text:
When I am not writing, I read Mary Ruefle. I can think of no other poet who so dislodges me from my usual relationship with language and the world. She's simply incandescent, a genius:
The blues and greens, the reds,
the purples, the blanched pearls.
The smocked farmer delivers two heads
at the same time, pulling them up
like a pair of balanced pails.
The children wail. The quartered brainchild
lies upon their plates. Cut, they are swirly-
full of fancy French end papers and strange
lacunas. A bumper crop is in the air:
China stinks of cabbage soaked in brine,
wet and rotten. They feed a billion
on the cannonballs. They pile them in
the streets, they build a wall, they
roll heads until the feathers shed. In
Ireland there's a lidded pot and they're
blindfolded. Their mouths are stuffed in
Poland. They're doll-sized in Flanders,
to be discreet. Such a loss
of mind! It's fodder for the imagination.
While we live & shout & die, they are
capable of escaping the least of attention
and so survive: thrown into a river
they float, crowding helplessly towards
an alien sea.
What can be discussed in words
I beg to state in brief.
A man has only one death:
it may be as light as goose down
or as heavy as a fatted hog.
Gingerly, the flowers open
and are crushed in the vat.
What's in your perfume?
The hills of Africa are in it,
and the cormorants with their mouths full of fish,
a bed of carnations, a swannery in Switzerland,
the citrine sun baking Nappa
and a rhino whining at the moon.
An after-dinner argument is in it
and the ever-stronger doses of clap-trap
we are forced to take while still alive.
A whole aeroplane, wings and all,
and the lush spaghetti siphoned into lips
poised for a kiss.
Finish it, finish it.
: Mary Ruefle, Apparition Hill
June is Giving Month at Seven Kitchens Press
3 days ago


text:
Bid Information
Bid Alert No: 00000443172
Bid Title: City Hall- Replacement of Boilers
Agency Bid No. Title: D-000187
Received Date: 12/17/2015
Close Date: Not Stated
Purchase Type: Advance Notification
Delivery Date: Not Stated
Renovate all boiler building systems to get the facility in topworking order.
Bid Related DocumentsDownload Advance Info
Product Codes: 94125, 91450, 91468
Agency Information
Issuing Agency: City of Houston
State: Texas
Agency Type: State and Local

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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text:
Patient: In the year of 2009 I discovered I had genital warts. I was never sexually active and I never slept around, it was this one guy I liked a lot who did sleep around – stupid me. I believe I have the right to say I went through hell during these 7 months. (Depression, pain, irritation, medication, money, embarrassment, anger.) I used alavara 3x a week for 4 months. During that time many did go away, and new ones came back. It was very irritating when I tryed to sleep, sometimes it would keep me up/wake me up in mid night. I went back to my doctor after the treatment, and he froze them with nitrogen, which was the worst pain I have ever felt.(Couldn't walk normal, dehydrated myself so I wouldn't urinate, and when I did I would scream/cry.) I had to do this about 4 times. Finally when I came back he said I was clear and they were gone. Also, I have received the 3 shots of the gardasil needle. I don't know what to do right now. Since September I have had nothing. I know on the internet it says HPV is for life – and then I find other sites that say your immune system can fight the virus and kill it for good. I wish I could believe this. My doctor didn't even give me a straight answer as to if I have it for life…it was like he wasn't sure. Is research not accurate? All I got from him was: A I have no clue look, and then "Its a weird virus. You most likely won't get warts again, I don't think you will. If you are clear you shouldn't be able to give it to someone else." What does that suppose to mean? It has been 7 months since the worst experience of my life. Is there any way I could take a test where it tells me if the virus is gone out of my body? Do you think the virus will leave my body? Do you think I will ever get them again? Do you think I am able to give it to someone else? Why is it the guy who gave it to me had no symptoms, has a girlfriend now, who also has nothing? Does this mean the virus is gone from him? I think about these things everyday they are driving me nuts. I cry myself to sleep sometimes and I know it makes me depressed even thoe I try not to show it. Its as if I am being haunted even though they are not present. I turn down every guy that walks my way even if I am interested in them. I am sick of living like this. Please, please find out if there is a chance the virus dissapears. Help. Thanks, Greatly Appreciated!
Doctor: Genital warts represent the most common sexually-transmitted disease caused by a virus:human papillomavirus (HPV). Infec tion with genital warts may not be obvious. Genital warts affect both men and women and can occur at any age. Most patients with genital warts are between the ages of 17-33 years. Genital warts are highly contagious. There is a 60% risk of getting the infection from a single sexual contact with someone who has genital warts. Common warts are not the same as genital warts and are caused by different HPV types that infect the skin. Genital warts are indirectly associated with use of birth control pills because of the increased sexual contact without the use of barrier protection, multiple sex partners, and having sex at an early age.No single treatment is effective in eliminating warts and preventing them from coming back. Genital warts may go away on their own in about 10%-20% of people over a period of three to four months. The treatment modalities include:cryotherapy (liquid nitrogen), Laser, Electrodessication (uses an electric current to destroy the warts).Women with genital warts should see their doctor for a routine Pap smear and investigation for HPV infection of the vaginal canal and cervix. If the genital warts are not successfully treated with the initial therapy, follow-up with your doctor to discuss other options for alternative treatment.


text:
These past two weeks have been amazing with the fam! I spent the first week in Greensboro (and DC) and the second was spent here in Boca. Time to share our fun adventures over the week!
Long drive from Greensboro to Boca (12 hours) + froyo for dinner
I worked while the ladies pooled it up. That night we ate Greek takeout and watched tv with some vino.
I worked the first part of the day then hit up the pool with Sarah. That night we went to Kapow for happy hour. I have to say that the three of us did some serious work on several of their $3 bar bites.
The ladies and I started the day at the beach for a few hours. The temp and cloud coverage were perfect. After we cleaned up, we headed to the mall. Greg and I are going to his best friend's wedding in a couple of weeks and I needed to find dresses for the rehearsal dinner and the wedding.
While walking in the mall, Sarah saw Neiman Marcus and suggested we look there. I know very little about Neiman, but definitely know that it's suuuuuper pricey. She convinced me to check it out and after trying on 20+ beautiful dresses, I came out with three (rehearsal dinner, wedding, and our rehearsal dinner)!!!!! They were all on sale and our sales lady told us that all three dresses would be marked down even more the next day so we came back on Wednesday to pick them up! Can't wait to wear them :)
This is the sight we came home to:
|Such a princess
We all slept in then Sarah and I picked up my dresses and power shopped for a pair of nude pumps. We scooped mom up shortly after to head to Delray to meet her work friend for lunch. We had a nice meal at The Office on Atlantic Ave.
We hung out and relaxed until Diddy arrived that afternoon. I left for work at 4:30 and they went to happy hour/dinner at Yard House while I was gone.
Beach day!
I'll be back soon with the rest of the deets on the fun we had!
Have a great night :)


text:
Janie did a great job with the embroidery and her fabric choices for the borders are perfect.
When I was little, I watched Raggedy Ann & Andy. It was like Toy Story for my generation because it had us convinced that when we weren't looking, our toys came alive. I was pretty freaked out by this in general. After all, my baby dolls had very real looking eyes that would shut when you laid them down. I often turned all of my dolls away from me on their shelves before I could sleep. I didn't want them looking at me. :D
I love this little quilt.
- Posted using BlogPress from my iPhone


text:
ok you are right i will stop provoking you and wont post false things about cars no more. are we friends again ?
User Tag List
Thread: The Car Thread
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If you haven't noticed by now, Gatebil Rudskogen was a pretty wild place. When I arrived I really didn't know what to make of it but quickly discovered it's only too easy to become overwhelmed. With so much going on at any time just trying to decide where to go and what to do becomes a major ordeal. The on-track action is incredible, the campgrounds are insane and the paddocks are packed. Inevitably I usually found myself doing what I enjoy most, investigating the machines.
As I discussed yesterday, the variety of cars on hand was like nothing I've ever experienced before. Sure I'll admit that most of what I saw could perhaps be found elsewhere, but normally you'd have to attend at least three separate events to see all of the cars available at Gatebil. It should come as no surprise then that the engines powering these incredible cars are just as diverse as the bodies which cloak them.
Under virtually any hood you're in for a surprise and there doesn't seem to be any rhyme or reason behind the concoctions. I spent a good portion of the weekend just walking around surveying engine compartments and speaking with the owners to find out more about them. Half the time I'd walk up to a car and peek under the hood and have absolutely no idea exactly what I was looking at.
Of course I don't mean in the fundamental sense, a turbo is a turbo, but I encountered many cars and engines that I had never seen before. Sometimes the line between factory and custom became rather blurred, particularly on some of the cars that were well built. I'd see an engine or gearbox setup that would look so extreme I thought what was surely a swap wasn't, and conversely some setups that looked entirely factory but were in fact a very complex conversion.
After sorting through hundreds of engines in my head I did what comes naturally and compartmentalized them. Later I was able to sit down and rethink what I had seen to find patterns in the matrix which could be sorted into groups. With some luck I eventually sorted them into three basic groups: Gatebil level 1, 2 and 3 if you will. Level 1 is the bare minimum for a Gatebil car where the owner has retained the factory engine but added a crap load of power.
This approach was most commonly seen on cars that tended to be either a sportier car from the factory and/or one that was produced in limited quantities, and, hence is more valuable in an original state. That's not to say that these engines were boring as many still had very large snails bolted to them. More often than not these were also some of the cleanest bays I came across.
The next level is where you start to see some engine swaps but they are kept within the same family. Some of these swaps were as simple as removing a base model engine and bolting in the top of the line version, while others required a complete custom solution. Level 2 conversions seemed to be particularly popular with the Audi and BMW.
I found more often than not the engines are wisely selected for bang-for-buck rather than flashy exclusivity like they usually are in America. Take for example the E30 one image back with a M50 swap which costs a fraction of an S50 but probably cranks out similar numbers with the massive turbo in place. Others opt for the best of the best available like the E21 above with a third generation M3 swap, cranking out just over 1000hp!
The final stage is what Gatebil has become famous for, the totally looney extreme conversions. Quite often these will be more than mere engine swaps and are usually accompanied by custom positioning and a drivetrain reassignment as well. A lot of the cars that fall into this category are quite easy to spot like this Toyota Corolla which has been converted to a turbo RWD monster.
Others aren't quite as easy to discern and there are cars built to a very high standard that appear to be completely factory if you don't know what you're looking at. Take this Citroen, for example, which appears as though the owner hasn't done much aside from polishing a few bits and adding some hard water pipes when in reality it's a very complicated conversion.
Even more extreme still are those who have literally chosen an engine platform and built the rest of the car around it. Being that it would be a little difficult to stuff a V8 and two turbos into the back of a Porsche Boxster, the guys at Elite Projects decided to hack it away and then secure what little body was left to the engine.
The result speaks for itself.
Of course the Speedhunters crew came hard with a group of insane engine setups of our own. This was the first time I ever saw DMac's Ultimate 86 in person and it is quite the incredible machine. When you combine a turbocharged rotary with an ultralight hachi-roku you have an instant crowd pleaser, even at a place as unruly as Gatebil.
On the subject of crowd pleasers, Mad Mike's quad rotor FD definitely stole the show at Gatebil, literally. As Rod put it, any time Mike was on track he was a creator of joy. When his car would fire up in the paddock area he became an automotive pied piper with a trail of loyal devotes following him every time he headed onto the track. Winning both the drift and power slide competitions, I think there's no doubt that the Madbul left its mark on Rudskogen.
It goes without saying that Norway's own Frederic Aasbo's highly anticipated 86-X build was also met with much excitement, despite some teething problems. I think it's safe to say that this is the most radical GT-86 on the planet right now and to pay homage to his Supra roots Frederic decided to keep the new car 2J-powered, but he wasn't the only one rocking the engine.
In fact the 2JZ swap seemed to be about as popular as the JZA80 Supra and the straight six could be found under many bonnets. One of the more interesting conversions I saw was sitting in a BMW 2002. Despite the shockingly clean bay, this isn't a show car but rather a serious drift vehicle designed to be pushed to its limits.
One Supra swap that really surprised me was sitting inside of a pristine and unsuspecting looking E30 M3. From the outside it looked immaculate with nothing more than a set of upgraded wheels hinting at any performance enhancements. However lurking beneath the bonnet was an unbelievably tidy installation. Considering how pleasurable the factory version is to drive, I can only imagine how fun this thing is!
This was a fairly common scene at Gatebil, peeking in for further inspection. Here you see Stephan Papadakis and myself trying to figure out exactly what the hell it is we're looking at. It's clearly a swap, but we weren't sure quite what and whether it was air or water cooled. It turned out to be the latter and in the image I'm pointing to a water pump while Steph examines the pipes routing to the front-mounted radiator.
After speaking with the owner I learned VW bus is powered by a turbocharged Vanagon boxer engine producing roughly 550hp. Everything attached to the engine has been custom built including the manifolds and fluid systems which include an external oil tank for the dry sump and remote pressurized coolant overflow. Apparently he has future plans of switching the gearbox for something sequential and turning up the boost. Nuts.
Bearing in mind hundreds of engine conversions, each seemingly more insane than the next, I think this may have been the most shocking swap I encountered. It's a BMW 7-series V12 which has been turbocharged and the power numbers alone are likely to cause brain hemorrhaging: 1380hp and 1180lb-ft of torque. WTF!?
Helping to get the power up there is a massive Garrett GT-47R turbocharger which is feeding 2bar (29psi) to the custom intake plenum. The individual MSD coils with huge high tension cords for each cylinder look aren't just there to look cool but ensure reliable spark. From the outside this 550 looks quite boring and I'd never imagine that it would have such a mental engine under the hood.
Certainly a sleeper isn't a unique look at Gatebil, nor is it what makes this car special. Ironically even the unbelievable power numbers are still not enough to place the car in a league of its own and it's not particularly difficult to believe that such an engine has been fitted to the chassis… what is incredible and unique is that it has been shoehorned in without cutting, bending or smashing anything out of the way.
Careful measurements were taken to determine the exact placement of certain components and there is virtually no room left to occupy anywhere in the engine compartment. Virtually every gap has been taken up by either relocated factory equipment or meticulously constructed custom pieces. There are areas where the clearance between certain components is less than a few millimeters.
However when I really sat down and thought about it I think the most unique engine bay belonged to a Skyline you may recall seeing before. This car has an ex-NASCAR V8 shoved so far back into the firewall that the entire engine now sits behind the steering rack and is virtually inside the cockpit with the driver. But it's not the engine's history, its 900hp or the way it has been fitted to the chassis that makes it unique; it's simply that this is the only car from all of Scandinavia that I can recall not having a turbocharger. Gatebil, it's just that kind of place.
More Gatebil stories on Speedhunters
More stories from Sean Klingelhoefer on Speedhunters
-SeanYour representative owes you, not his industry only, but his judgment; and he betrays, instead of serving you, if he sacrifices it to your opinion.
- Edmund Burke
8w9 sx/so
the latest on my subaru:
i've gone back to "stock" suspension - stock struts with vastly stiffer springs. [spring rates were 504/336, now 224/195]
much more comfortable ride, more sensible ride height, and a better front:rear springrate ratio.
additionally, i've replaced my 17mm stock rear sway bar with a 24mm adjustable rear sway.
i have it on the stiffest setting, which means it responds more like a 27mm bar. the front sway is 22mm, so now i actually have a significantly stiffer rear sway than my front.
so with the more balanced springrate front:back and an inverted body-roll profile, i'm no longer understeering like they say subarus are supposed to.
i can even get the car to wash wide with a touch of oversteer if i tip in fast enough and stay on the throttle.
this is awesome.
there's a few other power mods in the works, but i'll post about those when the time comes.we fukin won boys
[YOUTUBE="FA6fMRQ0p5Q"]Ready for Gatebil 2012?[/YOUTUBE]Your representative owes you, not his industry only, but his judgment; and he betrays, instead of serving you, if he sacrifices it to your opinion.
- Edmund Burke
8w9 sx/so
07-20-2012, 04:40 AM #157Epic derailment:
wierd memory work->Tamagochi->tetris->Starcraft2->thugs->Chess->german techno->Love parade->disaster->death..
this isn't the parking thread.
Originally Posted by google chrome translationwe fukin won boys
but the needle. look at the needle!
my peak is 24psi!
just kidding. i got some overboost a while back while tuning and the gauge still has 24psi as peak in its memory.
i didn't watch that race, so i have no comment.we fukin won boys
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transfering license
hi everyone,
Iam a new bsn graduate from India and got a license in Illinois 2 weeks ago. Now I have to move to Atlanta, Georgia . I never worked in Illionois and want to transfer my license to the new state.I was reading the requirement for Georgia state and noticed that for Licensure by exam I need to pass the TOFEL exam which Illionois doesnot reqire.If I want to transfer my Illinois license to Georgia, do I need to take TOFEL?.I tried to call the board, but did not get a sure reply.Can anyone please help????????
About liss
Joined: Mar '13; Posts: 1Mar 3, '13Yes. There was a similar question in a different thread, and the answer to that question was a Yes.
See this thread: http://allnurses.com/nurse-registrat...do-818574.htmlMar 3, '13Yes. If you are going to endorse to another state you need to meet the requirements of that state.
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In this challenge, we had to use acetate or window sheets in our card. I had bought this acetate (which had a frame attached to it) about 6 months ago and never got around to using it.
It sure made a quick card. It's attached to the card with brads and then I cut around the edges (the green is not part of the card). I layered the cardstock in colors that would match the colors in the acetate.


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Big hat, no cattle: world worse for Obamawear
by Allan Erickson
We were forced to listen to the sniveling and the whining and the vitriol for eight years: Bush's foreign policy is a disaster, everybody hates us, the world has never been more opposed to the U.S., Bush is a diplomatic moron, we must have change.
And so we changed.
We elected a man who said he would get us out of Iraq immediately. We are still in Iraq and will be for years to come. Violence is increasing.
Minus One.
He said he would focus the war on terror in Afghanistan where it rightly belongs by building an international coalition. Our strategy in Afghanistan now, following recent escalations, appears disjointed, and there is no coalition. The Europeans have essentially told us we are on our own.
Minus Two.
He said we needed to talk to our adversaries in our own hemisphere, seek common ground, lift the Cuban embargo, do business with Chavez and cooperate with Ortega. The communist thugs in Central and South America, perceiving weakness, used the world stage to humiliate our country, take PR advantage through propaganda, and coordinate with Iran and China to militarize and extract resources.
Minus Three.
He said we should reach out to our adversaries in the Muslim world, negotiate, seek understanding and common ground. He went to Cairo, and in a reprise of his Latin American performance, he apologized for America, signaled weakness, and undercut our ally Israel. We now have escalation against America and Israel from Hamas, Hezbollah, the Taliban, Al Qaeda, and many other Islamofascist groups stretching from Indonesia throughout the Far East, extending through India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran and Iraq. Our relationship with Pakistan has deteriorated. They now fight for their lives against the Taliban. More than a million Pakistanis have been displaced. Al Qaeda announced this week they seek Pakistani nuclear weapons to use against us.
Minus Four.
He said we should work with the mullahs in Iran to find ways to peacefully coexist. They answered by testing missiles, threatening the world with war, and developing nuclear weapons while increasing naval and air force maneuvers in The Gulf.
Minus Five.
He said we must work with the Chinese and others to open dialogue with North Korea to seek understanding and work for peace through negotiations. The North Koreans reacted by staging missile tests and restarting nuclear weapons production, and deployed a suspicious ship allegedly loaded with weapons to launch at Hawaii. They recently ended the truce that halted the Korean War in 1953, technically declaring war on the U.S. The U.S. response has been non-existent thus far. More signs of weakness.
Minus Six.
Suffering years of oppression, the Iranians finally hit the streets to protest the brutal and murderous regime in Tehran. Our president sits on his hands for many days and then issues a statement that simply decries violence without lending any support to the freedom fighters. We decry Iranian ambitions to acquire nuclear weapons and for years seek a solution to the problem of Iran promising nuclear war against Israel, trying sanctions and international cooperation to no avail, noting the lack of viable military options, and when a solution presents itself in the form of civil unrest brought by average Iranians dying in the streets, we shrink from the challenge and the opportunity like cowards. Disgraceful.
Minus Seven.
The president sends the treasury secretary to China and to assure the Chinese America is solvent. They laugh. The president sends the secretary of state to China to beg them to buy bonds. They laugh.
Minus Eight.
The president goes to Europe asking leaders there to embrace massive government spending to stimulate their economies. They laugh.
Minus Nine.
Five months in and this cat has spent his nine lives.
America used to stand for freedom and goodness, truth and justice, providing encouragement to all who yearn to breathe free.
Today, we stand for everything, and nothing, encouraging murderers worldwide by our double-minded weakness and ineffectual foreign policy.
Once fearless, we've become feckless.
Change has dashed hope. By electing a unqualified, untested, leftist ideologue, we have actually seen the world get markedly worse in a very short time. Instability is the new world order we have ushered into our own laps.
Simply stated: when predators sense weakness, they hunt, kill, and eat.
This feckless president is reckless, putting everyone in danger.
Our enemies were afraid of Bush, and that was a good thing.
PS: Obama promised us bin Laden's head on a platter. Where is it? Can you say close Gitmo? Since when does an American president bow to a Saudi king? And when did an American president willingly release secret CIA documents allowing our enemies an advantage?
Minus Ten, Eleven, Twelve, and Thirteen, and counting.
With most of the US intelligence and military resources concentrated on the terrorism war, the Russians have taken advantage of the situation and have once again taken a lead role in international affairs, especially when it comes to nuclear arms and advanced weapons technology. And they're not shy about sharing this weapons technology with renegade states such as Venezuela, North Korea and Iran.
If you think 9/11 was bad, just wait until al-Qaida gets a nuke, which is not as far-fetched as it sounds. Based both in Afghanistan and Pakistan's untamed northwest frontier, al-Qaida in April launched a major offensive into Pakistan's Swat Valley, engaging in fierce fighting with Pakistani army forces.


text:
"As it turned out, the man now in custody turned in his own DNA, resulting in a 100% match."
If he was really the guy who did it: Was he wondering whether the DNA-research would work? Why not just turn himself in?
In Sweden we have the PKU-registry. Anyone born after 1975 has a DNA sample taken from them at birth, however it can only be used for your own treatment, identification of remains or research. So far they have kept their part of the promise of not letting it be used for criminal prosecution. Even tho as some would like it to be included in tools available for the police.
I don't know about their government but what I do know is that our government would store that DNA data forever. Not only that but they would share this DNA data with anyone, possibly including Insurance companies, and private corporations. Finally the last straw is that even if they don't just give the data away they will not take any consideration to secure the data.
This is why we don't want the NYC government getting the data.
Those "DNA matches" are not. AFAIK, what's matched a very tiny amount of information from the DNA. I figure there may be a reasonable probability that when you've got so many volunteers, there will be a "100%" match. I don't know what kind of "matching" they are using, of course, so feel free to correct me if I'm totally off-base.
Well you have to remember birthday paradox...
In a room of about 20 people you have a 50/50 chance of having the same birthday as someone else in the room. What they're doing here is taking one sample and comparing it to hundreds or thousands of men.
I've been lead to believe that birthday paradox also applies to DNA too... So if you take a sample size of thousands or so presumably unrelated people you might find people who match in such a way that it would be acceptable evidence in a court of law.
Someone smarter than me can do the math but 1:1,000,000 chance vs 3,000 Samples
A confession should not be the end of the story. An instructive case in the news these days is the story of Sture Bergwall, better known under his serial killer name Thomas Quick. It turns out he likely didn't kill a single person - he was just a disturbed drug addict who made up stories (mostly under the influence of strong sedatives and "repressed memory therapy") to fit unsolved cases. They glossed over his inaccuracies, contradictions and the total lack of evidence in case after case, year after year.
(An interesting bit is that Bergwall's defender was the lawyer/politician Claes Borgstöm, who's currently infamous for pursuing Julian Assange. If he had done any due dilligence at all, he must have suspected something was amiss. You got to wonder if there was something in his ideology which caused that gross failure.)
A lot of people, who aren't so smart and are aware of it, tend to be totally dominated by supposedly scienfific authorities. If the authority says it's absolutely certain you did it, they would rather doubt their own recall than the authority.
They don't do a "full scan", the marker matches is it. Crime scene samples are contaminated anyway so you aren't getting a "full scan" out of it in the first place.
In the case of "we suspect X due to this evidence, test his DNS for a match" then a match to enough markers would be very good evidence - it's very unlikely he would match by chance. But doing it the other way "compare all these samples against this one" gives you a much higher chance of a random match. 8000 isn't that high a number though - assuming they had a lot of markers. It's still a terrible way to use DNA evidence - and you can be pretty sure they won't tell the jury about the actual odds of a random match in a multi-sample comparison and instead just use the 1:1 match odds.
It's interesting to see this guy come forward, you can google dna testing and figure out what's going on. If he was indeed the killer he could've voluntarily declined, like I'm sure some people did.
People did, both in this test, and the previous test. I don't think they've mentioned whether this suspect had also had a DNA sample taken the first time around.
Here's the thing about this second set of tests. They weren't specifically looking for a direct match with the perp (though that ending up being the case is, I'm sure, a boon) but rather for a match to a family member of the perp.
So assume the first time around he declined to let a DNA sample be taken, and gets to walk scott free.
But this second time around, his sons who actually knew the victim at the time, may or may not be tested against. Being the father of them, he could either take that risk and hope they did not get tested against... or also supply a sample to spare his sons the additional shame, guilt, etc. of effectively having ousted their very own father by virtue of the lab having a direct match.
That would be my guess as to any reason for coming forward, at least. Who knows, maybe he just started feeling guilty, grew a conscience, etc. and the above is unrelated.
The IQ of the group is the lowest IQ of a member of the group divided by the number of people in the group.


text:
"Hardware requirements are illogical. It's a conspiracy of the software and hardware companies. 386 is enough for everyone!"
"I can't understand why 3d studio needs an FPU coprocessor. It doesn't do anything extreme that can't run on my 386."
"3D graphics are 2D really. Projected on screen. So, they should run as fast as 2D games.
"Myst has better graphics than Quake but it only needs a 386 while the latter requires a Pentium. It's a conspiracy!"
"My TV set can show movies with perfect video featuring explosions and a lot of crazy action and it's just a cheap chipset. Why can't FPS on my 386 do that?
"That game is a 10 MIPS software while on PC we write code of 3 MIPS, that's why consoles can do it better" (pointing at some lousy prerendered animation on 3DO console =)
A PC Master reader: "I assure you that need for speed can easilly run well on a 286."
Some friend pointing at an arcade coin op: "Mortal Kombat 4 should run on my XT. Why not?
When you are an illiterate user you can't understand the difference between realtime or not, you don't have an internal knowledge of the process that is required for a game to render something on the screen, you only compare the final image thinking that your average 3d engine should be the same fast as a prerendered animation or an action movie on your TV set. There is the moment when a coder comes to explain you how things are, sometimes although the software MIPS dude sounding knowledgable, is enough to make you believe.
I remember that time when two guys were discussing about that 3DO game, I knew nothing about programming then but somehow I was curious about the whole high requirements/performace issue. I wanted to know in deep what is the truth. So, hearing someone speaking the word "MIPS" I was immediately hooked. I couldn't understand though that saying this software runs at 10 MIPS wasn't exactly the right way to say it. But now I understood that he maybe meaned that the consoles were build with more processing power (he didn't mentioned custom chips) or that the game programmers are targetting a machine with lower performance than PC, optimizing their codes for a hardware with less MIPS or something like that.
It doesn't matter. What mattered was that by using some tech-jargon he sounded credible and knowledgable. But most of us users then were either seeing things on the surface (the graphics of Monkey Island are more beautiful than Doom but they are faster, why?) or listening to the "experts" without actually understanding in deep.
I will make a parable here. One that will get me to the point of why demoscene rocks!
Say that the clueless users who maybe wish their C64 could fly are something similar to the people believing in ufos, ghosts, fairies and yetis. They claim things with little or no knowledge, dreaming of their wonderland. The programmers are like the skeptic trying to show them what's the real deal is and land their C64s back on the ground.
Personally, I was into that anti-requirements craze (through some articles in an old greek magazine, PC Master) not because I couldn't afford a computer but somehow I was always fascinated about the software performance/hardware ratio. I have been dreamed of Quake engines running on a 386, SNES games on my CPC, MP3 players on my XT, perfect OS with high performance on low CPUs, just because of the idea of how impossible would that be! It was like a dream, till someone came and grounded me to the floor: "You know, the CPC runs at 19968 cycles per frame and smooth texture mapping would need at least a 4MIPS machine while the CPC isn't even close that!".
This was the time when an expert was talking and you couldn't say much even whether you were literate or not. The thing that I like in the demoscene is that there are times when dreams come true, where the impossible happens, where the expert sounding dude analyzing the limited performance of the hardware and requirements of the software would fail.
Say that someone comes and tells you that he observed an UFO doing impossible manouvers in the sky and then disappearing into the void. Say that you have also photographic or video evidence. He'd probably think that it's either fake or your idea while arguing why it's highly unprobable.
Say that there comes a dude claiming he has a video of the best Amiga demo running like a charm on a C64. He has video on youtube. You can be skeptical but it's the first time someone actually analyzes why it's not possible, how the C64 has not even multiplication and couldn't run 3D so smoothly, sounds (and possibly is) knowledgable, seems logical on how this is impossible on a hardware 10 times slower than Amiga (you could base upon his words if you never had the actual D64s on your hands to see it for yourself) and yet he fails. It's the first time that things we always dreamed and laughed upon are actually real! Things like Desert Dreams for C64 or Second Reality for C64, a windows like OS on the CPC, wolfenstein 3d on AtariST or Doom in spectrum (almost :). Wouldn't you say that's impossible? Wouldn't you be skeptical? Of course it's not the same doom, not the same second reality, not the same windows as in their high versions but would you still believe such a functional windows like OS would work like a charm on the little CPC? It's like the silly dreams of the people quoted in the beginning of this post, but this time it's here and it works!!!
The screenshot above is from Parts by Oxyron, a C64 demo that stroke me with awe. (Unfortunatelly it's nowhere on youtube but check this with similar tricks (Dawnfall by Oxyron)) It's a classic example where if you described the desired effect, the skeptic or knowledgable would argue that it's not possible.
I can do it myself. There is a big zooming and distorting bitmap in one part of Parts, it's not blocky, it's manipulating the bitmap so smoothly and pixel perfect! Now you'd say, C64 has around 17500 cycles free (I really don't remember) and that bitmap say it's 144 pixels * 128 lines = 18432 pixels (haven't counted really but they are a lot). For each pixel we would need 17500 / 18432 = less than 1 cycle left to run this on 50hz. Impossible! Most opcodes take 2 to 4 cycles on the C64. By using 1-2 opcodes per pixel this would even need 4VBLs. You need to do interpolation, calculate the pixel shift to make a byte and write it, maybe little more things, you'd need 6-7 lines of code. Even with LDA/STA style speedcodes you'd never make it 50hz. All the data are against your dreams!
This is why I love the demoscene so much! The impossible becomes possible. It's there in front of your eyes. No magic! And there are two other reasons why I love demos so much (especially those in old computers):
- 1) For such impossibilities to work, someone should shift his perception of how he stares at things. Because a bitmap manipulation is calculating interpolation for each pixel and writting it, it doesn't mean that what looks like pixel rendering should be done by pixels. Because something is fullscreen it also doesn't mean every byte of the videoram is really updated. You have to think out of the box! The effect in the above screenshot is done by different shifted and zoomed version of various graphics tiles done in char mode on the C64. But it looks like the perfect pixel manipulation effect!
- 2) The one who claims it to be possible should sit down and code it. This is how the demoscene works! In the parable above, it would be like searching for aliens and then putting a real extraterrestrial body on the top of the table surrounded by skeptics. Of course there is a big difference between searching for the unexplained and democoding. There is where the demoscene gives you the tools to be creative and show the impossible.
Demos do amazing things but why never games, those dudes would say. The craziest letter on the PC Master was one where a reader screamed that Second Reality surprised us in a way that noone in the commercial software companies could ever do even in a Sextium. I liked that one and wondered what is the second reality demo he mentions and if it's sooooo impossibly amazing then why I have never heard about it (similar to what skeptics say, if such crazy unexplained phenomena were real, we'd be fascinated for sure but where are they?). Though it was real! I found it and later discovered the demoscene community too.
There was a time when someone in greece formed a 8088 club. They were angry on the excessive requirements of software and wanted to go backwards. It was mostly about playing games on our XTs and stuff. They say they had a programmer. I sent them some demos and spoke the best words about the demoscene but they didn't seemed to bother. But demos were the means to say that impossible things can be true in even the lowest of hardware! Yet they were not impressed. If second reality was the greatest software ever, then why it's not heard? Now you know..
So great, so magnificent, making my dreams true, yet so few people understand it. And they still worry why Quake can't run on their 386..


text:
Posted by ESPN.com's Tim Griffin
Texas A&M's defense is improved, but still untested. It would be hard to imagine a more valuable player for them than hybrid linebacker/defensive end Von Miller, who has produced a nation-leading eight sacks after three games. The Aggies lead the nation with 14 sacks after producing 16 in 12 games last season. Despite that strong early start, the A&M defense will get a heavy dose of reality Saturday when they face Ryan Mallett and Arkansas in Arlington, Texas, their toughest challenge to date.
Mike Leach's inexplicable gamble. It was obvious that the hot, humid conditions at Robertson Stadium contributed greatly to the problem with cramping for both Houston and Texas Tech Saturday night. But those sticky conditions still can't explain the brain cramp that Leach suffered when he passed on a field goal that would have given his team an eight-point lead midway through the fourth quarter. That decision went against all conventional wisdom because it would have forced the Cougars to score a touchdown and a two-point conversion to merely tie the game. Leach's red-zone hubris ended up costing the Red Raiders the game.
Oklahoma State has the Big 12's deepest collection of backs. The development of Oklahoma State freshman running back Jeremy Smith underscores that Cowboys might have the best collection of productive players at that position in the conference. With 2008 leading rusher Kendall Hunter hobbling, Keith Toston rushed for 84 yards and three touchdowns in the first half. And then Smith produced a school freshman record total of 160 rushing yards in the second half. Throw in Beau Johnson and you have a collection of talent that most other schools will be challenged to match once Hunter is healthy.
Kansas' defense made a statement with its late stand: For all of the talk about Kansas' explosive offense, the Jayhawks needed a big defensive effort against Southern Mississippi. And despite some early struggles, the Jayhawks' defense came up big as it turned the Golden Eagles away without scoring on four-straight possessions to salt away the victory. Southern Mississippi was limited to 32 yards on 22 offensive plays in the fourth quarter as the Jayhawks produced three-and-outs in two of the final three drives and allowed one first down on the other drive. The late stand is something for co-coordinators Clint Bowen and Bill Miller to build confidence as they head into conference play.
"The Sea of Red" remains constant. How about a shout-out to the Nebraska fans, who packed Memorial Stadium for their 300th consecutive sellout Saturday night? The streak has stretched from Kennedy to Obama, withstanding recessions and even the Steve Pederson/Bill Callahan era. The record crowd that jammed the old stadium Saturday night witnessed a vintage performance by the Blackshirts in a 55-0 victory over Louisiana-Lafayette. If the Cornhuskers can keep playing like that, the legions of Nebraska fans could be treated to their second championship-game trip of this decade after making three visits in the first four seasons of the Big 12. And that kind of throwback would be a lot more enjoyable to them than any 1960s vintage uniform the Nebraska athletic department might be selling.


text:
Monday, October 29, 2012
nature baby
Here's a wee baby gift I made on Sunday morning. I personalised a lovely organic cotton t-shirt with a little embroidery. I was trying for something cute but gender-neutral. I really enjoyed this freer style of embroidery especially after the few cross stitch things I've done recently.
The t-shirt is from Nature Baby. I can hardly ever walk past the store without popping in.
Posted by Barbara at 7:52 PM No comments:
Labels: embroidery
Monday, October 22, 2012
hearts and flowers
Have a great week.
Posted by Barbara at 5:44 PM 2 comments:
Tuesday, October 16, 2012
his and hers ...
little cross stitched tags for the lockers in our bathroom - one for him, one for me. Crimson thread on pale grey linen. The font is my own but inspired by many especially Marjorie Massey and her wonderful book, Made in France : Cross-stitch samplers.
You too can celebrate togetherness with these fabulous pillowcases from Curious Doodles.
Listening Stop making sense by Talking Heads + Reading Sharp by David Fitzpatrick + Watching Ruby Sparks + Homeland on DVD + The wire (season 3) + Eating gluten-free goodness at Kokako
Posted by Barbara at 7:39 PM 2 comments:
Labels: cross stitch, embroidery
Monday, October 8, 2012
one after another
Two more monkeys for the Great Sock Monkey Challenge. Columbine has kindly donated socks to the challenge and I'm pretty sure there are still some left. If you'd like to get some to make monkeys, join the challenge on Facebook, send a message saying you'd like some socks and you'll be sent some. Easy :)
have a happy week.
Posted by Barbara at 8:42 PM No comments:
Wednesday, October 3, 2012
oi oi oi
I've been on a wee holiday in Sydney where I visited one of my favourite bookshops, Kinokuniya in George Street. Kinokuniya first opened in Japan in 1927 and has over 80 stores worldwide. The Sydney store opened in 1996. I'm going to 'like' it on FaceBook - because I do! It's a wonderful bookstore with a huge selection, a great atmosphere and helpful, knowledgeable, friendly staff. But, even better, there is a large Japanese section with the biggest range of Japanese craft books you will ever see. I limited myself to just one purchase - an embroidery book called Heart warming life series #375. It's also available here from Stitchbird and online from Kinokuniya.
The photos are from the book and I especially like the first two designed by Mika Hirasa. It's like she's taken her needle and thread and simply drawn on the cloth. But everything in the book is cute and, even though it's written in Japanese, it's well illustrated so it's fairly easy to follow along and work out.
Posted by Barbara at 6:02 PM No comments:
Labels: books, embroidery
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text:
Thank you for your interest in our white paper "Branch network optimization: Boosting efficiency and success through geomarketing".
Geomarketing analyses yield insight into the factors that determine a company's success, the extent to which regional potential is being exploited and the locations that offer favorable conditions. Using the example of one of our clients who is a brand-name manufacturer and retailer, we'll demonstrate how geomarketing can be used for branch network optimization and the associated savings that can be realized. The geomarketing analysis presented here is based on 60 stores in Germany and was also carried out for five additional countries in which our client is active.


text:
QPR Fan Pete interviewed QPR Chairman Gianni Paladini. The second part of the interview can be read at Pete's new WeAreTheRangersBoys website.
Part II
The Questions Asked in Part II of the Interview:
Q) Do you use email or go onto messageboards?
Q) How has the last 12-18 months been
Q) Chris Wright is still live president?
Q) Has the ABC loan been paid?
Q) Now you have done the deal, why don't you just leave?
Q) What is it like now, compared to before?
Q) How did you meet Flavio?, Who approached who?
Q) What about the £250,000 donated?
Q) When Did Antonio stop putting money in?
Q) But he lost more from the deal then you?
Q) What About the Statement Not For Sale, on the day of the Leyton Orient game, How did you convince him to change his mind?
Q) Had you agreed with Flavio beforehand?
For Answers to the Questions! -
WeAreTheRangersBoys - Paladini Interview Par t II
QPR Report - Part I
Welcome to QPR REPORT - A completely unofficial and unaffiliated fan site focusing on G-d's Chosen Team, Queen's Park Rangers (QPR) FC. (Visit also QPR Report Messageboard and Follow on Twitter.) QPR Report accepts no sponsorship, advertising or financial contributions. In 2008, QPR Report was named as one of the top two blogs in the Football League
QPR Report Twitter Feed
Thursday, September 13, 2007
Part II - QPR Chairman Gianni Paladini Interviewed
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text:
This paper aims at providing a description of Greenberg's article Some Universals of Grammar with Particular Reference to the Order of Meaningful Elements.
The paper is structured as follows:
- definition of linguistic typology
- role of universals of language
- Greenberg's 45 universals and their examination
Towards a definition of linguistic typology
Linguistic typology deals with interlinguistic variation study labelling historical-natural languages on the basis of similarities and divergences in their structure. What this approach underlined was that these variations were not casual but they obeyed general principles called language universals. On the basis of common structural traits, we can classify languages not only from a genealogical point of view but also from a new perspective which takes into account structural organization and resemblances in languages. Hence a linguistic typology can be defined as a whole of structural features in concord among them, which means loosely speaking a group of languages which share many features despite their different origin and geographical position. It should be stressed that typology does not act as a theory of language. It does not aim at providing a formal model of language structure. Rather typology is an approach based on probability and statistics that linguists can employ in order to investigate the composition of human languages thanks to a crosslinguistic comparison which rests on the assumption that structural similarities disclose fundamental properties.
The role of universals
As linguistic and cognitive phenomena, universals have a long tradition in the philosophy of language. Language is here often meant as innately specified in every human being and language universals are then equated with those features of language that are part of man's genetic endowment. Hence, linguistic typology and universals are strictly related, because the latter are recurring properties in the language structure regardless of its genetic relationship and potential reciprocal conditioning. The universals of language which must be meant as universal tendencies can appear in the form of:
- implicational universals, of the sort of: if Language B has feature x, then it will tend to have feature y
- nonimplicational universals, i.e. all languages tend to have feature z.
Greenberg and many others operating in the framework of what came to be known as the typological approach found out that an analysis of a substantial number of languages revealed not only the range of variation but also constrainted on that variation showing that languages do not vary casually.
Greenberg's universals
Greenberg identified 45 universals on a sample of 30 languages which does not share common origins and geographical proximity. Greenberg analyzed many facets of language structure. First of all he focused on word order and set his investigation on the basis of the following criteria:
1) the existence of prepositions and postpositions (Pr/Po),
2) the relative order of subject, verb and object in declarative sentences with nominal subject and object
3) the position of qualifying adjectives in relation to nouns
First of all Greenberg based his investigation on the normal word order, in which normal means unmarked, of the main constituents of a sentence: subject (S), verb (V) and direct object (O). There are six possible orders: SVO, SOV, VSO, VOS, OSV, OVS. The most frequent are VSO, SVO and SOV (called I, II and III for the verb position). Romance languages (e.g. Italian), Germanic languages (e.g. English), Slavic languages, Finnish, Vietnamese, Swahili and many others have SVO order. Turkish, Hungarian, Japanese, Tamil etc have SOV order while Arabic, Welsh etc have VSO order. Let's give some example:
Kataba muhammadun kitaban (Arabic)
La ragazza legge il libro (Italian)
The girl is reading the book (English)
Puella librum legit (Latin)
As we can notice, the subject always precedes the object. This is the fundamental assumption of the first universal:
Universal 1: In declarative sentences with nominal subject and object, the dominant order is always one in which the subject precedes the object.
The first universal implies a correlation between the basic word order in a sentence and the constituents of other grammatical constructs. Actually Greenberg found out that 14 languages out of 30 have postpositions and the genitive is followed by the governing noun while 15 have prepositions and the genitive after the governing noun. Only Norwegian can have the genitive before or after the noun. This is the notion expressed in:
Universal 2:
In languages with prepositions the genitive almost follows the governing noun (NG), while in languages with postpositions it almost always precedes (GN).
Greenberg employs the terms preposition (Pr) and postposition (Po) with the meaning of postmodification and premodification respectively. This gives us the chance to observe that among the three basic orders (VSO, SVO, SOV) we have:
- VO languages (VSO and SVO) in which the object follows the verb. They are postmodified (this means that the modifier comes after the V which is the head of the verbal phrase) and prepositional (this means that the head comes before the modifier)
- OV languages (SOV) in which the object precedes the verb, it stands on the left of the verb. These languages are premodified and postpositional.
Moreover Greenberg, looking at word order, noticed that there were several implications for the languages of the first, second and third type:
Universal 3: languages with dominant VSO(I) are always prepositional (NG – NA).
This implies that SOV(III) is the opposite of the I type and has statistically:
- postposition
- GN and AN order.
In many cases the second statement is not confirmed by empirical data because we can find G in the second position of the phrase (in other words NG) and when it occurs the adjective does likewise (NA):
Universal 4: with overwhelming greater than chance frequency, languages with normal SOV order are postpositional
Universal 5: if a language has dominant SOV order and the genitive follows the governing noun (NG), then the adjective likewise follows the noun (NA). This suggests that in many cases postpositions and the word order of other constructs may be disharmonic.
Frequently VSO languages put adverbs before the verb hence a sentence does not start with a verb. In addition VSO languages can present alternative word orders in which the most frequent is SVO while SOV languages put the verb after adverbs and other modifiers, and can present a OSV order. In both cases, SOV and OSV have the verb in the final position. Greenberg said that languages which had the verb in the last position were known as the rigid subtype. These considerations represent the universals 6 and 7:
Universal 6: all languages with dominant VSO order have SVO as alternative or as the only alternative basic order.
This suggests that VSO order is in some sense a variant of SVO order
Universal 7: if in a language with dominant SOV order there is no alternative basic order or only OSV as alternative then all adverbial modifiers of the verb likewise precede the verb
This is pretty clear: if V is final, it's final.
Greenberg investigated syntax of his sample and in particular focused on interrogative sentences which can be:
1)yes/no questions
2)questions involving specific words
We know that a common hint to distinguish interrogative questions from statements is related to intonation. In English for example a yes/no question is marked with a rise in pitch in the last stressed syllable of the sentence while the corresponding statement is marked with a fall in pitch:
Universal 8: when a yes/no question is differentiated from the corresponding assertion by an intonational pattern the distinctive features of each of these patterns are reckoned from the end of the sentences rather than from the beginning
We have to say that a yes/no question can be rendered not only thanks to intonation but also to question particles or affixes which usually are related to the verb or the emphasized word. In subtype III it is impossible to distinguish the position after the verb and the final position in the sentence. Greenberg found out that 5 VSO languages use initial particles, while 2 SVO and 5 SOV final particles. This implies that when the interrogative particles are initial they occur in prepositional languages, while when they are final they occur in postpositional languages:
Universal 9: With well more than chance frequency, when question particles or affixes are specified in position by reference to the sentence as a whole, if initial, such elements are found in prepositional languages, and, if final, in postpositional.
Greenberg underlines that the question marker follows the emphasized word of the question, this phenomenon occurs in languages of the type II and III but not in I:
Universal 10: Question particles or affixes, when specified in position by reference to a particular word in the sentence, almost always follow that word. Such particles do not occur in languages with dominant order VSO.
As said above, there is another kind of questions: questions involving specific words. In this kind of sentences many languages employ a different word order than that of the corresponding statement. Usually in many languages the question word and the question phrase come first and the verb precedes the subject. In the same languages there is also an inversion for yes/no questions. Moreover VSO languages put the question word first, SOV ones have the same word order for statements and questions while SVO ones statistically act as VSO ones but in two cases as SOV ones:
Universal 11: Inversion of statement order so that verb precedes subject occurs only in languages where the question word or phrase is normally initial. This same inversion occurs in yes-no questions only if it also occurs in interrogative word questions.
This suggests a structural relationship between the position to which the verb is inverted and the initial position that wh elements occupy.
Universal 12: If a language has dominant order VSO in declarative sentences, it always puts interrogative words or phrases first in interrogative word questions; if it has dominant order SOV in declarative sentences, there is never such an invariant rule.
An initial position for wh elements (of course combined with prosodic features) makes functional sense, since it means that the hearer knows at the beginning that he/she is listening to a question. Similarly an early position of the verb is useful to produce a question.
To sum up, in prepositional languages tendentially we have the following orders: SO, NG, NA, initial question particles and initial interrogative words or phrase.
Greenberg focused on the relative order of subordinate and main verbal forms. We know that a subordinate verb qualifies the main verb and we could deduce that the subordinate always precedes the main verb in all languages of the rigid subtype III. The empirical investigation endorsed this deduction and actually in all languages of the rigid subtype III the subordinate verb comes before the main one. Moreover Greenberg found out that in all 30 languages the protasis of conditional sentences precedes the apodosis but in some cases can be an inversion while in the subrigid type III the protasis always precedes the apodosis. On the contrary the expressions of purpose and volition statistically follow the main verb except for the subrigid type III in which precede the main verb.
These considerations are explained in the following universals:
Universal 13: if the nominal object always precedes the verb then verbs forms subordinate to the main verb also precede it
This suggests that it happens in SOV which is usually postpositional, hence the verb is the head and its modifiers (object and subordinate forms) come before the head.
Universal 14: in conditional clauses, the conditional clause (protasis) precedes the conclusion (apodosis) as the normal order in all languages
In this case the sequence protasis – apodosis can be considered the unmarked form or if you prefer we can say: 'if x then y'
Universal 15: in expression of volition and purpose, a subordinate verb always follows the main verb as the normal order except in those languages in which the nominal object always precedes the verb (subrigid type III)
In strongly head-final languages every element precedes the main verb.
Greenberg found out that in prepositional languages the inflected auxiliary precedes the verb while in postpositional ones follows it. Of course, Greenberg excludes languages in which the auxiliary is not inflectional (e.g. Japanese); 19 languages out of 30 have an inflectional auxiliary:
Universal 16: in languages with dominant order VSO an inflected auxiliary always precedes the main verb. In languages with dominant order SOV an inflected auxiliary always follows the main verb
In VSO languages which are prepositional the auxiliary is the head hence it comes before the full verbal form.
This universal implies a comparable word order in the relationship between qualifying adjectives and nouns. Greenberg found out that in prepositional languages statistically adjectives follow nouns (NA) while in postpositional languages precede them:
Universal 17: with overwhelmingly more than chance frequency languages with dominant order VSO have the adjective after the noun
If a language has the sentential head verb at the beginning, it has the head noun at before the adjective.
To sum up, in prepositional languages tendentially we have the following orders: SO, NG, initial question particles, initial interrogative words or phrase, Prot.Apod., AuxV and NA.
This last universal has two additional implications:
1) in postpositional languages when a qualifying adjective precedes the noun then demonstratives and numerals do the same
2) usually in prepositional usually the order is NA but demonstratives and numerals statistically tend to act in a different way, in particular demonstratives tend to precede the noun while numerals tend to follow it:
Universal 18: when a descriptive adjective precedes the noun the demonstrative and the numeral overwhelmingly more than chance do likewise
This is purely implicational: if AN then DemN then NumN.
Universal 19: when the general rule is that the descriptive adjective follows there may be a minority of adjectives which usually precede but when the general rule is that descriptive adjectives precede there are no exceptions
If AN no exceptions, if NA several exceptions.
Moreover Greenberg underlines that when we have at the same time qualifying, demonstrative and numeral adjectives before the noun they are placed with the following order:
1 2 3 4
- demonstrative, numeral, adjective + noun,
while when the adjectives follow the noun we have the opposite fixed order:
4 3 2 1
- noun + adjective, numeral, demonstrative. This is stated by:
Universal 20: When any or all of the items (demonstrative, numeral, and descriptive adjective) precede the noun, they are always found in that order. If they follow, the order is either the same or its exact opposite
Adverbs acts toward adjectives like adjectives toward nouns and auxiliary toward the main verb. Of course, we must keep in mind that the adverb is the modifier and the adjective the head. Greenberg noticed that in all of those languages in which there is NA, there is also AAdv and they are of the first and second type:
Universal 21: If some or all adverbs follow the adjective they modify, then the language is one in which the qualifying adjective follows the noun and the verb precedes its nominal object as the dominant order
AAdv is related to NA and VO (VSO and SVO).
We know that comparative adjectives can be expressed for example in English with:
- an inflected comparative form of the adjective (in English, A is smaller than B)
- a separate word which modifies the adjective (in English, A is more stupid than B)
This second option is not so frequent in languages. Usually the second term of comparison (e.g. than + the item we are comparing in English) is expressed in many languages with affixes or specific words. For example in English 'larger than B' larg is the adjective, er the marker of comparison and than the standard of comparison. Then we can find two possible sequences:
1) adj (A)-marker (M)-standard (S) which is typical of prepositional languages
2) standard-marker-adj, typical of postpositional languages
These two options represent the:
Universal 22: If in comparisons of superiority the only order, or one of the alternative orders, is standard-marker-adjective, then the language is postpositional. With overwhelmingly more than chance frequency if the only order is adjective-marker-standard, the language is prepositional
To sum up, in prepositional languages tendentially we have the following orders: SO, NG, initial question particles, initial interrogative words or phrase, Prot.Apod., AuxV, NA, AAdv and AMS.
Another implication related to word order typology regards apposition, in particular a common noun with a proper noun. The investigation led Greenberg to conclude that:
Universal 23: If in apposition the proper noun usually precedes the common noun, then the language is one in which the governing noun precedes its dependent genitive. With much better than chance frequency, if the common noun usually precedes the proper noun, the dependent genitive precedes its governing noun
In other words NG implies Proper/Common while GN implies Common/Proper, the proper noun is the head and it is found in prepositional languages whereas it comes before the common noun.
We know that a relative clause modifies a noun. Greenberg found out that relative clauses (RC) precede the noun in postpositional languages while they follow it in prepositional ones. Anyway Chinese is an exception because it is prepositional but its relative clauses always precede the noun:
Universal 24: If the relative expression precedes the noun either as the only construction or as an alternate construction, either the language is postpositional, or the adjective precedes the noun or both.
We can summarize as follows: if RCN then postposition then AN. In all these cases the head follows a dependent.
To sum up, in prepositional languages tendentially we have the following orders: SO, NG, initial question particles, Prot.Apod., AuxV, NA, AMS, Proprer/Common and NRC.
The last feature investigated by Greenberg was the pronominal order. In many languages such as Italian, French, Greek Swahili the pronominal object always precedes the verb (PronV) while the nominal object follows (Je la prends/Je prends une aspirine) but if we have an imperative form then the pronoun and the object come after the verb (Prendsla/ prends une aspirine). In Berber we have PronV whereas the verb is in negative or future form. Statistically it's frequent that the pronominal object precedes the verb while the nominal object can come before or after the verb. In VSO languages (statistically prepositional) the pronominal object immediately follows the verb and precedes the subject (the sequence is V Pron. S) and this is in perfect harmony with prepositional languages in which the verb is the head of the verbal phrase (VPron):
Universal 25: If the pronominal object follows the verb, so does the nominal object
If VPron then VO.
Greenberg analyzed his sample from a threefold point of view: word order, syntax and morphology. The universals 26 – 45 concern morphology. He gave a quick explanation of morphemes from a functional point of view, hence he listed them as follows:
- root
- derivational
- inflectional
- derivational and inflectional ones are grouped as affixes
- affixes can be prefixes, suffixes and infixes
- suffixes are the most frequent in languages followed by prefixes and infixes
- many languages are not completely suffixes or prefixes oriented but can present both phenomena, hence:
Universal 26: if a language has discontinuous affixes, it always has either prefixing or suffixing or both
Of course a full explanation of morphemes is not present in Greenberg's article but we know that morphemes can be divided in two major classes: lexical morphemes and grammatical morphemes which are subdivided in derivational and inflectional morphemes.
Greenberg got the empirical evidence that:
Universal 27: if a language is exclusively suffixing, it is postpositional; if it is exclusively prefixing, it is prepositional
This suggests there is a relation between morphology and syntax. If we look at Greenberg's 30 languages sample we find that 12 languages are purely suffixing and are postpositional while 17 languages have prefixes as well as suffixes: 15 of them are prepositional, 2 postpositional. Only one language is exclusively prefixing and is prepositional. Hence the first part of this universal is well generalized but the second one, in my opinion, is based only on a single example and the generalisation is more to difficult to do.
To sum up, in prepositional languages tendentially we have the following orders: SO, NG, initial question particles, Prot.Apod., AuxV, NA, AMS, NRC, VPron and prefixes or prefixes and suffixes.
Whereas in languages grammatical morphemes of two subtypes are present and follow or precede the root, we have the following sequence: root + derivational m. + inflectional m. or inflectional m. + derivational m. + root. For example in Italian we have: cambiamento which can be divided in:
Cambi –ament –o
root deriv. infl.
This is the assumption stated by:
Universal 28: If both the derivation and inflection follow the root, or they both precede the root, the derivation is always between the root and the inflection
Moreover Greenberg said that there are not languages which are purely isolating, in other words languages where the word structure is very simple(we have only the root) and to one word corresponds one morpheme, usually we have languages with compounding, affixes or both:
Universal 29: If a language has inflection, it always has derivation
This suggests that Greenberg described the relation between inflection and derivation in distributional terms. Of course this universal means that if a language presents phenomena of inflection it presents phenomena of derivation in the same or different words (gatt-o gatt-in-o).
Universal 29 implies that languages without inflection do not present verb inflectional categories:
Universal 30: if the verb has categories of person-number or if it has categories of gender, it always has tense-mode categories
This is pretty clear, tenses and modes in verbs are expressed by inflectional morphemes.
The following universals are based on the agreement in gender and number between the subject and the verb and the nominal object and the verb:
Universal 31: If either the subject or object noun agrees with the verb in gender, then the adjective always agrees with the noun in gender
Universal 32: Whenever the verb agrees with a nominal subject or nominal object in gender, it also agrees in number
In many cases the agreement between the verb and the noun is suspended in particular when we have VS or VO and the verb is singular:
Universal 33: When number agreement between the noun and verb is suspended and the rule is based on order, the case is always one in which the verb precedes and the verb is in the singular
We know that gender (M/F), number (Sing/Plur) and case (Nom/Gen/Dat etc) are the typical inflectional categories. These three categories have implications among them:
Universal 34: No language has a trial number unless it has a dual. No language has a dual unless it has a plural, (e.g. ancient Greek has singular, plural and dual)
Universal 35: There is no language in which the plural does not have some nonzero allomorphs, whereas there are languages in which the singular is expressed only by zero. The dual and the trial are almost never expressed only by zero.
In this last case the singular represent the unmarked category while the others the marked ones.
The interralation between gender and number are explained in the following universals:
Universal 36: If a language has the category of gender, it always has the category of number.
Another implication: if gender then number.
Universal 37: A language never has more gender categories in nonsingular numbers than in the singular.
In other words the plural can have the same number of gender categories of the singular or less than the singular and Greenberg in order to endorse this statement says that in Hausa we have M/F gender distinction in the singular but not in the plural (the plural has less gender categories than the singular). I'm not so sure about this. I remember in some Austronesian languages the plural makes distinction between animated and non animated forms while such distinction is not present in the singular.
In relation to cases, Greenberg found out that:
Universal 38. Where there is a case system, the only case which ever has only zero allomorphs is the one which includes among its meanings that of the subject of the intransitive verb
In many languages, called ergative, with cases system the mark of the subject varies according to the transitive or intransitive nature of the verb. While in Greek, Latin, Russian we have the classical nominative/accusative, here we have absolutive/ergative, in which the absolutive is the case of the direct object of transitive verbs but also of the subject of intransitive verbs and the ergative is the case of the subject in transitive sentences.
Moreover if we consider:
Vas vekerula (the boy runs)
Vas v eker ula
The boy masculine to run simple present
Abs Sing. Abs.
Vas is the absolutive case and it is formed by the 'naked form of the word' i.e. there is not a case morpheme, this is understandable if we consider the absolutive the unmarked case.
Universal 39: Where morphemes of both number and case are present and both follow or both precede the noun base, the expression of number almost always comes between the noun base and the expression of case
Of course a simple empirical evidence of this last statement is not easy to find especially when we must deal with unknown languages, anyway I will try to give an example from Armenian:
Enker-ner-ic : by comrades
Enker is the root
Ner is the plural
Ic case ablative
Universal 40: When the adjective follows the noun, the adjective expresses all the inflectional categories of the noun. In such cases the noun may lack overt expression of one or all of these categories.
In other words when we have NA the adjective carries gender, number and possibly case while the noun does not. This is very common in Basque.
As a general statement, Greenberg maintains that cases are frequent in postpositional languages (Basque, Turkish, Japanese) and in particular in SOV ones, hence:
Universal 41. If in a language the verb follows both the nominal subject and nominal object as the dominant order, the language almost always has a case system
If postpositional then case system.
The last four universals deals with pronominal categories:
Universal 42. All languages have pronominal categories involving at least three persons and two numbers.
They are masculine, feminine, neuter, singular, plural
Universal 43. If a language has gender categories in the noun, it has gender categories in the pronoun
The pronoun acts in substitution of a noun.
Universal 44. If a language has gender distinctions in the first person, it always has gender distinctions in the second or third person, or in both.
This suggests that gender oppositions in personal pronouns are characteristic of the third rather than the first or second person.
Universal 45. If there are any gender distinctions in the plural of the pronoun, there are some gender distinctions in the singular also.
If M/F plural then M/F singular, gender is seen as being typical of singular rather than non-singular personal pronouns.
From the scanning of his sample Greenberg noticed that while the nominal object could follow the verb the pronominal object instead could follow or precede it, hence he underlined that the order VO is dominant over OV because the latter can be found only when the pronominal object precedes the verb while VO does not have such limitation. Moreover Greenberg discovered that the order OV is in harmony with PronV but not with VPron. In the same way VO is in harmony with VPron but not with PronV. As said above, the harmony can be explained in terms of premodification and postmodification. These considerations led Greenberg to formulate the following statement: a dominant order may always occur, but its opposite, the recessive, occurs only when a harmonic construction is likewise present. In other words: if OV then PronV, if VO then PronV. The notions of harmony and disharmony are used by Greenberg in terms of generalization. Moreover he analyzes universal 3 which states that SOV languages are always prepositional and in the three main word orders we notice that in two cases the subject precedes the verb (SV) while in one follows. Hence Greenberg maintains that prepositions are dominant over postpositions (the recessive alternative occurrence is zero) and prepositions are in harmony with VS and in disharmony with SV while postpositions are in harmony with the opposite order, i.e. SV
and not with VS. Universal 4 states that SOV is associated with postpositions. This means that OV is in harmony with postpositions while VO (I and II) with prepositions. In addition we can notice:
- in VSO (I type): VS and SO are harmonic with prepositions (in VS, V is the head, In SO, S is the head) and prepositions are dominant in other constructs
- in SVO (II type): SV is harmonic with postpositions and VO with prepositions and prepositions are dominant in other constructs
- in SOV (III type): we found SV and OV which are in harmony with postpositions but we have to say that in this case many SOV languages are postpositionals with several exceptions.
Going this way we see that NG is in harmony with prepositions while GN with postpositions. This implies that NA and AN (the adjective 'defines' like the genitive) are associated with prepositions and postpositions. In other words we find that in prepositions we have the following orders: NG, VS, VO, NA while in postpositions we have the opposite swapped order: GN, SV, OV, AN. In many cases (universal 5) we can have a disharmony between the Prep/Post and the word order of other constructs. In other words we can have languages of the type III with prepositions but also languages of the type II with prepositions and with NG or GN and NA and one type I with GN and AN. In universals 20 and 29 Greenberg found the so called proximity hierarchies in which the main element is the root morpheme and there is an implicational hierarchy in the case of inflection. Moreover number categories are closer to the root (generating an inflection) than the case. The notion of proximity is related to the neutralization one. Hence there are categories which depends on (are the implication of, are neutralized by) other. Number is neutralized by gender (universal 36), gender in non singular are neutralized by singular ones (universal 37), trial depends on dual and so on (universal 34). Moreover Greenberg noticed that universal 7,8,40 have in common the idea of marking the end of a unit or a sentence.