text:
Bengali Muslims
|বাঙালি মুসলমান
(Bangali Musolman)
Muslim-majority districts of Bengal highlighted in green on a map in 1909
|Total population
|185 million
|Regions with significant populations
|146,000,000 (2011)[3]
|36,400,000 (2011)[4]
|2,200,000 (2011)[5]
|Saudi Arabia
|1,200,000 (2010)[6]
|700,000 (2013)[7]
|500,000 (2009)[8]
|377,126 (2011)[9]
|230,000 (2008)[10]
|200,000 (2010)[11]
|150,000 (2014)[12]
|143,619 (2007)
|115,746 (2013)[13]
|Bengali with different dialects
|Part of a series on
Bengali homeland
Bengali Muslims (Bengali: বাঙালি মুসলমান) are an ethnic, linguistic, and religious population who make up the majority of Bangladesh's citizens and the largest minority in the Indian states of West Bengal and Assam.[14] They are Bengalis who adhere to Islam and speak the Bengali language, which is written with the Eastern Nagari alphabet. They form the largest Bengali and the second largest Muslim ethnic group in the world (after Arab Muslims).[15]
Bengal was a leading power of the medieval Islamic East.[16] The endogamous Bengali Muslim population emerged as a synthesis of Islamic and Bengali cultures. After the Partition of India in 1947, they comprised the demographic majority of Pakistan until the independence of East Pakistan (historic East Bengal) as Bangladesh in 1971.
- 1 Identity
- 2 History
- 3 Science and technology
- 4 Demographics
- 5 Culture
- 6 Leadership
- 7 Notable individuals
- 8 Human rights issues
- 9 See also
- 10 References
- 11 Bibliography
A Bengali is a person of ethnic and linguistic heritage from the Bengal region in South Asia speaking the Indo-Aryan Bengali language. Islam arrived in the first millennium and influenced the native Bengali culture. The influx of Persian, Turkic, Arab and Mughal settlers contributed further diversity to the cultural development of the region.[17] However, historians including Richard Maxwell Eaton, Ahmed Sharif, Muhammad Mohar Ali and Jadunath Sarkar are in agreement that the bulk of Muslims are descended from Buddhists who were converted to Islam by missionaries.[17][18][19] Today, most Bengali Muslims live in the modern state of Bangladesh, the world's third largest Muslim-majority country, along with the Indian states of West Bengal and Assam.[14]
The dominant majority of Bengali Muslims are Sunnis who follow the Hanafi school of jurisprudence. There are also minorities of Shias and Ahmadiyas, as well as people who identify as non-denominational (or "just a Muslim").[20]
Pre-Islamic history[edit]
Rice-cultivating communities existed in Bengal since the second millennium BCE. The region was home to a large agriculturalist population influenced by Indian religions, but was not fully integrated into the caste system.[21] Buddhism influenced the region in the first millennium. The Bengali language developed from Apabhramsa and Magadhi Prakrit between the 7th and 10th centuries. It once formed a single Indo-Aryan branch with Assamese and Oriya, before the languages became distinct.[22]
Early explorers[edit]
Early Muslim traders and merchants visited Bengal while traversing the Silk Road in the first millennium. One of the earliest mosques in South Asia is under excavation in northern Bangladesh, indicating the presence of Muslims in the area around the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad.[23] Starting in the 9th century, Muslim merchants increased trade with Bengali seaports.[24] Coins of the Abbasid Caliphate have been discovered in many parts of the region.[25]
Early Islamic kingdoms[edit]
The Muslim conquest of the Indian subcontinent took place between the 12th and 16th centuries. Bengal became a province of the Delhi Sultanate in 1204. In the 14th century the Sultanate of Bengal became independent and emerged as a regional power.[26] It adopted Bengali as one of its official languages, alongside Persian, the diplomatic language of the Islamic world, and Arabic, the liturgical language of the religion. The Sultanate also ruled parts of Arakan and Assam. The Sur Empire briefly overtook the region in the 16th century. During the sultanate period, Hindu aristocrats occupied prominent positions in the administration.[19]
The Mughal Empire eventually controlled the region under its Bengal Subah viceregal province. The Mughal Emperors considered Bengal their most prized province. Emperor Akbar redeveloped the Bengali calendar.[27] Emperor Aurangazeb called Bengal the Paradise of Nations.[28] Two Bengal viceroys – Muhammad Azam Shah and Azim-us-Shan – assumed the imperial throne. Mughal Bengal became increasingly independent under the Nawabs of Bengal in the 18th century.[29]
The agrarian reforms of the Mughal Empire also played a crucial role in developing Bengali Muslim society. According to historian Richard M. Eaton, Islam became the religion of the plough in the Bengal delta.[16] The delta was the most fertile region in the empire. Mughal development projects cleared forests and established thousands of Sufi-led villages, which became industrious farming and craftsmanship communities.[30] The projects were most evident in the Bhati region of East Bengal, the most fertile part of the delta.[31]
People from various parts of the Muslim world settled in the region. Settlers intermarried with the local population.[16] This made East Bengal a thriving melting pot with strong trade and cultural networks. It was the most prosperous part of the subcontinent.[30][32] East Bengal became the center of the Muslim population in the eastern subcontinent and corresponds to modern-day Bangladesh.[31]
British period[edit]
The region fell to the control of the British Empire in 1757.
British-ruled Bengal was a hotbed of anti-colonial rebellion. In the early 19th century, Titumir led a peasant uprising against colonial rule. Haji Shariatullah led the Faraizi movement, advocating Islamic revivalism.[33] The Faraizis sought to create a caliphate and cleanse the region's Muslim society of what they deemed "un-Islamic practices". They were successful in galvanizing the Bengali peasantry against colonial authorities. However, the movement suffered crackdowns after the Mutiny of 1857[34] and lost impetus after the death of Haji Shariatullah's son Dudu Miyan.[33]
After 1870, Muslims began seeking English education increasingly. Under the leadership of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan the promotion the English language among Muslims of India also influenced Bengali Muslim society.[19] Social and cultural leaders among Bengali Muslims during this period included Munshi Mohammad Meherullah, who countered Christian missionaries,[35] writers Ismail Hossain Siraji and Mir Mosharraf Hossain; and feminists Nawab Faizunnesa and Roquia Sakhawat Hussain.
The creation of Eastern Bengal and Assam established visions for a sovereign Muslim-majority homeland in the eastern subcontinent. Low income Muslims after passing matriculation, looked for jobs as clerks, peons and orderlies but Hindu babus refused to employ them.[19] So, instigated by the British, upper class Muslims formed the Muslim League in Dhaka in 1906.[19] The early Muslim League dominated politics in East Bengal. A. K. Fazlul Huq was the first Prime Minister of Bengal under British rule. Bengali Muslims also dominated politics in Colonial Assam, where Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani emerged as a populist leader. Muhammed Saadulah served as the first Prime Minister of Assam.
1947 Partition and Bangladesh[edit]
An important moment in the history of Bengali self-determination was the Lahore Resolution in 1940, which was promoted by British Bengal premier A. K. Fazlul Huq. The resolution initially called for the creation of a sovereign state in the "Eastern Zone" of British India.[36] However, its text was later changed by the top leadership of the Muslim League. Despite calls from liberal Bengali Muslim League leaders for an independent United Bengal, the British moved forward with the Partition of Bengal and India in 1947. The Radcliffe Line made East Bengal a part of the Dominion of Pakistan. It was later renamed as East Pakistan, with Dhaka as its capital. The All Pakistan Awami Muslim League was formed in Dhaka in 1949.[37] The organization's name was later secularized as the Awami League in 1955.[38] The party was supported by the Bengali bourgeois, agriculturalists, the middle class, and the intelligentsia.[39] Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin, Mohammad Ali of Bogra, and H. S. Suhrawardy each served as Pakistan's prime minister during the 1950s; however, all three were deposed by the military-industrial complex in West Pakistan. The Bengali Language Movement in 1952 received strong support from Islamic groups, including the Tamaddun Majlish. Bengali nationalism increased in East Pakistan during the 1960s, particularly with the Six point movement for autonomy. The rise of pro-democracy and pro-independence movements in East Pakistan, with Sheikh Mujibur Rahman as the principal leader, led to the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971.
Bangladesh was founded as a secular nation. In 1977, however, President Ziaur Rahman, trying to consolidate his power under martial law, removed secularism from the constitution and replaced it with "a commitment to the values of Islam."[40] In 2010, the Bangladesh Supreme Court reaffirmed secular principles in the constitution.[41]
Science and technology[edit]
The Bengali numerals are derived from ancient Indian mathematics, which also influenced the development of Arabic numerals and science in the medieval Islamic world.
Historical Islamic kingdoms that existed in Bengal employed several clever technologies in numerous areas such as architecture, agriculture, civil engineering, water management, etc. The creation of canals and resoirvoirs was a common practice for the sultanate. New methods of irrigation were pioneered by the Sufis. Bengali mosque architecture featured terracotta, stone, wood and bamboo, with curved roofs, corner towers and multiple domes. During the Bengal Sultanate, a distinct regional style flourished which featured no minarets, but had richly designed mihrabs and minbars as niches.
Islamic Bengal had a long history of textile weaving ] including export of muslin during the 17th and 18th centuries. Today, the weaving of Jamdani is classified by UNESCO as an intangible cultural heritage.
Modern science was begun in Bengal under British colonial rule. Railways were introduced in 1862, making Bengal one of the earliest regions in the world to have a rail network. For the general population, opportunities for formal science education remained limited. The colonial government and the Bengali elite established several institutes for science education. The Nawabs of Dhaka established Ahsanullah School of Engineering which later became the Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology.
In the second half of the 20th century, the Bengali Muslim American Fazlur Rahman Khan became one of the most important structural engineers in the world, helping design the world's tallest buildings. Another Bengali Muslim American, Jawed Karim, was the co-founder of YouTube.
In 2016, the modernist Bait-ur-Rouf Mosque, inspired by the Bengal Sultanate-style of buildings, won the Aga Khan Award for Architecture.
Bengali Muslims constitute the world's second-largest Muslim ethnicity (after the Arab world) and the largest Muslim community in South Asia.[42] An estimated 146 million Bengali Muslims live in Bangladesh, where Islam is the state religion and commands the demographic majority.[43] The Indian state of West Bengal is home to an estimated 24.6 million Bengali Muslims. Two districts in West Bengal – Murshidabad and Maldah have a Muslim majority and North Dinajpur has a plurarity.[44] The Indian state of Assam has over 11 million Bengali Muslims. Nine of out thirty-seven districts in Assam have a Muslim majority. The Rohingya community in western Myanmar have significant Bengali Muslim heritage.[45]
A large Bengali Muslim diaspora is found in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, which are home to several million expatriate workers from South Asia. A more well-established diaspora also resides in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Pakistan. The first Bengali Muslim settlers in the United States were ship jumpers who settled in Harlem, New York and Baltimore, Maryland in the 1920s and 1930s.[46]
Surnames in Bengali Muslim society reflect the region's cosmopolitan history. They are mainly of Arabic and Persian origin, with a minority of secular Bengali surnames.
Sheikh Zainuddin was a prominent Bengali Muslim artist in the 18th century during the colonial period. His works were inspired by the style of Mughal courts.[47]
Architecture is considered the supreme form of Islamic art. An indigenous style of Islamic architecture flourished in Bengal during the medieval Sultanate period.[48] Terracotta and stone mosques with multiple domes proliferated in the region. Bengali Muslim architecture emerged as a synthesis of Bengali, Persian, Byzantine, and Mughal elements.
The Indo-Saracenic style influenced Islamic architecture in South Asia during the British Raj. A notable example of this period is Curzon Hall. Modern and contemporary Islamic architecture evolved in the region since the 1950s.
Sufi spiritual traditions are central to the Bengali Muslim way of life. The most common Sufi ritual is the Dhikr, the practice of repeating the names of God after prayers. Sufi teachings regard the Prophet Muhammad as the primary perfect man who exemplifies the morality of God.[49] Sufism is regarded as the individual internalization and intensification of the Islamic faith and practice. The Sufis played a vital role in developing Bengali Muslim society during the medieval period. Historic Sufi missionaries are regarded as saints, including Shah Jalal, Khan Jahan Ali, Shah Farhan, Shah Amanat, and Khwaja Enayetpuri. Their mausoleums are focal points for charity, religious congregations, and festivities.
The Qadiri, Maizbhandaria, Naqshbandi, Chishti, Mujaddid, Ahmadi, Mohammadi, Soharwardi and Rifai orders are among the most widespread Sufi orders in the region.[50]
As part of the conversion process, a syncretic version of mystical Sufi Islam was historically prevalent in medieval and early modern Bengal. The Islamic concept of tawhid was diluted into the veneration of Hindu folk deities, who were now regarded as pirs.[51] Folk deities such as Shitala (goddess of smallpox) and Oladevi (goddess of cholera) were worshipped as pirs among certain sections of Muslim society.[17]
Bengali Muslims maintain their indigenous language and script.[52] This tradition is similar to that of Central Asian and Chinese Muslims.
Bengali evolved as the most easterly branch of the Indo-European languages.[citation needed] The Bengal Sultanate promoted the literary development of Bengali over Sanskrit, apparently to solidify their political legitimacy among the local populace. Bengali was the primary vernacular language of the Sultanate.[53] Bengali borrowed a considerable amount of vocabulary from Arabic and Persian. Under the Mughal Empire, considerable autonomy was enjoyed in the Bengali literary sphere.[54][55] The Bengali Language Movement of 1952 was a key part of East Pakistan's nationalist movement. It is commemorated annually by UNESCO as International Mother Language Day on 21 February.
While proto-Bengali emerged during the pre-Islamic period, the Bengali literary tradition crystallized during the Islamic period. As Persian and Arabic were prestige languages, they significantly influenced vernacular Bengali literature. The first efforts to popularize Bengali among Muslim writers was by the Sufi poet Nur Qutb Alam.[56][57] The poet established the Rikhta tradition which saw poems written in half Persian and half colloquial Bengali. The invocation tradition saw Bengali Muslim poets re-adapting Indian epics by replacing invocations of Hindu gods and goddesses with figures of Islam. The romantic tradition was pioneered by Shah Muhammad Sagir, whose work on Yusuf and Zulaikha was widely popular among the people of Bengal.[58] Other notable romantic works included Layla Madjunn by Bahram Khan and Hanifa Kayrapari by Sabirid Khan.[56] The Dobashi tradition features the use of Arabic and Persian vocabulary in Bengali texts to illustrate Muslim contexts.[56] Medieval Bengali Muslim writers produced epic poetry and elegies, such as Rasul Vijay of Shah Barid, Nabibangsha of Syed Sultan, Janganama of Abdul Hakim and Maktul Hussain of Mohammad Khan. Cosmology was a popular subject among Sufi writers.[59] In the 17th century, Bengali Muslim writers such as such as Alaol found refuge in Arakan where he produced his epic, Padmavati.[58]
Bengal was also a major center of Persian literature. Several newspapers and thousands of books, documents and manuscripts were published in Persian for 600 years. The Persian poet Hafez dedicated an ode to the literature of Bengal while corresponding with Sultan Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah.[60]
The first Bengali Muslim novelist was Mir Mosharraf Hossain in the 19th century. The highly acclaimed poetry of Kazi Nazrul Islam espoused spiritual rebellion against fascism and oppression. Nazrul also wrote Bengali ghazals. Begum Rokeya was a pioneering Bengali female writer who published Sultana's Dream, one of the earliest examples of feminist science fiction. The Muslim Literary Society of Bengal was founded by free-thinking and progressive teachers of Dacca University under the chairmanship of Dr. Muhammad Shahidullah on 19 January 1926. The Freedom of Intellect Movement was championed by the society.[61] When Bengal was partitioned in 1947, a distinct literary culture evolved in East Pakistan and modern Bangladesh. Shamsur Rahman was regarded as the country's poet laureate. Jasimuddin became noted for poems and songs reflecting life in rural Bengal. Humayun Ahmed promoted the Bangladeshi field of magical realism. Akhtaruzzaman Elias was noted for his works set in Old Dhaka. Tahmima Anam has been a noted writer of Bangladeshi English literature.
Literary societies[edit]
- Kendriyo Muslim Sahitya Sangsad[62]
- Muslim Sahitya-Samaj[63]
- Bangiya Mussalman Sahitya Samiti[64]
- Bangiya Sahitya Bisayini Mussalman Samiti[65]
- Mohammedan Literary Society[66]
- Purba Pakistan Sahitya Sangsad[67]
- Pakistan Sahitya Sangsad, 1952[68]
- Uttar Banga Sahitya Sammilani[69]
- Rangapur Sahitya Parisad[70]
Literary magazines[edit]
- Mussalman Sahitya Patrika[71]
- Saogat
- Begum (magazine)
A notable feature of Bengali Muslim music is the syncretic Baul tradition. The most famous practitioner was Fakir Lalon Shah. Baul music is included in the UNESCO Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.
Nazrul Sangeet is the collection of 4,000 songs and ghazals written by Kazi Nazrul Islam.
South Asian classical music is widely prevalent in the region. Alauddin Khan, Ali Akbar Khan, and Gul Mohammad Khan were notable Bengali Muslim exponents of classical music.
In the field of modern music Runa Laila became widely acclaimed for her musical talents across South Asia.
Dhaka the capital of Mughal Bengal and present day capital of Bangladesh has been the epidome of Persio-Bengali and Arabo-Bengali cuisines a contrast to Calcutta the former capital of the British India and capital of present-day West Bengal which was the central point of Anglo-Indian cuisine. Within Bengali cuisine, Muslim dishes include the serving of meat curries, pulao rice, various biryani preparations, and dry and dairy-based desserts alongside traditional fish and vegetables. Bakarkhani breads from Dhaka were once immensely popular in the imperial court of the Mughal Empire. Other major breads consumed today include naan and paratha. In present-day Bangladesh the Mughal-influenced foods are immensely popular such as Shuti Kabab, Kalo Bhuna, Korma, Rôst, Mughlai Porota, Jali Kabab, Shami Kabab, Akhni, Tehari, Tanduri Chicken, Kofta, Phirni and Shingara. Different types of Bengali biryani include the Kachi (mutton), Illish pulao (hilsa), Tehari (beef), and Murg Pulao (chicken). Mezban is a renowned spicy beef curry from Chittagong. Halwa, pithas, yogurt, and shemai are typical Muslim desserts in Bengali cuisine.
Eid-ul-Fitr at the end of Ramadan is the largest religious festival of Bengali Muslims. The festival of sacrifice takes place during Eid-al-Adha, with cows and goats as the main sacrificial animals. Muharram and the Prophet's Birthday are national holidays in Bangladesh. Other festivals like Shab-e-Barat feature prayers and exchange of desserts.
Secular festivals are based on the Bengali calendar which was redesigned by the Mughal Emperor Akbar. Celebrated by Bengalis of all faiths, they include the Bengali New Year, Spring Festival, and Autumn Harvest Festival.
Bishwa Ijtema[edit]
The Bishwa Ijtema, organized annually in Bangladesh, is the second-largest Islamic congregation after the Hajj. It was founded by the orthodox Sunni Tablighi Jamaat movement in 1954.
There is no single governing body for the Bengali Muslim community, nor a single authority with responsibility for religious doctrine. However, the semi-autonomous Islamic Foundation, a government institution, plays an important role in Islamic affairs in Bangladesh, including setting festival dates and matters related to zakat. The general Bengali Muslim clergy remains deeply orthodox and conservative. Members of the clergy include Mawlānās, Imams, Ulamas, and Muftis.
The clergy of the Bengali Muslim Shia minority have been based in the old quarter of Dhaka since the 18th century.
Notable individuals[edit]
Muhammad Yunus is the first Bengali Muslim Nobel laureate. Begum Rokeya was one of the world's first Muslim feminists. Kazi Nazrul Islam was renowned as the Rebel Poet of British India and the creator of the national march of Bangladesh. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was the first President of Bangladesh. Iskander Mirza was the first president of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Khwaja Salimullah was one of the founders of the All-India Muslim League. Rushanara Ali was the amongst the first Muslim MPs in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. Fazlur Rahman Khan was an American Bengali Muslim engineer who reshaped modern skyscraper construction. Jawed Karim is one of the co-founders of Youtube. Salman Khan is a co-founder of Khan Academy. Humayun Rashid Choudhury served as President of the United Nations General Assembly. M. A. G. Osmani was a four star general who founded the Bangladesh Armed Forces. Altamas Kabir was the first Bengali Muslim Chief Justice of India.[72] Irrfan Khan and Nafisa Ali are prominent Bengali Muslims who act in Indian cinema. Alaol was a medieval Bengali Muslim poet who worked in the royal court of Arakan.[58] Mohammad Ali Bogra served as the Prime Minister of Pakistan. Begum Sufia Kamal was a leading Bengali Muslim feminist, poet, and civil society leader. Zainul Abedin was the pioneer of modern Bangladeshi art. Muzharul Islam was the grand master of South Asian modernist terracotta architecture.
Human rights issues[edit]
In recent years, the Indian Bengali Muslim community has faced increased Islamophobic attacks, although prejudice against the Bengali Muslims stemmed in 1946.[14] In Assam, they are seen as "illegal Bangladeshis" regularly abused and called by the racial epithet "miya."[14] In the 1983 Nellie massacre, over 2000 Bengali Muslims were killed in just six hours.[14] During the 2012 Assam violence saw widespread attacks on the state's centuries-old Bengali Muslim population. Indian Hindu nationalist politicians have accused Bangladesh of trying to expand its territory by ostensibly promoting illegal immigration. However, Indian government census reports note a decline in immigration from Bangladesh between 1971 and 2011.[73][74] According to Sanjoy Hazarika, a former Assamese journalist, the local media is coverage of so-called "Bangladeshis" to scaremongering.[14]
The response to the alleged illegal migration by Bangladeshis in India has seen double standards. In 2014 Narendra Modi, the then Prime minister hopeful threatened to expel all "illegal Bangladeshis" but made a distinction between Bengali Hindus and Muslims. Modi remarked that "those who are forced to flee Bangladesh and are sons of mother India, love the nation, worship (the Hindu goddess) Ma Durga.....they will be protected and given the same status as other sons of mother India. But illegal Bangladeshi migrants, who are being brought to India in the name of vote-bank politics, will have to go back to Bangladesh."[75] In 2016, Narendra Modi's government proposed the Citizenship Amendment Bill which allow illegal immigrants including Hindus, Sikhs, Christians, Jains, Parsis and Buddhists to become Indian citizens easily, but not Muslims.[14]
See also[edit]
Other Bengali religious groups
Other Muslim ethnic groups
- ^ "The Calcutta Review". 1 January 1941 – via Google Books. [Mussalman also used in this work.]
- ^ Choudhury, A. K. (1 January 1984). "The Independence of East Bengal: A Historical Process". A.K. Choudhury – via Google Books. [Mussalman also used in this work.]
- ^ Muslim population in Bangladesh excluding Urdu-speakers
- ^ 24.6 million Muslims in West Bengal and 10.7 million Muslims in Assam
- ^ "Five million illegal immigrants residing in Pakistan". Express Tribune.
- ^ "Microsoft Word — Cover_Kapiszewski.doc" (PDF). Un.org. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
- ^ "Labor Migration in the United Arab Emirates: Challenges and Responses". Migration Information Source. 18 September 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
- ^ "Malaysia cuts Bangladeshi visas". BBC News. 11 March 2009. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
- ^ CT0341_2011 Census - Religion by ethnic group by main language - England and Wales ONS.
- ^ "Bangladeshis storm Kuwait embassy". BBC News. 24 April 2005.
- ^ "Oman lifts bar on recruitment of Bangladeshi workers". News.webindia123.com. 2007-12-10. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
- ^ Snoj, Jure (18 December 2013). "Population of Qatar by nationality". Bqdoha.com. Archived from the original on 22 December 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
- ^ "In pursuit of happiness". Korea Herald. 8 October 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g Andre, Aletta; Kumar, Abhimanyu (23 December 2016). "Protest poetry: Assam's Bengali Muslims take a stand". Aljazeera. Aljazeera. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
- ^ Meghna Guhathakurta; Willem van Schendel (2013-04-30). "The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics". Books.google.com. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
- ^ a b c Mohammad Yusuf Siddiq (2015-11-19). Epigraphy and Islamic Culture: Inscriptions of the Early Muslim Rulers of ... Books.google.com. p. 30. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
- ^ a b c Eaton, Richard Maxwell (1 January 1996). "The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760". University of California Press – via Google Books.
- ^ Ali, Mohammad Mohar (1988). History of the Muslims of Bengal, Vol 1 (PDF) (2 ed.). Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University. pp. 683, 404. ISBN 9840690248. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
- ^ a b c d e Mukhapadhay, Keshab (13 May 2005). "An interview with prof. Ahmed sharif". News from Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 2015-02-04. Retrieved 2016-12-12.
- ^ "Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation". Pewforum.org. 9 August 2012.
- ^ Richard Maxwell Eaton. The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
- ^ "Bengali language | Britannica.com". Global.britannica.com. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
- ^ "Ancient mosque unearthed in Bangladesh". Al Jazeera English. 2012-08-18. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
- ^ "Arabs, The — Banglapedia". En.banglapedia.org. 2014-06-17. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
- ^ "Coins — Banglapedia". En.banglapedia.org. 2015-03-04. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
- ^ Hussain, Syed Ejaz (1 January 2003). "The Bengal Sultanate: Politics, Economy and Coins, A.D. 1205-1576". Manohar – via Google Books.
- ^ Shoaib Daniyal. "Bengali New Year: how Akbar invented the modern Bengali calendar". Scroll.in. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
- ^ "The paradise of nations | Dhaka Tribune". Archive.dhakatribune.com. 2014-12-20. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
- ^ Ghosh, Shiladitya. "Transitions – History and Civics – 8". Vikas Publishing House – via Google Books.
- ^ a b Hissam Khandker. "Which India is claiming to have been colonised?". The Daily Star. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
- ^ a b Richard Maxwell Eaton (1997-10-01). The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
- ^ Farooqui Salma Ahmed. A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century. Books.google.com. p. 366. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
- ^ a b Khan, Muin-ud-Din Ahmed (2012). "Faraizi Movement". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
- ^ Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase Publishing. pp. 226–. ISBN 978-1-4381-2696-8.
- ^ Kabir, Nurul (1 September 2013). "Colonialism, politics of language and partition of Bengal PART XV". New Age. Archived from the original on 2016-05-06. Retrieved 2014-01-02.
- ^ "Do we know anything about Lahore Resolution?". Alarabiya.net. 2009-03-24. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
- ^ Mitra, Subrata Kumar; Enskat, Mike; Spiess, Clemens (2004). Political Parties in South Asia. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 224–. ISBN 978-0-275-96832-8.
- ^ Harun-or-Rashid (2012). "Bangladesh Awami League". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
- ^ Political Parties in South Asia. Books.google.com. p. 217. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
- ^ Lewis, David (2011). Bangladesh: Politics, Economy and Civil Society. Cambridge University Press. pp. 75, 83. ISBN 978-0-521-71377-1.
- ^ "Bangladesh" (PDF). U.S. State Department. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
- ^ "Understanding the Bengal Muslims Interpretative Essays Hardcover". Irfi.org. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
- ^ "The Future of the Global Muslim Population | Pew Research Center". Pewforum.org. 2011-01-15. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
- ^ "Bengal beats India in Muslim growth rate — Times of India". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
- ^ Topich, William J.; Leitich, Keith A. (1 January 2013). "The History of Myanmar". ABC-CLIO – via Google Books.
- ^ Dizikes, Peter. "The hidden history of Bengali Harlem". MIT News Office. MIT. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
- ^ "Zainuddin, Sheikh - Banglapedia". en.banglapedia.org. Retrieved 2017-08-23.
- ^ Hasan, Perween (2007). Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh. I.B.Tauris. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
- ^ "Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God". Abc-Clio.com. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
- ^ "Sufism Journal: Community: Sufism in Bangladesh". sufismjournal.org.[self-published source?]
- ^ Banu, U.A.B. Razia Akter (1992). Islam in Bangladesh. New York: BRILL. pp. 34–35. ISBN 90-04-09497-0. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
- ^ Milam, William B. (4 July 2014). "The tangled web of history". Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
- ^ Eaton, Richard M. (1993). The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760. University of California Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-19-564173-8.
- ^ Versteegh, C. H. M.; Versteegh, Kees (2001). The Arabic Language. Edinburgh University Press. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-7486-1436-3.
- ^ "BENGAL – Encyclopaedia Iranica". Iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
- ^ a b c "The development of Bengali literature during Muslim rule" (PDF). Blogs.edgehill.ac.uk. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
- ^ Karim, Abdul (2012). "Nur Qutb Alam". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
- ^ a b c Rizvi, S.N.H. (1965). "East Pakistan District Gazetteers" (PDF). GOVERNMENT OF EAST PAKISTAN SERVICES AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT (1): 353. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
- ^ Ahmed, Wakil (2012). "Sufi Literature". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
- ^ Billah, Abu Musa Mohammad Arif (2012). "Persian". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
- ^ Huq, Khondkar Serajul (2012). "Muslim Sahitya-Samaj". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
- ^ http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Kendriyo_Muslim_Sahitya_Sangsad
- ^ http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Muslim_Sahitya-Samaj
- ^ http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangiya_Mussalman_Sahitya_Samiti
- ^ http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangiya_Sahitya_Bisayini_Mussalman_Samiti
- ^ http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mohammedan_Literary_Society
- ^ http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Purba_Pakistan_Sahitya_Sangsad
- ^ http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Pakistan_Sahitya_Sangsad,_1952
- ^ http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Uttar_Banga_Sahitya_Sammilani
- ^ http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Rangapur_Sahitya_Parisad
- ^ http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangiya_Mussalman_Sahitya_Patrika
- ^ ><!. "CJI Altamas Kabir retires today". Madhyamam.com. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
- ^ Roy, Sandip (16 August 2012). "The illegal Bangladeshi immigrant: Do the bogeyman numbers add up" (1). Firstpost. Firstpost. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
- ^ Deka, Dr. Kaustubh (3 June 2014). "BJP leaders warn illegal Bangladeshis to leave, but census figures refute the myth of large-scale infiltration Rate of growth of Assam's population has been declining since 1971" (1). Scroll.in. Scroll.in. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
- ^ Jayasekera, Deepal. "Modi reiterates pledge to expel "Bangladeshi" Muslims in wake of communal massacre". World Socialist Website. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
- Ahmed, Rafiuddin (1996). The Bengal Muslims, 1871–1906: a quest for identity. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-563919-3.
- Ahmed, Rafiuddin (2001). Understanding the Bengal Muslims: interpretative essays. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-565520-9.
- Bald, Vivek (2013). Bengali Harlem and the Lost Histories of South Asian America. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-07040-0.
- Chakraborty, Ashoke Kumar (2002). Bengali Muslim literati and the development of Muslim community in Bengal. Indian Institute of Advanced Study.
- Lahiri, Pradip Kumar (1991). Bengali Muslim thought, 1818–1947: its liberal and rational trends. K.P. Bagchi & Co. ISBN 978-81-7074-067-4.
- Sinha, Soumitra (1995). The Quest for Modernity and the Bengali Muslims: 1921 – 47. Minerva Pub. ISBN 978-81-85195-68-1.
- Shah, Mohammad (1996). In search of an identity: Bengali Muslims, 1880–1940. K.P. Bagchi & Co. ISBN 978-81-7074-184-8.


text:
Morning sickness is a nauseas feeling which is experienced. People who are most effected with morning sickness are pregnant women. There is a relation which will make women morning sick often when they are carrying. There are many causes which lead to morning sickness. Apart from the hormonal changes in the body there are also many other factors which will cause discomfort in you. Another myth which many people believe is that "morning sickness means one can experience only in the morning" this is not at all true. Sometimes morning sickness prolongs till evening or night.
There is no clear evidence as to why morning sickness is caused. But over a long study of the body of pregnant women many physician came to the conclusion that the body of a pregnant women is subjected to drastic changes. As the chemical and hormonal changes are taking place in the body, there is a discomfort experienced in the body.
During pregnancy a particular type of hormone is secreted called progesterone. The function of the hormone is it avoids premature delivery of the baby. It works on the digestive track which will help the person to relax and not lose lot of energy on their digestion. When this process is going on that's when the nauseas feeling is experienced.
Morning sickness is mostly observed in the morning. Pregnant women tend to experience morning sickness in the 4th or 6th week. This is because the hormonal changes take place in this period. There are some notable symptoms which will help you in identifying that you are experiencing morning sickness.
Over the years there have been many natural remedies which are used to curb such problems for pregnant women over time. There are many remedies which can be instantly prepared from your kitchen. Here is a list of home remedies which can be used to remove the morning sickness feeling.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Trying to reach to the bottom of the story of DJ, producer and label owner Oliver Klein, a research via Google & Co won't bring up satisfying results, as his course has been set even before the beginning of the Internet.
After almost three decades in the business, the basic question is what keeps an artist going on weekend by weekend to travel the world to arrive in front of a pair of decks or to lock himself into the studio to make himself heard with own productions or releases through his own label "Mutekki"? There's only one reasonable and obvious answer: Passion! Pairing this with irrepressible ambition and a non-deniable talent to tune in to nearly every club situation, you have just found the success formula of the globetrotter from Düsseldorf.
Oliver Klein is one of the very few artists, who constantly manages to redefine himself and to sustain his position in the highly competitive electronic music circus. This ability did not only make him a trademark of the German Rhine-Ruhr scene, but also shaped his name internationally with the help of diverse well-received productions.
In addition, he also knows how to assert himself in the role as a successful party promoter for quite some time now, both as a host of the "HOME14" club project and as the programming director of the 102 club in Neuss (former legendary "Tribehouse", his long standing resident club)
After countless releases on labels such as Kling Klong, Circle Music, Great Stuff, MBF, Boxer, Noir Music and four: twenty, remixes for the likes of James Holden, Robert Armani or Gregor Tresher, diverse mix compilations and cover stories as well as gigs for the most renowned events and festivals, including regular tours through South America, it's not good enough by half for Oliver. It's more about time for him to set the most significant milestone in a musicians career: The release of his first ever artist album.
"Gallery" is the title of his long-player debut, which is set for release in September 2011 on Eyerer's Kling Klong label and shows the many faces of Oliver Klein, from deep House to driving Techno, uniting his 14 recordings track by track to a multi-faceted sound gallery. What makes this exhibition of the Klein era so special is the fact that it solely consists of unreleased collaborations with friends and long-lived production partners such as Martin Eyerer, Peter Jürgens, Wollion, Mario da Ragnio and Belgium's man-of-the-moment Ramon Tapia. "Chica Chic" and "Just a groove" already were successful trailblazers of the current Klein sound that finally manifests in his collaborative and colourful album premiere "Gallery". Get your impression!
(Sven Palzer, 2011)


text:
THE HAGUE, Netherlands (AP) — The Netherlands is marking the 50th birthday of King Willem-Alexander with orange-clad citizens holding parties and street sales throughout the country.
The monarch and his family were spending King's Day in the city of Tilburg, where thousands of people - many wearing inflatable orange crowns - lined the streets to catch a glimpse of Willem-Alexander, his Argentine-born wife Maxima and their three daughters.
Amsterdam's landmark Vondelpark was reserved for children to sell old toys and clothes, while boats carrying revelers and sightseers drifted along the Dutch capital's historic network of canals.
Security was tight Thursday in Tilburg, with police placing concrete road blocks across streets to prevent vehicles accessing the route the royal family was walking through the city.


text:
With more than 25 years of crafting
experience, Emi Fukushima is well known and respected in her field.
In addition to handling all design, production, and business
for Creations by Emi, she finds time to share her expertise with others.
As a bilingual instructor in precious metal clay (silver
clay), polymer clay, washi paper, and other materials, Emi teaches her
techniques at
shows in
the United States and Japan.
As a Certified Professional Demonstrator (CPD), she designs
projects and demonstrates products for major craft suppliers. She represents
suppliers at trade and gift shows throughout the United States.
Emi is also an experienced writer
for craft publications and project demonstrator
on TV craft shows.
Her memberships and affiliations include the following:
American Craft Council, Society of Craft Designers, Association of Crafts
and Creative Industries, National Polymer Clay Guild, South Bay Polymer
Clay Guild, Society of Decorative Painters, and Stencil Artisans League, Inc.
designs |
supplies | gallery |
tv shows | publications | contact | home


text:
Ahmedabad: Dismissing claims that Sikhs settled in Gujarat had been deprived of their land rights, Chief Minister Narendra Modi has assured his Punjab counterpart Prakash Singh Badal about their welfare.
"Chief Minister Narendra Modi talked to Punjab Chief Minister Prakash Singh Badal and assured him that there is no question of Sikhs being pressurised to move back to Punjab," a statement issued by the Gujarat CM`s office said here on Monday.
"All reports suggesting that the Gujarat government has adopted discriminatory and unjust policies towards Sikhs settled in the Kutch region, are politically motivated and total lies being spread by vested interests," it said.
Trying to dispel the impression that Sikh farmers were being displaced from the state, Modi said that, "The misunderstanding has been created because of an ordinance, issued 50 years ago by then Congress government and by the interpretation of a circular issued in 1973".
It was reported that certain group of Sikhs settled in Kutch raised the issue of being deprieved of land ownerships though they had settled there since more than 50 years ago.
They had also reportedly made representation to Punjab Chief Minister Prakash Singh Badal in this regard, after which the Punjab government contemplated sending a delegation to Gujarat to discuss the issue.
Many Sikh farmers settled in Kutch region had also approached the Gujarat High Court against the Gujarat state government`s decision to "freeze" land holdings of hundreds of farmers by invoking the Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, 1958, which they claimed disabled them from selling, buying or availing of any loan or subsidy for their lands.
In June last year, the Gujarat High Court gave a judgment favouring these farmers and held the Gujarat government`s order "illegal", against which the Gujarat government moved the Supreme Court and a Special Leave Petition is pending.


text:
I was left speechless on hearing Cllr Phil Jones has joined Turley as an assistant planner
28 September, 2017
• MY closest friends are often shocked by the depth of my cynicism, but even I was left speechless on learning that Camden councillor Phil Jones has joined Turley Associates as an assistant planner.
Admittedly this is a low entry level, but who knows how quickly he will rise up the corporate ladder?
It is all rather alarming given that Turley has been engaged in some recent very large scale, controversial "prestigious" property developments in Camden, most notably the tower at 100 Avenue Road, the tower in Somers Town and the current development of Morrison's in Chalk Farm.
Cllr Jones has also been involved in controversy in WC1 regarding his advocacy of the divisive cycle scheme in Tavistock Place, which is to go to public inquiry next month, notwithstanding his original intention of using his executive rubber stamp.
I understand he is to resign from his seat on the planning committee having already stepped down as planning supremo. I have watched him in operation on what used to be the development control committee in close association with his fellow Cantelowes councillor Danny Beales and latterly with Sarah Hayward.
My fear is that even if he does step down from planning, he will still be on other council committees and will inevitably interface with fellow councillors, including members of planning.
Why doesn't he just make a clean break and leave our council altogether?
Burton Street, WC1


text:
JERUSALEM -- The defense sought to prove contradictions Wednesday in the testimony of Holocaust survivors who say former U.S. autoworker John Demjanjuk was a brutal Nazi death-camp guard called ``Ivan the Terrible.``
Defense attorney Mark O`Connor repeatedly challenged prosecution witness Gustav Boraks, 86, in an attempt to show his memories of the Treblinka death camp differ from those of other survivors and even from some of his earlier recollections.
With Demjanjuk`s war-crimes trial in its third week, O`Connor focused on testimony Boraks gave in another war-case on what happened at the death camp in central Poland in World War II.
``Did somebody ask you if you slept in a barracks with a number on it?`` O`Connor asked during cross-examination.
``Yes,`` said Boraks, a Polish Jew who escaped from Treblinka.
``What was the number?`` O`Connor asked before some 500 to 600 rapt spectators in a converted movie theater.
Struggling with his memory, the frail, white-haired Boraks told the court: ``100.``
A few moments later, O`Connor produced a transcript of the earlier case -- a 1976 deportation hearing for confessed Treblinka guard Feodor Federenko in Miami -- in which he said Boraks was quoted as testifying he slept in Barracks No. 3.
O`Connor also said he noted discrepancies in Boraks` testimony about the color of the death-camp guards` uniforms -- he said they were green, while other survivors said black -- and on his reported identification of Demjanjuk as ``Ivan`` from some aging photographs.
Boraks contradicted himself several times, leading some courtroom observers to conclude that the elderly Holocaust survivor`s memory obviously was failing him.
O`Connor has argued that if Treblinka survivors cannot clearly remember what happened in the camp 45 years ago, their reliability as witnesses against Demjanjuk is questionable.
Demjanjuk, 66, was a Soviet soldier captured by Nazi troops in 1942. He says he was never in Treblinka but was a prisoner for most of World War II, after which he obtained U.S. citizenship and became an autoworker in Ohio. He was extradited to Israel last year.


text:
Dubai: Indian pace spearhead Zaheer Khan said wickets of England skipper Andrew Strauss and Australian Michael Hussey were his favourites among the 21 wickets that he scalped during India`s World Cup winning campaign.
"Strauss and Hussey were my favourite World Cup wickets," said Zaheer on this week`s ICC Cricket World Radio Show.
"Taking Andrew Strauss` wicket was a game-changing moment for us in Bangalore, it was a perfect yorker and something I`ll always remember. Also in the quarter-final, taking Mike
Hussey`s wicket was really important - Ricky Ponting was playing well and it was important to break that partnership," he added.
"I`m glad that by playing in this World Cup I had the opportunity to change things from the past, but I do not regret 2003, it was a great learning experience, it meant I was more prepared for 2011 and ready to help India win this World Cup," added the bowler who featured in India`s World Cup 2003 final loss to Australia.
Zaheer said Gary Kirsten was the only coach who understood him and gave him the freedom.
"Gary Kirsten is the only coach who has understood me well, given me the freedom to express myself, allowed me to get into my own space and given me the freedom to achieve," he said.
Another member of the World Cup winning team, S Sreesanth said he was so ecstatic after India`s victory that he didn`t even realise that he had no shoes on.
"We all knew when the ball hit the middle of the bat that MS Dhoni was going to be hitting a six to win the final. There`s nothing like hitting a six to win the World Cup."
"I just remember running onto the field to celebrate with no shoes on and then later going to collect my gold medal off the podium and realizing I still had no shoes on," said Sreesanth.


text:
Special discounts may apply for high volume sales.
Contact our Bids & Quotes department for more information.
Gary, this is possible but we will need more information, such as the type of material you want it made out of, canvas, or vinyl 10 oz, 13 oz, or 18 oz, colors, brass grommets
email us back @ [email protected]


text:
Separating parties are often anxious to know whether they will become liable for their ex-partner's debts upon separation. This article discusses sexually transmitted debt and what it means in the context of family law proceedings.
"Sexually transmitted debt" is when you become liable for your partner's debt as a result of your marital and/or de-facto relationship, rather than a conscious knowledge or acceptance of the debt.
Sexually transmitted debt can arise in a relationship in a number of contexts, for example, when you provide an "all monies" mortgage or if you guarantee your partner's business loan. In the context of family law proceedings it commonly arises when one party incurs debts during the relationship (for example by not paying their taxes as and when they are due, by gambling large sums of money or by unsuccessfully investing in risky investments like futures or option trading) and the other party becomes liable for a share of those debts.
In determining property disputes the first step is to identify and value the parties' assets, liabilities and financial resources. The net assets capable of division between the parties are then arrived at by deducting the debts of the parties from the value of their property.
The general position in Australian family law proceedings is that in the absence of being able to prove "waste" or that the debt was not enforced or was unreasonably incurred, then debts which accrue during the relationship are shared. This is because marriage is viewed as an economic partnership.
In certain circumstances, this can extend to becoming liable for your partner's debts even if they were incurred after separation. This is because debts usually "come off the top" of the pool of assets prior to deciding how the remaining assets should be allocated.
Waste is notoriously difficult to prove. It must be a financial loss resulting from a party's conduct which was designed or intended to reduce the value of matrimonial assets, or a party's reckless, negligent or wanton actions which have effectively reduced the value of matrimonial assets.
Ignorance is no excuse. Sometimes even though you were not in possession of knowledge to make you sufficiently aware of the other spouse's behaviour which caused the debt, the court may still consider the debt reasonable.
It is important to instigate an open dialogue between you and your spouse and/or de facto (whether you are together, separated, or at risk of separating) in relation to your joint financial position so as to avoid being taken by surprise in the unfortunate event of relationship breakdown. If your partner has incurred large debts and you do not consider you should be liable for a share of them, you will need to collect evidence that proves the debt was either:
For further information, please contact our family law team.
If you would like to republish this article, it is generally approved, but prior to doing so please contact the Marketing team at firstname.lastname@example.com
This article is not legal advice and the views and comments are of a general nature only. This article is not to be relied upon in substitution for detailed legal advice.
Liability limited by a scheme approved under professional standards legislation


text:
Princess and the Pea
Princess and the Pea
3.8 based on 4 ratings
Enjoy the story of "The Princess and the Pea" with your beginning reader. Use this story as a starter for literary activities. Have her circle all the words she doesn't know; this will become her vocabulary list! Then, have her identify the main characters, the setting, and the main idea of the story.
Click to find similar content by grade, subject, or standard.
Thank you for your input.
No standards associated with this content.
Which set of standards are you looking for?
Start Lesson Guided Lesson: The Lion and the Rat
Guided Lessons are a sequence of interactive digital games, worksheets, and other activities that guide learners through different concepts and skills. They keep track of your progress and help you study smarter, step by step.
Guided Lessons are digital games and exercises that keep track of your progress and help you study smarter, step by step.
In this lesson, preschoolers focus on the alphabet by learning the letters L, R, and K. Kids are guided through the classic children's story of The Lion and the Rat, with an accompanying curriculum that targets each child's understanding of the unique sounds these letters make. Seeing the letters in a fun, engaging environment also reinforces the letter recognition skills crucial for early readers.
In this lesson, preschoolers focus on the alphabet by learning the letters L, R, and K.
This lesson includes printable activities: Download All (5)
Song: Animals ABC Song
Story: The Lion and the Rat
Story: The Lion and the Rat Comprehension
Game: Penelope Drums
Game: Alphabet Hopper: L, M, N, R
Game: Lion and the Rat Puzzle
Game: Match the Opposites
Related Learning Resources


text:
The Board of Directors of the United Way of NNY has awarded a $4,000 grant to the Mental Health Association of Jefferson County.
The board postponed awarding a grant to MHAJC in June following a recommendation from a Community Review team that asked the agency refine its grant application.
MHAJC Executive Director Korin Scheible recently met with the United Way board to request money for the agency's program that helps clients learn healthy eating choices, and offers restaurant kitchen training that can lead to employment.
With the additional grant, the United Way awarded a total of $441,511 this year to nonprofits in Jefferson, St. Lawrence and Lewis counties.


text:
"People should be more sensitive. If they eat garlic they shouldn't come and breathe the results all over you"
Entertainer Nicholas Parsons, right
"What most people want of a national police force, if they want one at all, is a police force that catches burglars"
Playwright Keith Waterhouse
"I've signed breasts. I've signed bums. I've signed everything"
Pop icon Ronan Keating, right, on autographs
"It is no good parents in effect contracting out discipline of chil- dren to schools, and then crying blue murder if a teacher tries falteringly, with a single harmless piece of sticky tape, to impose it"
Tory MP Boris Johnson on the teacher who "taped" the mouth of a chatterbox
"I would say Disney was a force for evil, particularly in its banalisation of childhood"
Writer Will Self
"John Travolta is 50. If he were a dog he would be dead"
Actor Robin Williams, right


text:
A new month has arrived so here goes the next in my series for Styling The Seasons started by the talented Katy and Lottie at Apartment Therapy and Lotts and Lots. I decided to style one of our shelves with warm, cosy hues, whilst trying to hold on to some of the freshness I love. November is all about wrapping up warm, fires, fireworks, walks and a glimmer of excitement over the approaching festivities.
Today also marks 2 years since we moved into our current flat and in fact since we moved to London! Little did I know that this little space would become my office and styling ground. Although West London rents are faint-worthy I realised the other day that I really have been getting our money's worth along with the blessing of being able to invite so many people into our home in the 2 years. So I guess this is a little celebration dance to mark the anniversary that new chapter that now isn't so new.


text:
Parlane and You
Size really doesn't matter!
We work with a diverse selection of independent and multi-store retailers including interior designers, hospitality services and other non-retail partners nationwide and we don't care how small your business is.
We stock such a large and varied collection so that there's always something that's right for you and your business.
We look to form long-lasting partnerships with those that we trade with, see what some of our existing loyal customers have to say...
It's always a pleasure working with Parlane, a very efficient company producing new and innovative products that inspire my customers each season.
Reg Taylors Garden Centre, Southwell, Nottinghamshire
Parlane is great for quality, imaginative products that are well priced and great sellers. You need Parlane in your life!
The Old Stores, Roydon, Norfolk
Forward thinking funky functional pieces, always in my top 10 best sellers... simply the best!
Vernon Interiors, Cobham, Surrey


text:
Dog Training Near Me today announced the launch of its site, Dog Training Near Me. The site offers an authoritative online directory
Online PR News – 22-December-2016 – New York – New York, NY - Dog Training Near Me today announced the launch of its site, Dog Training Near Me . The site offers an authoritative online directory of pet training resources and trainers across the United States. As the name suggests, Dog Training Near Me enables site visitors to find a dog trainer in their local area.
"Training your pet is crucial if you want to have a happy home – and a happy pet," said a spokesperson for the site. "Our directory makes it possible to find the very best dog and pet trainers near where you live, all over the USA."
When a site visitor clicks on the "Find Dog Training Near Me" link, he or she is taken to a page that opens onto dog trainers by state. That way, if someone is seeking a pet trainer in Zephyrhills, Florida, for instance, they will find a link to Zephyrhills Dog Training. A dog owner in Lincolnwood, Illinois would discover Lincolnwood Dog Training on Dog Training Near Me and so forth.
Listings offer pet owners useful insights about training. Lincolnwood Dog Training, for example, encourages taking time and doing training on a regular basis for best results. The service promises that the right approach, "Will help your dog become reliable and obedient." They also urge owners to utilize the right tools, like dog training collars and a leash designed for training.
Lincolnwood Dog Training also offers bells and clickers that can be used as tools that can help dog owners and trainers give specific signals to a dog. These tools take advantage of a dog's powerful sense of hearing. Sample training uses for clickers and bells include a long bell ringing to signal the dog that they need to perform a particular activity. A short bell ringing can let the animal know it should act in a different way.
For more information, visit http://www.dogtrainingnearme.co/


text:
St.Margaret's is the Parish church of Aspley, in the Diocese of Southwell and Nottingham.
We serve a parish of approximately 14,000 people living on the West side of the City of Nottingham, in the East Midlands of the United Kingdom.
We are a lively and dynamic community of people who are at all stages of life and spirituality. Some church members have worshipped here since the church was built, others have joined in the last few months; all are welcome.
Baptism Weddings and Funerals at the Parish Church.
The Church of England divides up the whole country into Parishes which means everybody has their own Parish church. Of course you can worship in any church you feel at home, but when it comes to special services knowing which is your parish church and what can be arranged is important. You can check which Parish you live in by clicking this link and entering your postcode. www.acny.org.uk/parishmap.php
Adults and children are baptised in their own parish church or the church they regularly attend and where they are on the electoral role (membership roll of the church).
Funerals are conducted at the parish church where the deceased lived in the parish (or lived in the parish for the majority of their lives) or the deceased attended the church for a significant period of their lives. Clergy will conduct funerals at the crematorium if family prefer.


text:
We at Avis always strive to make sure you have a hassle-free rental but things don't always go to plan. No matter where you are renting, we will provide a non-stop assistance service, and do everything to minimise any inconvenience to you. Working with the leading motorist assistance companies in each country, we provide a full 24-hour breakdown and roadside assistance service that ensures peace of mind for our customers.
In case of technical faults, rescue due to accidents or a need for replacement vehicle you shall contact us on the availabilities below.
Within opening hours
Please contact your rental office (pick-up location) or call our non-stop assistance service on (+36) 30 934 4050, and our colleague will assist you. You can find rental office availabilities displayed on your rental agreement or click on buttons below:
Out of opening hours
Please call our non-stop assistance service on (+36) 30 934 4050, and our colleague will assist you.
How Avis non-stop assistance service works?
After an incoming call our emergency service will contact the assistance company in case of technical faults or accidents, will provide replacement vehicle if required, and do everything to minimise any inconvenience to you.
What if I break down or need help on the road?
In case of any and all events related to vehicle the rental station must have been notified within 24 hours. If the vehicle is able to move, you can ask for repair assistance at nearest Avis station, where a replacement vehicle will be provided if required. Vehicle must not be used in case of lack of liquid (motor-oil, cooling agent).
What if I have an accident?
In case of road accidents resulting in personal injury or physical damage you shall:
© 2010-2018 Avis Hungary | AUTO ReFAIRent Rent a Car and Servicing Ltd. | Car rental in Hungary: +36 1 318 4240, +36 1 790 5250, +36 1 296 6421 | International reservation: +36 1 318 4685 | Business rental requests: +36 29 550 466, +36 29 550 460 | Last updated on 15/08/2018


text:
EU Culture Policy
Study about Heritage and Education at EU Level Published News | EU Culture Policy | NEMO activities
Recommendations about heritage and education were recently published on request of the CULT committee of the European Parliament. NEMO is one of the contributors to "Research for CULT Committee - Education in Cultural Heritage",...
Read more
Mainstreaming Culture across EU Policy Fields in the Post 2020 Financial Framework News | EU Culture Policy
When the future programme for the cultural and creative sectors was presented by the European Commission in the end of May 2018, it was clear that Creative Europe remains and that culture will be mainstreamed across policy fields.
Read more
Study Released about the Creative Europe Programme's Next Cycle News | EU Culture Policy | European funding for museums
The study Creative Europe: Towards the Next Programme Generation, commissioned by the European Parliament CULT Committee and carried out by KEA, provides recommendations for a more ambitious future Creative Europe programme,...
Read more
Paper on Cultural Heritage in European Policies News | EU Culture Policy
In a recent paper, the European Parliament has mapped out the evolution of cultural heritage, its role and place in society, as well as the way it is perceived and interpreted in the context of related EU prerogatives.
Read more
NEMO Reaffirms the Importance of Cultural Heritage by signing the "Berlin Call to Action" News | Projects & Calls | EU Culture Policy
NEMO is proud to sign and share the "Berlin Call to Action", which builds momentum from the European Year of Cultural Heritage 2018 and calls for action with tangible results in regard to cultural heritage. The document was...
Read more
NEMO Participated in a Panel Debate about Endangered Cultural Heritage Sites News | NEMO activities | EU Culture Policy | Museums as Social Agents
NEMO board member Aida Vezic, the Balkan Museum Network (Heritage without Borders), participated in the panel debate European Summit Conference: Endangered Heritage/ Endangered Values. The debate, which was organised by the...
Read more
First Political Internships at Museums on an European level News | NEMO activities | EU Culture Policy | Museums as Social Agents | Advocacy
On 25 May 2018, the first instance of NEMO Political Internships at Museums took place. MEP and member of the CULT committee, Julie Ward interned at the Bonnefantenmuseum in Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Read more
The European Commission proposes a +27 % Budget Increase for the new Creative Europe Programme News | EU Culture Policy | European funding for museums
On 30 May 2018, the proposal for the Creative Europe Programme 2021-2027 was presented by the European Commission. NEMO welcomes the proposal of the Commission and is happy to see that the Creative Europe's total budget increases...
Read more
Cultural Heritage to be Mainstreamed across EU Policy Fields News | Intercultural Dialogue | EU Culture Policy
On Wednesday 23 May 2018, the Bulgarian Presidency presented the Conclusions on mainstreaming cultural heritage in other EU policy fields will be adopted by the Council of Ministers. The objective of the conclusion is to bring...
Read more
The New European Agenda for Culture News | EU Culture Policy | European funding for museums
On 22 May 2018, the new Agenda for Culture was adopted by the European Commission.
Read more


text: I represent the 1st Hampden District in the central region of the state which includes the towns of Brimfield, Holland, Palmer, Sturbridge, Wales, Ware and Warren. Currently I serve on both the House Committee on Ways and Means and the Joint Committee on Ways and Means. I've served in the House for over ten years and have enjoyed a wonderful working relationship with many service organizations in my district. One of these organizations has been The Arc's Center of Hope which provides services to individuals in each of the seven towns I represent. I have worked closely with their staff and have enjoyed being supportive of their efforts to provide skills, services, resources to facilitate the development of each person's confidence and self-esteem leading to critical growth and independence. The Commonwealth faces a number of challenges and I am honored to bring the concerns of my district to my colleagues in the legislature. I look forward to a continued involvement with the Center of Hope and together we can improve the lives of many.


text:
With its fine selection of food stalls, many of which offer local produce, Nottingham's Robin Hood Beer and Cider Festival is a great place for foodies.
The festival, which takes place against the magnificent backdrop of Nottingham Castle, attracts thousands of people every year who come to taste some of the 1,000 cask ales and 300 ciders and perries on offer.
Chat to the artisan brewers and see why Nottinghamshire is known as a real ale capital before enjoying a spot of street food from one of the many stalls.
Stroll through the landscaped gardens and you will be able to sample locally produced pork pies and cheeses, along with hearty hog roasts and venison burgers.
Watch the paella chefs cook up a storm or treat yourself to an artisan pizza as you soak up the lively atmosphere.
Content provided by Experience Nottinghamshire
VisitEngland would like to invite you to take part in a short survey about our website.
It should take no more than a couple of minutes.
… you need to be logged in.
If you already have an account, log in.
Or register a new account


text:
The Gascoyne, in the North West of Western Australia, captures more than 600 km of Indian ocean coastline and stretches about 500km inland. The coastal area incorporates internationally recognized features such as the Ningaloo Reef, the Shark Bay World Heritage Area, Monkey Mia, and Coral Bay. The hinterland includes the outstanding features of the Kennedy Range and Mt Augustus.
The Gascoyne region has a mid subtropical climate and enjoys the reputation of the 'sun's winter home' with around 320 days of sunshine each year.
The region boasts a diverse, balanced economy which is supported by a strong network of retail, administrative and trade services. The major industries are tourism, retail, horticulture, mining, fishing, and pastoralism.
While many opportunities exist, attracting capital investment for infrastructure and business development remains one of the main challenges facing the region.
The resident population of 9561 is concentrated in the key centres of Carnarvon, Exmouth, Denham, Gascoyne Junction, Burringurrah and Coral Bay.
Sources: ABS, Dept of Fisheries WA, Dept Agriculture and Food WA, Tourism WA and Dept of Regional Development.


text:
हरि बोलिया, हरि ने सुनया, हरि आया हरि कै पास
हरि तो हरि महिं मिल गया, जन उठ चलया उदास
Hari boleya, Hari ne suneya, Hari aaya Hari kai paas
Hari to Hari mahin mil gayaa, Jan uth chaleya udaas
"The Formless (God) spoke and the Formless (spirit) heard when the Formless came to the Formless.
The Formless merged into the Formless and the 'Form', (body) came back sad (for not experiencing the 'Truth')"
Truth is experienced by the soul, not the body.
As Guru Nanak said:
"Shabad Guru, Surat dhun chelaa"
"Shabad Guru, Surat dhun chelaa"
Neither Guru nor the seeker, the disciple is at the physical plane when it comes to enlightenment.
If we go as a body to seek Truth from the Guru, while considering him also as a body, we may come back sad and empty handed; without receiving anything.
'Formless' can only be experienced by the Formless Soul, not thru physical senses or intellect.
It is the Formless who hears when the Formless speaks, and it is the Formless that merges with the Formless.
हरि आपे सबदु सुरति धुनि आपे ॥ हरि आपे वेखै विगसै आपे ॥
Hari aape Shabad, Surat dhun aape, Hari aape vekhai, Vigasay aape
"The Lord Himself is the Word. He Himself is the awareness.
The Lord Himself sees, and He Himself enjoys."
The Lord Himself sees, and He Himself enjoys."
(SGGS Page 165)
"I (God) am indeed the enjoyer as also the Lord of all actions; but since they (ignorant) do not know me in Reality, so they fail."
(Bhagavad Gita 9:24)
"Fools and ignorant do not understand me (God) seeing me in a human form, not realizing my Higher being as the Lord of all beings."
(Bhagavad Gita 9:11)
We must look at the Guru beyond the body to be able to receive the real experience of truth.
'Rajan Sachdeva'


text:
Anyone thinking Russia was set to ease up on its longstanding antipathy towards gambling got a rude awakening after the country said it would no longer issue drivers licenses to people who cant handle their gambling.
This week, Russian authorities announced they would no longer issue driving permits to anyone suffering from certain mental disorders, including transgender or transsexual individuals, anyone with a fondness for fetishism, exhibitionism or voyeurism, as well as those who suffer from pathological gambling.
The new restrictions have come under widespread criticism from human rights activists and the countrys medical profession. The BBC quoted a warning from Valery Evtushenko of the Russian Psychiatric Association, who believes individuals who fall into the aforementioned categories will avoid seeking professional help lest they be outed and face the revocation of their driving privileges.
In 2009, Russian authorities restricted most forms of gambling to four geographically isolated designated gaming zones (to which Sochi and the Crimea have since been added). None of these gaming zones have managed to attract any serious traffic, a fact that wont be helped now that some gamblers can no longer hop behind the wheels of their Ladas. Frankly, we cant think of a better incentive to gamble online from the safety of ones home (despite those new fines).
Read entire article here.


text:
Browser does not support script.
A Nottinghamshire man has been charged in connection with two robberies in Derby.
Robert Blake (24) from Main Road, Redmile in Nottinghamshire was charged on Friday October 31 and appeared at Southern Derbyshire Magistrates' Court on Saturday November 1.
Blake is accused of committing a robbery at Baseball Drive in Derby on Friday August 22, 2014 and another at an address on Radford Street in Alvaston on Monday September 1, 2014.
He was charged with two robberies, blackmail, kidnap, two firearm offences and threatening a person with a blade/sharply pointed article in a public place.
He was remanded in prison custody and is due to appear at Derby Crown Court on Friday November 14.
Do you need a quick answer to a general question? Then we recommend you visit the national Ask The Police web site.


text:
NVSC Scarfs - New 2018 Design is HERE!!!
The New 2018 NVSC Scarf is in stock now, it is a 2 sided scarf:
The cost is $20.00 and the proceeds go to financial aid fund for players that need the help.
Scarves are available currently at the NVSC Clubhouse Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday from 3pm to 7pm and will be available during the weekends that we have concessions available at Hellwig Park on Saturdays or Sundays.
NVSC Magnets
Free No Cost Car Magnets for our Members
The magnets are in the shape and look exactly like our club logo...unique and distinctive…make sure you show your NVSC pride by placing one on your car, truck, van, RV, motorcycle, refrigerator, dishwasher, dryer...so many metal surfaces so little NVSC magnets.
The NVSC Magnets are available at our office and Hellwig Park concession stands.


text:
"There's nothing like art and Fashion Therapy to cure a bit of madness." – Vanja Vasic, Executive Director of FAT
From April 23rd to 27th, Fashion Art Toronto (FAT) will be showcasing inventive and contemporary expression through fashion design, photography, film and art installations during their 2013 Arts and Fashion Week. This annual multi-arts event will kick start with the theme, fashionDRAMA featuring the Workman Arts Mad Couture Catwalk on the night of the 23rd.
If you're unfamiliar, Workman Arts provides individuals who have mental illnesses opportunities to engage in creative activities that develop their artistic strengths. Here, individuals labeled with mental illness can learn to identify themselves as artists rather than patients defined by their diagnosis.
As a fashion lover, I am extremely excited to see what will show up on the runway. The catwalk will showcase 28 wearable artwork pieces created by 10 Workman Arts artists. Every button, piece of fabric and thread will embody each designer's insight to mental illness. Each garment has been meticulously weaved with humour, heartache, pain, celebration, frustration and acceptance. Using different textures, digital technology, fabrics and embellishments, these designers invite us to evoke our connection to nature, our environment and our daily lives.
If by the end of the night, you're left wondering if you've gone mad, then let me impart you with the same secret as Alice did to the Mad Hatter — "All the best people are."
I hope you'll join us in an unforgettable night filled with art, drama and fashion. You won't regret it.
Event Information
Venue: 213 Sterling Road
Time: 8:00 PM (doors open @ 7:00 PM)
For full program information, please visit Fashion Art Toronto.
Tickets are $30 in advance or $35 at the door.
To purchase tickets, visit here and select a day pass for April 23, 2013.


text:
Before You Buy Your First Puppy
Your kids want a puppy. All your neighbours have dogs. It's the great "American Dream" (for children, anyway) to have a dog like Lassie. However, if this is your first puppy, there are some things you need to know before you commit to buying a dog.
1. Dogs take time. Puppies take more time
Having a puppy is like having a two-year-old. Until they are trained (see item 2), they require pretty much constant supervision. After they are trained, they still require supervision until they are older. Much older. If you can't entertain them all day, you may want to consider two dogs, or a cat. Or puppy day care!
2. Puppies need training and so do your children
When I was growing up, we had a dog – for a while. It didn't work out because my parents didn't realize that puppies need training. We were a cat family – and you can pretty much ignore cats. Not so with dogs.
You will need several puppy classes and possibly more classes when your puppy is grown. Dogs are not independent, and you need to teach them proper behaviour.
If you have children, they need to take the classes with their puppies so they can learn how to interact with your new pet.
3. Puppies cost money
Ok, this isn't unreasonable, but you need to be prepared to add your puppy into your budget. You will have many expenses, especially when you first get your new puppy. They need toys, bones, shots, registrations with the state, and don't forget the food, dog houses, collars, clothes (no really – it's a big business – you'll be tempted!) vet bills, and training (see item 2).
Dogs are one of the most expensive pets around. Most puppies are part of the family – and will cost you like part of the family. Don't go into this venture thinking they're cheap
4. Puppies grow into dogs
I know that's obvious – but you need to be sure you know how big your dog will be. If you have young children, your puppy may outweigh them within a year. Do the research so you know how big your cute little puppy will be when he's a dog.
If your pet is a mixed breed dog, look at the paws. Usually, a puppy will grow into their paws.
5. Dogs need exercise
And people need exercise – so this can actually be an advantage if handled properly. Puppies need room to run and play. They need people to play with, and they need toys to play with. If you lead a very sedentary lifestyle, be sure you pick a dog breed that is low activity.
The larger the dog, the more room and exercise they need. You will probably need to walk your dog several times a week. Be sure and plan that into your schedule now – or you may find your puppy running around the house all day without you.
Owning a dog can be a very rewarding experience – even if this is your first puppy. Your dog will become one of the family and be a faithful companion for life. Be prepared for your new puppy, and it will be a great adventure for both of you.


text:
|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|Paul Libbrecht <p...@activemath.org>
|Re: [Jelly Swing] Is this project still alive ??
|Wed, 01 Oct 2003 08:03:54 GMT
Alpana Pande wrote: > Is it worth investigating Jelly Swing ? Is this > project still alive ? > > I have spent quite a bit of time trying to get the > binaries / source working as per the tutorial. > "maven demo:swing" does not work. I am wondering if it > is worthwhile spending any more time on Jelly Swing. > Are there better alternatives to this ? Alpana, Jelly is definitely alive just as jelly-swing. The bug in the documentation is simple: you need to be in <JELLY_HOME>/jelly-tags/swing to invoke "maven demo:swing",it has nothing to do with maven as far as I know. Jelly is alive in the sense that many questions come around, some small fixes are applied... If you want to see examples of development of jelly-swing, have a look at the sourceforge project XWing where Jelly-swing is used as layout language for a collection of XML-based Swing components. http://www.sourceforge.net/projects/xwing There's no distribution or website yet though it could all be made soon, compilation works with maven. The jelly-versions that you should use in general is the cvs version, really... maven builds fine for the core and several of the taglibs (including swing). For some others, an external download is required (e.g. JMS, servlets...). You might have a hope on the jakarta nightly builds, haven't checked this recently. The big problem in jelly currently is that James Strachan, probably the most active father of Jelly, has dropped it. Some comitters are around but a person is missing to coordinate it all. If you have a patch, posting them to this list or submitting a jira issue certainly will help someone who will consider uploading it. This has happened right after refactoring out the taglibs as subprojects... hence the documentation bugs. Maybe a first step towards a beta would be to rehaul the documentation completely at least covering: - corrections for taglibs (the same apply for the xml, unit, and swt pages) - precise URLs for each dependencies so that everyone can build the whole jelly module (I have an impression that no-one has done it since quite long). Henry Yandell wrote: > I would suspect a release towards the start of next year, but that's a > complete finger in the air guess. I don't think anyone's going to be > cleaning it up very soon, but I think that when Maven releases 1.0, it > will give Jelly the push to move forward. I would guess it might happen sooner even for a few other betas. The trouble remains on the jexl side where I haven't seen lots of activity either (see the recent posts on empty and size). In the jexl world, also a creation of James Strachan, it is not clear yet wether documentation is missing or there is a few ill-designed things but there are clearly misunderstood pieces (like the size function). Paul PS: jelly-swing is stuck at another corner: tag-documentation. Tag documentation was done using XDoclet for most other tag-libraries. For jelly-swing, however, this doesn't really work because converters need to be better managed... (so as to map attributes to setters). An issue is opened since long in Jira on that. --------------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com For additional commands, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
|View raw message


text:
Im pretty sure Its region lock to the us but its worth a try anyway. If you dont have ac unity for your xbone then enter this in.
Vrxtc xx9jf dkghv w372v 6cwcz.
............¡ that x might be a k.
if you get it and it works post below telling everyone you took it.


text:
Texas Gov. George W. Bush got an enthusiastic reception from Republican lawmakers on Capitol Hill yesterday, but the outpouring may come at a price. Can the front-running presidential candidate accept the support of congressional Republicans, political analysts are beginning to ask, without taking on their baggage, as well?
Bush's relationship with the GOP-controlled Congress looks to be a long, delicate dance. The more support he commands from elected officials now, strategists from both parties agree, the more difficult it will be for any of his GOP rivals to deny him the party's nomination.
But the Republican majority -- with its legacy of impeachment, former speaker Newt Gingrich and a government shutdown -- has proven not very popular with large numbers of voters. So the more Bush embraces Congress, the more he risks offending the moderates and independents he will need to win a general election.
"The minuet is a good analogy because he certainly doesn't want to do close dancing," said John J. Pitney, a professor at Claremont McKenna College. "Over the years, people have developed some negative attitudes toward the Republican Congress. He wants to hold them at a chaste, respectful distance."
Bush has the support of 23 of the 55 Republican senators and 126 of 223 GOP House members. As a result, from guns, abortion and the Ten Commandments to Kosovo, the budget and Social Security, he is likely to be drawn into every hot debate on Capitol Hill.
Emerging from his meeting with House supporters yesterday, Bush said he does not regard congressional Republicans as a liability, and he won't run against them in his campaign. "I'm not going to bash Republican members of Congress," he said.
Instead, he told his congressional supporters he appreciated their support and hoped to work with them.
So far, Bush has picked a careful path through the congressional minefield. He has endorsed Republican opposition to stiffer gun controls and said that he would have voted to impeach President Clinton, but he staked out a more hawkish position on Kosovo than the majority of Republicans in the House.
"He will try to straddle," said Thomas Mann of the Brookings Institution, who predicts relentless questions from reporters and from Bush's primary opponents on the topic of the controversial Congress. "It's one of the most challenging aspects of his candidacy."
At a huge fund-raiser last night, Bush made it clear that he hopes to chart his own course. He signaled that he would try to bring a more bipartisan and less contentious tone to the way business is conducted in Washington. "Many across the land look at Washington and they don't like what they see," he said. "They see people more worried about who gets the credit and who gets the blame than who gets results."
Bush said it is time to "restore a sense of common purpose" to the national government, and said the president should "put America's long-term needs above short-term political advantage."
Bush said he has worked closely with Republicans and Democrats in Texas, and said it will take that kind of bipartisan cooperation to solve some of the country's biggest problems. To underscore his working relationship with Democrats, Bush was introduced by Democratic state Rep. Rob Junell, chairman of the Texas House appropriations committee.
Democrats, however, are not likely to let Bush freely chart his own course. Roy Romer, Democratic National Committee general chairman, challenged Bush this week to set out his priorities for the fiscal 2000 budget pending in Congress. To wait, Romer argued, would allow the congressional leadership to gut Bush's pledge to leave no Americans behind at a time of prosperity. "If Bush intends to be a leader of his party as their nominee, he has an obligation to provide some leadership right now," Romer said. "Failure to act can be disastrous to programs that are really critical to America."
Democrats spotted another chance yesterday. During a visit to Richmond, Bush said that he hopes "America will have a law that protects the unborn child and that every child will be welcomed into life. I understand that's the ideal, that it will take leadership to convince people to protect life."
Advisers to Vice President Gore and other top Democrats charged that Bush was suddenly promising more vigorous opposition to abortion as a way to curry favor with Congress. "It's no surprise on the day Bush visits with the right-wing Republican extremists in Congress that he finally makes clear to the American people his right-wing extremist views that would take away a woman's right to choose," said Marla Romash, Gore's deputy campaign chairman.
Bush spokesman David Beckwith said the statement represented no change in Bush's long-standing position. "This is another sign of desperation by the Democrats," he said. "His position is constant and clear."
Bush advisers say their candidate can both enjoy the support of individual members of Congress while running on his own record and agenda. "The Bush campaign will set its own course and it's a course that's very consistent with Republican principles and the mainstream of the Republican Party," said former GOP chairman Haley Barbour, a member of the Bush campaign's exploratory committee. "It's one Republicans in Congress will feel comfortable getting behind if he's the nominee."
The candidate may plan no attacks on congressional Republicans, but there were no photo ops yesterday with controversial GOP leaders such as House Majority Leader Richard K. Armey (Tex.) or House Majority Whip Tom DeLay (Tex.), both of whom have endorsed Bush. They were at a leadership meeting when Bush came to Capitol Hill.
Rep. David E. Dreier (R-Calif.), a Bush supporter, said he hopes Bush will occasionally disagree with Congress, if only to show that "we are not a monolithic block." But like other Republicans in Congress, Dreier said he found it refreshing that Bush had refused to criticize congressional Republicans in the way some other GOP presidential candidates have done. "He is one of the few who doesn't attack, attack, attack his own team here," Dreier said.
When Bush was asked last week in New Hampshire what he thinks of the job Congress is doing, he kept his answer cool. "I thought the welfare reform package was great," Bush said. Asked for a more recent success, he said, "That's recent memory." Then he added: "I appreciate the fact that we have a balanced budget." From there, Bush moved quickly to promising a new spirit of civility in Washington should he be elected.
Gary Jacobson of the University of California at San Diego said Bush should "run as George Bush, governor of Texas, not as a congressional Republican." Wishful thinking, Bush's opponents say. They point to the gun control conflict in the House last week and the acrimonious debate over cultural influences on American youth.
A floor speech by DeLay, who has endorsed Bush for president, was, in the view of some analysts, reminiscent of the speech that conservative commentator Patrick J. Buchanan delivered at the 1992 GOP convention in Houston. That speech promised a cultural war in America, and its tone badly hurt Bush's father, then-President George Bush, in his reelection bid.
Democrats already are attempting to lash DeLay to Bush's candidacy, much as they hung Gingrich around 1996 nominee Robert J. Dole. Jacobson said if DeLay becomes the image of the party, "It will hurt Republicans in the general election with moderate voters."
But Bush maintains he is not worried. DeLay, Bush said yesterday, is "a friend" of long standing. "Attempts to tie me to DeLay and all that stuff, that's fine, but I don't think it's going to hunt. . . . We're running for the executive branch."
CAPTION: Fitness expert Denise Austin and unidentified man greet Texas Gov. George W. Bush (R) on rope line at fund-raiser.


text:
A Louisville DUI Defense Attorney with a Record of Success
If you have been charged with a DUI in Kentucky, you may be hoping on some level it just goes away without too much trouble. Perhaps you're thinking that you'll show up in court, tell the judge that it was all a misunderstanding and you meant no harm, and that you'll be released without a criminal record, jail time or fines. For the thousands of people in Kentucky charged with DUIs, it can be tempting to think this way, as most of those people have never had a problem with the law before and therefore have little to no familiarity with the criminal law system.
The truth of the matter is that, if you have been charged with a DUI, you are facing serious consequences for your freedom, finances, and career and personal reputation. Hoping it will all go away without employing the services of an experienced DUI defense attorney is a recipe for ruin. Louisville criminal defense attorney Ron Aslam has over nine years of experience in the Kentucky criminal justice system, working as both a prosecutor and defense attorney, and he has achieved a track record of fighting for his clients to beat DUI charges on a regular basis, making him one of the top DUI attorneys in the city. He will fight for your rights in your DUI case to protect your freedom, reputation, and finances and get your life back to normal.
Penalties for a DUI in Kentucky
The commonwealth of Kentucky imposes serious penalties for first-time DUI offenders (drivers who register a .08 BAC or higher), including:
- License suspension of between 30 and 120 days
- Jail time of between 2 and 30 days
- Fines of between $200 and $500 (not including court costs)
- Up to 30 days of community labor
- Mandatory 90-day attendance of substance abuse treatment program
More serious penalties can be imposed if the prosecution proves any of the following aggravating circumstances:
- Driving 30 MPH over the speed limit
- Driving the wrong way on a road
- Refusal to submit to Breathalyzer testing
- Transporting a passenger under 12 years of age
- Having a BAC of .15 or higher
Multiple offenses within the same 5-year period can result in vastly increased jail times, license suspensions, fines, and other penalties.
Overcoming Your DUI Charge in Kentucky
Even if you may have failed an officer's breathalyzer test, there are numerous legal strategies that your criminal defense attorney can pursue in arguing for a not guilty verdict or in negotiating for reduced penalties. It is important to remember that prosecutors must prove all elements of a DUI charge beyond a reasonable doubt, and that all evidence against you must have been legally obtained by police. Among other things, the police must have a legally valid reason to stop you and to administer the test. Furthermore, the accuracy of the sobriety test and other evidence can be questioned.
DUI defense attorney Ron Aslam has years of experience in making aggressive and winning arguments on behalf of his clients, and has achieved numerous acquittals, dropped charges, and reduced sentences for his clients. As a former prosecutor, Ron has built up a great reputation with Louisville judges, prosecutors, and police, and he will use his experience and skills to fight for the best possible outcome to your DUI matter.
Contact Louisville Attorney Ron Aslam Today
If you are facing a DUI charge in the central Kentucky area, help is available to fight the charge. Call the Ron Aslam Law Office today at 502.581.1676 to set up a free consultation.


text:
0 reviews
- Listed in Video/Film Production
- New York, NY, USA
We're expert brand storytellers with an eye to your bottom line.
Because an explainer video is great – but real impact is better.
Our team learns your industry, business and customers inside and out to ensure you're positioned to influence buying decisions.
Explainer videos are just the beginning. Whether your metric for success is sales, increased conversion, or brand awareness – we'll work tirelessly to set you up for success and see it through.
For more details: [url=http://www.pricing.advids.co/how-much-does-an-explainer-video-cost/]Explainer Video Cost[/url]


text:
Recent PostsJoshua Chu – Student and Aspiring Actor Najarra Townsend – Paintball Girl & Super Spy Phi's Pretty Faces – The Make Up Shoot Artos the Bear – Model, Photographer & Friend – Test Shoot Yessie Lopez – Model – 80′s Punk Shoot Sandy Moore – Dancer and Actress – Wilderness Shoot Lore Jac-Rey – Model and Jewelry Designer – Editorial Shoot Shannon – Model and Musician Najarra Townsend – Actress and Model Ian Alexander – Fashion Designer, Model, High School Student(!)
Keywordsarchives Model Shoots Editorial Shoots
January February March April May June July August September October November December
Artos the Bear – Model, Photographer & Friend – Test Shoot
November 03, 2010 - Shoot Date: June 15, 2010 This blog entry comes late and way out of order. Why? Because friends are awesome. Friends s...Read the Full Post »


text:
Content is the linchpin of inbound marketing . It fuels your business blog, website, email marketing, search engine optimization, and well pretty much everything else. The problem is, this critical component often get delegated to the lower rungs of the priority ladder. As a marketer, it is easy to get caught up in flashy design or the mechanics of a new social media application and ultimately lose sight of content's value.
At the same time, you hear marketing experts around the globe constantly shout about "remarkable content." The challenge is that most people don't actually hand you a blueprint for remarkable content. While the strategies in this post will instantly make your content better, they are also part of the blueprint for creating remarkable business content.
9 Ways to Create Awesome Content
1. Be Brief - When it comes to great content, brevity is your friend. Your content should be long enough to convey your idea, but no longer. When editing your content, set aside a special review pass for identifying content that isn't necessary and can be deleted.
2. Understand the Audience Persona - Great B2B marketing is about having a clear persona for your target buyer . Great content is no different. Know the problems that your target audience is trying to solve. At your next tradeshow, observe how people consume information and ask target readers what type of information they are looking for. This information is priceless and will guide your content for the long-term.
3. Marvel - Be confident, not cocky. People want to be cool. As a business creating content, it is important that you show you believe in the information you are distributing. If you think an idea is awesome, then say it is. Marvel at your own insight to model for your readers how they should feel.
4. Use Visuals - Images and video are great storytelling devices. They have the power to convey a complicated message quickly, which, for B2B companies, is an important skill. Use visuals whenever possible to help demonstrate and simplify your story.
5. Segment - When writing a blog post or an ebook, you want to hold the reader's attention. One way to do this is to ensure you're not overwhelming them with information. By using section headers and bullet points, you can easily segment information and avoid daunting your readers. This practice of segmenting makes it easy for your audience to quickly understand, consume, and engage with your content.
6. Be Positive - Nobody likes a Debbie Downer. Positive content beats negative content any day of the week. Illustrate why an idea or product is great, not why the competition is bad. Think about the tone of your website, blog posts , and other content. Do they tend to lean positive or negative?
7. Don't Preach - People don't like to be told what to do. Instead, they want to be empowered to know how to do something new. Focus on how-to content that directs the reader down a path of information that, over time, allows them to adopt your idea on their own.
8. Cite Others - Sharing information or quotes from others helps to add credibility to the idea you're working hard to get adopted. Link to content on other websites that is relevant to your idea. Look for ways to incorporate content from others such as guest blog posts that can add credibility to your business.
9. Inspire
- Emotion matters. It is a factor that moves people to take an action. Tell stories related to your industry and business. Fact sheets are a thing of the past. Transform what used to be a black and white decision into one guided by emotion.
What would you add to this list? How do you define remarkable content?