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Background and Objective: Mud spiny lobsters, Panulirus polyphagus (P. polyphagus) are one of the most important fisheries resources now-a-days due to quality that its possessed. However, there is still lack of in-depth study about this species mainly on males testicular characteristics and sexual maturity size. Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate the histological characteristics on the testes and sexual maturity sizes of mud spiny lobster, Panulirus polyphagus. Materials and Methods: The testes were dissected out and fixed in 10% buffered formalin solution for 11 h, dehydrated in 70% alcohol and lastly placed in tissue processor for 18±1 h at 60°C. The tissues blocks were cut at the thickness of 4 μm on a rotary microtome. Stained tissues were taken under Advance Microscope (Nikon Eclipse 80i Nomarski DIC). Collected data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2013. Data were presented as mean±standard deviation. Statistical analyses were done using one-way ANOVA using SPSS (Version 22). Results: These lobules of mature P. polyphagus were formed via different germinative lineage cells such as spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa. The histological characteristics of testes showed that the process of spermatogenesis went through the stages of four testes maturation which were spermatogonia I and II, spermatocytes I and II, spermatids and spermatozoa stages within different body weight of P. polyphagus. It was found that there were significant difference between body weight and carapace length to the testicular maturation stages (one-way ANOVA and p = 0.000). Conclusion: The results of this experiment indicated that males P. polyphagus have four stages of testes maturation and can be considered to have fully mature testes that ready for fertilization at 452 g body weight (BW) and 107 mm carapace length (CL) or more.
Panulirus polyphagus is usually known as mud spiny lobster or previously known as long-whiskered rock lobster1, 2. In Malaysia, the culture of spiny lobsters is still in its early years with activities based in the State of Sabah mostly concentrated in the Darvel Bay (Lahad Datu and Semporna), Kudat and Kota Kinabalu3. Besides, similar other palinurid lobster, P. polyphagus is also a marketable and expensive fisheries commodity in Indonesia4. The major problem of mud spiny lobster, P. polyphagus is in breeding technology with a low survival rate of the larvae stages and difficult to maintain from the pueruli stage until adult5-10.
The reproductive system of mud spiny lobster is extended outside the cephalothorax, lies on the hepatopancreas and elongates longitudinally at both sides of the median body plane. The male reproductive system comprises of paired testes, vas deferentia and ejaculatory ducts11. The testes are tubular organs in the anterior region of the body that extend along the sides of the stomach and are commonly united by a medial commissure between the posterior end of the stomach and the anterior region of the heart12,13. The lobster testes have been revealed as long, highly convoluted tubes and connected medially by a transversal commissure resembling an H-shape in histology studies14. It is very difficult to assess male lobster maturity in the field15 than in female lobster. In some male spiny lobsters, the development of the second and third walking legs enables them to attract/remove suitable female lobsters from their den16. Their size of maturity (SOM) is detected by plotting the size of walking legs against carapace length (CL) for both, mature and immature lobsters17.
The significances of the study are to give an overview of the reproductive biology in male P. polyphagus which include the testes characteristics and sexual maturity size. Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the testes histological characteristics at every testes maturation stage and to identify the sexual maturity size of male P. polyphagus.
Sample of Panulirus polyphagus : The experiment was conducted at Institute of Tropical Aquaculture, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia. The broodstocks with 140 adult males of P. polyphagus were sampled from Tanjung Sedili, Johor coastal waters, Malaysia (1°51 N and 104°09 E) with randomly sizes on June, 2013-June, 2014. P. polyphagus were rearing at the hatchery and were fed daily at 10% biomass with fresh squid (Loligo sp.) before the samples were sacrificed by cold treatment (10 min at -20°C) in the laboratory.
Histology of testes in Panulirus polyphagus : After removal of the carapace of P. polyphagus, the testes were dissected out for the histological examination. Sample preparations followed the modified standard laboratory protocols for haematoxylin and eosin staining correspondingly to Muhd-Farouk et al.18. The testes were fixed in 10% buffered formalin solution for 11 h, dehydrated in 70% alcohol for less than 24 h and lastly placed in tissue processor (Leica TP1020) for 18±1 h at 60°C18. After processing, samples were mounted onto cassettes using paraffin wax, sectioned into 4 μm films using rotary microtome (Leica RM2125RT), transferred into water bath (between 40-45°C) for expansion before mounting onto slides. The slides were dried using a hot plate (40°C) overnight. Then, the slides were immersed into a series of xylenes (100 mL-product No. D16D662922, EMD Millipore Corporation, USA), dehydrated in a series of ethanol (100 mL-product No. 20821.321, VWR Chemicals, France), stained in a haematoxylin solution (100 mL), decolorized in 1% acid alcohol (100 mL), re-stained in 0.5% aqueous eosin (100 mL) and lastly, mounted with DPX and top with a cover slip18. The slides with samples were then placed on a hot plate (40°C) for overnight. The slides were observed on the next day and photographs were taken under an Advance Microscope (Nikon Eclipse 80i Nomarski DIC, Japan).
Data analysis: Collected data (body weight, carapace length and testicular maturation stages) were analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2013. Data were presented as mean±standard deviation. Statistical analyses were done using one-way ANOVA (p<0.05) through the application of Social Sciences (SPSS) software (version 22.0 for Windows; SPSS Inc., Armonk, NY, USA: IBM Corp.)19.
External morphology and histological characteristics of testes of P. polyphagus : The mean body weight (BW) and carapace length (CL) of 140 adult males P. polyphagus were identified and they were divided into five class of BW. The testes lie around the cephalothorax on top of the hepatopancreas under the carapace (Fig. 1). The testes are also paired structures (left and right) that were located medially between the two vas deferens of P. polyphagus. The matured testes were slightly yellowish organ and forming elongated lobes which were much small, while the immature testes were transparent and short lobes. The interstitial gap between the fibrous mantle and tubules was overflowing by the connective tissues composed of several elements such as an intercellular substance containing distribute fibers, fibroblast, spread hemocytes and vessels with hemolymph (Fig. 2).
These lobules of mature P. polyphagus were formed via different germinative lineage cells such as spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa (Table 1, 2). From Table 1, the range of body weight, 135-451 g comprised of spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids. While, the range of BW, 452-485 g comprised of spermatids and spermatozoa. There were four stages of the follicular development in mature P. polyphagus: (a) The majority of spermatogonia I and II, (b) Ever-increasing numbers of spermatocytes I and II, (c) Spermatids were widespread and (d) Spermatozoa and spherical bodies are also widespread (Fig. 3).
Each stage of P. polyphagus has different histological characteristics. The histology of the testes indicated that spermatogenesis occurred in all the specimens studied. The majority of the lobes contain spermatids or spermatozoa as well as many non-germinal, sertoli cells in these mature males.
Relationship between body weight and carapace length on testes maturation stages of P. polyphagus : The results from the present study show that mean BW and mean CL increased as the testes maturation stages of P. polyphagus advanced to another stage. The relationship between BW with testes maturation stages was shown in Fig. 4, while Fig. 5 shows the relationship between CL with testis maturation stages of P. polyphagus in the present study.
As for the relationship between BW and testes maturation stages, there were significant difference between BW with the two stages earlier; spermatogonia and spermatocytes (p<0.05). However, there were no significant difference between BW with the spermatids, spermatids and spermatozoa and spermatozoa stages.
Meanwhile, the relationship between CL and testes maturation stages also shows the same pattern that has been showed by BW. Statistical analysis shows there was a significant difference between CL with the spermatogonia and spermatocytes stages (p<0.05), however, there were no significant difference between CL with the spermatids, spermatids and spermatozoa and spermatozoa stages. Overall data shows that there was a significant difference between BW and CL with the testes maturation stages (one-way ANOVA, p = 0.000).
In the present study, the large BW of male P. polyphagus has a long length of testes while the samples with smaller BW possessed a shorter length of testes. A previous study stated that the length of testes was variable based on the BW of lobster14. Besides, the existence of paired testes and vas deferens were observed in the present study and similar findings were reported in other decapods crustaceans11. The findings of the present study showed that the size of paired testes and vas deferens depend on the BW of P. polyphagus compared to the size of CL. The study for the red-clawed mangrove tree crab, Goniopsis cruentata13 and P. laevicauda14 was corroborated with the description of the testes of P. polyphagus.
In P. polyphagus, testicular lobules are containing such as spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa. Testicular lobules were filled with a large number of spermatocytes in diverse stages of development12,20. In the testicular lobules, there were stages of the follicular development. P. polyphagus of 135-220 g BW, group has totally different stages of follicular development (spermatogonia) than the BW of P. polyphagus, 452-471 g (spermatozoa) and 472-485 g. There were different testicular lobules present in the immature of P. polyphagus. Testicular lobules in the immature samples consist of spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids while, in the mature P. polyphagus, testicular lobule consists only of spermatozoa or a few of spermatids and most of the spermatozoa. The different histological section of P. polyphagus mature and immature were also highly related to the different BW of P. polyphagus.
In the present study, there were anterior, intermediate and posterior regions of testes. The process of spermatogenesis was observed in all P. polyphagus samples in the present study when the histological observations were done. In some cases, testes were also reported to consist of anterior, intermediate and posterior regions based on histological observation13.
This present study proved that males P. polyphagus that has 452 g BW and 107 mm CL or more can be considered to have fully mature testes that are ready for fertilization. However, based on statistical analysis that has been done, there was a significant difference between BW and CL with the earlier stages of testicular maturation (spermatogonia and spermatocytes) only, but no significant results for the spermatids, spermatids and spermatozoa and spermatozoa stages. This meant that the BW and CL can be referred to the determination of both earlier stages (spermatogonia and spermatocytes); however for the advanced stages, the BW and CL parameters cannot be taken for determination precisely. Therefore, histological assessment is needed as it gives more accurate results21.
As a recommendation, gonad somatic index (GSI) can be taken as maturation stages determination factors20 and can be seriously noted for future study of this species. Besides, a higher number of samples is needed for confirmation of testicular maturation stages in the future as the present study was carried out with only 140 samples. Therefore, there is an urgency for further study related to the sexual maturity as the external morphology such as BW and CL cannot determine precisely the testicular stage of male P. polyphagus for advanced stages (spermatids, spermatid and spermatozoa and spermatozoa stages). Results from the presents study hopefully would contribute important information to researchers for future testes maturation stages determination and biological information of P. polyphagus, besides give better options for mud spiny lobster breeders regarding broodstocks selection for breeding purposes, fishery conservation and also management practice in the future.
Furthermore, the histological characteristics on the testes of P. polyphagus are very important in the production of male gametes. The results from the present study showed that male P. polyphagus testes presented the same pattern of the other lobster species. Thus, there is hope that the present study will help to understand the reproductive biology of male P. polyphagus and so that effective strategies can be formulated for the management of hatcheries and to improve the production of P. polyphagus.
The results of this study indicated that males P. polyphagus at 452 g BW and 107 mm CL or more can be considered to have fully mature testes that ready for fertilization. Histologically, there were four stages of spermatogenesis process occurred during the testes maturation stages: Spermatogonia I and II, spermatocytes I and II, spermatids and spermatozoa (sperm). However, there are still lacks of in-depth study about testes maturation stages of male P. polyphagus.
Hopefully, the data from the present study would able to contribute for the future biological studies through breeding technology practices, fishery conservation and management of P. polyphagus especially in Malaysia and also for worldwide practices.
The present study discovers the full mature spermatozoa of mud spiny lobster, Panulirus polyphagus started with 452 g of body weight (BW) and carapace length (CL) of 107 mm. There are no sound studies that have been performed on testicular characteristics and sexual maturity sizes of this species. Therefore, proper management practices can be plotted in the aquaculture industry by focusing on the testes biology of this species. The present study will contribute the knowledge on testicular histological characteristic and sexual maturity sizes of P. polyphagus for the future biological studies through breeding technology practices, fishery conservation and management.
This study was funded by Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education under Exploratory Research Grant Scheme (ERGS) (Grant No. 55051). Authors great appreciation to Institute of Tropical Aquaculture, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu and to all people whose involved directly or indirectly during this study.


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In the book of Leviticus, we read of a divine command by God that banned the shaving of the beard. "Ye shall not round the corners of your heads, neither shalt thou mar the corners of thy beard."[ii] The book of Samuel revels that the shaving of the beard was a sign of humiliation. Some of King David's servants were being abused by the Ammonites and were forced to shave their beards. After they fled away and met up with David, he told them, "Tarry at Jericho until your beards be grown, and then return."[iii]
Moses, Jacob, John the Baptist, Jesus, Peter, James and John are also "known'' to have beards in both early and late paintings. Most of the early LDS Apostles and Prophets are known through the evidence of old daguerreotypes to have had beards. So what happened? Why are Mormon missionaries and temple workers today, not allowed to grow beards? Why do leaders and members encourage each other to be clean shaven?
Two Worlds
The World of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
With the loss of polygamous activity with George Albert Smith, (David O. McKay's predecessor) we can see a drastic transition from bearded polygamists to clean shaven monogamists. Although there is no written statement, the hypothesis makes sense logically. Nevertheless, is there any statement made during this time that can aid us in understanding why beards were no longer a part of Mormon culture?

subset: commoncrawl


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Dear friends,
Traveling and waiting are nice moments for reflection, and what's the use if I don't share any of it? So here we go!
In September, I started working on two commissions from Gaudeamus, to write two concert pieces. One of them is a very cool long-term collaboration with Zeno van den Broek, called
, and is inpired by
The Destructive Character
. The other commission is the reason that I'm writing this newsletter from the 9th impuls Academy in Graz (Austria) :)
Here I am attending some lectures/discussions about contemporary music, get to know other young composers and musicians from all over the world and continue philosophizing about music, life and all that good stuff with my friend Kosmas Giannoutakis whom I met in Latvia (who happens to live/study here). And of course, I'm checking out concerts filled with freshly made new music, including my own premiere of
In your face (1)
Uhm, this means I'll soon be attending my first international performance, hooray!
In your face
This combination of words has quite a specific energy to it, and is conceptually very versatile at the same time. So versatile actually, that I decided to challenge myself (and surroundings) to start a long-term series of compositions revolving around it.
The first one is nearly finished and will premiere tomorrow. If your're curious about how Dario Calderone (doublebass), Tijs Ham (electronics) and I connect through this phrase: this Sunday I'll present a recording and talk a bit about the project during
Gaudeamus Sessies #7 in Utrecht
. Would be nice to see you there.
And the second
In your face
is on its way, so read on :)
Circuit Bridges
About a year ago, I received another 'Thank you for your submission but unfortunately your piece has not been selected.' (it's okay, it builds character ;)). However, what followed in this message, quickly became a great opportunity instead! Vox Novus, the collective that put out the open call for scores for their ongoing
Circuit Bridges project
, was searching for other organizations to start an international collaboration. Good thing one of the ideas behind Soundlings is to stimulate international collaborations between professionals that work with sound, so the communications that followed made it clear we should just do this.
Vox Novus and Soundlings are putting together four composers from each side, combining these newly made pieces into a concert in New York and several concerts in Amsterdam. Both Vox Novus and Soundlings selected fitting solists to partner them up with one composer from The Netherlands, and one from the U.S.A.
Albert Manders (composer/flutist) and I are soon starting to work on a new composition for flute and electronics, yes,
In your face (2)
! What makes this international collaboration even more interesting and exciting, is that at the same time, I'll be working on this same piece with flutist/performer Margaret Lancaster from the States. And the same goes for the other seven composers!
Are you joining one of our concerts in Amsterdam? Or the concert in New York perhaps? Because, well, this is going to be great!
Gaudeamus introduced me to Zeno van den Broek, to write a big piece together that will premiere in 2016. After half a year of getting to know each other and deciding what to do – and why – the sketching has started! And oh man, it's so challenging and rewarding already to write a piece together.
* – 'Ob-' derived from Latin, means 'against' and 'facting', it is a prefix, which is why I show it here split. In English 'literate' refers to a thinker of letters, one who can read 'Latin oblitteratus, past participle of oblitterare, from ob- + littera "letter".' Obliterate means to erase letters, to erase literates.*
what the press does
what teeth mean
typing spine
typist widow.
* by A. Staley Groves
We're looking forward to share our findings, so please feel welcome to visit our presentation of our work-in-progress on April the 26th. Let's start this dialogue.
Next time:
. new website
. release of
A composer's statements
. more information on my debut EP
february 19, impuls Academy 2015
premiere of
In your face
| Dario Calderone
i.a.w. Tijs Ham | Graz, Austria
february 22, Gaudeamus Sessies #7
presentation of
In your face
Muziekhuis Utrecht, 15:30
april 26, Gaudeamus Sessies #8
i.a.w. Zeno van de Broek
may 28, Circuit Bridges New York
premiere of
In your face
| Soundlings and Vox Novus
june 13,
Circuit Bridges Amsterdam
In your face
| Albert Manders
Soundlings and Vox Novus
2016, premiere
i.a.w. Zeno van de Broek
More info
Vox Novus
Zeno van den Broek
Dario Calderone
Tijs Ham
You receive this message because you show(ed) a sincere interest in my musical activities (or because i think you do).
unsubscribe from this list (no hard feelings)
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