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Everything you wanted to know about Tarwi
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We love tarwi so much here at Backyard Seed Savers! Check out this publication (original found here) to know more:
Geographical distribution of the Andean lupin (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet)
By Sven-Erik Jacobsen Angel Mujica
Tarwi, tauri, chocho or pearl lupin (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) is a legume cultivated in the Andean area of South America, and is of great importance in Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. The countries where the species is regarded as of first priority are Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador and Chile, while in Argentina and Colombia it is of medium priority (FAO 1986). We estimate that the total area of tarwi is about 10 000 ha (Jacobsen and Mujica 2004).
The Andean lupin, described in Jacobsen and Mujica (2007), has less importance in South America than other Andean grain crops of increasing potential for production and commercialization on the national and international markets, compared with quinoa (Jacobsen and Mujica 2002) and amaranth (Jacobsen and Mujica 2003).
Lupin (Lupinus spp.) is a globally important crop. Tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) originated in the Andean area of South America (Dávila 1987). It is the only American member of the genus Lupinus that has been domesticated and cultivated (Blanco 1982). It is distributed from Colombia to the north of Argentina, although currently it is only of agricultural importance in Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. Recently, interest has increased in Europe due to its high nutritional quality, as a valuable source of protein and oil, with an oil content of 14-24% and a protein content of 41-51% (Gross et al. 1988).
Research has been carried out for 40 years on the Andean lupin in Peru and other Andean countries (Mujica et al. 2001, 2002). The germplasm collection in Peru consists of 1200 accessions, with vegetative periods of 140-230 days, seed yields of 800-2700 kg/ha, protein contents of 35-45% and oil contents of 15-23%. Tarwi fixes 160-220 kg N/ha, for a water consumption of 656 mm, according to Penman (1948). The main pests affecting the crop are Copitarsia turbata H.S., Agromyza sp., Frankliniella tuberosi Moulton and Myzus sp., while major diseases are Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Uromyces lupini and Fusarium oxysporum (Mujica et al. 2002).
Although institutions in several countries maintain Lupinus accessions, cultivated material, and especially wild types from many areas, remain uncollected (Table 1).
In Peru, tarwi is mainly grown around Lake Titicaca, from Ilave to the border with Bolivia in Desaguadero, and in small areas in Cajamarca in northern Peru and Cusco in the south. The main production centres in Ecuador are Cotopaxi, with 2150 ha and 484 t (225 kg/ha); Chimborazo with 1013 ha and 230 t (227 kg/ha); and Pichincha with 585 ha and 190 t (325 kg/ha) as annual averages. In addition, in Ecuador, chocho, as tarwi is known locally, is produced in the provinces of Carchi, Imbabura, Tungurahua and Bolivar. The yields are low, only about 250 kg/ha (INIAP 1997).
It is estimated that Ecuador has almost 32 000 ha suitable for production of chocho, 17 000 ha have certain limitations, and a further 55 600 ha have major limitations (Table 2). The limitations refer in general to the presence of biotic and abiotic adverse factors, including pests, frost and steep slopes. (INIAP 1997).
Studies have been initiated to evaluate the potential of L. mutabilis in Europe. Cultivation of the Andean lupin under European conditions has often been characterized by a low seed yield and a long vegetation period (Sawicka-Sienkiewicz and Augiewicz 2002). Interspecific hybrids were studied in order to evaluate the chromosome number, which is 2n=48 for L. mutabilis and 2n=50 for L. albus. Hybrids mostly had 48 chromosomes, independent of the mother, and they were usually morphologically similar to the mother. The first hybrids between L. polyphyllus and L. mutabilis have been developed, with dominant characters of pod shatter, bitterness and colour (von Baer 2002). The challenge is to achieve early varieties that are sweet, with high protein content (up to 50%) and high oil content (up to 25%), but there is a negative correlation between protein and oil content. Determinate types should be used in crossings to secure earliness.
In Spain, work has focused on the species L. albus, L. angustifolius, L. luteus and L. mutabilis (López-Bellido et al. 1982; Guerrero 1982). Andean lupin did not function as a winter crop under the conditions in Córdoba (López-Bellido and Fuentes 1990).
While seed quality of L. mutabilis is well documented, little information exists on morphological characters, growth duration, dry matter (DM) production and seed yield. L. mutabilis has an indeterminate growth habit, where the plants produce a principal stem, ending in a terminal inflorescence, with branches appearing after flowering (Blanco 1982; Neves-Martins et al. 1992). Great variation has been observed in the number of branches (0 to 52; Blanco 1982) and in plant height (0.23-2.25 m; Neves-Martins et al. 1992). These morphological characters are influenced by genotype and climatic conditions. In years of drought or in dry regions, the plants are smaller with fewer branches, and mature earlier. The architecture of the plant seems to be closely related to earliness (Blanco 1982; Lenoble 1982; Huyghe 1992).
L. mutabilis is adapted to a temperate, neither too dry nor hot, climate, and is relatively susceptible to frost. Temperatures below -2°C cause plant death, especially if occurring during the first growth stages (Blanco 1982). This susceptibility limits its use as a winter crop. With spring sowing, the problem is slow initial growth, so that flowering often coincides with the summer drought, as for instance in southern Europe and in Australia. At the same time, dry conditions reduce the problem of indeterminate growth, but also reduce yield potential considerably.
In Europe, seed yield of Andean lupin is limited by competition between plants for nutrients, and the low DM yield. Despite the indeterminate growth of L. mutabilis, the leaf area is small. Leaf development is very slow during the early growth stages, and the crop does not cover the soil until by the end of the vegetative growth period (Hardy et al. 1997). The duration of the remaining period with a complete crop cover was too short to produce a satisfactory DM yield (Hardy et al. 1997).
Despite the high oil and protein content, the potential for increased production of tarwi is limited due to its low yield and its indeterminate growth. Tarwi yielded less in Europe (ca 1 t/ha) compared with other legumes (Table 3). However, the results are based on two very dry years. Other studies have shown higher yields, for example in England, where Masefield (1976) found yields of 1.8 to 6.0 t/ha when sowing in March, while the same genotypes produced 0.5-3.5 t/ha when sown in April. In Germany, tarwi yielded 0.68-3.0 t/ha (Weißmann and Weißmann 1992; Romer and Jahn-Deesbach 1992). Rubenschuh (1997) reported yields of 1.8-6.5 t/ha in 1991 and 0.2-2.4 t/ha in 1992. In Spain, the yield was 0.2-0.5 t/ha (López-Bellido 1992), and in France 1.0-2.5 t/ha (Lenoble 1982). In the Andes, the yield varies from 0.5 to 3.5 t/ha, with an average of 0.9-1.3 t/ha (González 1986). These results show that the productivity of L. mutabilis is unstable and highly influenced by environmental conditions (Caligari et al. 2000). The relatively low yields are due to the low number of pods and the low number of seeds per pod (Lenoble 1982; López-Bellido and Fuentes 1990; Romer and Jahn-Deesbach 1992). Flower loss also causes yield loss, reaching 59-73% (Neves-Martins and Silva 1994). The flower loss can be related to development of lateral branches, as also seen in L. angustifolius, L. luteus and L. mutabilis (Porter 1982).
Another problem with tarwi is the harvest index (HI), which was only 0.09-0.33 in several cultivars studied. In addition, 41-56% of pod dry weight was located in the pod walls (Hardy and Huyghe 1997).
However, a number of characteristics make tarwi a promising crop. Among these are the high nitrogen fixation capacity—from 120 to 160 kg N/ha per year—and a grain of high biological value, with 40% protein and 20% oil. Moreover, the plant can be incorporated into the soil as organic matter.
The DM and seed yield was studied in two genotypes of early (LM34) and late (LM268) maturity in 1994-95, at two sowing densities (35 and 55 seeds/m2) in Lusignan, France (Hardy et al. 1997). DM yield was on average 6800 kg/ha. The main stem and the first order branches contributed most to the biomass. Pods were only produced on the main stem. The maximum leaf area index (LAI) was 2.8. LAI did not correlate with DM production, which varied with genotype. LM34 showed better growth of pods, its harvest index was 0.32 and seed yield on average was 1.28 t/ha. LM268 had more vegetative growth, and both HI and seed yield were lower (0.16 and 1.13 t/ha, respectively). The yields were similar at the two plant densities. Neither genotype showed translocation of assimilates from stem to pods (Hardy et al. 1997). LM34 gave a relatively stable seed yield, and its HI was equivalent to that of other indeterminate lupins. LM268 had better growth of pods and seeds, but vegetative growth stopped, so the plant did not mature. In hot and dry conditions, growth and formation of pods were reduced due to abortion of flowers and seeds (Hardy et al. 1997).
In Europe and Western Australia, L. mutabilis cannot compete in yield with other crops unless the seed quality has an additional value sufficient to compensate for the lower yield. In order to increase the potential for DM production of tarwi, an increase in LAI should be considered, for instance by increasing sowing density, which will cause an accumulation of green matter in stem and first-order branches, and little development of upper branches. Another possibility would be to modify the sowing date. It is not possible to sow before spring. A delayed sowing implies the development of more first-order branches; however, as flowering may also be delayed, it may coincide with a period of drought, so that maturity is delayed. A third solution would be to screen the available variability for intermediate genotypes, which develop sufficient, but not too much biomass. Such a genotype would require a vegetative development sufficient for capturing light over a long period, and thus optimizing biomass yield. Greater modifications of plant structure have little probability of increasing the yield of L. mutabilis, despite ensuring seed harvest, because it will also reduce the leaf area and limit the potential for biomass production. Modifications, such as a shorter phyllochron to reduce time to anthesis, could have an effect. This means that mechanisms that define plant structure, and the relationship between structure of the crop and the efficiency of light interception, should be analysed in order to decide whether L. mutabilis could be an alternative for areas outside the Andes (Hardy et al. 1997).
It was demonstrated that seed yield of L. mutabilis was limited in Europe due to low DM production. Twelve genotypes were sown on eight dates in five locations (France, United Kingdom, Germany, Poland and Portugal) in 1994 and 1995 (Hardy et al. 1998). The widest variation was observed for phenological and morphological characters. The variation in number of principal leaves was partly affected by temperature. Height and date of flowering were related to the number of leaves, but the time of flowering was also affected by environmental conditions. The number of branches was determined by the environmental conditions during growth. The number of leaves in the second branch of the first order was less susceptible to the environmental conditions than the number of leaves on the main stem. The heritabilities were high for all characters except for the number of leaves on the second branch of first order, and the interactions between genotype and environmental condition. It was concluded that it is possible to improve L. mutabilis by modifying its morphology (Hardy et al. 1998).
However, unstable yield and indeterminate maturity are the principal factors that limit the introduction of L. mutabilis to Europe. Before beginning a breeding programme, it is important to study carbon partitioning and to analyse its consequences for maturity and seed yield (Hardy et al. 1997).
A more fundamental analysis of the physiological mechanisms that define the structure of the plant and the function of the phyllochron, and a comprehension of the relationship between the main stem and branches, would lead to a better understanding of the optimal phenology of the plant for each environmental condition (Hardy et al. 1998).
Andean lupin has a very long growth period, the reason for which is its indeterminate growth habit, with a continuous production of lateral branches. Selection of early maturing material of L. mutabilis began in Germany in 1983, and through conventional breeding a new variety, cv. Inti, was developed with 51% of protein and 16% oil (Gross et al. 1988). The most surprising result was the reduction of the alkaloid content to 0.0075%, which is even lower than the sweet lupin (0.02%) (Pearson and Carr 1977).
For the purpose of obtaining early maturing material, variability was created through induced chemical mutations (Romer et al. 1996). The two populations in M3 showed genetic variability, with promising characteristics such as earliness and short plant stature. Plant height is related to earliness, so that short plants tend to be earlier. The selected plants had smaller seeds (Silva et al. 1996). Interspecific crossings were performed with a perennial lupin (L. polyphyllus), which is early, but no pods contained seeds. It seemed to be possible to use frozen pollen of L. polyphyllus (Romer 1995).
If the Andean lupin were to be introduced to Europe, it would be necessary to select the most adapted genotypes, with resistance to diseases, and begin breeding programmes using interspecific hybridization. L. mutabilis has been crossed with L. termis, L. graecus and L. vavilovii. Twenty seeds were obtained from 198 crosses (11%). The species differ in the number of chromosomes (L. mutabilis 2n=48, the others 2n=50). The same genotypes of L. mutabilis were crossed with several wild types from the USA (L. elegans, L. pubescens, L. hartwegii and L. nanus), from which were obtained 11 seeds from 155 flowers (7%), even though the progenitors had the same number of chromosomes (2n=48). Interspecific offspring with the desired characters were obtained, such as hybrids between the line KW1, crossed with L. pubescens and L. elegans. Thus, interspecific hybridization in L. mutabilis seems to be possible, but with a low efficiency (Sawicka-Sienkiewicz and Brejdak 1996).
In vitro regeneration provides a powerful tool for creating disease-free genotypes, for application of genetic transformation, and for multiplying rare breeding material (Schafer-Menuhr 1985). Furthermore, in vitro techniques could rescue hybrid embryos that normally do not form roots (Schafer-Menuhr 1985; Gulati and Jaiwal 1990). This regeneration technique has been used in several lupin species (Sator 1985; Schafer-Menuhr 1985; Vuillaume et al. 1985; Sroga 1987; Podyma et al. 1988; Upadhyaya et al. 1992; Pigeare et al. 1994). However, the frequency of regeneration has always been low and with problems upon transferring the plants to natural condition.
Regeneration was achieved by organogenesis of immature seeds of L. mutabilis, using the modified method of Schenk and Hildebrandt (1972), complemented with tidiazuron (2 mg/L). There were only successful crossings between two of the five lines evaluated, with a multiplication factor of up to 12.4. Very few offspring produced roots (Rahim and Caligari 1996).
One possibility could be the use of L. mutabilis as a progenitor for interspecific crossings in order to improve seed quality of other cultivated lupin species (L. albus, L. angustifolius and L. luteus). However, such hybridizations have not succeeded so far (Hardy and Huyghe 1997).
The optimal plant type has a determinate growth, with one or two lateral branch orders, with, for instance, eight primary branches. This type was called semi-determinate (Romer et al. 1996). It must be early, with a low alkaloid content. A semi-determinate plant, that is one with a determinate habit with additional primary branches, may be the most appropriate form for the future (Caligari et al. 2000).
Incidence of pests and diseases
The principal factor limiting production of Lupinus spp. is the disease anthracnose, which is now common in L. albus in Europe (Gondran et al. 1996), in North and South America (von Baer and Hashagen 1996), and recently in Australia (Dept. of Agriculture 1996). L. mutabilis is also very susceptible to this disease. It was previously reported that anthracnose was caused by the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Gondran et al. 1994), but there is now proof that the causal organism is the fungus C. acutatum (Gondran et al. 1996). The disease spreads rapidly in the field if moisture is present. There is a need for strategies to control this disease if lupin production shall succeed. Blanco (1982) demonstrated genetic differences with respect to anthracnose in L. mutabilis in Peru, but such differentiated behaviour was not seen in the European material.
In order to control the disease, it is recommended to use high-quality, disease-free seed, and to select for resistance. With no differences in behaviour against anthracnose, it could be necessary to treat the seeds with fungicides. Results from France showed that a mixture of Carbendazime and Iprodiona was effective (Gondran et al. 1990). A treatment with Landor C (Fludioxonil + Difenoconazole) was evaluated, but was only effective if the contamination of seeds did not exceed 2% (Romer 1997). Application of Landor C in combination with Harvesan (Carbendazime + Flusilazole) should begin in the four-leaf stage and be repeated every three weeks.
A preventive fungicide application followed by continuous applications, especially under humid conditions, is efficient. However, this strategy is too expensive in commercial fields, and obviously not sustainable, and not possible in organic agriculture. The key to control the disease is seed production of good quality, which will give farmers the possibility of producing Andean lupin without the use of pesticides. Simultaneously, plant breeding programmes should include disease resistance. This is obviously a long-term process, and its success uncertain.
In Japan, there were problems with blight and root rot in tarwi. Soil sterilization was recommended, and when sowing crops susceptible to this disease, it was done in colder seasons or areas (Sato et al. 1999). Root rot was also seen in the USA. Several pathogenic fungi were isolated from lupin grown in Minnesota. Fusarium sp. was associated with root rot symptoms; Rhizoctonia sp. attacked parts of the lower stem; and Ascochyta sp. caused a necrosis of the stem and pod lesions. Seed treatments were usually ineffective. The use of adequate cultural controls, such as crop rotation and clean seed, can reduce the risk of loss caused by diseases (Putnam 2001).
The area of the Peruvian-Bolivian altiplano, with its altitude of 3800 masl and its harsh climatic conditions, is regarded as disease-free for tarwi. Therefore it is an excellent area for seed production of disease-free seed (Lescano et al. 1991).
Photoperiod response
Photoperiod sensitivity to grain filling has an important function in the adaptation of plants to the Andean environment, which is a climate characterized by drought and by frost towards the end of the growing season. The sensitivity promotes accelerated grain filling when the daylength is short. However, this character can limit the adaptation of tarwi to higher latitudes. The adaptation to high latitudes should thus consist of a selection for less sensitivity to daylength effects on grain filling. Knowledge of the variation in the sensitivity to daylength and its genetic basis makes it possible to obtain genotypes for high latitudes with little or no sensitivity, and cultivars in the Andes with greater sensitivity.
Oil content of tarwi cultivated in Europe was less than in its region of origin, due to climatic factors (FAO 1982). Hackbarth (1961) mentioned that L. mutabilis was neutral to daylength, but it was observed that 7 of 12 cultivars presented a higher oil content in short days. Two cultivars did not show variation and three cultivars had a lower oil content. It has been shown in several species and varieties of lupin that the effect of vernalization is a reduction in the growth period and a higher yield (Krasulina 1937; Silvester-Bradley 1980). In tarwi, no reaction to vernalization was observed.
The environmental response should be quantified by a daily registry of maximum and minimum temperature and calculations of the daylength (Charles-Edwards et al. 1986). Data on the locality of origin, such as latitude, longitude and altitude, should be recorded, as well as historical data on precipitation, number of days without frost, intensity of frost, potential evapotranspiration, duration of growth season, and average temperature (FAO 1986). All these data will be useful to interpret specific responses of the genotypes (Bertero et al. 1999).
The Andean lupin is adapted to a temperate climate and is strongly influenced by daylength. In its region of origin, the Andes, L. mutabilis is cultivated at altitudes up to 3800 masl. L. mutabilis is resistant to frost during the period of grain filling, while earlier in its growth it is sensitive. L. albus resists temperatures below 0°C (FAO 1982). In its area of origin, plant development is affected by low temperatures, especially towards maturity. However, in Europe, low temperatures affect L. mutabilis during the first growth phases, causing plant death (López-Bellido 1992). This limits the adaptation of L. mutabilis to latitudes different from the area of origin (von Baer and von Baer 1988). The economic viability of L. mutabilis in regions with winter crops would require improved tolerance to low temperatures during the initial growth stages.
The slopes of the region of Cochabamba, Bolivia, between 2500 and 4000 masl, are characterized by a multitude of microclimates for crop production. The poor productivity of food crops in this region has been associated with a reduction in soil fertility. The time allowed for fallow has declined as more soil is demanded for crop production. The use of legumes as cover crops during the fallow period, in order to recover soil fertility, could be an option (Wheeler et al. 1999). For high elevations near 3800 m, only Vicia villosa subsp. dasycarpa and V. faba of Bolivia are potentially adapted. These two species, in addition to L. mutabilis and V. faba of Nepal, are crops of potential cover for use to around 3500 masl.
The biological value of lupin protein was determined. In bitter varieties of L. albus, L. angustifolius, L. consentinii and L. mutabilis the seeds have to be boiled and washed in order to eliminate the alkaloids (Savage et al. 1982). A digestibility test varied between 95% in L. mutabilis and 80% in L. angustifolius, and the biological value of L. mutabilis was also the highest, at 75%. The biological value of all species was improved by the addition to 0.5% methionine to the diet. In Ecuador, new products have been developed, such as processed and washed seeds, to be sold as a delicacy for salads, snacks, etc.
Lupinus mutabilis has been an important source of protein in human nutrition for more than 2000 years. Today its cultivation in the Andean region is restricted to small fields as a subsistence crop. The composition of the seeds, the almost neutral photoperiodic requirement, the white and large seeds, and the adaptation to harsh climatic conditions, makes an introduction to other parts of the world possible. A study of the adaptation of Lupinus mutabilis to Europe showed that it does not produce seed of a sufficiently high yield in order to become economically feasible. The reasons for the low yield are its low potential for accumulation of dry matter due to a low LAI, its indeterminate growth habit, and a high proportion of pod wall relative to seed.
The characters requiring modification in order to adapt L. mutabilis to European conditions are a dwarf gene in order to reduce plant height and a genotype with determinate growth and some additional compensatory branches. The discovery of a mutant with determinate growth opens up the potential for producing a crop with a new architecture that could be established in Europe.
The main potential of the Andean lupin is in the Andean region of South America, where it should be possible to increase production and develop markets. INIAP, Ecuador, has done most, and published a CD on the production, post-harvest and agro-industry of the crop (Peralta and Ayala 2001). The crop could also be promoted in Peru and Bolivia. Recently, a workshop was held in Bolivia, with participants from universities and research institutions from Bolivia and neighbouring Peru and Argentina, in order to define minor crops with a major potential for production, use and market sale. Andean lupin was selected as one of the crops on which to focus (Jacobsen et al. 2004).
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Mujica A, Jacobsen S-E, Ortiz R, Canahua A, Galvez N, Apaza V. 2001. Investigaciones en tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet). Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, Instituto de Investigación, Puno, Peru. 92 p.
Mujica A, Jacobsen S-E, Izquierdo J. 2002. Andean lupin (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) – forty years of research in Peru. In: Proceedings X International Lupin Conference – Wild and Cultivated Lupins from the Tropics to the Poles. Laugarvatn, Iceland, 19-24 June 2002. p. 106.
Neves-Martins J, Silva PMR. 1994. Lupinus mutabilis evaluation and selection: morphology, productivity and seed quality. In: J Neves-Martins and ML Beirao da Costa (editors). Advances in Lupin Research. ISA Press, Lisbon, Portugal. pp. 77-83.
Neves-Martins J, Silva PMR, Sousa RFXB. 1992. Evaluation of Lupinus mutabilis accessions for protein and oil in Portugal. In: Agrimed Research Programme – Lupinus mutabilis: its adaptation and production under European pedoclimatic conditions (Commission of the European Communities). EUR 14102 EN:Luxembourg. pp. 1-10.
Pearson G, Carr JR. 1977. A comparison between meals prepared from the seeds of different varieties of lupin as protein supplements to barley-based diets for growing pigs. Animal Science and Technology 2: 49.
Penman HL. 1948. Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A 193: 120-145.
Peralta E, Ayala S. 2001. Estudio de la producción, poscosecha y posibilidades agroindustriales del chocho (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) para la sierra ecuatoriana. Proyecto BID-206, Programa Nacional de Leguminosas, INIAP. CD-ROM.
Pigeare A, Lu C-Y, Cornish E. 1994. High frequency shoot regeneration from lupin seedling explants (Lupinus angustifolius) via organogenesis. In: Abstracts of the 8th International Congress of Plant Tissue and Cell Culture. Florence, Italy. p. 130.
Podyma E, Turzynski D, Rybczynski JJ. 1988. An immature embryo culture, vegetative propagation and somatic cell genetic manipulation of Lupinus taxa. In: T Twardowski (editor). Proceedings of the 5th International Lupin Conference. PWRiL, Poznan, Poland. pp. 439-443.
Porter NG. 1982. Interaction between lateral branch growth and pod set in primary inflorescences of lupin. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 33: 957-965.
Putnam, D.H. 1993. An interdisciplinary approach to the development of lupin as an alternative crop. In: J. Janick and J.E. Simon (eds.). New crops. Wiley, New York. p. 266-277
Rahim MA, Caligari PDS. 1996. Multiple shoot regeneration in Lupinus mutabilis Sweet. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Lupin Conference. Pacific Grove, California, USA.
Romer P. 1995. New attempts to select early maturing Lupinus mutabilis for middle Europe. Proceedings of the 2nd European Conference on Grain Legumes, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Romer P. 1997. Anthracnose. In: P Caligari, C Huyghe, P Romer and JM Neves-Martins (editors). Adaptation of Lupinus mutabilis to European soil and climate conditions. Final Consolidated Report (Nov. 1993-Jan. 1997). Commission of the European Communities, Directorate-General for Agriculture, DGVI FII.3, Contract No. AIR3-CT93-0865. pp. 221-224.
Romer P, Jahn-Deesbach W. 1992. Eight years of experiences in breeding Lupinus mutabilis under middle European conditions. In: Agrimed Research Programme – Lupinus mutabilis: its adaptation and production under European pedoclimatic conditions (Commission of the European Communities). EUR 14102 EN:Luxembourg. pp. 79-85.
Romer P, Caligari PDS, Rahim MA, Huyghe C, Hardy A, Neves-Martins J, Sawicka-Sienkiewicz E. 1996. Breeding perspectives of Lupinus mutabilis in middle Europe. Proceedings of the 8th International Lupin Conference, Pacific Grove, California, USA.
Rubenschuh U. 1997. Variability of yield components and seed components of Lupinus mutabilis. PhD thesis (in German), University of Giessen, Germany. 193 p.
Sato T, Tomioka K, Nakanishi T, Koganezawa, H. 1999. Charcoal rot of yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp. Et Endl.) H. Robinson), oca (Oxalis tuberosa Molina) and pearl lupin (tarwi, Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. Bulletin – Shikoku National Agricultural Experiment Station No. 64.
Sator C. 1985. Studies on shoot regeneration of lupins (Lupinus spp.). Plant Cell Reporter 4: 126-128.
Savage GP, Alington EH, Hill GD. 1982. Valor biológico de la semilla del lupino cultivado en Nueva Zelanda. In: Asociación Internacional del Lupino. Actas, 2. Conferencia Internacional del Lupino, Torremolinos (España), May 1982. pp. 295-298.
Sawicka-Sienkiewicz EJ, Brejdak E. 1996. Interspecific crossability of the Andean lupin (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet). Journal of Applied Genetics 37A: 170.
Sawicka-Sienkiewicz EJ, Augiewicz J. 2002. Genetic studies of Andean lupin (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet). Proceedings of the 10th International Lupin Conference, Laugarvatn, Iceland. 19-24 June 2002. p. 136
Schafer-Mehuhr A. 1985. Propagation of lupins. In: A. Schafer-Menuhr (editor). In vitro techniques. Advances in Agricultural Botany, 14: 23-28.
Schenk RU, Hildebrandt AC. 1972. Medium and techniques for induction and growth of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plant cell cultures. Canadian Journal of Botany 50: 199-204.
Silva AT, Talhinhas P, Neves-Martins J, Sawicka-Sienkiewicz E. 1996. Evaluation of Lupinus mutabilis mutants: M3 and M5 segregating generations. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Lupin Conference. Pacific Grove, California, USA.
Silvester-Bradley R. 1980. The effect of sowing date in the development of Lupinus albus in the United Kingdom and its optimum plant density. Proceedings of the 1st International Lupine Workshop. Lima, Peru.
Sroga GE. 1987. Plant regeneration of two Lupinus spp. from callus cultures via organogenesis. Plant Science Letters 51: 245-249.
Upadhyaya A, Davis TD, Sankhla D, Sankhla N. 1992. Micropropagation of Lupinus texensis from cotyledonary node explants. HortScience 27(11): 1222-1223.
von Baer E. 2002. Potential of the crossing L. polyphyllus × L. mutabilis. Proceedings of the 10th International Lupin Conference. Laugarvatn, Iceland. 19-24 June 2002. p. 31.
von Baer E, von Baer D. 1988. Lupinus mutabilis: cultivation and breeding. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Lupin Conference. Poland 1988. pp. 237-247.
von Baer E, Hashagen U. 1996. Living with anthracnose. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Lupin Conference. Pacific Grove, California, USA.
Vuillaume E, Verchere J, Hoff T. 1985. In vitro culture of lupins. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Lupin Conference. Geraldton, Western Australia. p. 288.
Weissmann E, Weissmann S. 1992. Variation of various constituents in seeds of Lupinus mutabilis under German climatic conditions. In: Agrimed Research Programme – Lupinus mutabilis: its adaptation and production under European pedoclimatic conditions (Commission of the European Communities). EUR 14102 EN:Luxembourg. pp. 155-163.
Wheeler TR, Qi A, Keatinge JDH, Ellis RH, Summerfield RJ. 1999. Selecting legume cover crops for hillside environments in Bolivia. Mountain Research and Development 19(4): 318-324.
Joep Ingen Housz
I am interested to know how we can obtain Tarsi seeds to try growing them in Portugal.


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David Weeks Studio creates stunning, modern lighting as well as furniture and accessories.222140ATTR:ALUMINUM
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David Weeks Lighting is located at 68 Jay St Ste 612a in Brooklyn and has been in the business of Lighting Consultant since 1995.
David Weeks Lighting can be found at Jay St 68. The following is offered: Metal Industries. The entry is present with us since Sep 7, 2010 and was last updated on Nov 12, 2013. In Brooklyn there are 302 other Metal Industries. An overview can be found here.

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As the legislature approaches a special session to solve the pension crisis, the first thing to agree on is that no solution will be considered "fair" by everyone. When an additional $800M-$1B a year is needed, no good solutions exist.
Non-state employees do not want their taxes raised while individuals who contributed to the funds want their full pension.
One of the points often made by state employees is that the two prior administrations and past legislatures did not fully contribute the full matching portion of the funds. True – but the question not answered is what state programs should have been cut or what percentage tax increase should have occurred to raise the additional funds?
For those advocating only a tax increase to fund the plan, non-state employees ask is it fair for state workers to retire at age 49 or earlier while non-state workers in a 401K plan cannot retire until age 59½ without taking a tax penalty?
One of the proposed solutions for the current situation is to freeze all KRS pensions at the current level, move everyone to a 401K type plan, and to put all new teachers into Social Security. If current teachers were moved into Social Security they would be subject to the windfall elimination provision. While this plan may solve any pension issues 50 years from now – it doesn't solve how you pay for the current earned pension obligations.
Several different measures can be taken to fund the pension shortfalls. Some will likely be litigated. The first is requiring individuals to work longer. Using the assumptions provided in the table, this will allow approximately $132M to be retained in the KERS-NH&TRS funds (this analysis only considers those two funds) for each additional year retirement eligible employees work.
In order to prevent a mass exodus to retirement, this plan can be phased instead of an immediate increase to a specific age. Another option to retain retirement eligible employees would be to allow them to freeze their retirement benefit at the current level and continue working but not be required to make any additional retirement contributions until they decide to retire. This would be a net gain for the pension fund for each employee who delays retirement.
The second source of funding is for current employees to increase their retirement contributions and for some retirees to take a pension cut. The individuals benefiting the most should have additional skin in the game. Current employees will have to contribute a larger percent of their pay (2%) to the pension plan. Retirees should be classified into two pools. Those over a certain age – say age 65 and those under. Retirees under the age of 65 would have to take a cut ($1,000) to their retirement check that would be restored upon reaching age 65. Retirees under the age of 65, unless disabled, often are either working or have the ability to continue working.
But as shown in the table, only requiring additional pension contributions and having some retirees take a pension cut does not get close to solving the problem. A tax increase will have to occur to get to $800M. The last source of additional funding is a 1% sales and use tax increase (tax consumption not hard work). Adding 1/6 to the FY 2017 sales tax collections should generate around $580M.
The solutions listed here provide about $840M a year. Other possible solutions include lowering the tax exemption on retirees' pensions, requiring local school boards to contribute to the TRS fund as many states do or making significant cuts to other government programs.
Past administrations and legislatures have left Governor Bevin a mess. No good solutions are left.
Thomas G. Noland Ph.D., CPA, CMA, and CDFM is a Professor at the College of Charleston and a native of Irvine, Ky.


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The United States manufacturing industry is facing a major challenge in the recruiting and training of the next wave of skilled workers. In fact, 84 percent of manufacturers echo this concern by reporting moderate to severe shortages of qualified workers. This statistic, in combination with the U.S. Commerce Department's Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP) forecast of two million manufacturing jobs being available in 2025, clearly illustrates the magnitude of the workforce development conundrum.
This challenge is even more apparent in the composites sector where the need for effective workforce development is greater than ever. Without an active approach to preparing a highly skilled labor pool, composite manufacturers will struggle to compete in the scarce labor market. To combat this, MVP has become a strong proponent of workforce development, especially for the composites industry, and is taking an active role to address the problems at hand.
MVP understands that an effective and sustainable workforce development program is essential for labor force stability. And due to the general lack of awareness of composites manufacturing, MVP also recognizes that this particular industry faces further difficulties in competing with wood, metal, and electronics companies for their future labor forces.
Emerging as the leader in workforce development for the composites industry, MVP is striving to solve this issue by promoting workforce training and fostering industry awareness in order to increase the number of workers entering the industry, and reduce turnover. The result of successful workforce development is an increase in productivity and innovation which further improves industry performance.
Other organizations have also recognized the value of promoting workforce development in the manufacturing industry. "There's a human capital challenge right now," says Gary Miller, director of training and occupational development at SGS Tool Company. "With so many people retiring, we'll lose a lot of our workforce in the next 10 years. By supporting schools and teaching kids about manufacturing, we're building our employee pipeline. We're developing our industry's future."
Building a sustainable pipeline of quality labor and talent retention relies on workforce training excellence and a proactive approach to raising industry awareness. MVP strongly believes that promoting effective workforce development in the composites industry and across all of the manufacturing sector will build a solid foundation from which the American manufacturing business will flourish. At MVP, we know that taking on this challenge today is necessary for tomorrow's success.
Learn more about MVP, our history, news, and events by visiting us online at www.MVPind.com/us today!
Click here to see the full list of MVP events & Click here to see the latest news about MVP.
IACMI Growth
The Institute for Advanced Composites Manufacturing Innovation (IACMI) is quickly establishing itself as an industry leading consortium. CLICK HERE
Join us March 8-10 at the largest international gathering of composites professionals. CLICK HERE
CLICK HERE for info on four schools presented in 2016 focused on advanced process and materials.
New product launch & new brand identity poise MVP for expansion. For more info CLICK HERE.


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The National Football League (NFL) Super Bowl is known for three things: aggressive football, epic half-time performances and some of the most entertaining commercials of the year. As the most-watched television event in America, brands of all sizes are looking to captivate the audience with witty, humorous or emotional advertisements. This year's commercials trended toward more serious, emotional messages rather than the funny or outrageous commercials of the past. (For example, check out Audi's "Doberhuahua" commercial.)
The emotional trend proved successful for some brands. Microsoft and Toyota both featured stories of young people conquering their physical impairments. Dove, among others, showed the power of a father caring for his children. Jeep took viewers on a visual world tour to promote respect for the earth. Weight Watchers rounded them out with a message about the importance of portion control and health consciousness.
A few brands took the opportunity to launch their newest campaigns. Always aired a commercial for its "Like A Girl" campaign to encourage self-confidence and empowerment in young girls. The "Pay with Lovin'" campaign, which asked customers to simply pay with a heartfelt act, earned significant praise for McDonald's.
The Nationwide commercial has been one of the most talked-about commercials of 2015 — not in a good way. This commercial was intended to educate viewers on the dangers of accidental childhood death. What it actually did was deliver an emotionally charged, ultimately depressing story that outraged viewers across the country. Social media exploded with references to the commercial's depressing tone, harsh message and extreme contrast to the event's upbeat atmosphere. Many people concluded that it was an important message, yet it was shared in an inappropriate time and manner.
Super Bowl XLIX had its fair share of classic, funny commercials as well — take Doritos, Avocados from Mexico and BMW as examples. However, it was overwhelmingly clear that a shift had been made in the world of Super Bowl advertising. Whether inspiring or insensitive, this year's commercials ensured that the football game was not the viewers' only emotional experience.
--by Bethany Corne, PRSSA General Member
Advertisements Mentioned:
· Microsoft
· Toyota
· Dove
· Jeep
· Weight Watchers
· Always
· McDonald's
· Dorito's
· Avocados from Mexico
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All blogs are written by general members of UAPRSSA and Capstone Agency.
April 2018


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Replacing the leading tackler in Florida State`s defense is no enviable assignment.
Paul McGowan, a sophomore from Winter Park, took over for the graduated Henry Taylor at weakside linebacker. Taylor had 159 tackles in 1984.
``I never worried about how good Henry was,`` McGowan said. ``I worried about how good I was going to be.``
In the opener against Tulane, McGowan had seven tackles, including one for a loss, and one pass broken up. In FSU`s 17-13 upset of Nebraska Saturday, he had 14 tackles, two for losses, a knock-back on the goal line and a critical fourth-quarter interception to stop a Cornhusker drive, good enough to be chosen Sports Illustrated`s Defensive Player of the Week.
``Anytime you lose a player like (Taylor),`` FSU coach Bobby Bowden said, ``it is a concern. Paul has relieved some of our anxieties. The guy hits like Reggie Herring (a linebacker on the 1979-80 teams), and he`s proved to us he has the ability to make the plays. We`re satisfied with Paul and Fred Jones at our inside spots. They`re bigger than our linebackers in the past and hit with greater authority.``
McGowan had to beat out Jesse Solomon and Felton Hayes.
``When I came to Florida State,`` said first-year linebacker coach Wally Burnham, ``I didn`t know who Henry Taylor was or what he had meant to the defense. I told our players the first time I met with them that I would put them all in a sack, shape it up and see who fell out.``
In the spring, McGowan gained a slight edge despite being slowed by a couple of injuries. ``Over the summer is when he really dedicated himself,`` Burnham said. ``When he returned in the fall, he was clearly ahead mentally and physically. Last summer, he probably didn`t know how to dedicate himself because he was a freshman.``


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Knowledge Bank
Read about the wide variety of inspiring things our active Neighbourhood Watch groups are doing to help improve their communities.
If you are looking for ideas to help your own community there is always something to learn from past successes.
If you are part of an active Neighbourhood Watch group doing great things in your community then we would like to hear from you. Contact the NHW State Coordinator for a template to share your story.


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Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
The effect of mechanical expressions on red algae yield, Kappaphycus alvarezii L. Doty
|Version for non-UH users. Copying/Printing is not permitted
|Adobe PDF
|Version for UH users
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Item Summary
|The effect of mechanical expressions on red algae yield, Kappaphycus alvarezii L. Doty
|Rapi, Saipul
|seaweed cultivation
red algae
Kappaphycus alvarezii
|Issue Date:
|Dec 2012
|[Honolulu] : [University of Hawaii at Manoa], [December 2012]
|Commercial seaweed cultivation has been introduced to numerous parts of the world. Significant research is dedicated to its improvement of cultivation and processing. Kappaphycus alvarezii, a macroalgae, has spread throughout Southeast Asia and has been cultivated in many regions. The reliable cash income supports many coastal fishing communities. Separation of the solid-liquid fractions of fresh seaweed may provide additional value to seaweed farmers. Seaweed prices fluctuate due to variations in seaweed quality at the farm level. In addition, seaweed mostly grows better during the rainy season when there is a lack of sunlight to facilitate drying required for trade. If the seaweed can be immediately processed without drying and two products are obtained from liquid and solid separation, it will save space for drying and cost for adding new drying infrastructures. The liquid is used for agriculture fertilizer and the dry cake is used as an aquatic feed additive. Six factors were studied to improve liquid extraction with mechanical expression using a fractional factorial design with two levels. The high levels of factors are coded +1 and lower levels coded as-1. The lower level Comitrol™ blade space (1 mm blade space), low level initial temperature (22 oC), low initial weight (20 gram) and high level final pressure (2800 Pa) gave the highest liquid recovery from Kappaphycus alvarezii. Speed of pressing and time held at final pressure had negligible effect on liquid recovery. The economic analyses showed that a 250Mg per year solid liquid processing facility is a profitable investment given a Minimum Attractive Rate of Return of 20%, because the Internal Rate of Return was shown to be 30.23%. An increase of 10% in variable costs over ten years decreases net cash flow (-$100.17); but an increased the selling price of 2.5% restored the IRR to 30.23%.
|M.S. University of Hawaii at Manoa 2012.
Includes bibliographical references.
|Appears in Collections:
|M.S. - Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering
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Legal Scholars Pre-Law Support Program
Prepare to take the LSAT and succeed in law school
Southern Utah University's Legal Scholars Pre-Law Support Program was designed to ease the way for students interested in entering law school and ultimately earning a JD degree. The SUU program is not an academic major, but we strongly encourage Legal Scholars students to enroll in some law-related courses while participating in the program.
In addition to receiving enhanced, individualized pre-law advising to help students prepare for the Law School Admission Council (LSAC) review and to score well on the Law School Admission Test (LSAT), students benefit in many different ways such as:
- Academic support, including peer mentoring and help accessing additional campus resources
- Opportunities to get involved in legal organizations on campus
- Help finding legal internships and service opportunities in the Cedar City, Utah, region
- Opportunities to participate in the intramural mock trial competition on campus
- Meet with admission deans from the two law schools in Utah, Brigham Young University and the University of Utah
- Take part in the law school admission workshop on the SUU campus
- Join field trips to the Utah State Supreme Court, law offices, law schools, and law school fairs
- Job shadow with judges and attorneys
There is no additional cost to students to participate in the Legal Scholars Pre-Law Support Program and it is open to all Southern Utah University students.
If you hope to one day enter law school and earn your JD degree, you can benefit greatly from participation in this excellent preparatory program. From determining what grades, personal recommendations, and extracurricular activities will enhance your chances of law school admission to learning the kinds of information to include in your personal statement, and preparing to perform well on the LSAT, the Legal Scholars program can smooth the way to help you achieve your career goals.
Why Choose SUU Legal Scholars Pre-Law Program?
- The Legal Scholars Pre-Law Support Program is the best way for undergraduate students to prepare for the challenge of taking the LSAT and being accepted into law school.
- Any undergraduate SUU student may participate in the Legal Scholars program, but we encourage enrollment in law-related courses or the pursuit of a legal studies minor.
- The Legal Scholars Pre-Law program can help students arrange internships in the legal field that will support their plans to enter the legal profession.
Career and Salary Potential for Law School Graduates
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, students who go on from Southern Utah University, gain acceptance to law school and earn a JD degree can anticipate earning a median annual salary of $113,530. The Bureau anticipates job growth of 10 percent for attorneys through 2022.
Campus Opportunities for Legal Scholars Pre-Law Support Students
- Legal Studies Student Association
- Pre-Law Honor Society
Law-Related Courses You May Take
- Criminal Law – Examine criminal law, what constitutes a crime, circumstances that may affect responsibility, and more.
- Introduction to Law – Explore the origins of the American legal system and review the court system focusing heavily on state courts.
Legal Research and Writing – Understand the roles and functions of the law library, cataloging systems, and indexing.


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Faith Based Recovery
Faith based recovery may be for you if you are religious. Even if you are not they can still be helpful. Most recovering alcoholics develop a relationship with God. Following are a few religious organizations offering groups to alcoholics and their families
Christian Recovery International
National Organization for Christian Recovery
Jewish alcoholics, Chemically Dependent People, and Significant Others.
Calix Society
A 12 step fellowship of Catholics maintaining their sobriety through AA.
Overcomers Outreach
Christ based 12 step program. Applies scripture to the 12 steps. Also supports family and friends.
Overcomers in Christ
Christ centered program that deals with all manner of addictions and dysfunctions to help people be successful in their daily lives.
Alcoholics Victorious
Christ centered 12 step program.
Recoveries Anonymous
Spiritual based 12 step program.
Talk to your Pastor, Priest, Rabbi, etc. Almost certainly they can help you find a self help group in your area.
Faith Based Recovery
Category: Group Therapy
Home: How To Help An Alcoholic
Stop Drinking Alcohol on Your Own
Panic Attacks


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Anesthesia, Arrhythmia, Atopic dermatitis, Obesity, Gastroesophageal reflux, Tuberculosis, Renal cancer, Multiple sclerosis, Brain cancer, Acute leukemia, Colorectal cancer, Glaucoma, Nasal polyps, Bipolar disorder, Bacterial pneumonia, Psoriatic arthritis, Urinary infection, Uterine fibroid. The actual clinical trial data (per disease) are presented for your review, comparison and estimation of the current activity and …Read More »
Home / Tag Archives: glaucoma
Eye diseases
Cataract takes the first place in Ukraine among all eye diseases. The average Prevalence of cataract for the period from 2009 to 2012 is 539,864 patients among the whole population (rate – 1171.6 per 100 thousand population), and 537,624 patients among the adult population (rate – 1421.5 per 100 thousand adult …Read More »


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The Department undergraduate programs train students to be competent engineers through lectures, laboratories, problem sessions, research, industry visits and design experiences. To maintain the greatest degree of elective flexibility, each student can select among technical electives, which cover fields such as alternative energy sources, interfacial phenomena, petroleum processing, bioengineering and pulp & paper processes.
The table below lists approved technical electives for Department undergraduate programs. Students should consult the year calendar for course availability. Electives may be cancelled if enrolment is low or if a suitable instructor is not available.
Non-approved courses can be granted credit towards the technical elective program requirement provided permission has been granted by an undergraduate program advisor prior to the student taking the course. Similarly, permission to take a technical elective is at the discretion of the course instructor should any pre-requisites be incomplete.
Approved Technical Electives
Both Chemical Engineering and Chemical and Biological Engineering Programs
|Departmental Courses
|Non-Departmental Courses
Chemical Engineering Program
Chemical and Biological Engineering Program
- For students who entered third year in a Department undergraduate program in:
- 2013 – complete one of CHBE 373 and CHBE 485
- 2014 – complete two of CHBE 373, CHBE 484, and CHBE 485
- 2015 or later – complete CHBE 373 and CHBE 485
- CHBE 491 and CHBE 492 must be taken together.
- CHBE 495 and CHBE 496 must be taken together.
- Only for students completing the Minor in Commerce Program.


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Manufacturers currently have managed to make reasonably priced, miniature GPS tracking equipment. These very little trackers are great for just a complete host of duties around the home and allow it to be straightforward to maintain an eye fixed on the place your things are likely.
The tracking system has a GSM sim card that after it's credit rating on indicates that you are in a position to check its whereabouts 24 several hours per day. You simply really have to dial its variety and also the chip will relay a message telling you its current longitude and latitude coordinates. This tends to both be entered into laptop or computer software for example Google Earth otherwise you can subscribe to an on-line assistance service provider.
These minute tracking techniques have an in-built lithium battery that features a typical cost lifestyle of a number of days and after that needs to be recharged. They may be specific to inside of a metre so are usually not not easy to identify once moved and in addition arrive along with the capability of which includes audio to permit for audio surveillance if required.
Miniature household GPS trackers can also be equipped with the ability of geofencing, which implies that ought to they be taken outside the house a predefined location they may situation a warning. They're able to even be fitted having an crisis, panic feature that should tell a central issue if there is an issue, for instance a car or truck breakdown or theft.
How can these MI5 surveillance gear be of use on the normal family? Perfectly during a time of enhanced coverage charges these equipment may help you to maintain a watch in your residence, cars and trucks and valuables. Insurance policy companies may also be probably to offer discounted premiums should you will be able to keep track of your most costly things.
They may also be accustomed to keep connection with kids and elderly kinfolk. Within an ever-fearful world, it's nice to be aware of specifically where by your kids are at anybody time. Senior spouse and children members may also be a be concerned occasionally and these GPS monitoring systems can remove these concerns by providing you comments in their site. Home GPS trackers are compact, mild and unobtrusive that means the individual carrying the GPS will not be hindered by its presence.
Try This Web-Site Traceur GPS


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Heresy I hear you say. You're mad I also hear you say. But let me explain why I believe this will be the case.
Firstly, I'll say that the desktop will remain for a subset of power users who require the functionality but they will be far and away the minority (much like the command prompt now in Windows). Why? Because the world is moving to touch, Apple, Android and even Microsoft is fast becoming primarily about touch.
Touch makes sense for the vast majority of the way that we use technology these days. The bulk of users 'consume' information rather than create it and consumption is best achieved through touch. If the vast majority of technology users are consumers and mainly require touch it makes sense for technology suppliers to move in this direction.
The second major trend is the growing dominance of mobile devices. These are typically devices without a separate keyboards. Sales of mobile devices already out strip standard desktops. Again, this doesn't mean the desktop will disappear overnight, what it means that it will become an ever diminishing part of the technology landscape. This therefore also means that the concept of a traditional desktop will diminish as the dominance of mobile devices grows.
Stop and think about how you use your technology today. You boot up and then run a number of apps. There is really little interaction with a 'desktop'. Given that most suppliers are looking for a common experience across all their devices it makes sense to eliminate the desktop which is particularly desktop focused.
The final thing to consider is that such a move away from the desktop is not without precedence. For those who can remember, users successfully transitioned from the world of the command prompt and DOS to the new world of the graphical user interface (GUI) and Windows. The depreciation of the desktop is simply a continuing move in the direction of optimizing the way the major of people interact with technology.


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The date of the 2nd Simsbury Spooktacular Chili Challenge is fast approaching! On Saturday, October 29, Simsbury Performing Arts Center will transform into a chili cooking, costume wearing, Halloween celebrating center of activity hosting over 2,000 people! It takes a lot of time, effort and culinary prowess to pull off an event like this and we'd like to reward our hard-working volunteers and cooks with some small tokens of our appreciation.
Whether it's a restaurant gift card, a discount certificate for a home improvement service, a product giveaway, or an offer of whatever product or service you provide, this is a great way to market your business, gain new customers, AND thank the many people who work to make Simsbury such a great community.
If you'd like to participate, please call (860) 651-7307 or email email@example.com and plan to deliver 150 of your gift bag items to the Chamber office no later than September 23.
Phone: (860) 651-7307
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Texture Junky is a continually growing collection of textures that began a few years ago and are now available to download through TextureJunky.com. There are many websites to choose from for free textures but we hope you like our textures enough to keep coming back. Please contact us with any suggestions or requests that would improve your experience at Texture Junky.
My name is Charlie. I'm a multimedia designer, photographer and the man behind Texture Junky. I started photographing textures 3 years ago with a Canon Rebel XTI and recently upgraded to a Canon 5d Mark ii. I understand as a designer that it can be difficult to find good free resources out there for your projects. Hopefully you will find Texture Junky to be a valuable resource. I update regularly so keep visiting for great new textures.


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The complete offering items are in an offering plan available from Sponsor. File no. CD170072 Sponsor: 22-12 Jackson Owner, LLC C/O Adam America Real Estate 850 Third Avenue, Suite 13D, New York, NY 10022. Equal Housing Opportunity. All images, artist's renderings, representations and interior decorations, finishes, appliances and furnishings are provided for illustrative purposes only and have been compiled from sources deemed reliable. Though information is believed to be correct, it is presented subject to errors, omissions, changes and withdrawal without notice. Sponsor reserves the right to make changes in accordance with the offering plan. Prospective purchases are advised to review the complete terms of the offering plan to further detail as to the type, quality, and quantity of materials, appliances, equipment, and fixtures to be included in the units, amenity areas and common area of the condominium. Sponsor makes no representation as to the continued existence of any of the named establishment or transportation lines located in the neighborhood. Sponsor makes no representation that future construction in the neighborhood surrounding the Condominium will not result in the obstruction of the views from any windows, gardens, and/or terraces. All rights to content, photographs, and graphics reserved to 22-12 Jackson Owner, LLC.
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In trying to find the most profitable opportunities in the crypto space for our readers, we found an IOTA price prediction that shows gains of 316.66% by the end of 2018.IOTA price prediction
TheIOTA (MIOTA) cryptocurrencystands apart from other digital coins because it is focusing on becoming the backbone of the "Internet of Things" (IoT).
Creators of the IOTA system want to be a trusted conduit for the flow of IoT data by helping connect devices through IOTA's encrypted network.
Clayton Daniel, a fintech investor, believes the price of IOTA will reach $5 by the end of 2018, which is a gain of more than 300% from the price of $1.26 on March 26.
But this forecast could be too conservative, since IOTA's involvement with IoT could produce much higher gains.
Here are some of the reasons why IOTA is not like any other cryptocurrency, and why this price prediction has some real potential…
There are currently more than 1,500
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, so only the ones that stand out above the others will survive and even have a chance at substantial gains.
IOTA meets the requirements of a strong contender based on its team, which is backed by exceptional experience, knowledge, and diversity.
IOTA was founded in 2015 in Germany by David Sonstebo, Sergey Ivancheglo, Dominik Schiener, and Sergeui Popov.
The code for IOTA was written from scratch, which sets it apart from other crypto teams, who tend to copy the code from a successful coin and make tweaks.
The key to IOTA is that it was specifically designed as a tool for IoT, which means that it also has to have ironclad security, zero transaction fees, and unlimited scalability.
These feats have been largely accomplished through IOTA's data structure, which is called the "Tangle"…
If you own Bitcoin, you're probably familiar with how blockchain technology confirms and verifies each transaction on the network.
The Tangle serves the same purpose for the IOTA cryptocurrency, but it is completely unique in that it doesn't sequentially build on prior blocks of transaction data.
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Avalanches can be caused by a variety of factors, including terrain, slope steepness, weather, temperature, and snowpack conditions. (Larger image not available) —Credit: Copyright Richard Armstrong, NSIDC
An avalanche is a rapid flow of snow down a hill or mountainside. Although avalanches can occur on any slope given the right conditions, certain times of the year and certain locations are naturally more dangerous than others. Wintertime, particularly from December to April, is when most avalanches tend to happen. However, avalanche fatalities have been recorded for every month of the year.avalanche
All that is necessary for an avalanche is a mass of snow and a slope for it to slide down. For example, have you ever noticed the layer of snow on a car windshield after a
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Museum operating hours: 9AM to 5PM. Open 7 Days a Week
The Military Aviation Museum is home to one of the largest private collections of World War I and World War II era military aircraft in the world.
Each plane has been beautifully restored to its prior military condition, using original parts whenever possible.
Most of the planes are airworthy and flown at the museum during flight demonstrations and at air shows throughout the year. Some being the last flight-ready aircraft of their time, and all of them being one of a kind.
Come out and see the heritage and machinery of World War I and World War II!
Have a quick question? Call us at 757-721-7767
Our 2018 Warbirds Over The Beach Airshow Is Coming Soon!
We want you to be part of our museum and experience its beauty, which is why we offer several ways to let you and your family engage with us to help maintain and operate the aircraft. Whether you are a student aspiring a career in aviation, a business that loves to preserve and care about military history, or a couple looking to get married in an aviation-themed way. The museum can accommodateany event or ceremony.
The Military Aviation Museum has a variety of year-round volunteer activities as well as class field trip availabilities for students of all ages.
Our beautiful venue and surrounding area is theideal year-round location to host your wedding or special event.
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Our memberships provide wonderful benefits and supportour goal to preserve and conserve WWI and WWII history.
Learn how you can help the museum and become a volunteer today. Regular volunteer activities include: helping with events, photography, gift shop assistance, camp instructing, librarian duties, exhibit research, and much more! It takes many hands for a museum to be successful, and we need your help to keep these planes flying!
1341 Princess Anne Road Virginia Beach, VA 23457
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The Military Aviation Museum is a 501 (C) (3) non-profit organization.
• Museum Entry FREE for Members WWII/Korea Veterans • $15 – Adult • $13 – Senior (65+) • $12 – Active Duty or Retired Military • $7.50 Youth (ages 6-17) Under 6 Free


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In 1933 when a mineral water company vacated premises opposite Worthing Central Station an opportunity was taken to provide the first indoor bowls venue in this area and amid smoke from steam engines wafting across the road, local professional men set about converting the old building into a top venue for the sport.
Carpet was laid for two rinks on the ground floor and a third shorter rink went in upstairs. Also provided was a bar, tea rooms, secretary's office and two full size snooker tables. The walls were artistically painted with a Downland appearance and even the radiators were painted green to blend in.
From this antiquated building Worthing produced international players like Arthur Knowling (from 1958 to 1970); G.H. (John) Scadgell (debut in 1956 and 14 international appearances). Knowling and Allen Spooner (club secretary) were national pairs champions in 1967 with Spooner having been the very first national indoors singles champion in 1961 whilst a member at Ascot. Then in December 1962 following a compulsory purchase order made against its Railway Approach premises Worthing Indoor Bowls Club moved to a new purpose built five rink building at Field Place, Durrington.
The first carpet was hand stitched jute (a beautiful playing surface) and with a glass roof and side windows daytime play was by daylight.
See our picture gallery for newspaper photographs and reports on both buildings.


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FAQs for SMS (Texting)
How does SMS work?
With Grasshopper's SMS feature, you can send and receive text messages on your Grasshopper number using our iPhone or Android mobile apps.
Text messages are sent and received in the mobile app. When a text message comes in, you'll get a push notification* to alert you.
*Push notifications must be enabled to get notifications for text messages.
How do I send a text message?
From the Texts section of your app, click the compose icon at the top right corner to start a text message.
How will I know when a text message comes in?
Any text sent to your Grasshopper number will show up in the Texts section of the mobile app.
To get notified when a text comes in, make sure push notifications are enabled in the app and in your phone settings.
You can enable push notifications in the app by going to Settings > Sync & Notification Settings.
What number are text messages sent from?
Texts messages will be sent from your Grasshopper number. If you have multiple Grasshopper numbers, you can toggle between them by clicking on your number at the top of the app.
Can I send/receive pictures via text messaging on the Grasshopper app?
Yes! However, this feature is only available if you are sending from a local Grasshopper number. The feature is not available if you are sending from a Toll Free number. If you have a local and a Toll Free grasshopper number, make sure you toggle over to your local number in order to send the group message.
Can I send a group text message via the Grasshopper app?
Similarly to picture messaging, this feature is only available if you are sending from a local Grasshopper number. The feature is not available if you are sending from a Toll Free number. Please be aware that a ll individuals within the group message will be able to see all the numbers it was sent to . The text would be a group text and all users will see all replies to the group.
Can I receive my text messages via email?
No, text messages are only available in the mobile apps. They will not be emailed or appear in the online interface.
Will my texts be sent to my call forwarding number?
No, text messages are sent to your Grasshopper number and can only be accessed via the mobile apps.


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After we moved in, we couldn't decide what to put in this closet. Over time though, it's become a multi-purpose storage area. Kind of like a junk drawer, but on a much larger scale. (See how I organized ours HERE!) It's got crock pots (yes, multiple), an ice cream maker, rice maker and pressure cooker, as well as the kids playdough, coloring books, crayons/markers/pencils, educational workbooks and so on. There is a ton of stuff in this closet! As you can imagine, things can get a
I opened it the other day to pull something out and had to move five things just to get what I wanted. I decided I'd had enough. I started pulling everything out of the closet and pretty soon my counter was full. It gave me a chance to declutter, group similar items together and see what didn't belong and needed to be moved. Once that part was done, I determined that I needed more storage bins.
Bins are a great way to keep things looking organized and they aren't very expensive. I already had a couple of plastic ones and a couple of pink canvas ones I found at Target a few years ago. Before I left to the store, I took a few pictures of the things that needed to go in bins so I could have a visual when I was there looking at the different sizes. I also measured the height, length and depth of the shelves so I knew what size of bin to look for. I spent about $10 on four more bins of various sizes at Walmart.
When I got home, I moved the bigger items, like the small kitchen appliances, onto shelves since those obviously weren't going in bins. Then I used the bins I bought to organize the other things: kids craft supplies, small electronics, etc. Before I started putting the rest away, I thought about what I had and the shelves I had and what made the most sense for me and my family.
For example, I put the playdough, coloring books and kids games on the bottom shelf so that my kids could reach them easily. However, I didn't want them to be able to get into the crayons/markers/pencils, glue and scissors without my help so I put those on a higher shelf. (This closet also has one of those childproof doorknobs so they need my help to get into the closet in the first place.)
It was a little bit of a puzzle trying to get everything to fit without looking crammed. Again, the bins helped with this. When I was done, I took a step back and gave myself a pat on the back. Multi-purpose closets aren't easy to organize, but I think I did a pretty good job.
Here are a few tips for organizing a multi-purpose closet:
- Use bins! This will make organizing so much easier because you are able to pull out one bin, find what you want and put it back in the closet. In addition, it helps you keep only the things you want stored in the closet, in the closet. If it doesn't fit in one of your bins, get rid of it, or find somewhere else to store it. (Obviously not everything can go in a bin, but you see my point.)
- Think about who is using the closet. For us, we have small children who need to have access to certain things and other things we don't want to them to be able to get to. Take this into account when placing your belongings.
- Ask yourself this question: Does {fill-in-the-blank} belong in this closet or does it need to go somewhere else?