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NSF Grant Application: Project Description
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Video Interactions for Teaching and Learning (VITAL):
A consortium based at Columbia University, led jointly by the Columbia Center for New Media Teaching and Learning (CCNMTL) and Teachers College, and including William Paterson University as a partner, proposes the development of a professional resource for preparing and supporting teachers of early childhood mathematics (K–3).
The VITAL: Early Childhood Mathematics Educationproject's learning goals align with those of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, which released its Principles and Standards for School Mathematics in 2000. VITAL's goals are to train prospective teachers to:
The VITAL: Early Childhood Mathematics Education consortium anticipates the following outcomes during the grant period:
The VITAL: Early Childhood Mathematics Education consortium anticipates the following long-term outcomes from the project:
The most important product will be an integrated online learning environment that enhances undergraduate and graduate students' preparation in early mathematics education. This resource will be based on the design research and prototype development of VITAL: Early Childhood Mathematics Education during the 2002–2003 academic year by CCNMTL in collaboration with Prof. Ginsburg. VITAL: Early Childhood Mathematics Education will consist of three distinct yet tightly integrated resources that provide the basis for both the undergraduate and graduate courses:
This integrated learning environment has already been prototyped and was deployed in spring 2003 in Prof. Ginsburg's course The Development of Mathematical Thinking. Thirty-nine students from several departments at Teachers College, including pre-service and in-service teachers, participated in the course.
**The Existing VITAL: Early Childhood Mathematics Education Prototype: The Point of Departure for New Developments**
For their final project, the students create, teach, and videotape their own math lesson or activity in an authentic school environment. A member of the Center's video production staff edits the tapes into smaller segments, digitizes these clips, and then uploads them to the digital library. In the online community workspace, the students then study and annotate the clips of their classroom performance and produce a multimedia essay about their teaching experience (Appendix A, Figure 5).
Background: National Need and Opportunity
Educators and policymakers in the United States have come to recognize that American schools are underserving students in the area of mathematics, and that mathematics needs to be a central component of early childhood education. Children from China, Japan, and Korea outperform their American counterparts in mathematics achievement perhaps as early as kindergarten (Stevenson, Lee, & Stigler, 1986) and certainly by first grade (Stevenson et al., 1990) and then fourth grade (U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1997). Furthermore, there are disparities of mathematics achievement within the United States, corresponding to socioeconomic status (SES). Low-SES children—a group comprising a disproportionate number of African-Americans and Latinos (National Center for Children in Poverty, 1996)—show lower levels of academic achievement than do their middle- and upper-SES peers (Natriello, McDill, & Pallas, 1990). Schools in the United States have neglected mathematics in the early childhood years. Research indicates that preschool children arrive with a competent informal understanding of mathematics (Ginsburg, Klein, & Starkey, 1998) and are ready to learn complex mathematics (Greenes, 1999), and that a strong foundation in preschool education can promote learning in later years (Bowman, Donovan, & Burns, 2001). Many studies have indicated that high-quality education in the early grades can enhance later scholastic achievement (Bowman et al., 2001).
Also in response to the current need, the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics and the National Association for the Education of Young Children have collaborated to produce a joint position statement advocating increased attention to early childhood mathematics education (National Association for the Education of Young Children & National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 2002). This statement emphasizes that teachers need to possess a psychological understanding of children's mathematical learning and thinking, use developmentally appropriate teaching methods based on that understanding, and employ sensitive assessment techniques for determining what children already know and what they need to learn.
Another factor that has affected early mathematics education is the curriculum reform movement, which the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics advocated in its Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics (NCTM, 1989) and supported even more strongly in its current Principles and Standards for School Mathematics (NCTM, 2000). These standards identify specific learning objectives for very young children and have revolutionized the concept of what mathematics education means and when and where it should begin.
As a result of these and other changes to educational policies and standards, many teachers and prospective teachers across the United States are now faced with a mandate to teach mathematics to children at ages 4 and 5 (preschool and kindergarten), and to do so according to research-supported standards. Most teachers and prospective teachers, however, are underprepared for the challenge and teacher education programs have not responded effectively to the task. At the college level, courses in teaching early childhood mathematics are rare. For many years, the early childhood community believed that formal mathematics education was not necessary or even desirable for young children. As a result, education students are required to take many reading and pedagogy courses, but usually only one "math methods" course. In sum, educators and teacher educators have had neither the time nor the resources to adequately prepare to teach mathematics to very young children.
The visionary reforms to mathematics education called for in recent government legislation, court rulings, and national standards will not be realized until early childhood educators and their teachers receive adequate and specialized training to develop their understanding of mathematical concepts and of young children's capacities to learn them.
Framework for Design and Development
A large and consistent body of research (Ginsburg, Klein, & Starkey, 1998) shows that robust and surprisingly effective mathematical thinking develops in the years before school. Babies can perceive which of two sets has "more" (Antell & Keating, 1983) and may even understand something about addition and subtraction (Wynn, 1992). Young children learn basic principles of counting (Gelman & Gallistel, 1978), ideas about addition and subtraction (Brush, 1978), and calculational methods (Carpenter, Moser, & Romberg, 1982). Naturalistic observation shows that in their everyday play 4- and 5-year-olds exhibit a strong interest in pattern and shape, both in this country (Seo & Ginsburg, 2004) and in Taiwan (Ginsburg, Lin, Ness, & Seo, in press). In brief, children's minds already employ mathematical ideas and methods before the onset of formal education. Teachers cannot teach effectively without understanding this.
A second major theme is that children use their already existing informal knowledge of mathematics as a basis for assimilating school mathematics. Sometimes, this leads to accurate learning, as when they interpret addition in terms of combining sets and counting (Baroody & Dowker, 2003). Sometimes, it leads to a limited approach, as when children interpret the equals sign in terms of informal addition ("equals means get the answer") (Baroody & Ginsburg, 1983). In either case, whether accurate or inaccurate, children's learning of school mathematics is influenced to some degree by what they already know—their informal mathematics (Baroody, 1987). Teachers need to learn that children do not simply learn what is taught in school; instead they filter instruction through their mathematical minds.
A third major item is that effective mathematics education needs to help children integrate their informal (often incomplete and sometimes incorrect) understanding of mathematics with what needs to be learned in school (Resnick, 1989, 1992). For example, teachers need to understand that children begin by thinking that the equals sign means "get the answer" and that special manipulatives, like using the balance scale, may help children to overcome this initial impulse and to expand their interpretation of the equals sign to include notions of equivalence (Seo & Ginsburg, 2003).
In brief, teachers need to be informed by the psychology of mathematical thinking in order to learn what children bring to the learning situation, how they interpret what is taught, and how effective teaching can draw upon children's thinking.
The second category in VITAL: Early Childhood Mathematics Education provides students with cases of teaching practice, which introduce students to the complexity of classroom interactions. Video clips of mathematics lessons and the interactions between teachers and children provide students with opportunities to apply developmental and mathematical concepts in their analyses of instructional practice. The literature in this area indicates that students studying within a case-based learning environment develop an increased ability to apply relevant theoretical concepts about teaching and learning to their understanding of classroom practices (Derry, 2001; Beck, King & Marshall, 2002).
Observation of children's mathematical behavior or classroom activity should not be considered passive looking. It entails active analysis and conceptualization. In brief, being a good observer involves an objective attitude towards the facts and also a disposition to think carefully about what they mean. The VITAL: Early Childhood Mathematics Education method for teaching this type of skill is to engage students in a series of exercises in which they are asked to view and comment on video cases of children's behavior. Instead of focusing on superficial aspects of behavior such as "child counts" or "child works with manipulatives", they use video annotation tools to identify key aspects of mathematical learning and thinking that underlie the observed behavior.
In addition, new digital communication tools increase opportunities for students and instructors to read, discuss, and comment on each other's analyses. More research is needed to better understand how these tools affect learning. The investigators expect the project to contribute to the growing research base on case-based study and on technology designed to foster it.
In sum, case-based approaches in teacher education show that they provide significant opportunities for teachers to develop into reflective practitioners responsive to current understandings of how children think mathematically. VITAL: Early Childhood Mathematics Education offers a compelling, flexible, and focused context that encourages teachers to perform the following:
VITAL: Early Childhood Mathematics Education extends an education instructor's capacity to provide learning activities and tools for prospective and practicing teachers that shape and encourage analysis and critical thought.
DESIGN AND WORK PLAN (Please refer to the timeline in Appendix B)
Phase I: Design (Year 1: 6/04 – 11/04)
Phase II: Development (Years 1–3: 12/04 – 8/06)
Meanwhile, a Production Assistant (new hire) at CCNMTL will digitize the texts listed in the content specification. The digitization process will involve several steps: scanning the original document, copy-editing the results, marking-up the text in XML, placing the file on the Web server, and entering a reference to its location into the digital library database (11/04 – 5/06).
As video and text materials are produced, the Rights Coordinator (new position) will ensure that the project is granted clearance to use and disseminate these materials within VITAL: Early Childhood Mathematics Education. Funds will be allocated to the Rights Coordinator to purchase content licenses as needed (11/04 – 12/05).
An external and formal review of both the software and curriculum will be conducted by Prof. Arthur Baroody of the University of Illinois. The review will ensure the accuracy of VITAL's content, the appropriateness of its pedagogy, and its general suitability for the intended audience.
Phase III: Implementation and Evaluation (Years 3–4: 9/06 – 11/08)
Based on the formative evaluation, the design team will modify features of the environment and revise both the curriculum plan and the functional specification to reflect these changes (1/07 – 3/07). The programmers will work from the new specification to produce an updated version of the environment for the field tests (4/07 – 1/08). At the same time, Prof. Ginsburg will work with the field test instructors to finalize arrangements at the field test sites (11/07 – 1/08). They will conduct a one-day orientation conference in which the instructors will learn about pedagogical and technical issues related to VITAL.
VITAL: Early Childhood Mathematics Education will be field tested in at least three courses simultaneously (1/08 – 5/08). The locations of the courses will be varied so that the field tests represent a national demographic. The field tests will be supervised by Prof. Ginsburg.
A summative evaluation of the field tests will be performed by researchers at CCT. For a detailed explanation and timeline of their evaluation activities, please refer to the Project Evaluation section. After receiving the evaluation results, the investigators will make final revisions to the learning environment. VITAL: Early Childhood Mathematics Education will then be examined one last time by the external reviewer, Prof. Baroody.
Phase V: Dissemination (Year 5: 12/08 – 5/09)
PROJECT EVALUATION (Please refer to the timeline in Appendix C)
One aspect of the VITAL: Early Childhood Mathematics Education approach to be studied and assessed is related to the design, development, and use of digital video cases and their impact on students' understanding of content and methodological issues. Video allows viewers to examine interactions repeatedly and in slow motion, permitting close scrutiny of interactions. The project evaluation will determine whether digital video cases as used in the context of the VITAL: Early Childhood Mathematics Education online community workspace are an effective tool for improving early childhood mathematics instruction. The evaluation will also inform the VITAL: Early Childhood Mathematics Education implementation strategies for different settings. In order to support a broad-based dissemination, it is important to assess how the VITAL: Early Childhood Mathematics Education instructional strategies can be modified for different educational settings. This will allow the project investigators to adjust the VITAL: Early Childhood Mathematics Education curricular plans for different contexts.
The Center for Children and Technology (CCT), which is part of the nonprofit Educational Development Center, Inc., will supervise the formative evaluation and conduct the summative evaluation. CCT has provided external evaluations for a wide array of educational technology programs, undertaken formative evaluations of pilot projects, developed embedded evaluation procedures for ongoing internal project assessments, and tested evaluation methodologies and instruments, all using quantitative and qualitative methods designed specifically for each project's needs and goals.
During the first three years of the project, while the curriculum and the learning environment are being designed and produced, CCT will conduct formative research to determine whether the environment, as interpreted by users, reflects the goals of the project. During the last two years of the project, CCT will conduct a summative evaluation based on the field test of the learning environment.
The evaluation is based on a theory-driven model. Theory-based evaluation is "an approach to evaluation that requires surfacing the assumptions on which the program is based in considerable detail: what activities are being conducted, what effect each particular activity will have, what the program does next, what the expected response is, what happen next, and so on, to the expected outcomes. The evaluation then follows each step in the sequence to see whether the expected ministeps actually materialize… It seeks to find out whether the theories on which the program is based are realized in action" (Birckmayer & Hirschon Weiss, 2000).
Since this project involves innovation and the development of a new model for teaching, the purpose of the formative and summative aspects of the evaluation is to provide a theory of action of how education students use a digital learning environment to learn about mathematical thinking and early mathematics education.
The formative evaluation will assess the development of the project and its activities, focusing on three major levels—design, classroom, and cognitive—and the relations among them. These areas represent what Rogoff calls "critical aspects" involved in analyzing learning environments (Rogoff, B. in Collins, A.; Joseph, D. & Bielaczyc, K. In press).
Design level: CCT will focus on assessing the opportunities the system creates for students and faculty activities versus the constraints (if any) it imposes. The evaluators will gather information related to how students and faculty interact with the system, the nature of these interactions to support their teaching and learning purposes, and the relationship between these interactions and different features in the system.
Classroom level: CCT will focus on assessing effective teaching strategies in relationship to VITAL: Early Childhood Mathematics Education.
Cognitive level (focused on students' learning processes and outcomes): One desired outcome in the applications of the VITAL: Early Childhood Mathematics Education system is to help teachers develop and integrate psychological, methodological, and pedagogical understandings of mathematics education. CCT will examine whether and how students developed this integrated understanding throughout the implementation of the project.The assessment approach is grounded in Hierarchical Schema Theory (Derry et al., 2001), which claims that students should develop during a course in at least four different ways.
Years 1–2: During the first year, CCT will consult with project staff about conducting and analyzing ongoing formative development of components of VITAL in production. During the second year, CCT will work closely with the designers to make sure that the implementation of the environments allows for efficient use by students with different degrees of experience in the use of digital media. To that end, CCT will:
Years 4–5: During the fourth and fifth years of the project, CCT will conduct a summative evaluation in five sites, using the instruments developed in the second year. CCT will compare learning outcomes of students in classes using VITAL: Early Childhood Mathematics Education with those of classes covering a similar curriculum, but without the use of the digital learning environment. CCT anticipates that the five sites will include between 150 and 200 students and that at least three of the sites will use VITAL: Early Childhood Mathematics Education.
The following chart represents the conceptual design of the summative evaluation:
Formative Data Analysis
During the fourth year CCT will conduct formative assessment to understand different levels of VITAL: Early Childhood Mathematics Education implementation. For example, through the use indicators to differentiate between full and partial implementation of the model (people who used it as intended and those who didn't) this particular assessment will identify and interpret possible problems or innovative strategies in the implementation of the project that may have an impact in students' outcomes. The purpose is to document these strategies and use them to revise the Instructor's Guide.
Summative Data Analysis
External Content Review
In Year 4 of the project, the investigators will begin to submit papers about VITAL: Early Childhood Mathematics Education and the evaluation results to conferences and journals, such as the National Council of Supervisors of Mathematics (NCSM) Annual Conference and the American Educational Research Association (AERA) Annual Meeting, with the expectation that these will be published in Year 5.
The consortium will investigate the possibility of submitting the resource to the National Science Digital Library and TE-MAT.
Deployment (Please refer to the diagram in Appendix D)
1. Application Service Provider (ASP) Model
The central VITAL: Early Childhood Mathematics Education community Website would also provide supplemental services to facilitate building a community of practice. These could include support for instructor collaboration and knowledge sharing events, access to expert advice and services, and access to additional tutorial and other resources. It is also envisaged that sharing of curriculum could also be accomplished via this type of community environment.
2. Turnkey or Installation "Behind the Firewall"


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Fri07Jun20134:00 pm
Join us for Firkin Friday on the first Friday of every month!
This month we will feature: The Livery "Nummers" Pale Ale
Bell's Brewery will be coming in and taking over our taps! All Bell's, all night! We will even have a special Bell's firkin!
Beer Lineup: TBA
Short's Brewing Company continues the effort to educate and liberate consumers! Come enjoy the uniqueness Short's is known for.
Come join us all throughout July for amazing, Michigan made, craft beer.
THIS EVENT IS BEING RESCHEDULED ... UPDATES SOON. Founded in 1995, Arbor Brewery is a company that prides itself on conscientiously producing the best product available using locally sourced ingredients whenever possible. All twelve taps will be Arbor brews. And we will also be featuring a four course pairing dinner! Stay tuned for details.
Can't make it north? The Soup Spoon is bringing Short's Brewery's northern Michigan inspired brews to Lansing on all twelve taps! See why Short's Brewing Company is unique, visit: http://www.shortsbrewing.com.
Sun21Jul2013Thu25Jul2013Throughout the Greater Lansing Area
Fri02Aug20134:00 pm
Arbor Brewing's Ypsi Gypsi Pale Ale, specially hopped for the Soup Spoon, will be our FIRST FRIDAY FIRKIN! Arbor's brew description: http://ow.ly/mUQbw
Fri04Apr20144:00 pm
Join us for Firkin Friday on the first Friday of every month!
This month we will feature: Bell's Hopslam
Sun10Apr20161419 E. Michigan Avenue, Lansing, Michigan
Soup Spoon Cafe is hosting our first annual Soup Spoon Wedding Expo to highlight Lansing's best businesses and services in an intimate setting at our restaurant. This will give those attending an opportunity to speak with each of these wonderful businesses with out having to fight through a crowd. We will be featuring our catering services and Lynette's Cakes. If you are planning a wedding, or any other occasion this is the perfect opportunity to sample our catering food and see first hand how we set up an event.
Purchase tickets ahead of time through Seat Me for $10, or pay $15 at the door. Let our catering manager walk you through the event with a private one on one consultation with the purchase of a VIP ticket for $25. Space is limited so we do encourage you to purchase your tickets in advance.
Tue03May20168:00 amSoup Spoon Cafe
Wed11May20166:30 pmSoup Spoon Cafe
Old world wine vs new world wine dinner. 5 courses. 5 different styles. An Old World and New World representation of each style per course. Food expertly paired with each course.
Cost is $40 (does not include tax or tip). 10 wines. Amazing food. Shane from Eagle Eye will be hosting and giving us lots of education on Old World and New World wines and wine-making.
Special "night of" retail pricing on all the wines of the event for pick-up later in the week.
Limited space. Get your tickets asap. Call the restaurant to reserve your seat.
Thu23Jun2016Thu30Jun2016Soup Spoon CafeBell's Brewery will be taking over 12 taps with some of Michigan's best beer. Mark your calendars and come in to try Two Hearted, Oberon, Oatsmobile, Amber Ale, Lager of the Lakes, Porter, Bell's Special Double Cream Stout, L'Appel Du Vide, Milchkaffee Stout, Mango Habanero Oberon, and Traverse City Whiskey Barrel Aged Coffee Consecrator Dopplebock. There will be a special surprise beer taking over the last tap! We will be running special pricing on all Bell's beer as well. The Event ends when the taps run out.
Mon04Jul2016Soup Spoon Cafe
Soup Spoon Cafe will be close all day Monday July 4th.
Mon19Sep2016Sat24Sep2016Soup Spoon Cafe
Thank you Lansing for 10 great years! It is because of the Lansing community and surrounding areas that The Soup Spoon Cafe is turning 10, and we want to celebrate this wonderful community. For the week of September 19 - 24 we will be running multiple specials to say thank you to everyone. Come in and enjoy happy hour all day, $4 dark & stormy cocktails, a cup of our famous seafood chowder for $2, and many more specials to be announced on our Facebook page through the week. We love you Lansing and hope that you are able to commemorate this milestone with us!
Sat10Dec2016Sat24Dec2016Soup Spoon Cafe
From now to December 24 Soup Spoon Cafe is offering a free $10 gift card when you purchase $100 worth of gift cards.
Wed26Apr2017Soup Spoon Cafe
Cabs of the World
Save the date for our wine dinner April 26. More details to come.
Tue02May20178:00 amSoup Spoon Cafe
KBS Breakfast
We will be tapping KBS at 8:00am with breakfast specials.
Thu22Jun20175:00pm - 8:00pmSoup Spoon Cafe
Come join us for Bell's Tap Takeover! Enjoy some of Michigan's finest craft beer paired with Michigan's best food at Soup Spoon Cafe!
Fri30Jun2017Soup Spoon Cafe
The Big Ten Network will be airing the Soup Spoon Cafe episode of Campus Eats on June 30th in between games. An exact time is not available, but if you are interested in catching some great games and seeing your very own Soup Spoon Cafe featured than make a day of it!
Thu31Aug20178:00 amSoup Spoon Cafe
Thursday, August 31st Shorts will be taking over the taps at the Soup Spoon Cafe. Join us starting at 8:00am.
Thu14Sep2017Sat16Sep2017Soup Spoon Cafe
Enjoy $2.00 off all draft beer through September 16th!
Mon18Sep20178:00 amSoup Spoon Cafe
Celebrate with the Soup Spoon Cafe with a Darkhorse Tap Takeover starting at 8:00 am Monday September 18th.
Tue21Nov2017Mon01Jan2018Soup Spoon Cafe
From now until January 1st for every $100 purchased in gift cards you will receive a $10 bonus card and a free growler. The growler can also be filled at the time of purchase for $10, some limitation on the beer selection may apply.

subset: commoncrawl


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New Covenant:
"And as they were eating, Jesus took bread, blessed and broke it, and gave it to the disciples and said, "Take, eat; this is My body." Then He took the cup, and gave thanks, and gave it to them, saying, "Drink from it, all of you. For this is My blood of the new covenant, which is shed for many for the remission of sins. But I say to you, I will not drink of this fruit of the vine from now on until that day when I drink it new with you in My Father's kingdom." 'And when they had sung a hymn, they went out to the Mount of Olives.' Matt. 26:26-30. And we find in Jer 31:31-35 an old prophecy of this very event which is stated "Behold, the days are coming, says the LORD, when I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah not according to the covenant that I made with their fathers in the day that I took them by the hand to lead them out of the land of Egypt, My covenant which they broke, though I was a husband to them, says the LORD. But this is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those days, says the LORD: I will put My law in their minds, and write it on their hearts; and I will be their God, and they shall be My people. No more shall every man teach his neighbor, and every man his brother, saying, 'Know the LORD,' for they all shall know Me, from the least of them to the greatest of them, says the LORD. For I will forgive their iniquity, and their sin I will remember no more. Thus says the LORD, who gives the sun for a light by day, the ordinances of the moon and the stars for a light by night, who disturbs the sea, and its waves roar (The LORD of hosts is His name)" (New King James version throughout)
The plot
"After two days it was the Passover and the Feast of Unleavened Bread. And the chief priests and the scribes sought how they might take Him by trickery and put Him to death. But they said, "Not during the feast, lest there be an uproar of the people." Mark 14:1-2.
The treachery of betrayal.
Matt 26:19-25. "So the disciples did as Jesus had directed them; and they prepared the Passover. When evening had come, He sat down with the twelve. Now as they were eating, He said, "Assuredly, I say to you, one of you will betray Me." And they were exceedingly sorrowful, and each of them began to say to Him, "Lord, is it I?" He answered and said, "He who dipped his hand with Me in the dish will betray Me. The Son of Man indeed goes just as it is written of Him, but woe to that man by whom the Son of Man is betrayed! It would have been good for that man if he had not been born." Then Judas, who was betraying Him, answered and said, "Rabbi, is it I?" He said to him, "You have said it."
The betrayal.
Matt 26:48-49. "Now His betrayer had given them a sign, saying, "Whomever I kiss, He is the One; seize Him." Immediately he went up to Jesus and said, "Greetings, Rabbi!" and kissed Him."
The trial.
Mark 15:1-21. "Immediately, in the morning, the chief priests held a consultation with the elders and scribes and the whole council; and they bound Jesus, led Him away, and delivered Him to Pilate. Then Pilate asked Him, "Are You the King of the Jews?" And He answered and said to him, "It is as you say." And the chief priests accused Him of many things, but He answered nothing. Then Pilate asked Him again, saying, "Do You answer nothing? See how many things they testify against You!" But Jesus still answered nothing, so that Pilate marveled. Now at the feast he was accustomed to releasing one prisoner to them, whomever they requested. And there was one named Barabbas, who was chained with his fellow rebels; they had committed murder in the rebellion. Then the multitude, crying aloud, began to ask him to do just as he had always done for them." "But Pilate answered them, saying, "Do you want me to release to you the King of the Jews?" For he knew that the chief priests had handed Him over because of envy. But the chief priests stirred up the crowd, so that he should rather release Barabbas to them. Pilate answered and said to them again, "What then do you want me to do with Him whom you call the King of the Jews?" So they cried out again, "Crucify Him!" Then Pilate said to them, "Why, what evil has He done?" But they cried out all the more, "Crucify Him!" So Pilate, wanting to gratify the crowd, released Barabbas to them; and he delivered Jesus, after he had scourged Him, to be crucified. Then the soldiers led Him away into the hall called Praetorium, and they called together the whole garrison. And they clothed Him with purple; and they twisted a crown of thorns, put it on His head, and began to salute Him, "Hail, King of the Jews!" Then they struck Him on the head with a reed and spat on Him; and bowing the knee, they worshiped Him. And when they had mocked Him, they took the purple off Him, put His own clothes on Him, and led Him out to crucify Him. Then they compelled a certain man, Simon a Cyrenian, the father of Alexander and Rufus, as he was coming out of the country and passing by, to bear His stake."
The sacrifice of Our Lord.
Mark 15:22-35. "And they brought Him to the place Golgotha, which is translated, Place of a Skull. Then they gave Him wine mingled with myrrh to drink, but He did not take it. And when they crucified Him, they divided His garments, casting lots for them to determine what every man should take. Now it was the third hour, and they crucified Him. And the inscription of His accusation was written above: THE KING OF THE JEWS. With Him they also crucified two robbers, one on His right and the other on His left. So the Scripture was fulfilled which says, "And He was numbered with the transgressors." And those who passed by blasphemed Him, wagging their heads and saying, "Aha! You who destroy the temple and build it in three days, "save Yourself, and come down from the stake!" Likewise the chief priests also, mocking among themselves with the scribes, said, "He saved others; Himself He cannot save. "Let the Christ, the King of Israel, descend now from the stake, that we may see and believe." Even those who were crucified with Him reviled Him. Now when the sixth hour had come, there was darkness over the whole land until the ninth hour. And at the ninth hour Jesus cried out with a loud voice, saying, "Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani?" which is translated in Aramaic , "My God, My God, for this purpose I was born."
The signs from God the Father:
Matt 27:50-54 50. "And Jesus cried out again with a loud voice, and yielded up His spirit. Then, behold, the veil of the temple was torn in two from top to bottom; and the earth quaked, and the rocks were split, and the graves were opened; and many bodies of the saints who had fallen asleep were raised; and coming out of the graves after His resurrection, they went into the holy city and appeared to many. So when the centurion and those with him, who were guarding Jesus, saw the earthquake and the things that had happened, they feared greatly, saying, "Truly this was the Son of God!" Luke 23:44-45 states; "Now it was about the sixth hour, and there was darkness over all the earth until the ninth hour. Then the sun was darkened, and the veil of the temple was torn in two." The term darkness here seems to denote an eclipse because the author states; "Then the sun was darkened."
The Resurrection of the Messiah.
"On the first day of the week Mary Magdalene went to the tomb early, while it was still dark, and saw that the stone had been taken away from the tomb. Then she ran and came to Simon Peter, and to the other disciple, whom Jesus loved, and said to them, "They have taken away the Lord out of the tomb, and we do not know where they have laid Him." Peter therefore went out, and the other disciple, and were going to the tomb. So they both ran together, and the other disciple outran Peter and came to the tomb first. And he, stooping down and looking in, saw the linen cloths lying there; yet he did not go in. Then Simon Peter came, following him, and went into the tomb; and he saw the linen cloths lying there, and the handkerchief that had been around His head, not lying with the linen cloths, but folded together in a place by itself. Then the other disciple, who came to the tomb first, went in also; and he saw and believed. For as yet they did not know the Scripture, that He must rise again from the dead. Then the disciples went away again to their own homes. But Mary stood outside by the tomb weeping, and as she wept she stooped down and looked into the tomb. And she saw two angels in white sitting, one at the head and the other at the feet, where the body of Jesus had lain. Then they said to her, "Woman, why are you weeping?" She said to them, "Because they have taken away my Lord, and I do not know where they have laid Him." Now when she had said this, she turned around and saw Jesus standing there, and did not know that it was Jesus."
"Jesus said to her, "Woman, why are you weeping? Whom are you seeking?" She, supposing Him to be the gardener, said to Him, "Sir, if You have carried Him away, tell me where You have laid Him, and I will take Him away." Jesus said to her, "Mary!" She turned and said to Him, "Rabboni!" (which is to say, Teacher). Jesus said to her, "Do not cling to Me, for I have not yet ascended to My Father; but go to My brethren and say to them, 'I am ascending to My Father and your Father, and to My God and your God.'" Mary Magdalene came and told the disciples that she had seen the Lord, and that He had spoken these things to her. Then, the same day at evening, being the first day of the week, when the doors were shut where the disciples were assembled, for fear of the Jews, Jesus came and stood in the midst, and said to them, "Peace be with you." Now when He had said this, He showed them His hands and His side. Then the disciples were glad when they saw the Lord. So Jesus said to them again, "Peace to you! As the Father has sent Me, I also send you." And when He had said this, He breathed on them, and said to them, "Receive the Holy Spirit. "If you forgive the sins of any, they are forgiven them; if you retain the sins of any, they are retained. Now Thomas, called the Twin, one of the twelve, was not with them when Jesus came. The other disciples therefore said to him, "We have seen the Lord." So he said to them, "Unless I see in His hands the print of the nails, and put my finger into the print of the nails, and put my hand into His side, I will not believe." And after eight days His disciples were again inside, and Thomas with them. Jesus came, the doors being shut, and stood in the midst, and said, "Peace to you!" Then He said to Thomas, "Reach your finger here, and look at My hands; and reach your hand here, and put it into My side. Do not be unbelieving, but believing." And Thomas answered and said to Him, "My Lord and my God!" Jesus said to him, "Thomas, because you have seen Me, you have believed. Blessed are those who have not seen and yet have believed." John 20:1-29
Jesus' commission to the Church.
"Jesus said to them, "Come and eat breakfast." Yet none of the disciples dared ask Him, "Who are You?"-- knowing that it was the Lord. Jesus then came and took the bread and gave it to them, and likewise the fish. This is now the third time Jesus showed Himself to His disciples after He was raised from the dead. So when they had eaten breakfast, Jesus said to Simon Peter, "Simon, son of Jonah, do you love Me more than these?" He said to Him, "Yes, Lord; You know that I love You." He said to him, "Feed My lambs." He said to him again a second time, "Simon, son of Jonah, do you love Me?" He said to Him, "Yes, Lord; You know that I love You." He said to him, "Tend My sheep." He said to him the third time, "Simon, son of Jonah, do you love Me?" Peter was grieved because He said to him the third time, "Do you love Me?" And he said to Him, "Lord, You know all things; You know that I love You." Jesus said to him, "Feed My sheep." John 21:12-17. We read in Mark 16:14-20 "Later He appeared to the eleven as they sat at the table; and He rebuked their unbelief and hardness of heart, because they did not believe those who had seen Him after He had risen. And He said to them, "Go into all the world and preach the gospel to every creature. He who believes and is baptized will be saved; but he who does not believe will be condemned. And these signs will follow those who believe: In My name they will cast out demons; they will speak with new tongues; they will take up serpents; and if they drink anything deadly, it will by no means hurt them; they will lay hands on the sick, and they will recover." 'So then, after the Lord had spoken to them, He was received up into heaven, and sat down at the right hand of God. And they went out and preached everywhere, the Lord working with them and confirming the word through the accompanying signs. Amen."
The assembly of the first New Covenant Church.
We are not going to list the book of acts as it can be accessed from the bible however I want to note here that as the book of Acts is a good record for us to get some knowledge of, or familiarity with, what the church was doing for at least till the death of the apostles some information of significance for the student should be noted. First let's understand as far as I have found from our research Luke was not one of the twelve Apostle. Also some may ask why I believe Luke not only wrote the book of Luke but that he also wrote the book of acts. The reason is because of what is recorded in both (Luke 1:3) and (Acts 1:1) about Theophilus. I believe the meaning of the name Theophilus is the clue as you will see below. These two scriptures shows that Luke must be the author of the book of Acts because the author stated..."The former account I made, O Theophilus, of all that Jesus began both to do and teach until the day in which He was taken up, after He through the Holy Spirit had given commandments to the apostles (Notice the term "The Apostles" is exclusive.) whom He had chosen, to whom He also presented Himself alive after His suffering by many infallible proofs, being seen by them during forty days and speaking of the things pertaining to the kingdom of God." The term "Seen by them" is also written as Luke excluding himself from the statement thus not being one of the twelve. This very much seems to be speaking to what Luke stated in Luke chapter one in that he was writing the things about Jesus to Theophilus. Because Theophilus, in Greek means "a lover of God", I believe that Luke could have in both Acts 1, and Luke 1 been saying; "The former account I made, (The writings in the book of Luke.) O Theophilus (People of God, or Lovers of God, or what we may say today "dear Christians" and not to some man named Theophilus because that would be the opening to such a work that Luke himself stated was for the record. Also the person named Theophilus around the time Luke would have lived was a Sadducee. His full name was Theophilus ben Ananus, a High Priest of the Temple in Jerusalem from 37-41 A.D.
Church Age:
We can find many other sources of information of the church age such as "The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire" by: Edward Gibbon and in chapter 15 titled "The rise of Christianity". The sub title states: Five causes of the growth of Christianity. ~ The conditions favorable to its progress. ~ The numbers and condition of the primitive Christians. We also can find some information in other historical works during the reformation period which we will list in this study. The church age is the period of time the Church was given to declare the Gospel before the next return of the Messiah. No one knows the exact time the church age will last as there's no scriptures that convey a time however there is one scripture in the book of Matthew chapter 24: verses 35-36 that states; "Heaven and earth will pass away, but My words will by no means pass away. "But of that day and hour no one knows, not even the angels of heaven, but My Father only." This is recorded that Jesus Himself declared that only the Holy Father will know the time and as we have understood just through history it has lasted almost 2,000 years. History shows that Satan immediately began to infiltrate the Church and pervert the Gospel of the Messiah and the message that Jesus gave to the apostles. Our research has shown that the very church that started at the first Pentecost soon went into Apostasy and became known even till this day as the Catholic Church. There have been thousands murdered down these last almost two thousand years for the witness of the true Gospel of Christ and it is the great Apostate Church that has deceived and murdered those that would not relent to their false doctrines.
We are going to list a time line of the Church age showing the times the great International Church added pagan and even demonic practices into the church and the rise of the Protestant reformation and these additions. By showing the year of the addition we will see that when the Protestant reformation ended those that left the Mother church continued in many practices their leaders died in order to dismiss. "For a study on the New Covenant as taught from the book of Hebrews" (bookmark this link...) http://www.masters-table.org/studies/covenant.html
Roman Catholicism
By Pastor Steve Harmon Th.G., B.S., Th.M., Th.D. (1991)
(Edited by Timothy M. Youngblood for more content.)
I. History - Constantine
A. Constantine followed the historical church period from 100 A.D. through 313 A.D. There are ten persecutions of the church by the end of this church period.
1. Nero (64 - 68) - Killed Peter and Paul.
2. Domitian (81 - 96) - Killed thousands of believers. Banished John to Patmos.
3. Trajan (98-117) - The first to pass laws against Christianity.
4. Pius (137-161) - Killed Polycarp, a disciple of John.
5. Marcus Aurelius (161-180) - Thought Christianity an absurd superstition. Beheaded Justin Martyr.
6. 195 AD, Tertullian was converted to the Catholic religion and became presbyter of the Catholic church in Carthage, North Africa. Tertullian (A pagan turned Catholic) was the first man who can be said to be Trinitarian since he invented the word "Trinity". He knew Greek as well as Latin, and wrote works in Greek. When he was yet a pagan (Around mid life) he accused the Catholic Church of also worshipping pagan gods as he did because the teachings of the trinity were much like his own.
See The Trinity ~ Christian or Pagan? http://www.masters-table.org/pagan/trinity.htm
7. Severus (193-211) - Killed Origen's father.
8. Thracian (235-238) - Brutal barbarian who commanded all Christian leaders to die.
9. Decius (249-251) - Determined to exterminate Christianity.
10. Valerian (253-260) - Killed Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage.
11. Diocleatian (284-305) - Last and most severe persecution. For ten years believers were hunted in caves and forests. They were burned, thrown to wild beasts, and put to death by every torture cruelty could devise. But Diocletian's own wife and daughter accepted Christ.
B. The next historical period saw the "marrying" of the pagan religions and Christianity.
1. They were given over to many Greek idols, the two most prominent were:
a. Baccas - the god of revelry.
b. Asclepius - the god of healing.
C. Rome demanded cooperation of all groups under their reign.
D. Constantine "married" paganism and the church, the world and the church.
E. Constantine was the son of a Roman emperor. He felt that he should have the throne. He amassed an army and headed for Rome.
F. Constantine needed the backing of the Christians, as well as the pagans, which he already had.
G. October 28, 312 A.D. at the Battle of Milvian Bridge on the Tiber River, he had a vision; he saw a sign in the sky, which said "In this sign conquer."
H. Constantine vowed if the Catholic God would help him to win this battle, he would become a Catholic.
I. Constantine, carefully described the cross he saw, and had it placed on the shield of the soldiers.
J. The cross was an Egyptian "ankh" a T with a circle on top. This is the sign of the sun God, and Tammuz.
(See History of the cross at
K. He won the battle, took Rome, and attributed it to the sign.
L. In 313 A.D., Constantine signed the edict of toleration (no more persecution of the church). He declared himself to be the "Protector of Christianity".
M. Constantine ordered the production of 50 copies of the Catholic Scriptures.
1. Eusebious produced these Bibles.
2. He used the Hexapolis. This was a parallel Bible with six versions in it. He used the most corrupt of them.
3. This is the origin of false Bibles.
4. The Siniaticus and the Vaticanus were written during this period.
a. These are often called the Septuagint.
b. The Septuagint was suppose to be a Greek translation of the Old Testament, that Jesus quoted from.
c. There are NO earlier versions of the Septuagint.
II. Pagan Practices Married to the Church of Rome
The Church that never changes has been in a constant state of change since is inception in the third century. Here is a partial list of added pagan practices complete with the dates that they were started.
A. 312 A.D. Symbol of the cross (tau) for the church.
B. Cir-300 Infant baptism.
C. 300 A.D. Prayers for the dead.
D. 300 A.D. Making the sign of the cross.
E. 375 A.D. Worship of angels.
F. 375 A.D. Worship of saints.
G. 394 A.D. Mass instituted.
3. Council of Trent:
a. Necessary for Salvation.
b. Not only do the elements of the Mass contain flesh, bones, and nerves as part of Christ, but also a whole Christ. - from the Encyclopedia.
Religions, Volume 2, P. 77.
(See Sun worship in Christianity? at
(See Mary worship at http://www.masters-table.org/pagan/queen.htm)
H. 431 A.D. Worship of Mary.
I. 500 A.D. Priests dressing differently from laymen.
J. 526 A.D. Extreme unction (Last Rights).
K. 593 A.D. Doctrine of purgatory.
L. 600 A.D. Services conducted in Latin.
M. 600 A.D. Prayers conducted to Mary.
N. 607 A.D. Boniface the third made the first Pope.
O. 709 A.D. Kissing of the Pope's foot.
P. 786 A.D. Worshipping of images and relics.
Q. 850 A.D. Use of Holy Water.
R. 995 A.D. Canonization of dead saints (You may now pray to them according to the Church of Rome).
S. 1079 A.D. Celibacy of the priesthood.
T. 1090 A.D. Rosary (prayer beads instituted which are pagan).
U. 1215 A.D. Transubstantiation (The wafer becomes the literal flesh of Jesus Christ).
"In the Celebration of the Holy Mass, the bread and wine are changed into the body and blood of Christ. It is called Transubstantiation, for in the Sacrament of the Eucharist the substance of bread and wine do not remain, but the entire substance of the bread is changed into the body of Christ, and the entire substance of the wine is changed into his blood. The species or outward semblance of bread and wine alone remaining." -The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume 4, page 227.
2. When the priest blesses the bread and wine he says in Latin, "Hocest corpus menus" (Hocus Pocus). - Durant, The Reformation, P. 749.
V. 1220 A.D. Adoration of the wafer (host).
(See Eucharist worship at http://www.masters-table.org/pagan/sun1.htm
W. 1229 A.D. Bible is forbidden to the laymen.
X. 1414 A.D. Cup forbidden to be touched during Holy Communion.
Y. 1439 A.D. Doctrine of seven Sacraments affirmed.
Z. 1508 A.D. The Ave Maria approved. (Hail to Mary).
a. 1534 A.D. Jesuit order founded. (See Apostasy Now ~ page six "Apostasy.")
b. 1545 A.D. Tradition granted equal authority with the Bible.
c. 1546 A.D. Apocryphal books placed in the Bible.
d. 1854 A.D. Immaculate conception of Mary.
e. 1864 A.D. Syllabus of errors proclaimed.
f. 1870 A.D. Infallibility of the Pope declared.
g. 1935 A.D. Assumption of the Virgin Mary.
h. 1965 A.D. Mary proclaimed the Mother of the Church.
Below you will find the Reformation Time line broke down in the following
I. The Pre-Reformation Period (1215 - 1515)
II. The Reformation Period (1516 - 1563)
III. The Post-Reformation Period (1564 - 1689)
I. The Pre-Reformation Period (1215 - 1515)
1215--Signing of Magna Carta; English barons force King John to agree to a statement of their rights
1290--Edward I expells all Jews from England
1291--Sacreans (Muslims) capture last Christian stronghold in Palestine; end of Crusades after 200 years
1295--England's Model Parliament-Edward I summons bishops, knights, and burgesses from all parishes for first representative parliament
1302--"Unam Sanctam," papal bull of Pope Boniface VIII, asserts papal supremacy over every human being King Philip IV of France convenes first Estates-General (Parliament) with all estates represented
1306--England expels 100,000 Jews who remained after Edward expulsion order of 1290
1309--Pope Clement, a Frenchman, move papal court to Avignon, France, beginning "The Babylonian Captivity."
1310--England's barons force Edward II to appoint lords ordainers to help him rule. Parliament rules taxation shall be imposed only by Parliament
1314--Battle of Bannockburn assures independence of Scotland-30,000 Scotsmen under Robert Bruce VIII rout 100,000 led by Edward II
1318--At Battle of Dundalk, Ireland's Edward Bruce killed three years after being proclaimed king
1327--Edward II is killed in prison; Isabella's 14-year-old son becomes Edward III
1328--Louis IV invades Italy and declares Pope John XXII deposed for heresy
1330--John Wycliffe born in Wycliffe-on-Tees. Edward III seizes power, ends regencey of Isabella and Mortimer.
1337--Beginning of "Hundred Years War" between England and France-Edward III assumes title of King of France; French king Philip VI contests England's claims to Normandy
1338--Declaration of Rhense-Electors of Holy Roman Empire can select emperor without papal intervention
1341--English Parliament divided into Upper House (Lords) and Lower House (Commons)
1346--Battle of Crecy establishes England as military power; English longbowmen change face of warfare
1347-1351--The Black Death (bubonic plague) devastates Europe, killing as many as two-thirds of the population.
1348--Black Death reaches England
1349--Death of William of Ockham, English philosopher, who sowed seeds of independence of church/state
1351--England removes Pope's power to give English benefices to foreigners
1353--Parliament's Statue of Praemunrie forbids appeals to the Pope.
1356--Edward, the Black Prince of Wales, destroys French army at Battle of Poitiers. "The Golden Bull" of Roman Emperor Charles IV transforms empire from monarchy into aristocratic federation to last 450 years.
1362--English becomes the authorized language of the law courts; French still used for legal documents. Piers Plowman written by English poet over next 30 years. Palace of Popes at Avignon completed after 28 years of construction.
1366--Parliament refuses to pay feudal tribute to Pope.
1370--Wycliffe's First Presentation of his doctrine on the Eucharist; he clarifies a theme which is later enshrined as a central doctrine of the Reformation. John Ball in England preaches man's natural equality
1374--John of Gaunt returns from French wars to become leader of the state.
1377--Rioting ends Wycliffe's trial at St. Paul's and the "The Babylonian Captivity" ends.
Pope Gregory XI issues five bulls against Wycliffe, and Wycliffe agrees to "house arrest" at Oxford.
Leaving Avignon, Pope Gregory XI moves papal court to Rome; ending the "Babylonian Captivity."
1378--Queen Mother ends Wycliffe's trial at Lambeth Palace. The Great Schism divides the Catholic Church for 39 years when two opposing popes are elected-Pope Urban V in Rome and Pope Clement VII in Avignon.{Avignon }
1378--Pope Urban VI presides in Rome whilst Pope Clement VII presides in Avignon.
1381--John Wycliffe publishes Confession, denying that the "substance" of bread and wine are miraculously changed during the Eucharist; Wycliffe withdraws from public to Lutterworth.
The Peasant Revolt; 30,000 rioters converge on London; ends when Wat Tyler, their leader, is betrayed and killed.
1381-1384--Wycliffe, with the assistance of his aides, intensifies his work on an English translation of Bible (from the Latin Vulgate not the Biblical Greek and Hebrew); first translation of the Bible into English.
1382--Blackfriars Synod condemns Wycliffe's writings, followed by purge of Wycliffites at Oxford.
1383--Wycliffe, "star of the Reformation", dies on New Year's Eve.
1387--Chaucer begins work on The Canterbury Tales.
1389--Statute of Provisors makes papal appointments in England invalid.
1393--Second Statue of Praemunrie prohibits introduction of papal bulls.
1399--John of Gaunt dies; Richard II confiscates his estates; John Gaunt's son, Henry of Bolingbroke, returns from exile and is acclaimed by Parliament as King Henry IV; Richard II dies a year later in prison.
1414--Sir Jon Oldcastle (Lord Cobham), disciple of Wycliffe, burned at stake.
1415--The Council of Constance condemns Wycliffe on 267 different heresies. At Battle of Agincourt, Henry V leads English archers in victory over larger French cavalry. Council of Constance condemns Wycliffe of 267 heresies and demands that John Hus recant; he refuses and is burned at the stake.
1428--At papal command, remains of Wycliffe dug up, burned, and scattered on the river Swift
1431--Jeanne d'Arc (Joan of Arc) burned as a witch at Rouen
1453--Sack of Constantinople by the Turks; Christian refugees are welcomed into Florence bring their libraries, including ancient copies of the Greek Septuagint, with them; this encourages the revival of "New Learning" throughout western Europe and will make possible Erasmus's ground breaking work on the Greek New Testament (the basis of the Textus Receptus)
End of Hundred Years War between England and France.
1455--Gutenberg completes printing the Bible using movable type. (first printing of the Bible in any language); the invention of the commercial printing press revolutionizes how knowledge and information are shared; it proves to be an essential and powerful tool in spreading the Gospel
War of Roses begin in England
1463--Turks capture Bosnia.
1469--Erasmus born
1473--Copernicus born
1476--William Caxton sets up printing press at Westminster
1478--Spanish Inquisition persecutes Jews, Muslims, and heretics
1480--Ferdinand and Isabella appoint Inquisition against heresy among converted Jews
1483--Luther is born at Eisleben (November 10) and battle of Bosworth on August 22 ends England's 15-year Wars of the Roses;
Henry VII crowned first king of 117-year Tudor dynasty
1491--Henry VIII born
1492-- Profession of publisher emerges, consisting of typefounder, printer, and bookseller. Inquisitor-general Torquemada gives Spanish Jews three months to convert or leave country; 200,000 Jews are expelled
1493--Maximilian I becomes Holy Roman Emperor. The pope divides the New World between Spain and Portugal
1494--William Tyndale is born
1496--Menno Simons born
1497--The College of Cardinals discusses a church bill condemning "licentious clergy," but the idea is soon dropped. Albrecht Durer paints Apocalypse
1498--Savonarola burned at the stake for heresy in Florence
1499--War between Swabian League and Swiss Cantons. Swiss victory forces Treaty of Basel granting Swiss independence, and Granada's Moors revolt as Inquisitor de Cisneros introduces forced wholesale Christian conversion
1500--Pope Alexander VI proclaims a Year of Jubilee; imposes a tithe for crusade against Turks.
1501--Music printed for the first time by use of movable type.
Papal bull orders the burning of any books questioning Church's authority.
1502--University of Wittenberg established by Frederick, Elector of Saxony.
1503--Canterbury Cathedral completed after 436 years of construction.
1505--John Knox , the leader of the Scottish Reformation, is born.
1506--William Tyndale (age 12?) enters Magdalen College at Oxford; as a youth "singularly addicted to the scriptures", he reads the Bible in English (translating from the Latin Vulgate) to his fellow students (11 years prior to Luther's 95 Thesis).
1507--Martin Luther ordained and celebrates first Mass. Diet of Constance recognizes unity of Holy Roman Empire.
1509--Henry VIII assumes English throne and marries Catherine of Aragon. Luther visits Rome. --- John Calvin, the Swiss Reformer, is born in Noyon, France and Erasmus writes Praise of Folly at Thomas More's home.
1511--Pope Julius forms Holy League with Venice and Aragon to drive French out of city; Henry VIII joins Holy League
1512--William Tyndale completes his B.A. at Oxford
1513--Giovanni de Medici becomes Pope Leo X-"one of most severe trials to which God ever subjected his church" Peasant and labor rebellions spread eastward from Switzerland. Henry VIII conducts brief invasion of France.
1515--Tyndale completes his M.A. at Oxford and is ordained, but refuses to enter monastic orders. Thomas Wolsey is appointed Cardinal and Lord Chancellor of England.
II. The Reformation Period (1516 - 1563)
Erasmus publishes his edition of Greek-Latin New Testament, Novum Instrumentum; this translation powerfully demonstrated the corruption of the Latin Vulgate's text; Erasmus promotes the translation of the Bible into vernacular tongues for reading by the plowboy and the "simplest woman." Pope Julius II convenes the Lateran Council to undertake reforms in abuses of Church in Rome. Sir Thomas More writes Utopia.
1517--Martin Luther posts 95 theses in protest against saleable indulgences. Erasmus publishes anti-war tract. Tetzel hired by Albert of Mainz to sell indulgences.
1518--At meeting of Augustinians in Heidelberg, Luther defends his theology; later he appears before Cardinal Cajetan at Augsburg, but refuses to recant; in December, Frederick the Wise protects Luther from being handed over to Rome.
1519--Luther questions papal infallibility in a debate, and Luther begins New Testament sermon series, signaling new era of Biblical preaching. Zwingli begins New Testament sermons; Swiss reformation is born. Charles V (of Spain) succeeds Maximilian as Holy Roman Emperor.
1520--Papal bull "Exsurge Domine" gives Luther 60 days to recant or be excommunicated; writes 3 seminal documents: To the Christian Nobility, On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church, and The Freedom of a Christian; burns papal bull and canon law.
1521--Cambridge students form a study-group at the White Horse Tavern Little Bilney, William Tyndale, John Frith, and Thomas Cranmer are among them. Luther is Excommunicated by the papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem; at Diet of Worms in April, he refuses to recant writings, and edict (in May) condemns him as heretic and outlaw; he is "kidnapped" and hidden at Wartburg Castle; begins translating the New Testament into German. Religious unrest in Wittenberg: private masses abolished, Karlstadt serves Communion in both elements, religious statues destroyed. Pope titles Henry VIII "Defender of the Faith" for attacking Luther's views of the sacraments. Lutheran books appear in England. "Zwickau prophets," early Anabaptists, arrive in Wittenberg. Pope Leo X dies, succeeded by Hadrian VI. Carlstadt celebrates first Protestant communion at Wittenburg. Diet of Worms; Luther refuses to recant; gets backing of German princes; begins German translation of Bible
1521-1523--William Tyndale begins teaching at Little Sodbury; disputes with local clergy and is arraigned on charges of heresy; translates Erasmus's Enchiridion
1522--Anabaptist movement begins in Germany. Stump and Reublin challenge paying of tithes. Luther introduces German liturgy in Wittenburg.
1523--Tyndale resides with Humphrey Monmouth in London.
1524--Tyndale seeks patronage of Bishop Tunstall and is rebuffed; then, assisted by Monmouth, he travels to Germany and registers at the University of Wittenburg.
1524--Luther debates Karlstadt on the Lord's Supper. Erasmus publishes On Freedom of the Will.
Peasant Wars breaks out in southern Germany. Diet of Nuremberg fails to enforce Edict of Worms condemning Luther.
1525--In Cologne, Tyndale prepares to print an English New Testament; but he
is discovered and escapes with only a few printed portions. Anabaptist movement
begins in Zürich, spreads to Germany; First Zürich disputation with
those opposed to infant baptism; First believer's baptism in Zürich; Denck
banished from Nuremberg for views on Lord's Supper; First Anabaptist congregation
of 35 converts established in Zollikon; First imprisonment of Anabaptists occurs
in Zürich; they escape. Luther marries Katherine von Bora; writes Bondage
of the Will (against Erasmus). Charles V defeats Francis I; Elector Frederick
the Wise dies; France makes pact with Suleiman I.
1526--Tyndale completes the printing of New Testament (in Worms); (It is the first printing of the New Testament in English and the first English translation of the scriptures from the Biblical Greek); smuggled copies of his New Testaments are soon being circulated throughout England. Cardinal Wolsey presides at a massive burning of "Lutheran" books. Reformation spreads to Sweden and Denmark. League of Torgau formed; First Diet of Speyer postpones enforcement of Edict of Worms. Erasmus publishes the works of St. Augustine.
1527--Bishop Tunstall orders the purchase and burning of all the testaments; but this serves only to finance Tyndale's second edition of the New Testament. The German and Spanish Imperial troops of Charles V sack Rome. Basel orders corporeal punishment and confiscation of property for adult baptism or sheltering Anabaptists. First Protestant university (Marburg) founded. Plague strikes Wittenberg.
1527-1530--English agents seek to capture Tyndale on the Continent; he keeps moving and continues to translate and write.
1528--Reformation established in Bern. Swabian League authorizes military division of 400 horsemen to scout for Anabaptists. Thomas Bilney, respected Cambridge preacher and "Lutheran sympathizer," is dragged from his pulpit and imprisoned.
1529--Tyndale publishes Obedience of a Christian Man; Sir Thomas More begins writing against Tyndale and Luther. (Dialogue) Henry VIII dismisses Lord Chancellor Thomas Wolsey for failing to obtain the Pope's consent to his divorce from Catherine of Aragon; Sir Thomas More appointed Lord Chancellor; Henry VIII summons the "Reformation Parliament" and begins to cut the ties with the Church of Rome. Reformation becomes official in Basel. Diet of Speyer-Luther's followers name Protestants. (first use of the term.) Luther and Zwingli attend Marburg Colloquy, but no agreement reached on the Lord's Supper.
Tyrolean Anabaptists flea homeland for Moravia. Diet of Speyer restores death penalty for re-baptizing.
Turks lay siege to Vienna.
1530--Tyndale's translation of the first five books of the Old Testament appears in England (printed in Worms); he also publishes Practice of Prelates. Hoffman baptizes 300 Anabaptists in Emden and sends lay preachers to Netherlands. Luther, as outlaw, cannot attend the Diet of Augsburg, held in attempt to end religious division in the empire; Melanchthon presents Augsburg Confession, a statement of Lutheran beliefs. Protestants form Schmalkaldic League against Emperor Charles V.
1531--Tyndale meets Henry VIII's agent Steven Vaughan, but declines the king's invitation to return to England; Tyndale's translation of the Book of Jonah and his Exposition of the first Epistle of St. John are printed; Tyndale responds to Thomas More's Dialogue, with An Answer. Thomas Bilney is burned at stake.
Bullinger succeeds Zwingli and publishes first book against Anabaptists. Zwingli angles for French support for the Reformation by allowing Swiss mercenaries to be hired. Dressed in battle armor, Zwingli joins the forces on October 11 and is killed in battle.
1532--Thomas More responds to Tyndale's An Answer with his Confutation; Tyndale, choosing to spend his energies in more essential endeavors, breaks off debate with Thomas More.
English clergy submit to Henry VIII.
Calvin starts Protestant movement in France; publishes his first work-a commentary on Seneca's De Clementia. Diet of Regensburg and Peace of Nuremberg guarantee religious toleration in face of Turkish threat.
1533--Tyndale's translation of Erasmus's Enchiridion and his revision of chapters five, six, and seven of Matthew's Gospel are printed; his beloved friend, John Frith, is burned at the stake in Smithfield; Thomas Cranmer appointed Archbishop of Canterbury; (This effectly ends clerical celibacy among Anglicans, as Cranmer is twice-married) The Act in Restraint of Appeals prohibits appeals to the bishop of Rome. Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine is declared void; Anne Boleyn crowned Queen. Calvin and Nicolas Cop flee Paris. At about this time Calvin undergoes a "sudden conversion."
Hutter joins Moravian group who become known as Hutterites.
1534--Tyndale's revised New Testament is printed; he moves into Thomas Poyntz's English merchants' boarding house in Antwerp (English House) Pope Paul III, the father of three illegitimate children, comes to power. Luther completes translation of Bible into German.
Act of Supremacy Henry VIII establishes himself as Supreme Head of Church
and Clergy of England
Ignatius Loyola founds Society of Jesus to spread Counter Reformation. (The Jesuit order, or the army of the Pope.) The word Jesuit is ascribed by its opponents as crafty, intriguing, or an equivocating person:
Strassburg decrees that Anabaptists must leave the city.
1535--King's agent Henry Phillips arrives in Antwerp and "befriends" Tyndale, then arranges to have him arrested while Thomas Poyntz is out of town; Tyndale is cast into Vilvoorde prison near Brussels. Myles Coverdale, a close aide of Tyndale, translates the portions of the Old Testament not completed by Tyndale (relying heavily on Tyndale's early drafts) and publishes the "Coverdale Bible:" This is the first printing of the entire Bible in the English language.
Thomas More and Cardinal Fisher beheaded for opposing Henry VIII. Anabaptist uprising at Münster put down, and Anabaptists executed. Charles V conquers Tunis and frees 20,000 Christian slaves; Emperor forms Catholic Defense League. France makes pact with Suleiman I.
1536--Following a fifteen month imprisonment William Tyndale is strangled and burned at stake for heresy.
(6th October) Luther agrees to Wittenberg Concord on the Lord's Supper, in an attempt to resolve differences with other reformers, but the Zwinglians do not accept it. Denmark and Norway become Lutheran; and Erasmus dies. Menno Simons breaks with Rome; becomes Anabaptist leader in Netherlands. Calvin is persuaded by Farel to remain in Geneva; publishes the first edition of Institutes of the Christian Religion. Henry VIII dissolves 376 monasteries and nunneries.
1537--John Rogers, a close aide of Wm. Tyndale, publishes the second complete English Bible. Because the major part of this Bible was the translation of Tyndale, whose writings had been condemned by the English authorities, it is published under the pseudonym "Thomas Matthew".
The "Matthew's Bible" is a composite made up of Tyndale's Pentateuch and New Testament (1534-1535 edition) and Coverdale's Bible and a small amount of Roger's own translation.
1538--Landgrave Philip of Hesse arranges debate between Anabaptists and Bucer; results in Hessian Anabaptists returning to state church and state church deciding to excommunicate immoral Christians. Calvin and Farel are banished from Geneva. Calvin goes to Strasbourg as pastor to the French-speaking congregation. Luther writes against the Jews and the Sabbatarians.
1539--Thomas Cranmer, the Archbishop of Canterbury, at the bequest of the King Henry VIII commissions Myles Coverdale to publish a large pulpit Bible. It became the first English Bible authorized for public use, distributed to every church and chained to the pulpit. The Great Bible was approved by Henry VIII: "sent abroad among the people" to be read by all and "set forth with the king's most gracious license". This Bible - mostly comprised of Tyndale's translation - was known as the "Great Bible" due to its great size: a large pulpit folio measuring over 14 inches tall. Seven editions of this version were printed between April of 1539 and December of 1541. Printers and sellers of books were encouraged to provide for the "free and liberal use of the Bible in our own maternal English tongue". By the decree of the king every church was to provide a reader so that the illiterate could hear the Word of God in their own tongue.
It would seem that William Tyndale's last prayer had been granted three
years after his martyrdom. The Six Articles, against Lutheranism. Hugh Latimer,
bishop of Winchester, resigns in protest. Henry VIII is still occasionally burning
Lutherans and hanging Roman Catholics. Henry VIII marries and divorces Anne
of Cleves, executes the now-unpopular Thomas Cromwell, and marries Katherine
Howard. Cardinal Sadeleto writes letter to Geneva. Calvin is asked to respond
on behalf of Geneva. Frankfurt Truce declared between Catholic and Protestant
1539-40--Simons publishes the Foundation Book of Anabaptist faith.
1540--Pope recognizes order of Jesuits; will make them the chief agents of Counter Reformation. Conferences at Hagenau and Worms fail to reconcile Protestants and Catholics
1541--John Calvin establishes theocracy in Geneva. John Knox establishes Calvinist Reformation in Scotland. Peter Riedeman writes Hutterite Confession of Faith. Henry VIII assumes titles of King of Ireland and Head of Irish Church. At Conference of Regensburg, Melanchthon and Bucer reach agreement with Catholics on most doctrines, but Luther and Rome reject their work. Calvin writes a treatise on free will against the Roman Catholic theologian Albert Pighius.
1543--Luther writes "On the Jews and Their Lies." Alliance between Henry and Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) against Scotland and France. Council of Trent, for reform of Catholic Church, opens.
Cranmer instructed to write prayers and a litany (for the army) in English. He does this so well that he is asked to make a prayer book in English, based on the service at Salisbury Cathedral.
1545--Henry VIII's last speech to Parliament; He says Papist, Lutheran, Anabaptist are names devised by the devil to sunder one man's heart from another. Luther writes Against the Papacy at Rome, who he named an Institution of the Devil. Peace of Augsburg allows rulers to determine religion of their region.
1546--Luther dies.
1547--Henry VIII dies.
1553--Edward VI dies; succeeded by Mary I ("Bloody Mary.") Servetus, Spanish theologian and physician executed in Geneva as a heretic.
1554--Mary I marries Philip (later Philip II of Spain); Catholicism restored in England; Elizabeth is imprisoned. During Mary's reign, about 300 Protestants are burned, including 5 bishops, 100 priests, 60 women. John Rogers, Tyndale's close assistant (alias "Thomas Matthew"), is the first to burn. Protestants are forced into exile or hiding. An attempt by Cardinal Pole (Mary's archbishop of Canterbury) to restore monasticism fizzles when, among 1500 surviving monks, nuns, and friars, fewer than 100 are willing to return to celibacy.
In the 1550's the Church in Switzerland was very sympathetic to the reformer
refugees and was one of only a few safe havens for a desperate people. Many
of them gathered in Geneva, led by Myles Coverdale and John Foxe as well as
Thomas Sampson and William Whittingham. Over 200 including 8 pastors and 2 bishops
found refuge in John Knox's congregation and there were many more English Protestants
in exile elsewhere. There, with the protection of John Calvin, the Church
of Geneva determined to produce a Bible that would educate their families while
they continued in exile.
1555--Bishops Hugh Latimer and Nicholas Ridley are burned at the stake as Cranmer watches; Later John Hooper and John Bradford are also burned.
1556--Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, is forced to recant but later repudiates; He is burned at the stake.
1557--Publication of Geneva New Testament
1558--Mary I dies; succeeded by Elizabeth I. Defeat of Spanish Armada.
1560--Publication of Geneva Bible (complete Old and New Testament); This is the first time a Bible is printed with verse divisions.
1563--Thirty-Nine Articles drafted as a doctrinal statement by a convocation of the Church of England.
John Foxe's publishes Acts & Monuments ("Foxe's Book of Martyrs"); to this day it remains the only exhaustive reference work on the persecution and martyrdom of Early Christians and Protestants from the first century up to the mid-16th century.
See this link for more information http://www.masters-table.org/reformation/foxesbook.htm
III. The Post-Reformation Period (1564 - 1689)
1564--The term "Puritan" first used and Calvin dies.
1577--Alliance between England and Netherlands; Francis Drake sails around the world. (Till 1580)
1600--Elizabeth I grants charter to East India Company.
1603--Elizabeth I dies; James VI proclaimed King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, as James I
1605--"Gunpowder plot"; Guy Fawkes and other Roman Catholic conspirators fail in attempt to blow up Parliament.
1607--Parliament rejects proposals for union between England and Scotland, and Colony of Virginia is founded at Jamestown by John Smith;
1611--Publication of King James Bible. Believed to be approximately 85% of the New Testament and the first half of the Old Testament are rendered as Tyndale translated them. English and Scottish Protestant colonists settle in Ulster.
1620--Separatists ("Pilgrims") land at Plymouth Rock on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in the "Mayflower"; found New Plymouth.
1643--Scots adopt the Solemn League and Covenant.
1647--Westminster Assembly drafts Westminster Confession of Faith and the Larger and Shorter Catechisms.
1665--Great Plague in London.
1666--Great Fire of London.
1667--John Milton publishes Paradise Lost.
1670--Secret Treaty of Dover between Charles II of England and Louis XIV of France to restore Roman Catholicism to England.
1679--Act of Habeas Corpus passed, forbidding imprisonment without trial.
1687--James II issues Declaration of Liberty of Conscience, extends toleration to all religions.
1688--England's 'Glorious Revolution'; William III of Orange is invited to save England from Roman Catholicism, lands in England, James II flees to France.
1689--Convention Parliament issues Bill of Rights; establishes a constitutional monarchy in Britain; bars Roman Catholics from the throne; William III and Mary II become joint monarchs of England and Scotland (to1694), Toleration Act grants freedom of worship to dissenters in England."
End of timeline.
Thus begins the many Churches formed in the New world known as The United
States of America.
The Protestant reformation broke the power that the Pope had over the people and with the freedom of our constitution we now have a multitude of men competing with each other all with a little church empire they control, and each "always claiming to be the true church God is working with here on earth, and each unwilling to change even when shown they are teaching error. It is known as the "Christian religion." Or what I call The Great Apostasy!
Minor Tribulation - A period before the Great Tribulation but scripture
does not distinguish between when the minor Tribulations start and end nor where
the Great Tribulations begins. The scriptures in Luke 21 and Matthew 24 which
state there will be wars and rumors of war does not give a timeline because
wars and rumors of war as well as earth quakes and food shortage have occurred
all down through the last almost two thousand years. We can however compare
the scriptures in Luke 21 and Matthew 24 to the opening of the six seals in
the book of Revelation. You might want to read our study titled "Revelation
six vs. Matthew 24."
The Great Tribulation consist of a period, which not only describes the persecution of Christians which most likely will take place sometime during the reign of the antichrist for 3 ½ years, but will also include God's wrath upon the beast system and all those that accepted the mark of the beast. After the sounding of "Seventh and last Trumpet" and the start of the returning Messiah (1st Resurrection) we find these scriptures in 1 Cor. 15:50-55. "Now this I say, brethren, that flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God; nor does corruption inherit incorruption. Behold, I tell you a mystery: We shall not all sleep, but we shall all be changed, in a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trumpet. For the trumpet will sound, and the dead will be raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed. For this corruptible must put on incorruption, and this mortal must put on immortality. So when this corruptible has put on incorruption, and this mortal has put on immortality, then shall be brought to pass the saying that is written: "Death is swallowed up in victory. O Death, where is your sting? O Hades, where is your victory?"
After the sounding of the seventh trumpet and the resurrection of the dead we find that there will be seven angels each with a bowl that will be seven plagues poured out on the Dragon, the Beast and false prophet, and those that accepted the mark of the beast. Notice the very important events that will happen when the seventh angel pours the last bowl out. "Then the seventh angel poured out his bowl into the air, and a loud voice came out of the temple of heaven, from the throne, saying, "It is done!" And there were noises and thunderings and lightnings; and there was a great earthquake, such a mighty and great earthquake as had not occurred since men were on the earth. Now the great city was divided into three parts, and the cities of the nations fell. And great Babylon was remembered before God, to give her the cup of the wine of the fierceness of His wrath. Then every island fled away, and the mountains were not found. And great hail from heaven fell upon men, each hailstone about the weight of a talent. Men blasphemed God because of the plague of the hail, since that plague was exceedingly great. Rev 16:17-21. The fact we find the great earthquake, "such a mighty and great earthquake as had not occurred since men were on the earth" here at the very end of the beast power's reign tells us a lot about the other prophecies that relate to this very great earthquake. There can only be ONE great earthquake that is so great that has not occurred since men were on the earth. With this fact in mind let's read what the prophet Ezekiel stated "For in My jealousy and in the fire of My wrath I have spoken: 'Surely in that day there shall be a great earthquake in the land of Israel, 'so that the fish of the sea, the birds of the heavens, the beasts of the field, all creeping things that creep on the earth, and all men who are on the face of the earth shall shake at My presence. The mountains shall be thrown down, the steep places shall fall, and every wall shall fall to the ground.' Ezekiel 38:19-20. Notice that all men on the face of the earth as well as all fish, birds and creeping things will shake. The mountains shall be thrown down, the steep places shall fall, and every wall shall fall to the ground. By this description of total distruction of not only the earth also of all the cities, we know that this prophecy spoken thousands of years ago is concerning the time that Jesus will take over the earth and rule.
The Righteous Judged and their reward:
Now a continuation of the ressurection event we read in 1 Cor. 15:50-55, we find in Rev 20:4-6 the righteous being judged and their reward being to rule with Jesus during the thousand year rule of the Kingdom of God and being Kings and priest with Jesus. Let's read it; "And I saw thrones, and they sat on them, and judgment was committed to them. Then I saw the souls of those who had been beheaded for their witness to Jesus and for the word of God, who had not worshiped the beast or his image, and had not received his mark on their foreheads or on their hands. And they lived and reigned with Christ for a thousand years. But the rest of the dead did not live again until the thousand years were finished. This is the first resurrection. Blessed and holy is he who has part in the first resurrection. Over such the second death has no power, but they shall be priests of God and of Christ, and shall reign with Him a thousand years."
Yes after the defeat of the Antichrist and his army at the Kidron Valley the Kingdom of God will be established for a thousand years as we find in Rev 20:1-6. It states, "Then I saw an angel coming down from heaven, having the key to the bottomless pit and a great chain in his hand. He laid hold of the dragon, that serpent of old, who is the Devil and Satan, and bound him for a thousand years; and he cast him into the bottomless pit, and shut him up, and set a seal on him, so that he should deceive the nations no more till the thousand years were finished." This however is not the final battle and the end of the world. The final battle is after the thousand year rule of the Messiah when Satan will be loosed for a little season and gather Gog and Magog against the cities of God. It states in the book of Revelation; "Now when the thousand years have expired, Satan will be released from his prison and will go out to deceive the nations which are in the four corners of the earth, Gog and Magog, to gather them together to battle, whose number is as the sand of the sea. They went up on the breadth of the earth and surrounded the camp of the saints and the beloved city. And fire came down from God out of heaven and devoured them". Rev 20:7-9. Remember the prophecy we read above from the book of Ezekiel chapter 38 vs. 19-20? Well if you keep reading this prophecy from there you will find that Ezekiel also revealed the above prophecy concerning Gog and Magog, so that is where we would read to gain more information about this event. (You might want to read our study about the true "Battle of Armageddon".)
Notice that this scripture does not state in any way that they will gather at the valley of Megiddo but rather on the breadth (Width) of the earth. Some tell me that I should not use the term "Outer darkness" when referring to the out casting of Satan and the false prophet but let's read it for ourselves in Matt 8:11-12. "And I say to you that many will come from east and west, and sit down with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob in the kingdom of heaven. But the sons of the kingdom will be cast out into outer darkness. There will be weeping and gnashing of teeth." And we find a very insightful scripture in Matt 25:24-46. "Then he who had received the one talent came and said, 'Lord, I knew you to be a hard man, reaping where you have not sown, and gathering where you have not scattered seed. 'And I was afraid, and went and hid your talent in the ground. Look, there you have what is yours.' "But his lord answered and said to him, 'You wicked and lazy servant, you knew that I reap where I have not sown, and gather where I have not scattered seed. 'So you ought to have deposited my money with the bankers, and at my coming I would have received back my own with interest. 'Therefore take the talent from him, and give it to him who has ten talents. 'For to everyone who has, more will be given, and he will have abundance; but from him who does not have, even what he has will be taken away. 'And cast the unprofitable servant into the outer darkness. There will be weeping and gnashing of teeth.' Just for the sake of thinking outside of the box check out what "might be Outer Darkness"
Can people be named as Christian but still be cast into outer Darkness?
We find scripture that state "Many will say to Me in that day, 'Lord, Lord, have we not prophesied in Your name, cast out demons in Your name, and done many wonders in Your name?' "And then I will declare to them, 'I never knew you; depart from Me, you who practice lawlessness!' Matt 7:22-23. Notice the time setting in the above scripture is the last judgment. These people being judged were doing things during their lifetime in the Name Christian, but Jesus will not accept them. We also read a warning from the apostle Paul in second Timothy 4:3-4? "For the time will come when they will not endure sound doctrine; but after their own lusts shall they heap to themselves teachers, having itching ears; and they shall turn away their ears from the truth, and shall be turned unto fables." Notice that these people will heap to themselves teachers...I would have to assume that these teachers are teaching scripture from the bible. It would take many years for this to be put in place and for it to deceive the masses into accepting another gospel so the question is, do you see it in the Christian religion today and if so where?
Old Heaven And Earth flees at Last Judgment Of All Dead (2nd Resurrection.)
Rev 20:11-15. "Then I saw a great white throne and Him who sat on it, from whose face the earth and the heaven fled away. And there was found no place for them. And I saw the dead, small and great, standing before God, and books were opened. And another book was opened, which is the Book of Life. And the dead were judged according to their works, by the things which were written in the books. The sea gave up the dead who were in it, and Death and Hades delivered up the dead who were in them. And they were judged, each one according to his works. Then Death and Hades were cast into the lake of fire. This is the second death. And anyone not found written in the Book of Life was cast into the lake of fire." Notice the statement that the second resurrection, which is the last judgement, will occure after the earth and the heaven has fled away so what will be there when the last judgment occurs? See Last Judgment.
It is very possible that many who die during the thousand year reign of the Christ will come up in the second resurrection. Note that the scriptures state; "Blessed are those that come up in the 1st resurrection as the second death has no power over them." End quote. However this does not mean that all those that are resurrected in the 2nd resurrection will be condemned. This is the last Judgment and we know that sin will exist during the Millennium. What would be the point of resurrecting them if ALL are condemned anyway?
New Heaven & New Earth.
God the Father will for the first time be ruling and living among His children and will do so for Eternity. -It states in 1 Cor 15:24 that Jesus will deliver the Kingdom to God the Father, let's read it..."Then comes the end, when He delivers the kingdom to God the Father, when He puts an end to all rule and all authority and power." Also we find recorded in Rev 21:1 the bringing in of the new earth and new city, it states: "Now I saw a new heaven and a new earth, for the first heaven and the first earth had passed away. Also there was no more sea. Then I, John, saw the holy city, New Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God, prepared as a bride adorned for her husband. And I heard a loud voice from heaven saying, "Behold, the tabernacle of God is with men, and He will dwell with them, and they shall be His people. God Himself will be with them and be their God. "And God will wipe away every tear from their eyes; there shall be no more death, nor sorrow, nor crying. There shall be no more pain, for the former things have passed away." Then He who sat on the throne said, "Behold, I make all things new." And He said to me, "Write, for these words are true and faithful." And He said to me, "It is done! I am the Alpha and the Omega, the Beginning and the End. I will give of the fountain of the water of life freely to him who thirsts. "He who overcomes shall inherit all things, and I will be his God and he shall be My son. We also find this in Old Testament prophecies as in Isa 66:22-24. "For as the new heavens and the new earth which I will make shall remain before Me," says the LORD, "So shall your descendants and your name remain. And it shall come to pass that from one New Moon to another, and from one Sabbath to another, all flesh shall come to worship before Me," says the LORD. "And they shall go forth and look upon the corpses of the men who have transgressed against Me. For their worm does not die, and their fire is not quenched. They shall be an abhorrence to all flesh."


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She's served as your protector, your nurturer and your provider. So what does mom deserve, and more importantly, really want for Mother's Day? Well, experts and mothers agree: She just wants to spend some time with you.
"It's about taking an old memory and building new memories," said Eva Yusa, shopping expert for shopLocal.com.
Yusa suggests going beyond the standard flowers, candy and perfume to doing something with Mom.
Here are some fun, easy and last-minute friendly ideas:
Spa Adventure
Spending the day at the spa or just popping in to the local salon for a manicure always feels great — and sharing the experience with Mom is the perfect excuse to catch up and gossip about Uncle Al's latest dating adventure.
According to In Touch magazine, Kathy and Paris Hilton get mother-daughter facials at Kate Somerville in Los Angeles, which is having a 2-for-1 Mother's Day facial special.
Find deals at more than 400 spas nationwide at spa-addicts.com.
Community Events
Across the country, there are special Mother's Day events planned, from the brunch in New Orleans at Muriel's Jackson Square (where they give each mother a flower) to a Mother's Day wildflower walk at the Germantown MetroPark in Dayton, Ohio.
Kathleen Chapman, a 37-year-old mother of two from New Orleans, attends the Mother's Day brunch at Muriel's after Mass with her parents and family, and tops it all off with dancing in the French Quarter.
While she knows her husband Ross helps her children, Maddie, 3, and Rosie, 5 months, pick out the gift (usually jewelry), what she enjoys most is the time spent with her brood.
"It's nice to be able to combine honoring my mother as well as my kids honoring me," Chapman said. "And they're also honoring their grandmother."
Do-It-Yourself Fun
Lingering over a project is an inexpensive and fun way to spend time with Mom. It usually takes a couple of hours to finish a craft at a paint-your-own-pottery studio, and the object you design can become an heirloom, reminding you of that purple paint you spilled and the cupful of giggles that followed.
Dance Class
Mom's been harboring that dream of learning to Lindy Hop for decades. Call up the local dance studio and get her some lessons. It's the only time that she'll shake her finger at you in a non-nagging good way.
Some yoga studios offer retreats for the weekend, but if you haven't planned ahead, giving that mom-to-be a yoga mat and a promise to attend a class with her after the baby is born will remind her she's not alone in her new parenting adventure.
Two Green Thumbs
If your mother's into gardening, Yusa suggests giving her a pair of gardening crocs, a trowel or a selection of seeds with a note that says you'd like to spend some time pruning petunias with her.
The Movies
Films are escapist pleasures. Taking Mom to that latest romantic comedy will help her forget the dishes piled in the sink (which, if you're a good kid, you'll wash once you get home).
Walk in the Park
An invigorating walk around the path at the local park gives you both a chance to grab some fresh air and admire the wildlife, not to mention a toning workout for those legs and arms.
The Old Standby
Still, most people will fall back on the old standby, a greeting card. Mother's Day is the third highest greeting-card holiday behind Christmas and Valentine's Day, and card manufacturers are changing their cards to acknowledge the juggling act moms perform everyday.
"The cards this year are really focusing on the evolving roles of moms. She has her career life, her home life, her hobbies and interests, and she manages it all with style and grace," said Angela Thompson, program manager for Mother's Day at American Greetings. "She can juggle a million things at once."
American Greetings has around 3,000 card designs for the holiday ranging from traditional salutations to notes designed to be given by one mother to another. They depict mothers as yoga gurus, gals on the go or deserving of a spa escape.
"When we talk to consumers, they talk about keeping their cards," Thompson said. "Mom, she'll have a special box where she keeps her cards. It's almost an archive for her."
But beyond the card, Yusa said a little bit of thought goes a long way.
"I always start by thinking of great memories, whether it's for my own mother, my grandmother, my aunt or my friend who's pregnant," she said.