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Viser treff 1-10 av 28
Productivity development in Icelandic : Norwegian and Swedish fisheries
(Working paper2007:31, Working paper, 2007-12)
Several factors contribute to the productivity of nations' fisheries: Abundance of fish stocks, government regulation of fisheries, and innovations in fishing technologies. We analyze the total factor productivity (TFP) ...
Optimal provision of public goods : implications for support to agriculture
(Discussion paper2007:6, Working paper, 2007-01)
This paper summarises a decade of research by the authors into the welfare economic foundations for agricultural policy. The main results are that the levels of support to agriculture in rich developed countries like ...
The 19th century Antarctic sealing industry : sources, data and economic significance
(Discussion paper2008:21, Working paper, 2008-09)
Sealing was the first exploitative industry in the Antarctic region. Throughout the 19th century it was characterized by large fluctuations in harvests and shifts in hunting grounds as seals were almost exterminated in ...
Antarctic tourism and the maritime heritage
(Discussion paper2008:20, Working paper, 2008-09)
Maritime activity in the Antarctic region goes back to the 18th Century. It evolved from exploration and discoveries to commercial activities, especially sealing and whaling. Antarctic tourism is a more recent phenomenon, ...
A crisis that never came : the decline of the European Antarctic whaling industry in the 1950s and -60s
(Discussion paper2011:9, Working paper, 2011-05)
Atmospheric externalities and environmental taxation
(Discussion paper2010:23, Working paper, 2010-09)
The paper reviews the theory of environmental taxation under first best and second best conditions. It argues that negative environmental externalities lead to reductions of the provision of public goods, while investment ...
Spatial management of a fishery under parameter uncertainty
(Discussion paper2008:13, Working paper, 2008-06)
Spatial management of a fishery under parameter uncertainty is analyzed. The habitat is divided into two areas, and the effort level in the two areas may be different. The migration of biomass between the areas follows a ...
Continuous harvesting costs in sole-owner fisheries with increasing marginal returns
(Discussion paper2009:6, Working paper, 2009-09)
We develop a bioeconomic model to analyze a sole-owner fishery with fixed costs as well as a continuous cost function for the generalized Cobb-Douglas production function with increasing marginal returns to effort level. ...
Aquaculture development in Asia : current status, economics and future outlook
(Working paper2006:42, Working paper, 2006-11)
The purpose of this article is to analyse aquaculture development in selected Asian countries. The contribution of Asia to world aquaculture will be documented. In Asia, different culture systems are practised and numerous ...
Buying power in UK retail chains : a residual supply approach
(Working paper2006:33, Working paper, 2006-11)
The development of supermarket chains has led to substantial concentration in food supply chains, and has raised concerns not only that these companies can exploit oligopoly power, but also oligopsony power. In this paper, ...


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There are a million and one things to keep you occupied in the Big Apple. And then there are some things that you really just have to do. We've put together a top-10 list of the sights and sounds that are absolutely essential.
1) Go up the Empire State Building
Let's start at the top. This was the world's tallest building for an incredible 43 years. The Observation Deck on the 86th floor has spectacular 360-degree views. But head for the Top Deck on the 102nd floor and you'll be able to see 80 miles away on a clear day. Lines can get as long as the building is high (well, nearly), so visit early, or after 10pm.
350 5th Avenue.
2) Walk above the skyline
One World Observatory isn't just a viewing platform. It's also a journey through the NYC skyline's history. Visit the Sky Portal while you're here to experience what it's like to walk above the streets. You can book a table in the dining room, or grab a light bite at the One Café.
285 Fulton Street.
3) Stroll through Central Park
It's big, it's beautiful and it's buzzing. Central Park spans 843 acres and has everything from a wildlife sanctuary to beautiful man-made lakes and manicured meadows. Look out for statues of Shakespeare and Alice in Wonderland, as well as the oldest public monument in North America, The Obelisk.
4) Hang out at Rockefeller Center
Rockefeller Center is a vibrant hub for tourists and locals alike. If you want to get another bird's eye view of NYC, take the elevator to the observation decks on the 67th, 69th and 70th floors. But if you just want to chill and people watch, stay at ground level for some great shopping and good food. If you're here in the winter months there's ice skating too.
45 Rockefeller Plaza.
5) Get back to nature
New York's Natural History Museum will make a big impression on the little ones, and on any grown up too. It's the largest natural history museum in the world, with 45 permanent exhibition halls. You'll be able to feast your eyes on over 32 million specimens, including everything from dinosaurs to minerals, and from meteorites to human artifacts.
Central Park West and 79th Street.
6) Get to know the local history
The Museum of the City of New York focuses on this unique city. The collection is home to all sorts of artifacts from the Big Apple, including handwritten manuscripts by playwright Eugene O'Neill, a suit worn to George Washington's Inaugural Ball, and works by artist Marcel Duchamp. It tells the story of this hugely diverse and inspiring city, with some truly unique displays.
1220 5th Avenue.
7) Visit Lady Liberty
The Statue of Liberty looks completely regal from a distance, but she's even more inspiring close up. Start the day early and take a boat ride over to Liberty Island. You can climb the 354 steps to Liberty's crown and look out over Manhattan. Make sure you book in advance, as the crown tickets sell out quickly. Take the ferry from Battery Park.
8) Stand at the heart of Broadway
Times Square has traditionally been the center of the Theater District in New York. People used to come here and just hang out, which made it the ideal site for billboards. Eventually it became a requirement for every building to sport a billboard, which makes Times Square such a feast for the eyes today. You'll find plenty of restaurants and shops amidst all the flashing lights too.
9) Explore 5th Avenue
Fifth Avenue is one of the world's most expensive streets, featuring some of the world's most prestigious stores – you'll find them between 49th and 59th Street. The Avenue starts just north of Washington Square and stretches up to 143rd Street in Harlem. Look out for the palatial homes alongside Central Park, as well as grand churches. East of the Park is Museum Mile, between 82nd and 104th Street.
10) Get to the Met
The Metropolitan Museum of Art (or 'the Met' for short) is the largest art museum in the US, and one of the ten largest in the world. Exhibits stretch over 5,000 years, celebrating human creativity from around the world. You'll need more than a day if you're going to look at everything, so if time is limited grab a gallery guide and pick out your absolute must-sees.
1000 5th Avenue.

subset: commoncrawl


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Spinkos tourney,Partial Semi-Finals: Assasination of US citizens is constitutional
|Voting Style:
|Point System:
|7 Point
|6 years ago
|Post Voting Period
|3,715 times
|Debate No:
Resolution: The assasination of US citizens is constitutional
(n) assassination (murder of a public figure by surprise attack)
Burden of proof
This debate is about a grant of authority within the constitution; the BOP rests on pro to show where in the constituton the Government is granted the authority to assasinate it's citizens.
No semantics allowed.
No using the supreme court as an arguement; you may use it as a source.
One forfeit results in loss of the conduct point.
Two forfeits results in the loss of the debate.
1st round is for acceptance only.
Last round there will be no new arguments made.
I accept :)
Good luck!
According to the 5th amendment to the US constitution, and part of the bill of rights, "No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury…; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life… without due process of law".[1]
Article 3 section 3 defines treason, and the manner in which one can be found guilty of and punished for treason. Article 3 section 3 states, "Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court."[2]
Since a US citizen can't be deprived of life without due process, and they cannot be held to answer for capital or infamous crimes without a presentment or indictment by a grant jury, they cannot be assassinated.
Furthermore, because a US citizen cannot be convicted of treason unless two witnesses testify against them, or he stands before an open court to confess his crimes, one cannot be marked for death for being a traitor, without due process.
If a US citizen was to be assassinated they would be denied their right to due process of law. If a US citizen was to be assassinated for waging war against the US, plotting against the US, or assisting the enemies of the US, than they would once again be denied their right to due process according to article 3 section 3 of the constitution. Unless one officially gives up their citizenship, they must be convicted of treason before they can be assassinated as a public enemy.
Nowhere in the constitution does it allow for the assassination of US citizens, but rather it makes clear that such acts are prohibited. One of the reasons for separation listed in the declaration of independence was "For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury". [3]
"I consider trial by jury as the only anchor yet devised by man, by which a government can be held to the principles of its constitution." ~ Thomas Jefferson
According to the 5th amendment to the US constitution, and part of the bill of rights, "No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury…; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life… without due process of law".[1]
Article 3 section 3 defines treason, and the manner in which one can be found guilty of and punished for treason. Article 3 section 3 states, "Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court."[2]
Since a US citizen can't be deprived of life without due process, and they cannot be held to answer for capital or infamous crimes without a presentment or indictment by a grant jury, they cannot be assassinated.
Furthermore, because a US citizen cannot be convicted of treason unless two witnesses testify against them, or he stands before an open court to confess his crimes, one cannot be marked for death for being a traitor, without due process.
If a US citizen was to be assassinated they would be denied their right to due process of law. If a US citizen was to be assassinated for waging war against the US, plotting against the US, or assisting the enemies of the US, than they would once again be denied their right to due process according to article 3 section 3 of the constitution. Unless one officially gives up their citizenship, they must be convicted of treason before they can be assassinated as a public enemy.
Nowhere in the constitution does it allow for the assassination of US citizens, but rather it makes clear that such acts are prohibited. One of the reasons for separation listed in the declaration of independence was "For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury". [3]
"I consider trial by jury as the only anchor yet devised by man, by which a government can be held to the principles of its constitution." ~ Thomas Jefferson
Targeted Killings and Assassinations Framework
Before I analyze the constitutional reasoning behind assassinations, we must first establish the reasoning as to why assassinations would be necessary. Assassinations, in the context of international and domestic jurisprudence, is referring to targeted killings against enemy combatants and terrorists. An example would be the targeted killing of Awlaki in Saudi Arabia. Awlaki was an American citizen who left the United States and joined AQAP (Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula). Awlaki was a high ranking member of AQAP in charge of propaganda for Al Qaeda and in charge of various terror cells targeting the United States, an example being the Underware Bomber. Thus, my advocacy is that assassinations are constitutional when applied to national security threats such as enemy combatants or terrorists even if they are U.S. citizens.
Con Case
Since my advocacy is applying to enemy combatants and terrorists I will directly respond to my opponent's argument relating to treason. According to Article 3 Section 3:
"Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court."
My opponent argues that unless two people testify or one confesses in court assassination attempts are unconstitutional. I'm sure a lot of you have noticed the issue with this argument as I have. Article 3 Section 3 does not preclude the use of assassination (i.e. a targeted killing) against a U.S. national. But rather it establishes side-constraints which must be adhered to in order for those assassinations to be constitutional. For example, search and seizure of one's property is not unconstitutional simply because provisions are added to ensure a check against police or prosecutorial abuse. The same applies here: assassinations aren't unconstitutional; they are unconstitutional if the individual is assassinated prior to two witnesses confirming the treasonous act.
In Haupt v. United States, the Supreme Court ruled (amongst other holdings) that federal agents investigating a crime, such as the CIA or NSA, count as witnesses in treason cases. As such, federal agents working in the field are admissible witnesses. Thus, as long as two of our agent's testify before a court that X U.S.citizen-now terrorist has committed treasonous acts against the United States, then an assassination order is constitutional. [1]
Insofar as I have demonstrated that assassinations are not precluded by Article 3 Section 3, de facto I have given constitutional reasoning granting the validity of assassinations.
My opponent uses the Declaration as an independent warrant for his argument but you can ignore this since the Declaration isn't a legal weighing mechanism for the Constitution.
Pro Case
C1: The Executive Branch [2]
The means by which an assassination takes place is completely open for debate within foreign policy and constitutional literature, and that is not why we are debating here today. However, my sole contention will argue the Founder's understanding of the Executive Branch and why that permits the use of assassinations even if it contradicts other provisions in the Constitution.
According to Harvey Mansfield, a Straussian political philosophy professor at Harvard University makes this claim in his essay The Case for the Strong Executive. He makes several claims:
First, the use of the word fortify as referenced by Madison refers to Locke's understanding of the Executive Branch. Mansfield writes,
"But as the argument proceeds, Locke gradually "fortifies" (to use James Madison's term) the executive. Locke adds other related powers to the subordinate power of executing the laws: the federative power dealing with foreign affairs, which he presents as conceptually distinct from the power of executing laws but naturally allied; the veto, a legislative function; the power to convoke the legislature and to correct its representation should it become corrupt; and above all, the prerogative, defined as 'the power of doing public good without a rule…The American Constitution signifies that it has fortified the executive by vesting the president with "the executive power," complete and undiluted in Article II, as opposed to the Congress in Article I, which receives only certain delegated and enumerated legislative powers. The president takes an oath "to execute the Office of President"...
Second, the concept of "the executive" was almost always associated with "necessity". Mansfield continues,
"The test of good government was what was necessary to all government. Necessity was put to the fore. In the first papers of The Federalist, necessity took the form of calling attention to the present crisis in America, caused by the incompetence of the republic established by the Articles of Confederation. The crisis was both foreign and domestic, and it was a crisis because it was urgent...And what must be the character of a government's response to an urgent crisis? Energy. And where do we find energy in the government? In the executive. Actually, The Federalist introduces the need for energy in government considerably before it associates energy with the executive…One should not believe that a strong executive is needed only for quick action in emergencies, though that is the function mentioned first…The case for a strong executive begins from urgent necessity and extends to necessity in the sense of efficacy and even greatness. It is necessary not merely to respond to circumstances but also in a comprehensive way to seek to anticipate and form them. "Necessary to" the survival of a society expands to become "necessary for" the good life there, and indeed we look for signs in the way a government acts in emergencies for what it thinks to be good after the emergency has passed. A free government should show its respect for freedom even when it has to take it away."
Third, the Founders made a distinction between "natural liberties" and "civil liberties." Mansfield elucidates,
"...opinion assumes that civil liberties have the status of natural liberties, and are inalienable. This means that the Constitution has the status of what was called in the 17th-century natural public law; it is an order as natural as the state of nature from which it emerges. In this view liberty has just one set of laws and institutions that must be kept inviolate, lest it be lost. But Locke was a wiser liberal. His institutions were "constituted," less by creation than by modification of existing institutions in England, but not deduced as invariable consequences of disorder in the state of nature. He retained the difference, and so did the Americans, between natural liberties, inalienable but insecure, and civil liberties, more secure but changeable. Because civil liberties are subject to circumstances, a free constitution needs an institution responsive to circumstances, an executive able to be strong when necessary."
Thus, the conclusion of Mansfield is that the oath the President takes: "to uphold the office [implied responsibilities] of the President," coupled with framers intent shows that the President out of urgency and necessity can use his or authority even if it must suspend parts of the Constitution. National security, being an extension of the enforcement arm of the office of the President, would naturally fall under the Founder's understanding of necessity and urgency since, as argued by both Hamilton and Madison, threatens the security of the free state. As such, assassinations, in times of national security threats, can be constitutionally valid.
[1] http://supreme.justia.com...
[2] http://www.claremont.org...
First off I would like to apologize for double posting my round 1 argument. It was an error that occurred when the argument from word to DDO; some how it double pasted. I placed the work cited page separately because word kept turning it into bullet points.
Targeted Killings and Assassinations Framework
Pro claims that US citizens deemed a terrorist can be assassinated, without due process. As an example he uses Awlaki, a US citizen who acted as a recruiter for Al Qaeda. Awlaki was not given a trial, nor was he neither presented nor indicted by a Grand Jury. Alwlaki was blown up by an unmanned drone while he was eating his breakfast. Imagine if due to your political affiliation you were deemed a terrorist by the executive branch; 2 CIA agents could by Pro's reasoning send a drone to kill you on your way to church. No Grand Jury, no defense attorney, no chance to surrender; you just get marked for death by the President. I'm sorry, but that is in no way constitutional. The Executive branch does not have the power to sentence someone to death.
Con Case
Pro's rebuttal
Pro attempts to rebut my case by claiming the 2 witnesses needed to convict someone of treason, as required in Article 3 Section 3, could be federal agents. The problem with this rebuttal is that the 2 witnesses are required to convict someone of treason, not to punish them for treason.
Pro completely dropped my 5th amendment argument, which states that a Grand Jury is required to provide an indictment or presentment before someone could be brought to answer for capital or infamous crimes; such as treason. The 5th amendment also states that one cannot be deprived of liberty without due process of law; meaning that one must be trialed.
According to the 6th amendment to the constitution, in the bill of rights, "In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence." [1]
One cannot simply ask a judge to approve assassination; one must hold a public trial for the traitor. In addition to this, the traitor must be given counsel to defend them against the charges.
Remember the definition for assassination given in round 1; an assassination is a murder of a public figure by surprise attack. Assassination is much different from an execution; with an execution the criminal knows he is about to die, and he has been sentenced to die. The executive branch does not have the right to sentence someone to death. A cop cannot murder a suspect by surprise attack; they can only shoot in defense. Likewise a traitor cannot be shot in the back while eating breakfast; they can only be shot if they resist arrest, and pose a threat to those who are trying to apprehend them.
If a US citizen was holding someone at gun point, or they opened fire on the officials trying to apprehend them, than a sniper or drone could take them out. If they were eating breakfast, or walking their dog, than they cannot be legally killed.
Pro also claims that the declaration for independence is not a legal document, however it was ratified by the United States in Congress Assembled. It does not grant us any rights, but rather declares us independent from the British Empire; the only reason I brought it up was that it is relevant to understanding the ideas within constitution.
I would also like to point out that using the Supreme Court as an argument is invalid; the supreme court can only be used as source not an argument.
Pro Case
C1: The Executive Branch
Pro claims that the executive branch wields unlimited power, to do whatever they want. This directly contradicts the constitution. In Article 1 Section 8 the constitution states, "[The Congress shall have Power] To make Rules for the Government…"; this is why legislative powers are so narrowly defined, yet judicial and executive powers are so loosely defined. [2] It is up to congress to create rules limiting the authority of the government. One example of this clause would be the ethics laws passed by congress that all politicians must abide by. President Andrew Johnson was impeached for violating "An act regulating the tenure of certain civil office," which was passed by congress in 1867. [3]
Pro claims that only legally binding documents are relevant to the debate, yet he uses the federalist papers as an argument. The federalist papers were not legal documents; they were articles printed as propaganda in order to promote ratification of the constitution. It's nothing more than political commentary by federalists. Not only this, but instead of quoting the federalist papers, he is quoting someone else's interpretation of the federalist papers.
This second argument is nothing more than an appeal to authority.
I think pro was confusing "liberties" with "rights". Civil liberties are freedom from unwarranted restraints, and natural liberties are freedom from unnatural restraints. [4] If someone was convicted and imprisoned by the state, it would violate their natural liberties but not their civil liberties.
If someone is assassinated it does not violate their right to liberty, it violates their right to life; thus it's not their natural liberties that are violated, it's their natural rights. A natural right is a natural entitlement to man, whereas a civil right is a legal entitlement to citizens. [5] An assassination of US citizens violates both natural and civil rights.
C2: The Constitution
Pro has yet to mention where in the constitution, the government was granted the authority to assassinate its own citizens. Pro simply appeals to the authority of other people's interpretations without citing the constitution.
3. http://www.historyplace.com...
4. http://thepeoplesguidetotheusconstitution.com...
Targeted Killings and Assassinations Framework
My opponent tries to argue against the framework without arguing against the framework. He simply applies his contentional arguments to the framework. But he seems to miss the point of the framework: that assassinations are used against a specific class of people.
Con Case
Pro's rebuttal
My opponent first argues that there is a difference between convicting and sentencing. This argument doesn't make an impact on the round because sentencing will always be done by judges in a treason trial. As long as there are two witnesses that can testify to a judge that a certain individual is guilty of treason then execution is not precluded.
Pro completely dropped my 5th amendment argument, which states that a Grand Jury is required to provide an indictment or presentment before someone could be brought to answer for capital or infamous crimes; such as treason. The 5th amendment also states that one cannot be deprived of liberty without due process of law; meaning that one must be trialed.
My opponent's second argument is that I dropped his 5th Amendment analysis. As mentioned in my last round I am using the analysis of treason which is a specifically detached crime from the 5th Amendment. Whereas other capital crimes such as murder would be included in the analysis of the 5th Amendment, treason is intentionally and conditionally different from the other capital crimes.
There are due process limitations on treason charges:
The first is that conviction only needs two people. If the government wishes to go through a whole trial as indicated by the requirement for a grand jury and other due process requirements it can. The government can easily present evidence in a court to go directly to trial and then have 2 witnesses testify against a military combatant. My opponent mentions the due process rights afforded by the 6th Amendment, but my opponent makes the mistake of lumping treason with all other offenses.
The second is that Article 3 Section 3 paragraph 2 allows for Congressional attainder.
"Treason against the United States...
The Congress shall have power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted."
Now what is attainder? This is a legal term that has lost colloquially meaning since it is negligibly used. Attainder refers to, under common law, the ability of Congress to bypass the judiciary and due process rights and convict and then sentence an individual. Whereas attainder has been struck down in all cases under the 8th Amendment, attainder is allowed in one case: treason. As such, assassination would be constitutional not only from a court order on the basis of two witnesses but also on an attainder vote by Congress.
The only conditions on this attainder vote are that Congress cannot convict people related to the offender and the government cannot confiscate the property of the offender.
Thus, these two exceptions to due process bypass the regulations of the 5th and 6th Amendments.
My opponent argues that assassination does not equate to execution. The definition my opponent provides is that a public official is killed by a surprise attack, implying a targeted killing such as the killing of Alwaki. As such, all the methods of conviction would still apply to this definition. Since the target would by extension be a fugitive from justice if the courts order an execution of the criminal, it would still be a surprise attack. Also the attainder vote would grant permission to the Executive branch to carry out a surprise attack against the convict.
Ny opponent's final argument is that the Supreme Court isn't a valid argument. The issue with this claim is that it wasn't an independent justification or argument, but rather was an explication on the conditions of the word witness in Article 3. Regardless though my opponent has not contested the substance of the Supreme Court Ruling.
Pro Case
C1: The Executive Branch
My opponent claims that the first argument of Mansfield gives unlimited power to the executive branch. This is completely untrue. All Mansfield is claiming is that Madison, who is the author of the Constitution, delineated certain responsibilities to Congress but gave the executive branch "executive power" which in the Lockean sense and the Federalist Papers refers to expanded powers dealing with the office of the president. But the main point made by Mansfield which is the substance of the explanation comes in his 2nd argument.
My opponent makes the argument that the Federalist Papers aren't legally binding, like what I said about the Declaration. However he misses the reasoning behind using the Federalist Papers, specifically that of Madison. To correctly interpret what the Constitution means there needs to be a reference for us to evaluate what the Founder's meant when they used certain words. Like for instance, many interpret the 2nd Amendment as only referring to state militias, but as evidenced by arguments and use of words in the Federalist Papers militia was referring to the whole populous as a bloc to tyranny of foreign invasion. The reason we know this is because we can reference the context of the specific words used in the Constitution and reference them elsewhere by works of the founders. The same applies here. Mansfield makes the argument that the Federalist Paper's when referring to words such as executive and "to execute the office of the President" references the authority of the executive as a leader of the Republic which can respond to times of urgency and necessity whereas other branches might be functionally paralyzed by crises. When the President makes the oath to execute the office of the President, Mansfield explains to us that the wording of the oath as dictated by the Constitution tells us a lot about the implied emergency powers of the Executive Branch. The oath does not simply limit the President in following the dictum of congress but rather holds the president to the office, i.e. the responsibilities which come as the executive, chief enforcer and protector of the United States.
My opponent argues that the distinction I made is incorrect. Well, in terms of the words rights and liberties, Mansfield was using the words of Locke who in his writings frequently used liberties and not rights. The main argument here is that the Founders working within the framework of Locke had to constitute the rights, and take them out of the state of nature and into a civil society. As such, rights are granted to the people but can be taken away or changed depending on the circumstances. Thus, within the framework of Locke there must be a branch of government which can mold itself to differing circumstances and not be constrained within an unchangeable framework. As indicated above, the executive branch fits this description since it is the branch which, according to Madison and Hamilton, has the energy needed to respond immediately to varying and urgent crises.
What does all this mean? It essentially means that within the Lockean framework and the framework of the Founders the Executive Branch must change in order to respond to crises that threaten the security of the free state. This is what the office of the President means: to protect the existence of the state from both domestic and international threats. In order to achieve this goal, if the Executive Branch must limit due process protections then it has the authority to do so.My opponent ends his argument with the fact that I haven't mentioned the Constitution. In contrast to this claim, my argument is explicating about the authority granted to the Executive via the Constitution. Actually I would think my argument gives a much more detailed
Con Case
Pro's rebuttal
I did not say there was a difference between convicting and sentencing; even though there is. I said there is a difference between executing a convicted criminal and assassinating a suspect who has yet to be convicted. I also stated that there is a difference between execution and assassination. A citizen must be trialed by jury, and citizens have a right to not only hear the charges against them, but defend against those charges.
Treason is not exempt from the 5th amendment; until someone is convicted of a crime, they maintain their 5th amendment rights. If 2 FBI agents don't like your Facebook status, do they have a right to declare you a traitor and shoot you on your way to work? No trial by peers, no indictment; just a warrant granted by a judge based on their word alone. Sorry but that's not how it works. Nowhere in the constitution does it create an exception for suspected traitors. Treason is a high crime, and as such the 5th amendment applies. The only people exempt from the 5th amendment rights are our own armed forced, and only during time of war. When someone enlists they willingly give up certain rights, and that is this is one right they forfeit. Simply being a suspected traitor does not warrant the government to infringe your 5th amendment right.
The 6th amendment deals with all criminal offenses; my opponent claims that I am lumping treason in with other offenses, however it is not I who is lumping treason in with other offenses it was the authors of the 6th amendment. If my opponent is willing to argue that treason is not a criminal offense, than he may have a case for ignoring the 6th amendment; although it would be a weak argument, seeing as treason is a crime.
Pro claims that article 3 section 3 grants congress the right to pass bills of attainder, in regards to treason. This is not the case, as in Article 1 Section 10 the constitution clearly states, "No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed." [1] Pro also seems to think Bills of Attainder can be applied to individuals, when actuality it applies to groups of people; such as families, political parties, or religious organizations. [2]
Article 3 Section 3 was just reiterating Article 1 Section 10, by stating, "no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood". This clause is not a power grant, it's a prohibition.
Pro also claims that the 8th amendment allows for bills of attainder in regards to treason; it says nothing of the short. The 8th amendment reads, "Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted." [3] This lacks any reference to treason, or bills of attainder. The 8th amendment could actually be used against assassination as a criminal punishment, as one could argue that it is cruel and unusual to premeditatively kill someone without their knowing.
If one fails to show up for his court hearing, he is charged with contempt of court, and a warrant is placed for his arrest. If someone has already arrested, but later escaped; then he would be charged with escaping from prison. The state does not have a right assassinate a fugitive; the state has the right to recapture a fugitive. If that fugitive puts up a fight, the government officials trying to capture him may kill him on the scene, but not without provocation.
As for Pro's repetitive use of Alwaki as an example; Alwaki was never convicted of treason, he was only suspected of treason. If he was convicted of treason he would have never been assassinated.
I did not contest the substance of the Supreme Court ruling, because the Supreme Court ruling is the source, not the argument. I only have to contest your argument associated with it. I feel the Supreme Court ruling is a loop hole, as agents are not witnesses to the crime unless they were present when the crime was committed. They may be witnesses to the investigation, and may be used to vouch for the integrity of the investigation; however they are not "Witnesses to the same overt Act". Once again, the Supreme Court can only be used as a source, not an argument, so my feelings in regards to the ruling are irrelevant.
Pro Case
C1: The Executive Branch
Pro dropped my argument regarding the congressional power to further define the limitations of the Executive branch. His only rebuttal is that Mansfield was making a claim in regards to Madison's claim; this issue with this is that my opponent is trying to prove a stance of Madison, not by quoting Madison but by quoting someone's interpretation of Madison's quote. It reminds me of a game called telephone, which I use to play as a kid. The more people who repeat and interpret the original quote, the more likely the quote and its message would be distorted; in fact, the telephone game gives empirical evidence for how easily it can be distorted.
Pro claims that Mansfield did not argue the President had unlimited power, yet he states that Mansfield argued that the "The oath does not simply limit the President in following the dictum of congress" This is contradictory; either the president does not have unlimited power, or the president is not limited to rule of law. You can't claim both to be true.
Once again pro claims that Mansfield was consisted with his sources simply because he cited them. Locke did not confuse liberty with rights, Locke claimed that man has a right to life, liberty, and property; this is known as Locke's trinity. If Locke used the word "liberty" to refer to rights, than Locke's trinity would argue we have a right to rights, which makes no sense. Liberty is a right, but not all rights are liberties. Liberty is simply a fancy way of saying freedom; we have a right to life, freedom, and property. Locke also believed that governments were instituted amongst men in order to protect the natural rights of the community. This idea was echoed by Jefferson in the declaration of independence.[4]
Pro claims that there needs to be a Branch of Government to distinguish between civil rights and natural rights, and that that branch is the executive. Pro fails to realize that the Legislative Branch has the power to distinguish between natural rights and civil rights, through legislation. Natural Rights are enforced by government when overlapped with Civil Rights; the legislature passes Civil Rights legislation.
C2: The Constitution
Pro says that he does not need to mention the constitution to prove the executive branch has certain powers, but rather that he only needs elaborate on the implied authority of the President. The issue with this argument is that the President has no implied authority; his authority is limited to the constitution, and legislation passed by congress.
Closing statement
The constitution makes clear that no citizen may be deprived of life, without due process. Due process for treason consists of presentment or indictment by a Grand Jury, a speedy public trial with an impartial jury of his peers, to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusations against him, to confront the witnesses making those accusations, to have a legal process for obtaining those witnesses, and to have a lawyer defend him against the charges; one cannot be convicted of treason without at-least 2 witnesses to the crime, or without a confession in court. Congress is prohibited from passing bills of attainder, and a suspected traitor cannot constitutionally be deprived of life, until he stands trial, unless he gives adequate provocation during the attempt to arrest him. The constitution clearly states that the president and the courts are limited to the laws passed by congress as well as the Constitutional restrictions.
2. http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com...
1) Attainder
My opponent completely misunderstands Article 3 Section 3 paragraph 2. He argues that this provision prevents Congress from using attainder against a target. He points to the line which states "…but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted."
However, he never mentions the first part of the paragraph:
"The Congress shall have power to declare the Punishment of Treason…"
What my opponent misses in his analysis is that granting congress the power to declare punishment of Treason is attainder. The "but…shall work" conditions this right of attainder by conditioning the extent of the attainder. The conditions tell us that the Congress has the right to determine the punishment for treason, but cannot extend the punishment to include relatives/progeny and seizure of property.
My opponent argues that attainder is for groups and not individuals, but this is completely incorrect. Using his source #2: The clause thus prohibits…'no matter what their form, that apply either to named individuals or to easily ascertainable members of a group in such a way as to inflict punishment on them without a judicial trial. . . ."
Thus, this is a clear reason to vote Pro because Congress is legitimately given power of attainder in treason cases. As aptly mentioned by my opponent Article 1 prohibits attainder but Article 3 qualifies this in cases of treason.
My opponent argues throughout the entire debate that the 5th and 6th Amendments are absolute. I will respond to this under my Executive Branch analysis.
2) Executive Branch
My opponent's main argument against this is that I dropped the analysis that Congress makes rules regulating the Executive Branch. This is a funny argument which isn't dropped because it was already precluded by my Mansfield evidence.
Ill refer to the preclusion: "The American Constitution signifies that it has fortified the executive by vesting the president with "the executive power," complete and undiluted in Article II, as opposed to the Congress in Article I, which receives only certain delegated and enumerated legislative powers."
The preclusion is that without direct intervention from the Congress, Article 2 leaves the power of the president bound by the duties of his office. My opponent would be correct if (strong emphasis on if) Congress struck down the ability of the President in certain circumstances. In this particular case, there is no law which prohibits the use of targeted killings against national security threats. Otherwise, as indicated by Mansfield, the Constitution does not explicitly restrict the powers of the President like it does congress.
My opponent tries to make an argument that using secondary sources is like playing telephone. The problem with this however is that Mansfield analyzes both the words and context of the words which is possible through written word, as opposed to oral word. If you passed a piece of paper around and told people to simply rewrite the sentence on the paper there will be little to no confusion.
Pro claims that Mansfield did not argue the President had unlimited power, yet he states that Mansfield argued that the "The oath does not simply limit the President in following the dictum of congress" This is contradictory; either the president does not have unlimited power, or the president is not limited to rule of law. You can't claim both to be true.
The second point however is the most important, though my opponent spends the least amount of time on it. His argument is that my claim that the President does not have unlimited powers contradicts what I said about the presidents oath and Congress. First, this is false because as indicated by Mansfield, the President gains the "executive power" as explained by Madison in times of "urgency and necessity." This constricts the powers of the president in times of normalcy. But secondly, the oath the president takes is the Constitution's guarantee that the President follows the demands and responsibilities of his office even though the Constitution does directly put dictums on the President. This is why I referred to the powers as implied powers.
Why is this a voter?
This is a voter because the words of the Constitution, the oath the President takes, and an analysis of the context of those words using Madison's Federalist Papers give us the clear indication that in times of urgency the Executive Branch must be flexible and circumstantial in its abilities to fight any domestic and international threat to the free state. As mentioned before, we know the meaning of the 2nd Amendment by analyzing the words used and figuring out their meaning via other texts of Madison, i.e. the Federalist Papers. The same holds true in this case. To have a clear understanding of the Constitution we must look to the words and the meaning of those words at the time of the founding. This is where my opponent and I differ in analysis. My opponent tries to use his own interpretation of the Constitution which binds him in presentism.
Thus, we can conclude that, unless directly prevented by the Congress, the Executive Branch can utilize its implied powers to protect the free state. As such, targeted killings are permissible via the Constitution.
My opponent misunderstands what Mansfield was writing about. Locke used the words rights and liberties interchangeably. Yes, liberty is a natural right according to Locke, but when Locke says natural liberties he is referring to negative rights – right to liberty essentially umbrellas all the other rights or liberties. However this is just English semantics. The important point my opponent misses is that the rights given by the bill of Rights, such as the 5th and 6th Amendments are not inalienable. It is a common misconception that since rights have been constituted then they have the same status as natural rights. This argument directly refutes my opponents analysis of the 5th and 6th Amendments. If the President, in a time of urgency and necessity, deems it necessary that, in order for the security of the free state, an individual must not be granted those rights it is in his or her power to do so.
I urge the readers to go back to the first round and reread the analysis of Mansfield, since after three rounds the details have probably been muddled.
I thank my opponent for having a great debate! :D
Oxford dictionary defines assassination as "the premeditated killing of one human being (an important person) by another, without rule of law, in a surprise attack for political or religious reasons."
Look at all the detainees in Gitmo; they were not caught by drones, they were caught by men on the ground fighting battles. It's through interrogating them that we obtained the location of Osama.
War is not won by who has the highest body count, but rather who achieves their objectives. If this was was simply drone attacks, the people we kill would be replaced, and the terrorist organizations would continue to operate. We killed Osama, and all that did was create new leaders in his place.
The objective of the war is to eliminate the terrorist organization by destroying their influence, and their ability to operate.
We are winning the war, not because Osama is dead, but because al-qaeda is in financial trouble, and has been before Osama's death. records obtained at the compound where Osama was killed indicates that al-qaeda is running into financial problems.
Killing anwar al awlaki just lead to his replacement; there was no major victory in it, other than a boost to morale. Better the enemy you know, than the one you don't.
The way we defeat Al-Qaeda is by reducing their support by Islamic states, and destroying their ability to continue fighting. The fact that they are international terrorist makes this all the more harder.
Did we kill Awlaki because we deemed him a traitor? No. We killed him because he was an integral part of the enemy's ability to make war against us. If he had not been part of the enemy's war machine, he would not have been targeted for elimination, but still a traitor.
During the revolution, innocents were killed without trial; hung, shot, or burned alive in their homes. The reason for this brutality was that they were relatives of revolutionaries, or they were giving aid or comfort to the revolutionaries. This made them traitors. The founders wanted to prevent history from repeating it's-self, so they made sure that traitors had the right to due process, and that family could not be made traitors by extension via bills of attainder.
In combat as in a battle, yes I would agree, because in combat both sides are actively try to kill each other. However, during times of war, citizenship is still very much relevant; enemy combatants who are US citizens are by definition traitors, and retain rights of the US citizen. Suspected traitors can't be targeted for assassination, until after they have been proven guilty in a court of law.
" You're seem to be applying, civilian law and standards during peacetime to internationally accepted laws and standards of warfare during wartime."
The US constitution trumps international law, in regards to the actions of the US government. The US constitution only allows for the suspension of the writ of habeus corpus, during times of war or rebellion, but it does not grant the government the power to suspend due process of law. We are a republic, and our government is subject to rule of law.
OMFG, are you that dense. That is the constitutional definition of a traitor!!!!
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SHAINA CANTINO holds an MFA in dance from Smith College, and is a graduate of the National Theatre Institute and Kenyon College (BA, Distinction in Dance). Her creative and teaching work is grounded in twenty years of contemporary dance training as well as research in improvisation for performance, contact improvisation (CI), environmental studies and theater. Cantino is currently a Lecturer at Keene State College (KSC), teaching courses in beginning to advanced contemporary dance technique and composition. She also teaches intermediate/advanced contemporary dance at School for Contemporary Dance and Thought in Northampton, MA. She has taught semester courses in contemporary technique and CI at Wesleyan University, as well as intensive CI workshops in Arezzo and Cagliari, Italy and Montreal, Canada. Cantino was recently commissioned to choreograph a piece with fourteen KSC students. Hired in November 2015 to remount her thesis choreography for the Smith College Faculty Concert, Cantino's choreography was also selected for the American College Dance Festival Association's gala concert in 2014 and presented at the Kennedy Center in 2010. Cantino's performance is noted for its understated humor and off-balance physicality. Cantino has collaborated with and performed in works by Aretha Aoki, Angie Hauser, Paul Matteson, Chris Aiken, Kathleen Hermesdorf, Kate Seethaler, Joy Davis, Sara Coffin, Colleen Thomas, Karl Rogers, and Alexandra Beller. Intensive training includes Bebe Miller Company Summer Intensive, a week with Susan Rethorst, St. Petersburg State Theater Academy (2009), Kathleen Hermesdorf/Sara Shelton Mann/Keith Hennessy intensive (2009), American Conservatory Theater (2008), and Bates Dance Festival (2007). In addition to her work as a dance artist, Cantino works as a Licensed Massage Therapist (LMT) and Biodynamic Craniosacral Therapist (BCST).
Photo credit: Joshua Sugiyama


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Easy recipe baked potatoes with tomatoes
Easy recipe baked potatoes with tomatoes
Easy recipe baked potatoes with tomatoes
Apples are a good wash and clean out the core of the apple, cheese mix well with sugar. Stuffed with apple curd mixture and sprinkle with cinnamon, put in shape for baking and send in the oven for 30 minutes.
Bon Appetit!
Baked apples with cream cheese
Simple recipe baked potatoes with mushrooms, you can eat all week if a lot of cook
Well suited as a snack for something easy.
It is important that the grapes had three different tastes, sweet, sour and special.
Easy grape salad recipe it's variety of flavors, for those who want to try multiple flavors of grape.
Enjoy your meal with easy grape salad recipe and easyrecipehome.com!
Perhaps in Italy and authentic carbonara prepared without sauce, but everywhere in the world eat any pasta with sauce. In one region of Italy there are cream in another not. In this recipe we use cream. Recently, I cooked a paste with recipe for carbonara sauce. It was very tasty, and most importantly simple, fast and elegant.
Today, we are preparing the dish according to the recipe for carbonara sauce.
The cream can be added, but it will be more of an American. Add the cream of Italian immigrants came up in the United States for greater cosmopolitanism. You can also optionally add the red onions to bacon garlic for flavor. Carbonara sauce was born in Abruzzo and owes its name to coal miners – men who went on a long time in the forest harvest charcoal (um. Carbone). They have always had a pork cheek, eggs and a piece of cheese. After World War II, the US military began to ask submit pasta with bacon, sprinkling it liberally with black pepper, so it was like a coal dust.
So here it is the recipe for carbonara sauce.
Homemade apple pie recipe. This cake is one of my most favorite, is conditional, I call him "if the guests on the doorstep." And indeed, if you suddenly come to visit, and you do not have anything sweet tea, this pie always comes to the rescue. He is very quick and easy preparing, requires a minimum of effort, and all the friends who have tried it have been delighted with him.
Vanilla essence can be replaced with vanilla sugar or vanilla, but then mix it with the dry ingredients. And, you can add the vanilla pod seeds, but the most difficult to find.
So there is Homemade apple pie recipe.
Easy oven baked chicken. An easy recipe for baked chicken. Chicken turns out very tender, juicy meat and neperesushennoe thanks mayonnaise and the fact that half of the time in the oven baked chicken "under the foil".
Requires sleeve for baking.
So here it is the easy oven baked chicken.
Tasty and juicy.
There are many Autumn salad recipes, here's one of them, it turns out tasty and fast.
Delicious autumn salad recipe. This "autumn" salad for the winter like our whole family. If the vegetables are crushed by combine to cook leaves very little time. Salad turns out tasty!
All cut squares.
Cut the tomatoes, cucumber, pepper, all mixed and add the lemon juice, olive oil, salt, seeds for decoration.
Serve with the meat.
Autumn salad recipe is ready.
Easy french toast recipe.
French toast – a great idea for a hearty breakfast. It's fast, delicious, also can experiment with recipes for dishes of this morning.
For French toast it is not necessary to have a soft bread, fit and lightly dried up. Slices dipped in a mixture of eggs and milk or cream, and roast over medium heat until golden brown. If you want to use as the basis for French toast for sandwiches, then into the egg-milk mixture can be added Italian herbs and salt. If the toast is presented as a basis for dessert, do not hurt a couple of teaspoons of sugar.
Addition to the simple and unpretentious toasts – a great many. First of all, it is strawberries, bananas and whipped cream. French toast with fruit – a classic happy meal. Oranges, pears and apples, cut into thin slices, will play on the contrast of textures. Then, honey, jam or maple syrup. They make a toast even more soft and gentle. Garnish with toasted possible cinnamon sugar or mint leaves.
Today we are cooking Easy french toast recipe with banana.
Gentle kind of rich taste chops with sweet flavor. Nothing special to prepare, but what a result! Try it, you will not regret. This recipe is my favorite in-law, now I'm making them the only way. Well suited for two or a romantic evening.
Any restaurant or at home, one of my golden rules for making a fantastically delicious food – learn to cook with confidence. This recipe is simple, but the taste is just wonderful. Two simple things like sugar and pork – and your confidence will grow.
This magnificent dish "Pork chop with brown sugar" well suited for children and adults.
Tere is recipe for pork chop with brown sugar.


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We started working with Zoetis in 2014 after winning a selection process involving other UK-based agencies. Our initial campaign has since become a model content marketing case study within Zoetis.
Our first assignment was to help raise awareness of the availability of treatments for motion sickness in dogs. Zoetis provides the UK's leading treatment, Cerenia. While regulatory restrictions prevented us from directly mentioning the drug, we built a campaign to inform and engage dog owners by providing useful content and engaging activities across a range of online channels.


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By Brad Segall
RADNOR, Pa. (CBS) — A 76-year-old Florida man has been ordered held for trial in Delaware County, Pa. in connection with a bizarre kidnapping plot late last year on the Main Line.
John Felder waived his preliminary hearing today on a host of charges including attempted kidnapping, reckless endangerment, possession of a weapon, and simple assault. Prosecutors agreed to drop a felony charge of aggravated assault.
Felder is accused of targeting an heir to the McNeil pharmaceuticals fortune last November. Police say he arrived at the victim's Villanova home posing as a flower delivery man, and fired a taser.
"They've increased security around his house and the houses of his other family members," says attorney Art Donato, who represents the victim. "This is obviously a traumatic event in his life, but I think, all in all, he's doing fine."
Police believe Felder's plan was to hold the kidnapped person for ransom. Police say he found his intended targets on the Internet, and even had a list of names in his possession when he was arrested (see related story).
Defense attorney Joseph Green says they are looking forward to their opportunity to address the issues in court.
Top Content On CBSPhilly


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The program will be piloted in Atlanta, Boston and Houston beginning Nov. 1, 2013, then expand into other key cities in December before launching nationwide in early 2014. To request an Extended Stay America room, cancer patients or their caregivers should contact the American Cancer Society at 1-800-227-2345.
One of the most important keys to surviving cancer is access to treatment. For many patients, the best hope for a cure means traveling an average of 140 miles to a treatment facility in another city, sometimes for weeks or months. Through its Hope Lodge program, the American Cancer Society offers free, temporary lodging to patients and their caregivers, offsetting costs associated with living away from home during treatment.
In 2012, Hope Lodge provided more than 260,000 nights of free lodging to cancer patients, saving them an estimated $26 million in hotel costs. Now, Extended Stay America extends-a-hand by providing 20,000 overnight stays throughout 632 Extended Stay America hotel locations in the U.S., alleviating demand on the 31 American Cancer Society Hope Lodge facilities which often run at capacity.
Throughout National Breast Cancer Awareness month in October, Extended Stay America is using pink roomkey cards and invites guests to join the fight against cancer by donating $5 upon check-in. Extended Stay America's more than 10,000 employees will also volunteer resources and drive individual fundraising efforts through American Cancer Society's Relay For Life and Making Strides Against Breast Cancer events. Money raised will benefit American Cancer Society research — the largest private, not-for-profit investor in cancer research in the U.S. — so more lifesaving breakthroughs can be made.
Extended Stay America provides the comforts and conveniences of home complete with on-site laundry centers, kitchens in each hotel room for patients to store and cook the foods they enjoy, and flat-screen TVs with premium channels to unwind with favorite shows. In-room Wi-Fi access allows patients to stay connected with loved ones while away from home and daily Grab-and-Go Breakfast provides a quick and healthy way to start the day and pet-friendly accommodations allow beloved pets to provide healing comfort.
To join Extended Stay America and the American Cancer Society in the fight against cancer, visit ExtendedStayAmerica.com or call 800-804-3724. For information about American Cancer Society programs and services, including the Hope Lodge program, please visit cancer.org or call 1-800-227-2345.


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Open Letter to Congress: Support "Open Competition" in Infrastructure Projects
To Members of the U.S. Congress:
As the 115th Congress considers ways to support revitalization of America's infrastructure, we ask that the free market principles of transparency, competition and cost effectiveness be incorporated into all appropriations or authorization legislation related to infrastructure projects. Specifically, legislation should include language that clearly requires an open, competitive bidding process for materials that will be used in infrastructure projects.
There is bi-partisan agreement in Congress that the country's transportation energy and water infrastructure is insufficient, outdated, or in need of repair or replacement. By allowing for an open and competitive bidding process, project managers and engineers will be better able to evaluate different options and select materials for infrastructure projects that enhance performance, durability, and reduce costs to taxpayers.
Much of the federal funds devoted to infrastructure flows from the federal level to state, county, or local agencies and is applied to projects that are managed locally. Within this flow of funds issues of economic inefficiency arise due to the fact that many states, counties, and localities limit or direct which materials can be used in publicly funded infrastructure and construction projects.
These government imposed restrictions on materials in infrastructure and construction projects were often put in place to appease special interests by preventing competition in the bidding process. Alternatively, such restrictions were enacted decades ago when lawmakers could not fathom the advancements and innovations in infrastructure materials that have taken place in recent years.
These restrictions on competition in the bidding process for publicly funded infrastructure and construction projects prevent new and innovative materials that can prove safer and more efficient from even being considered. In turn the costs of public infrastructure projects can be artificially inflated by outdated materials, wasting billions in taxpayer dollars.
A recent study released by the National Taxpayers Union (NTU) found it would cost $1.32 trillion to replace the nation's entire aging water infrastructure. It is projected that allowing open competition for materials in just water infrastructure projects could save over $371 billion in taxpayer funds. A separate study conducted by Massachusetts-based BCC Research found removing barriers to competition could save up to 39 percent per mile in pipe costs alone.
Furthermore, the concept of open competition is not limited solely to energy and water infrastructure, but can be applied to numerous other aspects of publicly funded infrastructure projects that have been limited for decades by protectionist and outdated restrictions on materials.
A modern, strong and efficient infrastructure system is essential to a growing economy. While maintaining and updating infrastructure is both complex and expensive, requiring open competition in infrastructure procurement is a common sense way for members of Congress to fulfill their obligation to act as responsible stewards of taxpayers' dollars.
We urge you to support requiring open, competitive bidding procedures for all materials in government funded infrastructure grant programs and procurement processes in future appropriations and infrastructure legislation.
Americans for Tax Reform
Taxpayers Protection Alliance
60 Plus Association
American Business Defense Council
American Consumer Institute Center for Citizen Research
American City County Exchange
Americans for Prosperity
American Legislative Exchange Council
ALEC Action
Center for Freedom and Prosperity
Citizen Outreach
Council for Citizens Against Government Waste
Freedom Works
Frontiers of Freedom
Independent Women's Forum
Independent Women's Voice
National Federation of Republican Assemblies
National Taxpayers Union
R Street Institute
Tea Party Nation


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Are you thinking - well, which boarding school? Are you interested in boarding schools in West Yorkshire? We are presenting here one of private British schools - Ackworth School in beautiful West Yorkshire. Ackworth is a village and civil parish in the metropolitan borough of Wakefield, West Yorkshire, England, situated between Pontefract, Barnsley and Doncaster on the small River Went. When it comes to the most interesting places to visit in High Ackworth, these are some examples: the Church of St. Cuthbert, the medieval cross located in centre of High Ackworth or the Ackworth Plague Stone. Boarding schools in High Ackworth are definitely worth to take a closer look when planning your future education. it is better to apply earlied to these schools as these are always popular among national and international candidates. Boarding schools in High Ackworth can offer a lot to its students, for example: interesting study courses, extra-curricular activities or summer and winter camps. Now all you need to do is just to take a closer look at the boarding schools in High Ackworth..
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West Yellowstone Ford Buyers Choose Us
Obtaining an awesome deal on a new or used Ford in West Yellowstone, MT is not too complex. All it takes is a visit to Bozeman Ford. Our car dealership is constantly evaluating our selling prices against other car dealers in the region, such as Butte Ford, Billings Ford and Helena Ford. We desire to do our part to be sure that you are getting a good price on your new or used pickup, and this is the first step.
A great reason why West Yellowstone Ford buyers pick Bozeman Ford is our enormous range. Our dealership is full of new and used cars and trucks just waiting to be taken out on the road for a test drive. What you will find from our franchise is that we give you the convenience to check out our cars and trucks, and see what features are actually appealing to you. Perhaps you have never cruised around with the sunroof open, or have never experienced what it's like to have heated seats during the winter months. Maybe you want a more basic automobile. By being able to see the different options obtainable from our West Yellowstone area Ford dealership you can get a real notion of what attributes are right for you.
Financing Available For New and Used Vehicles
The new or used automobile you choose is just part one of your purchasing experience. The next part is acquiring the financing you need. Bozeman Ford works with many different lenders in order to give you alternatives for financing. We then work with you to determine out how much you want your monthly payment to be, how much you want to put down and what the trade-in value of your present vehicle, if you have one, is.


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SOURCE: Horizon Pharma plc
February 04, 2015 16:05 ET
DUBLIN, IRELAND--(Marketwired - Feb 4, 2015) - Horizon Pharma plc (NASDAQ: HZNP), a specialty biopharmaceutical company focused on improving patients' lives by identifying, developing, acquiring and commercializing differentiated products that address unmet medical needs, announced today the issuance of a patent from the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) entitled "Method for Treating a Patient at Risk for Developing an NSAID-associated Ulcer" that relates to the use of VIMOVO® (naproxen/esomeprazole magnesium) in patients taking low dose aspirin.
"This patent significantly expands the strength of the VIMOVO patent estate and extends patent protection out to 2031," said Timothy P. Walbert, chairman, president and chief executive officer, Horizon Pharma plc. "In addition, this patent exhibits our commitment to innovation and ability to further strengthen the intellectual property protection of our portfolio of drugs. This is an important milestone in the commercial lifecycle for VIMOVO."
The USPTO issued U.S. patent number 8,945,621 on February 3, 2015. Horizon and POZEN plan to list the U.S. patent in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations, or Orange Book. This will be the eleventh U.S. patent to be listed in the Orange Book for VIMOVO.
About VIMOVO®
VIMOVO (naproxen/esomeprazole magnesium) is a fixed-dose combination of delayed-release enteric-coated naproxen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), and immediate-release esomeprazole magnesium, a stomach acid-reducing proton pump inhibitor (PPI), approved for the relief of signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis and to decrease the risk of developing gastric ulcers in patients at risk of developing NSAID-associated gastric ulcers. VIMOVO is not recommended for use in children younger than 18 years of age. VIMOVO is not recommended for initial treatment of acute pain because the absorption of naproxen is delayed compared to absorption from other naproxen-containing products. Controlled studies do not extend beyond six months. VIMOVO should be used at the lowest dose and for the shortest amount of time as directed by your health care provider.
For Full Prescribing Information please see www.VIMOVO.com.
About Horizon Pharma plc
Horizon Pharma plc is a specialty biopharmaceutical company focused on improving patients' lives by identifying, developing, acquiring and commercializing differentiated products that address unmet medical needs. The Company markets a portfolio of products in arthritis, inflammation and orphan diseases. Horizon's U.S. marketed products are ACTIMMUNE® (interferon gamma-1b), DUEXIS® (ibuprofen/famotidine), PENNSAID® (diclofenac sodium topical solution) 2% w/w, RAYOS® (prednisone) delayed-release tablets and VIMOVO® (naproxen/esomeprazole magnesium). Horizon's global headquarters are in Dublin, Ireland. For more information, please visit www.horizonpharma.com.
Forward-Looking Statements
This press release contains forward-looking statements, including statements regarding the possible extension of patent protection for VIMOVO and plans to list the newly issued patent in the FDA's Orange Book. These forward-looking statements are based on management expectations and assumptions as of the date of this press release, and actual results may differ materially from those in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors. These factors include risks regarding, whether the newly issued patent and existing patents will provide sufficient protection and market exclusivity for VIMOVO, whether any patents, including the newly issued patent, covering VIMOVO may be challenged, invalidated, infringed or circumvented by third parties and other factors described in Horizon's filings with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, including those factors discussed under the caption "Risk Factors" in those filings. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this press release and Horizon does not undertake any obligation to update or revise these statements, except as may be required by law.
Investor Contact:Robert F. Carey
Executive Vice President, Chief Business OfficerEmail Contact
+1 224 383-3250Media Contact:Geoff CurtisEmail Contact
+1 312 233-1253
Investor Contact:Robert F. Carey
Executive Vice President, Chief Business OfficerEmail Contact
+1 224 383-3250Media Contact:Geoff CurtisEmail Contact
+1 312 233-1253
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Hatch | Sedan
Sedan | Wagon
Soft Top | RF
Small SUV
Medium SUV
Large SUV
Single Cab | Freestyle Cab | Dual Cab
The superb styling of CX-9 redefines the seven-seat family SUV. An athletic, yet elegant stance conveys power and stability with KODO Design at its most breathtaking. Premium materials, fine craftsmanship and elegant design welcome you inside. Every passenger is indulged with unprecedented comfort, technology and spaciousness.
The elegant cabin effortlessly adapts to all your seating and luggage requirements. Even the easily-accessible third-row uses a mechanic so simple, children can operate it. With a cockpit that envelops the driver with thoughtfully positioned controls, it's simply a breathtaking drive for the whole family.
Fully-equipped to handle the entertainment demands of modern families, it offers the latest in connectivity and infotainment. With Active Driving Display projected onto the windscreen in full colour for the very first time, your trip information is conveniently displayed in your line of sight for a less distracted drive.
The direct injection turbocharged engine provides more immediate power and torque for effortless acceleration and overtaking, even when towing and carrying loads. The smooth ride and athletic responses are further enhanced with the latest advances in SKYACTIV TECHNOLOGY, of which CX-9 boasts the full suite.
Equipped with our intelligent i-ACTIVSENSE safety technologies, Mazda CX-9 doesn't just give you a sense of security, but true peace of mind. CX-9 is the first Mazda to feature MRCC with Stop & Go function, which reduces the stress of negotiating heavy stop-start traffic.
Rear camera and rear parking sensors give you added confidence while reversing, all displayed beautifully on the large 8-inch* touchscreen.
*7-inch screen for Sport grade.
Get the very latest brochure on the CX-9.
Experience the CX-9 yourself, book a test drive online.
Speak with our team for finance and / or insurance advice.
Submit an enquiry online and we will get back to you quickly.
313-315 Byrnes Street
Mareeba QLD 4880
Phone: 07 4092 5100
Fax: 07 4092 4320
© Mareeba Mazda 2018


text: Congratulations to Jennifer Redlarczyk, who will receive a copy of one Jeanna's Ellsworth's titles. Jennifer, you will be asked to choose from Mr. Darcy's Promise, Pride and Persistence, or To Refine Like Silver. Please contact Regina Jeffers (email@example.com) to claim your prize. In the email, include your name and mailing address.


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My Name Is...A collection of biographies in which world figures tell us about their lives and describe what the world was like during their lifetimes.
Drawing Our BodyIn this book we learn to work with different parts of the human body,starting with the portrait and followed by step-by-step explanations of how to draw the face, eyes, nose and mouth.
I Have Fun WithThis is the series on plastic arts that every child and teacher has been waiting for. A collection with clear, precise concepts on starting out in the plastic arts - drawing, painting and sculpture - with examples that are easy for the child to understand.
Let's PerformLet's Perform contains a series of exercises, games and activities that build skills allowing children to stage a theatrical production.
Creative TechniquesCreative Techniques helps the painter to discover the possibilities of traditional expressive media though research and experiment.
The PerfumeThis book is all about the art and craft of creating perfumes and fragrances using the same methods as a professional perfumer.
Anatomy & BodybuildingThis book explains how to most effectively exercise different parts of the body and develop strength, flexibility and a defined musculature.
Grand AtlasesThis is a series of reference books designed for students, in which a clear layout, an attractive presentation and precise illustrations combine to offer books that are practical, accessible and enjoyable.
Anatomy & StretchingFlexibility is a physical quality that we naturally start to lose from the moment of birth. Over time we may suffer from limited mobility or muscle and joint pain, due to the course of our everyday lives or while we practice sports.
Heartwarming StoriesThis collection is intended to be a useful tool that will accompany children as they age and grow up day by day, and emotions and feelings play an essential role in this process.
The Little PrinceWhile our version of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's famous Le Petit Prince contains faithful reproductions of the author's text and watercolor illustrations, it offers the child so much more through Augmented Reality. This extra material includes music, sound effects, games and a presentation of the Little Prince's universe in 3D… allowing the reader to enjoy and further immerse themselves in this classic tale.
The Forest of LettersThe Forest of Letters is a series that stimulates a child's interest and builds fundamental reading skills. Narrative themes have been carefully selected so that the child can identify with them
Classic TalesThe magic of fantastic tales, either popular ones or those by well-known authors, has captured the imagination of generations of children.
Alla Prima PaintingThis manual is presented as a series of step-by-step exercises, approaching the genre of alla prima painting in an amiable, accessible and practical manner.
Painting the ElementsPainting Themes brings us closer to an expressive representation of the four natural elements and their manifestation through the three principle painting techniques of oil, watercolor and acrylic.
Drawing Light & ShadeDrawing Light & Shade studies how shadows are drawn and the most common methods used to represent them.
Painting Color for BeginnersColor is an essential, plastic element in painting. It has its own primordial language which the artist can use to communicate and consolidate a huge range of different visual stimuli when reproducing any given subject.
Drawing LandscapesDrawing Landscapes offers the perfect introduction to the basic tools and techniques necessary for creating realistic landscape drawings.
New Trends in DrawingThe limits of drawing - introducing new modern and contemporary concepts. New media, mix of styles and accepted colors.
Art BoxThe best boxed set for those who wish to learn drawing or painting techniques.
Drawing Lessons by Leonardo da VinciA manual of step-by-step exercises that build on the teachings of these treatises, adapting them to the needs of the contemporary artist.
Drawing the Great MastersThe book examines techniques and trade secrets, permitting the reader to interpret the fundamentals of drawing styles of the great artists.
Product Model MakingA book that spans many design disciplines, with a focus on model- and prototype-making sample methods, explained practically and didactically.
Notebook SketchingSketching is an artistic form of expression that has been practiced by countless people with a creative temperament since time immemorial...
Sketching & Illustrating BirdsThis book teaches how to artistically portray all kinds of birds, from sketching them in their natural habitat to full-detail illustration.
Pocket GuidesIn the 96 pages of each volume, this series responds to and resolves the many doubts that may occur to people who, while having a certain amount of experience with painting, would like to learn more about the techniques relating to the subject of the particular title.
Decorative ObjectsThis book makes practical, everyday upcycling with recycled books possible. Each project requires minimal effort, employing simple techniques and inexpensive materials.
The Art of Making BeerThis book aims to bring beer making techniques to the largest possible number of readers. It uses the current trend towards traditional flavors to encourage us to rediscover how to manufacture and consume beer.
Professional Make-upThis book meticulously collates the expertise that enables the student to apply make-up like a professional make-up artist.
Alice in Wonderland - AR/VRWith text adapted to the illustrations we have produced specifically for this edition, our Alice in Wonderland is a pioneering Virtual Reality title developed to incentivize reading. Combining reading with elements of Virtual Reality, children will find themselves immersed in this classic story and even transform into one of its protagonists.
Around the World in 80 Days - AR/VRThe enigmatic and distinguished English gentleman Phileas Fogg has made a wager: to travel around the world in just 80 days. He is accompanied by his loyal and newly-appointed butler Passepartout, a young Frenchman with an extraordinary ability to successfully navigate the most difficult of situations.
Les Guixeres
C/ de la Energía, 19-21
08915 Badalona - SPAIN
Tel. (+34) 93 323 33 11
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com


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Kamie Moore and her daughter, Cassidy, 9, scribbled messages on a pink helium balloon Saturday at The Zoe Foundation's Shana Rae Project's first Walk to Remember at the LSU Rural Life Museum.
"Happy Birthday Madelyn," Kamie Moore, Madelyn's mother, wrote.
"I love you," added Cassidy, Madelyn's sister.
The mother and daughter pair, other members of their immediate family, and about 50 others gathered in a semicircle following a reading of baby names, and released balloons into the air in memory of the babies who had died.
In recognition of Pregnancy and Infant Loss Awareness Month, The Zoe Foundation's Shana Rae Project hosted the group's inaugural walk in Baton Rouge.
"The purpose of the event is to provide emotional support for Louisiana families who have experienced the loss of a baby," said Kayla Johnson, the founder and director of The Zoe Foundation.
"We're in the business of saving lives," Johnson added. "We save the lives of grieving parents.
"We just want to take away the financial burden so they can just grieve, and hook them up with other people so they don't feel alone," Johnson said.
The Zoe Foundation, which is headquartered in Savannah, Ga., is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization that provides financial support by assisting with infant burial or cremation expenses, and provides emotional support through local groups and peer connections.
Johnson, who grew up in Baton Rouge, said she hoped the walk would bring awareness to the Shana Rae Project, or the Louisiana Chapter of the Zoe Foundation, which was formed following a high volume of requests for assistance from Louisiana families.
Erin Bourgeois agreed to be the Louisiana coordinator, and the Shana Rae Project was formed in March. Since then, Shana Rae Project has reached out to many families and continues to offer financial and emotional support for Louisiana families experiencing the loss of a baby.
Bourgeois said she was surprised when she was looking for something or someone to help her following her daughter's death, but found "there was nothing."
Not only was there no one to help financially, but, Bourgeois said, there was no one available, for instance, to offer ideas on how to plan an infant's funeral service.
Ashley DeVall, whose daughter, Audrie Claire, was stillborn, agrees.
To help families losing a child become better prepared to deal with the process, DeVall said, she is hoping to partner with Woman's Hospital to provide parents who lose a child with a memory box. One of the items inside of the box would be a list of psalms to include at the funeral service, and ideas on how to plan a baby's funeral.
"It never dawned on me that I'd have to plan an infant funeral," DeVall said.
"I was in so much shock, I didn't know what I was going to do for the funeral," DeVall recalled.
DeVall said she felt alone following her daughter's death, but reached out to family members for help. She said she first learned of the Shana Rae Project about four or five months ago through Facebook. She gathered relatives and friends together who donned buttons with Audrie's photo, and attended Saturday's gathering.
"I try to do everything I can to honor my daughter and her memory," DeVall said, adding that she gets to help other families grieving the death of an infant.
"Even though she's not here, I feel like that was her reason, her purpose," DeVall said.
The event also featured special music, and a leisurely walk through the LSU Rural Life Museum trails in remembrance of lost little ones.
Debbie Fowler, a childbirth and parental loss educator, said she came to the event to walk "in memory of all of the babies I've taken care of.
"I think it's important to remember," Fowler said. "We always take pictures of the first day of school and stuff but these people don't have anything like that."


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Take advantage of this special offer:
5 days for USD 400,000
7 days for USD 450,000
Available on charters booked by 29 October – Don't miss out!!
Also still available for Christmas and New Year at USD 600,000 per week
LENGTH / BUILD: 72m, Lurssen
GUESTS: 12 (7 double)
CREW: Captain Vaughan Hill (New Zealander) on rotation with Captain Neil Evans (British) + 20 Crew
CRUISING AREAS: Caribbean
PUBLISHED RATES: USD 600,000 p/w high / USD 550,000 p/w low
Key features
• Magnificent refit in 2013 including hull extension.
• TITANIA has two master suites, one on the upper deck with panoramic views and one on the main deck with private jacuzzi.
• Beach club with sauna which can be converted into a night club.
• Spa with massage facilities.
• Huge array of water toys.
• Very service orientated, charter friendly crew.
This yacht can charter from Nassau and cruise to the Bahamas.


text: HI! You are right. I try to explain why we want so. Actually we don't, but a customer of us wants that we realize that. 1. We have a customer and we manage the domain domainA.com on our Exchange Server. This customer has also the second mail domain domainB.com which we manage also on our Exchange Server but not have for it any MX record. 2. Another mail server (Unix) which belongs to an Internet Provider has MX record for the domain domainB.com. 3. The accounts of customer for domainB.com has mailboxes on our Exchange Server, but also on Unix mail server. 4. The customer will migrate later his MX for domainB.com to our server. 5. The customer wants that his employees should send their mails internal and external by using their Exchange mailboxes, with the primary alias user@xxxxxxxxxxxx 6. But the customer wants also that all mails which are sent (external or internal) to alias@xxxxxxxxxx should be go to the mailboxes on Unix mail server. Situation: - The employees of customer can send mail to external domains without any problem by using their alias@xxxxxxxxxxx aliases on our Exchange. - The employees can also receive the mails from external domains to their mailboxes on Unix mail server. PROBLEM: - If the employees send mails internal by using our Exchange, for example from user1@xxxxxxxxxxx to user2@xxxxxxxxxxx, the mails will be sent to mailboxes on the Exchage Server. As I described above the customer wants that these internal mails should be sent also to the mailboxes on Unix mail server. Exchange Server acts hier absolutly correct! My questin is, is there any "trick" that I tell Exchange Server that it should send all internal mails to other server (Unix mail server) without any checking?? That is all story! Puhh.... It is a little bit strange story but the customer asks me about it. Now I ask you if it is possible. Thanks in advance. Mustafa


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Defined Concentrates Review
The Epiphany Vape kit is an amazing option for people who love to smoke medical marijuana, and improve their health. Epiphany cartridge for the Vape is also available for purchase. Aside from Epiphany, Heal and Big Sur is also available. In this review, we will be talking about Epiphany.
Epiphany is a transparent concentrate boasting of amazing aroma and flavor. This is a concentrate with a defined and one of a kind profile of terpenes. Various independent scientific publications support terpenes as having possible advantages from the medical point of view.
There are quite a few advantages of terpenes:
- Improving memory
- Treating ulcers
- Curing nausea
- Improving appetite
- Curing convulsions
- Treating Atherosclerosis
- Preventing cancer
- Managing depression
- Curing anxiety
- Reducing inflammation
- Relieving pain, working as an analgesic
- Reversing neuro-degeneration, including Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease
The products from Defined Concentrates are exclusively made out of CO2 extracted plants without any added carriers. Each lot is tested in the lab to ensure quality control. The brand is into the production of high quality products from CO2 extracts, which can bring about improvement in health in many ways. You should consult your doctor to know about the dosage of the product that you can take.
What You Should Know About It?
The concentrates are generated by various methods, which mainly include butane and other toxic solvents. Defined Concentrates exclusively uses supercritical extraction of CO2 for generating every product. CO2, in this method, is subjected to very high pressure where it transforms into a liquid that gets rid of all essential oils from plants. Once all the oils are extracted, the CO2 goes back into a gaseous state so that it can get recycled and does not cause harm to the natural world. This leads to a 100% natural product, which is friendly to the environment and does not contain any added chemicals.
The company offers superior concentrates quickly and at reasonable prices. It attempts to elicit benefits out of the entourage effect for making one-of-a-kind items with distinct terpene profiles designed to extract particular medical advantages, which are supported by scientific studies that are published independently.
Our Final Thoughts
Defined Concentrates complies fully with the MEDICAL MARIJUANA REGULATION AND SAFETY ACT OF CALIFORNIA. Other than creating products of its own, the company actively engages and encourages partnership with other prominent firms in the industry, which include edible manufacturers, for the production of high quality concentrates. DEFINED CONCENTRATES uses CO2 extraction exclusively for generating concentrates with tools from Apeks Supercritical, an industry-leading company.
We reviewed Epiphany and we experienced quality concentrates from this cartridge. The color is clear and you can see that there are no additives. We highly recommend trying Defined Concentrates.
For more information, go to https://www.definedconcentrates.com/
Featured Review
At Ganjly, we interview cannabis experts, entrepreneurs and company representatives who are doing something noteworthy. To learn about becoming featured, you can reach out to us at email@example.com.


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Development of an Atmospheric Emissions Inventory for the Niger Delta
Project details
Funding: National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA)
Collaborators: National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA)
Dates: 2008 - 2011
UWE research repository: Air pollution and management in the Niger Delta - emerging issues
Project summary
As part of Mofoluso Fagbeja's PhD research the first ever air quality emissions inventory for the Niger Delta was developed. With a heavy focus on industry (especially the oil and gas industry), transport and domestic sources, the results of this work should assist in policy formulation and implementation by the Nigerian Government towards air quality in the oil-rich region of Nigeria.
For more details please e-mail Prof Jim Longhurst.