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J.M. Shelat, J.
1. These three appeals, by certificate, arise out of three writ petitions filed in he High Court of Delhi for quashing the Sugar (Price Determination) Order, 1971 made Under Section 3(3C) of the Essential Commodities Act, 10 of 1955, and for a direction requiring the Central Government to refix the ex-factory price for 1970-71 in respect of sugar required to be sold to Government Under Section 3(2)(f) of the Act. The High Court dismissed the writ petitions and hence these appeals.
2. The appellants are three public limited companies having factories in Haryana State where they carry on the business of manufacturing and selling sugar, an essential commodity within the meaning of the Act. The Act empowers the Central Government to control the production and distribution inter alia of sugar with the object of maintaining its supply and its equitable distribution.
3. Under Section 3, the Central Government has been authorised to require a manufacturer of sugar to sell to it or to a State Government or any other authorised person either the whole of his stock or part of it at a fair price fixed by it. In pursuance of power reserved to it Under Section 3(2)(f) and Section 3(3C), the Central Government required the sugar factories, including the appellant-companies to sell to it 60% of their production during the year 1970-71 at prices fixed by it, the price fixed for the factories in Haryana zone under the impugned order being Rs. 124.63 per quintal.
4. The principal questions arise in these appeals : (1) what is the true interpretation of Section 3(3C), and (2) whether the price of Rs. 124.63 was in accordance with the provisions of Section 3(3C)
5. Before we proceed to consider these questions it would, we think, be better to set out briefly the history of control over sugar. production and its distribution and the method followed in the fixation by Government of the fair, or what has for brevity's sake been named, the levy price of sugar.
6. The concept of statutory control over sugarcane is as old as 1934 when the Central Sugar Cane Act, 1934 was enacted. Under that Act and orders passed thereunder Government used to fix the minimum price for cane. Since 1950 and later on under the Sugarcane (Control) Order, 1955, such minimum price for cane used to be fixed having regard to (a) the cost of production of cane, (b) the return to the growers from alternative crops, and (c) fair price or sugar to the consumer.
7. So far as sugar is concerned, statutory control over it was first imposed in 1942 under the Sugar and Sugar Products Control Order, 1942. The Sugar Controller thereunder regulated production, distribution and prices of sugar. From May 1, 1942, no sugar factory was permitted to effect sales except to authorised persons. This position continued until December 8, 1947 when sugar was decontrolled. In 1949, statutory control was once more imposed under which ex-factory price of Rs. 76.35 per quintal for D-24 grade was fixed, as during that year sugar production declined. There was also a substantial diversion of cane to gur and khandsari industry. Control over sugar was relaxed in 1950 in that production over 90% of the total production of each factory was allowed free sale. This policy was subsequently modified and 95% of the average production of each factory during the two preceding years was fixed as basic quota and half of the production in excess of that quota was allowed free sale, while the other half together with the basic quota was reserved for sale at controlled prices. Since conditions appeared to improve, control was taken off in 1952-1953, except that a small portion of production was reserved for sale at controlled prices. But as prices spiralled, Government in April 1954 requisitioned 25% of the stock for distribution on a tender basis. During 1954-55 to 1956-57 no controlled prices were fixed. By 1958 the prices began to soar and the Government once more decided to impose control.
8. During 1958 Government requested the Tariff Commission to examine the cost structure of sugar and fair price which should be paid to the sugar industry. Such an exercise was not new, for, as early as 1947, and in 1951 and 1955 these questions had been gone through, in 1947 by one Dr. Srivastava, and in later years by expert committees appointed by Government. These committees worked out cost schedules and fair price to be paid to the industry but on an All-India basis. These cost-schedules were not fair as they did not take into account disparities existing from region to region in the matter of price of cane, percentage of recovery and duration of the crushing season.
9. The Tariff Commission in 1959 did away with the all-India cost-schedule and instead constructed four zonal cost schedules having regard to their respective duration and recovery percentage on which a fair price could be fixed. Government then requisitioned the stock of sugar and distributed sugar at fixed prices. In September 1961, the Government removed control as the situation had improved. But the next two years witnessed a substantial fall in production and rise in prices. Government then passed the Sugar (Control) Order, 1963 under which it fixed ex-factory prices for different regions and regulated distribution according to quotas fixed for each State. Government in the meantime had worked out cost-schedules for as many as 22 zones, according to which, it fixed ex-factory prices ranging from Rs. 116 to Rs. 125 per quintal.
10. On August 3, 1964, Government appointed the Sugar Enquiry Commission. The Commission in its Report deprecated the Government's practice of increasing the number of zones to 20 and more and recommended only five zones. The Commission worked out the cost-schedules for these five zones on the basis of duration and recovery percentage in each of the zones and on the basis of minimum cane price, cess or tax, commission of co-operative societies, transport charges, driage and other expenses, packing, grade differential and selling expenses. The Commission recommended that while working out the ex-factory prices for each year on the basis of these cost-schedules Government should make adjustments whenever any escalation took place in cost elements such as wages, taxes, packing charges, etc. On the question of return, the Commission observed as follows :
The Tariff Commission, in its last inquiry (1958) recommended a return at 12 per cent on capital employed. In doing so, it took into consideration factors such as the dependence of the industry on an agricultural raw material, the supply of which is affected by several Imponderables, e.g., weather and pests and diseases. A number of factories located in favourable regions have made ample profits. In fact, the sample factories earned as much as 15.69 per cent in 1963-64-Sizeable expansions in capacity have taken place. The Commission is satisfied that the rate of return of 12 per cent is not unreasonable and should encourage expansion of the industry. The Commission is aware that the rate of return indicated will not be realised by each individual unit in each zone. Majority of the units in a zone, however, should be able to earn this return it they maintain a reasonable degree of efficiency. The method adopted and followed by the Commission in assessing the working capital is the same as was adopted by the Tariff Commission in its 1959 Inquiry.
11. There were two criteria for fixation of ex-factory prices; (1) estimated cost of production determined according to the cost-schedules prepared by the Tariff Commission in 1959 and adjusted from time to time to provide for increase in any of the elements of costs, and (2) average of prices at which sugar was sold in an area during two to three months immediately before April 1, 1963. From 1964-65 to 1966-67 Government fixed ex-factory prices on the basis of the cost-schedules worked out by the Sugar Enquiry Commission. But the year 1966-67 turned out to be the worst year in the decade owing to draught. Production of cane fell by 22% and that of sugar by 40% as compared to 1965-66. It was felt that the outlook for 1967-68 would be gloomier still as a further fall in the area under cane plantation would be by about 11%.
12. To avoid such a prospect some steps had to be taken providing incentives for maximising sugar production and increasing the competitiveness of sugar factories, vis-a-vis gur and khandsari factories in securing cane by offering prices higher than the floor prices. Accordingly, Government announced in August 1967 its policy of partial control under which 60% of the output of sugar would be acquired and the balance of 40% would be left for free sale. To implement this policy, Government secured the passage of Sub-section 3C in Section 3 of the Act through Parliament. Having done that, it fixed the ex-factory prices on December 8, 1967 which as finalised in May 1968 varied from Rs. 145 to Rs. 169.50 per quintal. These were fixed on the principles laid down by the Tariff Commission and the Sugar Enquiry Commission earlier, viz., on the basis of (a) floor price of cane fixed by Government, (b) cess or tax payable thereon, (c) the manufacturing cost, and (d) a reasonable return on capital employed.
13. Since the cost-schedules worked out by the Sugar Enquiry Commission had by now become obsolete, Government in 1968 requested the Tariff Commission to construct fresh cost schedules. The Commission selected 68 out of 200 working units in the industry for a detailed cost study. For the rest, it sent out elaborate cost forms for submitting the requisite data pertaining to 1966-67. For Haryana, out of the three units, one was selected for the detailed cost study.
14. The Commission first worked out actual cost of production state-wise, by taking into account a number of units in each State, their installed average crushing capacity, the cane actually crushed per day, and the average yield of sugar. In this way the ex-factory cost per quintal of sugar came to Rs. 104.43. This figure took into account the actual price paid for cane, which was often higher than the minimum price fixed by Government, harvesting charges where incurred, transport, cess/purchase tax, and factory conversion charges which included salaries/wages, power, fuel, stores, repairs, maintenance, packing and other overheads. These average costs represented the average costs of sugar covering all grades. But the factories in different States had different durations depending on the availability of sugar cane in adequate supplies and different recoveries of sugar differing from factory to factory. A direct comparison of actual costs between factories or States would, therefore, have led to unrealistic results. These differing factors had, therefore, to be reduced to a common measure. For these purposes the Commission took into account five years average recovery and duration of a region as the base.
15. Having regard to the wide disparity in duration and recovery of sugar, the costs were initially reduced to a standard duration of 120 days (of 22 hours each) with a uniform recovery of 10 per cent so as to have a comparison of costs as between units in a zone. Also the differential relating to different grades of sugar produced by the units was adjusted and a common schedule for D-29 grade was evolved. On this basis the conversion charges for each State were worked out. These did not include transport charges on cane, selling expenses and return. On such calculation, the conversion charges for Haryana, including depreciation, at the rate permissible under the Income Tax Act came to Rs. 19.58 as against the All-India weighted average of Rs. 25.20 per quintal. For salaries/wages, the recommendations of the Central Wage Board for Sugar Industry formed the base. For stores and repairs the cost and variations therein from State to State were based on the index of wholesale figures published by the Economic Adviser to the Ministry of Industrial Development and Company Affairs. For future an incidence of increase of 3% per annum was taken into account, i.e., for the years 1968-69 to 1970-71. The minimum bonus at the statutorily payable and managerial expenses were included in the costs of conversion; so also the transport charges from the factories to railway stations and the loading and unloading charges. For this, the base was the actual charges in 1966-67 which came to 15 paise per quintal for most of the States. For rehabilitation, the Commission suggested Rs. 2 per quintal.
16. Owing to the wide ranging differences in the capital costs of various units as also differences from State to State, the Commission did not think it realistic to recommend return worked out according to the conventional method. A calculation of return of a uniform percentage on the basis of such widely varying capital costs from unit to unit and State to State would tend to vary the portion of the return margin substantially and confer an unwarranted benefit on the low cost units. At the same time, a reasonable return was indispensable if expansion was to be encouraged and fresh capital investment in the industry attracted, which according to the Reserve Bank's industry-wise study, showed the lowest profit percentage in sugar industry of all other industries. The Commission, therefore, suggested a uniform amount per quintal as a margin to be added to the other costs in arriving at the fair price of sugar. The Commission for the reasons aforesaid was of the view that an amount of Rs. 10.50 would be a fair return which would be equivalent to 12.5% on the zonal averages of capital employed. According to Appendix 37 to the report, the average return at 12.5% on capital employed on the units in Haryana worked out at Rs. 10.40 per quintal to be added to the fair price worked out for that region. By adopting the standardised figure of Rs. 10.50 per quintal the range of variations from region to region was expected to be narrowed down from Rs. 11.88 in the case of South Bihar to Rs. 16.94 in the case of Orissa, Kerala, Assam and West Bengal.
17. It is quite clear that what the Commission did was to construct cost schedules and fair price of the entire production and not merely of the levy sugar. The return and rehabilitation also were worked out on the basis of the capital employed in the entire production and not the capital employed for the production of levy sugar. Thus, in Table 9.6 at page 80 of its report, the Commission included Rs. 12.50 (being return and rehabilitation) in the ex-works price of sugar. There is nothing in that table which would suggest that it was confined to levy sugar. Indeed Ch. 9 in which this table appears is headed 'Cost Structure and Price Fixation', that is the ex-works price. In calculating the ex-factory price, the Commission took the minimum price of cane fixed by Government and not the actual price paid by the manufacturer as was also done by the Commission in 1959 and by the Sugar Enquiry Commission in 1955. On this basis, the ex-factory price for Haryana worked out to Rs. 128.69 per quintal (i.e., cost of cane Rs. 89.73, conversion charges Rs. 26.46, return and rehabilitation Rs. 12.50) for the year 1966-67 on the basis of the average of the past five years' duration and recovery. The cost of cane would of course depend on the minimum price fixed for each year by Government. The figure of Rs. 69.73 was the minimum price fixed for 1966-67. It also did not include the co-operative society's commission, if any, the purchase tax or cess and the margin for cane driage. These were expected to be worked out by the authority fixing the fair price for each zone for a particular year.
18. The cost schedule for conversion in the light of duration and recovery for each zone was made up of expenses classified as constants, variables, semi-variables and fixed expenses. For Haryana, it worked out to Rs. 26.46 per quintal on the basis of average duration of 125 days (of 22 hours) and 8.70 recovery. The cost schedule made up of the aforesaid expenses did not include (i) price of cane, (ii) commission to cooperative society, if any, (iii) purchase tax or cess and (iv) driage of cane, as these would be taken into account while fixing the minimum cane price. The constants comprise packing and grade differentials which would be static. The variables comprise seasonal expenses, i.e., other than those incurred normally when crushing does not take place, such as wages of seasonal recruits excluding allowances for retainers, relevant parts of stores, repairs, transport on cane, shift depreciation, overheads and credit for recoveries. Semi-variables would comprise power and fuel and retainer allowances which would vary with duration and recovery. Fixed charges would be expenses other than those covered by the three aforesaid expenses and which are of a fixed nature irrespective of duration and recovery.
19. The sum total of these classified expenses would make up the conversion costs. To these and the minimum price of cane would be added Rs. 2 for rehabilitation and Rs. 10.50 as return on capital employed and excise duty. The Government did not accept the recommendation as to rehabilitation and deferred its decision thereon for reasons stated in its resolution dated February 20, 1970, by which it accepted the other recommendations as also the cost-schedules worked out by the Commission, the number of zones, return of a fixed sum of Rs. 10.50, etc.
20. The history of control over sugar set out above shows that right from 1958 and even earlier, ex-factory prices of sugar were worked out on the basis of cost-schedules prepared by expert bodies appointed for that purpose, that such prices and cost-schedules were prepared in respect of the entire production and not in relation only to that part of it which was required to be sold to Government, although partial control in one form or the other was in vogue for some periods before 1967, that such cost-schedules were prepared on the basis of average duration and recovery, the minimum price of cane, the averaged cost of production in the various zones, taxes, and lastly, a return on the capital employed, which as stated above was fixed at the static figure of Rs. 10.50 per quintal, that being the amount considered a fair return on capital employed in the industry. Both the Central Government and Parliament were aware of the methods followed by these expert bodies in framing cost-schedules on-the basis of which ex-factory prices were fixed, the problems which the Government was faced with in securing adequate supply of sugar and its equitable distribution at reasonable price to remedy which Sub-section 3C was enacted. It is in the light of this background that the provisions of that sub-section can be properly understood.
21. The Act, as its long title suggests, was enacted to provide for the control of production, supply and distribution of, and trade and commerce in, certain commodities, sugar being one of such commodities. Section 3 empowers the Central Government, if it is of opinion that it is necessary or expedient to do so for maintaining or increasing supplies of any essential commodity or for securing their equitable distribution and availability at fair prices, to provide by an order for regulating or prohibiting production, supply and distribution thereof. Under its Sub-section (2) Clause (f), such an order may require any person holding in stock any essential commodity to sell the whole or a specified part of it to the Central or a State Government or an authorised person and in such circumstances as may be specified therein. Sub-section 3 requires that where any person sells any essential commodity in compliance with an order made under Sub-section 2 Clause (f), there shall be paid to him the price therefore (a) where the price can, consistently with the controlled price, if any, fixed under this section, be agreed upon, the agreed price; (b) where no such agreement can be reached, the price calculated with reference to the controlled price, if any, or (c) where neither Clause (a), nor Clause (b) applies, the price calculated at the market price prevailing in the locality at the date of sale. Payment at market price would have to be made under this sub-section only when there is no agreed or controlled price. Sub-sections 3A and 3B then make provisions with regard to sale of foodstuffs and foodgrains. Under Sub-section 3A, the Central Government is empowered, if it is of opinion that it is necessary so to do for controlling the rise in prices or preventing the hoarding of any foodstuff in any locality, to direct by a notification that notwithstanding anything contained in Sub-section (3), the price at which the foodstuff shall be sold in the locality in compliance with an order made under Sub-section 2(f) shall be regulated in accordance with the provisions of this sub-section. Where after the issue of a notification under this sub-section, any person sells foodstuff of the kind and in the locality specified therein, in compliance with an order made with reference to Sub-section 2 Clause (f), there shall be paid to the seller as the price therefore, (a) the agreed price consistently with the controlled price, if any; (b) the price calculated with reference to the controlled price, if any, where no such agreement can be reached, or (c) where neither Clause (a), nor Clause (b) applies, the price calculated with reference to the average market rate as provided therein. Under Sub-section 3B, where a person is required to sell any foodgrains, edible oilseeds or edible oils to the Central or a State Government, or to a person authorised in that behalf, and no notification in respect of such foodgrains, oilseeds or oils has been issued under Sub-section 3A or is in force, there shall be paid as the price for such foodgrains, oilseeds or oils, (i) the controlled price, if any, or (ii) where no such price is fixed the price prevailing or likely to prevail during the post-harvest period in the area to which the order applies. Both under Sub-section 3A and 3B, the question of market price can only arise where there is no controlled or fixed price or price agreed consistently with the controlled price, if any. Each of these sub-sections makes a separate provision for the price at which the commodities therein dealt with is to be paid.
22. Sub-section 3C, with which we are presently concerned, was inserted in Section 3 by Section 3 of Act 36 of 1967. The sub-section lays down two conditions which must exist before it applies. The first is that there must be an order made with reference to Sub-section 2 Clause (f), and the second is that there is no notification under Sub-section 3A or if any such notification has been issued it is no longer in force owing to efflux of time. Next, the words 'notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section' suggest that the amount payable to the person required to sell his stock of sugar would be with reference to the price fixed under the sub-section and not the agreed price or the market price in the absence of any controlled price under Sub-section 3A. The sub-section then lays down two things; firstly, that where a producer is required by an order with reference to Sub-section 2(f) to sell any kind of sugar, there shall be paid to that producer an amount therefore, that is for such stock of sugar as is required to be sold, and secondly, that such amount shall be calculated with reference to such price of sugar as the Central Government may, by order, determine, having regard to the four factors set out in Clauses (a), (b), (c) and (d). Unlike the preceding three sub-sections under which the amount payable is either the agreed price, or the controlled price, or where neither of these prices is applicable at the market or average market price, the amount in respect of sugar required to be sold is to be calculated at the price determined by the Central Government. The last words of the sub-section empower the Central Government to determine price either from time to time or for different areas, which means that it may determine zonal or regional prices, or for different factories, i.e., unit-wise, or for different kinds of grades of sugar.
23. The two concepts, viz., the amount payable to the producer and the price to be determined by Government are distinct and much of the confusion in interpreting the sub-section would be dispelled if they were seen distinctly. The words 'amount therefore mean the amount to be paid to the manufacturer in respect of such quantity of his stock as is required to be sold under an order made with reference to Sub-section 2(f). That amount is, therefore, referable to the stock of sugar specified in such order, that is to say, the levy sugar. The words 'such price of sugar', relate to the price which the Central Government has to determine having regard to Clauses (a), (b), (c) and (d). The price to be so determined is not relatable or confined to the stock required to be sold, for the words are 'such price of sugar' and not 'the price for such sugar'. This construction is fortified by the penultimate part of the sub-section which authorises the Central Government to determine zonal or unit-wise prices or prices for different kinds of sugar. The price to be determined by the Central Government is to be the rate at which the amount payable to the producer of such of his stock as is required to be sold is to be calculated. There is thus a clear distinction between the amount payable to the producer whose stock is either wholly or in part required to be sold under an order made under Sub-section 2(f), and the price of sugar to be determined by the Government having regard to the minimum price of cane fixed by it, the manufacturing cost of sugar, the duty and tax paid or payable thereon and securing a reasonable return on the capital employed in the business of manufacturing sugar.
24. In order to appreciate the meaning of Clauses (a), (b), (c) and (d), it must be remembered that ever since control on sugar was imposed, Government had set up expert committees to work out cost-schedules and fair prices. Starting in the beginning with an All-India cost-schedule worked out on the basis of the total production of sugar, the factories were later grouped together into zones or regions and different cost-schedules for different zones or regions were constructed on the basis of which fair prices were worked out at which sugar was distributed and sold. The Tariff Commission in 1958 and the Sugar Enquiry Commission in 1965 had worked out the zonal cost-schedules on the basis of averaged recovery and duration, the minimum and not the actual price of cane, the averaged conversion costs and recommended a reasonable return on the capital employed by the industry in the business of manufacturing sugar. This experience was before the legislature at the time when Sub-section 3C was inserted in the Act. The legislature therefore incorporated the same formula in the new sub-section as the basis for working out the price. The purpose behind enacting the new sub-section was three-fold, to provide an incentive to increase production of sugar, encourage expansion of the industry, to devise a means by which the cane producer could get a share in the profits of the industry through prices for his cane higher than the minimum price fixed and secure to the consumer distribution of at least a reasonable quantity of sugar at a fair price. Whether these objectives have, through the working of the new sub-section, been realised or not is a different matter. But there can be no doubt that these were the objectives for which the sub-section was passed. The incentive to secure increased production and expansion of the industry was to leave a certain portion of the stock free for sale in the open market, the assumption being that the industry would get a better price in such market than the price determined under the formula incorporated in Sub-section 3C.
25. The fair price, therefore, has to be determined on the minimum price of cane fixed by Government, the manufacturing cost on the basis of zonal cost-schedules, the tax or duty applicable in the zones and must be so structured as to leave in the ultimate result to the industry a reasonable return on the capital employed by it in the business of manufacturing sugar. It is clear from the reports of the Tariff Commission that a reasonable return recommended by that body at a fixed amount of Rs. 10.50 per quintal which worked out in 1966-67 at 12.5% per annum was not in respect of levy sugar only but on the whole, so that even if such a return was not obtainable on levy sugar but was obtainable on the whole, it would meet the requirement of Clause (d). In this conclusion we derive a two-fold support, firstly, from the language used in Clause (d) itself, viz., a reasonable return on the capital employed in the business of manufacturing sugar, which must mean the business as a whole and not the business of manufacturing levy sugar only, and secondly, from the fact of the Commission having all along used the same phraseology while recommending Rs. 10.50 per quintal as an addition by way of a reasonable return on the capital employed in the industry. The cost-schedules prepared by these bodies were for determining a fair price in relation to the entire sugar produced by the industry and the return which should be granted to it on the capital employed in the industry and not with respect to that stock only required to be sold under Sub-section 2(f).This is clear from the heading of Ch. 9 of the Tariff Commission's report, 1969, 'Cost Structure and Price Fixation'.
26. Counsel for the appellants and for the several interveners, however, contended (1) that since Sub-section 3C was enacted after the policy of partial control leaving a part of the stock for free market was decided upon, the sub-section must, be held to deal with levy sugar only, and (2) that the language of the sub-section as also of its Clauses (a), (b) and (c) shows that it dealt with and was concerned with levy sugar only and that therefore Clause (d) must also be construed to be dealing with levy sugar. It was urged that besides the necessity of giving to Clause (d) the same meaning as one would have to give to Clauses (a), (b) and (c), if Clause (d) were to be construed to mean return on the whole of the capital employed, there would ensue a contradictory and even an anomalous result. For purposes of Clause (a), one would have to take the floor price of cane fixed by Government, but for Clause (d), the actual price of cane paid by a unit would have to be taken into account for purposes of arriving at a figure which would leave a reasonable return to the producer, part of whose stock is required to be sold. Counsel also urged that if Clause (d) were construed to mean reasonable return on the production of the entire stock and not levy sugar only, it would mean negativing the entire scheme of partial control which was intended to leave a reasonable return on that part of the stock which was required thereunder to be sold irrespective of the return obtained by sale of the rest of his stock in a free market. Therefore, it would be contrary to that concept if the profits made in respect of free sugar were to be taken into account as a cushion if the fair price fixed for levy sugar was not equivalent to the actual cost of production and were to result in a return less than the reasonable return on that part of the stock, or even a deficit. Such a construction would, they argued, permit the Government to fix a price which would not leave such a return on the ground that sale of free sugar would bring in sufficient surplus to make up the deficit, if any, on the levy sugar. Counsel further urged that such a construction would also defeat the very object of partial control, in that, if a reasonable return was not assured to the manufacturer, he was hardly likely to buy cane at a price higher than the minimum fixed by Government, a purpose for which the partial control policy was evolved. To bring in the return on free sugar for purposes of deciding whether a return guaranteed under Clause (d) was obtainable or not from the price fixed by Government would also be ushering a factor wholly extraneous to the sub-section. It would not be, therefore, right to bring into consideration free sugar which is not the subject-matter of Sub-section 3C.
27. To accept these contentions would in our view mean disregarding (1) the language of the sub-section, and (2) the entire background in which it was enacted and the mischief it was intended to remedy. As explained earlier, the sub-section provides two things: (a) the determination by Government of a fair price during the process of which regard shall be had to the four matters set out therein, and (b) payment to the manufacturer part of whose stock is levied, an amount 'therefore calculated with reference to 'such price' as the Central Government may determine. Though the payment would of course be for the stock required to be sold to Government, there is nothing in the sub-section to suggest that the price to be determined is to be with respect of that part of the stock of a particular manufacturer which is required to be sold to Government.
28. In deciding upon the policy of partial control and in having it incorporated in Sub-section 3, the Central Government was confronted with two main problems (a) deterioration in the sugar industry, and (b) the conflicting interests of the manufacturer, the consumer and the cane grower. The report of the Sugar Enquiry Commission 1965 and that of the Tariff Commission of 1969 highlighted the difficulties that plagued the industry and the necessity of harmonising the triple conflicting interests. The cane acreage was dwindling, as the incentives for that plantation were not as attractive as those for cereals and other agricultural products. Part of that production was diverted towards production of gur and khandsari, leaving no scope for greater production of sugar, the necessity for which was being accentuated as the consumers' demand was rapidly increasing. The floor price of cane fixed by Government was intended to protect the farmer from exploitation, but that was found not to be an incentive enough to induce him to increase his acreage. A device had to be found under which a price higher than the minimum could be paid by the manufacturer of sugar. The consumer, on the other hand, had also to be protected against the spiralling of sugar price and his needs, growing as they were, had to satisfied at some reasonable price. Both these and a larger production of sugar would not be possible unless there was a reasonable return which would ensure expansion, which again would not be possible unless new machinery for such expansion was brought in and factories, particularly in U.P. and Bihar, were modernised and renovated. A fair price for sugar, therefore, had to be such as would harmonise and satisfy at least to a reasonable extent these conflicting interests.
29. The concept of fair price was not unknown, for, it had been worked upon from as early a time as 1937. That concept did not by any account mean the actual cost of production of every individual manufacturer. It had to be arrived at by the process of costing of a representative cross-section of manufacturing units. The history of the industry shows that such a process was being practised through various formulas, in the beginning by working out an All-India cost-schedule, and when that was found to be unrealistic by working out zonal cost-schedules beginning with four and by 1969 with 15 such zonal cost-schedules. A fair price would not thus mean the actual cost and return of every individual unit, firstly, because it would be impracticable, and secondly, because it would be rewarding the inefficient and the uneconomic. An extreme example of such a unit is to be found in the compilation prepared by Dr. Singhvi where the duration of season of that unit was only seven days, and therefore, its cost came to over Rs. 600 per quintal. If such a product were left to the mercy of a total free market and the impact of free competitiveness in it, such a unit would hardly survive. The object of the policy of partial control cannot, therefore, mean to reward such units.
30. The basis of a fair price would have to be built on a reasonably efficient and economic representative cross-section on whose workings cost-schedules would have been worked out and the price to be determined by Government under Sub-section 3C would have to be built. A claim that such a price has to be determined unit-wise and a reasonable return has to be ensured to each unit or that such a price with such a return would be in respect of that part of its stock required to be sold under Sub-section 2(f) would appear to be inconsistent with the concept of partial control, the background in which it was evolved and the objects which it attempted to secure. Such a policy meant determination of a fair price on the basis of which a producer would be paid for part of his stock required to be sold to Government. Such a price would have to be determined having regard to the four factors set out in the sub-section. Though factors (a) and (c) would be static, factor (b) would largely depend on variables, such as duration and recovery, the prices of fuel, labour etc. differing from zone to zone and sometimes within the zone, necessitating averaging and costing by selecting a representative cross-section of units for that purpose and arriving at a cost-schedule which would do justice to the weak and the strong alike. If this be the true meaning of Clause (b), it must mean securing a reasonable return to the industry and not to each unit, irrespective of whether it is economic or reasonably efficient or not, or only in respect of its stock required to be compulsorily sold to Government. A unit-wise fixation of price as suggested by counsel, and payment on the basis of a price so worked out would mean perpetuating inefficiency and mismanagement, and depriving the partial control policy of the incentives for economy and efficiency inherent in it. We are, therefore, satisfied both on the language of the sub-section, the background in which it was enacted and the mischief the legislature sought to remedy through its working that the true construction is that a fair price has to be determined in respect of the entire produce, ensuring to the industry a reasonable return on the capital employed in the business of manufacturing sugar. But this does not mean that Government can fix any arbitrary price, or a price fixed on extraneous considerations or such that it does not secure a reasonable return on the capital employed in the industry. Such a fixation would at once evoke a challenge, both on the ground of its being inconsistent with the guidelines built in the sub-section and its being in contravention of Articles 19(1)(f) and (g), and 31.
31. The Constitutionality of the sub-section not being under challenge in these appeals, the only question left for consideration is whether the price fixed under the impugned order, i.e., Rs. 124.63, is in consonance with Section 3(3C)?
32. The ex-works price worked out in the Tariff Commission Report, 1969 for Haryana zone for the next three years, i.e., 1969-70 to 1971-72, based on the average recovery and average duration of the past five years (1963-64 to 1967-68), ie., 8.70% and 125 days, was Rs. 128.69 per quintal. That figure was made up of the following :
1. Wages and salaries Rs. 11.70: (2) stores, fuel and power Rs. 8.49: (3) repairs and maintenance Rs. 2.63: (4) packing charges Rs. 2.57: (5) overheads Rs. 0.75: (6) cane center and cane development Rs. 1.36: (7) depreciation (Income Tax Act rates) Rs. 3.60: (8) transport of cane Rs. 1.53: (9) less-credits Rs. 0.75: (10) grade differential Rs. 1.07: (11) return and rehabilitation Rs. 12.50: (12) selling expenses Rs. 0.15: (13) bonus Rs. 0.60-Total conversion charges Rs. 38.96: (14) cane and related costs Rs. 89.73: (15) ex-works price Rs. 128.69.
The figure of Rs. 89.73 arrived at on the basis of driage being Rs. 9.86 and average recovery of 8.70% was worked out as follows :
(1) Minimum price of cane fixed by Government Rs. 7.37: (2) Co-operative society's commission Rs. 0.13 and (3) Cess/purchase tax Rs. 0.24, Total Rs. 7.74=Rs. 89.73 per quintal sugar, (vide Table 9.6 and Appendices 35 and 36 at pages 89 and 212-214; Report 1969).
The ex-works price of Rs. 128.69 included Rs. 2 per quintal for rehabilitation. That amount was not included by Government when it fixed the price of Rs. 124.63 on January 8, 1971 as the Government, while accepting the cost-schedules and other recommendations of the Tariff Commission, had deferred its decision on rehabilitation pending consultation with the concerned interests. (Vide Government Resolution, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, dated February 20, 1970). Deducting Rs. 2 from the ex-works price worked out by the Commission, the Commission's ex-works price would be Rs. 126.69 on the basis of 8.70% and 125 days as average recovery and duration.
33. It would appear that barring, the statement in the impugned order that Government had fixed the price at Rs. 124.63, the Government had not disclosed even in its return how it had worked out that price. At the instance of the appellants, the High Court, therefore, by its order dated September 14, 1971 called upon the Government to show the basis on which it had fixed the price. The Government thereupon filed an additional affidavit of the Deputy Secretary to the Ministry of Agriculture dated September 14, 1971 according to which on the available data before it the price would come to Rs. 126.93. This figure took note of the increase in the purchase tax by Haryana Government from 24 to 50 paise per quintal of cane. That was how the Government mentioned Rs. 8.003 as the price of cane per quintal instead of Rs. 7.37 which was the floor price fixed by Government for the year. Government also added Re. 1.05 being the estimated impact of increase in wages recommended by the Second Central Wage Board, the added depreciation allowed through changes in the Income Tax Act and increased cost in packing materials, the total of all the three having been worked out at Rs. 2.81 per quintal of sugar. According to this affidavit, when Government was considering the fixation of price for 1970-71, it had before it the actuals as to recovery and duration for 1969-70 as also the estimates supplied by the factories for 1970-71. From these, the Government came to the conclusion that there would not be any material difference in recovery and duration between the two years and that was why it decided to continue the ex-factory price for 1969-70 for the year 1970-71 also. The incidence of purchase tax for 1970-71 was placed at Rs. 2.06, higher than during the preceding year, because for 1969-70 it was from April 1, 1969, while in 1970-71 it was for the whole year. The estimates for recovery and duration for 1970-71 were on the actual recovery and duration for the preceding year which came to 8.76% and 187 days, as against the estimates given for that year by the factories, viz., 9.04% and 157 days. These were accepted for 1970-71 as the only actuals available to the Government on January 8, 1971 were in respect of the month of November 1970, which obviously were too meagre for acceptance for the whole year.
34. Annexures II and III to this affidavit show that as against the levy price of Rs. 124.63 fixed by Government, free sugar was sold during 1969-70 at prices ranging from Rs. 126.21 to Rs. 138.01, exclusive of excise duty, and from October 1970 to May 25, 1971 when sugar was totally decontrolled at rates ranging from Rs. 132.30 to Rs. 151.38. It is undisputed that during the period of six weeks when the stay order granted by the High Court operated the appellants sold sugar at about Rs. 150.
35. These figures were not accepted by the appellants, for, according to them, they sold free sugar during January 1971 to May 24, 1971 at prices ranging from Rs. 135.19 to Rs. 160.47, the average rate being Rs. 139.70 less Rs. 1.07 differential-Rs. 138.63. As against the levy price worked out by Government at Rs. 126.93, the appellants' case was that on the actuals worked out for the year 1970-71, the price would be Rs. 129.42, thus causing to them a loss of Rs. 5.20 per quintal on levy sugar. The difference between the price calculated by the appellants and that calculated by the Government (Rs. 126.93) arises because of certain disparities in their respective figures, as also the percentage in recovery and duration. To the figure of Rs. 129.42, the appellants add additional cost of interest, increase in freightage by road and rail during the year, deterioration in quality, thus bringing the cost to Rs. 138.93. The loss on this calculation, according to them, would come to Rs. 3 lacs and odd on levy sugar which totalled 65,741 quintals.
36. On Government's calculations based on the returns filed by the appellants, the Haryana factories realised Rs. 126.50 per quintal on levy sugar taking into account the different grades produced by them and Rs. 139.70 per quintal on free sugar upto May 25, 1971 when sugar was decontrolled. If levy sugar alone were to be taken into consideration, the loan per quintal of levy sugar would be the difference between Rs. 124.63 and Rs. 129.42, i.e., Rs. 6.20, and nearly double if the additional costs claimed by the appellants were to be admissible, which would raise their cost of production to Rs. 133.98. This calculation is of course on the basis that the return of Rs. 10.50 per quintal was altogether met, in the sense that it was not expected to absorb items such as interest and the profits on free sugar were not to be taken into consideration for ascertaining whether a reasonable return on the capital employed was actually obtained or not by the industry.
37. The High Court, no doubt, did not hold the price of Rs. 124.63 as realistic and in view of the changes which had taken place during the year added in all Rs. 3.22, that is, Rs. 1.16 increase in wages, Rs. 56 additional depreciation and Rs. 1.20 as additional packing charges, totalling Rs. 2.92 and presumably Rs. 0.30 for increase in purchase tax. Adding Rs. 3.28 to the Government price, the High Court worked out the fair price at Rs. 127.85 instead of Rs. 124.63. We need not examine the correctness or otherwise of this addition as the Solicitor General told us that he did not challenge the correctness of this addition. On the basis of Rs. 127.85 being the correct price, the appellants would lose Rs. 3.22 per quintal on levy sugar, if the price realised on levy sugar alone were to be taken into consideration. The Solicitor General also conceded that purchase tax on cane in Haryana was increased during the year 1970-71 from 24 paise to 50 paise per quintal with effect from April 1, 1970 and that increase according to para 11of the return, dated May 1971 was not taken into account as the Government was of the opinion that the price of 1969-70, which was adopted for 1970-71, contained sufficient cushion to absorb the impact of this increase. This opinion was based on the fact that the working results for the year 1969-70 turned out to be actually very much better than estimated.
38. Counsel for the appellants, however, expressed his dissatisfaction with the increase by the High Court of Rs. 3.22 only on the ground that the High Court did not take cognizance of three items, viz., increase in purchase tax, increase in the rate of interest and increase in road and rail freightage. As already stated, the increase so in purchase tax appears to be included in Rs. 3.22, granted by the High Court for otherwise the three increases stated in the judgment, viz., increase in wages, increase in depreciation and increase in packing charges, would make the total of Rs. 2.22 only.
39. The largest addition in the price claimed by the appellants was Rs. 2.29 per quintal by way of additional interest. The basis for the claim was that owing to the production of sugar in 1969-70 being the all time highest, there were larger stocks lying un-released with the factories both in the case of levy as well as free sugar, with the result that the factories had to bear additional interest on the working capital involved in such unreleased stocks. The usual period of six months for the release of stock on the basis of which the return on capital at the static figure of Rs. 10.50 a quintal had actually become unrealistic. The result, therefore, was that the factories could not expect to get the said return on the capital employed.
40. Since the question was an important one we called upon the Government to disclose the correspondence, if any, which it had in this connection with the Tariff Commission. Thereupon the Government produced the relevant correspondence. It appears from that correspondence that on March 26, 1970 the Indian Sugar Mills Association had made a representation for addition in the return of Rs. 10.50 on the ground that the 1969-70 year's production had come to 42 lac tonnes, an all time record and in addition thereto there was already at hand a large stock lying undisposed of resulting in the component of working capital being very much higher than that calculated by the Tariff Commission while fixing Rs. 10.60 as the return. On June 5, 1970, the Government referred this representation to the Commission. By its letter dated July 29, 1970, the Commission recommended that the question of accumulation of stocks as represented by the association required sympathetic consideration and suggested an increase in lieu of interest at 9% on the additional working capital represented by the accumulated stock.
41. In considering this claim however two facts need to be borne in mind. The production in 1970-71 was not as high as that in 1969-70 and in fact had considerably declined. So far as the Haryana factories were concerned, none of them had purchased cane at a price higher than the minimum fixed by Government, although the assumption behind the policy of partial control leaving 40% of the stock for free market and the unconventional method of granting a fixed return of Rs. 10.50 was that these two factors would enable the manufacturer to pay a higher cane price. The figures supplied to us by Government called out from the returns filed by the factories would also suggest that the claim for Rs. 2.29 per quintal was not warranted. The total production by the Haryana factories during 1970-71 was of the tune of 82,756 tonnes. Despatches upto May 24, 1971, when sugar was decontrolled, of free sugar were 7,065 tonnes at Rs. 139.70 per quintal. Despatches of levy sugar, upto the date of the interim order of stay dated April 8, 1971 were 2,380 tonnes and from April 8, 1971 to May 24, 1971, 4,194 tonnes at Rs. 158.02 per quintal. The balance of stock lying with the factories as on June 1, 1971 was 6911.7 tonnes. Despatches during the decontrol period, i.e., from June 1, 1971 to December 31, 1971 were 63,023 tonnes at the rate of Rs. 151.39 per quintal, leaving a balance in hand of 6094 tonnes. It may be mentioned that on June 30, 1972 the stock lying on hand came to 427 tonnes only. Since this was the position, the claim for additional interest at Rs. 2.29 per quintal does not appear to be sustainable, nor also the claim for deterioration of stock owing to the stock lying stored up beyond the normal period, the loss by way of deterioration during such period being the normal incidence of the trade which the manufacturer must anticipate.
42. Regarding the claim of 63 paise owing to increase in freightage (i.e., of 54 paise by road and 9 paise by rail), the Tariff Commission refused to concede that claim. Even before us there are no adequate materials to come to any precise conclusion as to the extra burden which the appellants had actually to bear, though increase in freightage during the year is admitted.
43. Have the Haryana factories then not received in fact during 1970-71 the reasonable- return as envisaged by Sub-section 3C
44. The actual figures of the year for duration and recovery were not in dispute. They were 162 days and 8.69% respectively. On that basis, the cost, according to the cost-schedule worked out for Haryana by the Commission, would come to Rs. 126.61, including Rs. 10.50. To that amount may be added the following, even assuming that they are all allowable : (1) increase in wages, Rs. 1.05, (2) increase in depreciation, 56 paise, (3) deterioration in quality, 19 paise, (4) insurance and godown costs, 7 paise, (5) increase in cost of consumable stores, 19 paise, (6) increase in cost of gunny bags, Re. 1.20, (7) increase in freightage by road and rail, 63 paise, (8) interest on longer storage, Rs. 2.84 and (9) selling expenses, 45 paise (total Rs. 7.18=Rs. 133.79). But for the reasons given above, items 3, 7 and 8 (total Rs. 3.66) must go and therefore the figure would come to Rs. 130.13. As against this, the realisations for levy, and free sugar upto the date of decontrol, i.e., May 24, 1971 were as follows : 63,741 quintals at the average rate of Rs. 124.63 and 70,650 quintals at the average rate of Rs. 136.49. The average price thus realised comes to Rs. 130.77. There is no doubt that if the sales after May 24, 1971 which were all in free market were to be taken into account, the average realised would come to much more than Rs. 130.77. There is, therefore, no doubt that taking the picture as a whole the Haryana factories got in any event a reasonable return on the capital employed.
45. On the construction of Sub-section 3C adopted by us and such of the materials produced before us, we are of the opinion that no case for quashing the impugned order has been made out, nor has the price fixed by Government been shown to be inconsistent with the sub-section.
46. In the result the appeals fail and are dismissed. In view of the somewhat complicated questions as to the meaning and interpretation of Section 3(3C) of the Act, we direct that the parties will bear their own costs althroughout. Liberty to the parties to file applications for directions in respect of the Bank Guarantees furnished by them in pursuance of stay orders passed by this Court.


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Listen. My brother and I--we're strange. We have odd imaginations. We are both capable of concocting full-on fantasies, alternate worlds, strange characters that crop up in our everyday lives. My first foray into the make-believe world was at the side of my imaginary friend, Funny Cowboy, who lived in a treehouse not unlike the one featured on Mr. Dressup. Funny Cowboy was just that: a wise-cracking, pistol-brandishing boy who was my best friend until I went to school and got real friends.
When Funny Cowboy faded from my life, I didn't stop pretending. I just started pretending in a quieter, more private way. I began to write stories in my head whenever I was bored--times when I was mowing the lawn, cleaning my room, riding in a car.
And I wasn't the only one who could do that. My brother did it too. But while I liked to dabble in the world of humans, my brother liked to dabble in the world of animals. He particularly liked gophers. When he was little, he came up with his favorite character: Nelson, a chubby bachelor gopher who was looking for love. My brother used to tell elaborate stories about Nelson and his quest to get his girlfriend Regina to marry him. He used to run around the house singing, Ding-a-ling! Nelson's collar is ringing! Ding-a-ling! At the time, my mother and I thought that meant he'd dreamed up some collar that had a phone on it, and whenever my brother came around saying the collar was ringing, we would say, "Hello? Hello? Who's there? How are you doing?" and my brother would look at us like we were crazy. Apparently he meant there was a tiny bell on Nelson's make-believe collar and it was tinkling.
This, I suppose, was the birth of the woobie.
My brother learned the term woobie when he watched Mr. Mom (the woobie makes an appearance here). My brother and I both had woobies when we were kids, but we for sure didn't call them that. Mine was a pink cloth bunny from Fisher-Price that I would loop through my fingers as I sucked them. I would rub the satin edges of the bunny on my upper lip as I sucked my fingers, and this repetitive action reduced the bunny to shreds several times. My mother often had to perform emergency surgery--sewing ears back on, for example--when I was napping, the one time she could scoot that bunny out of my arms. She and my father had to plan a major coup after the bunny had been shredded down to his very last satin. I needed a new one. So they replaced the bunny one afternoon and told me, "Surprise! The bunny went on vacation and came back all new!" I fell for it. What a sucker.
My brother's woobie was a thick and fluffy green blanket he called Menomop. Back then, my brother's speech patterns weren't exactly sophisticated. He liked to name lots of things with words that ended in -op. I had (still have) a teddy bear he named Bedobop, and that's the only name he's ever had (and will ever have). My brother's Menomop still sits on his bed at my father's house, and I know for a fact he cuddles that thing whenever he comes home.
But those things weren't woobies in our world. As he got older, my brother transformed the word into a whole new term. Nelson was a woobie. Nelson's wife Regina was a woobie. Our cat was a woobie. Anything small, cute, and furry was a woobie. My brother went so far as to make an elaborate book--the Woobinary--that classified and explained why each animal considered a woobie actually was a woobie. There was a complicated classification process that considered each animal's size, weight, height, and type of fur.
And woobies made noises. For a long time, we thought my brother might have a promising career as a sound effect guy or a stand-up comedian because he went around making noises with his every move, creating noises that went along with his make-believe, making up a whole woobie language--Woobish--that he would speak to us at the dinner table. It was a funny language of bops! and meeps! that we all liked to mimic. Especially my father. He loved to break out in Woobish at the strangest times--at the doctor's office, at a Christmas party, on the phone at work. He and my brother still occasionally--well, probably more than occasionally--greet each other in Woobish. "Hey, Woob," my father will say, and my brother will say, "Merhp!" and then my father will say it back. After that, every other syllable will be a bop or a meep or a merhp.
My brother won't always do it when you ask, but sometimes--when he's feeling generous, when he's feeling cheeky--he'll do it on command. I request it at family parties, on long car rides, and at dinner. I can't help it--it amuses me. It makes me think back to a time when my brother was ridiculously tiny, cute, and funny. It makes me think back to times when he and I would sit in the middle of the living room floor and share stories of our make-believe worlds. Ding-a-ling! my brother would say. Ding-a-ling! Nelson's home! We would do voices and speak in Woobish and make up elaborate plots for our characters until we got sick of each other. Then we would go our separate ways, but the very next day we would start over again.
It was a nice time, a fun time, and I like to remember it as much as possible. And beg for Woobish to be spoken as much as possible, too. It's rarely been caught on film, but here is a snippet, an eensy glimpse into the world of the Woobie.

subset: commoncrawl


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Jenny started her adventure into small business at the age of 25, providing first-hand experience on what it takes to build a team from the ground up. Journeying through administration and marketing, operations and finance, Jenny has gained incredible insight into what it takes to create, manage and grow through all Key Result Areas of business.
Since commencing in the Financial Services sector in early 2001, Jenny has progressed through a variety of Management roles leading to a Senior Executive role for a medium sized Financial Services Licensee. Jenny has held a number of Board positions and became a Member of the Australian Institute of Company Directors in 2010.
Her passion today is to inspire business leaders and teams to achieve their goals whilst maintaining a work/life balance; as well as working directly with Businesses in the area of Social Engagement and Brand Management. Jenny is the current NSW AFA Inspire State Chair; focussing on mentoring up and coming young professionals in the Financial Service sector.
Today, she is the Managing Director of a Business and Marketing Consultancy; Jenny works to help business owners find the answers they need to create the structures and strategies required to ensure longevity and sustainability. Understanding and communicating the need to engage in digital media; utilising technology as a platform to engage is Jenny's focus.
Her philosophy is: Anything is possible… Let's turn ideas into reality!


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Monday, October 20, 2014
..and enjoy more of Auntie...
Posted by Joanna Bogle at 11:21 pm
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THIS IS A Catholic blog. I am a Catholic journalist and author. If you enjoy this Blog, you'll probably enjoy my books - so contact me (via a Comment to this blog) and ask me about them.


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Thursday, July 31, 2008
Trial Run
This is a trial run for the faint hearted blogger. I hope to be able to capture thoughts, through text & images.
Posted by sheelaghnagig at 6:28 PM
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Resources and ramblings on contemporary and public art, alternative and pinhole photography, collaborative projects and anything else that comes to mind


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@Beast From The Big East wrote:
The only reason things didn't get slightly awkward was because JT was head and shoulders above every one else in the game this year. The fact is that 2nd, 3rd and 4th in this year's Dally M's were Woods, Marshall and Ennis. Ennis I can accept because he did play very well this year and was a huge factor in the sharks run to the playoffs. All it will take is for a few big names to no be as dominant (which they were this year bar JT) and the Dally M race could start looking very interesting.
I'm comfortable with this year's results.
Might not have agreed with Woods early season votes but the Tigers won a few games and nobody else was really influential from memory.
Those south of the border were claiming he was some sort of Lazarus or Petero at the start of the season.


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Sunday, 11 February 2007
Audience participation
The result is a list covering a variety of things but I'm not sure about posting them.
The main reason, is that whilst I may consider them odd, or interesting, you may not.
So I have devised a plan which I hope will work.
Many of you know me, and some of you have known me for a long time. I think you are the best people to judge what it odd or interesting.
So...nominations please. I would like to receive, either by message, e-mail, comment, blog response or whatever medium suits you, your suggestions for inclusion: things that you think are odd, or interesting about me.
I will then include the top 10 in a subsequent blog.
I do love audience participation, don't you?
2 comments:
- Ann said...
- This comment has been removed by the author.
- 5 March 2007 at 20:42
- Ann said...
Umm interesting one... I think this may need to be an E-mail response! Will think on it!
Posted by Nick On Monday, February 12, 2007 at 7:49 AM
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This was my problem; I wasn't sure if anyone would find my "10 things" at all interesting. My list went through several permutations and at one point I decided to give up on the whole thing... but Ms Ninja, who "tagged" me, said I was eloquent (more pressure!) so I just had to do as she asked. I love your idea but I can't offer any suggestions as I don't think I know you well enough... but I do want to read the "results"!
Posted by Barbara On Monday, February 12, 2007 at 8:26 PM
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At the moment it might be a top zero list.
Posted by Ann On Monday, February 12, 2007 at 8:57 PM
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Hmmm, no-one brave enough to offer anything? Here's a few to get the ball rolling, meant in fun...
You are :
eloquent, yet scatty
hot-tempered, but down-to-earth
playful, while serious
tactful, and oh-so-blunt!
Well, that's a few for you. Let's see what everyone else comes up with.
Posted by Darryl On Monday, February 12, 2007 at 11:42 PM
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Oooh, do I count that as four or eight things?
Posted by Ann On Tuesday, February 13, 2007 at 8:39 PM
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As you wish, but I meant them as 4 things because you are kinda a dichotomy of each, and there's not a word to describe 'you' in each of the above so this was the best I could do...
I guess you could add 'dichotomy' as a fifth if you were so inclined!
Posted by Darryl On Tuesday, February 13, 2007 at 11:05 PM
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- 5 March 2007 at 20:43


text: washtenaw county November 2016 Washtenaw County Election Briefs: Candidates By David Fair • Nov 9, 2016 Washtenaw County / ewashtenaw.org Here are the results of various candidate races in Washtenaw County. November 2016 Washtenaw County Election Briefs: Ballot Proposals By David Fair • Nov 9, 2016 Washtenaw County / ewashtenaw.org The following are results of ballot proposals in Washtenaw County. Michigan State House Races: Washtenaw County Districts By Taylor Pinson • Nov 9, 2016 Democrats will retain all four of Washtenaw County's District State House seats. Full 2016 Washtenaw County Election Results From WEMU By Editor • Nov 8, 2016 Here you'll find the full coverage of local elections from around Washtenaw County. Washtenaw County Voters Now Deciding Fate Of Local Issues And Races At Ballot Box Today By Lisa Barry • Nov 8, 2016 Sam Felder / flickr.com The day is here! The polls are now open and will remain open until 8 o'clock tonight as voters decide the future of the country and many other local issues. Listen Listening... / 0:53 WEMU's Lisa Barry reports on the issues to be voted on in Washtenaw County today. Construction Of New 'Flex Route' On US-23 Starts Today By Lisa Barry • Nov 7, 2016 Wikipedia Media Commons / wikipedia.org Work begins today on a new type of commuter traffic lane in Washtenaw and Livingston Counties designed to ease traffic congestion. Listen Listening... / 0:40 WEMU's Lisa Barry reports on construction of a new "flex route" on US-23. Regional Transit Authority Tax Proposal To Be Decided on November 8th By Jorge Avellan • Nov 4, 2016 Jorge Avellan / 89.1 WEMU Voters in Washtenaw and three other counties will decide the Regional Transit Authority proposal that, if approved, would create a mass transit system in Southeast Michigan. Their goal is to make the region more connected and accessible. Whether that is of benefit to local businesses is a matter of opinion. Listen Listening... / 4:03 WEMU's Jorge Avellan reports on how the RTA proposal will affect local businesses. Issues Of The Environment: Leave The Leaves--Putting Organic Waste To Work By David Fair • Nov 2, 2016 Wikipedia Media Commons / wikipedia.org It's that time of year where leaves fall to the ground. What is the best way to dispose of such yard waste? In this week's "Issues of the Environment," WEMU's David Fair speaks to Master Compost Class instructor Nancy Stone about the ecologically best ways to clean up your lawn debris. Listen Listening... / 8:20 Issues of the Environment: 11/02/16 New Washtenaw County Adminstrator's Appointment Expected To Be Official Tonight By Jorge Avellan • Nov 2, 2016 Jorge Avellan / 89.1 WEMU The Washtenaw County Board of Commissioners will meet tonight, and they are expected to make a big decision. Listen Listening... / 0:34 WEMU's Jorge Avellan reports on the expected hiring of interim Washtenaw County administrator Greg Dill. Washtenaw County Voters Asked to Approve Millage To Fund Local Veterans Department By Lisa Barry • Nov 1, 2016 Lisa Barry On Election Day, Washtenaw County voters will be asked to approve a .10 operational millage for services offered by the county's Department of Veterans Affairs. I spoke with the Director of the Washtenaw County Department of Veteran Affairs Michael Smith and Army veteran Duane Weide, who served in Iraq, about the upcoming millage. Listen Listening... / 7:03 Listen to the full interview. Open Insurance Enrollment Through the Affordable Care Act Begins In Washtenaw County By Jorge Avellan • Nov 1, 2016 Creative Commons / Pixabay Open enrollment for "Obamacare" starts today. Those who enroll in the health insurance marketplace may have to pay more for it soon. Listen Listening... / 0:42 WEMU's Jorge Avellan reports on possible insurance rate hikes for new Obamacare members. Washtenaw County Sheriff Addresses Potential Safety Concerns For Election Day By Lisa Barry • Nov 1, 2016 Washtenaw County / ewashtenaw.org It's almost Election Day, and the seemingly endless campaigns seem to have brought up some public safety concerns for both during and after the election. Washtenaw County Sheriff Jerry Clayton spoke with WEMU about how local law enforcement plans to handle any potential hazards at polling places. Listen Listening... / 4:04 Listen to the full interview. The Green Room: The Ann Arbor Area's 1,4 Dioxane Plume-Part 25 By Barbara Lucas • Oct 28, 2016 Barbara Lucas / 89.1 WEMU For two decades the State of Michigan's "containment" policy has allowed polluters to leave contamination in place rather than clean it up. 4,000 such "prohibition zones" exist in the state. In our ongoing look in the Ann Arbor area's 1,4 dioxane plume, we look at the ramifications of that kind of policy. Listen Listening... / 8:35 The Green Room: 10/28/2016 Issues Of The Environment: Recycling Improving In Washtenaw County Schools By David Fair • Oct 26, 2016 pixabay.com / creative commons The amount of waste generated in schools per academic year can be staggering. Fortunately, schools in Washtenaw County seek to change that. This week, we talk with Randy Trent, director of operations for the Washtenaw Intermediate School District, about introducing recycling programs in local schools. Listen Listening... / 7:46 Issues of the Environment: 10/26/16 The Green Room: The Ann Arbor Area's 1,4 Dioxane Plume-Part24 By Barbara Lucas • Oct 21, 2016 Barbara Lucas / 89.1 WEMU As concern rises and detection methods improve, 1,4-Dioxane is being discovered in water sources across the country. Central to formulating remediation plans is determination of the safe level of exposure to this probable human carcinogen. What constitutes a true hazard as opposed to an "acceptable risk?" Barbara Lucas goes in search of the answer in this 24th installment in our series on the Ann Arbor area's 1.4 Dioxane Plume in "The Green Room." Listen Listening... / 8:40 The Green Room: 10/21/2016 With Heartbreak, Conan Smith Withdraws From Washtenaw County Job By Lisa Barry • Oct 13, 2016 Metro Matters After resigning from the Washtenaw County Board of Commissioners to apply for a full time job with the county, Conan Smith has now withdrawn from consideration for that position as well. Listen Listening... / 0:53 Listen to the full story. Handful Of Finalists Remain For Vacant Positions In Washtenaw County Government By Lisa Barry • Oct 7, 2016 Washtenaw County / ewashtenaw.org The field of finalists for Washtenaw County administrator has been narrowed down to four, and there are now two people in the running for another county position. Listen Listening... / 0:42 WEMU's Lisa Barry reports on the remaining finalists for Washtenaw County adminstrator and Washtenaw OCED director. October Is Domestic Violence Awareness Month And Washtenaw County Is Proving Proactive By David Fair • Oct 4, 2016 Despite an increased national spotlight on domestic violence, it is an issue that, too often, is still discussed in hushed tones. In Washtenaw County, law enforcement agencies, the prosecutor's office and community leaders are standing up and speaking out. Additionally, they are working closely with Safehouse Center to bring the issue out of the shadows. Listen Listening... / 9:27 89.1 WEMU's David Fair marks Domestic Violence Awareness Month in a conversation with the executive director of Safehouse Center in Washtenaw County, Barbara Niess-May. Issues Of The Environment: Proposed NEXUS Pipeline To Run Through Washtenaw County By David Fair • Sep 28, 2016 Wikipedia Media Commons / wikipedia.org A new natural gas pipeline is in the works and would expend the web of pipelines running through Washtenaw County. In this week's "Issues of the Environment," WEMU's David Fair talks with Nancy Shiffler, chair of the Sierra Club's Michigan chapter, about the potential impacts of a new pipeline. Listen Listening... / 8:10 Issues of the Environment: 09/28/16 Washtenaw County Sheriff's Office To Hold Forum On Use Of Excessive Force By Taylor Pinson • Sep 28, 2016 Washtenaw County / ewashtenaw.org The issue of policing and community interaction continues to be a hot-button topic across the country and right here at home. Racial profiling and use of excessive force are at the top of those discussions. Issues Of The Environment: An Overview Of The Regional Transit Authority Ballot Proposal By David Fair • Sep 22, 2016 Courtesy Photo / rtamichigan.org This November, there will a new public transit plan on the ballot, which, if passed, could impact the environment. In this week's "Issues of the Environment," WEMU's David Fair speaks to Elizabeth Gerber, who represents Washtenaw County on the Regional Transit Authority's Board of Directors, about the new public transit millage. Listen Listening... / 14:02 Issues of the Environment: 09/21/16 Eastern Michigan University Investigating Racist Graffiti On Campus By Lisa Barry • Sep 20, 2016 Lisa Barry / 89.1 WEMU An investigation is underway into racist graffiti painted on the outside of an Eastern Michigan University Building. Listen Listening... / 0:54 Listen to the story. Washtenaw County Sheriff's Office Kicks Off Community Education Series By Jorge Avellan • Sep 15, 2016 Jorge Avellan / WEMU Conversation continues in Washtenaw County about policing and community interactions. It was the subject of a town hall forum moderated by 89.1 WEMU in July. On Wednesday night in Ann Arbor, Washtenaw County Sheriff held the first in a new series of community meetings . Listen Listening... / 1:28 WEMU's Jorge Avellan reports on the first in a series of community forums hosted by the Washtenaw County Sheriff's Office. First West Nile Virus Case Of The Season Reported In Washtenaw County By Jorge Avellan • Sep 14, 2016 The Washtenaw County Health Department has reported the first West Nile Virus case in our area. Listen Listening... / 0:43 WEMU's Jorge Avellan reports on the first case of West Nile Virus confirmed in Washtenaw County this season. Lawmakers Try To Restrict Ability Of Local Governments To Start A Bag Tax By Cheyna Roth • Sep 14, 2016 Wikipedia Media Commons / wikipedia.org State lawmakers want to make sure your city won't tax or ban plastic grocery and retail bags. Listen Listening... / 0:35 The Michigan Public Radio Network's Cheyna Roth reports on opposition to local governments who plan to implement a plastic bag tax. Pages« first ‹ previous … 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 … next › last »


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- Shortalls: London London; thrifted
- T-shirt: French Connection
- Necklace: Vintage
- Belt: Hot topic; thrifted
- Socks: Hanes
- Boots: Santana Canada; thrifted
- Watch: Casio
- Everyday glasses
Also! I am extremely excited about something blog-related, but it is not a sure thing yet so I can't share. Suspense! Have some videos in the meantime:
- Toddler plays Street Fighter 2. Dad freaks out.
- Worst video game voice acting in the world. Seriously. Choice quote: "Help, I taste really bad".


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I've long wondered about the accuracy of those heart-rate monitors on treadmills, elliptical trainers and stationary bicycles — you know, the kind where you wrap your hands around a metal bar and a few seconds later your heart rate is displayed.
This past weekend, while doing a blast of cardio on one of the Expresso bicycles at my gym, the bicycle showed my heart rate to be 181 at one point, as I navigated a rather difficult video course. Now this might have been a cause for concern, seeing as how a heart rate of 181 is 12 beats above what my maximum heart rate should be if I follow the standard formula (220 minus age). But I wasn't concerned at all, because I've gotten into the habit of monitoring my intensity during aerobic activity by using something known as the Borg Scale.
The Borg Scale enables you to rate your level of exercise intensity based on your perception of how hard you're working.
The original Borg scale goes from 6 to 20, with 7 representing "very, very light" intensity, 13 being "somewhat hard," 15 being "hard" and 19 being "very, very hard." A revised Borg Scale with ratings from 1 to 10 was also developed, but I prefer the original because it roughly corresponds to heart rate when multiplied by 10. In other words, a rating of 13 on the original Borg scale would correspond to a heart rate of 130 beats per minute, a rating of 15 would represent a heart rate of about 150, and so on.
For the average person engaging in aerobic activity, a range of 12 to 16 on the original Borg Scale represents an appropriate exercise intensity, according to the American Council on Exercise.
During my aforementioned ride, when the bike put my heart rate at 181, I would have rated my level of exertion on the original Borg scale at 15, which is why I wasn't concerned about the heart-rate information displayed on the bike. Conversely, there have been times when I've been on the treadmill or elliptical trainer and it's displayed a low heart rate, about 115 or so, even though I was sweating and feeling like I was working pretty hard. Given a choice, I'll listen to what my head has to say over the heart-rate monitors on such machines.
Now I'm not recommending that anyone disregard the information displayed by any heart-rate monitor. I'm just saying that it's often helpful to supplement that information with a reality check of your own. Using the Borg Scale is an easy way to do that. And if you're still concerned that your heart rate might be too high, I would recommend simply stopping your activity briefly and checking your heart rate by palpating the pulse at your neck or at your wrist.
The more information you have, the better the decision you will be able to make. That's true of many of life's situations, both inside and outside the gym.
Friday, December 11, 2009
My head trumps the heart-rate monitor
Posted by Kathy Garmus at 6:00 AM
Labels: Borg scale, ratings of perceived exertion
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Societe Cafe and Wine BarPosted by wan nah
Had my lunch with my mother in Societe Cafe and Wine Bar, Lot 10 few days ago after following her to meeting in JW Mariott. I was sleepy at that moment but since it's to accompany my mother, it was my pleasure.
Ordered by my mother, the Thailand Coconut Drink and Tang Hun
The Coconut Drink was sweet enough with the fresh sensation
Tang Hun was nice too.
Recommended by my mother, the Sago Mango Fruit Delight was worth it's price as it contains a lot of mangoes and sago..which contains in its evaporated milk, mixing all of it rpoduces great taste.
Colonial Red House Maryland Chicken Chop
Together with its great environment, lunch on the day itself stimulates me to awake since i was sleepy.


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Tuesday, September 25, 2007
The battle of the Youngsters won by India!!!
I dont wanna giv u any overview on the match bcoz I am sure that no one would have missed this thriller!!! So, this post, I share some of my views on the match... After that World Cup debacle, no one really expected India to do what that they have done today!!! I really congratulate both the teams for coming this far, as they both suffered several setbacks after that World cup exit... It was heartening to see the big 3 opt out of the 20-20 World Cup and this in itself proves that India is moving forward in Cricket!!! This was one thing were Aussies disappointed!!!
Well... Lets see India's road to the finals first:
The youngsters did it for india!!!
The positives of the tournament were:
1) Yuvraj --> Absolutely showed great power and class!!! NO MERCY to any bowlers!!! Was on slog mode from the start till the end!!! That merciless murdering of the bowling of Broad formed the highlight of his sublime form in the shortest version of the game...
2) Irfan Pathan --> One of the greatest comebacks that every player would dream off... Decent bowling performances in the first few matches and finally reserved the best for the Grand Finale chipping in with 3 big wickets and eventually sealing the match.. MAN OF THE FINALS was the highlight of this man...
3) Harbhajan --> Another man making his comeback with a bang!!! Was really superb in all matches showing great variety and skill and was one of the players who scripted the famous Semifinal defeat of the Aussies!!! Come on bajji!!!
4) Joginder & Rohit, "The Sharmas" --> two of the greatest finds in this 20-20 World cup.. Showed great maturity and spirit and most importantly held on to their nerves!!! Joginder must be lauded for his "keep cool" last over bowling in both the semis and the finals!!! Rohit, a young and ambitious lad showing great prowess in batting!!! He rocked against SA and again in the finals!!!
5) RP Singh --> One word to describe his performance in this World cup "BELLIGERENT".. Superb spells in all matches that he played and most importantly spearheading the attack in the absence of Zaheer!! He is one great asset for the future!!!
6) Gambhir --> Standing tall and living upto his name!!! He was indeed GAMBHIRous against all teams and was instrumental in India getting a gud score in the finals!!! Highest scorer for India in the tournament!!!
7) Sreesanth, Uthappa, Karthik, Yousuf --> This bunch of youngsters proved their might as well... Sreesanth will be remembered for his hot performance against Aussies!!! And uthappa also provided sum amazing entertainment!!!
So, this amazing bunch of youngsters really did their part well and whats more heartening to see is that they defeated the best to become the best... They beat Aussies, Proteas, England and the Pakistanis(twice) to bring glory to the Cricket in India!!! And oh.. oh.. Guys.. Do i miss some one??? No.. I dint...
The BIGGEST positive of the series was undoubtedly MAHENDRA SINGH DHONI!!! Showed some great captaincy and kept his cool under trying circumstances and was always BANG on when it deals with getting the right decisions!!! Was as flamboyant as ever in his batting and CAPTAIN COOL through out the World cup.. So, I wish him all the best for his future as ODI captain for Team India!!!
The last over of the sensational finale!!!
And some of the winning/stunning moments in this World Cup must be:
1) Starting with that ultimate last over by Sreesanth against Pakistan in their league game when Misbah looked threatening and they got him off the last ball to pull off a stunning tie... After that a bowlout where Viru, Bajji and Uthappa hit BINGO and paved victory!!!
2) The murderous assault by Yuvraj against England... When, Yuvi was going slowly, Flintoff sledged Yuvi giving an edge to Yuvi who got really pissed off and sent the next 6 balls off Broad out of the ground!!! Flintoff and C'wood had nothing to do but to just watch!!!
3) The stunning catch by Karthik to send Smith packing and hence starting the downfall of the Proteas... That was probably the catch of the tournament!!!
4) Absolute sensational batting by Yuvi again, this time against Aussies bludgeoning Lee, Clark and Symonds out of the Park... Come on!!! Bring in mcgrath!! He would have been out of the ground too!!!
5) A great burst of fast and furious bowling by Sreesanth sent the Aussie openers' stumps cartwheeling and hence guided India to a nerve wrackling win!!
6) Stupendous batting by Gambhir and some pin point accurate bowling by Pathan and RP helped india to hold the Coveted World Cup after 24yrs...
7) The big one!!! The catch of Misbah off Joginder taken by Sreesanth which brought home the World cup!!! It wasnt a sensational catch but was a moment of Magnificence!!!
The Indian Celebration:
So, thats all I wanted to say as a true Indian fan!!! So, the fitting end to the inaugural 20-20 and it belonged rightly so, to the young cheetahs of India!!! Bang the Aussies in the home series too!!! CHAK DE INDIA!!!!!!!!
15 comments:
- SIDDHARTH said...
It was indeed an absolute thriller!was biting my nails till the last moment...will post my side of the story soon in a post...Men in blue RoCk!
- Jayashri said...
A fantabulous success for the Indians indeed!! especially the team head by Dhoni ....big success for him...nail biting till the end..Common India Dikadhiyaa!!!!
- sathukudi said...
machi.. that was a gr8 game in recent times da..machi,i almost pissed off in last over ..da. but u really missed the way we enjoyed the game in room...nearly 20 guys shouting and hitting sambu for every wicket...
- Am Prasi... said...
it was indeed a stupendous victory drafted by OUR INDIA!!!!!!!
wow...what a match.... !!!
i was almost in tears when i saw that 6 in the last over... well..in a minute..it turned to happiness and joy!!!
Jai Hind!!!
- barbi bharadwaj said...
that does sound great, though i m unsure, if we can be called champs.
joginder singh an hero? hang him. We could have easily lost,
It was a great game of cricket and a fitting finale..i was totall glued
- Santhosh kumar.S said...
yeah.......really a thrilling win for us
At last we won Pakistan.....
- AiShU said...
NeXgEn all set ready to make trends in d yrs ahead!v r always wid them to give us our fullest support!no doubt they shook d world wid their performance thru out d tournament..tasting d kangaroo curry n kicking off our all time fav rivals,paki r d moments v would cherish n so they too.they rocked!they won!they r d champs!trend setters!youth icons!
n u too rock vijay!
- shankar j.blogspot.com said...
while i am watching the match after that 6 wickets fell for 77 runs i thought that pakistan would never reach the 100 mark. but misbah's heroics in bajjis over brought the game to a thriller.In the end india clinchdd the thriller... Its a overall a team performance.
- rajkingme said...
you missed the moments at room... We were not breathing... But the win made us to jump in air....
That was not a match , but a WAR..
- Swaminathan said...
It was indeed a good recall of the match.. and i want that last over to be shown to all which was fullfilled by u.. nice post machi.. In room all the boys were hitting considering that when they hit me wickwts will fall.. but that too happened.. we all missed ur presence in the room shouting and giggling at every moment of the game..anyway the match was won by INDIA at last..Expecting more and interesting reviews for the forthcoming matches.. well done VIJAY and INDIA..
- Visu said...
ya it was a great match da.. a nail-biting victory !!! but still,,, we should say WE HAD LUCK... nothing helped us in fact! .. the way that man misbah batted!!! kudos to his efforts... and ya.. chak de India... ... CHECK-MATE Pakistan !!!
- Vinod Kumar said...
Cool man... India deserved it... They were good from the beginning... Well if its against Pakistan then India show their best... Congrats to Our team India...
- prabhu said...
i thought india wont even reach the semis...but going on to win the cup is something unexpected ...very proud of our team and rohit sharma inspired me a lot ...we proved wat we r capable of....cheers
- IplaywithPencils said...
Ya it was really great match i would have watched ever...
Actually, I completely lost intrest in watching cricket match for quiet a while...esp. those test matches...
But this Twenty20 made me to turn back to cricket with a lot of excitment...It gave new rules to cricket and gave fast paced cricket without any long boring breaks..i expect this kind of rules in regular 50-overs ODI too..
IND-PAK finals....
Wow!what a great match it was...
I was at the corner of my seat when Pakisthan managed to make out 4 sixes in 6 balls...Really it made me to go to the peak of tension at the last over..I was just standing and getting myself ready to accept what was going to happen...
Jhindar Sharma started to boul...i dono how to react..oh no, he gave a wide...they just need 12runs in 6 balls..next ball was throwen and oh my goodness!!it was a BIG SIX...my eyes were wide open..i almost lost hope..just need 6runs which could have been taken in a single ball...but i had a small hope there is a chance and it is the only chance we had..it was the "9" WICKETS...it is the only chance yet..then next ball was thrown, he stroke it, and the ball went up...oh my god i lost hope thinking it is surely a six and all our excitment are going to be OFF in the next second..To my amusement the fate is on our side...wooooohh!!!INDIA WON!!!!!
it was a timely catch!!beautiful one!!I was just screaming with happiness..i started jumping with excitment...
FINALLY, India became the first 20-20 world cup champions!!
PERFECT play by both the teams which made the match really a memorable one...
Not only the IND-PAK match but also IND-AUS Match gave almost similar thrills, but not equal to that of the final over of the FINALS...
HATS OFF to the Brand new Indian YouthFULL cricket team...i wish this series of success will follow in the upcoming India-Australia series too and also grab my intrest back to cricket..
- TorAa said...
Welcome on board,
it's really great we at last will have some India on the cruise.
Sitting here up in Norway, We are absolutely unawear of this World Cup.And cricket is not played here. Have seen the game on TV, but don't know the rules....
Here, we follow Womens Soccer World Championship in China. Norway did beat China on homeground and are up to the Semifinal against Germany tomorrow.
You are welcome to visit the cruise in the Norwegian mountains


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See that ridge. We are going up there. :)
Star and I are going to go on a couple of long rides this weekend.
Then if all goes well Shawn will be home bright and Early Monday morning.
This weekend is also Logen's Senior prom and BBQ at my house.
I never slow down even for a minute!
I am hitting the dusty trail! If I am not back by sundown, don't come looking for me I have taken my pony and run away.
Tuna Melt over Biscuits
15 hours ago


text:
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MMD Components introduced an ultra-miniature quartz crystal that has a wide frequency range of 16 MHz to 60 MHz and can operate in temperatures as low as -40°C and as high as +85°C. Measuring only 2 mm × 2.5 mm, with a maximum profile of just 0.55 mm, the X series crystals are hermetically sealed in a 4-pad ceramic package and delivered on tape and reel for easy pick and place. They can be used in any application where limited space is a key issue and a frequency reference is required, such as Bluetooth devices, PDAs, mobile phones and MP3 players. The crystals have a frequency tolerance/stability rate as high as ±50 PPM/±100 PPM; are RoHS compliant; and feature ruggedized construction for extreme vibration and shock applications, meeting MIL-STD-883 and MIL-STD-202 specifications. Availability is stock to 14 weeks, with prices starting at $0.95 in 1K quantities.
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Thursday, November 01, 2007
Ultra-Small, RoHS-Compliant Quartz Crystals with Wide Frequency and Operating Temperature Ranges
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NOW Foods - XyliWhite Kids Toothpaste Gel Strawberry Splash - 3 oz.
Now Foods XyliWhite Kids Toothpaste Gel Fluoride-Free Strawberry Splash - 3 oz 85 g Now Foods XyliWhite Kids Toothpaste Gel Strawberry Spash is fluoride free
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Now Foods XyliWhite Kids Toothpaste Gel
Price : 2.62