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US7075629B2 - High temperature pyrometer - Google PatentsHigh temperature pyrometer Download PDF
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- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry
- G01J5/48—Radiation pyrometry using wholly visual means
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry
- G01J5/50—Radiation pyrometry using techniques specified in the subgroups below
- G01J5/60—Radiation pyrometry using techniques specified in the subgroups below using determination of colour temperature Pyrometry using two wavelengths filtering; using selective, monochromatic or bandpass filtering; using spectral scanning
The invention pertains to pyrometers and particularly to optical pyrometers. More particularly, the invention pertains to multi-detector pyrometers for measurement of nonsteady emitters.
Presently available optical pyrometers are based on either one- or two-channel measurement of the radiance of hot-surfaces or hot-gases, whereby this radiance is measured within the selected spectral band with available detectors, whether visible or infrared (IR). However, none take into account the continuous changes in detector sensitivity or filter transmission versus time and versus ambient temperature. Filter-wheel-based approaches do not achieve accurate temperature measurement because of the short measurement time and the generally sequential nature of the signal generation, which is especially detrimental with unsteady radiation sources such as turbulent flames. In addition, they are generally bulky, costly and wear out.
One application for optical pyrometers may be related to turbine engine efficiency and emissions control, which at times will be used below as an illustrative example, without limiting the applicability of the described pyrometer. The need for and the possible benefits resulting from a successful turbine combustor exit gas temperature sensor are noted. Assuming that turbine stator blades can withstand an operating temperature of 2500 degrees Fahrenheit (° F.), i.e., 1644 degrees Kelvin (° K), the non-uniformity of the combustor exit gas temperatures may force that temperature to be set to no more than about 2300° F. (1533° K, i.e., a drop of over 8 percent) in order to prevent unpredictable "hot streaks" to stay below 3300° F. (2088° K). This forced drop in average temperature and the unpredictable occurrence of hot streaks may result in both turbine efficiency losses as well as excess NOx emissions, respectively. Due to unpredictable fuel injection nozzle coking and/or plugging of air inlets, which may limit the effectiveness of even ideal, zero-variability nozzle fabrication capabilities, one solution may be to measure the exit temperature of each combustor, so that appropriate, active fuel/air ratio control can be implemented.
Examples of previous approaches and why they do not meet the needs for a small, fast, rugged, accurate and stable pyrometer that is able to operate in a harsh environment (−40° to 200° Centigrade (C.)) temperature, non-thermostatted) to measure the temperature of non-steady-state sources, are noted. Single-channel pyrometers may not be suitable because the sensitivities and null-offset of all detectors shift as a function of temperature. Measured radiance temperatures may therefore shift accordingly.
Two-channel pyrometers without a filter wheel but with two (double-decker) detectors may be elegant solutions that use one-beam light inlet from the source, followed by either double-decker silicon (Si) detectors, double-decker Si-PbS or by a beam-splitter to engage two separate detectors that are sensitive to different wavelengths. Their output ratio is a measure for source temperature and may be suitable to monitor unsteady sources. But their output temperature error might become unreasonably large as the ambient temperature deviates from calibration conditions, without temperature-dependent offset compensation. In addition, the double-decker version may be very limited in the choice of the two channel wavelengths to those transmitted by the top detector, and the beam-splitter version may not correct for individual variabilities in the sensitivity drift of the two detectors.
Two-channel-one-detector pyrometers with a filter wheel include those where the two wavelengths may be selected freely among commercially available narrow-band pass filters. However, observation of an unsteady source might require that either the filter wheel be turned faster than the source instability (which may reduce detector observation time and the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N)) or slow enough to raise the S/N (which may then increase the un-relation between the two channel signals due to unsteadiness of the source and the error in the temperature resulting from their signal ratio).
Two-channel-two-detector pyrometer with chopper consisting of two detectors with fixed filters and on/off choppers, may eliminate the time- and temperature-dependent drift of the null-offset. However, it may not compensate for the error caused by individual sensitivity drift in the detector(s) inherent in setups with fixed filter-detector pairings.
Available combustion pattern factor (CPF) sensors for each of the fuel atomizers in a gas turbine engine tended to depend on the measurement of first stator blade temperature sensing via pyrometry or deposited film thermocouples (or resistors) or special temperature-dependent phosphorescent films. Whereas this direct approach to sensing the object to be protected from overheating could be commendable, since the service life of the films has often been too short and the application method somewhat too intrusive to be of practical value. Other possible approaches based on: 1) Analyzing the sonic signature of the multi-burner combustor with an array of passive microphones may require a very large computational effort and is still in its infancy; and 2) Suction pyrometry (with or without thermocouples) may only provide limited spatial coverage.
An illustrative example of the invention may be a pyrometer having one or more detectors and a filter holder next to the detectors. The holder may have several band pass filters of various band-pass wavelengths which may be moved past the detectors. The holder may have several positions which include placing filters or no filters in front of the detectors, by exchanging their positions relative to the detectors. These positions may be sequenced by a motor. The filters and radiation blocking spot may be rotated about an axis approximately parallel to the direction of the radiation being sensed by the detectors. The pyrometer may instead include one detector and a filter that may rotate about an axis approximately perpendicular to the direction of the radiation being sensed by the detector. The filter upon rotation may modulate the wavelength of the radiation between on-band and off-band, as well as between several wavelengths that define color temperature. The pyrometer may instead have detectors with one or more filters in front of them that do not physically move relative to the detector. The filters may be Fabry-Perot filters which have their optical thicknesses changed to achieve various bandwidths of band pass capabilities. A mechanism that affects the filters' thicknesses may be connected to a processor.
An illustrative device of the invention is a pyrometer 10 having two detectors 11 and 12 and a filter holder 13 next to detectors 14 and 15 in
Another illustrative example is a pyrometer 20 of
Still another illustrative example is a pyrometer 30 of
Three-channel pyrometer 10 of
Each temperature determination may consist of three signal measurements, as follows: 1) Filter 14 with transmission TA facing detector 11 of sensitivity S1 and filter 15 with transmission TB facing detector 12 of sensitivity S2, leading to signals A1 and B2; 2) Filter 14 with transmission TA facing detector 12 with sensitivity S2, and filter 15 with transmission TB facing detector 11 of sensitivity S1, leading to signals A2 and B1; and 3) Null, i.e., when two detectors 11 and 12 just face a relatively cool and opaque filter wheel plate, offset or null signals N1 and N2 may be sensed. For the sake of brevity one may henceforth think of the signals A1, A2, B1 and B2 as nulled signals, i.e., signals from which the appropriate N1 or N2 values have been subtracted.
During operation, the incoming radiation intensities from the source 19, IA and IB, may be proportional to the generated signals, A1 and B2, and A2 and B1 (for filter positions 1 and 2), respectively, but may be corrected for variables TA, TB, S1 hand S2. For the first two filter positions (and ignoring N1 and N2 for now), one may have
I A =A 1/(T A ·S 1) and I B =B 2/(T B ·S 2), and 1)
I′ A =A′ 2/(T A ·S′ 2) and I′ B =B′ 1/(T B ·S′ 1), 2)
where the primes indicate that the second set of measurements was made at a different time than those of the first set. If one were now to form separately the color-temperature-related ratio IA/IB at either position "1" or "2", one could face an expression that contained the unknowns S1 and S2, i.e., not a useful proposition without an ability to quantify S1 and S2.
If instead one formed the ratios using the cross terms IA/I′B=(A1/B′1)·(TA·S1)/(TB·S′1), or its symmetrical twin, I′A/IB=(A′2/B2) ·(TA S′2)/(TB·S2), one might assume that the S1 or S2 would approximately cancel, but may do this with "time un-related" S1 and S′1, A1 and B′1 or the twin pairs S2′ and S2, and A′2 and B2, i.e., it would not be useful either.
But if one formed the square root of the product of the two,
I + A /I + B˜{(I A /I B)·(I′ A /I′ B)}0.5={(A 1 /B 2)·(A′ 2 /B′ 1)}0.5·(T B /T A)·{(S′ 1 /S 1)·(S 2 /S′ 2)}0.5, (eq. 1)
then one may be forming the geometric mean (indicated by "+") of two temperature sensor signal equivalents, eliminating the unknown and variables S1 and S2 (the S-term˜1), and computing the result with "time-related" signal ratios, and one may allow enough time at each filter position to maximize S/N. One might only need to assume that during the time periods of positions 1) and 2), the relative changes in the detector sensitivities between S1 and S′1, and S2 and S′2 are the same, rather than having to assume that they have not changed at all.
Several illustrative examples of the above are discussed and shown. For all of them, the angular beam aperture may be somewhat limited by the FWHM (full-width at half maximum, Δλ) of the selected band pass filters, because the transmitted wavelength shifts with the angle of incidence. In
The maximum allowable uncertainty, E, in each of the radiation sensor measurements, A, may depend on the desired maximum acceptable temperature uncertainty, ΔT. The most challenging case may be at the highest temperature, Tmax. For the illustrative example with two plus null channels at 4250 nm and 4425 nm, what the radiance ratio may be for black-body temperatures between 1000° and 2500° K as shown in the table of
Given a relationship between the variables, A, T and ρ, T=f(ρ) and dT/dA=(df/dρ)·(dρ/dA), one sees that the maximum uncertainty in A may need to stay below E=ΔA/A≦(ΔT/T)/{(df/f)/(dρ/ρ)·(dρ/ρ)/(dA/A)}˜(10/2000)/{(1000/2000)/(0.03/1.04)·20.5}·106=±220 ppm or 1 part in 4545, in order to stay below an uncertainty, ΔT≦±10K. This may be achieved with available detectors.
The 180° (or 360°) movement of the filters 14, 15 (
For a turbine combustor 36 application, one pyrometer location 37 may be as shown in
Illustrative pyrometer 20 of
The auto-compensation may enable the pyrometer to operate in harsh, uncontrolled temperature environments, and have a long service life of moving parts by executing auto-compensation only when needed, e.g., after exceeding a set change in ambient temperature.
The high signal-to-noise, S/N, may be achieved by long observation times provided by slow or intermittently moving, automated filter-detector exchange, rather than limiting sense time to the short time-periods provided by a conventional filter-wheel.
The ability to measure average temperature of non-steady-state source may be enabled by simultaneous observation of the source via two channels with several implementation approaches (rather than sequential observation of the source as provided by filter wheel elements passing across one detector).
The pyrometer may use "uncooled" thermo-electric infrared (IR) arrays as detectors, whereby each may consist of an array of 5×5 elements or 20×20 elements with an active area of about 1.5×1.5 mm.
There are several advantages of the present pyrometers over related art ones. The advantages may include the ability to operate in a changing temperature environment (i.e., to compensate for changing sensitivity of each individual detector) with automatic rather than manual compensation of changes in view of unpredictable detector sensitivity
The present pyrometers may operate in high ambient temperatures (up to about 200° C.) by using uncooled thermo-electric IR detectors, rather than Si, PbS, PbSe or GaAs devices which are limited to about 80° C. They may tolerate some soiling of the narrow band-pass filters (which affects their transmission loss by an equal factor), after initial calibration with a W-ribbon lamp, because only their ratio appears in equ. 1 above. The preceding noted features may reduce temperature output uncertainty.
The present pyrometers may permit one to observe and determine the average of non-steady source temperatures, by virtue of simultaneous measurement and averaging with two detectors, which may not be possible with one-detector pyrometers. A high S/N of the pyrometer may be achieved by optimizing the observation time, rather than being limited by the short time periods associated with traditional or not so traditional filter wheels. Spectral frequency modulation for the pyrometer channel detector exposure to two wavelengths "on" and one "off" positions may be provided by slow-moving stepper motor 16 (
A thermally tuned etalon may be used for band width switching of filters of light to detectors 21 and 22. Two filters 23, 24 may be utilized, one for each detector 21, 22, respectively. The etalon may be fabricated by a deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) of a 30 μm polysilicon membrane which is a part of a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer. Measurements were taken after coating both sides with a quarter/quarter wave pair of Si/SiO2 films. These measurements showed thermal tuning. To get higher finesse, the wafers were coated with an additional pair of coatings on both sides. They were re-measured using a 1.5 μm telecom-like laser and a photodiode detector. This demonstrated thermal tuning over the full free spectral range of a silicon etalon by changing the temperature of the wafer including the silicon membrane and observing the central transmission band change by a full fringe.
An approach to sensing the gas temperature upstream of the stator blades over an adjustable gas space with one passive IR detector 30 for each atomizer may focus on the source of the overheating on each identified atomizer within a response time that is shorter than that of the blade temperature response, with minimal intrusion and high potential durability. A key feature may reside in the location and cooling for IR detector 30.
The need for and the possible benefits resulting from a successful CPF sensor 30 may be understood from the following scenario. Assuming that stator blades can withstand an operating temperature of 2500° F., the non-uniformity of the combustor exit gas temperatures may force that temperature to be set to no more than about 2300° F. (1533° K, i.e., a drop of over eight percent) and in order to prevent unpredictable "hot streaks" to stay below 3300° F. (2088° K). This forced drop in average temperature and the unpredictable occurrence of hot streaks may result in both turbine efficiency losses as well as excess NOx emissions, respectively. Due to unpredictable fuel injection nozzle coking and/or plugging of air inlets, one solution may be to measure the exit temperature of each combustor, so that appropriate, active fuel/air ratio control can be implemented.
The approach discussed below may be much more compact, accurate, rapid, rugged and affordable than other approaches in the related art. Detector 30 may be sized to be within a cylinder of ≦3″-long×1″-O.D., have no drift by virtue of the present wavelength modulation approach, feature higher S/N ratios because of the cooling with the fuel supply, generate output signal updates in milliseconds and cost much less than a spectrometer.
The challenges with the optical approach based on sensing the flame emission (optical output) at two or more spectral wavelengths may be several-fold. First is to identify suitable wavelength bands. Second is to cool detector 30 to achieve useful S/N (signal-to-noise) ratios. Third is to insure that the optical input represents the temperature of the gas rather then that of the hot background wall or refractory. Fourth is to set the spatial path for the source of emission into one wavelength band such that it is close to the spatial path for the second wavelength band needed to determine color temperature.
By way of an overview,
The nomenclature utilized here may include: D is light beam diameter in cm or mm; f is frequency in Hz; n is index of refraction (dimensionless); k is absorption coefficient in 1/(cm·bar); L is optical path length in cm; N is RMS noise level; S is RMS signal; P is total pressure in bar; po=reference pressure in 1 bar (=100,000 Pa); T is absolute temperature in ° K; the reference temperature is defined as To=293.15° K or 20° C.; x is mole fraction in dimensionless fractions; Δ is delta, difference or spacing, e.g., Δν=line spacing; emissivity is in dimensionless fractions; φ is off axis or collimation angle of light beam in degrees or radians; λ is wavelength in nm or μm; ν is wavenumber in cm−1; and π is 3.14159.
All solids emit thermal radiation according to Planck's Law from which their temperature may be derived from the radiation at one wavelength, if they have a known emissivity. If it is close to unity (ε=1), they may be "black-body" radiators. If their emissivity is wavelength-independent but smaller than unity, they may be referred to as "gray body" radiators and their temperature may be derived with one measurement, as practiced with conventional optical pyrometers, provided that the value of ε is known at the wavelength of measurement.
The table in
In the subject at hand to determine the temperature of thermally radiating combustion gases, one may need to consider two more variables, that is, thermal equilibrium and gas concentration. First, one may consider thermal equilibrium. With solids, one might safely assume that their radiation reflects their temperature (except in special cases of fluorescence or chemiluminescence). With gases, especially reacting gases, this may be true less often. The blue-green appearance of CH4-air flames may not be thermal radiation but chemiluminescence resulting from transitions between electronic molecular states energized by chemical (combustion) reactions. However, plain vibrational and rotational states may equilibrate very quickly especially at the elevated pressures (resulting in more collisions per unit time) present in turbine engine combustors
Second, one may note gas concentration. There being no emitting "surface" in gases, their thermal emissivity, ε, may be determined by the optical path length, L, the molecular concentration, x, of the species contributing to the radiation, and its partial (and total gas) pressure, besides absolute temperature. The computation of such gas emissivities based on all probable molecular transitions tends to be laborious.
Because of the known high concentrations and emissivities of CO2 and H2O in combustion/combustor gases, one may focus on their thermal radiation to provide TA, the desired and actual temperature, or at least radiation intensities that are related to temperature. The strongest, closest to black-body radiation, and easiest to monitor (near IR) thermal radiation of CO2 may be at its band centered at 4300 nm in the near IR.
In the actual combustor, the gas temperature may rise to its maximum value after combustion is largely complete and most CO2 and H2O have been generated. One therefore may expect low concentrations of CO2 and H2O near the detector.
Below are some practical aspects of the proposed gas temperature sensor. First of all, the sensor performance requirements, as per analysis, may be noted here. First, the temperature measurement range may be from 1255 to 1854° K (1800 to 2877° F., or 982 to 1580° C.). Second, temperature sensing accuracy may be ±50° F. Third, angular selectivity may be ±5° (to inhibit cross sensitivity to adjacent burner flames). Fourth, response time may be about 0.5 second. Fifth, installation/ambient temperature may be about 149° C. (300° F.) Sixth, demonstrating structural integrity may require that the device needs to pass a vibration test
Seventh, sensor cooling air used for all of the sensors may be ≦0.2 percent of total mass air flow at cruise, or 0.02 lbs/s or ≦0.42 g/s for each sensor.
Uncooled IR sensors for this application, in the form of TE (thermo-electric) sensor arrays, may be operated at over 150° C. Such sensors have been fabricated at Honeywell International Inc. in Minneapolis, Minn. A dedicated, 10-wafer run (10 mm O.D. wafers) might yield over 2000 chips of ˜5×5 mm, each with an array of 31×31, i.e., about 1000, TE junctions. If the signal is high enough in this application, fewer elements may be needed, resulting in lower cost of each sensor. For example an array of 64 sensor elements of 0.005″×0.005″ in size might fit into a 1×1 mm "sweet-spot" detector area.
In order to reliably and periodically "zero" the detector, one may modulate the wavelength that reaches the detector between on-band and off-band, as well as between the two wavelengths used to define the "color" temperature of the flame. In a simple embodiments, one may use the wavelengths of 4012 nm for "zero", and 50 nm-half-width bands centered at 4254 and 4426 nm as black-body radiation, provided for p≧20 bar, T≦2500° K, L≧10 cm and x (CO2)≧5 mol percent.
A tilt dither of the angle on incidence, from normal incidence, A=0, to A=±42° may provide the needed wavelength modulation (see
In order to maintain the desired wavelength modulation of 9.3 percent, the detector aperture or viewing angle to the flame may need to be limited to ±1°, at least in the scanning plane, so that 9.03%≦1/cos(B)≦9.87% at A=±42°. One may achieve this by limiting the aperture to e.g., D≦2 mm I.D. for a detector-aperture distance of 60 mm, as depicted in
Relative to the output signal, the line-by-line computed radiances plotted in
The R-ratio change from 4254 to 4426 nm appears small, but this may be viewed in relation to the signal noise. To achieve a combustion gas temperature signal uncertainty, i.e., noise equivalent of 10° K, one may need an uncertainty in the R-ratio of 1.2%/500·10=0.024%, i.e., an S/N≧4200:1, which may be achievable. Non-linear regression between the above temperatures and R-ratios may yield an expression, T=747.59+417.58·ρ28.88484 and E=±1631 ppm, where T=abs. temperature in ° K, ρ=radiance ratio and E=std. dev. of the fit in ppm (max. error or 2550 ppm). However, the log sensitivity of T to noise in ρ is 21.1, i.e., an exemplary 100 ppm measurement uncertainty in ρ may translate to an uncertainty in T of 21.1×100=2110 ppm, which for the worst case near 2500° K may be about 2110×10−6×2500=5.2° K.
The low radiance (i.e., low absorption and high transmission) at 4012 nm may enable one to periodically check the temperature of the opposite, internal combustor wall; and when the detector faces the opaque edge the output may be viewed as a "zero" signal. The radiance at 4012 nm is only about 170 ppm of the radiance at the other two wavelengths.
The evaluation of the signal may be coupled to the timing of the filter wheel 32 rotational angle. The angle-wavelength relation may be, in turn, dependent of the effective refractive index of the films used to fabricate the narrow-band-pass filter. Assuming an effective index of n=1.6464 (sapphire), the values of rotation in degrees, radians and microseconds starting at normal incidence for 4012 nm, with a filter 32 rotation speed of 1 kHz (60,000 RPM) and further assuming the measurement time to be 1/10th of the 50 nm band-width scan time, one may get times of 0.875 and 0.636 microseconds for the bands at 4254 to 4426 nm, respectively, separated by a time of ˜20 microseconds.
To cool the detector with the "cool" liquid fuel without adding to the risk of increasing the probability of coking the fuel (which is a tremendous problem for gas-turbine aero-applications) involves heat exchange considerations. There is often very little space around the fuel atomizer, and durability (i.e., preventing long-term plugging of the fuel line by coking) may need to be maintained. The temperature rise of jet fuel, ΔTf, (represented by dodecane) with a specific heat of cp,f=402 cal/(K Liter) |100° C. resulting from cooling a Va=1 L/min air stream of 1000° F. down to 275° F. (ΔTa=403° C.) may be roughly estimated for the worst condition of idling at about 2 gal/min (or Vf=0.126 L/min) as follows:
ΔT f ˜ΔT a (V a /V f) (c p,a /c p,f)=403·(1/0.126)(34/402)=270° C.
Such a rise in fuel temperature may exceed its coking temperature limit and be not acceptable.
One may review alternate approaches for solving the detector-cooling problem depending on location. One might leave the location of the detector inside the combustor plenum as indicated in
Cool ambient air (≦1 bar and ≦82° C. (≦180° F.)) from the outside of the combustor plenum, may be used to cool the optical system (detector 31, filter 32, motor 34 and masks 45) indirectly, but without mass transfer to the much higher-pressure combustor gases. Here, the filter 32 may need to be driven via electric motor 34.
One may use ≦135° C. (≦275° F.) fuel to cool a static detector chamber, without any air cooling, with electrical drive for the motor 34 to rotate filter 32 and use only regular compressed air at about 1000° F. to keep lens 51 clean, as depicted in
One might move the location of detector(s) 31 away from hot combustor plenum 35, to a space in the "bypass air" channel, to view the hot combustion gases via optical fibers, which at worst may be 30 to 100 cm in length. Individually-mounted sensors 30 may be used with maximum optical fiber lengths of about 30 cm. A cluster-mount approach may be used whereby all optical fibers are brought to a common location. A common filter wheel 53 may be used for frequency modulation and isolation (i.e., chopping) of individual beams and one detector 30. The length of all optical (sapphire) fibers may be about 100 cm. Or a cluster-mount approach may be used whereby each sensor operates independently, with its own approximately 100 cm or so of fiber, electric filter 32 rotator and detector 31.
The generic merits and pitfalls of the above noted alternatives are indicated in the following. An optical fiber, window or lens at the combustor wall may save the plumbing of purge air through the optical system and enable its operation at ambient pressure; but it may become inaccurate if any soot or tar deposit on the optical surface facing the combustor generates significantly interfering black-body radiation. Air cooling by looping compressed air tubing through bypass air space may enable positioning of sensor at combustor wall, cooling detector, filter 32 and masks 45; driving air motor 34; and purging optical aperture; but may add 0.25″ O.D. tubing mass and colder air to combustor. An electric motor 34 used to rotate optical filter 32 may save plumbing and uncertainties of designing a small air motor 34, but add electrical wires and moderate risk with the design of a small electric motor 34. Moving the location of the sensor to the bypass-air space may simplify the cooling problem, but may reduce performance to the extent that the added optical fiber length degrades the combustor gas emission signal. The cost of the longer optical fiber may be offset by the greater ease of installation. Incorporation of the temperature sensor into the fuel nozzle may reduce installation complexities, but might make nozzle design more complex and costly, and eliminate the flexibility to individually optimize the location/position of both nozzle and sensor
There may be also detector options. A less sensitive and possibly slower, but more temperature-tolerant IR detector, such as a bolometer-type or "uncooled" IR detector, which is less sensitive to ambient temperature than PbSe or PbS, may be operated above 150° C. (302° F.), but is less sensitive and has relatively slow response time (0.05 to 10 ms).
The detector should be sufficiently sensitive to detect the available radiance. To determine whether the available radiance at 1000–2000° K (1340–3140° F.) can trigger a reasonable signal from an uncooled TE IR detector, it is estimated that the combustor output be at 1000° K (worst case). As shown in
An air motor 34 may be used for a filter 32 drive as shown in
One may compute kinetic air power, QA, and drag power, QD, corresponding to the device design shown in
Features may include the use of high-speed wavelength modulation of black-body CO2 radiance to an IR detector to determine its gas temperature, whereby the modulation may enable determination of CO2 radiance ratio determination within the IR CO2 band between 4.254 and 4.426 μm, zeroing the detector 31 output when filter 32 faces detector 31 with its opaque edge, as well as the determination of the opposite combustor wall temperature at 4.012 μm. Detector 31, filter 32 and the enclosure may be cooled to ≦275° F. via external circulation of "cool" fluid, whereby the cool fluid may be liquid fuel or cool air of low or high pressure. The modulation may be accomplished by an air turbine, driven by an air stream which also may be cooled by the fuel. Optics 51 may be kept clean via a purge-air stream, which may exit into the combustion chamber via an upward port or slit. The slit may be dimensioned to not allow aperture angles greater than about 1° to maintain the collimation of the light beam to the modulation filter. The temperature may be determined via a simple relation between it and said ratio of nulled outputs.
The advantages of this approach discussed above are that it may be much more compact, accurate, rapid, rugged and affordable. The device may be sized to be within a cylinder of ≦3″-long×1″-O.D., not drift by virtue of the wavelength modulation approach, feature higher S/N ratios because of the cooling with the fuel supply, generate output signal updates in milliseconds and cost much less than a spectrometer. One may use much higher modulation speeds (100–1000 Hz) than conventional IR systems (1–10 Hz), thus decreasing the 1/f noise and increasing S/N.
Although the invention has been described with respect to at least one illustrative embodiment, many variations and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the present specification. It is therefore the intention that the appended claims be interpreted as broadly as possible in view of the prior art to include all such variations and modifications.
Claims (29)
I A =A 1/(T A ·S 1); and
S1˜S2˜S′1S′2˜1; and
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|Bonne, et al., "Combustion Controls for Alternative Fuels," ASHRAE Trans. 87-I, pp. 361-380, 1981.
|Bonne, Ulrich, "Optical Investigations in the Reaction Zone of Soot-Forming Flames," PhD Thesis, University of Gottingen, Germany, 1964. (no English translation available).
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Cited By (7)
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|US7971368B2 (en) *
|Mitsubishi Electric Corporation
|Hand drying apparatus
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|Zolo Technologies, Inc.
|Method and Apparatus for Spectroscopic Measurements in the Combustion Zone of a Gas Turbine Engine
|US8544279B2 (en) *
|Zolo Technologies, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for spectroscopic measurements in the combustion zone of a gas turbine engine
|US8254767B2 (en)
|Applied Materials, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for extended temperature pyrometry
|US8786857B2 (en)
|Zolo Technologies, Inc.
|Mitigation of optical signal noise using a multimode transmit fiber
|RU2495388C1 (en) *
|Федеральное государственное унитарное предприятие "Центральный институт авиационного моторостроения им. П.И. Баранова"
|Measuring method of thermogas-dynamic flow parameters
|US9366621B2 (en)
|Zolo Technologies, Inc.
|In-furnace retro-reflectors with steerable tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer
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Saturday, October 5, 2013
Things That Go Bump In The Night
5 comments:
Loving your owl and all the little bitsnpieces on your swirl Denise, looks awesome.xxxReplyDelete
Hi, Denise! This is just fabulous! The detail on that owl is just amazing! I kept looking at his eyes! Love the hanging pumpkins as well! Great Job! Thanks so much for being a regular contributor and support of our challenge. We really appreciate it! We are glad we found this gem in our mailbox this week here at 613 Avenue Create!ReplyDelete
Chana, Owner
You have made a wonderful Concetta Kilmer card here. Thanks for taking part in the One Sweet Challenge this month of "things that go bump in the night" and best of luck. We hope to see you back again very soon. Best wishes, Kym, Sweet Pea Stamp Design Team xxxReplyDelete
Cute card. I Locke the flourish. Thanks for entering One Sweet challenge "things that go bump in the night, Best witches! Viola- Sweet Pea Stamps design team member.ReplyDelete
Wow.. I love the card... those eyes with the cats... and the gorgeous coloring! Well done job! Thank you for playing along with One Sweet Challenge at Sweet Pea Stamps. We hope to see you again and good luck! Sylvia, DT Sweet Pea StampsReplyDelete

subset: commoncrawl


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Police in West Melbourne used a stun gun to subdue a man jogging along a busy roadway wearing only swimming goggles, clickorlando.com is reporting.
The 18-year-old man was " under the influence ... he was a little incoherent," West Melbourne police Cmdr. Steve Wilkinson is quoted as saying in the report.


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Alla dimora di Chiara Suite and Rooms offers a terrace and free WiFi in Matera.
Every room includes a flat-screen TV. Certain rooms include a seating area where you can relax. The rooms come with a private bathroom. For your comfort, you will find bath robes and free toiletries.
The Italian-style breakfast is served in the kitchen of the property.
The nearest airport is Karol Wojtyla Airport, 54 km from Alla dimora di Chiara Suite and Rooms....
|Via San Gennaro 2


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text:
The distance $\displaystyle d$ to the visible horizon varies directly with the square root of the height $\displaystyle h$
of the observer above sea level. An observer 1.8 m tall can see 4.8 km out to sea when
standing on the shoreline.
I know how to do it but the answers says I'm wrong...
$\displaystyle d \alpha \sqrt{h} $ <--- this is meant to be proportional sign but I can't seem to find it and alpha looks close enough xD
so $\displaystyle d=k*\sqrt{h} $
$\displaystyle 4.8=k*\sqrt{1.8} $
we found k then:
$\displaystyle d=k*\sqrt{4} $
$\displaystyle d=3.57771 * 2 $
but the answer is like 8. something


text:
Get the latest tips & apps for your Smartphone
Galaxy S3 – Steps to Root on XXDLIH Jellybean 4.1 Firmware
Android Advices Pradeep Neela Nov 11, 2012
Android Advices Nov 11, 2012
Pradeep Neela Nov 11, 2012 Read Source
Nov 11, 2012
Galaxy S3 GT I9300… users who have updated their devices with the latest Jellybean 4.1.1 Firmware can now easily root with a detailed article which we will be checking out in the below mentioned article. Once you root your device, you will then be able to easily install various custom ROM firmwares which we will be checking out in the coming days.
(This is a preview of the article from Android Advices Click on the Title to read the entire entry.)Related posts:
- How to Update Galaxy S3 with Official Jellybean 4.1.1 XXDLIH Firmware
- Galaxy Note N7000 – Steps to Root on XXLS2 Jellybean 4.1.2 Firmware
- Galaxy S2 GT I9100 – Steps to Update with Thebyani Jellybean 4.1.1 Firmware


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Q&A Categories
Find a Question:
Problems with iMessage – revenge Apple «defectors" on Android?
Problems with iMessage – revenge Apple «defectors" on Android?
Problems with iMessage
We have often heard that Apple device users are experiencing problems with the service iMessage. Often the message is not immediately reach or simply lost somewhere in the iCloud. This has led many users to opt for numerous alternatives, including WhatsApp, Viber or Telegram. However, recently revealed that the transition from iOS to Android Users Feedback erstwhile Apple makes itself felt, and in the most unpleasant manner.
Several weeks ago, Google chairman Eric Schmidt has published a guide for users to quickly and painlessly transition from iOS to Android. One of the points of instruction consisted in the fact that before you get rid of the iPhone or iPad, you must disable the settings iMessage. It turned out that this is not just a fad top manager, and advice that will save you from a major headache.
It was recently discovered that if you have sold or thrown out your iPhone and kept the same phone number, but left enabled service iMessage, messages from your friends, will continue to come in the format of iMessage, and not SMS. This means that the messages will go to the Apple ID, for obvious reasons, is not tied to Android. In short, clicking on a mobile platform Google, you risk losing the possibility to receive text messages from friends.
No official comment on the issue of Cupertino has yet been received. On the one hand it looks quite logical: if you want to switch to another system – prepare for this event and get rid of old ties and potential problems. On the other hand – Apple's unwillingness or inability to explain to people the specifics of such questions may seem like a trivial revenge and a desire to slam the door in the moment of parting.
If you encounter this problem, the solution is still there. How to disable iMessage in the settings of the gadget, you probably know most of the questions and usually occurs when the devices you already have not. In this case you need to go to the support page on Apple's website this link , to log in and untie your device from Apple ID. Well, if by "evil side" you do not like it, will be glad if again return to the family of customers Apple.
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tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29135938.post4803023300427699159..comments2018-01-17T08:31:55.694-08:00Comments on The Imaginary Menagerie: The Worst MomentYvonne firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-29135938.post-48358815403420114542009-11-08T11:26:59.383-08:002009-11-08T11:26:59.383-08:00Then it bursts out its cocoon in glorious color. T...Then it bursts out its cocoon in glorious color. Tasting life's nectar and wondering how it could have ever thought that its world was limited to munching leafs.

It flies around impressing the world with its intricate beauty. Kissing and touching flowers and spreading life with every step, making the rest of the world wish "Only if I could be like a butterfly."Magaly Guerrerohttps://email@example.com


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"Speak Out" is an expression of opinion from the Editorial Board of WBTV, and is presented by editorial board member, Jess Sessoms.
The city of Charlotte recently changed Police Chiefs. And if we're lucky, we won't notice a whole lot of difference – right away.
Outgoing Chief Rodney Monroe led the force for seven years before retiring a couple of weeks ago.
Although his tenure began with a bit of controversy over academic qualifications, Chief Monroe settled in nicely to his new position.
He was often seen out in the field with his fellow officers, reassuring concerned citizens that the Police force was there to serve and protect everyone.
During Monroe's tenure, crime statistics improved in many areas.
And he led us peacefully through the city's hosting of the Democrat National Convention in 2012.
Incoming Chief Kerr Putney is a 23-year veteran of the police department, and is, indeed, the first officer to be promoted through the ranks to the force's top position.
Chief Putney says he has no immediate plans to radically change what has been working well.
But we're sure he'll be his own man and will seek to improve the force and its relationship with the public wherever he can.
He will face some challenges. Putney will be in charge as Officer Randall Kerrick goes on trial for a police-involved shooting from 2013.
And, he'll usher in a new era as every patrol officer will begin wearing body cameras.
As we begin a new administration within the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department, we thank former Chief Rodney Monroe for his dedicated leadership,
and we wish new Chief Kerr Putney great success.
Tell us what you think, email@example.com.
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East Tennessee State Buccaneers Home to Detroit Titans in NCAA Basketball Betting
The Detroit Titans hope to send their betting backers to the pay window on Monday as they look to cover the point spread at Freedom Hall Civic Center against the East Tennessee State Buccaneers.
Opening Odds & Computer Pick
The Detroit Titans were listed as 10-point underdogs at many online sportsbooks, including the odds makers at BetOnline.
Detroit Titans vs East Tennessee State Buccaneers Matchup
Team Betting Records & Power Rankings
East Tennessee State Buccaneers battles the Detroit Titans, currently sitting with a 1-0 mark (0-0 ATS). The OVER/UNDER records, always important for totals betting, are 1-0 for the East Tennessee State Buccaneers and 0-0 for the Detroit Titans.
The East Tennessee State Buccaneers sit at No. 41 in the current college hoops power poll here at Odds Shark, while the Detroit Titans sit at No. 81 on the same chart.
Recent Outings Betting Recap
The battle between the Titans and Bulldogs didnt turn out to be much of a battle at all as Adrian was handed a 99-69 defeat on Friday at Calihan Hall.
The Buccaneers blew out Fordham on Friday, running up a 20+ point victory in a 96-59 win at Freedom Hall Civic Center.
Betting Trends
- Detroit is 8-4 SU in its last 12 games
- Detroit is 2-4 ATS in its last 6 games on the road
- Detroit is 5-17 SU in its last 22 games on the road
- The total has gone OVER in 17 of Detroit's last 23 games on the road
Next Betting Matchups
Detroit at Illinois, Friday, November 18th
East Tennessee State at UNC Wilmington, Sunday, November 20th


text:
Brian K. Butler has been an educator for over 27 years and a school-based administrator for over 12 years and is a former physical education teacher, counselor, and coach. Brian is the former principal of Mason Crest Elementary School in Fairfax County, Virginia. Under Brian's leadership, Mason Crest received Solution Tree's first annual DuFour Award in 2016.
Brian K. Butler, consultant, served as principal at Mason Crest Elementary School in Fairfax County, Virginia. Under Brian's leadership, Mason Crest Elementary received Solution Tree's first annual DuFour Award in 2016. The honor, named after PLC at Work™ architect Richard DuFour, credits high-performing PLCs that demonstrate exceptional levels of student achievement. The school received $25,000 as part of the award.
Brian has also been a principal and an assistant principal for other schools in the same district. With Brian as principal, Mount Eagle Elementary achieved outstanding results in reading and math on the Virginia Standards of Learning state tests, earning schoolwide pass rates of over 92 percent on both tests. As assistant principal of Lemon Road Elementary, Brian led his staff to high levels of collaboration—an approach he shares with parent groups, teachers, schools, and administrators to encourage teamwork among stakeholders.
During his career as a principal, Brian has been named as a Fairfax County Public Schools finalist for Principal of the Year, for demonstrating superior leadership qualities and creating an exceptional educational environment while at Mount Eagle. He also received the Nancy F. Sprague Leadership Award, a commendation of excellence for being one of Fairfax County's Outstanding First-Year Principal nominees.
A former professional basketball player in the European League, Brian has a bachelor's degree in speech communications from The George Washington University, a teacher's certification in physical education and a master's degree in school counseling, both from George Mason University, and an administrative endorsement from the University of Virginia.
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Patients often perceive no risk if they delay attending STI clinics
Over a third of patients are declining appointments that genitourinary medicine clinics offer within the UK target time of 48 hours, a study published in the September edition of the International Journal of STD and AIDS suggests. Work commitments were the most common reason for appointments being declined. The presence of symptoms did not affect the likelihood of patients turning down an appointment within 48 hours. The investigators also found that the majority of patients declining prompt appointments did not perceive any health risks from delaying the diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted infections. "There are certainly a cohort of patients who have symptoms of an STI but do not see this as a risk to their health if assessment and treatment are delayed", write the study's authors. Prompt treatment for individuals with sexually transmitted infections helps avoid illness and discomfort in the patient and also helps prevent the onward transmission of infections. It is a UK government target that all patients seeking the services of sexual health clinics should be offered an appointment within 48 hours of requesting one. An additional target is that 95% of all individuals should be seen within 48 hours of making their appointment, although some clinicians have questioned if this is necessary. Investigators from the Department of Sexual Health at the Countess of Chester Hospital, Chester, a large genitourinary medicine clinic in north-west England, designed a study to see if patient choice to be seen within 48 hours was related to the presence of symptoms. They also wished to ascertain the perceptions of patients regarding the health consequences of untreated sexually transmitted infections. Two groups of patients were included in the study. The first comprised 110 individuals who completed questionnaires at the clinic. The second involved 138 patients who were contacted by telephone and asked questions about their decision to accept or decline an appointment within 48 hours. Records showed that all individuals contacting the clinic were offered an appointment within 48 hours. Of the individuals interviewed whilst attending the clinic, 16% recalled declining such an appointment. Work commitments were the most common reason for individuals delaying their clinic appointment (75%). A total of 37% of individuals interviewed by telephone declined an appointment within 48 hours. Symptoms were reported by 45% of those declining a prompt appointment, and work commitments were once again the most common reason (87%) for deferring attendance at the clinic. The investigators then combined the results of the two surveys. They found that individuals accepting an appointment within 48 hours were significantly more likely than the patients declining an appointment to believe that delaying their attendance at the clinic could involve health risks (41/80 vs. 9/60, p < 0.0001). "Our…data suggest that 37% of patients preferred not to accept the offer of an appointment to be seen within 48 hours. This is high", comment the investigators. They add, "patients wish to be able to choose an appointment that suits them and are happy with this, even if it is more than 48 hours from booking." "We should be providing information as to why being seen within 48 hours may be important", conclude the investigators, adding "our findings represent a clear justification for increased public awareness of the dangers of sexually transmitted infections." Although they recognise the importance of patient choice regarding the timing of appointments, the investigators stress that it is important that "their choice is an informed one."


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Lisa Robin Kelly aka Laurie Forman
"Half-baked is one if not the greatest Stoner movies of all time and we believe this category is best summed up by the great, talented, and verbose Jon Stewart. Enhancement Smoker (Jon Stewart): 'Did you ever see Scent of a Woman?' Scarface: 'Yup.' Enhancement Smoker: 'You ever seen Scent of a Woman... on weed? That's the way to see it. It's just wacked.' This category attempts to capture the Enhancement essence, not necessarily ratings or anything like that, but movies, shows, or videos... well... high."Lisa Robin Kelly was born on March 5th, 1970 in the mid-sized city of Southington, Connecticut, where she grew up, like many young girls, fantasizing about becoming an acclaimed actress similar to "The Bionic Woman," Lindsay Wagner, "Charlie's Angel," Farrah Fawcett, or the infamously sassy, yet quirky, on-screen journalist, Mary Tyler Moore. However, in 1992, unlike most pipe dreams, Kelly got her break at the ripe, young age of 21 on the set of "Married with Children" in the episode, "Kelly Doesn't Live Here Anymore" as a girl named Carol. While she played a rather insignificant one-time role in the episode, she started to gain notoriety in Hollywood for her gregariously inviting smile and voluptuous hair, which appeared as delicate strands of flowing gold rolling down onto her shoulders.
------> Got suggestions for movies or shows? E-mail Dignan
Murphy Brown" and "Sisters" in 1995, "Days of Our Lives" and the "X-Files" in 1996, and a variety of other projects ranging from short films to TV series cameos. In 1997, Kelly's claim to fame had seemed to reach its pinnacle, as she was brought back onto "Married with Children" as a different character named Heather Talrico in the episode "Breaking Up Is Easy to Do: Part 1." Laurie Forman, the older sister to Eric Forman, on the hit series "That 70's Show" premiering in 1998. It was here that Lisa Robin Kelly brushed alongside fame, as she loved the job, the character, and the attitude she had to portray on screen. In one interview she revealed a lot about herself and the experience by saying, "It is perfect for me because Laurie and I have a lot in common. Like being flirtatious and being manipulative with Dad, and having a combative relationship with my brother." During her time as a co-star, she enjoyed increasing success as an actress receiving a minor role in the blockbuster Jawbreaker and appearing in the show "Charmed" in 1999. In addition, she was featured as #6 on Maxim TV's list of the "Best Nymphos" for her execution of the seductive role. Below is a clip from one of my favorite scenes featuring Lisa Robin Kelly as Laurie Forman. In 2001 during the midst of Season 3, Robin Lisa Kelly had a miscarriage, which lead to her abusing alcohol, drugs, and her responsibility as a recurring character on "That 70's Show." Therefore, the writing staff found it best to award her leave by claiming her character had departed to attend beauty school. Certainly, the strain of this loss plagued her for the rest of her life, as evidenced by her interview on ABC News years later. In 2003, she temporarily reprized the role of Laurie Forman for the end of Season 5 of the show; and in fact, she was offered 13 more episodes in Season 6, though she declined in an attempt to branch out to new ventures. Many television stars reach a point where they have to try new things and branch out, consider Topher Grace's maneuver, even as a main character, to abstain from the 8th and final Season of "That 70's Show" resulting in his complete absence until the last episode. At the advent of Season 6, Kelly was officially replaced by Christina Moore, who acted as a placeholder for the character through six different episodes between 2003 and 2004. The Food Chain: A Hollywood Scarytale in 2005 and SUX2BME in 2012. Most of her press was generated from legal issues, instead of hand-crafted characters and big label events. Beginning in August of 2010, Kelly was seized in North Carolina for driving under the influence, which resulted in 12 months of unsupervised probation. On March 31st of 2012, Kelly was involved in a domestic dispute with her roommate John Michas and was released on a $50,000 bail. Afterwards, she denied the claims that she assaulted Michas by saying, "I am clean and sober and I have made a lot of progress. I am completely innocent. I weigh 105 pounds. I could never hurt him. I just want to start working again." November of 2012, in the town of Mooresville, North Carolina, Kelly was arrested again, this time with her new husband Robert Joseph Gilliam after another domestic disturbance call. Both were cited and fined for the incident, rather than one party or the other receiving unfair treatment in the case. Alcohol and violence always seem to follow one another. Although she was tumultuously tumbling through all these kinds of strife, she appeared to be on the upswing with the picture below being taken on November 16, 2012. dead at the age of 43, having passed away in her sleep at a rehabilitation center after orally ingesting too many prescription drugs causing herself to overdose involuntarily. According to her agent at the time, Rabbi Craig Wyckoff, Kelly had checked herself into the rehabilitation clinic a week prior to the accident in an attempt to curb her continuing addiction. In fact, her entrance to rehab was spurred forth after her boyfriend brought her to the hospital in a drunken stupor to reveal she had a deathly .34 blood alcohol content level. Even though she recognized her issues and attempted to remedy them, it seems it was still too late to save her even in the care of a specialized facility. marijuana is simply the safer choice.
Tags: alcohol, character, died, domestic, dreams, drugs, Hollywood, Laurie Forman, Lisa Robin Kelly, rehabilitation, season, that 70s show


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Understanding recurrent land use processes and long-term transitions in the dynamic south-central United States, c. 1800 to 2006
Land Use Policy
- By:
- Mark A. Drummond , Glenn E. Griffith , Roger F. Auch , Michael P. Stier , Janis L. Taylor , David J. Hester , Jodi L. Riegle , and Jamie L. McBeth
- More information: Publisher Index Page (via DOI)
- Download citation as: RIS | Dublin Core
AbstractForests have historically been under significant land use pressures that cause periods of degradation, clearance, and recovery. To understand these changes, studies are needed that place trends in a historical landscape context and also examine recent dynamics. Here, we use historical investigation (c. 1800) and an examination of land use and land cover change between 1973 and 2006 to establish a baseline trajectory of the forested system of the south-central United States (US) plains. The study culminates in a highly detailed accounting of the processes and causes of land change between 2001 and 2006. In the study region, the forest transitioned from early low-intensity use, to clearance for farming and timber, to widespread recovery from degradation beginning in the 1930s. By 1970, the region was transitioning from recovered woodlands to an intensive regime of recurrent timber harvest and replanting. The recurring cycle inherent in intensive silviculture has been the main cause of land change for the past several decades, accounting for more than 95% of the total extent of change between 2001 and 2006. The transition to forest recovery in the south-central US was an important historical occurrence. However, the dynamic post-transition landscape needs to be better understood.
Additional publication details
- Publication type:
- Article
- Publication Subtype:
- Journal Article
- Title:
- Understanding recurrent land use processes and long-term transitions in the dynamic south-central United States, c. 1800 to 2006
- Series title:
- Land Use Policy
- 10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.07.061
- Volume:
- 68
- Year Published:
- 2017
- Language:
- English
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
- Contributing office(s):
- Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center
- Description:
- 10 p.
- First page:
- 345
- Last page:
- 354
- Country:
- United States


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Hello all
First time pool owner - so be gentle
With Fall/Winter here I am looking at closing the pool
I have read the section on pool closing and understand the basics of chemicals/antifreeze and such. I understand I should blow out the lines from the filter to the pool. The question I have is - I have an Aqua Genie and I understand I would lower the water level to below the return to allow for proper blow out of the return line. Do I need to get the winter cover/door Aqua Genie sells? I seem to be getting conflicting information - I know the Aqua Genie needs to have the water below the unit, but I also hear I should try and keep the pool water as high as possible? ( I have a Buster Crabbe pool - vinyl with wood walls)
Any pointers or advice would be much appreciated.


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I'm not sure if this is the correct forum but I'll give it a shot. Each spring when the winds are blowing I tend to get large amounts of dirt blown into my pool. The dirt is to fine for the Polaris bag to trap and the filter (cartridge) doesn't catch it either.
Has anyone ever tried replacing the bag with a sock, run it for 24 hours and let the Polaris suck up the dirt?
Any other tips for getting the dirt out?


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Disclaimers - I am in no way or form affiliated with any show, movie, company, business, book, or agency. The views and contents of my site are my own are not meant to demean or defame any person, place, or thing. I am simply a fan of the shows and various topics and do not consider myself an authority on any subject.
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If I have omitted any company or corporation it is not done intentional and I am willing to make the corrections if notified.Thank You for your patience and again I hope I have not offended anyone.


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Didier Drogba says he'll discuss a new deal with Chelsea next week.
He confirmed he would take up chief executive Ron Gourlay's invitation to sit down at the end of the season in an 11th-hour attempt to reach an agreement.
"We'll sit down with him and we're going to talk," said Drogba, who refused to criticise the club for failing to make him an offer he could not refuse.
"I don't think about this. Tomorrow's game (Champions League final) is so important.
"My future, my contract, are not important.
"I want to give everything to the team and the fans.
"From there, we'll see what happens."


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The always prescient Michael Klare writes in TomDispatch:
Over the past decade, this country has squandered approximately one and a half trillion dollars on imported oil, much of which has been poured down the tanks of grotesquely fuel-inefficient vehicles that were conveying drivers on ever lengthening commutes from the exurbs to employment in center cities.
What a graphic and efficient summary of what Mr Obama has to 'change' if he indeed gets close to the Oval Office, encapsulating as it does energy policy, urban planning and foreign policy all in three lines. But he's going to need more than enthusiastic college students and appealing slogans to pull it off.
We can just imagine the resistance (Yes, we can!) from the floundering auto industry (no more SUVs), the collapsing real estate sector (stop building exurbs) and the military-industrial behemoths (end this demented war).
The need to wean our society from imported oil, reduce greenhouse emissions and build more livable urban landscapes for our growing population hasn't a big secret at any point during my now-substantial adult life. But Saint Ronald told us to forget about all those tediously negative things and enjoy 'Morning in America' instead. We had to fight the communist menace and win the Cold War by building a lot of useless weapons. Yes, we can! And did!
So the Soviet Union is no more, replaced by Commissar Putin sitting atop an ocean of $100-a-barrel glop and announcing the next arms race. Meanwhile, Reagan's tactic of bankrupting the enemy might look disturbingly like a boomerang when our ATMs say 'Abu Dhabi Investment Authority' instead of Citibank.
Reagan was a huge disaster, but instead of sober criticism of his reign, we're supposed to weep at his tomb and keep applying his failed prescriptions. When that tired old trope starts to fade, we'll know real 'change' has a chance.
Monday, 11 February 2008
Oil Change
Posted by Tim Frasca at 10:57
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