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The top nine contestants took the stage on "So You Think You Can Dance" Monday night, each performing once with their all-star partner in addition to a solo routine. To kick things off, the cast joined together for a tribal-inspired routine to "Ya Ya" choreographed by Luther Brown. And after nearly two hours of crowd-pleasing performances, host Cat Deeley announced the bottom three based on last week's vote, before the judges ultimately sent one dancer home.
So which dancers seized the moment, impressing the judges in their fight for the nation's vote? And who was forced to say a tearful goodbye? Find out in our season 14, episode 10 recap below and let us know your own thoughts in the comments.
First up were Logan Hernandez and all-star Allison Holker with a jive routine choreographed by Emma Slater and Sasha Farber to "5 Months, 2 Weeks, 2 Days." After a shocking bottom-three finish last week, Logan was determined to show more personality and prove he has what it takes to win this competition. Judge Mary Murphy loved every second of it, pointing out how much fun he appeared to be having. Then after solo performances from Kaylee Millis and Sydney Tormey, Koine Iwasaki and all-star Marko Germar took on a Dave Scott hip-hop routine to "You Don't Own Me." Judge Nigel Lythgoe jokingly chastised the choreographer for turning Koine from a perfect angel into a wild, feral animal.
Next up, Dassy Lee and her all-star partner, Fik-Shun, performed a jazz routine by Ray Leeper to "Bring the Funk Back." The duo was hoping to work on their connection to each other this week, as well as turn up their sex appeal. Judge Vanessa Hudgens said it was nice to see Dassy having fun, noting that she definitely succeeded at being sexy. Then, after Kiki Nyemchek's solo, Mark Villaver and all-star Comfort Fedoke took on a contemporary routine by Talia Favia to "Ending." The pair was hoping to push their boundaries and take their strong connection to an even deeper level. Mary was nearly moved to tears by the raw passion of the performance, calling it "special."
Taylor Sieve danced a contemporary solo before the all-stars performed a heartbreaking and timely routine about racial unity to "Strange Fruit" choreographed by Travis Wall. Up next, Lex Ishimoto and all-star Gaby Diaz were tasked with a Broadway routine by Warren Carlyle to "Miss Otis Regrets." The judges gave them a standing ovation and Nigel called it "tremendous" while shooting down any criticism Lex has gotten about a lack of personality. After a solo from Logan, Sydney and her all-star partner Paul Karmiryan were forced out of their ballroom comfort zone for a hip-hop routine by Luther Brown to "Really? Yeah!" After narrowly escaping elimination last week, Sydney had no room for error in her quest to impress the judges and win over fans at home. Vanessa thought it was a little too cute, stating she would have liked to see more "stank face" from Sydney.
Koine put her skills on display with a contemporary solo performance before the top nine combined talents in a group jazz routine choreographed by Chris Baldock to "Hey Pachuco!" Then, Kaylee and Cyrus Spencer took on the same genre in a Spencer Liff number to "Less Talk, More Art." Mary found Kaylee's performance a bit labored, but appreciated her ability to execute complicated tricks with her hat. The dancing continued with Mark's hip-hop solo performance before Taylor joined her all-star partner, Robert Roldan, for a samba routine by Jean Marc Genereux to "Burn Up the Dance." Taylor was feeling the pressure as she fought to live up to the hype Nigel started last week when he called her and Robert the couple to beat. Nigel was less enthusiastic this week, saying it lacked a spark and was more like a "damp rocket."
After body-contorting solos from Dassy and Lex, Kiki joined all-star Jenna Johnson for the final routine of the night. The duo paired up for a contemporary performance choreographed by Mandy Moore to "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face." The couple solicited just the second standing ovation of the night from the judges, with Vanessa praising their almost tangible chemistry. Mary piled on an even greater compliment, saying Kiki delivered the best contemporary performance she's ever seen from a male ballroom dancer.
Before Mary even had time to wipe the tears of joy from her face, Cat went and dampened the mood by calling out all nine couples for the results. After last week's votes, the bottom three in danger of leaving turned out to be Dassy, Sydney and Mark. Nigel quickly announced that Mark was safe, referencing the audible gasp in the audience when it was announced he landed in the bottom. He then stated that although it is sad to see these great dancers leaving each week, they can find some solace in knowing that this fall there will be a national tour featuring all of the top 10 dancers along with some of the all-stars. Finally, it was announced that Sydney would be leaving the competition and Dassy would survive to dance another week.
Next Monday "SYTYCD" will continue with the top eight dancers before your votes will once again reveal the bottom three, with one pair being eliminated. Who is your favorite dancer in the top eight and who do you think will be eliminated next week? Sound off in the comments below!


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PEFC Stakeholder Dialogue 2014
Addressing Deforestation: joining forces to stimulate demand for sustainable forest products
All the presentations from PEFC's 5th Stakeholder Dialogue, which took place on 20th November 2014 in Paris, France.
- Consumer Goods and Deforestation: Analysis of Extent and Nature of Illegality in Forest Conversion for Agriculture and Timber Plantations by Kerstin Canby, Director of Forest Trade & Finance at Forest Trends
- Asda sustainability research - our customer insight by Laura Babbs, Sustainability Manager for Asda UK
- Consumer perceptions and behaviors for sustainable products by Elizabeth Pastore‐Reiss, President of EthiCity & Greenflex
- Understanding Consumers' Behavior, Perception and Expectations for Sustainable Products: North American Perspective by Donna Harman, President and CEO of the American Forest & Paper Association
- Engaging Consumers on Sustainability by Julia Young, Manager of the Global Forest and Trade Network at WWF-UK
- Entreprises pour l'Environnement by Claire Tutenuit, Délégué Général for Entreprises pour l'Environnement EpE
- Connecting Forests with Consumers: Building Credible Reputation through Sustainability and Certification Programs by Jorge Cajazeira, the Director of Institutional Affairs at Suzano Pulp and Paper
- Maisons du Monde by Irina Coupé, EUTR Manager for Maisons du Monde
- Promoting legal and sustainable timber: The role of public procurement policy by Duncan Brack, Associate Senior Fellow at Chatham House
- B2B Wood Promotion and Communications in Asia by Michael Buckley, Managing Director of Turnstone Singapore
- Global Consumer Survey by Thorsten Arndt, Head of Communications at PEFC International
More information:
PEFC Stakeholder Dialogue 2014 (12.52 MB)
PEFC Certified
Forests area: 313 million ha
Forest owners: > 750,000
Companies (CoC): > 20,000
(as of December 2017)
Global Stats | Read more...
PEFC Newsletter
List of PEFC Members
Get Certified!
Contact a PEFC-notified certifier in your country for further information about PEFC certification.

subset: commoncrawl


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For nearly twenty years, The Doe Run Company has formally reported annual milestones to our employees, communities, stakeholders and customers.
In 2009, we began publishing annual sustainability reports to highlight how our business delivers upon our social, economic and environmental commitments, organized under the world's most widely recognized reporting framework, the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). Follow this link to view our current sustainability report.
Doe Run's library of award-winning sustainability reports, annual reports and other publications are also available below.
We also welcome your comments. Please email email@example.com to share your feedback.
2016 Sustainability Report (website)
2015 Sustainability Report (website)
2013 Sustainability Report (download pdf)
2012 Sustainability Report (download pdf)
2011 Sustainability Report (download pdf)
2010 Sustainability Report (download pdf)
2009 Sustainability Report (download pdf)
2008 Neighbors Report to Our Communities
2007 Neighbors Report to Our Communities
2006 Neighbors Report to Our Communities
2005 Neighbors Report to Our Communities
2004 Neighbors Report to Our Communities
2003 Neighbors Report to Our Communities
2002 Report to Our Community: Primary Mining and Smelting Division
2002 Report to Our Community: Resource Recycling Division
The Doe Run Company Celebrates 150 Years of Lead Production
Thank a Miner
Economic Impact of Lead and Mining
Uses of Lead
Breakthrough Lead Processing Technology
Employee Health and Safety Approach
Resource Recycling
Southeast Missouri Mining and Milling Division (SEMO)
Fabricated Products Inc. (FPI)
Seafab Metals Company
St. Joe State Park
International Lead Association Lead Life Cycle Assessments
A Review of Battery Technologies for Automotive Applications, published by EUROBAT


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BUSINESS chiefs have hit back at today's claims that Preston has the most unhealthy city centre in the UK.
A report to due to be published next week is set to show that Preston city centre is on the up.
Indicative data from The Annual General Public Survey produced by the city's Business Improvement District (BID) shows significant positive increases in all aspects of city centre life.
One thousand members of the general public, representing a broad demographic, were recently questioned about their views of the city centre.
The results illustrate a significant improvement in public perceptions from the retail and hospitality offer to their opinions on safety in the city centre, its vibrancy, overall atmosphere and image.
Mark Whittle, manager of the Preston BID said: "Unlike a report published recently, Preston's general public survey is based solely on the city centre. Since it began in 2010, we have seen year by year major shift in public opinion. Whilst there is much work to be done, we can be confident that initiatives introduced by the Preston BID, general business community and Preston City Council are creating the right environment for a prosperous and vibrant city centre".
The BID report finds:
78 per cent of respondents were impressed with the city centre's retail offer with over 85% stating that Preston was now their retail destination of choice.
80 per cent of respondents believed the quality of the city's restaurants and cafes as good or very good
79 per cent of respondents considered that recent road and pedestrian upgrades had significantly improved the visual aspects of the centre.
The majority of respondents (83 per cent) reflected BID's activities were of vital importance to the future success and growth of the city centre
Positive public perceptions of the night time economy is now at an all-time high since the survey began in 2010.
The full report is due to be published next week.


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Riviera Village
1811 S. Catalina Ave.
Redondo Beach, California 90277
Redondo Beach, California 90277
- The race expo is open on July 3 from 12:00PM-6:00PM at Village Runner Redondo Beach and on July 4 from 6:30AM-11:00AM
The 5k race will begin and end at end Riviera Village. The kid's race is along the fast, flat, picturesque waterfront of Redondo Beach.
Get the Things to Do Newsletter
Sign up for our weekly guide to events in Los Angeles, and never be bored again. With suggestions for every day of the week, our recommendations will keep you busy on any budget.


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Our Attorneys
There are 35 years of criminal trial experience between our partners, from a number of different perspectives that contribute to a fully-rounded understanding of criminal proceedings. From the private sector to public defending and to prosecution, we have spent decades in the courtroom fighting for our clients' best interests.
Whether you are facing charges for a first time DUI, sex crime, first-degree murder, or anything in between, we have successful experience defending clients charged of these crimes. From the moment we become your representation, we work tirelessly to challenge the prosecution and deliver the best possible result.
View our individual attorney profiles to gain a better understanding of our qualifications or contact our Punta Gorda criminal defense attorneys today at (888) 674-2283


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Project Description
We identify a number of open issues that are currently present in the intersection of three fields: tabletops in education from a Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) perspective, Educational Data Mining and analytics (EDM), and research on interactive tabletop applications from a Human-Computer Interaction perspective (HCI). The intersection of these fields raises a challenging question: How can interaction data be automatically exploited to inform teachers and enhance their awareness of student's collaborative activity using interactive tabletops?
The main objective of this project is to provide a novel approach to design, implement and evaluate the conceptual and technological infrastructure that captures student's activity at interactive tabletops and analyses these data through Interaction Data Analytics techniques to provide support to teachers by enhancing their awareness of student's collaboration.
We perform this in three steps: the exploration of the feasibility of the approach, the construction of a novel solution and the execution of the conceptual proposal both under controlled conditions and in the wild. A total of eight datasets were analysed for the studies that are described in this thesis.
The contribution of this project that is most strongly associated with the real practice is the implementation of a solution for an authentic classroom using multiple interactive tabletops. This classroom environment offers a number of functionalities for the teacher to orchestrate the script of the classroom session and look at live-visualisations of the on-task progress of each small-group produced from the data captured by our enriched tabletop environments. This approach can help teachers decide which group to attend next. The analysis also includes the discovery of trends in students interactions that can make visible aspects of collaborative work that may not be easily seen without the use of such technology.
Our work has pioneered in a number of areas including the application of data mining techniques to study collaboration at the tabletop, a plug-in solution to add user-identification to a regular tabletop using a depth sensor and the first multi-tabletop classroom used to run authentic collaborative activities associated with the curricula.
Media Coverage
- A teacher, a classroom and four interactive tabletops
"What will the classroom of the future look like? What will happen with teachers? What will be the role of technology? Some researchers of the Computer-Human Adapted Interaction (CHAI) group, at The University of Sydney, believe that the proliferation of new technologies, the central role of teachers and a
- The classroom, but not as we know it: technology to revolutionise schools
It's the kind of futuristic technology familiar from sci-fi films, but touch screen tables, robot study buddies and 3D virtual learning environments could soon feature in the classroom. The high-tech developments were highlighted at the International Conference of the Learning Sciences at the University of Sydney, which focused on
Related Publications
An In-the-Wild Study of Learning to Brainstorm: Comparing Cards, Tabletops and Wall Displays in the Classroom Journal Article
Interacting with Computers, 28 (6), pp. 788-810, 2016.
MTFeedback: Providing Notifications to Enhance Teacher Awareness of Small Group Work in the Classroom Journal Article
Learning Technologies, IEEE Transactions on, 8 (2), pp. 187-200, 2015, ISSN: 1939-1382.
Deploying and Visualising Teacher's Scripts of Small Group Activities in a Multi-surface Classroom Ecology: a Study in-the-wild Journal Article
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Towards Providing Notifications to Enhance Teacher's Awareness in the Classroom Inproceedings
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Data Mining in the Classroom: Discovering Groups' Strategies at a Multi-tabletop Environment Inproceedings
International Conference on Educational Data mining, EDM 2013, pp. 121-128, 2013.
An automatic approach for mining patterns of collaboration around an interactive tabletop. Inproceedings
International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, AIED 2013, pp. 101-110, 2013.
Open learner models to support reflection on brainstorming at interactive tabletops. Inproceedings
International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, AIED 2013, pp. 683-686, 2013.
Designing OLMs for Reflection about Group Brainstorming at Interactive Tabletops Inproceedings
2nd Workshop on Intelligent Support for Learning in Groups at the 16th International Conference on Artificial Intelligent in Education, pp. 27-36, 2013.
Extending tabletop application design to the classroom Inproceedings
International Conference on Interactive Tabletops and Surfaces, ITS 2013, pp. 115-124, 2013.
Capturing and analyzing verbal and physical collaborative learning interactions at an enriched interactive tabletop Journal Article
International Journal on Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 8 (4), pp. 455-485, 2013.
Towards the Integration of Collaboration Analytics and Interactive Surfaces Inproceedings
Workshop on Collaboration meets Interactive Surfaces - held at International Conference on Interactive Tabletops and Surfaces (ITS 2013), pp. to appear, 2013.
Integrating orchestration of ubiquitous and pervasive learning environments Inproceedings
OzCHI, Australian HCI Conference, pp. 189-192, 2013.
Sensing, Tracking and Modelling with Ignition - a framework for supporting classroom collaboration. Inproceedings
Educational Interfaces, Software, and Technology 2012: 3rd Workshop on UI Technologies and Educational Pedagogy, Austin, Texas, 2012.
Seamless and continuous user identification for interactive tabletops using personal device handshaking and body tracking Inproceedings
CHI '12: Proceedings of the 2012 ACM annual conference extended abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Extended Abstracts), pp. 1775–1780, ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2012, ISBN: 978-1-4503-1016-1.
Unpacking traces of collaboration from multimodal data of collaborative concept mapping at a tabletop Inproceedings
International Conference of the Learning Sciences: The Future of learning, ICLS 2012, pp. 241-245, 2012.
An Interactive Teacher's Dashboard for Monitoring Groups in a Multi-tabletop Learning Environment Inproceedings
Proceedings of Intelligent Tutoring Systems, ITS 2012, pp. 482-492, Springer, 2012.
ANALYSING KNOWLEDGE GENERATION AND ACQUISITION FROM INDIVIDUAL AND FACE-TO-FACE COLLABORATIVE CONCEPT MAPPING Inproceedings
Canas, A J; Novak, J D; Vanhear, J (Ed.): Concept Maps: Theory, Methodology, Technology Proc. of the Fifth Int. Conference on Concept Mapping, pp. 17-24, 2012.
Orchestrating a multi-tabletop classroom: from activity design to enactment and reflection Inproceedings
Proceedings of Interactive Tabletops and Surfaces, ITS 2012, pp. 119-128, ACM, 2012.
Visualisations for longitudinal participation, contribution and progress of a collaborative task at the tabletop Inproceedings
International Conference on Computer Supported Collaborative Learning, CSCL 2011, pp. 25-32, 2011.
Modelling symmetry of activity as an indicator of collocated group collaboration Inproceedings
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Modelling and identifying collaborative situations in a collocated multi-display groupware setting Inproceedings
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Designing tabletop-based systems for user modelling of collaboration Inproceedings
In Adaptive Support for Team Collaboration (ASTC2011) Workshop - The 19th International Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization,(UMAP2011), pp. 47-51, 2011.
Who did what? Who said that? Collaid: an environment for capturing traces of collaborative learning at the tabletop Inproceedings
ACM International Conference on Interactive Tabletops and Surfaces, ITS 2011, pp. 172–181, Kobe, Japan, 2011, ISBN: 978-1-4503-0871-7.
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During the year 2008, Rasmussen conducted a poll to find out where Americans stood with respect to Internet regulation. 49% said that they thought the government should regulate the Internet in much the same way that it regulates radio and television.
This trend toward government regulation of the Internet is apparently due to fears about child pornography and other tasteless websites being available for children to view, as well as social networking abuse by predatory adults.
A Glance at Censorship.
Censorship of Internet content is on the rise, and it is not just limited to communist China anymore. For example, in the UK, a page wtihin Wikipedia (and in some instances, the entire Wikipedia site) was blocked because of a complaint filed with a quasi-governmental agency known as the IWF. An album cover was viewed as offensive and inappropriate. Since it was a photo of a physical good, there was the possibility that Amazon's US auction and shopping content would be blocked from UK viewers.
Within the censorship arena is the increasing volume of complaints from politicians who feel that blogs are not correctly reporting the facts about their campaigns or other political news. Add to this mix the journalists and mainstream media who are seeing online content take a bite out of their readership and sales. While Internet news publishing is not currently regulated in the US, it would not be surprising if politicians begin to talk about journalism requirements or some form of authority rank for blog owners and other online reporters.
Filtering on a National Scale.
If it becomes law, Australia's 'great firewall' will be the most restrictive mandatory government control of the Internet in the world's democratic countries. Ostensibly for filtering out child pornography, the firewall has sparked intense debate, including free speech arguments. Reportedly, the government will ban at least 1300 websites. A problem is the lack of transparency or right to dispute a ban because the government has not disclosed the urls of the sites that will be on the banned list. Internet speeds are reduced by up to 86% but despite this, the filtering is not 100% accurate and is therefore not effective.
Internet Taxes.
For years, there have been rumors in the US about a federal internet tax, but nothing has come of it. Many Americans, including Congressional representatives, are leery of an Internet sales tax. Budget-challenged state governments, on the other hand, are eyeing the Internet as a source of revenue. New York state, for instance, imposed various vendor and affiliate registration requirements that would make non-resident sellers responsible for reporting New York state sales taxes. Amazon, which has affiliates all over the world, has sued, and as of this writing, a decision has not been rendered. Do not be surprised if Internet taxation becomes an issue in upcoming years.
Licensing and Disclosures.
Some legislators have talked about licensing Internet use. Their rationale is that if a person has to get a license to drive a car, he or she needs to get a license to surf the Internet's information highway. License requirements would include basic knowledge about anti-virus programs, email use and so forth. While it is unlikely that this idea will gain traction, it is not unreasonable to speculate that content writers will need to follow licensing and disclosure requirements for their web publications. With copyright violations, politicians griping about the accuracy of news, and regulations concerning what can and cannot be said with respect to medical or health related products online, public accountability is not a far fetched idea. For instance, the new Internet regulations in Canada (if passed in February 2009) will address Canadian content and copyright issues and might impose a ranking system on websites that is similar to movie ranking systems. Given the opinion of many Americans that the Internet should be regulated in the same way that radio and television is regulated, the logical conclusion is that Internet publishers will need to register with whatever agency is created to administer online media.
The above examples provide a glimpse into what the future may hold when it comes to Internet regulation. In view of the growing desire of people to see more Internet regulation instead of self responsibility, it is likely that we as Internet publishers will see an increasing amount of regulatory proposals.
Sunday, June 7, 2009
Trends In Internet Regulation
Posted by Korprit at 2:07 PM
Labels: internet regulation
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Meeting Minutes 2014-11-12
Present: Cllr Alison Cruse, Cllr Philip Davies, Cllr Pam Matthews, Cllr Emma Bell, Cllr Malcolm Brewer, Cllr V Loader
In attendance: Sam Hood (Clerk), Ian Brooker( DNP Ranger)
420/3 Approval of the minutes held on 7th October 2014
Cllr Davies requested that further detail was added to 419/5 Tap Fund. Clerk agreed to add prior to publication.
Minutes were approved and signed as a correct record.
420/4 Apologies Cllr Val Barns
420/5 Declaration of Interest
Cllr Matthews declared a non pecuniary interest in 421/2
420/6 Reports
The Chair welcomed Ian Brooker DNP Sector Ranger
a) Ian Brooker DNP Sector Ranger
Mr Brooker stated that he was attending the meeting to discuss Sticklepath Moor. He reminded the Parish Council that an agreement was signed in 1995 giving combined management responsibilities for the common by both the Parish Council and Dartmoor National Park due to there being no registered landowner. He confirmed that up until recently only one individual was actively grazing stock on the common. He confirmed that there were at least 17 individuals who had registered rights to the common but at present, all their details were not known without checking the Commons Register. In the past adverts have been placed in local papers to inform any registered commoners but no one had to this point come forward. Due to a change in landownership, DNP did receive an interest to graze a couple of years ago but this was not fulfilled as the common is not stock proof for sheep. The current individual grazing stock has recently informed DNP he will no longer have stock to continue grazing the common This will result in an impact on the bio diversity of the Moor as the Moor requires controlled grazing to prevent natural succession. There has been some interest in the past but this was unsuccessful as the Moor is unsuitable for the grazing of sheep.
Ian stated he had the name of one individual with registered rights and wished the Council to discuss whether he should approach this one individual or whether he should investigate the names of the other registered commoners and offer them the opportunity to graze on the Moor as well The concern with this option was the Moor for maximum benefit could only sustain a limited level of stock and that if all individuals came forward and chose to graze stock the DNP would be unable to refuse due to the nature of the legal agreement and this could destroy the conservation benefits. Mr Brooker suggested the optimum time to place stock on the Moor was mid-July until mid- October and that both cattle and ponies were good for the conservation grazing. It was not known where the list of individuals with registered rights would be held. It was suggested Devon County Council may hold such a list.
It was suggested that if individuals were interested they would have come forward however it was acknowledged that some individuals may not be aware that they had rights in respect of the Moor.
It was noted that there was no Sticklepath Commoners Association as there is in other areas.
It was agreed that the names of those who have registered rights be investigated and contacted as possible.
Ian Brooker agreed that he would look into this and report back to the Parish Council at the January meeting.
The Chair raised the idea of the Ecology walks being re-instated Mr Brooker indicated that he would have to organise an individual with ecological experience to ensure the walks were as effective as they could be.
It was agreed that a date be set for the Village Workday on the Moor. Sunday 25th January 2015 was agreed.
b) Cllr P Davies – Sticklepath Leat – Working Party Meeting
The National Trust has made it clear that they will not take overall responsibility for the Leat. Jackie Smith from WDBC has reiterated the riparian ownership of those residents who live along-side the Leat. She has also made it clear that she will be enforcing this responsibility.
It was agreed at the meeting there were deficiencies in the survey and it was agreed that once a year the General Manager Dartmoor NT Adrian Colston and Ben Shapcott Finch Foundry manager will walk the Leat with a member from STOCS and a member of Sticklepath Parish Council.
Ben Shapcott will liaise with members of STOCS and residents of Sticklepath to organise a Village Leat maintenance morning. Sunday was highlighted as the preferred day.
Jackie Smith has indicated that flood relief funding may be available for substantial repairs from WDBC and it was agreed that residents should be made aware of this.
Repairs around the sluice gate have been completed to a good standard. The NT will make repairs at the Devonshire Inn in the near future. The flooding in Hayes Field will be monitored and a hinge barrier gate was suggested as a possible solution.
The emergency shutdown of the leat was discussed. Cllr Davies suggested that this should only be carried out by an individual who is competent and experienced due to the high risk nature of the procedure. The NT had provided contact details for Ben Shapcott – Foundry Manager, Wesley Key – Building Surveyor for DNP and Adrian Colston – General Manager, DNP for the emergency shutdown of the Leat. It was raised by Parish Councillors that it may be beneficial to have members of the community who have the skills to shut down the Leat if NT contacts are unavailable.
It was suggested that clearance parties could be drawn from the community to maintain and make small repairs to the Leat. It was noted that these parties must be respectful of property and privacy.
Major works were identified. Silt behind main sluice gate needs to be regularly removed. The road bridge across to the Finch Foundry car park is considered too low and may be prone to blockage. The foot bridge to the back of Foundry Cottage is being considered for replacement and the sluice gate at Albany House is in need of repair. The emergency sluice by Silverlake is in need of maintenance.
Mike Eastman questioned the cautions the NT had placed on parts of the Leat that have no registered interest. The NT indicated that they were seeking to have those cautions removed.
It was suggested that those affected could employ a contractor to carry our repairs and those responsible for the maintenance of the Leat could contribute financially. Cllr Alison Cruse has agreed to facilitate such a group and will contact residents via letter to explore this option.
420/7 Action from last meeting
Risk assessment
Cllr Davies suggested amendments to risk assessment. To be completed by clerk and presented to meeting in December ACTION CLERK
Willey Lane
No response from Highway Department. Clerk to email again and request update ACTION CLERK
Traffic survey
Cllr James McInnes had passed Chair's letter to Highway department. Steve Dawes stated that such decisions are dependent on priority and that priority was based on previous accidents and the serious nature of those accidents. It was suggested that residents be encouraged to report all accidents within the village.
Tap Fund Bid
Cllr Barns written report confirms that the Tap bid will go to the Eastern Links meeting on 20 November. It is joint bid with South Tawton, for a total of £2000. South Tawton will have the balance, which will be less than their anticipated costs. Cllr McInnes and Cllr Cann have confirmed support, so it is hopeful that it will be accepted unless there are large and more important bids from other PCs.
Request for funding
Letter sent to confirm that the Council will consider applications later in the fiscal year.
420/8 Actions brought forward by Chair
Email has been received from Mr M.Gilbert who informed the Council that a Walnut tree will produce a black substance on the cases of its nuts that stains and is difficult to remove and this may make it unsuitable for the playground. It was agreed that the council would reconsider the tree type for the playing field.
420/9 Matters arising
a) Highway Review
It was agreed to discuss this under 421/0
b) 30MPH Sign
Cllr Barns has noted that the 30mph is on the wrong side of the road and in the wrong position. This issue has been raised with highways in the past. It was agreed that the clerk would contact Highways and raise the issue of the signs position and obtain the timetable for its arrival and departure. ACTION CLERK
c) Remembrance Sunday
This was a successful event, The Parish Council contributes to the wreath. Clerk to await an invoice ACTION CLERK
d) Holmes Field
The Chair had been contacted by a resident of Holmes field who has raised concerns regarding a house swap. The Council agreed to write to West Devon Homes to ensure that the criteria for the S106 was being adhered to and enforced within its properties.
e) Sandbags
WDBC has offered Parish Council sand and bags for the winter months. Requests are required by the 21st November 2014. Mr D Wakley is the snow warden and Mr P Gray is Community Response Team Coordinator. It was agreed to contact Mr Wakley to enquire whether he required sand or bags for the coming month and to assess village requirement for salt for this winter. ACTION CLERK
420/10 Finance
The balances and budgetary figures were presented. The following payments were approved:
· Mrs S Hood Salary £100.00
· Grass Care Grass cutting £55.00
· DALC Training £30.00
· WDBC Emptying dog bins & litter bins £34.54
421/0 Budget
The Council discussed the procedure for setting the budget. It was agreed that the Clerk, Cllr Cruse (Chair) & Cllr Matthews (Vice Chair ) and any other interested councillors would meet and consider budget and present to the meeting on the 2nd December 2014. The Council discussed the latest cost saving proposal from Devon County Council. The proposal includes a further reduction in grass cutting. Verges would only be cut to maintain visibility at junctions on the inside of bends in town's villages and rural areas. There would be a reduction in the number of vehicles in the second fleet of gritting lorries which are used during prolonged and severe weather which means a reduced response to issues off the main road in such a weather event. There is a process ongoing to assess criteria of gritting routes which may mean that access routes to smaller communities will not be gritted. Finally the County Council is proposing that they would no longer maintain and restock grit bins in local communities and this would fall to community groups to purchase salt through a contract procured by Devon County Council. Information is to be found on www.toughchoices.co.uk
421/1 Meetings attended
421/2 Planning
14/0046 – Sticklepath Conservation Area: Proposed Tree Works, Tawside House
There were no objections to this proposal ACTION CLERK
421/3 Correspondence received
Correspondence was placed on the table for the attention of Council.
421/4 Date of next meeting
The following dates were approved:
Tues 2nd December
Tues 6th January
Tues 3rd February


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Irish Veterinary Journal Volume 61 Number 4
Occupational stress, work-home
interference and burnout among
Belgian veterinary practitioners
1 1 2Hansez I. , Schins, F. and Rollin, F.
1 University of Liège, Faculty of Psychology, Work Psychology Department, Liège, Belgium
2 sity of Fof Veterinary Medicine, Clinic for Ruminants,
There have been few formal studies on stress in veterinary surgeons and, in the rare studies available, stress is not examined jointly through
the levels of job strain and job engagement, the sources of stress in the issue of work environment and the work-home interference. The
authors' goal in this study was to analyse job engagement, job strain, burnout, work-home interference and job stress factors among 216
Belgian veterinary surgeons. Rural practice was compared to small animal and mixed activity. The mean job strain and job engagement
level in y surgeons was not higher than what we found in other working populations. However, 15.6 % of the group were found
to be suffering from high burnout. Rural practitioners had a lower level of job engagement than small animal veterinary surgeons. These
small animal practitioners had a lower level of job strain than the mixed practitioners. The level of burnout did not differ significantly
across the three types of activity. In comparison to other Belgian and Dutch workers, veterinary surgeons perceived more negative work-
home interference. Bovine and mixed practitioners were the most concerned with this problem. The two most important sources of stress
reported by bovine practitioners were relations to farmers and working time management (including emergencies and availability).
Irish Veterinary JournalKey Words: burnout, job engagement, job stress, veterinary surgeons, work-home interference
Volume 61 Number 4 233-241, 2008
Corresponding author:
Isabelle Hansez
University of Liège, Faculty of Psychology, Work Psychology
Department, Bd du Rectorat, 5 (B32)
B4000, Liège, Belgium
Tel: +32 4 366 2092 (2013)
Fax: +32 4 366 29 44
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Introduction based on cognitive theories and coping that emphasise
the interaction between environmental demands and
Stress in veterinary surgeons individual responses (Nyssen etal., 2003). We will define
Numerous studies have been conducted about stress and stress as "a process by which job demands are appraised
burnout in the healthcare professionals including doctors by the worker as exceeding their own resources which
(Wolfgang, 1988), nurses (Firth and Britton, 1989; Revicki results in undesirable health consequences" (De Keyser
and May, 1989; Garrett and McDaniel, 2001) and dentists and Hansez, 1996 p133). According to the literature, the
(Myers and Myers, 2004). However, there are few formal effects of stress can be mitigated by having high control
studies about stress in veterinary surgeons. Is it linked to a (Karasek, 1979), high satisfaction (Payne, 1987) and high
lack of interest in the subject or to the fact that veterinary work commitment (Meyer and Allen, 1997) in a job. The
surgeons are not concerned with problems associated study of stress at work should thus examine the effects
with stress? According to the Belgian Veterinary Surgeon of stress (outcome variables, e.g., job strain, burnout,
Association, and taking experiences gathered from job engagement) together with the sources of stress and
veterinary surgeons into account, the first proposition situational factors which may decrease stress levels by
seems to best fit the situation. improving an individual's ability to cope with a stressful
Before looking at the literature about occupational stress situation (Nyssen etal., 2003). 'Work-home interference'
and work-home interference in veterinary surgeons, (WHI) is defined in "a process in which a worker's
some basic conceptual clarifications are needed. When functioning (behaviour) in one domain (e.g., home) is
measuring occupational stress, one must be careful not to influenced by (negative or positive) load reactions that have
confound the effects of stress or outcome variables and built up in the other domain (e.g., work)" (Geurts etal.,
the sources of stress or the antecedent variables. To date, 2005 p322).
the literature suggests that there is no clear evidence of a Results from previous empirical research give support
common pattern of physiological effects of stress for all to some sources of stress inherent to the situation of
the sources of stress (Klein, 1996). For that reason, the veterinary surgeons. Long working hours, for example,
authors' approach to stress refers to a more transactional are often cited in the literature. Excessive workload can
model (Mackay and Cooper, 1987; Lazarus, 1995) represent a real threat to practitioners' health and safety,
peer reviewed 233
IVJ_April_2008.indd 233 19/03/2008 11:18:26Irish Veterinary Journal Volume 61 Number 4
even more so than a feeling of too much job involvement surgeons to other occupations.
or a lack of job satisfaction (Houston and Allt, 1997; Sparks Concerning gender differences, Gardner and Hini (2006)
etal., 1997; Trimpop etal., 2000; Phillips etal., 2001; Rejula reported that stress affects mostly young women in small
etal., 2003). Ethical problems (Sanders, 1995; Schneider, animal practice (mainly because of the relationships
1996) and euthanasia are also job stress factors. Veterinary with clients in clinical practice). Rejula etal. (2003)
surgeons facing the act of euthanasia involving pets they demonstrated that 71% of woman and 77% of men
have grown fond of may suffer from emotional conflict reported being 'rather stressed' or 'very stressed', mainly
and ambivalent feelings (Arluke, 1991). Relationships (65%) because of: being on call, administrative duties,
with clients also represent an important source of stress. A insecurity of work, haste in work, heavy workload and
small percentage of clients complain, and new practitioners unclear job description. Emotional exhaustion was most
must be highly skilled in communicating with people to common among small animals and equine practitioners.
maintain proper relationships with clients (Bledsoe, 1991;
Russel, 1994; Kogan and McConnell, 2001). Moreover, Stress in Belgian veterinary surgeons
occupational risks (Trimpop etal., 2000) are high in In Belgium, more and more veterinary surgeons are
this profession, especially in relation to injuries inflicted talking about high levels of stress and suicide in their
by animals. Some risks are also due to car accidents profession. However, the authors have found no scientific
during work. However, it is hard to get reliable data research about wellbeing in Belgian veterinary surgeons.
about this, since veterinary surgeons can sometimes deal Over the last two decades, Belgian bovine practitioners
with injuries by themselves (Langley etal., 1995; Poole, have encountered numerous changes. The profession is
1998; Gabel and Gerberich, 2001). Another professional an aging one and Belgium will soon face a lack of young
risk concerns diseases related to animal care (allergies, bovine veterinary surgeons. Furthermore, a decreasing
zoonoses, illnesses due to radiation, drugs and pesticides, number of farms has left a large part of the rural economic
etc.) or musculoskeletal disorders due to uncomfortable system under threat. There are also obvious changes
working positions, above all in rural practice (Jeyaretnam within bovine practice itself. These include the increasing
etal., 2000; Rejula etal., 2003). A survey published in the responsibility of veterinary surgeons and an increased
AustralianVeterinaryJournal (Anonymous, 2002) shows workload. Aside from the administrative workload
that the main stress factors are: relationships with angry associated with bovine practice, the clinical work is also
or sad clients, the recovery of amounts of money not paid very physical, mainly due to the high number of Caesarian
by clients, euthanasia and working conditions, especially sections performed in the Belgian Blue (BB) breed. Each
working time problems. According to Gardner and Hini year, approximately 400,000 BB cattle calve in Belgium,
(2006), the main stressors are gender related. Women are of which almost 99% are by Caesarian section (F. Rollin,
more likely to report job stressors in relation with job personal communication). This figure does not take into
demands, interpersonal interactions with employers, peers account dystocia in other bovine breeds. In addition, these
and clients or the need to keep up technical skills and Caesarian sections are not equally distributed over the
knowledge. Job stressors for men are more particularly course of the year but are concentrated mostly between
related to income, finances and career prospects. January and May. In Belgium, around 1,400 veterinary
Together, all these factors can lead to impaired health and surgeons are involved in rural practice. It is thought that
performance. some complete more than 1,000 Caesarian sections a year,
There have been, however, few formal studies on job on average; the highest number reported is 27 Caesarian
strain and burnout in veterinary surgeons and the rare sections in 24 hours (F. Rollin, personal communication).
studies available present contradictory results. Most The authors believe that this situation is specific to
of the literature reports moderate stress levels among Belgium, as they have not found a similar situation in other
respondents (Anonymous, 2002; Gardner and Hini, 2006). European countries.
In one study, Rejula etal. (2003) reported that 73% of the In the current study, the authors intend firstly to measure
veterinary surgeons perceived feeling 'rather' or 'very levels of job strain, job engagement, burnout and work-
stressed'. Results are more consistent for burnout. Rejula home interference in veterinary surgeons using self-reports
etal. (2003) reported that only 1.7% of veterinary surgeons and questionnaires, and secondly to further identify
demonstrated severe symptoms of burnout. Elkins and stressors and work characteristics to propose strategies
Elkins (1987) presented similar results. In the literature, for alleviating stress. According to the Belgian context
stress is also often examined through mental and physical described above, bovine practice is compared to small
outcomes. Suicide among veterinary surgeons (Jeyaretnam animal and mixed activity as far as outcome variables
etal., 2000; Bartram and Baldwin, 2008), for example, has are concerned. Gender and age categories will also be
been used as an indicator of the high stress level in this taken into consideration. A comparative perspective will
occupation. Substance abuse is also frequently observed in be used in this study through normative scores for job
veterinary surgeons (Jeyaretnam etal., 2000; Rejula et al., strain, job engagement and burnout and comparison with
2003). The studies reported in the literature present the other samples of workers for work-home interference.
limitation of using non standardised measures of wellbeing The analysis of the job stress factors will focus on bovine
outcomes. It is then difficult to compare veterinary practice.
peer reviewed234
IVJ_April_2008.indd 234 19/03/2008 11:18:27Irish Veterinary Journal Volume 61 Number 4
Materials and methods patients". The full list of items is available from the first
Job strain, job engagement, burnout and work-home author. The response format is a four-point Likert scale
interference measures are considered in this study. Firstly, from "never a cause of stress" to "always a cause of stress".
job engagement and job strain are measured using the This quantitative methodology was completed by an open
'Positive and Negative Occupational Stress Inventory' question in which participants were asked to freely describe
(PNOSI, 19 items; Hansez etal., 2004). Eight items assessed a maximum of three problematic events that they encounter
job engagement (e.g., "I feel stimulated by my work", "My in their daily work activities.
work gives me a lot of satisfaction") and 11 items assessed In collaboration with the Belgian professional union of
job strain (e.g., "I feel overload by what I have to do", "I veterinary surgeons, these questionnaires were sent to the
feel nervous when at work") on a four-level scale from one 2,700 French-speaking veterinary surgeons through the
("never" or "rarely") to four ("almost always" or "always"). Belgian journal 'Veterinaria'. This procedure did not give
The reliability coefficients for our sample are 0.83 and 0.84, the opportunity for a reminder.
respectively. Normative scores are available. A moderate
level of job strain/job engagement can vary from 40 to 60, Statistical analysis
with a mean equal to 50. Values higher than 60 characterise In the first instance, analyses of variance were performed to
severe job strain. Values lower than 40 characterise very test for differences in weekly working hours according to
low job engagement. the type of activity and age categories. A t-test was used to
Secondly, the subscale of emotional exhaustion provides compare the difference in weekly working hours for men
a measure of burnout (Maslach etal., 1996). Burnout is and women.
a concept that consists of three dimensions: emotional Descriptive statistics including means and standard
exhaustion, depersonalisation and lack of personal deviations are presented for job strain, job engagement,
accomplishment (Maslach, 1982). Practically, the use of the burnout and work-home interference. According to
subscale of emotional exhaustion alone (nine items) appears standardised scores, the three first outcome variables
to be a valid measure of professional burnout (Cordes and are categorised in small, medium or high level of score.
Dougherty, 1993; Lee and Ashforth, 1996). The subject is Comparisons of these three variables, according to the type
asked to answer each item on a scale from one ("never") to of activity, gender and age categories, were performed
seven ("every day"). The level of burnout can vary between using multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA). All
nine and 63 with a low level when the score varies from paired comparisons were evaluated using the Tukey post-
nine to 17, a moderate level from 18 to 29 and values higher hoc test.
than 29 characterising severe burnout. The reliability As regards work-home interference, paired sample t-tests
coefficient in this sample is 0.89. were used to compare the differences between subscales
Finally, the 'Survey Work-home Interaction Nijmegen' of work-home interference (WHI). In order to account
(SWING, 27 items) is used to measure four types of for multiple comparisons, the authors used the Bonferroni
work-home interaction: (1) negative WHI, referring to a correction (Miller, 1981, pp. 6-8), which sets the alpha
situation in which negative load effects built up at work value for the entire set of comparisons equal to by
hampering functioning at home (nine items); (2) negative taking the alpha value for each comparison equal to
HWI, referring to negative load effects developed in the i.e., in this case P<. 05/6 = 0.008. A t-test was also used to
home domain that impede functioning at work (six items); compare Belgian veterinary surgeons to either a Belgian/
(3) positive WHI, defined as positive load effects built up Luxembourg or a Dutch worker sample (n=254 including a
at work that facilitate functioning at home (six items); and, large variety of occupations from psychologists, shopkeepers
(4) positive HWI, occurring when positive load effects to hotel and bank employees and n=1,857 including
developed at home facilitate functioning at work (six items). employees in the electronic industry, employees from the
The reliability coefficients in our sample are 0.88, 0.79, 0.80 Dutch Postal Offce, employees from a fnancial consultancy
and 0.84, respectively. There are four response categories: frm, employees from a Dutch taxing company and teachers,
"never" (0), "sometimes" (1), "often" (2) and "always" (3). A respectively). Comparisons of the four subscales of work-
scale mean for each of the four WHI-scales is calculated. home interference according to the type of activity, gender
As far as job stress factors are concerned, the Veterinary and age categories were also performed using MANOVA.
Stress Inventory (VSI, 45 items) (Biron, O. [2006]. Stressin In MANOVA, the underlying mathematical foundations
veterinarysurgeons. Unpublished dissertation, University depend upon certain assumptions: homogeneity of
of Liège, Belgium) has been developed for the purpose variances, equality of covariance matrices and normality.
of this study. Items were created on the basis of results These assumptions have been checked with, respectively,
from preliminary interviews with veterinary surgeons Levene's test, Box's test and Shapiro-Wilk's test. All
and a review of the literature, especially the questionnaire s tests are non significant except for the negative
developed by Cooper etal. (1989), to measure stressful job home-work interference subscale when comparing the
situations among general practitioners. Examples include: type of activity. As all Box's tests were non significant, the
"phone calls during the night and early in the morning", observed covariance matrices of the dependent variables are
"administrative formalities because of the new policy equal across groups. Concerning Shapiro-Wilk's tests, the
about medicines" or "euthanasia requests for non-suffering results are significant except for the negative work-home
peer reviewed 235
IVJ_April_2008.indd 235 19/03/2008 11:18:27Irish Veterinary Journal Volume 61 Number 4
Table 1: The spectrum of activity, gender, age, work and maritial status and number of
consisted of small animal veterinary surgeons and 17.3% children of the sample population (n=216)
had a mixed activity. The remaining participants were n %
involved in specific activities such as teaching, scientific Main activity Rural practitioners 63 25.9
research or the civil services, thus the final sample consisted Small animal practitioners 111 45.7
of 216 practitioners involved either in rural, small animal or Mixed practitioners 42 17.3
mixed activity practice (Table 1). Most of them were male, Gender Male 163 75.5
whilst 24.5% were female. Most women were involved Female 53 24.5
in small animal practice while most men were bovine or Age 25-35 40 18.5
2mixed practitioners ( χ [2 df] = 52.00; P<0.001). Sixty-seven 36-45 77 35.6
percent were aged between 36 and 55, while 18.5% were 46-55 69 31.9
More than 56 years old 30 13.9 aged between 25 and 35. The veterinary surgeons older
Work status Freelance 116 53.7 than 56 years represented 13.9% of the sample. One half
In association with practice 100 46.3 of the respondents worked alone as freelance practitioners,
Marital status Single 21 9.7 whereas the other half worked in association with a
Married 174 80.6 practice. The majority were married or had at least one
Divorced 17 7.9 child (85.2%, n=184).
Widowed 3 1.4 An important variable was long working hours. The
Unknown 1 0.5 mean working hours for respondents were 54.27 + 18.75
Number of children 0 28 13 hours, which is a similar figure to that reported by Phillips
1 27 12.5 etal. (2001). One veterinary surgeon out of four worked
2 83 38.4 more than 60 hours a week. One veterinary surgeon out
3 or more 74 34.3 of two worked between 40 and 60 hours a week. Bovine
Unknown 4 1.9 and mixed practitioners (63.13 + 18.39 and 59.70 + 17.85
respectively) worked more hours a week than small animal
interference subscale. However, some authors suggest that practitioners (48.03 + 16.96), F(2, 192)=15.16, P<0.001. In
departures from normality have only a slight effect on the the same way, men (58.21 + 17.53) worked more hours a
Type I error rate (Zar, 1999, p320). week than women (42.53 + 17.45), t(193)= -5.42, P<0.001.
As regards the Veterinary Stress Inventory, factor analyses The age variable was not significant with respect to
are not relevant due to the small sample size. Then, working hours, F(3, 191) = 0.88, P=0.45.
descriptive statistics for the 10 items with the highest The mean job engagement level in veterinary surgeons was
means within each type of activity will be presented. Item 54.06 + 8.89. This result corresponds to 95.4 % of the current
analyses using multivariate technique were performed for sample that reported a normal or high amount of job
the comparisons of the 10 items according to the type of engagement. Only 3.7% of veterinary surgeons did not feel
activity. For all statistical analyses in this paper, significance stimulated at work. The mean job strain level in veterinary
was assumed for a P value less than 0.05. surgeons was 52.19 + 8.15, which is similar to other working
The problematic situations were classified in a taxonomy populations. These results correspond to 14.8% of the
created in collaboration with the research pool Preventagri current sample that reported a high level of job strain.
(Bossut and De Keyser, 2002) and a first intuitive scrolling Moreover, 14.4% of the group was classed as suffering from
through the data. Using this method, situations were sorted high burnout (Table 2).
out and given absolute and relative statistical frequencies. The multivariate analysis of variance of these three
wellbeing variables performed to compare the type of
Results activity was significant; Wilks'lambda= 0.93, F(6, 410)=2.41,
Two hundred and forty-three questionnaires were returned P=0.03. More specifically, job engagement and job strain
and included in the analyses. The total percentage return showed significant results; F(2, 207)=3.38, P=0.04 and F(2,
rate was 9%. As regards main activity, 25.9% of the 207)=3.84, P=0.02, respectively. The burnout level did not
sample were rural practitioners. Almost half of the sample change across the three types of activity; F(2, 207)=2.34,
Table 2: Mean (standard deviation) job strain, job engagement and burnout levels in veterinary surgeons (n=216) according to the type of activity, gender and age
Level of Type of activity Gender Age categories
Min Max Mean Low Med. High Bovine Small Mixed Female Male 25-35 36-45 46-55 56+
(SD) %(n) %(n) %(n) animals
Job 31.35 74.70 54.06 3.7 71.3 24.1 52.09* 55.66* 53.35 56.55* 53.41* 53.63 55.59 53.97 51.74
engagement (8.89) (8) (154) (52) (8.49) (8.95) (8.91) (8.06) (9.06) (7.51) (9.26) (8.79) (9.75)
Job strain 28.04 75.12 52.19 5.6 79.2 14.8 53.14 50.64* 54.24* 49.69* 52.84* 52.76 52.50 52.03 50.18
(8.15) (12) (171) (32) (8.20) (8.17) (6.97) (8.36) (7.84) (6.62) (8.23) (7.26) (10.83)
Burnout 9.00 63.00 22.22 31 51.9 14.4 24.14 20.93 22.79 19.91* 22.96* 22.49 22.08 22.16 22.37
(9.47) (67) (112) (31) (10.00) (9.20) (9.09) (8.49) (9.68) (7.38) (9.52) (9.55) (11.83)
NB*representssignifcant results(p<.05)forpost-hoctests.
peer reviewed236
IVJ_April_2008.indd 236 19/03/2008 11:18:29Irish Veterinary Journal Volume 61 Number 4
Table 3: Mean (standard deviation) work-home interference in veterinary surgeons (n=216) according to the type of activity, gender and age
Type of activity Gender Age categories
Belgian veterinary Belg/Lux Dutch Bovine Small Mixed Female Male 25-35 36-45 46-55 56+
surgeons sample sample animal
Min Max Mean
NegWHI 0.11 3.00 1.45* 0.84* 0.86* 1.62 1.27* 1.66 1.23* 1.52* 1.38 1.51 1.45 1.35
(0.55) (0.47) (0.48) (0.48) (0.54) (0.50) (0.55) (0.53) (0.51) (0.58) (0.54) (0.51)
NegHWI 0.00 2.00 0.45* 0.34* 0.47 0.45 0.42 0.54 0.43 0.45 0.44 0.56 0.38 0.35
(0.42) (0.36) (0.41) (0.42) (0.37) (0.52) (0.41) (0.42) (0.44) (0.48) (0.33) (0.36)
PosWHI 0.00 3.00 1.17* 1.15 0.83* 1.16 1.18 1.15 1.17 1.17 1.16 1.17 1.03* 1.47*
(0.59) (0.60) (0.57) (0.66) (0.59) (0.50) (0.56) (0.61) (0.46) (0.63) (0.54) (0.67)
PosHWI 0.00 3.00 1.21* 1.04* 1.15 1.19 1.23 1.19 1.38* 1.15* 1.41 * 1.31* 0.85* 1.50*
(0.72) (0.88) (0.74) (0.74) (0.71) (0.73) (0.75) (0.71) (0.77) (0.71) (0.52) (0.78)
NB: NegWHI = Negative work-home interference; NegHWI = Negative home-work interference; PosWHI = Positive work-home interference; PosHWI = Positive home-work interference.
* represents signifcant results (p<.05) for post-hoc tests.
P=0.10. Tukey HSD post-hoc tests showed that bovine other subscales were not signifcant; F(2, 190)=1.20, P=0.30,
practitioners had a lower level of job engagement than F(2, 190)=0.06, P=0.95, F(2, 190)=0.04, P=0.96, respectively
small animal veterinary surgeons (P=0.04), who, in turn, (Table 3). Tukey HSD post-hoc tests show that, compared to
had a lower level of job strain than mixed practitioners small animal practitioners, bovine and mixed practitioners
(P=0.04) (Table 2). The multivariate analysis of variance are the most concerned with this negative work-home
of these three wellbeing variables, that compared men interference (P<0.001 and P=0.001, respectively). The
and women, was significant (Wilks' lambda= 0.96, F(3, multivariate analysis of variance of the four WHI subscales
206)=2.78, P=0.04). Job engagement was higher among performed to compare men and women was signifcant;
women (F(1, 208)=4.85, P=0.03), while men perceived Wilks' lambda= 0.92, F(4, 188)=4.02, P=0.004. Men perceived
a higher level of job strain and burnout (F(1, 208)=6.03, more negative work-home interference (F(1,191)=10.41,
P=0.01 and F(1, 208)=4.03, P=0.05, respectively). Finally, P=0.001), while women perceived more positive home-
the multivariate analysis of variance of the three wellbeing work interference (F(1,191)=3.74, P=0.05). Finally, the
variables performed to compare the age categories was not
significant (Wilks' lambda= 0.95, F(9, 496.63)=1.18, P=0.30). performed to compare age categories was also signifcant
Results for work-home interference are presented in (Wilks' lambda= 0.82, F(12, 492.4)=3.11, P<0.001). The
Table 3. Paired sample t-tests showed that each difference negative home-work interference subscale was signifcant
between subscales of work-home interference (WHI) were (F(3, 189)=2.82, P=0.04). The two positive subscales were
signifcant (P<0.001), except between positive work-home also signifcant (F(3, 189)=3.61, P=0.01 for positive work-
interference and positive home-work interference (t(194)=- home interference and F(3, 189)=8.68, P<0.001 for positive
0.97, P=0.33). If one considers that WHI subscales can vary home-work interference). Tukey HSD post-hoc tests
between zero and three, the veterinary surgeons sample did showed that Belgian veterinary surgeons aged between 46
not perceive high work-home interference. However, in and 55 felt less positive interference from work to home and
comparison to other Belgian and Dutch workers samples, home to work.
they did perceive signifcantly more negative work-home The open question allowed 575 problem-situations to be
interference; t(213)=16.07, P<0.001 and t(213)=15.54, collected: 175 amongst bovine practitioners, 289 amongst
P=0.00, respectively. In comparison to the Belgian sample, small animal practitioners and 111 amongst mixed
veterinary surgeons reported more negative home-work practitioners. For bovine practitioners, the three main
interference (t(213)=3.77, P<0.001) and more positive sources of stress reported were: (1) client relations (farmers
home-work interference (t(196)=3.33, P<0.001). The result in this case) (30%, n = 52) mainly through late or unpaid
for positive work-home interference was not signifcantly invoices and lack of respect; (2) working time management
different (t(207)=0.51, P=0.61). In comparison to the (26%, n = 45), more specifically, simultaneous emergencies
Dutch sample, veterinary surgeons reported less positive and on duty situations; and, (3) risks associated with this
work-home interference (t(207)=8.3, P<0.001). Results for occupation (13%, n = 23), such as heavy working conditions
negative home-work interference and positive home-work and difficulties in diagnosis (Table 4). These three main
interference were not signifcantly different; t(213)=-0.76, categories of potential sources of stress were also relevant,
P=0.45 and t(196)=1.17, P=0.24, respectively. in the same order, for small animal and mixed practitioners:
The multivariate analysis of variance of the four WHI (1) 34.6 %, n=100; (2) 28 %, n=82; (3) 14.5 %, n=42 and
subscales performed to compare the type of activity was (1) 35 %; n=39; (2) 32 %, n=35; (3) 8 %; n=9, respectively.
signifcant (Wilks' lambda= 0.88, F(8, 374)=3.19, P=0.002). There was no significant statistical difference in the three
More particularly, negative work-home interference showed main sources of stress by activity status ( χ2(4) = 3.15, P
a signifcant result (F(2, 190)=11.89, P<0.001) while the >0.05). The problematic situations encountered by small
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IVJ_April_2008.indd 237 19/03/2008 12:10:22Irish Veterinary Journal Volume 61 Number 4
Table 4: Problematic situations (total n=175) encountered by bovine practitioners
Category % (n) Sub-category % (n)
Client relations 30 (52) Unpaid or late invoices 48 (25)
Lack of respect, careless, ungratefulness 21 (11)
Unspecifed 13 (7)
Short deadline requirement 10 (5)
Constraint about optimal result 8 (4)
Time management 25.7 (45) Simultaneous emergencies, during consulting hours 51 (23)
Continuous availability, night work, on duty situations 25 (11)
Unspecifed 11 (5)
Irregular work throughout year 5 (2)
Fake emergencies 2 (1)
Phone harassment 2 (1)
Night calls 2 (1)
Shiftwork 2 (1)
Occupational risks 13 (23) Heavy working conditions 39 (9)
Diffcult diagnosis/ treatment 35 (8)
Therapeutic failure 17 (4)
Disappointing fnancial incomes 9 (2)
Relations to co-workers 10.3 (18) Unfair competition 45 (8)
Misunderstanding from administration/ lawmakers 23 (4)
Unspecifed 11 (2)
Conficts between associates 11 (2)
Misunderstanding/ management between co-workers 5 (1)
Food agency 5 (1)
Administrative workload 8 (14)
Quantitative workload 4 (7) Lack of time for professional improvement 44 (3)
Unspecifed 28 (2)
Replacement/ work assistance 28 (2)
Responsibilities 3 (6) Unsatisfed clients bringing the vet into action 50 (3)
Dual-responsibility: service and control 33 (2)
Unspecifed 17 (1)
animal practitioners were somewhat different when stressors and work characteristics. Bovine practice was
subcategories were considered. In the "client relations" compared to small animal and mixed practice.
category, the main problem was concerned with non The current study revealed a moderate level of job strain
payment (43%, n=43). In the "time management" category, in Belgian veterinary surgeons, no higher than in other
phone harassment during practice (22%, n=18) was the professional groups. This is surprising when the inherent
most important source of stress. stressful working conditions described in the introduction,
Results to the VSI confirmed this panel of results as i.e., increasing responsibility of veterinary surgeons and
emergency/working time management (six items out of 10 the workload, are taken into consideration.
related to this topic) and client relations (three items out of Different authors (Payne, 1987; Karasek, 1995) have found
10 related to this topic) appear as the two most important that stress levels can be mitigated by having high authority
sources of stress for rural veterinary surgeons but also for and high satisfaction in the job. The current study concurs
mixed practitioners. Table 5 also shows that small animal with this statement. Most of the veterinary surgeons sample
practitioners have to deal with different problems like showed high job engagement which, in turn, may have
ethical problems and difficulties in practice. moderated the job strain levels.
Another important result concerns burnout: more than 15%
Discussion of the veterinary surgeons sample reported a high level of
The aim of this study was to: (1) measure levels of emotional exhaustion. This result is alarming, according to
job strain, job engagement, burnout and work-home other studies about burnout in veterinary surgeons (Elkins
interference in Belgian veterinary surgeons using self- and Elkins, 1987; Rejula etal., 2003). The results are
reports and questionnaires; and, (2) to further identify similar to those observed in anaesthetists by Nyssen etal.
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Table 5: Top 10 stressors (highest means) for each type of activity
Rank (Mean) F (2, P Post-hoc
188)Bovine Small animal Mixed
Practice (1) Practice (2) Practice (3)
Administrative formalities because of new medicines policy 1 (3.22) 5 (2.66) 1 (3.15) 6.66 0.00 2 < 1 and 3
Impact of job constraints on family life 2 (2.94) 4 (2.72) 2 (2.97) 2.11 0.12 NA
Recovery of amounts of money due from customers 3 (2.88) 2 (2.81) 4 (2.82) 0.08 0.92 NA
Interruption of family life by phone calls 4 (2.76) 3 (2.75) 3 (2.90) 0.43 0.65 NA
Impact of job constraints on social life 5 (2.72) - (2.47) 5 (2.67) 3.33 0.04 NA
Lack of gratefulness by customers 6 (2.75) - (2.46) 7 (2.69) 1.23 0.29 NA
Long working hours 7 (2.62) - (2.39) - (2.49) 1.05 0.35 NA
Time sharing between spouse and patients 8 (2.70) 9 (2.57) 9 (2.72) 0.53 0.59 NA
Phone calls during the night and early in the morning 9 (2.60) 1 (3.15) 6 (2.72) 6.44 0.00 2 > 1 and 3
Unrealistic expectations from customers 10 (2.56) - (2.27) - (2.36) 2.05 0.13 NA
Administrative constraints due to tax liability - (2.40) 6 (2.58) - (2.56) 0.44 0.65 NA
Euthanasia requests for non-suffering patients - (1.88) 7 (2.63) - (1.74) 13.50 0.00 2 > 1 and 3
Emergency calls during consulting hours - (2.32) 8 (2.62) 8 (2.67) 1.84 0.16 NA
Follow up of diffcult cases - (2.44) 10 (2.48) - (2.41) 0.11 0.90 NA
Loss of clients proftable to another veterinary surgeon - (2.36) - (2.46) 10 (2.49) 0.24 0.79 NA
NB: The multivariate analysis of the 15 items performed to compare the type of activity was signifcant, Wilks' lambda= .61, F(30, 348)=3.27, P=.000.
(2003). These professionals, like veterinary surgeons, seem had thought that even if a practitioner was engaged and
to enjoy and feel stimulated by their job, but find certain committed in the early years of his or her career, their work
working conditions difficult to cope with. For veterinary might have become monotonous and not status-enhancing.
surgeons, in the context described above, administrative However, this was not confirmed in the results.
requirements, difficult relationships with clients and The present study has its limitations. The response rate in
working time constraints can explain this feeling of our study was very small, mainly because it was not possible
emotional exhaustion. for the authors to send a reminder to potential respondents.
This result concerning burnout can be further explained The could also argue that only veterinary surgeons
by a much higher negative interference from work to having more time to answer (and thus a lower workload)
home than what the authors found in other working have participated in the survey. This could also explain
populations. This holds especially true for bovine and why, despite an alarming context, the results do not
mixed practitioners. The unpredictability of the veterinary confirm a high risk situation in veterinary surgeons as far
working schedule leads all practitioners, but especially as wellbeing is concerned. However, the size of the sample
bovine and mixed practitioners, to be on stand-by regularly. was acceptable for the statistical analyses performed on the
This variable 'work pace' does not fit with family life. In data. Moreover, the study is focused on French speaking
addition, veterinary surgeons have to be easily reachable by veterinary surgeons working in Belgium and there are few
phone and most of the time they do not feel free, especially studies in the literature with which to compare the results.
if they are self-employed and isolated. Flexible schedules in It would be interesting to replicate this study in other
agriculture force veterinary surgeons to deal with flexible countries in a cross-cultural perspective.
planning. Their working time does not allow them to fulfil
elementary family roles, which is perceived as difficult by Conclusion
practitioners, and probably even more so by their spouse In this present study, Belgian veterinary surgeons
and children. were involved in a survey about stressors and work
There are few other differences in the current sample characteristics, job strain, job engagement, burnout and
concerning the type of activity. Bovine practitioners report work-home interference. The main results were a moderate
less job engagement than small animal practitioners. Small level of job strain together with a high job engagement, a
animal veterinary surgeons have a lower level of job strain percentage of high burnout in the sample higher than 15%
than mixed practitioners. The level of burnout is the same and a much higher negative interference from work to
across the three types of activity. This result does not concur home than what was found by the authors in other working
with the results reported by Rejula et al. (2003) that, among populations, especially for bovine and mixed practitioners.
veterinary surgeons, small animal and equine practitioners Some interesting new aspects emerged from the results.
are the most affected by emotional exhaustion. First, job engagement is a key variable in the way
The comparison of age also gives some unexpected results. veterinary surgeons perceive their work situation. This
Job engagement, job strain and burnout were not different is in line with the stress literature which has recently
according to the age of the veterinary surgeon. The authors proposed a new theoretical model: the 'Job Demands-
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IVJ_April_2008.indd 239 19/03/2008 12:10:51Irish Veterinary Journal Volume 61 Number 4
Resources Model' (Schaufeli and Bakker, 2004). This Cordes, C.J. and Dougherty, T.W. (1993). A review and an integration of
model refers to two processes, one linked with the positive research on job burnout. AcademyofManagementReview18:621-656.
(motivational process, i.e., job engagement), and the other De Keyser, V. and Hansez, I. (1996). Vers une perspective transactionnelle
with the negative (health impairment process, i.e., burnout) du stress au travail: Pistes d'évaluations méthodologiques. LesCahiersde
aspects of wellbeing, making this phenomenon easier to MédecineduTravail33: 133-144.
understand. Second, results about work stressors in the Elkins, A.D. and Elkins, J.R. (1987). ProfessionalburnoutamongU.S.
veterinary profession are consistent all through research, veterinarians:howseriousaproblem? Veterinary Medicine 82: 1245-1250.
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for the first time in veterinary research. In this study, Garrett, D.K. and McDaniel, A.M. (2001). A new look at nurse burnout:
bovine and mixed practitioners are particularly at risk, the effects of environmental uncertainty and social climate. Journalof
mainly because of the unpredictability of the veterinary NursingAdministration31: 91-96.
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phone calls and stand-by duty. For these three new aspects, M.L.M and Kinnunen, U.M. (2005). Work-home interaction from a
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Bartram and Baldwin (2008) also reported that several University of Liège, Belgium.
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text:
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