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Solar Eclipse
Here's the best I could do
with Thursday's Partial Solar Eclipse in the Twin Cities. Note the glare
in the bottom right corner of the picture; it's in the shape of Pacman -
the glare is actually showing the partial solar eclipse!!
Wow Factor
By Paul Douglas
the risk of editorializing, Friday will be an atmospheric balm from on
high - more late August than late October. All those brave souls who
kept their boats in the water an extra month will be smiling this
afternoon. Expect blue sky, a soft breeze and 70 degrees by
mid-afternoon, 20F warmer than average.
Kirk Dornfeld writes:
"Can we truly call this current weather Indian Summer when we haven't
yet had a killing frost? Or did I miss the frost?" The mercury at MSP
International (the official reading) got down to 31F on October 11, with
fairly widespread frost. The definition of Indian Summer is a little
loose and subjective, but generally described as any warm days following
the first cold weather or hard frost. Today fits that definition.
weekend doesn't look too shabby with highs in the 60s spilling over
into Monday, when a clap of thunder heralds the arrival of a cooler
Next week feels more like October, but nothing harsh is
shaping up...yet. Expect Trick or Treat temperatures around 50F under a
dry sky.
California may see a break in the drought; a
colder/wetter pattern out west favoring a mild, Pacific flow for
Minnesota. An Indian Summer November?
THURSDAY NIGHT: Partly cloudy, patchy ground fog. Low: 47
FRIDAY: Indian Summer returns. Perfect weather - warm sun. High: near 70. Winds: S 5-10
FRIDAY NIGHT: Partly cloudy and quiet. Low: 51
SATURDAY: Plenty of sun, cooler breeze. High: 63
SUNDAY: Partly sunny, breezy. Clouds increase PM hours. Showers Sunday night. Low: 42. High: 61
MONDAY: Mild sun, passing T-storm. Wake-up: 50. High: 61
TUESDAY: Partly sunny, light jackets return. Wake-up: 46. High: 50
WEDNESDAY: Partly sunny and brisk. Wake-up: 38. High: 49
THURSDAY: Mix of clouds and sun. Octoberish. Wake-up: 36. High: 53.
This Day in Weather History
October 24th
1922: Storm over Minnesota brings 55 mph winds at Collegeville.
Average High/Low for Minneapolis
October 24th
Average High: 54F (Record: 80F set in 1989)
Average Low: 37F (Record: 15F set in 1887)
Sunrise/Sunset Times
October 24th
Sunrise: 7:40am
Sunset: 6:13pm
Moon Phase for October 24th at Midnight
1.4 Days Since New Moon
Minneapolis Temperature Trend
to extended weather models, we could be in for a fairly decent chilly
by the end of the month/early November. With that said, enjoy the next
few days with mostly dry weather and highs in the 60s to near 70. Things
begin to change early/mid next week as a large trough of low pressure
works east. The first weekend of November could be a chilly one.
Friday Weather Outlook
Weather conditions on Friday look incredible! Highs in the 70s across
much of the state with a mild southwest breeze. Clock out of work early
if you can and soak up the sunshine. Cooler temperatures are on the way
next week.
Friday Highs From Normal
how much above average we'll be on Friday. Note that much of the Upper
Midwest will be nearly 10F to 20F degrees above average!
Weather Outlook
so long to the precipitation for a few days. The line of showers that
moved through late Wednesday night/early Thursday morning is long gone
and mostly dry weather will persist through much of the next several
Average Snowfall for Minneapolis
you like it or not, we're not too far away from talking about snow.
According to NOAA, the average (1981-2010) monthly snowfall for
Minneapolis in October is 0.6" we have yet to see anything officially.
However, Duluth, MN saw a trace of snow on October 3rd and 4th (Duluth
averages 2.3" according to 1981-2010 averages). Interestingly, the
average snow for November in Minneapolis and Duluth goes up
significantly, Minneapolis typically sees 9.3" while Duluth averages
13.7". Thanks to my good friend and colleague D.J. Kayser, he found that
the average 1" snow depth at Minneapolis is November 17th.
National Weather Outlook
rainfall in the Northeast will continue to taper through the end of the
week. Weather conditions will improve greatly by the weekend as the
storm system pulls away from the coast. There is also another very
strong area of low pressure in the West that will continue to bring
heavy rain to coastal communities through the weekend.
Heavy Rain in the Northwest
OR picked up 1.88" of rain on Wednesday, which makes in the wettest day
in 2014 and the 3rd wettest October day on record since 1871. The loop
below shows the precipitable water or how much moisture there is in the
atmosphere and note the bright strip of heavier moisture that has
positioned itself from north of Hawaii to the Pacific Northwest. This is
part of the reason for all the heavy rainfall in the Northwest as of
Heavy Northwest Rain
a look at the satellite from earlier Wednesday, which shows a very
large low pressure system in the Gulf of Alaska. The strong upper level
winds are pulling a lot of this heavier moisture from tropics.
Interestingly, some of the moisture headed into next week could be
related to the remnants of Tropical Storm Ana that slid south of Hawaii
last weekend.
Remnants of Tropical Storm Ana to Affect the Pacific Northwest?
National Weather Service has put together a nice blog explainer on how
remnants from Tropical Storm Ana that slid south of Hawaii last weekend
may have an effect on the Pacific Northwest by early next week.
Read more from the NWS HERE:
Rainfall Potential
to NOAA's HPC, the 5 day rainfall potential suggests quite a bit of
heavy rainfall across the West Coast from northern California to
U.S. Drought Monitor
latest update from the U.S. Drought Monitor showed the worst of the
drought still across the western U.S. with much of the EXCEPTIONAL
drought across California.
"SUMMARY: The major weather system
that affected much of the nation's midsection last week left abundant
precipitation this week from the mid-Atlantic up into New England.
Hurricane Ana lost strength as it approached Hawaii and Tropical Storm
Ana passed south of the Hawaiian Island dumping up to 10 inches of rain
in its path."
"LOOKING AHEAD: During
the October 22- 27, 2014 time period, precipitation is expected in the
Pacific Northwest, southern Florida, and New England. Warmer than normal
temperatures are expected throughout most of the interior of the
nation. For the ensuing 5 days
(October 28- November 1, 2014), the odds favor normal to above-normal
temperatures across country with the exception of southeast Alaska.
Above-normal precipitation is likely from the Pacific Northwest into the
northern Great Plains and Upper Midwest, as well as in southern Florida
and northwest Alaska. Below-normal precipitation is expected in a wide
area from the Southwest through the Southern Plains and Southeast and up
through the Lower Midwest and into the Mid-Atlantic and New England, as
well as southeast Alaska."
fell in areas of the extreme Southwest and in the coastal areas of the
Pacific Northwest this Drought Monitor week. As a result, areas of
Moderate (D1) and Severe Drought (D2) were reduced in southwest New
Mexico around Hidalgo County. Likewise the area of Extreme Drought (D3)
was reduced in the northeast part of the state near San Juan County.
There are numerous reports of improvement in pasture and grassland
conditions but longer-term deficits remain over much of the state,
resulting in conservative improvements. The same is true in the Pacific
Northwest. Despite recent rains along the coast, long-term deficits are
still being felt so improvement was held in check for another week. The
rain has reduced the fire danger. As of October 17, only two large fires
are burning in the country and they are both in California. To date,
there have been 41,790 wildfires in 2014 that burned 3,070,737 acres.
This is well below the 62,864 fire and 6,796,329 acre average of the
last ten years (source: National Interagency Fire Center)."
California Drought Continues
areas in California have experienced three below normal rainfall
seasons resulting in a reduction of reservoir levels, lowering
groundwater levels, and drier than normal vegetation that has
contributed to heightened wildfire concerns. In response to this,
on January 17, 2014 California Governor Jerry Brown declared a drought
state of emergency in California. The full text of the emergency
proclamation can be accessed at: www.gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18368
April 25, 2014 Governor Jerry Brown issued an executive order to
redouble the state drought actions. The full text of the executive order
can be accessed at: www.gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18496
is the U.S. Drought Monitor Map depicting drought conditions across the
country as of September 23, 2014. This current map classifies 82% of
California in extreme and exceptional drought and 58% of California in
exceptional drought."
The National Weather Service has a great map and pictures of how the drought has affected southern California, see more HERE:
(Photo Credit NOAA)
Changes Ahead
a look at the 500mb vorticity (spin) map below for Friday and note the
large ridge of high pressure that takes up most of the western U.S..
This ridge is pushing the upper level winds north along the
International border, which will help to keep the colder air in Canada
for now...
the 850mb temperature outlook for Friday, which mimics that of the
500mb vorticity map above. Warmer weather corresponds with ridging in
the western U.S., while cooler weather is kept in check across Canada.
500mb Vorticity on Tuesday, October 28th
early next week a fairly large trough of low pressure begins to settle
into the Upper Midwest with much cooler temperatures along with it.
850mb temperatures outlook for Tuesday of next week mimics that of the
500mb vorticity map above, which shows a fairly decent pocket of cold
weather heading south of the border along with that trough.
Thanks for checking in and have a great end of your week/weekend ahead! Don't forget to follow me on Twitter @TNelsonWX.


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A native of Barcelona and known from Madrid to Mumbai, Sandro Rosell is the current president of FC Barcelona. In 2003 FC Barcelona held presidential elections. During this time, Sandro Rosell acted as senior advisor to Joan Laporta. One of the things that is he is most well-known for, however, is introducing Ronaldinho to Camp Nou during the same year as the presidential elections. Sandro Rosell is also close to the manager of the team, Tito Vilanova.
Sandro Rosell has been a supporter and done a number of things for FC Barcelona. One of his main efforts included an attempt to bring British football star David Beckham over to the team. Sandro Rosell was quite confident that Beckham would join them, however, this failed to happen and Beckham decided to join Real Madrid, Barcelona's rivals. Due to the snub that Beckham gave, Sandro Rosell did his best to bring Ronaldhino over to the club. There was already a lot of competition there, however. Manchester United were keen on getting the Brazilian star to join them, so Rosell had his work cut out for him. In the end, Ronaldhino decided to turn to FC Barcelona during the time of the Premier League. There are many reports which state that this was done due to the friendship between himself and Sandro Rosell.
While Joan Laporta was FC Barcelona's president for a while, it was soon Rosell's time to shine. After not feeling confident about it, Rosell eventually replaced Laporta in 2010. Before becoming president of the football club, Rosell was known for becoming an outspoken critic of Joan Laporta. He claimed that nearly all areas of the football club had just descended into anarchy. Rosell also claimed that this anarchy was poorly managed. As a result of this, Rosell now uses his presidency in order to try and reform the club. His aim was to create a new way of managing things at the club. He previously claimed that Laporta did not use a democratic or a transparent means of management. Looking at the mistakes that Laporta made, Rosell decided that it was time to put his own skills to the test and see what could be done for FC Barcelona.
Image: wikipedia

subset: commoncrawl


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My blogging is much reduced. Back in May 2012, it was as if I was battling a fire breathing dragon that threatened to engulf us all. Anorexia is an invisible monster that consumes all rationality, mocks love and takes everything you know and turns it to a twisted, poisoned prison. No one os left unharmed, siblings, parents, friends and even though you know it is an illness that exists in the chemical of your daughter's brain, it corrupts and questions everything. Nothing is the same any more. Those delicious cakes she always loved – now rejected as if poison or acid. Your familiar meals – pancakes at breakfast, pasta carbonara or a roast dinner all become "fear foods". You try to tell yourself that it is a sadistic illness and not your fault, but in the middle of the night, your heart breaks and the tears flow, telling you it is all your fault; if she felt loved more, if you hadn't worked, if you were still married to her father…
From somewhere, you don't know where, you find armour. You realise, you can't change her, but you can change you. It's not how you wanted to be, but you have to be RoboMum. Cleaning up thrown food and replating. Ignoring tears, sitting for hours if need be. Of course, you fail regularly. While you long to be Shining Example Mum, too often you are Shouting, Crying, then Hugging Mum, relapsing into Drinking Too Much Wine Mum after a hard day. You go forward then back and every time there is light at the end of the tunnel, it turns out it's just yet another bloody train coming. Friends tell you it will be ok, and you want to believe them, but you know the stats. Everyone wants to believe their child isn't the one in ten. But all ten of us can't be right and every child lost to this monstrous disease breathes a whispered threat to you that no one is safe.
And then somehow change happens. For all your Hollywood movie inspired dreams of it being overnight, it never is. Perhaps it starts with grapes being eaten outside of snack time, food that she wanted to eat but didn't have to. A meal with unknown calories. A Tumblr or a Instagram post where she thinks she's had enough and just wants to eat pizza. You don't comment because you've been hurt before. It always helps if Life taps on the window, telling her there are boyfriends, bands, parties and and excitement which makes the thrill of another half stone gone pale into insignificance. You know you've told her, but she finally hears it for herself.
And so it is, that two years after her fifteenth birthday, which she spent with us on a few hours day release from hospital, trying to eat lasagne, L is back from the Reading Festival, having existed on cheesy chips, breakfasts on croissants and bread, eats pizza for dinner with her boyfriend and threatens her twin sister with violence unless she saves her a home made Cake Pop. Our journey isn't over, but we can see the shores of home and know how comforting a life of recovery feels. We have so many scars, but they are healing.
If I read back on this blog, I feel fear and panic, but most of all naïveté and innocence, the lessons I never wanted to learn, the lies I always believed and the excuses I made for not facing up to the vicious, terrorising menace of Ed. But we made it. And if I had to say how, I'm not sure I could, except to say this: we kept putting one foot in front of another. When things were bleak and grim, we had FEAST and MAED and the knowledge it wasn't just us. As Charlotte Bevan said, we just had to BREATHE.
But I know what it was like to sob into the bedclothes and wish it would go away, that we could just disappear and not have to wake up in the morning. I cried Why Me, Why Her, so many times. But we got through. To those still in the gory midst of battle, I write this as if throwing a rope and telling you to hold on. I know I would have cried back that it was too hard, but please believe me when I say you CAN do this. You know as well as I do, that giving up is so much harder. Don't think about the future, just think about today about now and find the strength to put one foot in front of the other,


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There was more fuss in the media this week about the politics of the science of global warming. A paper by a group of researchers headed by Professor Lennart Bengtsson, a University of Reading research fellow, was turned down for publication by Environmental Research Letters. The Times had a front page headline 'Scientists in cover up of 'damaging' climate view' suggesting that the paper had been rejected for political rather than scientific reasons.
Yesterday the publishers of Environmental Research Letters fought back by publishing the peer reviewers comments in full. What it reveals is more interesting than the story itself - the sloppiness of the peer review process. Consider this bit of nonsense from one of the reviews:
"The comparison between observation based estimates of [warming] … and model-based estimates is comparing apples and pears, as the models are calculating true global means, whereas the observations have limited coverage." (my emphasis)
What on earth is a 'true global mean'? How do you distinguish it from an 'untrue' one? I don't know what makes a mean 'true' in any sense other than it is a calculation which must also be the case for 'observations'. I don't understand how an 'estimate' can be 'true' other than in the sense that the estimate was made. I have no idea what the 'truth' is. An estimate may approximate the 'true' figure but it is still an estimate!
Science as we know uses 'observations' - i.e. measurements. This review regards model 'estimates' as better than 'measured' ones. But this can only be true if the model is fit for purpose and that depends on the validity of the assumptions used in creating the model.
I am making no judgement about the right and wrong of the rejection of Lennart Bengtsson's paper but the peer review process is not revealed in a good light by this saga. There is no example here of a rigorous process. On the contrary it appears very sloppy indeed.


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This day marks another change in our family schedule. Awana, starts today. It will go on every Sunday from 5:30-7:00 pm until May. All of us (family) are involved in different ways. Tim is Sparks Director, Shannon and I are Sparks Leaders, Brahms is a T&T Leader, and Miriam is a T&T-er. Sundays will be really busy again. It was really good to be able to relax on Sunday afternoons, however, we enjoy being involved in Awana as a family.
With the late Awana schedule, we will need to eat early dinner before we go to church. We've been used to eating dinner between 6:30 and 7:00 pm but this will not work if we still want to eat together as a family. There will be a time for us to eat dessert (if available) after we come back home and before we do the family devotions which is at 8:30 pm. Another thing that we will have to think about is making sure that Brahm's P.E. clothes are ready before Awana.
Blogging to me is like thinking. Now I realize that there are things that I need to prepare in order for us to adopt the new schedule smoothly.
Sunday, September 13, 2009
Time to Change Schedule
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NewsBusters posted the story "CBS: Law on Drug Abuse While Pregnant Limits 'What Women Can" Do With Their Babies?"
The journalists at CBS This Morning on Thursday skeptically examined a new law in Tennessee that allows criminal charges for pregnant women who abuse drugs. Co-anchor Norah O'Donnell warned, "…The ACLU says this law is dangerous. It could prevent women from getting necessary prenatal care."
Talking to CBS legal analyst Rikki Klieman, co-anchor Gayle King fretted, "But doesn't it raise a question if the state is trying to get involved in what a woman can and cannot do with her body?" [See video below. MP3 audio here.] Of course, the fact that drug use is already illegal didn't seem to cross King's mind. She continued, "Doesn't that raise a whole other set of issues that no one wants to get involved with?" Among the networks, CBS alone has covered the newly signed law, while ABC and NBC ignored it.


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G. Please realize that those in authority and power in this late hour are almost entirely given over to the evil one and have been bought by the powers that be and the rich men. Consider the lawless law makers that break the law and strengthen the hands of the evil leaders of the land. This land has forsaken the LORD and Jesus Christ the redeemer. The United States is a land of idols, arrogance, and foolish lusts. It has been found guilty by God for its exporting of filth to the entire world. God has drawn the line and the USA has run past it to commit its evils. The line is crossed for America. This nation is marked by God for judgment and now is the time to repent as an individual and run to the covert of the LORD.
H. Again, you will either stand with the LORD or fall with the nation. Which shall it be. Choose you this day whom you will serve. God the LORD and His Son Jesus Christ, or, your gods, Caesars and mythical lifestyles?


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Yesterday we had tea with our old friend, Judy Freeman, Ken's widow. She was staying in the village with Sue Tobin and they honoured us by coming round. Conversation turned to donkeys. Sue recalled when there had been six donkeys at Stanford House just across the green from her home. Judy told us that when she was a girl growing up in Wicklesham her mother bought her a donkey and cart. She would drive it down the hill into Faringdon, the market town nearby. However, the donkey was always reluctant to go - away from her home. 'So I got a whip,' she said - and you ought to know that Judy is sweetness itself -, 'and I'd tie a carrot on the end, and dangle it in front of her nose. Then she'd move. She had it as a reward only when she got home again.'
I don't quite know what the moral of the story is. Possibly keep the aim in sight and you'll make it in the end . Perhaps more is achieved by carrot than whip (for legislators). Or no gain without perseverance (for financiers).
When Judy got engaged to Ken, the local sweetshop owner was heard to say, 'I don't give that more than two years.' They were married for very nearly 60 years....
MND Musings - This is a record of a chronic illness, Primary Lateral Sclerosis, a Motor Neurone disorder, like a slow MND / ALS. My body may not be very cooperative; in fact it's become as stubborn as a donkey, but I'm not dead yet.
Monday, 20 October 2008
A cautionary donkey tale
1 comment:
- Anonymous23 October 2008 at 19:01
Did Judy also tell you about the time when he was driving back from Faringdon to Wicklesham in the cart, and she hadn't fastened the back properly, and all the vegetables went rolling out behind her down the hill?ReplyDelete
Poor girl! I expect she had to scrabble to collect them up again. That was in the days long before the by-pass! And her mother planted lots of spring bulbs in the Wicklesham woods, which still flourish there to this day.
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text:
Alexander Lu1 and Lijuan Zhang2*
1St. Charles West High School, 3601 Droste Road, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA
2School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, China
Received Date: November 14, 2015 Accepted Date: November 20, 2015 Published Date: December 19, 2015
Citation: Lu A, Zhang L (2016) Tumor-Dependent and -Independent Serum/ Plasma Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of Lung Cancer. Transl Med 6:160. doi:10.4172/2161-1025.1000160
Copyright: © 2016 Lu A, et al., This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Visit for more related articles at Translational Medicine
Lung cancer continually leads in mortality among cancer patients in the world. In order to reduce the lung cancer mortalities, early treatment is required but early diagnosis is still farfetched because the hopeful serum/plasma biomarkers identified so far lack sufficient sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility even for diagnosis of lung cancer at late stage. During the past decades, the realization that the genetic mutations are not the only blame and the abnormal lung tissue instigated by aging, cigarette smoking, and environmental toxins plant the "soil" for lung cancer. Such discovery leads to the successful development of novel anti-cancer drugs that target the "soil" by either inhibiting angiogenesis process required for cancer cells to expand or by empowering the immune cells to kill the cancer cells in tumor. Based on the literature search, there have been no reports using the same concept to identify the "soil"- dependent cancer biomarkers. However, in recent years, the "OMICS" technologies including genomics, epigenomics, proteomics, glycomics, lipidomics, and metabolomics have been used to compare the molecular differences between the serum/plasma samples from normal and cancer patients systematically and generated large amounts of data. By reviewing the published data, we picked and discussed 12 lung cancer biomarkers and proposed them to be tumordependent and tumor-independent biomarkers released by liver, immune cells, or other organs/tissues. The existence of tumor-independent biomarkers indicates that the "lung cancer soil" is planted beyond the lung. Furthermore, the biomarkers can be proteins/peptides, DNA, RNA, glycans, lipids, metabolites, or any combinations of them.
Genomics; Epigenomics; Proteomics; Glycomics; Lipidomics; Metabolomics
AC: Adenocarcinoma; SC: Squamous Cell Cancer; LCC: Large Cell Lung Cancer; SCLC: Small Cell Lung Cancer; CEA: Carcinoembryonic Antigen; CYFRA: 21-1- Cytokeratin 19 Fragment; NSE: Neuron-Specific Enolase; C9: Complement Component 9; MMPs: Matrix Metalloproteinases; CRP: c-Reactive Protein; NOS: Not Otherwise Specified.
Lung cancer is notoriously heterogeneous and comprised of two major types (Figure 1): small cell lung cancer (SCLC, ~15%) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC, ~85%). NSCLC can be further divided histologically into adenocarcinoma (AC, ~40%), squamous carcinoma (SC, ~25%), large cell lung carcinoma (LCC, ~15%), and other (~5%) rare types including glandular tumors, carcinoid tumors, and undifferentiated carcinomas (cancer.org/cancer/lungcancer/index) (Figure 1).
Based on the data published by the National Cancer Institute (https://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2012) and CA Cancer J Clin (1989- 2015) [1-26], we plotted the new cases and deaths from lung cancer in the United States during the past 40 years in Figure 2. As shown in the figure, around 220000 new cases of lung cancer have emerged in the United States annually since 2008 and ~160,000 lung cancer patients die each year in the United States during the past twenty years. Lung cancer still accounts for nearly one-third of all cancer deaths during the past 20 years and remains to be the leading cause of all cancer-related death in the United States [27].
Lung cancer at its early stage is mostly asymptomatic in most cases that make early diagnosis difficult. The current detection and diagnosis for lung cancer include physical and biochemical methods. The physical methods include X–ray, CT (Computed Tomography), and PET (Positron Emission Tomography)/CT that allow the visualization of abnormal grows in the lung [28]. The problems associated with these methods include: 1. a lack of sensitivity for early diagnosis since tumors at early stages are usually too small to be detected; 2. high false positive rate since some of visible lumps detected in the lung by these methods are not necessarily tumors; and 3. a high risk of additional cancer from the resulting radiations of these methods [29,30].
As a result, several biochemical methods for the detection of lung cancer are also used clinically by detecting biomarkers released by cancer cells or lung tumors into the serum/plasma [30]. The biochemical methods are less invasive and cost-effective. However, these "cancer cell" or "tumor-released biomarkers" lack sufficient sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility even for diagnosis of lung cancer at late stage. Despite the advancement in diagnosis and treatment, the overall 5-year survival rate for lung cancer has risen only 4% (from 12% to 16%) over the past 4 decades [31]. Since survival of patients undergoing tumor resection is greater than 80%, it has been anticipated that early detection and diagnosis of cancers before they progress to an often incurable metastatic stage will greatly improve mortality. Therefore, establishing reliable screening methods for early diagnosis of lung cancer remains to be a major challenge both in theory and in practice.
The vast majority (80–90%) of cases of lung cancer are due to longterm exposure to tobacco smoke and occur at an old age. About 10–15% of cases occur in people who have never smoked [32] and these cases are often caused by a combination of genetic factors and exposure to radon gas, asbestos [33], or other forms of air pollution, including secondhand smoke. [monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol83.pdf] These causes indicate that damaged or abnormal lung tissue contributes to lung cancer development. Indeed, most of lung cancer cells are derived from epithelial cells of damaged lung tissue. Both lung cancer cells and epithelial cells reside in a microenvironment consisting of the extracellular matrix (ECM), cytokines, and chemokines as well as cellular components such as lymphocytes, bone marrow-derived cells (monocyte/macrophages, mast cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils), blood vessels (endothelial cells, pericytes, and smooth muscle cells), adipocytes, and tumor-associated fibroblasts [34] (Figure 3).
The animal studies led by Bissel et al. indicate that it is the microenvironment, (Figure 3) not the accumulated genetic mutations in cancer cells, that determines tumor onset and malignant progression [34,35]. For example, analyses of 'normal' epithelial tissue adjacent to tumors have shown that similar patterns of mutations can be found in both, yet tumor growth is restrained by normal microenvironment and promoted by the tumor microenvironment [36,37]. In parallel, studies of large autopsy series have revealed that the majority of middle-aged and older people who die from causes other than cancer have cancer cells throughout their bodies without apparent tumor growth [38]. Therefore, tumor growth only occur when the "cancer soil" is fertile.
The existence of "cancer soil" leads to the successful development of novel anti-cancer drugs that target the abnormal lung environment by either inhibiting angiogenesis process required for cancer cells to expand or by empowering the immune cells to kill the cancer cells in tumor [35]. However, there have been no reports using the same concept to identify the "soil"-dependent cancer biomarkers. Interestingly, even the clinical used and lung cancer/tumor-specific biomarkers overlap with other cancers and inflammatory diseases, suggesting the existence of cancer soil-based common biomarkers [39].
The basic molecular building blocks of human life includes the well-known 20 amino acids that are used to make proteins and the eight nucleosides that compose DNA and RNA along with 9 monosaccharides that make different kinds of glycans and eight kinds of lipids [40]. Unlike the RNAs and proteins, the glycans and the lipids are not directly encoded by DNA but contribute to the pathogenesis and severity of an increasing number of human diseases [41-46]. Therefore, valid serum/ plasma-based lung cancer biomarkers could be protein/peptides as well as DNA [47,48], RNA [49], glycans, lipids, and metabolites present in blood circulation.
In recent years, the "OMICS" technologies including genomics [50,51], epigenomics [52], proteomics [53], glycomics [54], lipidomics [55], and metabolomics [56] (Figure 4) have been used to compare the molecular differences between the serum/plasma samples from normal and cancer patients systematically [57]. The data collected so far indicates that the lung cancer biomarkers can be any kind of the biomolecules. In addition, the biomarkers can be produced by liver, lymphocytes, and other tissue/organs, which suggest that the "lung cancer soil" could be planted beyond the lung. In another word, the tumor microenvironment surrounding cancer cells as shown in Fig. 3 is only part of the "lung cancer soil". Other "lung cancer soil" resides in abnormal tissues/organs that also support lung tumor growth by releasing signal molecules, functional enzymes, or accumulating "biomarkers" in the blood circulation (Figure 3). Therefore, serum/ plasma is a reliable and comprehensive source for biomarker discovery.
Potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of lung cancer
The use of the term "biomarker" is firstly proposed in 1980 [58]. In 1998, the Working Group of Biomarker Definitions at National Institutes of Health define a biomarker as "a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention" [59,60].
According to this definition, a measurable factor that provides information on the overall patient outcome irrespective of treatment intervention is classically considered as a prognostic biomarker in literature [60,61]. In contract, a measurable factor, whether it comes from the cancer cells/tumor tissues or from other tissues/organs, that provides information on the likelihood of treatment efficacy is termed a predictive biomarker [60,61]. During the past, measurable factors in body fluid that can be traced back to cancer cells or tumor tissues are named cancer diagnostic biomarkers. In reality, most of clinically used lung cancer biomarkers do not vanish or still have values much higher than those of normal control patients when the tumor is surgically removed. At present, all clinically approved biomarkers for lung cancer diagnosis are either proteins or peptides and all of them lack sufficient sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility even for diagnosis of lung cancer at late stage [62] which will be further discussed in the next section.
In our definition, the lung cancer diagnostic biomarkers can be either tumor-dependent or -independent. The tumor-dependent biomarkers are those directly associated with tumors in that their measurable amount in serum/plasma is tumor size-dependent [63], which decreases significantly after tumors being surgically removed or after a course of single or combination of cancer therapy. In contrast, tumor-independent biomarkers are those whose presence in serum/ plasma is less affected by the size and the type of the tumor in cancer patients. According to this definition, predictive biomarkers can be either tumor-dependent or -independent whereas prognostic biomarkers could mostly be tumor-independent.
In current review article, in addition to three clinically used lung cancer biomarkers including carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA 21-1), and neuron-specific enolase (NSE), we picked and discussed another 9 different kinds of molecules including miRNAs, glycans, lipids and metabolites identified from serum/plasma of lung cancer patients by OMICS technologies as shown in Table 1.
|Serum/plasma Biomarkers
|Lung cancer Classification
|Sensitivity and specificity
|Serum/plasma biomarkers in other diseases
|CEA and CYFRA21-1
|Sensitivity : 77% Specificity : 93%
|Sensitivity : 76% Specificity : 92%
|Benign neuroendocrine tumor, liver tumor, lymphoma, and seminoma; pancreatic, gastric, colon, and breast cancers
|Autoantibodies against p53, c-myc, HER2, IGFBP-2
|Breast, colon, stomach, liver, glioma, colorectal, prostate, ovarian and breast cancer
|Sensitivity : 53% Specificity : 89%
|Cervical, gastric, colorectal and breast cancer
|Colorectal, esophageal, pancreatic, gastric, breast cancers, and melanoma
|CRP and IL-6
|All cancers and inflammation diseases
|All cancers
|Sensitivity : 88% Specificity : 88%
|2,3,4-Trihydroxybutyric acid
|Sensitivity : 87% Specificity : 83%
|CEA and CYFRA21-1
|Sensitivity : 77% Specificity : 93%
Table 1: Selected serum/plasma biomarkers of lung cancer.
CEA and CYFRA21-1: CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) and CYFRA21-1(a 36 kDa fragment of cytokeratin 19 expressed in epithelial cells) are two clinically used diagnosis, prognosis, and predictive biomarkers for lung cancer [64]. The recent advances in proteomics and metabolomics technologies including isotope-based labeling plus mass spectrometry analysis, GC-MS, protein array-based approaches, and protein bioinformatics have enabled researchers to systematically search for serum/plasma protein biomarkers better than CEA and CYFRA21-1 for lung cancer in terms of selectivity and specificity via side-by-side comparison [65].
CEA is among the earliest elucidated tumor biomarkers [66,67]. It is normally produced in gastrointestinal tissue during fetal development and only present at very low levels in the blood of healthy adults. However, the blood level of CEA in most patients with adenocarcinomas (AC) is significantly increased, which makes CEA an excellent biomarker for detection of adenocarcinomas (AC) in colon, lung, breast, gastric, ovarian, and liver cancers even 50 years after its initial discovery [68]. For lung cancer, the highest serum concentration of CEA is observed in both lung adenocarcinoma (AC) and large cell carcinoma (LCC). However, only 40% of patients with lung adenocarcinoma (AC) show increased CEA level, which means CEA has relatively low sensitivity for lung cancer diagnosis [69]. Furthermore, the increased CEA level are not only observed in other types of cancers but also observed in benign tumors and even in the serum of smokers, which means CEA also lacks required specificity for lung cancer diagnosis. Clinically, CEA is mainly used to evaluate the prognosis and treatment effect of NSCLC and to determine recurrence of lung adenocarcinoma (AC) in patients who had high serum level of CEA. The high CEA level is associated with poor prognosis, high risk of cerebral metastasis, and a poor survival rate in lung cancer patients [70].
CYFRA 21-1 is a 36 kDa fragment of cytokeratin 19 that is expressed in epithelial cells. Pathological studies prove that CYFRA 21-1 is exclusively expressed in lung tissues [71]. At present, CYFRA 21-1 is the best biomarker for squamous carcinoma (SC) with a sensitivity of 59% and a specificity of 94% [72]. Since CYFRA 21-1 is preferentially excreted by the kidney, renal failure will result in elevated serum level. Therefore, patients with kidney diseases are excluded when CYFRA 21-1 is used as a biomarker for cancer diagnosis. Remarkably, CYFRA 21-1 rarely increases in SCLC. CYFRA 21-1 has been used as an independent prognostic biomarker for both early and advanced stages of NSCLC [73]. In addition to lung cancer, a slight CYFRA 21-1 increase can be noted in other lung diseases, such as fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, tuberculosis, and acute infection [74]. Some benign tumors also show increased serum level of CYFRA 21-1, such as in urologic, gastrointestinal, and gynecological tumors [75].
Combining CEA with CYFRA 21-1 increases the sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of lung cancer [76]. However, such combination is still far from satisfactory for diagnosis of lung cancer due to unsatisfactory sensitivity and specificity.
Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE): An increased serum NSE level (>25 ng/mL) is observed in 72% of SCLC patients and 8% in other types of lung cancer. Thus, NSE has been a clinically used biomarker for SCLC. NSE is a glycolytic enzyme that is mainly located in the central and peripheral neurons and neuroendocrine tissues. NSE is composed of two polypeptide chains, each has a molecular weight of 39 kDa. It can also be found in smooth muscle, kidney, and some other tissues. NSE is known to be present in lymphocyte, erythrocytes, and platelets as well.
Compared with the patients in early stage SCLC, patients in late stage SCLC have significantly higher level of NSE [77,78]. Thus, NSE also serves as an important diagnostic, predictive, and prognosis biomarker for SCLC [79]. High NSE level (>100 ng/mL) suggests the high probability of SCLC. However, the high levels of NSE can also observed in patients with benign neuroendocrine tumor, liver tumor, lymphoma, and seminoma [80]. Moderate NSE level in serum is often observed in pancreatic, gastric, colon, and breast cancer patients [81]. These characteristics of NSE make it only use for differential diagnosis, particularly in SCLC identification.
Autoantibodies against p53, c-myc, 14-3-3, and IGFBP-2: Cancer patients frequently develop autoantibodies [82]. Levels of certain autoantibodies have been found to arise prior tumor formation and before the development of any symptoms, suggesting that autoantibodies might serve as highly effective biomarkers for the early diagnosis of cancers. Advanced proteomics technologies have allowed the demonstration of the appearance of a large number of autoantibodies against tumor antigens in the serum of different cancer patients. The autoantibodies against many autoantigens are found in the sera of lung cancer patients. p53, c-myc, 14-3-3, and IGFBP-2 are part of the detected autoantigens.
p53 is a prominent tumor suppressor. It has been reported that anti-p53 antibodies may develop months to years before the clinical diagnosis of cancer [83]. Remarkably, anti-p53 antibodies have been detected in the sera of heavy smokers who developed lung cancer, making it useful for early diagnosis of lung cancer for heavy smokers [84].
c-Myc is a multifunctional nuclear phosphoprotein that plays a role in cell cycle progression, apoptosis and cellular transformation. It is a very strong proto-oncogene and often found to be upregulated in many types of cancers. Detecting a panel of autoantibodies present in the sera of lung cancer patients consisting c-myc, p53, Her-2, NY-ESO-1, MUC1, cancer antigen 1, and TAA GBU4-5 resulted 76% sensitivity and 92% specificity for lung cancer diagnosis [85].
14-3-3 proteins are cytoplasmic proteins and have the ability to bind to more than 200 signaling proteins, including kinases, phosphatases, and transmembrane receptors. 14-3-3 autoantibody was found to be a potential biomarker for the early-stage diagnosis of lung cancer [86]. When used along with autoantibodies to PGP 9.5 and annexin I, the three autoantibodies display a sensitivity of 55% and specificity of 95% for lung cancer patients [87].
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-2 [IGFBP-2] is a member of the insulin-like growth factor-binding protein family [IGFBPs]. The main function of IGFBP-2 is to inhibit IGF-mediated growth and development rates. Increased levels of IGFBP-2 have been found in solid tumors and in serum/plasma from patients with different types of cancers [88]. A recent study showed the presence of circulating anti-IGFBP-2 autoantibodies in lung cancer patients. Most importantly, combining anti-IGFBP-2 autoantibody detection and the levels of IGFBP-2 increases the sensitivity (86%) and specificity (58%) for lung cancer diagnosis compared to that of IGFBP-2 alone [89].
Complement component 9 (C9):C9 is one of proteins in the complement system, which is a part of the immune system and consists of over 30 proteins mainly synthesized in the liver, released into the blood, and normally circulated as inactive precursors (pro-proteins) [90]. When stimulated, the end-result of the activation cascade is massive amplification of the response and assembles the cell-killing membrane attack complex (MAC-C5b, C6, C7, C8 and C9) where C9 is a critical member and induces pores on cell membranes [91,92]. It has been demonstrated that C9 has a specificity of 89% and a sensitivity of 53% for lung squamous carcinomas (SC) detection [93]. C9 is a glycoprotein that has two potential N-linked glycosylation sites. Serum analysis showed increased fucosylation levels of C9 in squamous carcinomas (SC) lung patients by using a lectin approach. Simultaneously measuring C9 and C9 fucosylation levels further enhances the sensitivity and selectivity of the combined biomarkers for squamous carcinomas (SC) detection of lung patients [93].
Fibrinogen: Fibrinogen is a soluble, large, and complex glycoprotein synthesized in the liver by hepatocytes, which is converted by thrombin into fibrin during blood clot formation. Cancer is associated with hypercoagulopathy and has increased risk of thrombosis that negatively influences patient morbidity and mortality [94,95]. The prognostic significance of fibrinogen in patients with early stages of NSCLC has been reported [96]. Patients with higher baseline fibrinogen levels have lower 3-year progression-free survival (49.2% vs. 63.3%) and lower overall survival rates (66.0% vs. 80.9%) than patients with normal serum fibrinogen concentrations. Higher levels of fibrinogen are also associated with cardiovascular disease, a leading cause of human death. Thus, the plasma levels of fibrinogen and other proteins involved in coagulation cascade in NSCLC should be closely monitored for the biomarker discovery [94].
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs): MMPs are calcium-dependent zinc-containing endopeptidases that share a similar structure and which collectively have the capacity to degrade virtually every component of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The MMPs play an important role in tissue remodeling associated with various physiological or pathological processes such as morphogenesis, angiogenesis, tissue repair, cirrhosis, arthritis, and metastasis. MMP-1 is a collagenase that cleaves collagen types I, II, III, VII and X [97]. MMP-1 is well known to be overexpressed in various cancer cells during the invasion and metastasis phases [98]. Higher plasma levels of MMP-1 and tumor progression (i.e., tumor size, staging and lymphatic invasion) are associated with a lower patient survival rate [99]. MMP-7, also known as matrilysin, is a member of the MMP family. MMP7 cleaves B chain of insulin and other proteins including a proteoglycan, syndecan-1 [100]. The plasma protein levels of MMP-7 increase in the peripheral blood of lung cancer patients. The sensitivity and specificity as a lung cancer diagnostic biomarker are 62% and 76%, respectively [101]. MMP-9 is a collagenase that cleaves type IV collagen, a major structural protein of basement membranes, including the blood vessel basement membrane. An analysis of 19 independent studies showed that high MMP-9 expression levels are associated with a poor prognosis in patients with NSCLC [102,103]. In summary, the plasma levels of MMPs might be associated with cancer development. MMPs are interesting lung cancer biomarkers.
CRP and IL-6: Inflammation has been recognized as an important contributing factor in the development and progression of lung cancer. C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are acutephase proteins involved in cancer development. CRP is a nonspecific but sensitive biomarker of inflammation synthesized in the liver by hepatocytes and present in blood circulation. IL-6 induces the synthesis of CRP. Increased CRP level is positively correlated with weight loss, anorexia-cachexia syndrome, extent of disease, and recurrence in advanced cancer. The role of CRP as a predictive biomarker of survival has been demonstrated in multiple tumors. Many studies have shown that NSCLC patients with elevated preoperative serum CRP levels experienced worse survival than patients with undetectable CRP levels [104,105]. The concentration of serum IL-6 is associated with tumor progression and overall survival in patients with NSCLC [106]. The combined measurement of both serum CRP and IL-6 levels have better sensitivity and specificity than those of currently used biomarkers, such as CEA and CA19-9 for diagnosis of both gastric and esophagus cancers [107]. However, such studies have not been reported for lung cancer yet.
miRNAs: miRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules (containing about 22 nucleotides), which functions in RNA silencing and posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression and shows tissue-specific signatures. In addition, miRNAs are stable in serum that makes them good candidates for biomarker discovery [108]. Currently, they are the most studied molecules as biomarkers both for cancer and other diseases [49,110]. Several miRNA-based biomarkers for cancer diagnosis are under clinical trials. Based on the results from different studies, possible miRNA-based biomarkers for early diagnosis of lung cancer include miR-25, 141, 155, 223, 629, and 1254. It is also demonstrated that the levels of miR-652 and miR-660 are significantly elevated in the sera of patients with stage I lung ADC compared with healthy individuals, and the combination of miR-652+miR-660 and Cyfra21-1 give 0.936 AUC for distinguishing patients with stage I lung ADC from health individuals with 90% sensitivity and 87% specificity [110].
Sphingosine: Sphingosine (2-amino-4-octadecene-1, 3-diol) is an 18-carbon 2-amino alcohol with an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, which forms a primary part of sphingolipids. Sphingolipids such as sphingosine and sphingosine-1-phosphate are important cell membrane components. Their role in tumorigenesis has been extensively documented [111]. Sphingosine and sphingosine-1-phosphate are mutually transformative and maintain homeostasis through enzymatic reactions. Sphingosine-1-phosphate is a bioactive compound and inhibits apoptosis and promotes cell proliferation whereas sphingosine is found through metabolomics studies to be a biomarker for lung cancer diagnosis with a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 88%. Remarkably, sphingosine alone is as good as the clinically used biomarkers such as CEA (sensitivity 77% and specificity 93%, respectively) and CYFRA 21-1 (sensitivity 57% and specificity 978%, respectively) when the same serum samples from both lung cancer patients and normal controls are used in the same study [65].
2,3,4-Trihydroxybutyric acid: 2,3,4-trihydroxybutyric acid is a metabolite with an unknown source of production [112,113]. The levels of 2,3,4-trihydroxybutyric acid in lung cancer patients are decreased 3-fold compared to that of healthy controls. The sensitivity and specificity of 2,3,4-trihydroxybutyric acid as lung cancer biomarker are 87% and 83%, respectively, which makes it a very promising diagnosis biomarker for lung cancer [65]. More strikingly, its levels in lung cancer patient sera are unchanged before and after surgical removal of the tumor, indicating that this unique metabolite is not produced by cancer cells or the tumor and might be associated with system malfunction in lung cancer patients.
Glycans: Glycans are most information-dense biomolecules in animal cells [46, 114, 115]. More than 70% proteins in blood circulation are modified by glycans. Two major types (>95%) of glycans are N-linked and O-linked glycans [116-118], which are assembled onto proteins in the Golgi by over two hundred different kinds of glycosyltransferases, nine different types of sugar nucleotides as monosaccharide donors, and many additional regulatory proteins in a protein-,cell-, tissue- and environment-sensitive manner [119-122]. Glycans add wide -ranging biological functions to proteins, such as cellular recognition, adhesion, or cellular signaling transduction [123]. Glycans also participate in each steps of oncogenesis, e. g. invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis [44,124,125,118]. Theoretically, glycans might be the most promising biomarkers essential for early diagnosis of cancer and other diseases.
Indeed, side-by-side comparison of N-glycan structures of serum samples from lung cancer patients and normal controls showed significant lung cancer-related glycan structural alterations in that sialyl Lewis X, monoantennary glycans, and highly sialylated glycans are increased whereas the core-fucosylated biantennary glycans are decreased. In addition, there are significant alterations in sialylation with increases in trisialylated glycans and decreases in disialylated glycans in the serum of lung cancer patients. Using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves, the total glycan data generate a sensitivity and specificity of 85% and 86%, respectively, combined with an AUC of 0.938 for lung cancer patients compared to controls [126,127]. In addition, a significant increase in the levels of SLex glycan structures in squamous carcinoma (SC) relative to adenocarcinoma (AC) is also observed, suggesting the levels of SLex glycan structures could be used to distinguish adenocarcinoma (AC) from squamous carcinoma (SC).
Fascinatingly, most of clinically used cancer biomarkers are glycoproteins [128,127]. More importantly, the specificity and sensitivity for cancer detection can be greatly enhanced by simultaneously measuring the levels of the protein and fucose-containing glycans not only for C9 but also for α-fetoprotein [129,130]. As a result, detecting both protein and glycan levels of α-fetoprotein in serum for liver cancer diagnosis has been an official procedure used clinically both in Japan and the United States for many years [131].
Monosaccharide compositions: Nine monosaccharides including fucose, galactose, glucose, glucuronic acid, mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylneuraminic acid, and xylose are the build blocks of all human serum/plasma glycans [40]. Over 7000 different glycan structures have been identified by glycomics technologies so far [132]. However, identification of the glycan structure involves multiple steps of sample preparations and mass spectrometry-based analyses. Such procedures lack the simplicity and repeatability required for clinical applications. To overcome the technical difficulty, a Chinese patent describing a novel cancer diagnostic assay based on monosaccharide composition analysis has been published recently. This assay only uses 10 μl of serum/plasma from either cancer patients or normal controls to hydrolyze all the serum/plasma glycans into monosaccharides. The monosaccharide compositions are then obtained by HPLC-based analysis. Interestingly, the quantity of each monosaccharide has cancer type-specific changes. Overall changes in monosaccharide compositions not only distinguish cancer patients from normal controls but also distinguish lung cancer patients from other cancer patients [133].
The 12 different types of biomarkers for lung cancer diagnosis discussed above reflect the abnormal coagulation, inflammation, glycosylation, transcription, and metabolism associated with lung cancer patients. Some of these potential serum/plasma biomarkers released by "the cancer soil" into the blood circulation corroborates with lung tumor. They might be present in serum/plasma long before the tumor is visible by the physical detection methods and are hopeful to be developed into early diagnosis biomarkers for lung cancer. Most importantly, the next generation of serum/plasma biomarkers can be proteins/peptides, DNA, RNA, glycans, lipids, metabolites, or any combinations of them. Thus, the broadened concept of "lung cancer soil" and the new definition of lung cancer diagnostic biomarkers proposed in current review article based on the data obtained by current OMICS technologies might be insightful for the continued effort in developing novel biomarkers for early diagnosis of lung cancer.


text:
@cali~jenn - I can't remember if you've already posted (I may have even commented. I swear, I'm getting senile!) - has Cutty gone for his 6 week check up? I know you were two weeks behind us and Oliver just passed 8 weeks. Sorry if you've already posted elsewhere and even more sorry if I've already commented. Hahaha!
Life is always an Adventure with Oliver!
Life is always an Adventure with Oliver!
Good luck, and prayers for a speedy recovery!
If you cant adopt foster.
If you cant foster sponsor.
If you cant sponsor volunteer.
If you cant volunteer donate.
If you cant donate educate, network, and crosspost.
EVERYONE can do something large or small, to help save a life.


text:
With the top college seniors competing in the annual Senior Bowl this Saturday, for the first time in several years Seattle's coaching staff will have a chance to focus on the cream of the crop.
The Seahawks haven't drafted in the Top 10 since picking receiver Koren Robinson with the ninth overall choice in the 2001 draft, so Seattle team president and general manager Tim Ruskell said the team's scouting department is looking forward to an opportunity to evaluate the top athletes.
"It really invigorates the scouts," Ruskell said. "So many times they like to scout the top players because they are the ones making all the plays and are on ESPN. We usually say, 'Let's forget about those guys,' and give them a list of guys we wanted them to concentrate on.
"But it invigorates the personnel staff and makes us work harder to know everything because the stakes are higher and the dollars are higher."
The Seahawks scouting staff will be searching for diamonds in the rough too, along with new head coach Jim Mora and his recently formed coaching staff. The group will spend the week in Mobile, Ala. evaluating players in anticipation of April's NFL draft.
About 100 players will participate in the event, practicing through Thursday and then playing on Saturday at 4 p.m. The game will be televised by the NFL Network.
The Seahawks, with the No. 4 pick overall, actually had a chance to coach one of the teams but declined. The opportunity to coach either the North or the South squad is generally extended to the top two teams in the draft – an invitation that is handed down the draft until two teams accept.
Top prospects expected to compete at the Senior Bowl this weekend include Mississippi offensive tackle Michael Oher, USC linebackers Rey Maualuga and Brian Cushing, Missouri safety William Moore and Boston College defensive tackle B.J. Raji.
Here are the North and South rosters.
The NFL Network is running daily reports on each day's practice session. They're worth a look. I think they replay the last one at 9:30 p.m. tonight.
Todd McShay of Scouts.Inc provides a pretty good overview of the storylines to look for in this week's Senior Bowl festivities.
Here's a few other links.
The NFL Network's Mike Mayock lists his Top 20 senior prospects in the NFL Draft.
Rob Rang of nfldraftscout.com talks NFL draft with ESPN's John Clayton in this audio link.
Scroll down a little after clicking this link and check out KCPQ CH. 13's Aaron Levine taking Seattle coach Jim Mora's invitation to climb Tiger Mountain.
New Seahawks defensive coordinator Casey Bradley talks to his hometown paper about his new job.
Marcus Trufant's younger brother, Desmond, a senior defensive back at Wilson High in Tacoma, committed to the University of Washington. Should make for some interesting Apple Cup conversation in the Trufant family come November, with Marcus a WSU product.


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Tuesday, May 13, 2008
My virtual postcard to you
Is it wrong to display crustaceans holding martinis? Not as long as they are of legal drinking age and they are doing so responsibly. I think they are, don't you agree?
Several folks have commented that I shouldn't be posting on my vacation. What?! No one has to worry that I'm missing out on any part of my vacation because I'm too busy writing. Every day has been full from the time we leave our room with map of Cape Cod lighthouses in hand, to the end of our Scrabble extravaganza at night. In between, if you know Unnamed Partner, you know that almost every single person we encounter is an excuse for conversation. We have met some wonderful people here, and it's just lovely to be here before the big rush starts next week. Almost everything is open, and the shopkeepers are relaxed and friendly.
No, to me, blogging is just like sitting and writing postcards, which we did yesterday at Cicchetti's:
We met the nicest folks there, and along with our coffee we got a little bit of doggie fix from the owner's border collie. (We are in serious Fritz-withdrawal....)
Now, years of waking up early don't go away overnight, so here I am wide awake, sitting in my pj's, drinking coffee and writing my virtual postcards to you at 7:30 am. But it's o.k. -- maybe I'll take a nap later.
I do love vacation.
5 comments:
- Mary Ellen said...
My husband and I spent a second honeymoon in Cap Cod for our 25th anniversary (10 years ago). We stayed at a Bed and Breakfast there and then drove up the coast and stayed at another B&B in Bar Harbor, Maine. I ate lobster every day for the week we were in Maine...it was heavenly.
When I saw that pic on this post, it brought back such wonderful memories. I hope we can go back and do that same trip all over again. We are going to visit our daughter in NH in a couple of weeks and will be taking a side trip to Boston with her. I LOVE the east coast.
Again...JEALOUS JEALOUS JEALOUS! But very happy for you and your partner.
- May 13, 2008 at 9:54 AM
- Sue J said...
That sounds like a great trip, Mary Ellen -- I hope you and your husband have a chance to do it again soon. When you come east in a couple of weeks, the weather should be a little warmer -- it's still pretty chilly here right now.
But this is our first "real" vacation (that is, one that lasts more than a couple of days tacked onto a weekend) in a long long time, so we're having a blast.
- May 13, 2008 at 10:21 AM
- Sara said...
hey, sue, did unnamed partner hit the water yet???
and as long as it's fun, then okay. My sons tend to see me drag out the computer and say...awwwwww. you're working?
so perhaps the warning is more for me than you...
- May 13, 2008 at 5:02 PM
- donald said...
glad you are having a good time and equally glad you are finding a few minutes to let us all know how things are going. you did pick a great week to be in ptown, it will get crazy next week! this week and the week after labor day are always good.
hope unnamed partner is not seriously thinking about going for a swim. of course, the water there is a bit warmer than here in maine, but not by THAT much. stay close with that beautiful beach towel to warm her up!!
i can't think of anything more appropriate than lobsters and martinis! i combine the two whenever i can!
- May 13, 2008 at 8:18 PM
- Sue J said...
Well, neither one of us has done more than stick our hand in the water to see just how cold it is, although Unnamed P. did get her foot (and sneaker) wet while retrieving a shell .... But it is COLD! I must say, I haven't seen ANYone in the water at all -- not even any surfers. The dogs don't even go very in ....
We really, really lucked out with the weather. Yeah, it's been on the chilly side, especially since it was just warming up at home. We're seeing spring all over again here, with the daffodils and forsythia in full bloom (they're long gone at home). But most of the days have been sunny, and to be honest, I haven't even had time to start any of the books I brought!
(Tomorrow may be the "reading day")
- May 14, 2008 at 7:24 AM


text:
A Plea to President Obama
The president should drop his plan to ban options in retirement accounts. It could expose investors to more risk.
An open letter to President Barack Obama and Labor Secretary Thomas Perez:
Dear Mr. President and Mr. Secretary:
The Labor Department is considering a proposal that would, in effect, bar investors from using options in individual retirement accounts. While I support the proposal's intent of safeguarding investors from being unduly influenced...


text:
- FutureMuniz
- 6 years ago
- Wedding: December 2012
Just curios if anyones Fiance planned their Honeymoon and left it a secret until your actually on your way there or get there. My Fiance has the whole honeymoon planned out without me knowing a single thing it is a surprise for me. All i know is its about 2 week honeymoon and I have NEVER been there in my life. Which trust me I have been a lot of places all over the US and Out of Country. lol. So I am excited!
Anyone in the same situation? If not where did you go for your honeymoon??


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Sunday, September 27, 2009
Native Americans and their use of Florida's Environment
I'm using "The Historical Archaeology of Native Americans" by Patricia E. Rubertone as one of my primary sources not only because of it's accurate walkthrough of the history of native americans usage of land and how they used their environment, but also because it talks a lot about Florida. I picked it because it directly relates to my topic and has a lot of useful information pertaining to how the native americans used the land and environment they came across to their best advantage. It tells me how the native americans used the land to their best advantage and created a culture in a young Florida.
Posted by Charlotte Clara at 11:50 PM
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text:
Black Lodge [in progress]
Instrumentation: Electric guitar and wind ensemble
Duration: 16'
Dedicated to: Shane Parish, Andrew Shelton, and the Mars Hill University Wind Symphony
- We Are Like the Dreamer Who Dreams...
- ...And Then Lives Inside the Dream.
- But Who Is the Dreamer?
Program Note: Black Lodge is a projected concerto for electric guitar and wind ensemble, based on David Lynch's masterpiece Twin Peaks.
Score Sample/Purchase: Not available at this time


text:
Gold sparkles amid global gloom to brighten mining sector
As other assets slump, gold is on a roll, but views are mixed on whether it will hold up amid continuing economic uncertainty
Related topics
Gold miners have struck it lucky so far this year. With equities and non-gold commodities tanking amid slow global trade and raw materials oversupply, investors have traded risky assets for defensive options, sending the gold price soaring.
Sentiment on Chinese gold related stocks improved considerably when trading resumed after the Lunar New Year, driven by the gold price rally, though they retreated slightly this week when gold weakened after some analysts questioned if the rally could continue.
In Shanghai, Shandong Gold Mining shares soared 32 per cent this month to hit a six-month high of 23.39 yuan (HK$27.94) on Tuesday before dropping to 22.63 yuan at the Wednesday morning close.
In Hong Kong, Zijin Mining is up 27 per cent this month to close at HK$2.19 on Wednesday morning, after hitting a eight-month high of HK$2.36 last Friday.
Their strong performance came as spot gold rallied, hitting a one-year high of US$1,263.48 per ounce on February 11, up 18 per cent for the year. That was a record 44 times the price of oil, according to Deutsche Bank. Bullion brokers GoldCore declared a bull market, and Nomura analysts said US$1,300 was on the cards.
However, the rally retreated this week after the stock market bounced back – minimising the appeal of gold as the traditional safe bet amid a slumping market.
Goldman Sachs released a report on Tuesday saying last week's rally wasn't justified. After that, gold dropped 1.5 per cent to US$1,191.02 an ounce on Tuesday before bouncing back to US$1,207.95 at noon Wednesday in Hong Kong. Even with the retreat this week, gold is still up 13 per cent this year and has risen about 7 per cent this month alone.
By contrast, the MSCI World equities index is down 10 per cent year-to-date, while US crude oil has plunged 20 per cent. Fears of a global recession are rising as the global growth outlook deteriorates.
"The market is in full 'capital preservation' mode and gold is regaining its appeal as investors shun all but the safest asset classes," said Simon Colvin, a research analyst at Markit.
The pick-up in gold price and demand, combined with the idea that the commodity may be recession-proof, is a boon for precious metals producers which have struggled for profitability in recent times.
"As gold prices trended lower post-2013, gold miners have focused on cost efficiency and capex cuts to maintain margins and service debt," Nomura analysts wrote last month. "To achieve a lower cost profile, many gold miners have opted to mine higher grade reserves at the expense of shortening average reserve life of the industry."
Being a long-term business – it can take over a decade to develop a mine to production – it isn't easy for mining companies to respond to immediate market conditions. But prolonged high prices would provide welcome breathing space.
Gold's lustre could be further enhanced by moves to mitigate the downturn, like US dollar devaluation or the scaling back of planned interest rate rises by the US Federal Open Market Committee, according to JP Morgan senior analyst Marko Kolanovic.
"In an unlikely tail scenario that we see as a temporary loss of confidence in central banks, gold would likely benefit as well," Kolanovic wrote last week.
While the past 12 months have seen dramatic swings in investor preference, China's lust for gold has been consistent and increasingly evident over the past five years.
Around 3,000 tons of gold were mined worldwide in 2015. Export data shows around 1,000 tons entered China via Hong Kong, while most of the 500 tons mined domestically stayed in the country.
"China has evolved from being a non-existent global gold buyer to importing the equivalent of 40 per cent of the gold unearthed last year," John LaForge, co-head of real asset strategy at Wells Fargo, wrote in a note last week.
Since a ban on private ownership of bullion was lifted in 2004, consumer demand has grown, generally peaking around Lunar New Year.
"Now that gold can be bought, we are beginning to see the impact in the consumption data – and it is big," LaForge wrote.
But analysts agree retail sales figures don't yet show a consumer gold rush motivated by currency hedging – although extended yuan devaluation and a rising consumer economy could generate that scenario.
For now, the Chinese government is the big buyer, the World Gold Council data shows. The country's gold reserves grew at a monthly average of 17 tons through the second half of 2015, despite its foreign exchange reserves shrinking by US$512 billion over the year.
Only Russia has been buying gold faster, both countries seeking to diversify their reserves and reduce their exposure to the US dollar amid global economic uncertainty.
Analysts warn the gold rally may only be a short term phenomena. Goldman Sachs analysts say it will sink as far as US$1,000, while others are hedging on whether the metal is a good bet.
"Gold's strength is probably going to be relatively short term, but there is an upside risk to gold, if the view that China is going to pull the whole world into recession becomes stronger," Citigroup metals strategist David Wilson said.
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