text:
I just want a person that sees the world in me. That makes my day a little bit brighter. That I can go to when I've had a crappy day, and suddenly feel good. Feel so much better. I just want someone to hold me. To hold me tight. Forever. Someone who makes the time still. Someone who makes me laugh until I cry. Someone who doesn't see anyone else than me. Someone I can speak to through my eyes. Someone who will listen to my ramblings about my crazy dreams. Someone who's just there.
You may say I'm a dreamer. But that's just how I am. I've read too many books, too many poems, to just expect the ordinary. Even though I think I'd deal perfectly with that, too. I just wish for someone to love me for me. Is that too much to ask?


text:
Saturday, November 15, 2008
You'll Know Where to Find Me – I'll Be Inside Until Spring
And yet in other ways I'm quite delicate. Like a little flower. A little pastry-eating, iPod-wearing, margarita-craving flower…
I bit down on a piece of hard, oddly shaped but delightful chocolate earlier in the week (from Switzerland, so help me!) and then spent the next three days feeling sorry that I had. Not over any silly concern about pant sizes or girth-control, mind you, but because it seems I have the gums and palate of a much frailer woman. You know someone like me, don't you? One of those people whose mouth is torn apart by Cap'n Crunch or pizza crusts? Throughout the last few days, of course, I have touched it with the tip of my tongue, reminding myself of it...
Still hurt?
Does it still hurt?
Even now?
What about now?
And so on.
But the pain caused by the crispy, crunchy goodness of a pizza crust is no match to the pain I'm in for once a good wind has gotten a hold of me. Fall in Minnesota is a lovely place for wind, and the same gusts that rip the leaves off the trees and send small children stumbling into fences also screams through my ears – the same ears that pop in elevators and make me someone you don't want to sit next to as we descend into LAX, an airport with a particularly steep drop before landing.
Like I said. I'm a flower.
I say that, knowing full well that it's not true. Actually, outside of the roof of my mouth and my ears, I'm a sturdy little thing with good teeth and a low center of gravity ("Pearl wobbles but she don't fall down", as the old commercial said).
Nevertheless, indoors, on a cold, windy day like today is what my ancestors wished for me, in that Czech/Norwegian/Dane/Scot/Irish/Swiss way they had; and once I finish help Erin move into The Little House in the 'Hood, that's where I'm headed.
10 comments:
- Braja said...
I'm picturing those little children blowing into fences. I hope they have ...padding...or something.
- November 15, 2008 at 7:43 AM
- derfina said...
You know my beliefs on the sick thing-mayhaps the margaritas keep the germies at bay?
- November 15, 2008 at 9:15 AM
- Eric S. said...
I know, winds like that. Growing up in South Park Colorado, where the wind regularly blew 75 - 100 MPH with gust to 125-130. I always wondered why I walked with a lean, LOL.
My gum's are similar also, but it takes few times to really cause a problem. For some reason, pizza crust is particularly painful. But too much of anything will have an effect. I wish I never got sick, I usually get one to two colds a year, and the flu at least once. I always work though, even when I'm sick, dam workaholic nature.
- November 15, 2008 at 11:12 AM
- Not The Rockefellers said...
After reading this I just want to coccoon under my comforter with a bowl of Cap'n Crunch. No make that Captain Morgan..No make that Captain Jack Sparrow...Ah yes, do make that Captain Jack Sparrow.
Peace -Rene
- November 15, 2008 at 11:24 AM
- Lilly's Life said...
"A little pastry-eating, iPod-wearing, margarita-craving flower…" thats the way I will always think of you Pearl. I dislike wind too - best to be indoors...it will pass.
- November 15, 2008 at 2:23 PM
- Pearl said...
Hi, Braja.
You know, many of those kids ARE quite padded!
Hi, Derfina.
I think you're on to something! Tequila, limes, and salt all seem to kill all kinds of things: germs, my sense of balance/humility/inhibitions...
Hi, Eric.
Good theory! :-) Regarding getting sick, I think you should try the Margarita Cure, even if you have to go "virgin" on them. I think Derfina and I are on to something!
Hi, Rene.
Oooh! Captain Jack Sparrow followed by Cap'n Crunch with a Captain Morgan chaser! I like how you think!!
- November 15, 2008 at 2:26 PM
- Pearl said...
Hi, Lilly.
You slipped in while I was responding!
I like thinking that that's how you'll remember me. :-)
Send pastries and tequila.
- November 15, 2008 at 3:30 PM
- No Good Boyo said...
Dear Pearl,
Thanks for visiting The House of Boyo and leaving your kind comment.
I've enjoyed rummaging in the rubbish bins (trash cans, as I believe you have it) of your blog like a Celtic raccoon (or dwarf, long-tailed badger, as we have it).
I too have a low centre of gravity, and maximise its potential by staying semi-prone through the winter months.
A pint of foaming, nut-brown ale keeps out the chill, especially if you've had your man Hengist plunge his red-hot falchion in it.
Word verification: ancive. Means a small naturally marinaded fish in Galician.
- November 15, 2008 at 11:58 PM
- Gyppo Byard said...
What ho, m'dear colonial whatsit. Followed yer link from No Good Boyo's blog-thingy. One sentence that had my eyes popping out of what remains of my head:
"what my ancestors wished for me, in that Czech/Norwegian/Dane/Scot/Irish/Swiss..."
Good grief - so you're the result of that wild office party at the European Parliament....
Word verifiation: bonistri - an Esperanto greeting reserved for transvestite midgets
- November 16, 2008 at 1:59 AM
- Judy said...
I love being inside on a cold, windy day with a good book, a blanket, and the t.v. in the background. I love margaritas, too. They are great if you get cabin fever.
- November 16, 2008 at 5:46 AM

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Books, movies, food, and random thoughts in English and Chinese. Sometimes I confuse myself.
Sunday, February 6, 2011
High Art
When I first saw this movie during the beginning of my independent/arthouse/foreign movies phase, I did not get it at all --- lesbianism, drug use, New York City artists' circle, etc., all of which went way over my head then.
Now I get it. But one must admit that Lisa Cholodenko was very subtle throughout the film: jokes about the artsy photography magazine's editors, for example, and the sexual tension among three women. As a first-time feature film director, she made quite a splash with this debut. It was beautifully shot and wonderfully acted. Ally Sheedy and Patricia Clarkson were particularly warmly received by critics.
Yet, despite the unusual restraint and delicacy she showed in nearly the entire movie, Cholodenko couldn't help herself and threw in a melodramatic ending. Over a decade later, she had the same difficulty in wrapping up a relatively complicated and ambiguous story, and resorted to a simplistic and unsatisfying ending in "The Kids are All Right."
There is a huge amount of drug use depicted in the movie, as the main character was loosely based on the actual photographer Nan Goldin. Nevertheless, in the end the filmmaker made her stand very clear --- Drug abuse is bad for you. Stay in school, kids! Odd, isn't it, that American movies are nearly always compelled to make their moral position on this issue newly-polished crystal clear, just in case some impressionable youths come out of theaters with the mistaken notion that drug abuse is cool. Even a goofy loser comedy like "Pineapple express" and an indie movie about decadent New York art scenes like "High Art" could not escape the obligation to reiterate mainstream American values.
--- Not that I don't feel obligated to make the same disclaimer myself: Stay in school and don't do drugs, kids.
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Civic mindedness and the perceptions of trustworthiness, usefulness, and ease of use seem to explain much of the effective use of websites. This article discusses the extent to which such factors influence the use of government websites based on a study with 210 citizens who were doing their biometric electoral registration in João Pessoa – a major city in Brazil. With the help of ordinary least squares and quantile regression models, we found that there is mixed influence of those factors on the use of government websites. On average, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use had a significant influence; but for low levels of use, only perceived usefulness had an influence, whereas perceived ease of use had an influence for moderate and high levels of use. In terms of trustworthiness, only the dimension about trust in government had an influence for all levels of use. In terms of civic mindedness, only the dimension about civic engagement had an influence, except for moderate levels of use. Our results reinforce that the development of government websites should focus on the citizens' individual profiles and levels of use, that is, focus should be directed to the demand side (users) besides merely addressing the legal requirements and the provision of services by the supplier (government).
Inclinação cívica e as percepções de confiabilidade, utilidade e facilidade de uso parecem explicar o uso efetivo de sítios web. Este artigo discute o grau em que tais fatores influenciam o uso de sítios web governamentais a partir de um estudo com 210 cidadãos que se encontravam em processo de registro eleitoral biométrico na cidade de João Pessoa, Brasil. Com apoio do método dos mínimos quadrados ordinários (OLS) e modelos quantílicos de regressão, descobriu-se que há influência mista daqueles fatores sobre o uso de sítios web governamentais. Em média, utilidade percebida e facilidade de uso percebida apresentaram influência significativa; contudo, em níveis baixos de uso, apenas utilidade percebida apresentou influência, enquanto facilidade de uso percebida apresentou influência em níveis moderados e altos de uso. Em termos de confiabilidade, apenas sua dimensão de confiança no governo apresentou influência em todos os níveis de uso. Em termos de inclinação cívica, apenas sua dimensão de engajamento cívico apresentou influência, com exceção em níveis moderados de uso. Os resultados reforçam que o desenvolvimento de sítios web governamentais deve focar nos perfis individuais e nos níveis de uso dos cidadãos; ou seja, o foco deve ser também direcionado ao lado da demanda (usuários), em vez de apenas aos requisitos legais e ao fornecimento de serviços por parte do ofertante (governo).
Inclinación cívica y las percepciones de confiabilidad, utilidad y facilidad de uso parecen explicar gran parte del uso efectivo de los sitios web. En este artículo se analiza el grado en que estos factores influyen en el uso de los sitios web del gobierno sobre la base de un estudio con 210 ciudadanos que estaban haciendo su registro electoral biométrico en João Pessoa - una grande ciudad en Brasil. Con la ayuda de modelos de regresión (mínimos cuadrados ordinarios y por cuantiles), se encontró que existe influencia mixta de esos factores en el uso de los sitios web gubernamentales. En promedio, la utilidad percibida y la facilidad de uso percibida tuvieron una influencia significativa; pero para los bajos niveles de utilización, solamente la utilidad percibida tuvo una influencia, mientras que la facilidad de uso percibida tuvo una influencia para niveles moderados y altos de uso. En términos de confiabilidad, sólo la dimensión de la confianza en el gobierno tuvo una influencia para todos los niveles de uso. En términos de civismo, sólo la dimensión sobre participación cívica tuvo una influencia, a excepción de niveles moderados de uso. Nuestros resultados refuerzan que el desarrollo de sitios web del gobierno debe centrarse en los perfiles individuales de los ciudadanos y en los niveles de uso, es decir, el foco debe estar dirigido hacia el lado de la demanda (usuarios), además de simplemente hacer frente a los requerimientos legales y la prestación de servicios por el proveedor (gobierno).
Electronic government (e-gov) has been considered a tool to transform the relationship between public administration and society. This is partly due to the potential that Internet applications have, along with the typically poor use of technology that public administrators do (Streib & Navarro, 2006). The perspectives that are based on the supply side or the relationship between government and society, and the relative lack of studies on the demand side or the interaction between the citizens and their governments also contribute to such a reality (Damian & Merlo, 2013; Rana, Dwivedi, & Williams, 2013b; Reddick, 2005). Nevertheless, e-gov has the potential to span all government functions and activities that are shaped by the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) (Brown, 2005), so that a reciprocal relationship between the ICTs and the social, political and organizational factors may influence the success of e-gov (Helbig, Gil-García, & Ferro, 2009).
According to a citizen-centered perspective, a myriad of factors influence the use of e-gov services and tools. For instance, technology acceptance model's (TAM) perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use are particularly appropriate for the study of citizen-oriented e-gov (Rana, Dwivedi, & Williams, 2013a). Nevertheless, those constructs should not be studied in isolation in the domain of information systems adoption (Benbasat & Barki, 2007; Lee, Kozar, & Larsen, 2003). In the particular domain of e-gov, psychological and social factors should be included (Carter, 2008; Rana et al., 2011, 2013a,b), such as trustworthiness (Avgerou, Ganzaroli, Poulymenakou, & Reinhard, 2009; Bannister & Connolly, 2011; Belanche, Casaló, & Flavián, 2012; Carter & Bélanger, 2005; Carter & Weerakkody, 2008; Lim et al., 2011; Morgeson, Vanamburg, & Mithas, 2011; Schaupp & Carter, 2010; Smith, 2011; Srivastava & Teo, 2009; Weerakkody et al., 2013; Welch, 2004) and civic mindedness (Dimitrova & Chen, 2006; Farina et al., 2013; Kang & Gearhart, 2010). Other constructs that are popular in technology adoption research, such as computer self-efficacy, social influence and the mediating factors are not enough to explain the intention to use and the effective use of e-gov (Carter, 2008; Costa, de Oliveira, Dandolini, de Souza, 2014; Rana et al., 2011, 2013a,b), so they are not addressed in this article.
The Brazilian literature has studies about citizens and e-gov use (e.g., Damian & Merlo, 2013; De Araujo, 2013; De Abreu & De Pinho, 2014), but it seems that they are limited in data type and scope. For instance, De Abreu and De Pinho (2014) and Damian and Merlo (2013) use observation-based data to analyze government websites in terms of the available services and the participation of people in digital democracy processes, whereas De Araujo (2013) makes use of secondary data, that is, a dataset that is out of the researcher's control.
Both in the international and the Brazilian literatures, the research models are usually designed to predict the intention of use or the effective use of a particular instance of e-gov, such as for information, transaction, or interaction. They do not use to provide a broad view of the possibilities that stem from e-gov. Besides, they do not address the different levels of e-gov use, that is, the models usually rely on estimates about the average use of a certain instance of e-gov. Our study suggests that there may be variations in the influence of social or psychological factors according to the level of use that is in focus (such as low, moderate, or high). As an example, perceptions about the usefulness of government websites may vary according to individual use profiles. It follows that there is a need to develop e-gov tools that match the expected levels of use and the individual use profiles.
Our article seeks to answer the following research question: To which degree do civic mindedness, trustworthiness, usefulness, and ease of use influence the use of government websites? Toward that, we selected websites that are both an instrument for information and services, but also for the collective participation of citizens and government alike in public interests (Sandoval-Almazan & Gil-Garcia, 2012). The article is organized as follows: first, we discuss the theoretical background according to a demand view of e-gov, and also according to the perspective of an individual's digital limitations; second, we discuss the empirical method, with a particular emphasis on the measures and procedures for data collection and analysis; third, we discuss the results on the basis of descriptive measures, the psychometric consistency of the constructs of interest, the ordinary least squares (OLS) and quantile regression models, and the differences that we found based on the regression models; and fourth, we conclude by reflecting that the development of e-gov tools should focus on the citizens' individual profiles and levels of use, thus addressing the demand side (user) in addition to the legal requirements and the mere provision of services by the supplier (government).Theoretical background
Studies on e-gov may be classified according to a supply view – whose focus is on what is offered by the public administration – or a demand view – whose focus is on the interaction between the citizens and the public administration (Reddick, 2005). The digital divide debate has much to contribute to the demand view, given its interest on the user and a multi-perspective approach (Helbig, Gil-García, & Ferro, 2009). We here follow the perspective of digital limitations (Bellini, Giebelen, & Casali, 2010; Bellini, Isoni Filho, Garcia, & Pereira, 2012) or digital effectiveness (Bellini, Isoni Filho, De Moura, & Pereira, 2016) in order to frame the user of e-gov tools according to his/her cognitive capabilities and limitations that account for the digital skills needed for him/her to make effective use of the ICTs.
In order to appraise one's cognitive limitations in regard to e-gov, we adopt a set of proxy measures described in the literature about the demand for e-gov, such as when technology adoption models are applied to measuring the intention to use or the effective use of e-gov by individuals (e.g., Rana et al., 2011, 2013a). We also select for this study a specific set of constructs that seem to have an influence over the use of e-gov tools: civic mindedness, and the perceptions of trustworthiness, usefulness, and ease of use. These constructs have been used to explain e-gov use (Carter, 2008; Dimitrova & Chen, 2006; Kang & Gearhart, 2010; Rana et al., 2013a) and they address some aspects related to the cognitive digital limitations.
Perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use are the widely known constructs of TAM (Davis, 1989). Besides being popular in information systems research in general, TAM has been widely used in e-gov as well (Lee et al., 2003; Rana et al., 2013a). Although TAM was developed to describe compulsory use of information systems, its uses in other contexts are widely reported (Lee et al., 2003).
Perceived usefulness, or the degree to which a user believes that using a given system would improve his/her work performance, is the most significant factor of technology adoption (Benbasat & Barki, 2007). Research on the intention to use or the effective use of e-gov have consistently found this factor as significant to explain the adoption of e-gov tools (e.g., Carter, 2008; Carter & Bélanger, 2005; Carter & Weerakkody, 2008; Dimitrova & Chen, 2006; Hung, Chang, & Yu, 2006; Rana et al., 2013a). On the other hand, perceived ease of use, or the degree to which a user believes that using a given system would be free of effort, is also reported in some studies as an important factor for e-gov adoption (Carter & Bélanger, 2005; Hung et al., 2006; Kolsaker & Lee-Kelley, 2008). In fact, a systematic literature review by Rana et al. (2013b) about the models deployed in citizen-focused e-gov research confirmed the perceptions of usefulness and ease of use as factors for the adoption of e-gov. This leads to our fist two hypohteses:H1 Perceived usefulness has a positive influence on the use of government websites. Perceived ease of use has a positive influence on the use of government websites.
Perceived usefulness has a positive influence on the use of government websites.H2
Perceived ease of use has a positive influence on the use of government websites.
Beliefs related to trust are key for the enactment of trustworthiness in government websites (Belanche et al., 2012; Carter & Bélanger, 2005; Carter & Weerakkody, 2008; Schaupp & Carter, 2010; Srivastava & Teo, 2009; Teo, Srivastava, & Jiang, 2008; Weerakkody et al., 2013). Trustworthiness is defined as a citizen's trust in his/her government's competence to make Internet services available (Carter & Bélanger, 2005; Lee & Turban, 2001; Lim et al., 2011; Srivastava & Teo, 2009; Weerakkody et al., 2013), that is, it is trust in the service's agent and the technology (Carter & Bélanger, 2005; Carter & Weerakkody, 2008; Srivastava & Teo, 2009).
In terms of trust in government, the relationship between the government and the citizens plays a prominent role in the formation of trust in government's websites (Teo et al., 2008). This means that the use of e-gov tools is dependent on the individuals' perception that their government has the needed competence to develop and assure the security of e-gov systems (Carter & Weerakkody, 2008; Carter et al., 2011; Lim et al., 2011; Srivastava & Teo, 2009; Weerakkody et al., 2013). Transparent and reliable electronic interactions with the government are likely to increase trust and acceptance of e-gov services; but frauds, corruption and unfulfilled promises are likely to decrease trust and increase resistance toward e-gov (Carter & Weerakkody, 2008; Lim et al., 2011).
In terms of trust in the Internet, it is heavily dependent on the perception of security (Carter & Bélanger, 2005; Teo et al., 2008). This means that if the citizen does not believe that the Internet is safe for him/her to make exchanges with the government, he/she will be afraid of frauds and will be reluctant to provide personal data. On the other hand, the higher the confidence on Internet transactions, the higher the belief that online interactions and transactions with the government can be successful (Srivastava & Teo, 2009; Teo et al., 2008). This leads to our third hypohtesis:H3 Perceived trustworthiness has a positive influence on the use of government websites. Trust in the government has a positive influence on the use of government websites. Trust in the Internet has a positive influence on the use of government websites.
Perceived trustworthiness has a positive influence on the use of government websites.H3a
Trust in the government has a positive influence on the use of government websites.H3b
Trust in the Internet has a positive influence on the use of government websites.
Civic mindedness broadly refers to adhering to the civic duties as a way to realize socially desirable values (Kam et al., 1999), and it also refers to the individual attitude toward sacrificing time and effort in order to provide public interest services (Hechter, Kim, & Baer, 2005). Civic mindedness may include the support to democratic processes, a representative government, and the existence of and participation in electoral polls (Kam et al., 1999); social contact, previous interest in government, and the use of media for the debate of public interests (Dimitrova & Chen, 2006); and judging one's character, participating in community services, as well as an individual and collective sense of obligation toward the community (Hechter et al., 2005; Kang & Gearhart, 2010). In our study, civic mindedness has three dimensions: civic engagement, civic values, and democracy and citizenship.
Through the use of websites, public administration may motivate citizens to amplify their community engagement and participation (Farina et al., 2013). When citizens use the electronic means to interact with government, they mimic the community routines that take place in more traditional channels (Dimitrova & Chen, 2006). For instance, the use of direct democracy services and resources in government websites such as policy meetings, online consultation, virtual meeting, discussion forums, and voting relates to civic engagement and political behavior such as participating in political campaigns, public hearings, petition drives, and protests (Kang & Gearhart, 2010); and the act of voting by the eldest relates to civic mindedness, since such an action is assumed to be related to the perception of civic duty (Kam et al., 1999). Also, individuals who have higher civic mindedness are more likely to use e-gov services (Dimitrova & Chen, 2006). This leads to our fourth hypohtesis:H4 Civic mindedness has a positive influence on the use of government websites. Civic engagement has a positive influence on the use of government websites. Democracy and citizenship have a positive influence on the use of government websites. Civic values have a positive influence on the use of government websites.
Civic mindedness has a positive influence on the use of government websites.H4a
Civic engagement has a positive influence on the use of government websites.H4b
Democracy and citizenship have a positive influence on the use of government websites.H4c
Civic values have a positive influence on the use of government websites.
Our empirical study was a psychometric survey that collected answers from respondents by means of an 11-point Likert-like agreement scale. The answers were submitted to regression analysis, whose dependent and independent variables are given in Table 1: the use of government websites (dependent variable), perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, trustworthiness, and civic mindedness (independent variables). Usefulness and ease of use were measured with a single statement each, since it seems that both are unidimensional (Rossiter & Braithwaite, 2013). Trustworthiness and civic mindedness were measured with several statements. The dependent variable (the use of government websites) was measured as the arithmetic mean of three items.
Dependent and independent variables.
|Dependent variables
Values: from "totally disagree" ("0") to "totally agree" ("10")
|Type of use
|1. I frequently use government websites to obtain information (e.g., about public agencies, transportation, safety, leisure, polls, etc.).
|1. I frequently use government websites for services (e.g., pay taxes or fees, obtain or renew licenses, etc.).
|1. I frequently use government websites to interact with the government (e.g., participate in discussions about public policies, voting, meetings, interaction with government representatives, etc.).
|General use
|Arithmetic mean of the three items above.
|Independent variables
Values: from "totally disagree" ("0") to "totally agree" ("10")
|Perceived usefulness
|1. Comparing to other websites, government websites are useful.
|Perceived ease of use
|1. Comparing to other websites, government websites are easy to use.
|Trust in the Internet
|1. The Internet is secure enough for me to feel comfortable to use it in interactions with the government.
2. I am sure that the legal and technological resources are enough to protect me against problems in the Internet.
3. In general, the Internet is a solid and secure environment for me to transact with the government.
|Trust in government
|1. I feel that I can trust in government websites.
2. I trust in government websites to make secure electronic transactions.
3. In my opinion, government websites are reliable.
4. I trust in government websites to keep in mind my best interests.
|Civic mindedness
|1. Every citizen should be concerned about the public interests.
2. Every citizen should cast his/her vote in all polls.
3. Voting is valid, because it is a way to express opinions about the public interests.
4. Everybody has the same rights, regardless of the political beliefs.
5. Everybody should have the right to express freely, regardless of opinions.
6. Voting in a political representative helps to improve the community.
7. When the community's interests are threatened, everybody needs to oppose.
8. I read newspapers in order to learn about the government or get information about the public interests.
9. I have been already in touch with a representative from the government in order to solve an issue of the community where I live.
10. I feel like a member of the community where I live.
11. I propose ideas to improve the community where I live.
12. I take part of activities to improve the community where I live.
13. I work with other people in order to improve the community where I live.
14. I feel the need to help to improve my community.
All items in Table 1 were adapted from the literature. The items were validated in terms of meaning and clarity in two meetings of the authors' research team, which includes researchers from the fields of management, production engineering, computer science, information science, and education. Experts in political science and public administration also contributed. The instrument was provided in print to the researchers at the meetings, and they assessed each item according to a five-point scale from "totally inadequate" ("1") to "totally adequate" ("5") and also according to a five-point scale from "very unclear" ("1") to "very clear" ("5"). The items were thoroughly discussed in group and adapted to the Brazilian reality and to the technology of our interest – government websites.
Another methodological step was to design the questionnaire in terms of its general layout and the sequence of items. This was also done in another meeting of the research team. Demographic variables were added (gender, income, age, and education) and a pre-test was scheduled. The pre-test was done with 30 individuals in December 2013 and January 2014, with data being analyzed in another meeting of the research team.
The validated questionnaire was applied to the field in the city of João Pessoa, which is the capital of Paraíba, a state in Northeastern Brazil. This city was selected for several reasons: (1) it is the city where the researchers work, so the analysis of data would be enhanced by the researchers' knowledge about the regional idiosyncrasies; (2) João Pessoa had about 791,000 inhabitants at the time of the survey (IBGE, 2015b), being among the largest cities and metropolitan areas in Northeastern Brazil; (3) in terms of Municipal Human Development Index (IDHM), which takes into account longevity (long and healthy life), education (access to knowledge) and income (standard of living), João Pessoa is classified as high human development, ranked as the fourth in Northeast and 320th among the 5565 Brazilian municipalities (Atlas Brasil, 2015; PNUD, 2015).
Non-probability sampling was applied to collect the data directly at select biometric electoral registration offices in the city. The decision was based on the likelihood that those offices would be a gathering place for all demographic strata of electors at that time, since biometric registration was in process for a limited time and it was mandatory for all electors between 18 and 70 years of age.1 Data collection was carried out by two of the authors during one week of January 2014 in different periods of the day and in different locations of biometric registration. The researchers approached the electors face to face and asked them to answer voluntarily the questionnaire, with no mediation of public employees that were in charge of the biometric registration, so that no external influence occurred in selecting the respondents.
The non-probability aspect of our data collection is justified by the intention to approach people who voluntarily rushed to the biometric registration offices – what the researchers interpreted as a higher regard to the voting process and the correspondingly expected attitude toward citizenship. However, from a certain moment on, the sample was mostly formed by young people (below 24 years of age), so the researchers started to look for older people to participate in the survey. Less literate adults constituted the biggest challenge in data collection, since the questions demanded some level of abstract thinking, online experience, and an adequate understanding of what was being asked. At this point, we need to remark that Brazil suffers from astonishingly increasing rates of illiteracy, and the Northeast is the poorest and less educated region in the country.Results
Data analysis consisted of four steps: preliminary exploratory assessment, descriptive statistics of the sample, psychometric consistency assessment of the scales, and multivariate data analysis (estimation of OLS and quantile regression models). Data analysis was supported by MS-Excel 2010, SPSS 18, and R 2.15.3.Preliminary exploratory analysis
The initial dataset was composed of 270 cases. The first exploratory procedure was the screening of the dataset in search of duplicate responses (two or more repeated cases), cases in which a single question had more than one answer, and cases where the response pattern did not match the expected variance. This led to the exclusion of 18 cases and a sample of 252 cases.
In the second exploratory procedure, we excluded 13 cases with missing values in variables measured by a single item; for the categorical variables of gender, income, age, and education, we excluded nine cases with missing values; and for constructs with more than one dimension, we excluded six cases with duplicate or missing values in two or more items of the same dimension. We also analyzed missing values by item and by case, taking into account the reference of 10% or more (Hair, Black, Babin, Anderson, & Tatham, 2005). No additional case was excluded following that reference. The final dataset was composed of 224 cases, with the remaining missing values being replaced by the average of the corresponding item (variable).
The third exploratory procedure was the analysis of atypical cases represented by the statistical outliers. We started with the standard z-scores for civic mindedness, trustworthiness, usefulness, ease of use, and the dependent variable. Given the sample size, univariate outliers were those whose absolute values were 4 or greater (Hair et al., 2005). Three cases were excluded for not meeting that reference, thus reducing the sample to 221 cases. Additionally, we analyzed leverage and influential points for the OLS regression model, what resulted in 11 new exclusions for their impact on the model fit – and a final set of 210 cases.Sample
Our sample is mentioned in Table 2 according to gender, age, education, and income. There is predominance of females (56.2%), people between 16 and 24 years of age (45.2%), high school as the educational background (49.5%), and income of up to two minimum wages (27.6%). Data from the national census (IBGE, 2015a) show that women predominate both in Brazil (51%) and in the city of João Pessoa (53.3%). Also, the age pyramid is becoming larger in the middle both in Brazil and in João Pessoa (Atlas Brasil, 2015; IBGE, 2015a). In terms of education, as of 2010, 49.91% of the population in João Pessoa over 25 years of age had a high school degree, with 50.75% among all Brazilians (Atlas Brasil, 2015). And in terms of income, the average domestic monthly income in João Pessoa was R$3263.64 as of 2010 (IBGE, 2015b) or R$964.82 per capita (Atlas Brasil, 2015), that is, almost two minimum wages at that time (the minimum wage was R$510.00 per month). Although the leading numbers in each demographic variable are similar for our sample, the Brazilian population and the population of João Pessoa, other numbers do not correspond perfectly. Anyway, we should remember that our sample refers to voters, not to the full population.
|Possible answers
|From 16 to 24 years of age
|From 25 to 34 years of age
|From 35 to 44 years of age
|More than 44 years of age
|Elementary or middle school
|High school
|University or college
|Up to R$700.00 (about one minimum wage)
|From R$700.01 to R$1400.00 (about 1–2 minimum wages)
|From R$1400.01 to R$2100.00 (about 2–3 minimum wages)
|From R$2100.01 to R$3500.00 (about 3–5 minimum wages)
|From R$3500.01 to R$7000.00 (about 5–10 minimum wages)
|More than R$7000.00 (about 10 minimum wages)
For trustworthiness and civic mindedness, the extracted variance in each of their dimensions should be at least 50%, and the scores should be at least 0.5 during exploratory factor analysis. As for the internal consistency estimate of reliability, Cronbach's alpha should be at least 0.6. Both references were met (Table 3), so that the dimensions are reliable to measure the latent constructs. The remaining constructs (perceived usefulness, and perceived ease of use) are univariate.
Trustworthiness and civic mindedness.
|Items (#)
|Extracted variance (%)
|Minimum score
|Trust in the Internet
|Trust in government
|Civic engagement
|Civic values
|Democracy and citizenship
For all constructs, the items were measured from 0 to 10. Table 4 gives the descriptive measures, including the dependent variable.
Descriptive measures.
|Dimension or construct
|Standard deviation
|Independent variables
|Trust in the Internet
|Trust in government
|Civic engagement
|Civic values
|Democracy and citizenship
|Perceived usefulness
|Perceived ease of use
|Dependent variable (use of government websites)
|Aggregate measurea
The mean and the median for trustworthiness suggest that this construct reached a low and moderate level. Trust in the Internet had lower values for measures of position than trust in government, and the measures of dispersion suggest that there is moderate convergence of the position of respondents around the mean. Such results may indicate unsatisfactory experiences with the public institutions and the political environment, with effects on the perception about the government's ability to offer electronic services. Besides, remembering that in 2013 and 2014 the polemic electronic espionage by the US government on several countries was made public, this may have contributed to the perception of people about trust in the Internet; and the trust in government may reflect the fact that Brazilians trust the private institutions more than the public ones (Almeida, 2007).
The mean and the median for civic mindedness suggest that this construct reached a moderate level for civic engagement, a moderate-high level for democracy and citizenship, and a high level for civic values. Civic engagement had the lowest values for the measures of position, maybe due to the lethargy of the Brazilian society (De Pinho, 2011). The measures of dispersion suggest that there is moderate convergence of the position of respondents around the mean. And mean and median values for civic values suggest that our respondents may have focused on what is mostly expected from them by society.
The mean and the median for ease of use and for usefulness suggest that these constructs reached a moderate level. The measures of dispersion suggest that there is moderate convergence of the position of respondents around the mean. This suggests that it is necessary to improve the contents, the services and the interactive tools in government websites. E-gov improvements are in fact needed in many instances of public administration for the sake of better communications, information availability, transparency, democracy, and participation (De Pinho, 2008).
For the dependent variable, the arithmetic mean of the three measures suggests that the use of government websites reached a low-moderate level. The use of websites for information had the highest values for the measures of position, followed by services and interaction. The measures of dispersion suggest that there is moderate convergence of the position of respondents around the mean. For the dependent variable, the results were similar to the Brazilian reality; in fact, according to Centro de Estudos sobre as Tecnologias da Informação e da Comunicação (CETIC.br, 2013), most e-gov in Brazil refers to information search services, such as consulting the situation of individuals, searching for directions on how to issue documents, searching for information on the legislation of work, and searching for public education. This is followed by services such as income declaration, tax and fee payments, and registering for public sector employment opportunities. Finally, people use e-gov to interact with government in group forums, chat rooms, and polls. The low perception of e-gov as an opportunity to interact may result from certain aspects of the Brazilian society, which prefers more traditional participation channels (CETIC.br, 2013).Regression analysis
Initially, we applied OLS with stepwise (backward) method. The dependent variable was the arithmetic mean of the three measures (information, services, and interaction) for the use of government websites. Table 5 shows the variables that were significant to explain the dependent variable. The F-test suggests the model's fit (p<0.001), explaining 38.27% of the total variance of the dependent variable (adjusted R2). Lilliefors, Breusch–Pagan and Durbin–Watson tests applied to the residuals suggest the model's fit in terms of normality, homocedasticity, and error independence, respectively.
OLS linear regression model for the use of government websites.
|Independent variable
|Confidence interval
(lower|upper bound)
|Trust in government
|Civic engagement
|Perceived ease of use
|Perceived usefulness
|Regression diagnostic
|F-test (4 and 205 df)
|33.4 (p<0.001)
|Lilliefors test for normality (p-value)
|0.0449 (0.3801)
|Breusch–Pagan (7 df) (p-value)
|8.9741 (0.2545)
|Adjusted R2
|Durbin–Watson (p-value)
|2.0743 (0.606)
The results suggest that hypothesis H1 about the positive influence of perceived usefulness on the use of government websites was not rejected (p<0.01); that is, controlling for other factors, higher levels of perception of usefulness are associated with higher levels of use of government websites. Hypothesis H2 about the positive influence of perceived ease of use on the use of government websites was not rejected as well (p<0.01); that is, controlling for other factors, higher levels of perception of ease of use are associated with higher levels of use of government websites. Hypotheses H3 and H4 were partially rejected. Hypothesis H3a about the positive influence of trust in government on the use of government websites was not rejected (p<0.001); that is, controlling for other factors, higher levels of perception of trust in government are associated with higher levels of use of government websites. And Hypothesis H4a about the positive influence of civic engagement on the use of government websites was not rejected (p<0.01); that is, controlling for other factors, higher levels of civic engagement are associated with higher levels of use of government websites.
In order to assess the degree to which the independent variables of the OLS model influence the levels of use of government websites, we developed a quantile regression model (Table 6). In general, quantile estimators are more efficient than estimators from the OLS method (Buchinsky, 1998; Yu, Lu, & Stander, 2003). The median, for instance, is more meaningful than the mean to estimate the middle point of a population in the presence of outliers. We decided to assess the quartiles of the dependent variable as follows: low level of use (first quartile), moderate level of use (second quartile), and high level of use (third quartile).
Quantile regression model for the use of government websites.
|Independent variable
|Dependent variable (quartiles)
|β (p-value)
|β (p-value)
|β (p-value)
|−1.2356 (0.0602)a
|0.4220 (0.4580)
|1.1210 (0.0238)b
|Trust in government
|0.3183 (0.0021)c
|0.2492 (0.0146)b
|0.2363 (0.0132)b
|Civic engagement
|0.2476 (0.0038)c
|0.0744 (0.3718)
|0.1519 (0.0526)a
|Perceived ease of use
|0.0736 (0.4103)
|0.2955 (0.0089)c
|0.3067 (0.0124)b
|Perceived usefulness
|0.1673 (0.0613)a
|0.1424 (0.1657)
|0.1684 (0.1503)
|Pseudo R2
As for Hypothesis H1, the results suggest that perceived usefulness had a significant and positive influence on the use of government websites only in the first quartile (low levels of use, p<0.1). This result should be taken with care, given that the estimators (β) and the significance level suggest that the extent of influence of perceived usefulness on the use of government websites was low.
As for Hypothesis H2, the results suggest that perceived ease of use had a significant and positive influence on the use of government websites in the median (second quartile) and in the third quartile (moderate and high levels of use, p<0.01 and p<0.05). From the estimators (β), we may conclude that the extent of influence of perceived ease of use was marginally larger in the third quartile than the second.
As for hypothesis H3a, the results suggest that trust in government had a significant and positive influence on the use of government websites in the three levels (p<0.01 and p<0.05). From the estimators (β), we may conclude that the extent of influence of trust in government was larger in the first quartile than in the other two.
And as for hypothesis H4a, the results suggest that civic engagement had a significant and positive influence on the use of government websites in the first quartile (low levels of use, p<0.01) and in the third quartile (high levels of use, p<0.1). The influence of civic engagement was larger in the first quartile, but the results for the third quartile should be taken with care, given that the estimators (β) and the significance level suggest that, in that quartile, the extent of influence of civic engagement on the use of government websites was low.
Table 7 shows the summary of the test of hypotheses.
Summary of tests.
|Hypothesis testing according to modeling approach
|H1: Perceived usefulness
|Not rejected
|Partially rejected
|H2: Perceived ease of use
|Not rejected
|Partially rejected
|H3a: Trust in government
|Not rejected
|Not rejected
|H3b: Trust in the Internet
|H4a: Civic engagement
|Not rejected
|Partially rejected
|H4b: Democracy and citizenship
|H4c: Civic values
The perceptions of usefulness and ease of use had a generally positive influence on the use of government websites, what is in line with other studies (e.g., Carter & Bélanger, 2005; Dimitrova & Chen, 2006; Weerakkody et al., 2013). Perceived usefulness was significant only during the stage of adoption (first quartile), that is, when the individual has a first contact with the technology (Venkatesh et al., 2003), whereas perceived ease of use was significant at moderate and high levels of use (the median, and the third quartile), that is, when the individual has already formed his/her view about usefulness.
The usefulness of e-gov services is associated with their efficiency and effectiveness, in particular for fighting corruption and making government actions more transparent (Avgerou et al., 2009). Government must invest in the perception of usefulness mainly among people who do not use government websites, since it is during the adoption stage that the benefits of e-gov should be promoted in order to motivate people to engage in e-gov (Shareef et al., 2011; Weerakkody et al., 2013). At the same time, government websites should address ease of use by identifying the real needs of the people. It would not be effective to allow people to access and pay bills through a website (usefulness) if the process is not user friendly (ease of use). Interface design, log analysis of e-gov services, and developing user guides are actions toward that end.
Trust in government had a fully positive influence on the use of government websites. The political and social environment should be addressed in order to understand the relationship between people and e-gov, given that cognition and emotions are key in this regard (Avgerou et al., 2009), such as in the case of developing trustworthiness. In our dataset, we found low values for the descriptive measures in the two dimensions of this construct. Since transparent and trustful electronic interactions with the government enhance the trust and the acceptance of e-gov (Carter & Weerakkody, 2008), we may conclude that the opposite is also true and that the political context in Brazil does not help the citizens to develop a more positive relationship with e-gov.
In Brazil, and particularly in its Northeastern Region, the main reasons for people not to engage in e-gov are the preference for personal contacts and the concerns about data security (CETIC.br, 2013). Improving the trust in government websites is critical; otherwise, people will resort to more traditional means – like the telephone and personal visits to government offices – in order to access the government (Srivastava & Teo, 2009; Teo et al., 2008). Actions toward transforming e-gov into a more instinctive and desirable means for citizens to exchange with government clearly include hearing from people what they demand from e-gov and taking the corresponding actions of institutional commitment and effectiveness (Srivastava & Teo, 2009). Although specific instances of government will not change on their own the broader political and social setting, trustworthiness by the citizens will tend to improve.
Civic engagement had a positive influence on the use of government websites during the initial stages of adoption (first quartile) and at high levels of use (third quartile). A possible explanation for this is that, at the low levels of use, people who report engagement in civic activities are more likely to interact with government by multiple means (Dimitrova & Chen, 2006), although they are still not engaged enough; and at the high levels of use, people are naturally engaged in e-gov as part of their civic attitudes.
In summary, when developing government websites, one should consider the presence of information, services and interaction for the benefit of civic engagement; and, for the particular case of Brazil, keep in mind that the context is unique in challenges due to its society being lethargic (De Pinho, 2011). The greatest investment at this moment should be targeted at promoting usefulness, ease of use, and trustworthiness of government websites through the mobilization of people in local and virtual forums in such a way that the citizens assume their incumbency for their own development and the development of their communities – and as such, they are likely to develop perceptions of how e-gov may help them in this intent and press government to do its part.Conclusions
E-gov conveys a promising new set of tools and practices toward a more efficient and effective political society, but it requires a new mindset from both the public agents and the citizens. Our study addresses some important concerns that are behind the use of a particular e-gov tool – government websites. We measured the degree to which the perspective of citizens in a major Brazilian city about civic mindedness, trustworthiness, usefulness, and ease of use affect the use of government websites. The results show that each factor plays a different role according to the level of use of government websites by the citizens.
Our study emphasizes the need of addressing the demand side of e-gov. Although many public services in Brazil are being transferred to the online platforms, thus imposing the citizens to make use of them regardless of personal preferences or abilities, other services are still of voluntary use – and as such they will be effective only if the citizens are able to realize their benefits and incorporate them as part of a healthy political life. Among other benefits, e-gov may improve the efficiency of the public sector in many ways and ultimately address people's concerns more effectively – and save public money. Therefore, it is for the best interests of the citizens themselves to leverage the benefits that may stem from e-gov tools and practices.
An important concern is to improve the citizens' trust in the public agents. However, the current moment in Brazil is not favorable toward that end. Besides the long-time view that citizens have about politicians and the general political environment, currently the country faces an unprecedented fight against corruption practices that seem to be endemic to the Brazilian public and private sectors. Although the country is expected to improve its legislation and practices during and after this process, the citizens are increasingly skeptic about the public agents, what in turn harms the needed trust in government that would otherwise leverage e-gov voluntary use.
Although we took actions to prevent biases in data collection, some limitations of our study stem from our sample. We resorted to the biometric electoral registration offices in João Pessoa, a major city in Brazil, in order to collect our data from the citizens who voluntarily headed to those offices in order to update their voting profiles for the next voting period. We also took actions to enable everyone to answer our questions in those places. Nevertheless, since there was still plenty of time at that moment for all prospective voters to update their voting profiles until the stated deadline, most interviewees may be represented by two dominant strata: those who had vested interests in the upcoming voting period, and those who had a higher regard to broader citizenship. This impedes us to claim that our sample is fully representative of that city. Extending the findings to the general Brazilian population is also not possible, mostly because the Brazilian regions differ in important aspects.
Another limitation concerns the use of self-reported psychometric measures and the interviewees' interpretation of and interests on what is measured. It seems that problems occurred in this sense particularly when measuring some aspects of civic mindedness, given that a great deal of answers converged to a single point – the perception of what is expected from citizens, not what they may be actually doing. Also, the Brazilian public services are still in lack of more online tools and practices, so the citizens may not have a realistic view of what is really possible to do in order to enhance their own political role through the online means. If the needed improvements are not effected, the citizens' preference for personal contact with the public agents will continue to dominate and postpone the realization of e-gov benefits.Conflicts of interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
In Brazil, voting is optional from 16 to 18 and after 70 years of age.
Peer Review under the responsibility of Departamento de Administração, Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade da Universidade de São Paulo – FEA/USP.


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COOK COUNTY — Residents of an unincorporated portion of Norwood Park Township are squaring off over the question of whether to incorporate as a new city called Norwood Heights.
Supporters of the move have filed a petition for incorporation in Cook County Circuit Court. A preliminary hearing is scheduled Oct. 1.


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Check all details on TS ICET 2018 paper pattern here. Know the exam duration, number of sections and questions to be asked and more here.
TS ICET 2018 exam pattern – Kakatiya University has announced the test pattern of TS ICET 2018 along with the exam notification. It is important for the candidates writing this entrance test to be familiar with the pattern and syllabus of the exam, before they begin with their preparations. TS ICET 2018 will be held on 23 and 24 May 18, 2018. It is a computer based test (CBT). No changes have been made to the TS ICET 2018 test pattern, the last year's pattern is being followed this year too. Total 200 objective type questions divided among 3 sections will be asked in the exam. Telangana ICET has been designed to measure the candidate's ability to think logically and to assess his/her aptitude for admission into MBA/MCA programme.
Having an understanding of the TS ICET exam pattern 2018 will give the candidates an idea about the mode of exam, number of sections from which the questions will be asked, number of questions to be asked in the exam and much more. Keep reading this article for complete details on Telangana State ICET paper pattern 2018.
TS ICET 2018 Exam Pattern
Telangana State Integrated Common Entrance Test 2018 (TS ICET) is a state level management entrance test. This exam is conducted every year for admission to regular MBA and other postgraduate management courses offered by Colleges/Universities of the Telangana state affiliated to Telangana State Council for Higher Education (TSCHE). TS ICET aims to analyze the ability of the candidates to think systematically and to assess their basic aptitude needed for pursuing an MBA program.
Some of the facets of TS ICET 2018 Exam Pattern are as follow –
- Mode of the exam – Computer Based Test (CBT)
- Duration of the exam – 150 minutes (2 hours 30 minutes)
- No. of Questions – There will be total 200 questions in the paper
- No. of Sections – Broadly 3
- Language of the exam – English only for Section-C. English & Telugu for Section-A & Section-B of the question paper
- Type – Objective type test. Out of the given options, the candidate has to choose the correct answer. If the candidate gives more than one answer to any question, such answers will be ignored while awarding marks.
TS ICET Exam Pattern 2018 – Tabular Representation
For details on the number of questions and sections, the TS ICET 2018 aspirants can check the table given below. However, they can practice from the TS ICET sample papers for having more clarity on the test pattern. Also, the candidates can refer to the TS ICET previous year question papers to have an idea about the kinds of questions which are asked in the test and also practice them well to enhance their preparation.
No. of Questions
Section A – Analytical Ability
1. Data Sufficiency
Section B – Mathematical Ability
1. Arithmetical Ability
Section C – Communication Ability
1. Vocabulary
TS ICET Paper Pattern 2018 – Details of the Sections
All the above-mentioned 3 sections have been detailed here below.
1. Section A – Analytical Ability
This section will have questions from data sufficiency and problem solving. Questions from sequences and series, data analysis, coding and decoding problems and date, time & arrangement problems will be asked from the problem solving sections. However, in data sufficiency questions, the data will be given in the form of statements and the candidates will have to mark the correct answer on its basis.
2. Section B – Mathematical Ability
Here, the questions will be asked to assess the arithmetical, algebraical and geometrical and statistical ability of the candidates.
3. Section C – Communication Ability
In this section, the candidates will be assessed on the ability to identify vocabulary used in day-to-day communication, understand the functional use of grammar in day-to-day communication as well as in business contexts. Identifying the basic terminology and concepts in computer and business contexts (letters, reports, memoranda, agenda, minutes etc.) and understanding the written text and drawing inferences.
Click Here to Take Official TS ICET 2018 Mock Test
TS ICET 2018 Exam Pattern – Marking Scheme
Along with the exam pattern, it is imperative to know the marking scheme as it will help the candidates to plan strategically for the day of the exam. Below is the TS ICET 2018 marking scheme -
1. The total mark of the test is 200, wherein section A & B will carry 75 marks while section C will carry 50 marks.
2. 1 mark each will be awarded for marking a correct answer.
3. No negative marking is applicable and no mark will be deducted for leaving a question blank. However, if the candidate gives more than one answer to any question, such answers will be ignored while awarding marks.
4. The qualifying percentage of marks in TS ICET 2018 for candidates belonging to non-reserved categories is 25% (i.e. 50 marks out of total 200 marks).
5. There are no qualifying marks available for SC/ST candidates.
TS ICET 2018 Paper Pattern – Syllabus of Exam
Along with the exam pattern of TS ICET 2018, it is imperative for the candidates to know the syllabus of the exam too. Kakatiya University has officially announced the TS ICET 2018 syllabus. The candidates preparing for this exam can check the syllabus for each here below and also refer to the pdf file given in an online window below. They must prepare according to this syllabus keeping in mind the pattern of the exam.
The section-wise details of the syllabus of TS ICET 2018 are as follows -
TSICET 2018 Syllabus for Analytical Ability
- Data Sufficiency
- Problem Solving
- Sequence and Series
- Data Analysis
- Coding and Decoding Problems
- Date, Time and Arrangement Problems
Syllabus of Telangana ICET 2018 for Mathematical Ability
- Law of Indices
- Ration and Proportion
- Surds
- Number System
- Divisibility
- L.C.M and H.C.F
- Rational Numbers
- Percentages
- Profit and Loss
- Partnership
- Time and Distance
- Mensuration
- Algebra and Geometry Ability
- Statements
- Truth Tables
- Implication converse and Implication
- Relation and Function
- Linear Equations and Expressions
- Triangles
- Quadrilaterals
- Linear equations and expressions
- Statistical Ability
- Frequency Distributions
- Mean, Median & Mode
- Standard Deviations
- Trigonometry
- Correlation
- Simple Problem on Probability
Syllabus of TS ICET 2018 for Communication Ability
- Vocabulary
- Basic and Computer Terminology
- Functional Grammar
- Reading Comprehensions (3 Passages)
Check Official TS ICET 2018 Syllabus Here
About TS ICET 2018
The interested candidates meeting the eligibility criteria can register for the exam now. The online registration process commenced on 6 March and the last date to submit the TS ICET 2018 application form without the late payment fee was 30 April 2018. However, with late fee fine of INR. 10000, the candidates can last apply for the exam till 19 May 2018.
TS ICET 2018 admit card will be issued only to the registered candidates on 7 May, 2018. No candidate will be allowed to sit for the test, if they will fail to produce the valid hall ticket. Result of TS ICET 2018 along with the final answer keys will be made available on 6 June 2018.
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Browsing "Research Publications (Applied Sciences)" by Title
Showing results 34 to 53 of 182 < previous next >
|Issue Date
|Chemical composition of essential oil from the seed Arils of Strelitzia nicolai Regel & Koern from South Africa
|Chalannavar, Raju K. ; Venugopala, Katharigatta Narayanaswamy ; Baijnath, Himansu ; Odhav, Bharti
|Chemical composition of essential oil of Psidium cattleianum var. lucidum (Myrtaceae)
|Chalannavar, Raju K. ; Baijnath, Himansu ; Odhav, Bharti ; Narayanaswamy, Venugopala K.
|The chemical composition of leaf essential oils of Psidium guajava L. (white and pink fruit forms) from South Africa
|Chalannavar, Raju K. ; Venugopala, Katharigatta Narayanaswamy ; Baijnath, Himansu ; Odhav, Bharti
|Chitinase from Thermomyces lanuginosus SSBP and its biotechnological applications
|Khan, Faez Iqbal ; Bisetty, Krishna ; Singh, Suren ; Permaul, Kugen ; Hassan, Md. Imtaiyaz
|Cloning, expression, and molecular dynamics simulations of a xylosidase obtained from Thermomyces lanuginosus
|Gramany, Vashni ; Khan, Faez Iqbal ; Govender, Algasan ; Bisetty, Krishna ; Singh, Suren ; Permaul, Kugenthiren
|Comment on invalid JWKB unstable solutions of combined inertial-Rossby waves
|McKenzie, J. F.
|Complete group classification of systems of two linear second-order ordinary differential equations
|Moyo, Sibusiso ; Meleshko, Sergey ; Oguis, Giovanna Fae Ruiz
|Complete group classification of systems of two linear second-order ordinary differential equations : the algebraic approach
|Mkhize, T.G. ; Moyo, Sibusiso ; Meleshko, Sergey
|Cycloaddition reactions of Azatrienes with Sulfene
|Bisetty, Krishna ; Singh, Parvesh
|Densities and excess molar volume for the ternary systems (1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulphate + Nitromethane + Methanol or Ethanol or 1-Propanol) at T = (303.15 and 313.15) K
|Bahadur, Indra ; Deenadayalu, Nirmala
|Densities, speeds of sound, and refractive indices for binary mixtures of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulphate ionic liquid with alcohols at T = (298.15, 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15) K
|Singh, Sangeeta ; Aznar, Martin; Deenadayalu, Nirmala
|Density and speed of sound of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulphate with acetic or propionic acid at different temperatures
|Singh, Sangeeta ; Bahadur, Indra ; Redhi, Gan G. ; Ramjugernath, Deresh ; Ebenso, Eno, E.
|Density, speed of sound, and refractive index measurements for the binary systems (butanoic acid + propanoic acid, or 2-methyl-propanoic acid) at T = (293.15 to 313.15) K
|Bahadur, Indra ; Deenadayalu, Nirmala ; Naidoo, Paramespri ; Ramjugernath, Deresh
|Derivatives of coumarins, cinnamic acid and tyramine from leaves of Limonia crenulata
|Pitchai, P.; Ulagi, R.; Mohan, P. S.; Gengan, Robert Moonsamy
|Design, synthesis, and computational studies on dihydropyrimidine scaffolds as potential lipoxygenase inhibitors and cancer chemopreventive agents
|Venugopala, Katharigatta Narayanaswamy ; Govender, Reshme ; Khedr, Mohammed A. ; Venugopala, Rashmi ; Aldhubiab, Bandar E. ; Harsha, Sree ; Odhav, Bharti
|Designing new kinase inhibitor derivatives as therapeutics against common complex diseases : structural basis of microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 4 (MARK4) inhibition
|Naz, Farha ; Shahbaaz, Mohd ; Bisetty, Krishna ; Islam, Asimul ; Ahmad, Faizan ; Hassan, Md. Imtaiyaz
|Determination of Triclosan and Ketoprofen in river water and wastewater by solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography
|Madikizela, Lawrence Mzukisi ; Muthwa, Sindisiwe Fortunate; Chimuka, Luke
|Determining nutritional status and food intake patterns of pre-school children in Empangeni, South Africa
|Mwadiwa, R.J. ; Kearney, J.E.; Napier, Carin E.
|Dietary quality and patterns and non-communicable disease risk of an Indian community in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
|Venter, Christine S. ; MacIntyre, Una E. ; Ellis, Suria ; Naicker, Ashika
|Display of phytase on the cell surface of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to degrade phytate phosphorus and improve bioethanol production
|Xiao, Yan; Shen, Wei ; Govender, Algasan ; Zhang, Liang; Xianzhong, Chen


text:
Tool Review: Trim router fences
Most trim routers can accept a fence, so what type is best?
In this segmenct, John White reveals two major types of fence styles for trim routers. The first is Rigid's system, which features a fence that slides along two bars that screw into the base casting and the second is the set up that Makita and Bosch use, which involves clipping the fence's mounting bracket to the side of the machine with the bolt. Watch to find out which system he feels works better.


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What Does It Mean When You Are Septic Oracle Arizona
Posted in Our Locations on
Working with A Plumber Oracle
24 Hour Plumbing Company Oracle
Years of training and/or experience are should become a competent plumbing technician; some territories likewise need that plumbing professionals be accredited. While plumbers are working inside a structure, team and also individuals could exist, but they do not have direct call with healthcare staff or people. To get the very best cost you likewise intend to make sure that you take a little time to compare the pipes companies. Complete Drainpipe and Sewer Solution: The drainpipe and also sewer systems have to be effectively as well as preserved as well as if there is an issue, they need the know-how of a professional plumbing technician. All of these places call for plumbings to guarantee the amenities function correctly.
Oracle Call A Plumber
Have some sort of mesh cover over your bathroom and also shower drain to catch all the hair prior to it drops the pipe, this will certainly prevent you having to rent out a snake to remove your drains pipes of hair. Plumbing technicians are accountable for maintaining and also setting up water systems within buildings, consisting of drinking water, drain, sanitation, sewage, and home heating systems. Among the main reasons that plumbing repairs are so pricey is that there is a scarcity of certified plumbers in most big cities. Be certain to cover the metal with towel to avoid scratching if you require to use a wrench or pliers.
Drain Line Cleaner Oracle
What Does It Mean When You Are Septic Oracle There is a training program for accredited plumbing technicians in Pennsylvania overseen by the trade company the Plumbers Union Local 690 in which admission requires an examination provided by Work Keys Examination Providers. As much as you could appreciate your plumbing technician, if you respect saving cash there are a number of points that you could do yourself to shield the functioning and long life of your house's pipes systems. Two: Training - The majority of plumbings have some kind of training but ones that are certified will have one of the most training. It's ideal to utilize a member of a profession organization, but do not take the plumbing professionals word they are a participant.
Oracle Garbage Disposal Clog
If that does not function after that the blockage might be associated with a sewer line blockage which would require the support of a plumbing technician. Most importantly, they might know somebody in the neighborhood who does plumbing work that can report to your house right away. When setting up brand-new systems, they should review plans to comprehend and adhere to the specific specs for where a building's plumbing will be mounted.
Kitchen Faucet Leaking
Nonetheless, not every plumber service does this as well as they would certainly define their specialties in their advertisements and also if they do not, inquiries are typically welcome. You need to make 100% certain that they could assist you before employing them so you do not have larger troubles later from making a rushed decision and also working with the incorrect plumbing professional.
Major Plumbing Companies Oracle
It is additionally a great idea to call numerous plumbing professional's numbers if you do not yet have a licensed plumbing professional of selection. If you make use of these points rather than Teflon plumbing technician's tape on tubes, you will certainly never have the ability to remove it needs to you ever determine to replace the hoses. Keep in mind discovering a licensed, permanent specialist, as opposed to counting on a handyman," will certainly guarantee that your pipes needs are looked after properly as well as you are not compelled to hire plumbing professionals repetitively. Still, the majority of the job your restroom's pipes does happens behind sealed wall surfaces. Throughout the building and construction of your house, all the plumbing system is finished with treatment.
Yes, a house owner could replace a hot water heater but it is suggested to have an expert plumbing do it because the hot water heater has to comply with the neighborhood building codes. If there is an opportunity that the created quote as well as the final price will be different, urge that the plumbing technician submit these changes, in creating, before they are made. What Does It Mean When You Are Septic Oracle
Oracle Plumbing Sewer Line
Image out the scenario to your emergency plumber and ask for the normal or typical price of repair work. Since a person you trusted informed you regarding them, do not simply assume that the plumbing technician will certainly be excellent for your emergency situation trouble. They can likewise react to a plumbing emergency in a timely way along with offer a preventative maintenance evaluation program. What Does It Mean When You Are Septic Oracle
If you've obtained a major leakage on Xmas Day as well as require a plumbing professional, you might rejoice to find anyone that will certainly fix it. Nonetheless, if you're planning an expensive renovation, take the time to interview greater than one plumbing prior to picking one. Along with your day to day plumbing responsibilities you will certainly additionally continue your soldier training including weapons, medical and also radio/communications training. Plumbing systems need to be best, because any mistake in functionality can create big issues.
What Does It Mean When You Are Septic Oracle


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Any suggestions. I was unable to find Specify intranet Microsoft update service location. Reply Christian Cawley February 14, 2015 at 5:57 pm "Windows is a gimmick" How so? I am running Windows 7 Home Premium on a Lenovo SL510 Troubled-no-more says: 5 years ago Thanks a ton. More about the author
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Worked like a charm. Raphoenix, I don't know. If you're not already familiar with forums, watch our Welcome Guide to get started.
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Home »
When hippos are upset
When hippos are upset, their sweat turns red.
More Animals Facts
Roosters Crow Fact
Roosters cannot crow if they cannot extend their necks.
Owl's Eyelid Fact
The owl is the only bird to drop its upper eyelid to wink. All other birds raise their lower eyelids.
Dalmatians Fact
Dalmatians are born without spots.


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Allah ta'ala has given us wealth for our livelihood. All men do not possess equal wealth. Some have less and some have more. Allah ta'la has determined the share of the poor in the wealth of the rich. The system of akat has been set up with a view to helping the poor. Zakat literlly means purity, clarity and rectification. In the terminology of Shariat, a fixed part of the wealth of a Muslim is to be given at the end of every year to the sectors determined by Allah. If Zakat is paid, wealth becomes purified. Zakat is one of the five pillars of Islam. Payment of Zakat is faraz. In repect of importance Zakat is next to Salat. About Zakat it is said in the Holy Quran : "Establish Salat and pay zakat" (sura An Noor -5). The prophet (Sm) says about this : "Those for whom Zakat is Farz, will be severely punished by Allah in the life hereafter if they do not pay it." In fact, no Muslim can remain a real Muslim unless he/she pays Zakat. Almighty says: "Destruction of the Mushriks is inevitable, because they do not pay Zakat. So, not to pay Zakat is the act of the Mushriks."
Zakat is one of the pillars of economy established by Allah. To dany Zakat is like denying Allah and Allah's Prophet (Sm). According to Islamic law, the persons who is able to pay Zakat, must pay it.
Hazrat Abu Bakar Siddiq (R), the first Caliph of Islam, fought against the persons wno denied Zakat in the same way as he fought against Kafirs. He considered the man who denies to pay Zakat as Murtab (one deviated from Islam).
The main aim of paying Zakat is to change the condition of the so that they can gain financial solvency and have on want.
A lot of poor people can be provide work by collecttng Zakat in our country. If we can provide with the work to the unemployed poor people by developing small cottage industries, one day there will be no needy people in the country. As a result, peace and other will come back in the country, if Zakat is patd regularly, there will be no distinction between the rich and the poor. So the rich must pay there Zakat duly.


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Wednesday, September 02, 2009
Harvey Pekar Conversations -- I'm a bit stunned to find out via Mike Rhode's blog that his book Harvey Pekar: Conversations has only sold 600 copies. I'd guess ten times that many people went to see the American Splendor movie in its first week.
In the interests of full disclosure, my interview with Harvey Pekar appears in the book, along with many, many other great chats with the man. The book's prime mover, Mike Rhode earned a thank you in my new eBook Conversations with ADD because he was the one who originally transcribed the interview using an MP3 of my chat with Pekar.
Now, Mike doesn't seem particularly ruffled that the book has only sold 600 copies, but my gut tells me that far many more people would be interested to read it if they knew it was available. So if you're one of those people, click here to go to the University Press of Mississippi page for Harvey Pekar: Conversations and consider buying one of the remaining copies. It's a vital oral history of one of the most important areas of comics history of the last 50 years, outlining the struggle to find a place in the comics market for genuinely adult comics, and highlighting Harvey's passion for stories about his life, stories that carry a universal appeal to anyone who reads them.
Download my free new eBook of nearly four dozen interviews with comics creators, Conversations with ADD, by clicking here. A full list of interview subjects can be found here.
Labels: art, recommendations
6 Comments:
- JahFurry said...
Hey Alan great post, and always great to read u. Not sure if you've seen http://www.smithmag.net/pekarproject , Harvey's first online webcomics series, just launched that i'm actually editing. we've included a books by harvey page and made sure to include this awesome interview book AND coming soon, we're going to be showcasing the interview book with a special feature. Anyone who likes his comics should jump to grab this uberconcentrated dose of Peakr compiled by the indefatigable Mike Rohde
- Alan David Doane said...
Thanks for bringing this to my attention!
- JahFurry said...
and thanks again for some of my most cherished possessions! that magical Alan Moore lot i won from ya way back for that essay contest, which i keep archived here, not sure if ya ever saw that nice Promethea thingie.. http://blogs.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=blog.view&friendId=4619202&blogId=142415245
- Alan David Doane said...
That's awesome, Jeff, is that original art in the Promethea book?!?
- JahFurry said...
yeah man, won from you! will take pics of the others too, some nice lil sketches, including a jose villarubia sketch! of smax on top of the top ten hardcover..
- Alan David Doane said...
Oh, I remember the contest, I just didn't realize the prizes were quite that TOTALLY FRICKING AWESOME. :-)
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Monday, February 05, 2007
Dear Myself
by Eiki Eiki
What a disappointment. A great idea that didn't deliver. Teenage boy loses two years of memories (car accident gave him amnesia, but when the amnesia went away he forgot what happened during the years he had amnesia) and has to come to terms with the gay relationship he began during the amnesia years, with the help of his precocious younger sister and a letter (hence the title) that he wrote to himself before regaining/losing his memory. Not really cute or sweet, not sexy, and I read the whole thing in about half and hour.
Posted by Christopher at 3:00 PM
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Event: Deputy Principal Network Professional Development
Date: Monday, 16 October 2017 To Tuesday, 17 October 2017
Year Level Suitability: Prep, Year1, Year2, Year3, Year4, Year5, Year6, Year7, Year8, Year9, Year10, Year11, Year12
Category: Diocesan Events - General
Location: Comfort Inn Country Plaza, Halls Gap
Please advise of your accommodation requirements, if you require single accommodation, or if twin share, who you will be sharing with, your arrival and departure dates and dietary requirements in the "Additional Info" area.
The 2017 Deputy Principals' Network gathering will build on the work of the past 4 years. This event present an opportunity for Deputy Principals and those who fulfill the role of First Assistant to the Principal to expand their leadership capability and build understandings of the aspects of school operations that most impact on their role.
This event will be facilitated by the Educational Consultant Team of the Ballarat Catholic Education Office.
This year's agenda will address:
· The Diocesan Leadership Framework;
· Linking Annual Action Plans with Professional Learning Plans;
· Understanding School Improvement Data.
An overarching theme of this year's event will be supporting the growth of local networks of senior leaders within the Diocese of Ballarat.