Background: Bacillus anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax, a disease associated with a very high mortality rate in its invasive forms.
Methods: We studied a number of ebselen analogs as inhibitors of B. anthracis thioredoxin reductase and their antibacterial activity on Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Results: The most potent compounds in the series gave IC50 values down to 70 nM for the pure enzyme and minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) down to 0.4 mu M (0.12 mu g/ml) for B. subtilis,1.5 mu M (0.64 mu g/ml) for S. aureus, 2 mu M (0.86 mu g/ml) for B. cereus and 10 mu g/ml for M. tuberculosis. Minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were found at 1-1.5 times the MIC, indicating a general, class-dependent, bactericidal mode of action. The combined bacteriological and enzymological data were used to construct a preliminary structure-activity-relationship for the benzoisoselenazol class of compounds. When S. aureus and B. subtilis were exposed to ebselen, we were unable to isolate resistant mutants on both solid and in liquid medium suggesting a high resistance barrier.
Conclusions: These results suggest that ebselen and analogs thereof could be developed into a novel antibiotic class, useful for the treatment of infections caused by B. anthracis, S. aureus, M. tuberculosis and other clinically important bacteria. Furthermore, the high barrier against resistance development is encouraging for further drug development.
General significance: We have characterized the thioredoxin system from B. anthracis as a novel drug target and ebselen and analogs thereof as a potential new class of antibiotics targeting several important human pathogens.
Infection by the human bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes is mainly controlled by the positive regulatory factor A (PrfA), a member of the Crp/Fnr family of transcriptional activators. Published data suggest that PrfA requires the binding of a cofactor for full activity, and it was recently proposed that glutathione (GSH) could fulfill this function. Here we report the crystal structures of PrfA in complex with GSH and in complex with GSH and its cognate DNA, the hly operator PrfA box motif. These structures reveal the structural basis for a GSH-mediated allosteric mode of activation of PrfA in the cytosol of the host cell. The crystal structure of PrfAWT in complex only with DNA confirms that PrfAWT can adopt a DNA binding-compatible structure without binding the GSH activator molecule. By binding to PrfA in the cytosol of the host cell, GSH induces the correct fold of the HTH motifs, thus priming the PrfA protein for DNA interaction.


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I am so excited to be finally doing this outing! This little gem of a river has been on my radar since my early days in Cape Town. I have always loved the idea of tracing a river to its source, like the explorers did in days gone by.
What I love about this outing is that Anton, from the Centre for Conservation Education, will be taking us to two sites along this river, which will give us a great reference point for comparing and contrasting them!
Let's hope it rains a lot before the outing so that we can enjoy the river, but not on the day, else we'll have to cancel!
What to bring/wear:
- old, closed, non slip sneakers for walking in the water. Gumboots might be a good alternative. (I'm encouraged to warn you these shoes may smell afterwards!)
- comfortable appropriate clothing – consider a rain jacket, outdoor jackets etc
- small, easy to carry backpack
- a towel to sit on and dry your feet
- packed picnic and something to drink
- clipboard
- Please print this worksheet and attach it to the clipboard
- and something with which to write.
Where to meet:
We will be meeting on the green grassy lawns IN FRONT OF KIRSTENBOSCH. Please do not pay to enter Kirstenbosch!!! From what I understand, we will be walking from this meeting place to two sites to examine the river. Here's a map to show you the sites.
Please note the prompt start time – 9 am is when the lesson starts. Please allow for morning traffic in these areas, and for those of us in the Far South, getting over Ou Kaapse Weg.
And, should time and weather allow it, may I recommend the gorgeous garden on the banks of the Liesbeck manned by the Friends of the Liesbeck? It is the perfect setting for a lunchtime picnic, a good book or good company!


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A journey of faith and life with mom, grandma, teacher, and missionary, Robin Kautz.
Tuesday, November 12, 2013
Putting the Pieces Together
Now it's time to put the puzzle back together. The pieces all have their place, and it's my job to rebuild the picture.
Sometimes, at this stage, I am overwhelmed. Especially on glass panels that have this many pieces. Especially when the pieces are this long and skinny!
A few days ago, when Sycamore was at this stage, I stopped to pray. I asked God to bless my hands, so that I could make something beautiful that glorifies Him. And I realized that God is the ultimate at putting the pieces back together!
We mess up our lives repeatedly. We break relationships. We choose destructive paths. The sins of self-reliance and arrogance lead us astray.
And repeatedly, God reaches out to us and picks up the broken pieces of our lives... and puts them back together again. With Love. With Grace.
And God rebuilds our lives into things of beauty which glorify Him above all. I can never be worthy of His Grace... but I pray that He will use me to do His work here and now.
Sycamore will be complete within a week. I will post a final picture and pricing information. It might make a perfect Christmas present for someone you love!
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Re: "Amazing Spider-man #300 Marvel Knight Spider-man #7 (Sell venom suit)".....Please be mindful of spelling and grammar, commas, capitalization, providing the year of publication, and follow standard format. --MikeFichera 23:37, 21 November 2006 (CST), Moderator
Please use a template when creating a profile for a character, team, event or anything else. You can find some help with creating profiles in the Help area and the templates themselves in the Help Posting area of the site. The templates are used to create a standard system for the Marvel Encyclopedia to show a uniformity with the entire site.
Also when making a profile, please list as much information as possible. If you know the character's hair or eye color, then list that. If you know their powers, weapons or appearances, then please list those as well. Profiles that only have a one line for information and nothing else won't get approved. Because of this, your recent profile can not be approved. Hope this helps you understand things a little better. If not then feel free to ask questions. --DragynWulf 19:26, 23 November 2006 (CST)
Your link you added to Venom on Ben Reilly's page is going to a disambig page. We're making an effort to link directly to the specific character being referenced - in this case Venom (Eddie Brock) .--MikeFichera 16:57, 14 February 2007 (CST)
You made some strange links in your edits to Jill Stacy putting brackets around things like "Norman Osborn's" and just "Arthur." Other like like Gwen and Sarah Stacy don't work at all - do a preview before you submit. Also, 1 link per character per page. - --MikeFichera 13:35, 1 March 2007 (EST)
Links within MC2 character profile need to link to other MC2 characters. The links you've added to MC2 Scarlet Spider were linking to characters in the main Marvel Universe. --MikeFichera 15:45, 8 March 2007 (EST)
Sorry, Spider-Carnage was an alias for Ben Reilly, not Cletus Kasady.--MikeFichera 13:58, 14 March 2007 (EDT)
Follow Marvel


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Question about Samsung SCH-R400 Cellular Phone
Posted by rantbrown on
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if you dont know how to open it, ask for someone who knows, or go to a tecnicist.
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Analyst Coverage
|Jason McCarthy, Ph.D
Managing Director Biotechnology
|Maxim Group
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|Noble Capital Markets
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First, I have to say, this site is the best for video help. Thanks everyone for making this goldmine of info...
On to the problem. I recently finished filming a drama for a local church which involves alot of seperate scenes. Given all the confusion and extremely short time span given to film, I ran one camera and let someone less experienced run another. (Both miniDV cameras by the way.) It wasn't till about half way through things that I noticed that one camera was set to film widescreen, the other standard. I hope that the more experienced video editors aren't laughing they're heads off right now crying out, "You're screwed!". Because I really have no way of setting everything up again. My plan is to use Adobe Premiere 6.5 to edit but I couldn't find a way to change the ratio there.
I'd prefer to convert the widescreen to standard, but don't care too much either way, so long as I can simply cut from between the two camera's feed without there being a large difference.
Thank you so much, any help at all would be extremely...well, helpful.


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Item | IAS002
Peptides complex
Promotes increased testosterone levels
Biologically active food supplement
20 Caps
Produced in capsules by 0,2 g each. One pack contains 20 capsules
Content (per 1 capsule): microcrystalline cellulose (E460); beet sugar; lactose; starch; peptide complex A-13 (extract from the calves testis); polysorbate-80
Daily dose contains: (2 capsules), 20 mg of peptide complex A-13
Field of application: an additional source of peptides
Contraindications: individual intolerance of components
Consult your physician before use
Storage conditions: keep in dry dark place under temperature from + 2° C to + 25° C
It is not a medication (drug)
Recommendations for application: adults men 1-2 capsules 1-2 times a day during meals. Receiving duration: one month
.04 lbs
Peptides complex
Promotes increased testosterone levels
Biologically active food supplement
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Why are There Multiple Rows of the Same Event (IDX) in the JOBS Table?
Last updated on NOVEMBER 30, 2017
Applies to:Oracle Network Management for Utilities - DMS - Version 22.214.171.124 and later
Oracle Utilities Network Management System - Version 184.108.40.206 and later
Information in this document applies to any platform.
The WorkAgenda screen displays only one row for a specific event however, when a query of the JOBS table is done based on the event_idx there are multiple rows returned. In this particular instance, the query is being done to create a monthly extract of event data as it appears in the WorkAgenda, Event Details, and Trouble Info screens.
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Pierre Bayle
Date of Birth: 11/18/1647
Age: 59
Place of birth: Karl-le-Comte
Citizenship: France
Bailey, Pierre (Bayle, Pierre) (1647-1706), French philosopher, historian and critic of religious dogma. Born November 18, 1647 in Karl-le-Comte in the south of France. Calvinist, like his father, a pastor, he was converted to Catholicism while studying at the University of Toulouse (1669), but a year later returned to their original convictions. Later he studied in Geneva, served as a tutor, become a professor of philosophy at the Protestant Sedanskoy Academy (1675-1681). He was forced to leave France and settle in Rotterdam, when Louis XIV closed the Academy in 1681. He was influenced by Montaigne and Descartes, as well as other representatives of the "new" philosophy. In Holland Bayle taught (he was a professor at the University of Rotterdam until 1693), and wrote a lot, winning popularity among scientists and the reputation of a tireless fighter for the freedom of thought and religious tolerance, including in relation to the atheists. Published the magazine "News of the literary republic


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