text:
Part 7:
The Muslim Brotherhood's radical (really radical) Brethren
The Muslim Brotherhood has been quite fortunate with the "moderate", "non-violent" labels so often applied to the group. Then again, it's also an understandable characterization, because, hey, at least they aren't Nazis. The Brotherhood is merely a transnational theocratic movement whose stated goal is the imposition of an all-encompassing totalitarian style of Islam with roots in fascist philosophies. Plus, in the 1970's the Brotherhood renounced violence. In 1981 it re-pledged to strike a different path from its violent past following Answar Sadat's assassination by violent Brotherhood splinter groups. Given the lack of violent acts directly attributed to the Brotherhood itself, and its consistent condemnation of terrorism (barring acts against Israel), it does appear that the Muslim Brotherhood has stood by that pledge. That is, if we neglect the clandestine support of powerful elements of Muslim Brotherhood and a good number of wealthy individuals from the Gulf states provided to a web of militant groups, through organizations like al-Taqwa, and the skimming proceeds from Saudi-funded and Brotherhood-affiliated institutions and charitable outfits. And, unfortunately, we have largley neglected this timely topic.
The "moderate" characterization is also understandable considering the groups the Muslim Brotherhood is often compared to. Violent attacks, even when they're against a hated government (foreign or domestic) are by no means popular on the Arab street. This is especially the case in countries like
Similarly, the secular governments of the
And that brings us to another reason why the Muslim Brotherhood's is quietly given a strange kind of free pass by many democratice governments around the globe: Its role as a valuable tool for governments in need of a powerful, committed, clandestine force. Not unlike the postwar Nazi diaspora, the Muslim Brotherhood and its offshoots have agendas of their own and have proven to be forces with a tendency to bite the hand that feeds them.
By avoiding the touchy topic of the
The CIA and the sheikh
The Agency Coddled Omar Abdel Rahman, Allowing
Him to Operate in the
Now This Unholy
Robert I. Friedman
March 30, 1993
The Village Voice
"They were talking all the time about targeting American symbols," says the
FBI undercover informant, "the
others gathered to conspire in small groups, talking in deep, low voices.
They see the
the evil in the world."
The FBI operative, Mamdouh Zaki Zakhary, monitored the radical activities
at the El Salaam Mosque in Jersey City, which was the headquarters of the
terrorist cell that allegedly planned and carried our the of the World
Trade Center on February 26. Zakhary, a heavily bearded Coptic Christian
a half spying on the local Arab American community and the mosque,
beginning January 10, 1990. During this time, he watched the first two men
arrested in connection with the bombing. Mohammed Salameh and Ibraham
Elgabrowny, as well as the spiritual leader who may have inspired them, the
fiery blind fundamentalist cleric Sheikh Omar Abdel Rahman, who is infamous
throughout the Arab world for his alleged role in the assassination of
Egyptian president Anwar el-Sadat.
"The only thing they want is to establish an Islamic world," Zakhary told
The Village Voice during an interview from his home in
"They will do anything to achieve it. You have to understand their desire
to strike out, to avenge anything that hurts Islam. I asked Elgabrowny,
'Why do you stay here [in
dollars so that I can stab them in the back."
Zakhary reported the group's subversive activities in regular meetings with
his FBI handler, Special Agent Kenneth Strange. But Zakhary, who was not
able to penetrate the cell's inner circle, had no advance warning that
there was a plan to commit one of the most sensational acts of foreign
terrorism on American soil before the bombing of the World Trade Center:
the assassination of the controversial right-wing Zionist leader Rabbi Meir
To say Rabbi Meir Kahane is "controversial" is a bit of an understatement, as he is an example of the obvious fact that religious extremism is not limited to Islam: Rabbi Meir Kahane was the founder of Kahanism, a right-wing nationalist ideology which promoted the expulsion of Arabs from all the Israeli occupied territories, the expansion of Israeli borders to include "Greater Israel" (ie. The Golan Heights, the Gaza Strip, and the
In 1971 Kahane moved to
As a teenager Meir Kahane was a member of the nationalist "Revisionist Zionist" wing of the Zionist movement. Meir Kahane's father, Rabbi Charles Kahane, was a close friend of the ideology's founder Zeev Jabotinsky. And as was the case with the many of the Muslim Brotherhood's early figures, including founder Hassan al-Banna, a number of Revisionist Zionists were admirers of Mussolini's corporate state. Today, both the Likud Party and Kahane's own ideology have roots in the aggressive, militaristic, right-wing Zionist ideology.
On November 5, 1990, El Sayyid Nosair, a pudgy, bearded 34-year-old
Egyptian American and a core member of the El Salaam Mosque, calmly walked
up to the podium of a conference room in the Halloran House, a midtown
Manhattan hotel, after Kahane had finished, a one-hour speech. Moments
later, Kahane was shot once in the throat at point-blank range with a .357
magnum, and Nosair bolted outside. During a running gun battle down
finally captured by
"At first, no one knew who Nosair was," recalls Zakhary, "so when I heard
about it I called the FBI and identified him,' I told them he was a member
of the mosque and that he was very close with the sheikh [Abdel Rahman]. I
told them that, four days before, I saw with my own eyes the sheikh meeting
with Nosair at a Lebanese restaurant on
7 p.m. There was Nosair, the sheikh, a person escorting the sheikh, and
another person I don't know. They were deep in conversation."
Shortly after police arrested Nosair they found startling evidence that the
Kahane killing was just the first in a planned spree. Scrawled on a bank
calendar in Nosair's home was a "hit list" that included the names of a
Attorney. Local police searching Nosair's
discovered a trove of terrorist paraphernalia: bombmaking manuals, AK-47
cartridges, a stolen
target board. There were also a number of passports and driver's licenses
under various names, as well as articles about the assassination of Anwar
But despite Zakhary's reports, Nosair's hit list, and the suspicious cache
at his home, the authorities seemed to be downplaying all signs of a
terrorist conspiracy. Within 12 hours of the shooting,
of detectives Joseph Borrelli declared the Kahane assassination was the
work of a "lone gunman." Borrelli added, '"There was nothing found [at
Nosair's house] that would stir your imagination."
case was handled like a routine homicide. "They [the NYPD] wanted to make
it as simple as possible," said the detective. "It was treated as a
homicide at the precinct level. The higher-ups didn't want to take it
further. The police department stated that they got the gunman and that
was it. We're not equipped to investigate international terrorism."
But the FBI is. On the eve of Nosair's trial, a frustrated federal
investigator told me that he didn't believe Nosair had acted alone.
"There's nothing to prove that Nosair took it upon himself to [kill
Kahane]. There are many conspiracy theories. We hit a lot of dry wells."
Yet the federal agent said that the NYPD had jurisdiction in the case and
that the FBI's investigation was "superficial."
Whether it's FBI, CIA, or local police authorities engaged in terrorism-related investigations, a common theme is that of the field agent diligently sounding the alarm only to see their higher-ups downplay or obfuscate the investigation. And with the cases of FBI agents Robert Wright, Colleen Rowley, and Ken Williams, 9/11 was no exception.
One of the more recent examples of an FBI agent finding his investigation thwarted from above is Mike German. In 2002, Mike German, an undercover FBI agent with experience infiltrating domestic neo-Nazis and White Supremacist groups, got word of a group of Americans that might be planning to assist in money-laundering operations for overseas Islamist terrorist groups. According to German, FBI officials "sat on his request, botched the investigation, falsified documents to discredit their own sources, then froze him out and made him a 'pariah.' " German became a Whistle-blower, decrying the culture of protected mismanagment, one that wages vindictive campaigns against those willing to speak out, including a campaign against German that destroyed his career. In December 2005 Justice Department investigator's agreed with the bulk of German's charges, finding that the investigation was mishandled and German himself was "retaliated against".
Similarly, the 1995 Oklahoma City Bombing investigation saw its share of eyebrows raised over possible involvement of Andreas Strassmeir - a German neo-nazi and son of prominent German politician Günter Strassmeir - with the planning and execution of the attacks. The questions are one of many regarding the bombing that had been subsequently dismissed by the government and in press reports. But recently released FBI documents acquired under the Freedom of Information Act have refocused interest on the Strassmeir connection and charges of possible Department of Justice obstruction in a matter that won't go away. This case, along with FBI agent Mike German's experiences and Ahmed Huber's openly admitted ties to US White Supremacist groups, remind us of the transnational ties between extremist groups and the worrying history of law enforcement obstruction from above when investigating these groups.
What investigators would have found if they had done their job thoroughly
is that Sheikh Abdel Rahman and El Sayyid Nosair were at the heart of a
far-flung terrorist conspiracy. A magnet for the angry and dispossessed of
the Muslim world, Abdel Rahman, through his violent preaching, has been
linked to dozens of terrorist incidents in
In the aftermath of the bombing, many are wondering why there wasn't a
comprehensive, wide-ranging investigation of Meir Kahane's murder. One
possible explanation is offered by a counterterrorism expert for the FBI.
At a meeting in a Denny's coffee shop in Los Angeles a week after the
Kahane assassination, the 20-year veteran field agent met with one of his
top undercover operatives, a burly 33-year-old FBI contract employee who
had been a premier bomber for a domestic terrorist group before being
"turned" and becoming a government informant.
"Why aren't we going after the sheikh [Abdel Rahman]?" demanded the
undercover man.
"It's hands-off," answered the agent.
"Why?" asked the operative.
"It was no accident that the sheikh got a visa and that he's still in the
country," replied the agent, visibly upset. "He's here under the banner of
national security, the State Department, the NSA [National Security
Agency], and the CIA." The agent pointed out that the sheikh had been
granted a tourist visa, and later a green card, despite the fact that he
was on a State Department terrorist watch-list that should have barred him
from the country. He's an untouchable, concluded the agent. "I haven't
seen the lone-gunman theory advocated [so forcefully] since John F.
Yep, the Sheikh was apparently here with
Nor are the above FBI agents and contract employees the only undercover operatives to wonder about the rational for a higher up's decisions. Emad Salem, the government informer at the center of the
Why might the
acts of terrorism?
Sheikh Abdel Rahman left
clashes between his militant fundamentalist group, Al Gamaat al Islamia,
and the secular Egyptian government. The sheikh traveled to
he met with representatives of the Afghan mujahedeen, who were providing
training for his underground terrorist group in
mujahedeen who were receiving financial aid and training from the CIA in
the war to rid
pulled out of
continued to aid the mujahedeen through
attempt to topple the Afghan government.
According to a very high-ranking Egyptian official, when the sheikh moved
to Brooklyn in May 1990, he worked closely with the CIA, helping to channel
a steady flow of money, men, and guns to mujahedeen bases in
the Muslim world.
When it was revealed that Sheikh Rahman was issued a US Visa in 1990 in
Of course, the mujahedeen's agenda was not exactly the same as the CIA's.
While Abdel Rahman was perfectly happy to accept CIA help to chase the
godless Russians out of
recruits his revolutionary agenda. The camps, says the high-ranking
Egyptian official, were "schools for jihad," or holy war. The sacred
mission was to be waged on two fronts. In the
warriors were to overthrow secular, pro-Western Arab regimes and replace
them with austere Islamic theocracies. The main target was
largest and most powerful nation in the Arab world. The sheikh believes,
the high-ranking Egyptian official says, "that if you take
all the
repeatedly preached that
cut off the hand of Satan immediately."
The Great Satan itself, of course, is
the sheikh and his supporters, has routinely committed atrocities against
the Muslim world. "Americans," said the sheikh on a recent Arabic-language
radio broadcast, "are descendants of apes and pigs who have been feeding
from the dining tables of the Zionists, Communism, and colonialism." He
advocates the destabilization of the
of prestige and power, while proselytizing among African Americans and
other disenfranchised minorities. Abdel Rahman's "long-term goal is to
invulnerable superpower," says Matti Steinberg, an expert on Islamic
fundamentalism at the
According to Western intelligence sources, Abdel Rahman has 10,000 fanatic
disciples in
knows, he never issues them direct orders. "He talks about the importance
of jihad in the
form of spiritual brainwashing called Dawa. All it takes is a few angry
people to understand his message." A high-ranking Egyptian official agrees:
"This man is instigating violence in a very clever way. You can't really
hope to establish a direct link" between the sheikh and the
As we've already seen with the terror-financing investigations, establishing a direct link between the individuals charged with terrorist acts and their spiritual leaders or financial/ideological sponsors is a difficult task. It is part of a larger law-enforcement pattern where convictions of lower-level actors are far more common than successful prosecution of their leadership. Whether it's business corruption, organized crime, or bureaucratic malfeasance, leaders prove time and again their adeptness at avoiding accountability.
Just four months before the bombing, Egyptian intelligence officials warned
the U.S. that the sheikh's principal mosques in America, the El Salaam
Mosque and the El Farouq Masjid Mosque in Brooklyn, were "hotbeds of
terrorist activity," and that the fiery blind Muslim preacher was plotting
a new round of terrorist attacks in Egypt. "There were many, many contacts
The FBI received a violent reminder of the sheikh's agenda on November 12,
1992, when a terrorist hit squad linked to Abdel Rahman machine-gunned a
busload of Western tourists in
year, three Western tourists have been killed in
dozen have been wounded, crippling the country's $2.5 billion tourist
industry. When asked on an Arabic-language radio show in
about terrorist attacks on foreign tourists, the sheikh replied, "Force is
used with tourists. But tourists should use good manners. Tourism is not
nightclubs, alcohol, gambling, fornicating. They should stay away from
this behavior, the spread of AIDS and corruption with which they have
Not all of the red flags regarding criminal activities of groups tied to Sheikh Rahman were of a violent nature. In 1987, former
Skipping down in the Village Voice article, we're now going to finish our look at this Village Voice article with some of the history leading up to the
6, 1981, assassination of Anwar Sadat, who was cut down in a hail of
grenade and automatic-weapons fire while he reviewed a military parade. In
1980, Abdel Rahman had issued a fatwa, or religious decree, that called
Sadat an infidel for turning his back on Islam and for making peace with
executed by the operational arm of Abdel Rahman's organization, Al Gamaat
al Islamia, which had penetrated the Egyptian army and security services.
During a tumultuous trial in which the defendants publicly charged they had
been tortured by police interrogators, the sheikh was acquitted. The
sheikh, who continued to agitate against the Egyptian government while his
followers carried on a campaign of lethal bombings, was imprisoned for
three months in 1985, for one month in 1986, and for four months in 1989.
He finally left his homeland in 1990, saying, "It was too much for me."
After brief stays in
Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, the head of a radical Afghan Islamic fundamentalist
army that was being covertly backed by the CIA. According to Stephen Van
Evera, an affiliate of Harvard's Center for Science and International
Affairs, Hekmatyar "strongly chastised the
society, even while
guerrilla training camps, American advisers taught everything from using
explosives to shooting down enemy planes with shoulder-held Stinger
If the story of the United States and Gulbuddin Hekmatyar in the 80's is a bit ironic, the situation today is far more troubling, and indicative of the ongoing ambiguity of the role Pakistan plays in the "War on Terror" being currently waged in Afghanistan. Like the drug-fueled wars of South America, Hekmatyar become one of Afghanistan's top heroin exporters. With the fall of the Afghan Communist government in 1992 Hekmatyar became prime minister in a power sharing agreement between the victorious rebel forces. The agreement dissolved in less than a week and
With the falling of
Hekmatyar, Osama bin Laden, and Ayman al-Zawahiri, leader of Egyptian Islamic Jihad and Osama's right-hand man, share more than an ideological zeal: They all have a rather amazing penchant for getting away. In March of 2004 Zawahiri was believed to be surrounded and under heavy bombardment by Pakistani troops in the border region of Waziristan, a region that is today essentially a base camp for Taliban fighters waging war in
In early September of 2006 Pakistan signed a peace treaty with the separatist Islamist tribes of Waziristan, a base camp for Taliban fighters waging war in
The ever-evolving Egyptian Islamists
Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's evolution from a Pakistani and US trained leader/drug lord and in the 70's and 80's to a staunch enemy of the United States is, by now, just one of many examples of the profound "blow-back" that has grown out of the West's long relationship with the Islamic world's many inter-related Islamist factions. While it's possible to characterize it as a relationship pre-dating the Cold War, with the US developing ties with Saudi monarchy back in the 1930's, the shape of today's militant Islamic groups is heavily influenced by the Cold War policies and events of the past half century. The 70's, in particular was decade when Islamist movements exploded in popularity. It was also a time when the Muslim Brotherhood's influence on Egyptian society grew as well, and it is worth repeating (as boy do we love repeating things in these essays) that Egypt, as the regional Arab power, is an often-forgotten historical focal point for Sunni Islamist movements in the Arab world.
So let's take a moment to review some of
Nasser gives the Brotherhood a shortlived second chance
In 1964, a decade after the Muslim Brotherhood was banned in
The Muslim Brotherhood immediately went to work on the Islamization of Egypt's society, while its militant branch still sought to overthrow
Also of note from the 1965 crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood is that
The Islamist renewal of the 70's
In 1970, Nasser died of a heart attack, Vice President Anwar Sadat ascended to the Egyptian presidency, and the Muslim Brotherhood was re-legalized in Sadat's bid to reduce
In 1971 Sadat registered Islam in the Egyptian Constitution as the state religion and the Muslim Brotherhood leaders were allowed to return from exile. Sadat's program, implemented with the encouragement of the Saudis and the
Sadat saw
The Muslim Brothers, who were forbidden to act as a genuine political party, began colonizing professional and student unions. By 1973, a new band of young fundamentalists had appeared on campuses, first in the southern part of the country, then in
Zawahiri claimed that by 1974 his group had grown to forty members. In April of that year, another group of young Islamist activists seized weapons from the arsenal of a military school, with the intention of marching on the Arab Socialist Union, where Sadat was preparing to address the nation's leaders. The attempted coup d'état was very much along the lines of what Zawahiri had been advocating: rather than revolution, he favored a sudden, surgical military action, which would be far less bloody. The coup was put down, but only after a shootout that left eleven dead.
Eventually, in the late seventies, the various underground groups began to discover each other. Four of these cells, including Zawahiri's, merged to form Egyptian Islamic Jihad. Their leader was a young man named Kamal Habib. Like Zawahiri, Habib, who had graduated in 1979 from
In addition to these newly emerging young militant groups, the old guard of Egyptian Islamism, the Muslim Brotherhood, saw a split between the Egyptian leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood and Said Ramadan's Swiss-based faction in exile during this period. In 1976, the Egyptian leadership of the Brotherhood was for a political reformation of the Brotherhood and peaceful, active collaboration with Egyptian government. The Ramadan-led faction, still backed by the Saudis at this time, wanted greater power-sharing with the government and an Islamist program implemented in return for moderation (6). So great was the call for Islamist reform amongst some segments of the populace that the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt actually lost ground amongst students during this time, with groups like Gama'a al' Islamiya condemning the apparently non-violent Brotherhood's attempts at reformism and working with the Egyptian regime. But the Brotherhood had also infiltrated the fraternities like Gama'a al'Islamiya and maintained its dominant position over Egyptian Islamists movements(7). One has to wonder how genuine the calls for peace were by the Muslim Brotherhood's Egyptian leaders, considering it was infiltrating the new groups that became its violent successors.
The divide between rival factions narrowed with Sadat's trip to Jerusalem in December 1977, making him the first Arab leader ever to visit the Jewish state. The Brotherhood became openly critical of Sadat, and relations between Sadat and the Brotherhood only worsened as the 70's wore on. For the first time ever the Muslim Brotherhood even joined forces with the Egyptian left in denouncing Sadat's peace initiatives. Hostile at the start of the 1978
It was during the late 70's that Sheikh Omar Abdel Rahman developed close relations with Gama'a al'Islamiya. Playing the role of a visionary blind sheikh during his tensure as a professor as the
The Blind Sheik's fatwa against the Soviets and Sadat
The two years following the Israel-Egypt peace treaty saw the Brotherhood becoming more and more vocal over Egypt's normalization of relations with Israeli, with additional measures taken by the Egyptian government to reign in the Brotherhood and a massive crackdown in September of 1981. On October 6, 1981 Sadat was assassinated by an Islamist gunman who part of a secret cell of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad that had infiltrated the Egyptian military. While the Egyptian Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility, it appears to have been more of a joint effort by the EIJ and its close cousin, Gama'a al'Islamiya. Sheikh Omar Adbel Rahman was accused of having issued a fatwa declaring Sadat an infidel for making peace with
Ayman al-Zawahiri's role in Sadat's assassination is, like Sheikh Rahman's, tangential, but still significant, in that Zawahiri was involved in the recruitment of a number of military members to the Egyptian Islamic Jihad. Let's take a closer look at Zawahiri's and the EIJ's role in Sadat's assassination by turning again to Lawrence Wright's excellent 2002 New Yorker article:
Zawahiri envisioned not merely the removal of the head of state but a complete overthrow of the existing order. Stealthily, he had been recruiting officers from the Egyptian military, waiting for the moment when Islamic Jihad had accumulated enough strength in men and weapons to act. His chief strategist was Aboud al-Zumar, a colonel in the intelligence branch of the Egyptian Army and a military hero of the 1973 war with
One of the members of Zawahiri's cell was a daring tank commander named Isam al-Qamari. Zawahiri, in his memoir, characterizes Qamari as "a noble person in the true sense of the word. . . . Most of the sufferings and sacrifices that he endured willingly and calmly were the result of his honorable character." Although Zawahiri was the senior member of the Maadi cell, he often deferred to Qamari, who had a natural sense of command—a quality that Zawahiri notably lacked. "Qamari saw that something was missing in Ayman," said Yasser al-Sirri, an alleged member of Jihad—he denies any affiliation with the group—who took refuge in London after receiving a death sentence in Egypt. "He told Ayman, 'No matter what group you belong to, you cannot be its leader.' "
According to Zawahiri's memoir, Qamari began smuggling weapons and ammunition from Army strongholds and storing them in Zawahiri's medical clinic in Maadi. In February of 1981, as the weapons were being transferred from the clinic to a warehouse, police arrested a man carrying a bag loaded with guns, along with maps that showed the location of all the tank emplacements in
The evidence gathered in these arrests alerted government officials to a new threat from the Islamist underground. That September, Sadat ordered a roundup of more than fifteen hundred people, including many prominent Egyptians—not only Islamists but also intellectuals with no religious leanings, Marxists, Coptic Christians, student leaders, and various journalists and writers. The dragnet missed Zawahiri but captured most of the other Islamic Jihad leaders. However, a military cell within the scattered ranks of Jihad had already set in motion a hastily conceived plan: a young Army recruit, Lieutenant Khaled Islambouli, had offered to kill Sadat during an appearance at a military parade.
Zawahiri later testified that he did not learn of the plan until nine o'clock on the morning of October 6, 1981, a few hours before it was scheduled to be carried out. One of the members of his cell, a pharmacist, brought him the news at his clinic. "In fact, I was astonished and shaken," Zawahiri told interrogators. In his opinion, the action had not been properly thought through. The pharmacist proposed that they do something to help the plan succeed. "But I told him, 'What can we do?' " Zawahiri told the interrogators. He said that he felt it was hopeless to try to aid the conspirators. "Do they want us to shoot up the streets and let the police detain us? We are not going to do anything." Zawahiri went back to his patient. When he learned, a few hours later, that the military exhibition was still in progress, he assumed that the operation had failed and that everyone connected with it had been arrested.
The parade commemorated the eighth anniversary of the 1973 war. Surrounded by dignitaries, including several American diplomats, President Sadat was saluting the troops when a military vehicle veered toward the reviewing stand. Lieutenant Islambouli and three other conspirators leaped out and tossed grenades into the stand. "I have killed the Pharaoh!" Islambouli cried, after emptying the cartridge of his machine gun into the President, who stood defiantly at attention until his body was riddled with bullets.
The Muslim Brotherhood, which had spent decades declaring its hegemony over
A curious side-note to the Sadat assassination involves Mustafa Mashhur, the "supreme guide" of the Muslim Brotherhood from 1996-2002. Having been a member since 1943, Mashhur had taken part in the rebuilding of the Brotherhood's "Special Order", the group's military branch, in the early 70's upon Sadat's release of the Brotherhood members from prison. Just a few days prior to Sadat's assassination he left
After Sadat's assassination
The 80's were a time of internal crackdown on
So let's review some of the recent history of the Egyptian Islamist militant by taking a quick look at My Sayyid's excellent paper "The Other Face of the Islamist Movement" (and with a note that Mr. Al-Sayyid spells Gama'a al-Islamiya as "al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya"):
Waxing and Waning of Political Violence. The assassination of President Sadat was followed by mass arrests of Islamic militants and by the trial of several hundred of them. Although these arrests and trials did nothing to decrease the grievances of the Islamists, the years from 1983 to 1987 were a period of relative calm in
On top of Talaat Fouad Qassem's (also spelled "Tal'at Fu'ad Qasem") important role the leader of Gama'a al-Islamiya's military wing, he was also a key organizer of the expansion of the Mujahedeen's presence to Bosnia in the early 90's, which we are going cover in more detail in Part 8.
Also, if you've just read the part about how Gama'a al-Islamiya's negotiations with the Egyptian government involved bargaining for an end to the policy of torture, and you thought to yourself "oh wow! Maybe we should be torturing terrorists so then we can negotiate an end to that policy later with them!", there are a points you should consider on top of all of the obvious reasons why torture is abhorent and un-American: A large number of the militants that are affiliated with al-Qaeda sustained torture and humiliation in prisons in Egypt and elsewhere. According to Lawrence Wright's article, it was the years in Egyptian prisons enduring torture that converted many of the figures we're examing from dedicated, militants that wanted to engage in relatively bloodless coups to topple the Egyptian government into individuals that were instilled with a sense of martyrdom and consumed with a violent rage and desire for revenge. As Saad Eddin Ibrahim, an
And if your response to that is, "well that's why it's so great that we don't have to apply Habeas corpus to these suspected terrorists. Once we torture them and radicalize them we can just lock 'em up forever!", there is a point regarding the recent history of the War on Terror you should consider beyond: There are already been cases where individuals have been kidnapped by the CIA, whisked away to some country (like Syria), tortured, and then found to either be innocent or victims of misidentification. So, on top of all the reasons why we should be torturing people that are actually guilty of involvement with terrorism, there's will also be innocent people that are subjected to lives of imprisonment and torture.
And if your response to that is, "well, if we have to whisk away innocent people, and detain them indefinitely, and maybe torture them every now and then for as long as we we want, well that's the price I'm willing to have them pay for my security", there is a something you should consider: You just might be a psycho.
During this period of quiescence by the militant groups, the Muslim Brothers achieved impressive electoral successes, particularly in 1987, when nearly fifty-eight candidates of the Islamic Alliance, including thirty-five Muslim Brothers, gained legislative seats. The political success of the moderates, however, did not convince the radicals to pursue a peaceful strategy. On the contrary, in 1987 both al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya and the Jihad Organization escalated their violent activities.
This resurgence of violence is explained by a change of leadership and tactics on the part of both the Jihad Organization and al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya. After the two organizations drifted apart over the issue of leadership, each developed new structures and approaches. In 1987, al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya set up a military wing and also moved from its strongholds in Minya and Assyut in Upper Egypt to
In a later parting between the two groups, Gama' al-Islamiya and the EIJ had disagreement on how to proceed with their holy war following the Soviet withdrawal from
Political violence in
The futility of this confrontation was not lost on many within the Egyptian general public, among intellectuals, but most importantly within the ranks of the two warring factions, as well as among other concerned Islamists who did not believe that the use of force was the way to build the ideal Islamic society. The general public could not understand how acts of murder could be committed in the name of Islam, which prohibits taking of lives of other Muslims or of people of other religions who are at peace with Muslims. Intellectuals saw some of the most prominent in their ranks become targets of successful and unsuccessful assassination attempts. The government was alarmed by the negative impact of a deteriorating security situation on the country's reputation abroad and on the domestic economy. Concerned Islamist scholars were wary of the increased association in the minds of many people, in
As a result, in 1993 three prominent Islamist scholars tried to mediate between al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya and the government. These men were the Sheikh Mewally Al-Sha'rawi, one-time minister of Waqf (religious endowments) and a popular television preacher; Sheikh Mohammed Al-Ghazali, who was close to the Muslim Brothers; and Sheikh Abdel-Mon'eim Al-Nimr, a Muslim scholar close to the government. The attempt foundered when the government refused to release al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya members who had not been charged with involvement in any violent acts or to allow the group the freedom to preach peacefully in return for ceasing their armed activities. Interior Minister Abdel-Halim Moussa was forced to resign because of the failure of these talks, and other members of the government vowed that they would never negotiate with terrorists.28
Ok, there are some important points that to be made regarding the violence that took place in the 90's and the related government negotiations: In spite of ability of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad (also referred to as "The Jihad Organization") to carry out multiple attacks, the early also 90's saw the dismantling of the domestic presence of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad by the government. Gama'a al'Islamiya soaked up many of the remaining EIJ militants and was left as the dominant Islamist militant group in
And finishing our look at Mr. Al-Sayyid's paper…
Al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya's Initiative to Cease Violent Operations
Nevertheless, in April 1996, al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya declared it would unconditionally cease all armed operations inside
The mass killing of the foreign tourists at
The clearest sign of the widespread acceptance of the call for nonviolence by the followers of al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya and the Jihad Group is that no acts of armed resistance to the government by Islamists have taken place in
These four works explaining the history and rationale of the initiative have been widely circulated in the Arab world and are likely to wield significant influence there. They have not, however, been translated into English. Because they mark a potentially crucial development in the evolution of al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya and more generally in the thinking of radical Islamists, I will discuss the arguments presented in these books at some length.
While the offers of non-violence by Gama'a al-Islamiya leaders were rejected by the Egyptian government, those leaders went ahead with their non-violence initiative anyways in 1996-97, only to have those offered followed up by the horrific
Egyptian Islamic Jihad and al-Qaeda: bonded by ideology and, uh, money troubles
Egyptian Islamic Jihad's ties to al-Qaeda were more extensive than Gama'a al-Islamiya. In fact, Ayman al-Zawahiri was present at the meeting that signifies al-Qaeda's creation in 1989. At the same time
In 1989, after ten years of warfare, the Soviets gave up and pulled their forces out of
After the Soviet pullout, many of the Afghan Arabs returned home or went to other countries, carrying the torch of Islamic revolution. In the Balkans, ethnic hostility among Muslims, Croats, and Serbs prompted Bosnia-Herzegovina to vote to secede from Yugoslavia; that set off a three-year war in which a hundred and fifty thousand people died. In November of 1991, the largely Muslim region of
The Arabs who remained in
The fact that Egyptian members constituted half those present at the meeting and yet Osama bin Laden, a Saudi, was the ultimate boss highlights an important, yet obvious, point that we keep coming back to in this series of essay: money matters quite a bit when it comes to terror and he who pays the bills, calls the shots.
In 1989, he returned to
Make a note of bin Laden's funding of Saudi dissidents in
In 1992, bin Laden abruptly left
Interesting (and depressing) side note: In April of 2006 bin Laden called for al-Qaeda fighters to ready themselves to wage war against UN peacekeepers that might be called in to the Darfur region of Sudan, where a genocidal campaign by the Janjaweed militia, with apparent Sudanese government backing, has driven more than 2 million people from their homes and killed hundreds of thousands more. An apparent lack of will by much of the international community doesn't help the situation.
Zawahiri's relatives expected him to return to
Among the members of Jihad who became a part of the Al Qaeda inner circle was Mohamed Atef (he was also known as Abu Hafs al-Masri). A former policeman, whose daughter eventually married one of bin Laden's sons, Atef was placed in charge of the military wing of Al Qaeda. Another powerful figure was Mohamed Makkawi, whose nom de guerre is Seif al-Adl. He had been a colonel in the Egyptian Army's special forces, and his contentious ambitions for a leadership role in Islamic Jihad were thwarted by an erratic and dangerous personality. A prominent
In the investigations following the 1998
And finishing our look at Lawrence Wright's New Yorker article…
One of Zawahiri's most trusted men was in fact a double agent, named Ali Mohamed. Fluent in English, French, and German, as well as Arabic, Mohamed held both Egyptian and American citizenship. From 1986 to 1989, he served in the U.S. Army as a supply sergeant at the Special Warfare School, at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, where he was commended for his exceptional physical fitness. In 1984, Mohamed approached the C.I.A. in
The Mysterious Mr Mohamed
The story of Ali Mohamed and his history with what we can only hope was a genuinely blind and dumb United States security apparatus is amongst the more bizarrely revealing and disturbing tales of the history of 9/11, and worthy of our further attention. Be prepared for neck injuries, as much head-spinning awaits you. So let's start our look at Mr Mohamed with this excellent November 2001 San Fransciso Chronicle article:
Al Qaeda terrorist worked with
resident plotted embassy attacks FBI Ex-Silicon Valley
Lance Williams and Erin McCormick, Chronicle Staff Writers
Sunday, November 4, 2001
A former U.S. Army sergeant who trained Osama bin Laden's bodyguards and helped plan the 1998 bombing of the U.S. Embassy in
Ali Mohamed, an Egyptian-born
Later, according to the sources, Mohamed spent years as an FBI informant while concealing his own deep involvement in the al Qaeda terrorist band: training bin Laden's bodyguards and Islamic guerrillas in camps in Afghanistan and the Sudan; bringing Ayman al-Zawahiri, who is bin Laden's chief deputy, to the Bay Area on a covert fund-raising mission; and planning the 1998 bombing of the U.S. Embassy in Nairobi, in which more than 200 people died.
The story of Mohamed's dual roles as FBI informant and bin Laden terrorist - - and the freedom he had to operate unchecked in the United States -- illustrates the problems facing U.S. intelligence services as they attempt to penetrate the shadowy, close-knit world of al Qaeda, experts said.
Mohamed "clearly was a double agent," Larry C. Johnson, a former deputy director in the State Department's Office of Counter Terrorism and a onetime CIA employee, said in an interview.
Johnson said the CIA had found Mohamed unreliable and severed its relationship with him shortly after Mohamed approached the agency in 1984. Johnson faulted the FBI for later using Mohamed as an informant, saying the bureau should have recognized that the man was a high-ranking terrorist, deeply involved in plotting violence against the
"It's possible that the FBI thought they had control of him and were trying to use him, but what's clear is that they did not have control," Johnson said. "The FBI assumed he was their source, but his loyalties lay elsewhere."
The affair was "a study in incompetence, in how not to run an agent," Johnson said.
FBI spokesman Joseph Valiquette declined to comment on Mohamed, as did a spokesman for Manhattan U.S. Attorney Mary Jo White, whose office prosecuted the case of the 1998 bombings of the
A law enforcement source familiar with the case said the FBI had followed appropriate procedures in attempting to obtain crucial information from Mohamed, whom he conceded was "double-dealing" and difficult.
"When you operate assets and informants, they're holding the cards," this source said. "They can choose to be 100 percent honest or 10 percent honest. You don't have much control over them.
"Maybe (the informant) gives you a great kernel of information, and then you can't find him for eight weeks. Is that a management problem? Hindsight is 20/20."
Yes, Ali Mohamed's life does indeed illustrate the problems facing US intelligence services. One of those problems includes tendency to attribute instances like Mr Mohamed's long relationship with the
Mohamed, 49, is a former Egyptian Army major, fluent in Arabic and English, who after his arrest became known as bin Laden's "
For almost as long as he was a terrorist, Mohamed also was in contact with
Ok, so apparently during his time in the Egyptian military Ali Mohamed joined the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, the same year that a military cell of the EIJ killed Anwar Sadat, and apparently around the same time he came into contact with
In 1984, he quit the Egyptian Army to work as a counterterrorism security expert for EgyptAir. After that, he offered to become a CIA informant, said the
"The agency tried him out, but because he told other possible terrorists or people possibly associated with terrorist groups that he was working for the CIA, clearly he was not suitable," the official said.
The CIA cut off contact with Mohamed and put his name on a "watch list" aimed at blocking his entrance to the
Nevertheless, Mohamed got a visa one year later. He ultimately became a
citizen after marrying a
There he worked as a supply sergeant for a Green Beret unit, then as an instructor on Middle Eastern affairs in the John F. Kennedy special warfare school.
So not only does his visa application suffer from the same "bureaucratic mishap" that Sheikh Rahman's did, but he was also able to enlist in the
Mohamed's behavior and his background were so unusual that his commanding officer, Lt. Col. Robert Anderson, became convinced that he was both a "dangerous fanatic" and an operative of
Anderson, now a businessman in
Later that year,
"I think you or I would have a better chance of winning Powerball (a lottery), than an Egyptian major in the unit that assassinated Sadat would have getting a visa, getting to California . . . getting into the Army and getting assigned to a Special Forces unit," he said. "That just doesn't happen. "
It was equally unthinkable that an ordinary American GI would go unpunished after fighting in a foreign war, he said.
Hmm….so Ali Mohamed's commanding officer couldn't seem to any action taken against him in spite of the fact that Mr. Mohamed announced he was planning on fighting in a foreign war while on vacation. Considering he was apparently photocopying US military maps and training manuels to give to al-Qaeda during his down time, it is quite unfortunate that Lt. Col. Anderson's requests got, umm…"lost in the shuffle".
Another err…"management oversight issue" of Mr Mohamed's vacation time while in the Army involved his traveling to the New York area to train mujahedeen fighters before they were sent off to Afghanistan. One of those fighters happened to be El Sayyid Norsair, the member of Sheikh Rahman's mosque that assassinated Rabbi Meir Kahane and took part in the 1993
It's also important to mention that while the CIA gets most of the attention when it comes to the
In 1989, Mohamed left the Army and returned to
Between then and his 1998 arrest, he said in court last year, Mohamed was deeply involved in bin Laden's al Qaeda. He spent months abroad, training bin Laden's fighters in camps in
The period after Mohamed left the Army and before his arrest for involvement in the twin African embassy bombings is quite possibly the most important chapter of Ali Mohamed's strange career. On top of supervising al-Qaeda traininging camps and train recruits himself, Mr Mohamed also oversaw Osama bin Laden's move from
And speaking of the money, a few notes about the trips to the
According to Steven Emerson, a terrorism expert and author who has written about the case, Mohamed by the early 1990s had also established himself as an FBI informant.
"He agreed to serve (the FBI) and provide information, but in fact he was working for the bad guys and insulating himself from scrutiny from other law enforcement agencies," Emerson said in an interview.
One particularly troubling aspect of the case, Emerson says, was that Mohamed's role as an FBI informant gave bin Laden important insights into
The case shows "the sophistication of the bin Laden network, and how they were toying with us," he said.
Some information about the nature of Mohamed's contacts with the FBI and other law-enforcement agencies is contained in an FBI affidavit filed in U.S. District Court in
At times, Mohamed made alarming admissions about his links to the al Qaeda terrorists, seemingly without fear of being arrested. Mohamed willfully deceived the agents about his activities, according to the affidavit.
In 1993, the affidavit says, Mohamed was questioned by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police after a bin Laden aide was caught trying to enter the United States with Mohamed's driver's license and a false passport.
Mohamed acknowledged traveling to
(According to the affidavit, he had indeed applied for the FBI position but never got it.)
In Professor Peter Dale Scott's 2005 testimony before Congress Ali Mohamed's 1993 release from the Royal Canadian Mounted Police came after a single phone call to the US secured his release, enabling him to travel to Kenya and scope out the US embassy in Kenya that would be bombed five years later.
Later that year, Mohamed -- again seemingly without concern for consequences -- told the FBI that he had trained bin Laden followers in intelligence and anti-hijacking techniques in
In January 1995, Mohamed applied for a
"I have never belonged to a terrorist organization, but I have been approached by organizations that could be called terrorist," he told the interviewers.
According to the affidavit, he told FBI agents in 1997 that he had trained bin Laden's bodyguards, saying he loved bin Laden and believed in him. Mohamed also said it was "obvious" that the
Another interesting piece of information taken from Peter Dale Scott's Congressional testimony is that the Egyptian bodyguard unit that Mr Mohamad was a member of was CIA-trained, making for the interesting relationship that bin Laden's bodyguards were trained by a CIA-trained Egyptian bodyguard.
In August 1998, after the
Two weeks later, after lying to a
"There's a hell of a lot (
Yet, Kushner said, such duplicitous interactions may be a necessary component of intelligence work.
"I hate to say it, but these relationships are something we should be involved in more of. That's the nasty (part) of covert operations. We're not dealing with people we can trust."
Yes, trust, especially misplaced trust, is a crucial element of topics such as this. It's a trust that's just important between our intelligence agencies and their "assets" like Mr Mohamed. There is also the trust between different components of our government, most especially in the highly compartmentalized structures of the military and intelligence communities. Systems of trust are systems that can be infiltrated and abused, and as the case of Ali Mohamed demonstrates, the misuse or abuse of trust amongst the various hierarchical systems allowed him to obtain a visa, enter the military, and spend his vacations fighting in foreign wars while apparently being an active member of two of the most notorious terrorist groups of our day.
And the
On October 12, 1997, the Egyptian government held a luxurious party on the terrace of the Temple of Hatshepsut, located on Nile, across the city of
The six gunmen were members of a local cell of Gama'a al-Islamiya. The letter claiming credit for the attack said it was partly in response to a trial being held at the time centered around Mustafa Hamza, one of Gama'a al-Islamiya's military leaders-in-exhile. Gama'a al-Islamiya's leaders-in-exile claimed it was an unauthorized attack. By 1999, the Egyptian government came to the conclusion that the attacks were carried out directly or indirectly at Mr. Hamza's orders. The government also concluded the attacks were financed by none other than Osama bin Laden.
Mustafa Hamza and Rifai Ahmed Taha, two friends of Osama bin Laden
The 1997 trial of Mustafa Hamza that apparently precipitated the
That same year, Osama bin Laden's welcomed presence in
In a somewhat amazing sidenote, on August of 1996, in the midst of Bin Laden's set up in
Getting back to the Gama'a al-Islamiya and the
Considering that Egypt's security response to the violence of the 90's appears to have left Gama' al-Islamiya crippled inside Egypt, it remains unclear as to how much actual disagreement there is between the Gama'a al-Islamiya's jailed leaders and those in exile. It is notable though, that Gama'a al-Islamiya fighters, who were closely allied with Gulbedinn Hekmatyar's forces, comprised a major contingent of the thousands foreign fighters that fought along side the Taliban in Afghanistan during the US-led attacks in the wake of 9/11. And considering that many of those fighters were allowed to flee their stronghold of Kunduz, that Osama bin Laden and many of his fighters also escaped, that the war raging Afghanistan that once again includes Gulbuddin Hekmaytar's forces, and that a common role of these veteran Mujahedeen has been to train a new generation of young radicalized fighter, the present day activities of those Egyptian Mujahedeen remains an important question.
Bin Laden's
Osama bin Laden was not the only unexpected "accomplice", so to speak, of the
One of the key individuals
A second
Along with Mr Al-Bari, Khalid al-Fawwaz was sought by the
Another notable
Abu Hamza ran the notorious Finsbury Park mosque, whose past attendees include three of the individuals believed to be involved in the Beslan school massacre, convicted shoe-bomber Richard Reid, and "20th hijacker" Zacarious Moussaoui. Mr Hamza's top aide, Haroon Aswat, is the perceived mastermind of the London 7/7 bombings. US prosecutors in
According to Loftus, Haroon Aswat's relationship with British intelligence may have emerged from Aswat's involvement with al-Muhajiroun, an extremist Islamist group that was allegedly involved in the recruitment of Muslim fighters in Kosovo in the late 90's under the supervision of British intelligence. Al-Muhajiroun is run by Omar Bakri Muhammed, an radical cleric of the Abu Hamza variety. In 2004, al-Muhajiroun was shut down following an out cry over the description of the 9/11 hijackers as "the magificent 19", but government officials suspect his followers have regrouped under new organizations. Originally a member of the Syrian Branch of the Muslim Brotherhood, Omar Bakri later joined the more strident Hizb ut-Tahrir, a Muslim Brotherhood offshoot that advocates a global Islamic Caliphate, before leaving that to group to start al-Muhajiroun.
British officials frequently claimed before 9/11 that the presence of clerics so closely tied to and supportive of terrorist movements allowed authorities to closely watch these activities and gather vital intelligence, although those assertions appear to have died down in the since the 9/11 and 7/7 attacks. Naturally, this track record has attracted a number of critics, including Michael Meacher, a longtime Labour party MP and Tony Blair's environment minister from 1997-2003. In a September 10, 2005 article in the Guardian, Mr Meacher lists a number of cases since the Afghan war in which the US and British governments worked with and fostered terrorist groups.
And then there's the case of David Shayler, a former MI5 officer turned whistle blower, turned defendent, turned candidate, who charges that British intelligence thwarted early attempts to apprehend Osama bin Laden in 1996 and used his al-Qaeda network in a bid to assassinate Libyan President Muammer Gaddafi.
If there is any truth to Mr. Loftus's, Mr Shayler's, or Mr Meacher's information, then it seems the relationship between Britain and radical Islamists like Abu Hamza and Omar Bakri Muhammed may be quite similar to that of the United States and figures like Sheikh Rahman and Ali Mohamed, which could be generously characterized as dangerously confused.
And then there's the far-rightist connection
Although it professes to be a non-violent group (which been disputed), Hizb ut-Tahrir, the Muslim Brotherhood splinter group that splintered off to form al-Muhajiroun, has been banned by countries across the globe, including Germany where Hizb ut-Tahrir was outlawed in early 2003 following an Hizb ut-Tahrir event that was attended by members of the NPD, the top German neo-Nazi party. And who was at this meeting? Why none other than NPD lawyer Horst Mahler, who, as we saw in an earlier essay, has been familiar with both the far-Right-radical Islamist alliance and far-Left radicalIslamist alliance for decades. Quite disturbingly, the NPD has increasingly managed to turn its economic muscle, through a network of businesses, into political clout in the economically depressed areas of
It also turns out that Abu Hamza al-Masri's February 2006 conviction came on the heels of the partial acquittal of Nick Griffin, the leader of the far-right anti-immigrant British National Party (BNP) on trial for inciting racial hatred against Muslims in the
In 1999 MI5 investigated members of Combat 18 that had infiltrated the military. This included some members of elite units that are suspected of providing weapons training to fascists groups. In July of 2006 the NY Times reported that large numbers of neo-Nazis may be taking advantage of recruitment and infiltrating the military to acquire the skills necessary for their desired race war (and the White supremacists aren't the only groups taking advantage of the US military's lowered recruitment standards). In September of 2006 the
Obviously someone like David Myatt is in no way representative of mainstream Muslims (or mainstream occultists for that matter), but he's an important person to mention as an example of the strange alignment of worldviews that permeates many of the the extremist ideologies of our day, whether it's fascism, religious zealotry, or umm…Nazi mysticism (ok, hopefully that last one doesn't permeate our day too much, although it couldn't hurt to look). While Myatt may lack the resources and historic circumstances that, say, Osama bin Laden possesses to wage his war against what he perceives to be an unholy American-Zionist empire (and there is certainly no shortage at all of legitimate grievances that many people's around the have against countries like the United States, Israel, or any powerful country for that matter), David Myatt's strange, violent hate-filled philosophy and path in life helps give us additional insight and perspective into the mind of someone like Osama bin Laden.
Figures like Osama bin Laden, Ayman al-Zawahiri, and Sheikh Omar Abdel Rahman, and even David Myatt define our concept of who is executing and supporting terrorism. But until we try to incorporate organizations like the al-Taqwa network or the wealthy supporters that finance and foster these terrorist outfits we can't hope to come to an understanding of the history leading up to 9/11. As we already saw, al-Taqwa is, on its face, a respectable and "moderate" organization that merely assists in the financial management of various Islamic foundations. But beneath that façade we find a money-laundering network run by folks like Ahmed Huber that was potentially moving funds for bin Laden even months after 9/11.
As were going to see in the next essay, the terrorist money-trail flows through more Muslim Brotherhood and Saudi groups than al-Taqwa and includes organizations and charities that maintain similar duplicitous façade which hides networks, linked by ideology and petro-dollars, that has successfully exported the global struggle for the creation of an Islamic caliphate to conflict-ridden, often desperate, Muslim populations in places like Indonesia, Bosnia, Chechnya, and more. There are plenty more folks and facts in store for us and they're important for our understanding of who finances terror, so get buckle up and keep reading!!!!!!!
Offline References
(1) Dollars for Terror: The United States and Islam; by Richard Labeviere; Copyright 2000 [SC]; Algora Publishing; ISBN 1-892941-06-6; p125
(2) ibid p223
(3) Blood from Stones: The Secret Financial Network of Terror; by Douglas Farah; Broadway Books [HC] {subsidiary of Random House}; Copyright 2004 by Douglas Farah; ISBN 0-7679-15262-3; p166-167
(4) Dreamer of the Day: Francis Parker Yockey and the Postwar Fascist International; By Kevin Coogan; Copyright 1999 [SC]; Autonomedia; ISBN 1-57027-039-2; p385
(5) Dollars for Terror: The
(6) ibid p132
(7) ibid p133
(8) ibid p222
(9) ibid p133-134
(10) ibid p134
(11) ibid p295
(12) ibid p295-296
(13) Blood from Stones: The Secret Financial Network of Terror; by Douglas Farah; Broadway Books [HC] {subsidiary of Random House}; Copyright 2004 by Douglas Farah; ISBN 0-7679-15262-3; p129
(14) Dollars for Terror: The
(15) Ibid p89-94
(16) ibid p297
(17) ibid p298
(18) ibid p298


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Please click on the link below to open a PowerPoint presenation given by District Attorney John Chisholm. The presentation includes important information regarding cell phone and internet safety. Thank you!
Click on the image to learn more about the top 10 skills middle school students need and how their parents/families can help.

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Enough chatter, here is my first attempt at a pictorial quilt.
While it is not a traditional quilt (using pieced together pieces vs appliqués), it is pictorial. This is my house in fabric and thread. I spent about thirty minutes in the piece goods shop picking out the fabric and then the next day I took the picture and traced the picture to paper that I cut the fabric pieces from. I used WonderUnder as my adhesive, but it does make the fabric pieces very stiff. It took me two more days to appliqué and stitch the pieces.
I "framed" it in long strips of some of the same fabric that I used to make the house and the backing is a plaid fabric that went really well. I am thinking of trying another method next time, but anyway I had fun making it and I know another one is in the near future. This was supposed to be a practice piece, but I got into it and went on and did a bit more detail than I had planned.
So that's my first pictorial quilt. I've got my thinking cap on already to come up with the next one. Any ideas? Let me hear!


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The last half of April will be jammed with public meetings, with some yet to be announced.
Here is a lineup:
April 15 - City Council regular meeting, 8 p.m. in Municipal Court.
New - April 15 - Special PMUA meeting, 3 p.m. at 127 Roosevelt Ave.
New - April 16 - "The First 100 Days" - Mayor Mapp and administration report, 6:30-8:30 p.m., Anne Louise Davis Room, Plainfield Public Library
April 17- Planning Board meeting with Muhlenberg application to relocate satellite emergency department, 7 p.m. in Anne Louise Davis Room at Plainfield Public Library.
April 17 - Budget deliberations, Public Affairs & Safety (Police and Fire), 7 p.m. in City Hall Library
April 22 - Budget deliberations, Economic Development, IT & Media, Health Division, Purchasing Division, 7 p.m. in Anne Louise Davis Room, Plainfield Public Library.
April 22 - Historic Preservation Commission, 7:30 p.m. City Hall Library
April 23 -Budget deliberations, Public Works & Urban Development, Inspections, Recreation, and General Government, Office of the Mayor, 7 p.m, Anne Louise Davis Room, Plainfield Public Library
April 24 - City's Muhlenberg Study group takes citizens' comments, 7 p.m. Clinton School
April 28 - City Council and Citizens Budget Advisory Committee, 7 p.m. City Hall Library
April 29 - City's Muhlenberg Study group takes citizens' comments, 7 p.m. Emerson School
The City Council may be holding one or two special meetings, to be announced.
Check the banner on the city web site for more information
Thursday, April 10, 2014
1 comment:
- Dottie GutenkaufApril 10, 2014 at 10:41 AM
"April is the cruelest month," indeed--nobody is going to get any sleep, what with all these meetings!ReplyDelete
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


text: when does starbucks open on black friday 2014 Coffee addicts will be glad to know that Starbucks will be open this Holy Week, even on Good Friday, Holy Thursday and Black Saturday.2014 PH Holidays. PRIVACY POLICY. Home Deals Starbucks Starbucks Opens First Evolution Fresh Juice Bar.At those prices, customers do get a say in their juice blends. Choices include Field of Greens, a combo of greens, ginger, apple and cucumber.More Deals for Memorial Day 2014. Search Black Friday Deals. Black Friday 2012 - Best Buy Opening, El Cajon.Best Buy sees a line as Black Friday shoppers wait to get deals on TVs and laptops. Black Friday Shopping at BestBuy 2017 After The Storm! [Lighten up on Black Friday, folks -- we all love a tech deal. Read Stop The Black Friday CyberWhy do I hate this app? You might not remember it, but there was a time when Starbucks stood forkstaron, User Rank: Ninja 12/29/2014 | 10:58:35 AM. Pre-order coffee with a coffee machine plugged in. When does Starbucks Open And Closed during holiday hours 2017? This article provides this information just for your comfort and convenience.New Years Eve Day Easter Sunday Christmas Day Christmas Eve Thanksgiving Day Black Friday.open - 28 images - starbucks kaka ako now open pulpconnection, starbucks open for family day, 187 west 81st starbucks closed and reopened by, when starbucks is closed but wants venti iced, when does theIs Starbucks Open - starbucks will open on thanksgiving black friday huffpost. Starbucks opens at 5 AM on Black Friday.Answer Questions. How do I get my Mom to come over for Thanksgiving next weekend? When is Thanksgiving next year? 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Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later.Did A Bit Of Shopping LifeWithAmberlynn Vlog - Duration: 14:59. amberlynn reid 7,693 views. Weve got details on when major retailers are opening their doors for Black Friday sales.Looking to get your Black Friday shopping done even earlier? Check out our guide to which stores are open on Thanksgiving 2014. When do the big sales start? If youre asking this question, youre already a little bit behind the deal-nabbing curve.Shoppers at Brea Mall on Black Friday last year in Brea, Calif. (Jae C. Hong/AP).A photo posted by Get There (gettherewp) on Nov 11, 2014 at 1:47pm PST. How to Adult. With this 16 fl oz tumbler, you receive one free handcrafted espresso beverage every day in January 2014 when you bring the tumbler into a participating store.Southfork Ranch: Black Friday is opening night Southfork Christmas.Starbucks: Starting on Black Friday (Nov. Youll be sent to the closest Starbucks to steal some of theirs. It rarely happens, but when it does, you better hope9 Facts About Retail Workers You Should Know Before You Shop On Black Friday.20 Stores That Refuse to Open on Thanksgiving. 20 Things Customers Do That Annoy Retail Workers. Did you know we have a Deutschland site?Whether youre heading out on a road trip to visit friends and family, need a pick-me-up on Thanksgiving morning, or need some caffeine to make it through to midnight for those Black Friday sales, youre probably wondering if Starbucks will be open on Starbucks will remain open in many locations on Thanksgiving and Black Friday, the coffee chain said Tuesday. Hours will vary by location and can be fEDITION. BUSINESS. 11/18/2014 05:00 pm ET Updated Nov 18, 2014. It also seems to be a lot less shoppers and a lot more young people standing around drinking Starbucks.Lets face it, Black Friday is a complete mess on the roads. When I used to live in California orHow early do big chains open for Black Friday? Do some open Thanksgiving day? A Walgreens retail store in Boston, on June 4, 2014.Targets pharmacies are closed on Thanksgiving Day, and they will have normal hours on Black Friday. Starbucks is also open Thanksgiving, with normal hours. Starbucks typically remains open (from 9 to 6 or at least a portion of that timeframe) on Christmas Eve, Christmas Day, Black Friday, New Years Day, and Thanksgiving. Today, Starbucks operates in over 23,760 locations worldwide. Starbucks has announced their lineup of Black Friday and Cyber Monday 2014 deals.For just 30, the customer can enjoy one Grande brewed coffee each day in January 2015 when he or she brings the tumbler to a participating Starbucksa 75 value. Starbucks just announced their Black Friday deals for 2014. This year youll be able to save 15 to 50 a new Verismo coffee machine (the best deal is on the Verismo 580 on sale for 59.00).Black Friday Store Hours: Most stores open as usual. Official Website: www. starbucks.com. Must Read: 10 Stocks Carl Icahn Loves in 2014. The first Starbucks Reserve Roastery and Tasting Room opens Friday on Pike Street in Seattle, a couple blocks from the companys first retail store -- and its 15,000 square feet. Thats as big as a supermarket. "What were doing is building a new When store employees open the doors, he zooms through the crowd, snags the item, and finds the woman to give it to her.REUTERS/Stefan Wermuth. Lines are pretty much unavoidable on Black Friday — even at Starbucks. Answer - Friday, November 23th, 2018. Question - When do Retailers Officially Publish their Advertisements?Question - Are Banks Open on Black Friday? Answer - Yes, Black Friday is NOT a Federal Holiday in the USA. As is the case with many other restaurants, hours will vary from location to location, so if youre not at home this Black Friday you might want to check the store hours at your nearest Starbucks to find out when its open.Search. FanSided. Does mail get delivered on Black Friday? 28 Nov 2014.But not on Black Friday. No matter how early they wake up, I can pop out of bed too, since we have something to do that doesnt involve me pleading with them to stop eating cat fur and counting down the minutes until Starbucks opens. In 2014, spending volume on Black Friday fell for the first time since the 2008 recession.This was taken to a new extreme in 2011, when several retailers (including Target, Kohls, Macys, Best Buy, and Bealls)[11] opened at"Does Black Friday Start Too Early This Year?". U.S. News World Report. The Starbucks on the mezzanine level was packed with shoppers resting and charging their phones.28, 2014. The couple had waited in line for several hours for the store to open at 1 a.m. for Black Friday holiday shopping. Its important to us that our associates are able to be home with their families on Thanksgiving, and we are encouraging our customers to do the same knowing great deals will be available online, on Black Friday and through the weekend. On Demand News Subscribe to ITN News: bit.ly/1bmWO8h A new coffee shop called "Dumb Starbucks" opened its doors in Los Angeles on Friday, bringing in a crowd and lots of questions. These stores refuse to start Black Friday early. Starbucks is saying sayonara to its online store.So what can be done to level the playing field for gender when even a name could make employers think women candidates are less qualified? We all know that Black Friday brings blockbuster deals? But where exactly did the name for the shopping extravegannaz come from?by Kathryn Vasel KathrynVasel November 28, 2014: 3:33 PM ET. Caffeine-starved drivers from a sleepy Moscow suburb will now have a chance to get their hot brew without stepping out of the car after Starbucks opened Russias first drive-through coffee branch on Friday. Starbucks announced Black Friday Coffee Deals.Not only does it keep track of your free drinks but it also helps you locate the closest Starbucks when you are traveling and lets you auto-reload from your app anytime. Home » Companies » Starbucks » Is Starbucks open on Black Friday 2017?Enter your email address below and we will notify you when new content becomes available. US outdoor equipment retailer Recreational Equipment Inc. (REI) chose not to open on Black Friday last year and is doing the same this year. After several widely-reported in-store incidents of bad behavior during 2014s sales hysteria Thats when coffee is not just warranted, but nearly a necessity! Did you know that, this year, Sams Club will open at 7am on Black Friday and will greet members with free Starbucks Holiday Blend coffee and Artisan Fresh pastries (while supplies last)? Starbucks Holiday Hours Open/Closed. Most Starbucks coffee shops are OPEN on these holidaysDay Columbus Day Halloween Veterans Day Thanksgiving Day Black Friday ChristmasWhen does Starbucks close? Regular hours may vary by location, but this schedule is common to Black Friday is starting earlier and earlier — heres when the holiday shopping season kicks off this year.Black Friday is morphing into a week-long affair at least. Rob Stothard/Getty Images. Black Friday 2017 is officially on November 24. Friday.When does Starbucks close? Starbucks closing time? Starbucks opening hours? How late is Starbucks open? Tips, Tricks For Surviving Black Friday 2014. Some Black Friday Deals Are Better Than Others.9 and opened it recently to cook the fish, when she found a live worm slithering inside the pack. On Black Friday and only while supplies last, for 65, you can purchase the Starbucks Stainless Steel Espresso Refill Tumbler. With this 16 fl oz tumbler, you receive one free handcrafted espresso beverage every day in January 2014 when you bring the tumbler into a participating store. Most Black Friday hotspots will be open even earlier than last year. If shopping on Turkey Day isnt your thing, dont worry. Its not like all these stores will shut down for the weekend. Theres plenty of time to wrap up your Christmas lists. IN 1966, the Black Friday name become famous in print. Thats when a story appeared in an ad in The American Philatelist, a stamp collectors magazine.In 2014, an internet meme created a myth about Black Friday and slaves. How Much Do Americans Spend on Black Friday? Black Friday brings out bargain hunters (29th November, 2014). PRINT. 26-page lesson (40 exercises).A Boycott Black Thursday Facebook page has more than 114,000 likes. Many big stores, such as Costco and IKEA did not open. The retailers involved in Black Friday stretch from Amazon, John Lewis and Currys PC World, who all offered deals last year, to Starbucks, Dyson andTesco will delay opening times for its biggest supermarkets on Black Friday to try to prevent a repeat of chaotic scenes last year when police were The 11 best things to do this weekend in SoCal.A "Dumb Starbucks" location in Los Feliz that popped up Friday night, Feb. 7, 2014.Starbucks spokesperson Megan Adams was short in her reply when asked questions about the "Dumb Starbucks" in Los Feliz that opened on Friday. 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Out: Outside the stop here there are many well-maintained large apartment buildings, and a bunch of trees about a block away. The area is pretty much all gentrified and white/Asian, but there are some black/Hispanic people too. There are a good number of gay guys here in
In: Dirty white tiles on the walls here, and a two platform, four track layout with express bypass. There are yellow columns by the platform edge, and yellow mosaic tile on the wall with the station name in the
style. There are also lots of "23" in small black tiles. There's an underpass to the other side here, but no mezzanine; the booth is right below the street level. IND


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I had the above set up in the arena for lessons on Saturday, so out of laziness I schooled it with Kat.
We started with four trot poles set about 5 ft apart and focusing on very square turns to and from the poles, making sure I had a nicely forward trot and allowing the poles to set her back a little bit. I then raised alternate ends of the trot poles so she really had to lift her legs. She was unthrilled the first time and casually leapt over all of them before returning to the trot, so I rode in a very slow trot to the poles the next time and she started to figure it out.
Once I felt like she was totally warm, on my aids, and ahead of my leg (which could be the subject of an entire extra post. This mare has really been struggling with staying in front of my leg), we switched to just jumping the oxer. I again focused on swinging the shoulders around the hindquarters, setting her up well for the effort, and actually releasing. Because... I have serious release issues right now.
After two good efforts at each height I'd dismount and put the rails up. I don't like jumping above 3' often in my arena because the footing is a touch hard, but it's really good for Kat to see big jumps once in a while. The above is the highest we went and the first rail she pulled.
Being a super careful mare, she only had to learn that lesson once.
Kat put in very consistent efforts, and she's learning to use her head and neck better as I'm learning to half-halt with my body so I'm less afraid of her just taking off with me after the fence. I love that we're getting to a point where I can sit in her and add leg and she'll move up, rather than back off when I really sit down on her. Getting there, one day at a time.


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Heng Lee Seng
established in 1974 by Mr Heng Lee Seng.
Full Description
The firm was established in 1974 by Mr Heng Lee Seng. The partners are registered with the Accounting & Corporate Regulatory Authority (ACRA) and are practising members of the Institute of Certified Public Accountants of Singapore (ICPAS). All of them and most of our staff are bilingual in English and Mandarin.
Their wide range of services includes the following:
Audit, Review and Compilation
Corporate Tax
Corporate Secretarial
Accounting Outsourcing
Payroll Outsourcing
Exit and Succession Planning
Banking Relationships
Employment Pass Application
GST Submission
15 Hoe Chiang Road
#12-02 Tower Fifteen
Singapore 089316
Telephone Number:
(65) 6423 9969


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Lystone is an OverWorld Creature.
- "Come brave warriors, Abandon your leaders, and follow me!"
- ―Lystone, Triple Threat
Lystone has butterfly wings and long blonde hair tied in twintails. She looks similar to a fairy.She has a crown and tattoos on her forehead, arms and legs. She wears an orange dress.
Background Information
During the M'arillian War, Lystone was brainwashed by the M'arillians.
The Card
|Courage :
|Power :
|Wisdom :
|Speed :
|Energy :
|: Target Creature gains 30 to all Disciplines.
TV Show
Triple Threat
Shrunken, Lystone observes Tangath, Mudeenu, and Odu's fighters from the trees during their second exercise. She grows to her normal size and snatches the flying orb they were trying to catch. Catching the teams' attention, she charms them and giggles while flying into the forest. Caught under her spell, the creatures follow.
Eventually only three creatures, Aimukk, Ghatup, and Nebres, remain on her. As they near her however, Aimukk knocks Ghatup into a log. She hides and Nebres and Aimukk begin fighting over her. From above, Lystone pulls out battle gear to kill them. Ghatup, who'd broken free from Lystone's charm when he fell, blocks the blast. Seeing their comrade injured, Nebres and Aimukk too break free and attack her. Angry, Lystone spews smoke at them to make her escape.Lystone, like all creatures and humans who ever under their hypnosis, were freed from M'arillan control after Maxxor, Chaor, and Iparu defeated Au'une.


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Drew Echberg's latest photo contributions
2016 Australian Timber Design Awards
Awards | The 2016 Australian Timber Design Awards have been announced with 18 projects receiving awards.
2016 Victorian Architecture Awards
Awards | The Australian Institute of Architects Victorian Chapter has announced the winners of the 2016 Victorian Architecture Awards.
2016 Australian Interior Design Awards: Commendations
Awards | Twenty-eight projects and three emerging practices received commendations.
2016 Victorian Architecture Awards shortlist revealed
Awards | The Australian Institute of Architects Victorian Chapter has announced the shortlist for the 2016 Victorian Architecture Awards.
2016 AIDA Shortlist: Public Design
Awards | Public Design finalists in the 2016 Australian Interior Design Awards.
Converting roads to parks
Discourse | The challenge of creating new open space where none exists requires lateral thinking.
It's a small world: 2014 ArchiTeam Awards
News | The best of Victoria's emerging practices were honoured in the 2014 ArchiTeam Awards on 13 November.
Lemur Island
Projects | A new lemur exhibit at Melbourne Zoo by Urban Initiatives, Snowdon Architects and Arterial Design.


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The daughter of iconic Director and actor, deliberately concealed a relationship with him, honestly to go to drama COLLEGE. The heir of the deceased artist had managed to conquer the Commission, and it gained the highest passing grade.
Grown up the daughter of iconic Director and actor Sergei Bodrov Jr. Olga Bodrova decided to follow in the footsteps of his father. 18-year-old girl realized the dream of the late Pope, who always wanted to do cinematography, but because of the persuasion of the parents changed their mind. But as it turned out, she hid her relationship with the famous actor, to avoid patronage.
Olga filed documents at the budget office. On her specialty "Actor drama theater and cinema" we only have 12 places, of which only four for girls. Competition of almost 1000 people! And she never indicated who she was. There is a rule: when an applicant stands before the Commission, he calls the surname, name and patronymic. Now, she even a middle name did not say," – said the teacher, Artem Petrov.
The truth about Olga's father has revealed the process of filling out the questionnaire when one of the professors directly asked her whether she is daughter of the famous Director. "One wizard asked in a forehead: "You a daughter?" She, embarrassed, answered: "Yes"," – said Petrov edition "StarHit". Contrary to popular belief that the children of talented people nature rests, Olga was not only modest, but also very talented girl – she scored the highest score for admission. "When it took on "the budget", she asked the teachers: "It's definitely not because of my father? Don't do me discount, I want to make myself," he shared with the press, the applicant Cinematography Oleg.


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NEW YORK — During the first 30 minutes of trading on Aug. 12, Mark Trautman watched the stock price of Clorox Co. drop by 14.5 percent, costing him $1 million.
The bleach maker had reported a 6 percent gain in fiscal fourth-quarter profit on a 3 percent dip in sales -- hardly reason enough for a $15 price drop, Trautman thought.
Trautman, who invests $65 million at Shay Asset Management in New York, was sure something else was behind the drop. He was right: Clorox Chairman Craig Sullivan was warning investors and analysts on an invitation-only telephone conference call that profit wouldn't meet expectations for the next two quarters.
"It's outrageous that I didn't have the same information as some others," says Trautman, who now holds 92,000 Clorox shares. "I was completely in the dark."
Almost daily, companies from Apple Computer to Abercrombie & Fitch Co. dole out market-moving information to big investors and analysts in conference calls, closed-door meetings, or one-on-one conversations. That gives some large investors a chance to bail out or profit and leaves some smaller money managers at a disadvantage.
When companies parcel out critical information to some investors and not to others, it's known as selective disclosure. While experts don't always agree on when it occurs or even whether it's illegal, regulators say selective disclosure is unethical and damages the integrity of the stock market.
"Selectiveness is a disservice to investors, and it undermines the fundamental principle of fairness," U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Chairman Arthur Levitt said in an October speech. "The practice is downright deceptive and verges on illegality."
Everyone with a stake in the stock market is affected by selective disclosure. About 78.7 million people own shares -- either directly or through mutual funds and pension plans -- up 86 percent from 1983, according to a survey by the Investment Company Institute and the Securities Industry Association.