text:
Baldwin I of Jerusalem
|Baldwin I
|King of Jerusalem
|25 December 1100
|Godfrey (as Lord of Jerusalem)
|Baldwin II
|Count of Edessa
|Baldwin II
2 April 1118
Al-Arish, Fatimid Caliphate
|Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem
Godehilde of Tosny
Adelaide del Vasto
|House of Flanders
|Eustace II of Boulogne
|Ida of Lorraine
Baldwin I, also known as Baldwin of Boulogne (1060s – 2 April 1118), was the first count of Edessa from 1098 to 1100, and the second crusader ruler and first King of Jerusalem from 1100 to his death. Being a younger son, he was destined for a Church career, but he abandoned it and married a Norman noblewoman, Godehilde of Tosny. He received the County of Verdun in 1096, but he soon joined the crusader army of his brother, Godfrey of Bouillon and became one of the most successful commanders of the First Crusade.
Baldwin and the Norman Tancred launched a separate expedition against Cilicia in the autumn of 1097. Tancred tried to capture Tarsus, but Baldwin forced him to leave it, which gave rise to an enduring conflict between them. Baldwin seized important fortresses in the lands to the west of the Euphrates with the assistance of local Armenians. Thoros of Edessa invited him to come to Edessa to fight against the Seljuqs. Taking advantage of a riot against Thoros, Baldwin seized the town and established the first crusader state on 10 March 1098. To strengthen his rule, the widowed Baldwin married an Armenian ruler's daughter (who is now known as Arda). He supplied the main crusader army with food during the siege of Antioch. He defended Edessa against Kerbogha, the governor of Mosul, for three weeks, preventing him from reaching Antioch before the crusaders captured it.
Godfrey of Bouillon, whom the crusaders had elected their first ruler in Jerusalem, died in 1100. Daimbert, the Latin patriarch, and Tancred offered Jerusalem to Tancred's uncle, Bohemond I of Antioch. Godfrey's retainers took possession of the town and urged Baldwin to claim Godfrey's inheritance. Since a Muslim ruler captured Bohemond, Baldwin marched to Jerusalem without experiencing strong resistance. The patriarch crowned him king in Bethlehem on 25 December. He captured Arsuf and Caesarea in 1101, Acre in 1104, Beirut in 1110, and Sidon in 1111, with the assistance of Genoese and Venetian fleets and smaller crusader groups, but all his attempts to capture Ascalon and Tyre failed. After his victory in the third battle of Ramla in 1105, the Egyptians launched no major campaign against the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
Baldwin supported Bertrand, Count of Toulouse to capture Tripoli in 1109. Being the only crowned monarch in the Latin East, Baldwin claimed suzerainty over other crusader rulers. Baldwin II of Edessa and Bertrand swore fealty to him. Tancred, who ruled the Principality of Antioch, also obeyed his summons. He supported Baldwin II and Tancred against Kerbogha's successor, Mawdud, who launched a series of campaigns against Edessa and Antioch in the early 1110s. He erected fortresses in Oultrejordain—the territory over the river Jordan—to control the caravan routes between Syria and Egypt. He died during a campaign against Egypt.
- 1 Early life
- 2 First Crusade
- 3 Count of Edessa
- 4 King of Jerusalem
- 5 Death
- 6 Legacy
- 7 Family
- 8 References
- 9 Sources
- 10 Further reading
- 11 External links
Early life[edit]
Born some time after 1060,[1] Baldwin was the third son of Eustace II, Count of Boulogne and Ida of Lorraine.[2] Being his parents' youngest son, he was intended for a career in the Church.[3][4] He studied the liberal arts and held prebends in the cathedrals of Cambrai, Rheims and Liège.[5] He abandoned his church career because he wanted to be a knight, according to William of Tyre.[3][5] Historian John France says, Baldwin most probably realised that the Gregorian Reform had diminished his chance to seize rich benefices.[6]
Baldwin married a Norman noblewoman, Godehilde of Tosny.[7] Her family owned land and property in both Normandy and England.[3][8] Baldwin and his wife most probably settled in the court of his eldest brother, Eustace III of Boulogne.[9] Eustace and Baldwin jointly came to fight for their brother, Godfrey of Bouillon, against Albert III, Count of Namur and Theoderic, Bishop of Verdun at Stenay in 1086.[10][11] The childless Godfrey, who become duke of Lower Lotharingia in 1087, mentioned Baldwin in most of his charters of grant, indicating that Baldwin was regarded his heir.[12][13] Baldwin regularly visited the fortress of his wife's family at Conches-en-Ouche.[9]
First Crusade[edit]
Pope Urban II proclaimed the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont on 27 November 1095.[14][15] Godfrey of Bouillon decided to join the military campaign and sold or mortgaged his inherited domains to raise funds.[16] One of his domains, the County of Verdun was seized by Richer, Bishop of Verdun, who soon granted it to Baldwin.[17] The dissolution of Godfrey's allodial lands deprived all future dukes of the basis of their authority in Lower Lotharingia, which facilitated Baldwin's decision to take the Cross.[17] Eustace III of Boulogne also joined the crusade.[12] According to a letter of Pope Urban, only the army that Peter the Hermit had mustered for the People's Crusade outnumbered the three brothers' troops.[18]
Baldwin departed for the crusade in Godfrey's army on 15 August 1096.[14] His wife accompanied him, suggesting that he had decided not to return to his homeland.[19] The crusaders stopped at the frontier of Hungary in September.[20] Godfrey left Baldwin in charge of his troops before his conference with Coloman, King of Hungary about the conditions of the crusaders' march across the country.[20] He agreed to hand over Baldwin, along with Baldwin's wife and retainers, as hostages to ensure their troops' good conduct.[21][22][23] Baldwin and Godehilde were released soon after the crusaders left Hungary and entered the Byzantine Empire in late November.[19][24]
The crusaders reached Constantinople on 23 December 1096.[25][26] The Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos demanded an oath of allegiance from their leaders and imposed a blockade on their camp to enforce it.[27] Baldwin made raids against the suburbs, compelling Alexios to lift the blockade.[26][27] The emperor also agreed to hand over his son and heir, John, as a hostage,[26] who was entrusted to Baldwin's care.[28]
Since the crusaders continued to resist the emperor's demand, the Byzantines reduced the fodder and food supplied to them.[27] Baldwin again attacked the suburbs and killed or captured dozens of Pecheneg guards.[29] The crusaders realised that they could hardly defeat the imperial army and decided to yield to the emperor's demand.[30] Their commanders (including Godfrey and Baldwin) swore fealty to Alexios and pledged that they would cede all conquered lands that the Seljuq Turks had seized from the Byzantines to the emperor's representatives.[26][31][32] The crusaders were transferred to a camp established on the road between Chalcedon and Nicomedia in Asia Minor, but Godfrey and Baldwin soon returned to Constantinople to be present when the commanders of a new crusader army did homage to Alexios.[33] A knight sat on the emperor's throne during the ceremony, but Baldwin "took him by the hand and made him rise"[34] and gave a severe reprimand to him.[35]
After the crusaders defeated Kilij Arslan I, the Seljuq Sultan of Rum, in the Battle of Dorylaeum on 1 July 1097, Baldwin and the Norman Tancred broke away from the main body of the army.[36] They marched as far as Heraclea where they again joined their fellows around 15 August.[37] The long march across Asia Minor exhausted the crusaders and most knights' horses died in the summer.[38] To secure the supply of food and forage for them, Baldwin and Tancred were sent to the fertile plains of Cilicia.[37][39] They could count on the local Armenians' support, especially because Baldwin had already been befriended by an Armenian nobleman, Bagrat.[39][40]
Baldwin and Tancred led two separate contingents.[37] Tancred was the first to leave Heraclea, accompanied by 100–200 troops; Baldwin and his 300 knights departed around 15 September.[41][42] Tancred persuaded the Seljuq garrison of Tarsus to raise his flag on the citadel on 21 September, even before his troops were granted access to the town.[42] Baldwin took advantage of the strength of his troops and compelled Tancred to leave Tarsus on the following day.[43][44] The Turks replaced Tancred's banner with Baldwin's flag and allowed Baldwin to take possession of two towers.[43] Shortly thereafter, about 300 Norman knights arrived, but Baldwin denied entry to them, which enabled the Turks to attack and murder the Normans during the night.[45][46][47] Baldwin's own men blamed him for their fate and massacred the remnants of the Seljuq garrison.[47] Fearing of vengeance, Baldwin took shelter in a tower, but finally he convinced his soldiers of his innocence.[47] A pirate captain, Guynemer of Boulogne, sailed up the Berdan River to Tarsus and swore fealty to Baldwin.[48] He hired Guynemer's men to garrison Tarsus and continued his campaign.[48][49]
Tancred had meanwhile seized the prosperous Mamistra.[50] Baldwin reached the town on around 30 September.[50] Tancred's cousin, Roger of Salerno, wanted to take revenge of the Normans who perished at Tarsus, which caused a skirmish between the soldiers of Baldwin and Tancred.[50][51] This was the first occasion when crusaders fought against each other.[52] After one or two men were killed and much more were injured or captured from both sides, Baldwin and Tancred made peace and Baldwin left Mamistra.[52][51] He joined the main army at Marash, but Bagrat persuaded him to launch a campaign towards the river Euphrates across a region densely populated by Armenians.[46][52] About 80-100 knights accompanied him when he again left the main army on 17 October.[52][53][54]
Count of Edessa[edit]
The Armenians regarded Baldwin as a liberator[55][56] and two Armenian chiefs, Fer and Nicusus, joined him soon after he started his campaign.[55][57] The local population massacred the Seljuq garrisons and officials, or forced them to flee.[58] The Seljuqs' fear of the crusaders contributed to Baldwin's success.[59] He seized two important fortresses, Ravendel and Turbessel, without a fight before the end of 1097.[58][59] He made Bagrat the governor of Ravendel[59] and appointed Fer to administer Turbessel.[58]
The Armenian Thoros of Edessa sent envoys—the Armenian bishop of Edessa and twelve leading citizens—to Baldwin in early 1098, seeking his assistance against the nearby Seljuq rulers.[53][59][60] Being the first town to convert to Christianity, Edessa had played an important role in Christian history.[38] Before departing for Edessa, Baldwin ordered the arrest of Bagrat whom Fer had accused of secret correspondence with the Seljuqs.[57][61] Bagrat was tortured, but he managed to escape and fled to his brother, Kogh Vasil, the lord of Raban and Kaisun.[61] Baldwin left for Edessa in early February, but Balduk, the emir of Samosata,[61] prevented him from crossing the Euphrates.[59][62] His second attempt was successful and reached Edessa in mid-February.[62][63] Baldwin did not want to serve Thoros as a mercenary.[64][65] The Armenian townspeople persuaded Thoros to adopt him, because they had feared that otherwise he would leave the town.[66] Strengthened by troops from Edessa, Baldwin raided Balduk's territory and placed a garrison in a small fortress near Samosata.[67]
In the view of the twelve governors' and all their fellow citizens' steadfastness and goodwill towards Baldwin, [Thoros of Edessa] had to grant their request whether he liked it or not, and he made Baldwin his own adopted son according to the custom of that region and people, binding him to his naked chest and clothing him once for all under the garment closest to his own flesh, with pledges given and received by both parties. With the father-and-son relationship thus confirmed on both sides, [Thoros] one day suggested to Baldwin, in his position as son, that he call his men together, all the army and those serving for pay, taking the citizens of Edessa likewise, and set out for the fortification at Samosata which was next to the Euphrates and conquer Balduk, prince of the Turks, who had unjustly seized that same citadel, which belonged to Edessa, and was holding it.— Albert of Aix: History of the Journey to Jerusalem[68]
Unlike the majority of the Armenians, Thoros adhered to the Orthodox Church, which made him unpopular among his Monophysite subjects.[66][69] Shortly after Baldwin's return from his campaign, the local noblemen started plotting against Thoros, possibly with Baldwin's consent (as it is stated by Matthew of Edessa).[70][71] A riot broke out in the town, forcing Thoros to take refuge in the citadel.[67] Baldwin pledged to save his adoptive father, but he did nothing when the rioters broke into the citadel on 9 March.[67][72] Thoros and his wife were captured and murdered.[63][65] On the following day, the townspeople acknowledged Baldwin as their ruler (or doux).[72][73] He assumed the title count and established the first crusader state.[65][74]
The Seljuqs had occupied Edessa from the Byzantines in 1087, but Alexios I Komnenos never demanded the town from Baldwin.[75] MacEvitt argues that the local population did not regard Baldwin's ascension as "a change in regime, but the replacement of one strongman with vague Byzantine ties with another of the same ilk".[71] The acquisition of Ravendel, Turbessel and Edessa strengthened the position of the main crusader army during the enduring siege to Antioch.[76] The fertile lands along the Euphrates secured the supply of food to the crusaders.[77] The three important fortresses also hindered the movement of the Seljuq troops towards Syria and Palestine.[78]
Baldwin had to prove his diplomatic skills to secure his rule in Edessa, because his retinue was small.[79] He married the daughter of the Armenian lord of a nearby town and also encouraged his retainers to marry local women.[80][81] Thoros' rich treasury enabled him to employ mercenaries and to seize Samosata from Balduk.[80][82] Baldwin offered a salary to Balduk who settled in Edessa.[83] Their treaty was the first friendly arrangement between a crusader leader and a Muslim ruler.[84] An Artuqid emir, Balak ibn Bahram, hired Baldwin to suppress a revolt in Saruj.[82][83] The Muslim burghers of the town approached Balduk to come to their rescue.[83] Balduk hurried to Saruj, but the townspeople soon realised that his retinue was too small to resist a siege and yielded to Baldwin.[83] He ordered the execution of Balduk who had refused to hand over his wife and children as hostages.[83]
Baldwin granted the usufruct of Turbessel and Ravendel to his brother, Godfrey, to secure his and his retainers' accommodation during the siege of Antioch.[85][86] Kerbogha, the governor of Mosul, gathered a large army to relieve the town.[74] During his march towards Antioch, Kerbogha did not risk allowing the crusaders' to hold Edessa.[74] He besieged Edessa for three weeks in May, but he could not capture it.[87] His delay enabled the crusaders to capture Antioch on 3 June 1098.[63][74] Antioch became the capital of a new crusader state, with Tancred's uncle, Bohemond of Hauteville, as its first prince.[63]
Baldwin levied high taxes, which made him unpopular among his native subjects.[88] He also ignored the local noblemen's advice and granted landed property to his retainers and other crusaders who moved to Edessa.[86][88] A dozen Armenian chiefs staged a plot against Baldwin in December.[86][88] They approached the nearby Seljuq emirs for assistance, but Baldwin learnt of the conspiracy and ordered the arrest of the conspirators.[88] The two ringleaders were mutilated in accordance with Byzantine laws, but others could redeem themselves with a high penalty.[86][88] Nevertheless, Baldwin continued to appoint Armenian noblemen to important offices.[88] He made the Armenian Abu'l-Garib the commander of Bijerik, an important fort controlling the road between Edessa and Turbessel.[89]
The main crusader army captured Jerusalem on 15 July 1099.[90] A week later, Godfrey of Bouillon was elected the ruler of the town, but he was never crowned king.[90] Baldwin decided to complete his pilgrimage and left Edessa for Jerusalem in November.[76] At Buluniyas, he joined the pilgrims who had departed with Bohemond I and the papal legate, Daimbert of Pisa, from Antioch.[76][91] Attacks by Muslim troops, fatigue and diseases caused heavy casualties during the journey, but most pilgrims reached Jerusalem on 21 December.[90][92] Four days later, Daimbert was elected and installed as the new Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem.[90][92] The new patriarch confirmed Godfrey and Bohemond in the possession of their lands, but no similar ceremony was recorded in connection with Baldwin.[93][94] Baldwin and Bohemond left Jerusalem on 1 January 1100.[95] Duqaq, the Seljuq ruler of Damascus, sent forces to attack them, but they routed the Damascene near Baalbek.[95] Baldwin returned to Edessa in February.[95]
Godfrey died unexpectedly on 18 July 1100.[90] He had extracted oaths from Daimbert and other leading crusaders that they "would not confer the throne on anyone except his brothers or one of his blood",[96] according to Albert of Aix.[97] Warner of Grez, Godfrey's most influential retainer took possession the Tower of David in Jerusalem to secure the control of the town.[98] Although Walter soon died, Geldemar Carpenel and Arnulf of Chocques sent a delegation to Baldwin, urging him to come to Jerusalem.[98]
To prevent Baldwin from seizing Godfrey's realm, Daimbert and Tancred sought assistance from Bohemond I of Antioch.[98] Daimbert sent a letter to him, stating that Baldwin's rule would "bring about the downfall of the church and the destruction of Christianity itself", according to William of Tyre.[98] Bohemond, however, was captured by Danishmend Gazi in the hills near Melitene around 15 August.[90] Baldwin hurried to Melitene and pursued Danishmend for three days, but he was unable to achieve Bohemond's release.[99] After his return, the Armenian lord of Melitene, Gabriel, swore fealty to him.[99] Baldwin appointed 50 knights to defend the town.[99]
King of Jerusalem[edit]
News of Godfrey's death reached Edessa shortly after Baldwin's return from Melitene.[100] His chaplain, Fulcher of Chartres, noticed that Baldwin "grieved somewhat over the death of his brother, but rejoiced more over his inheritance".[100] To finance his journey, Baldwin seized gold and silver with force from his subjects.[100] He appointed his relative, Baldwin of Le Bourcq, his successor in the county and Le Bourcq swore fealty to him.[100][101]
About 200 knights and 300–700 foot-soldiers accompanied Baldwin when he left Edessa on 2 October 1100.[100][102] He spent four days in Antioch, but did not accept the local inhabitants' offer to administer the principality during Bohemond's captivity.[100] Duqaq of Damascus wanted to ambush him at the narrow road near the mouth of the Nahr al-Kaib River.[100] Fakhr al-Mulk, the qadi of Tripoli, secretly warned Baldwin, enabling him to make arrangements for the attack and to route the Damascene troops.[103] Tancred wanted to stop him at Jaffa, but the townspeople refused to resist Baldwin.[104]
Baldwin reached Jerusalem around 9 November.[105] Daimbert withdew to a monastery on Mount Zion, but the townspeople stopped Baldwin outside the walls and ceremoniously accompanied him to the Holy Sepulchre.[105][106] Albert of Aix's sporadic references suggest that Baldwin adopted the title of prince.[107] Baldwin first raided the environs of Ascalon, which was still held by the Egyptians, then launched a punishing expedition against the robbers who had their headquarters in the caves near Jerusalem.[100] He made an incursion across the river Jordan before returning to Jerusalem on 21 December.[100]
Baldwin was reconciled with Daimbert who agreed to anoint and crown him king.[106][108] The ceremony took place in the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem on Christmas Day.[108][109] Thereafter Baldwin was most frequently styled either king or king and defensor.[107] For instance, a charter of grant in 1104 referred to him as "Baldwin, king of Judea and Jerusalem, and defensor of the Holiest Sepulchre of our Lord, Jesus Christ".[110] In most of his charters, he also emphasised that he was Godfrey's lawful heir.[111]
First successes[edit]
Geldemar Carpenel laid claim to Haifa, stating that Tancred had arbitrarily seized it.[112] Baldwin summoned Tancred to Jerusalem, but Tancred did not recognise him as the lawful monarch.[100] They met at a river near Jaffa, but could not reach a compromise.[112] The conflict was only resolved when Tancred was invited to Antioch to administer the principality on Bohemond's behalf.[112] Before leaving for Antioch in March, Tancred renounced his domains in Palestine, but also stipulated that the same domains should be granted in fief to him if he were to leave Antioch within fifteen months.[112] Baldwin gave Haifa to Geldemar and Galilee to Hugh of Fauquembergues.[112]
A new papal legate, Maurice of Porto, came to Jerusalem in early March 1101.[113] Baldwin accused Daimbert of treachery and convinced Maurice to suspend him on 15 April.[108][113] Daimbert had to bribe Baldwin with 300 bezants to persuade the legate to restore him to his office.[108][113] The towns along the coast which were still under Egyptian rule—Arsuf, Caesarea, Acre and Tyre—sent gifts to Baldwin to secure his benevolence.[114]
Always in need of funds, Baldwin concluded an alliance with the commanders of a Genoese fleet, offering commercial privileges and booty to them in the towns that he would capture with their support.[115] They first attacked Arsuf, which surrendered without resistance on 29 April, securing a safe passage for the townspeople to Ascalon.[115][116] The Egyptian garrison at Caesarea resisted, but the town fell on 17 May.[115] Baldwin's soldiers pillaged it, massacring almost all adult men and many women.[115][117] He granted a street in both towns to the Genoese.[114]
Battles at Ramla[edit]
While Baldwin and the Genoese were besieging Caesarea, the Egyptian vizier, Al-Afdal Shahanshah, started mustering troops at Ascalon.[114] Baldwin moved his headquarters to the nearby Jaffa and fortified Ramla to hinder a surprise attack against Jerusalem.[114] He demanded more funds from Daimbert to cover the defense costs, but the patriarch refuted.[113] During a passionate debate in the presence of the papal legate, Daimbert stated that Baldwin should not "presume to make tributary and servant the holy Church".[113][118][119] The legate persuaded Daimbert to promise that he would "maintain thirty soldiers by a money agreement",[120] but the patriarch failed to raise the promised troops.[119]
The lightly armed and undisciplined Egyptian army approached Ramla in early September.[121] The much smaller, but trained and well equipped crusader forces were the first to attack at dawn on 7 September.[122] Three of the five crusader corps were almost annihilated during the first phase of the battle, but Baldwin persuaded the remnants of his army to launch a new attack, surprising the Egyptians.[123] After a short resistance, they fled in panic, chased by the crusaders as far as Ascalon.[122][124]
Roger Borsa, Duke of Apulia, sent money to Daimbert, partially for the salary of soldiers, but Daimbert retained the whole sum.[125] After learning of the embezzlement, Baldwin convinced the papal legate to dismiss Daimbert in late 1101.[126][127] Daimbert fled to Tanced to Antioch.[119] The vacancy enabled Baldwin to freely use the patriarchs' rich treasury.[119]
Stephen, Count of Blois, Hugh VI of Lusignan and other survivors of the catastrophic crusade of the previous year came to celebrate Easter in Jerusalem in 1102.[126][128] Shortly thereafter, an Egyptian army of about 20,000 strong invaded the kingdom.[124] Ignoring all advice, Baldwin rode out against them with about 500 horsemen, including dozens of new crusaders, from Jerusalem on 17 May.[124][129] Another battle was fought at Ramla, but this time the Egyptians were victorious, forcing Baldwin and his men to take refuge in Ramla.[124] Baldwin escaped from the fortress before the Egyptians laid siege to it, but his troops were murdered or captured.[130] He first fled to Arsuf, then an English pirate, Godric of Finchale, took him to Jaffa, although the Egyptian army had surrounded it.[124] He went to Jerusalem to gather new troops and returned to Jaffa with more than 100 horsemen.[131] However, only the arrival of a fleet filled with hundreds of English, French and German pilgrims forced the Egyptians to lift the siege on 27 May.[132] Baldwin urged Alexios I Komnenos not to obstruct their journey in a letter.[133]
During the siege of Jaffa, Baldwin had sent envoys to Antioch and Edessa, seeking assistance from Tancred and Baldwin II.[127] They arrived only after the Egyptians' withdrawal.[127] Tancred tried to persuade the new papal legate, Robert of St Eusebio, to restore Daimbert, but Baldwin convinced Robert to discuss the issue with the local bishops and abbots.[127][134] After the prelates unanimously stated that Daimbert had almost provoked a civil war and abused his ecclesiastic authority, the legate allowed them to elect a pious priest, Evremar, patriarch.[135][136]
Baldwin laid siege to Acre in April 1103, but an Egyptian fleet relieved the town.[137][138] He launched a raid against the robbers who had settled on the Mount Carmel, but he was wounded in the kidneys and did not recover till the end of the year.[137] A new Genoese fleet arrived at Haifa in April 1104[139] and Baldwin made an alliance with their commanders and again besieged Acre.[139][140] The town surrendered on 26 May after Baldwin promised a free passage to those who wanted to move to Ascalon, but the Genoese plundered the wealthy emigrants and killed many of them.[141][142] Baldwin wanted to punish them, but the patriarch mediated a reconciliation and Baldwin granted one-third of the town to the Genoese.[139] Acre had always been the most important port of trade between Syria and Europe, and the harbour generated significant revenues for Baldwin.[143][139]
Duqaq's death on 14 June gave rise to internal conflicts in Damascus.[140] The atabeg (or regent) Toghtekin emerged as the actual ruler, but he had to face strong opposition.[144] Baldwin promised support to Duqaq's minor brother, Irtash, against Toghtekin.[144] His intervention brought about a rapprochement between the Sunnite Toghtekin and the Shiite Al-Afdal.[144][145] After Egyptian horsemen and foot soldiers invaded the kingdom from the south, and Syrian mounted archers from the west in August 1105, Baldwin assembled the largest crusader army since the beginning of his reign.[145] At his request, Patriarch Evremar displayed the True Cross before the army to strengthen the crusaders' self-confidence.[145] In the ensuing battle, the Egyptian and Syrian armies suffered a decisive defeat at Ramla on 27 August.[146]
The Egyptians did not launch any major military campaigns against the Kingdom of Jerusalem, but their raids across the southern frontiers continued.[146] They massacred hundreds of pilgrims near Jaffa and defeated the governor of the town while Baldwin was fighting against Damascene troops in Galilee in October 1106.[146] In the following year, the Egyptians attacked Hebron, but Baldwin forced them to lift the siege.[147] The Egyptian raids could not prevent Baldwin from pursuing an expansionist policy.[147] He compelled the governor of Sidon to pay a huge tribute for a two-year truce in early 1106.[147] Early next year, he made a raid into Oultrejordain and destroyed a fortress that Damascene troops had recently erected to control the caravan routes.[148] Baldwin laid siege to Sidon with the assistance of a band of Italian adventurers in August 1108, but the arrival of an Egyptian fleet and Turkish horsemen from Damascus forced him to abandon the siege.[147] In late 1108, he concluded a ten-year truce with Toghtekin in exchange for one-third of state revenues in the northern regions of Oultrejordain.[149]
Bertrand, Count of Toulouse came to Syria to claim the lands that his father, Raymond of Saint Gilles, had conquered around Tripoli.[150] Bertrand's cousin, William Jordan, who had ruled the same lands since Raymond's death, refused to cede them to him.[150] Bertrand sought Baldwin's assistance, while William Jordan secured Tancred's support.[150] Tancred had already outraged Baldwin II of Edessa through refusing to abandon Turbessel.[151][152] Baldwin convoked an assembly to put an end to the crusader leaders' conflicts.[153] Since neither Tancred nor William Jordan were his vassals, he summoned them in the name of "the whole church of Jerusalem" to the castle of Mount Pilgrim near Tripoli.[152][154] At the assembly in June 1109, Tancred agreed to abandon Turbessel in return for his restoration to his old domains in the Kingdom of Jerusalem (Galilee, Haifa and the Temple of the Lord).[150][155] Tancred did not take possession of his old domain, which remained under Baldwin's control.[156] Raymond's inheritance was distributed between Bertrand and William Jordan, with Bertrand swearing fealty to Baldwin, and William Jordan to Tancred.[153]
The crusader leaders' united their forces to complete the conquest of Tripoli that Raymond had commenced.[150] On 26 June, the Egyptian governor, Sharaf ad-Daulah, offered to surrender the town if a safe passage for those who wanted to leave the town was guaranteed.[154][157] Baldwin accepted the offer, but he could not prevent the Genoese from killing all burghers whom they could capture.[154][158] Two third of the town was granted to Bertrand of Toulouse who again took an oath of fealty to Baldwin.[157] Baldwin captured Beirut with the assistance of Bertrand and a Genoese fleet on 13 May 1110.[159] He was again unable to prevent a general massacre among the townspeople.[160][161]
Mawdud, the atabeg of Mosul, and his allies invaded the County of Edessa during the siege of Beirut.[162] After the fall of Beirut, Baldwin and Bertrand[155] hurried to Edessa to fight against the invaders.[163] Baldwin II of Edessa accused Tancred of having incited the Muslim rulers to take actions against him.[163] Regarding himself the leader of all crusaders, Baldwin soon ordered Tancred to join the campaign and make peace with Baldwin II, otherwise he would declare the disobedient prince the enemy of Christianity.[163] Since most crusaders supported the king, Tancred had no choice, but to obey.[163] The incident strengthened Baldwin's suzerainty in Edessa.[164] After the new reconciliation, the crusaders pursued Mawdud, but rumours about Muslim attacks against Antioch and Jerusalem forced them to stop the campaign.[165] Before leaving the county, Baldwin suggested that the Christian (mainly Armenian) peasants should be transferred to the lands west of the Euphrates, because the Seljuq rulers had frequently raided the eastern regions.[165] While the peasants were gathering at a ferry on the river, Mawdud made a sudden raid against the county and massacred most of them.[165]
Sigurd I of Norway—the first king to visit the Kingdom of Jerusalem—had meanwhile landed at Acre.[160] Baldwin made an alliance with him and they laid siege to Sidon in October 1110.[160] An Egyptian fleet routed the Norwegians, but the Doge of Venice, Ordelafo Faliero, and his fleet soon joined the crusaders and the town capitulated on 5 December.[159][160] Baldwin spared the life of the townspeople, but many of them moved to Tyre and Damascus.[161] The following year Baldwin marched to Ascalon[166] and to prevent a siege, the Egyptian governor of the town, Shams al-Khalīfa, promised to pay 70,000 dinars as a tribute and allowed crusader troops into the citadel.[166][167] However, the townspeople rose up against al-Khalīfa in July[167] and his Berber guards joined the rioters, murdering him and the crusader troops.[166]
Mawdud launched a new expedition against the northern crusader states in August.[168] At Tancred's request, Baldwin mustered his troops and hurried to Shaizar.[168] Bertrand of Tripoli, Baldwin II of Edessa and the Armenian rulers also came to fight against Mawdud, who was compelled to return to Mosul in the autumn.[169] Shortly thereafter, Baldwin attacked the caravan carrying the most precious possessions of the highest-ranking officials of Tyre to Damascus and seized the rich cargo.[170] In late November, he laid siege to Tyre, although he had no fleet.[170] He was still besieging the town when a Byzantine embassy arrived.[171] The Byzantines tried to persuade him to join a coalition against Tancred, while he wanted to secure their assistance against Tyre.[171] They could not reach a compromise, but Izz al-Mulk, the Egyptian governor of Tyre, persuaded Toghtekin to come to the rescue of the besieged town.[172] Toghtekin compelled Baldwin to lift the siege and withdraw to Acre in April 1112.[173]
Baldwin made an incursion against Damascene territory in the summer of 1113.[174] Mawdud and an Artuqid emir, Ayaz, came to assist Toghtekin against the crusaders.[175] They routed Baldwin in the Battle of Al-Sannabra on 13 June, forcing him to seek assistance from the new rulers of Tripoli and Antioch, Pons and Roger.[175] Toghtekin, Mawdud and Ayaz invaded Galilee, but they did not risk attacking Tiberias after the arrival of the troops from Tripoli and Antioch.[176] Toghtekin and Mawdud returned to Damascus where an Assassin murdered Mawdud in late September.[177] The Seljuq sultan, Muhammad I Tapar sent a large army to northern Syria in spring 1115.[178] In an attempt to keep the equilibrium in the region, Toghtekin soon sought reconciliation with the crusaders.[177] He made an alliance with the crusader rulers and their coalition forced the Seljuq troops to withdraw without a fight.[178]
With the pressure on the northern regions diminished, which enabled Baldwin to again deal with the Egyptians.[177] The Egyptians had already approached Jerusalem in 1113, and made a new attempt to capture Jaffa in 1115.[177] Baldwin led an expedition across the Jordan and ordered the construction of the castle of Montreal in the autumn 1115.[179][180] The following year, he returned to the region and marched as far as Akaba on the Red Sea.[180][181] After the local inhabitants fled from the town, Baldwin erected castles in the town and on a nearby island and left a garrison in both fortresses.[180] The three strongholds—Montreal, Eilat and Graye—secured the control of the caravan routes between Syria and Egypt.[180] They also enabled Baldwin to continuously survey the movements of the Egyptian troops.[181] From the Red Sea coast, Baldwin hastened to Tyre and began the construction of a new fortress, known as Scandelion Castle, at the Ladder of Tyre, which completed the blockade of the town from the mainland.[182][183]
Baldwin fell seriously ill in late 1116.[184] Thinking that he was dying, he ordered that all his debts should be paid off and started to distribute his money and goods, but he recovered at the start of the following year.[184] To strengthen the defence of the southern frontier, he launched an expedition against Egypt in March 1118.[185][186] He seized Farama at the Nile Delta without a fight, because the townspeople had fled in panic before he reached the town.[185][187][188] The late 12th-century Muslim historian Ibn Zafír wrote that Baldwin had destroyed the mosques in the town.[189] Baldwin's retainers urged him to attack Cairo, but the old wound that he had received in 1103 suddenly opened.[185][190]
The dying Baldwin was carried back as far as Al-Arish on the frontier.[190] On his deathbed, he named Eustace III of Boulogne as his successor, but also authorised the barons to offer the throne to Baldwin II of Edessa or "someone else who would rule the Christian people and defend the churches" if his brother did not accept the crown.[191] Baldwin died on 2 April 1118.[190] In accordance with his last wishes, his cook, Addo, removed Baldwin's intestines and his body was preserved in salt, because Baldwin wanted to secure his burial in the Holy Sepulchre.[190][192] He was buried in the Calvary Chapel next to Godfrey of Bouillon five days later, on Palm Sunday.[192]
Fulcher of Chartres described Baldwin as his subjects' "shield, strength and support; their right arm; the terror of his enemies."[193] The Muslim historian, Ali ibn al-Athir, who completed his chronicle a century after Baldwin's death, thought that "al-Bardawil" had started the First Crusade.[103] Presenting a fictional correspondence between Baldwin and Roger I of Sicily, Al-Athir claimed that Baldwin had initially wanted to conquer Ifriqiya, but Roger, who wanted to secure the territory for himself, talked into him into attacking Jerusalem.[188]
Among modern historians, Thomas Asbridge, states that Baldwin was one of the commanders of the First Crusade "whose skill, ambition and devotion drove the enterprise, and by turns threatened to rip it apart".[194] Christopher Tyerman emphasises that Baldwin was a talented military commander and a clever politician, who "established a stable kingdom with defined and defensible borders".[195] Amin Maalouf also concludes that Baldwin was the "principal architect of the occupation" of the Holy Land by the crusaders.[196] Maalouf attributes Baldwin's success primarily to the "incorrigible fragmentation of the Arab world", which made the crusaders a "genuine regional power".[196]
Baldwin's earliest extant charters were issued in the early 1100s, but the establishment of a chancellery lasted for years.[181][197] Initially, clerics from Lotharingia compiled the royal documents.[181] The first chancellor, Pagan, was appointed only in 1115.[181] Pagan had came to the Holy Land in the entourage of Baldwin's third wife, Adelaide del Vasto.[196][198]
|Ancestors of Baldwin I[199]
Baldwin's first wife, Godehilde, was the daughter of Raoul II of Tosny and Isabella of Montfort-l'Amaury.[7] She died during the First Crusade, around 15 October 1097 at Marash.[7] Malcolm Barber argues, her death "may have been the decisive event that persuaded" Baldwin "to seek out a lordship in the East".[200] Historians Steven Runciman and Christopher MacEvitt write that Baldwin and Godehilde had children who did not long survive her.[51][54] Historian Alan V. Murray emphasises that no primary source evidences that Baldwin fathered children.[7] According to Murray, Runciman was wrong when he translated William of Tyre's words about Baldwin's "familia" as a reference to his family, because William of Tyre actually referred to Baldwin's household.[7]
The name and family of his second wife is uncertain.[81] Modern historians call her Arda and associate her father with Tathoul of Marash.[81][201] Baldwin married her in the summer of 1098.[202] Her father promised a dowry of 60,000 bezants and also pledged that she would inherit his lands, but he actually paid off only 7,000 bezants to Baldwin.[81][203] The marriage was childless.[204] Baldwin banished her to the convent of St Anne in Jerusalem before 1109, but she was soon allowed to move to Constantinople.[81][205] Although they were separated, the marriage was never annulled.[81]
Baldwin's third wife, Adelaide, was the wealthy widow of Roger I of Sicily.[206] Her first husband died in 1102 and she acted as regent for their minor sons until the end of 1111.[207] She was more than forty, when Baldwin asked her to marry in 1112.[206] According to William of Tyre, he wanted to marry her because he had learnt of her wealth. Baldwin even agreed to make her son, Roger II of Sicily, his heir in Jerusalem.[206] She landed at Palestine in August 1113, accompanied by hundreds of soldiers and bringing her rich dowry.[208] The marriage of Baldwin and Adelaide was bigamous, because his second wife was still alive.[184][209] After recovering from a serious illness in late 1116, Baldwin accepted the clergymen's advice and dismissed Adelaide.[179][184] She sailed for Sicily on 25 April 1117.[184] Her humiliation outraged Roger II so much that he denied all support to the Kingdom of Jerusalem during his lifetime.[184]
Summarising Baldwin's marriages, historian Jonathan Phillips concludes that Baldwin "regarded women as useful sources of financial and political advancement but little else".[209] Hans Eberhard Mayer, Christopher Tyerman and Malcolm Barber agree that Baldwin was most probably homosexual.[206][193] Tyerman writes that a converted Muslim was one of Baldwin's lovers, but he betrayed Baldwin during the siege of Sidon.[193] He proposed the defenders of the town to kill the king, but a Christian burgher warned Baldwin.[210]
- ^ Jaspert 2006, p. 41.
- ^ Murray 2000, pp. 158, 239.
- ^ a b c Runciman 1989a, p. 146.
- ^ Murray 2000, pp. 30, 158.
- ^ a b Murray 2000, p. 30.
- ^ France 1994, p. 14.
- ^ a b c d e Murray 2000, p. 203.
- ^ Murray 2000, p. 31.
- ^ a b Murray 2000, p. 32.
- ^ Murray 2000, pp. 18, 30.
- ^ France 1994, p. 45.
- ^ a b Tanner 2003, p. 84.
- ^ Murray 2000, pp. 21, 32-34.
- ^ a b Lock 2006, p. 20.
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 4.
- ^ Murray 2000, pp. 38-40.
- ^ a b Murray 2000, p. 35.
- ^ Tanner 2003, p. 85.
- ^ a b Runciman 1989a, p. 147.
- ^ a b Murray 2000, p. 52.
- ^ Tyerman 2006, p. 109.
- ^ Asbridge 2004, p. 95.
- ^ France 1994, p. 106.
- ^ Lilie 1993, p. 63.
- ^ Asbridge 2004, p. 104.
- ^ a b c d Tyerman 2006, p. 110.
- ^ a b c Runciman 1989a, p. 150.
- ^ Murray 2000, p. 53.
- ^ Runciman 1989a, pp. 150-151.
- ^ Runciman 1989a, p. 151.
- ^ Barber 2012, pp. 7-8.
- ^ Murray 2000, p. 63.
- ^ Runciman 1989a, p. 152.
- ^ Anna Comnena: The Alexiad (10.10.), p. 325.
- ^ Runciman 1989a, p. 153.
- ^ Tyerman 2006, pp. 130-131.
- ^ a b c Tyerman 2006, p. 131.
- ^ a b Phillips 2010, p. 16.
- ^ a b Barber 2012, p. 75.
- ^ Runciman 1989a, p. 197.
- ^ Runciman 1989a, pp. 197-198.
- ^ a b Asbridge 2004, p. 143.
- ^ a b Asbridge 2004, p. 144.
- ^ MacEvitt 2010, p. 56.
- ^ Runciman 1989a, p. 198.
- ^ a b Tyerman 2006, p. 132.
- ^ a b c Asbridge 2004, p. 145.
- ^ a b Runciman 1989a, p. 199.
- ^ France 1994, p. 217.
- ^ a b c Asbridge 2004, p. 146.
- ^ a b c MacEvitt 2010, p. 57.
- ^ a b c d Asbridge 2004, p. 147.
- ^ a b Lock 2006, p. 22.
- ^ a b Runciman 1989a, pp. 200-201.
- ^ a b Runciman 1989a, p. 200.
- ^ Asbridge 2004, pp. 149-150.
- ^ a b MacEvitt 2010, p. 61.
- ^ a b c Runciman 1989a, p. 201.
- ^ a b c d e Asbridge 2004, p. 150.
- ^ MacEvitt 2010, p. 65.
- ^ a b c Runciman 1989a, p. 204.
- ^ a b France 1994, p. 132.
- ^ a b c d Lock 2006, p. 23.
- ^ Asbridge 2004, pp. 150-151.
- ^ a b c Maalouf 1984, p. 30.
- ^ a b MacEvitt 2010, p. 67.
- ^ a b c Asbridge 2004, p. 151.
- ^ Albert of Aachen: Historia Ierosolimitana—History of the Journey to Jerusalem (ch. iii.21), p. 171.
- ^ Murray 2000, p. 231.
- ^ Runciman 1989a, pp. 205-206.
- ^ a b MacEvitt 2010, p. 69.
- ^ a b Runciman 1989a, p. 206.
- ^ MacEvitt 2010, p. 68.
- ^ a b c d Tyerman 2006, p. 134.
- ^ Lilie 1993, p. 79.
- ^ a b c France 1994, p. 133.
- ^ France 1994, p. 138.
- ^ Runciman 1989a, pp. 202, 206.
- ^ Tyerman 2006, p. 178.
- ^ a b Runciman 1989a, p. 208.
- ^ a b c d e f Murray 2000, p. 182.
- ^ a b MacEvitt 2010, p. 64.
- ^ a b c d e Runciman 1989a, p. 210.
- ^ France 1994, p. 18.
- ^ Asbridge 2004, p. 253.
- ^ a b c d MacEvitt 2010, p. 72.
- ^ Maalouf 1984, p. 31.
- ^ a b c d e f Runciman 1989a, p. 211.
- ^ Runciman 1989a, pp. 210-211.
- ^ a b c d e f Lock 2006, p. 25.
- ^ Runciman 1989a, pp. 302-303.
- ^ a b Runciman 1989a, p. 303.
- ^ Murray 2000, p. 84.
- ^ Runciman 1989a, pp. 305, 317.
- ^ a b c Runciman 1989a, p. 307.
- ^ Albert of Aachen: Historia Ierosolimitana—History of the Journey to Jerusalem (ch. vii.27), p. 523.
- ^ Murray 2000, p. 91.
- ^ a b c d Barber 2012, p. 61.
- ^ a b c Runciman 1989a, p. 322.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Barber 2012, p. 62.
- ^ Tyerman 2006, p. 186.
- ^ Maalouf 1984, p. 61.
- ^ a b Maalouf 1984, p. 63.
- ^ Runciman 1989a, p. 324.
- ^ a b Murray 2000, p. 94.
- ^ a b Runciman 1989a, p. 325.
- ^ a b Murray 2000, p. 95.
- ^ a b c d MacEvitt 2010, p. 117.
- ^ Murray 2000, p. 96.
- ^ Murray 2000, p. 73.
- ^ Murray, p. 95.
- ^ a b c d e Barber 2012, p. 65.
- ^ a b c d e Barber 2012, p. 73.
- ^ a b c d Runciman 1989b, p. 72.
- ^ a b c d Runciman 1989b, p. 73.
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 67.
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 69.
- ^ Albert of Aachen: Historia Ierosolimitana—History of the Journey to Jerusalem (ch. vii.60)
- ^ a b c d Runciman 1989b, p. 82.
- ^ Albert of Aachen: Historia Ierosolimitana—History of the Journey to Jerusalem (ch. vii.61)
- ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 74.
- ^ a b Runciman 1989b, p. 75.
- ^ Runciman 1989b, pp. 74-75.
- ^ a b c d e Barber 2012, p. 70.
- ^ Barber 2012, pp. 73-74.
- ^ a b Lock 2006, p. 27.
- ^ a b c d Barber 2012, p. 74.
- ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 76.
- ^ Runciman 1989b, pp. 76-77.
- ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 78.
- ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 79.
- ^ Runciman 1989b, pp. 79-80.
- ^ Lilie 1993, pp. 65-66.
- ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 83.
- ^ Murray 2000, p. 195.
- ^ Runciman 1989b, pp. 83-84.
- ^ a b Runciman 1989b, p. 87.
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 68.
- ^ a b c d Runciman 1989b, p. 88.
- ^ a b Lock 2006, p. 28.
- ^ Maalouf 1984, p. 68.
- ^ Barber 2012, pp. 68-69.
- ^ Maalouf 1984, p. 67.
- ^ a b c Runciman 1989b, p. 89.
- ^ a b c Barber 2012, p. 71.
- ^ a b c Runciman 1989b, p. 90.
- ^ a b c d Runciman 1989b, p. 91.
- ^ Tibble 1989, p. 29.
- ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 96.
- ^ a b c d e Barber 2012, p. 91.
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 84.
- ^ a b Lock 2006, p. 30.
- ^ a b Barber 2012, pp. 91-92.
- ^ a b c Barber 2012, p. 92.
- ^ a b Lock 2006, p. 31.
- ^ Tibble 1989, p. 12.
- ^ a b Runciman 1989b, p. 69.
- ^ Maalouf 1984, p. 80.
- ^ a b Barber 2012, p. 93.
- ^ a b c d Runciman 1989b, p. 92.
- ^ a b Maalouf 1984, p. 81.
- ^ Runciman 1989b, pp. 115-116.
- ^ a b c d Runciman 1989b, p. 116.
- ^ Lilie 1993, p. 81.
- ^ a b c Runciman 1989b, p. 117.
- ^ a b c Maalouf 1984, p. 88.
- ^ a b Hillenbrand 2000, p. 82.
- ^ a b Runciman 1989b, p. 122.
- ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 123.
- ^ a b Runciman 1989b, p. 93.
- ^ a b Lilie 1993, p. 86.
- ^ Runciman 1989b, pp. 93-94.
- ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 94.
- ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 126.
- ^ a b Lock 2006, p. 32.
- ^ Runciman 1989b, pp. 126-127.
- ^ a b c d Tyerman 2006, p. 203.
- ^ a b Maalouf 1984, p. 87.
- ^ a b Lock 2006, p. 33.
- ^ a b c d Runciman 1989b, p. 98.
- ^ a b c d e Barber 2012, p. 105.
- ^ Runciman 1989b, pp. 98-99.
- ^ Tibble 1989, p. 52.
- ^ a b c d e f Barber 2012, p. 115.
- ^ a b c Barber 2012, p. 116.
- ^ Maalouf 1984, p. 94.
- ^ Murray 2000, p. 117.
- ^ a b Hillenbrand 2000, p. 52.
- ^ Hillenbrand 2000, pp. 45, 77.
- ^ a b c d Murray 2000, p. 118.
- ^ Murray 2000, pp. 118-119.
- ^ a b Barber 2012, p. 117.
- ^ a b c Tyerman 2006, p. 202.
- ^ Asbridge 2004, p. 62.
- ^ Tyerman 2006, pp. 202-203.
- ^ a b c Maalouf 1984, p. 64.
- ^ Murray 2000, p. 168.
- ^ Murray 2000, p. 218.
- ^ Detlev Schwennicke, Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten, Neue Folge, Band III Teilband 4 (Verlag von J. A. Stargardt, Marburg, Germany, 1989), Tafel 621
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 16.
- ^ Phillips 2010, p. 50.
- ^ MacEvitt 2010, p. 70.
- ^ Runciman 1989a, pp. 208-209.
- ^ Runciman 1989a, p. 209.
- ^ Barber 2012, p. 114.
- ^ a b c d Barber 2012, p. 113.
- ^ Murray 2000, p. 179.
- ^ Barber 2012, pp. 113-114.
- ^ a b Phillips 2010, p. 51.
- ^ Runciman 1989b, pp. 92-93.
Primary sources[edit]
- Albert of Aachen: Historia Ierosolimitana—History of the Journey to Jerusalem (Edited and translated by Susan B. Edgington) (2007). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-920486-1.
- Anna Comnena: The Alexiad (Translated by E. R. A. Sewter) (1969). Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-044958-7.
Secondary sources[edit]
- Asbridge, Thomas (2004). The First Crusade: A New History: The Roots of Conflict between Christianity and Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517823-4.
- Barber, Malcolm (2012). The Crusader States. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11312-9.
- France, John (1994). Victory in the East: A military history of the First Crusade. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-41969-7.
- Hillenbrand, Carole (2000). The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92914-8.
- Jaspert, Nikolas (2006). The Crusades. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-35967-8.
- Lilie, Ralph-Johannes (1993). Byzantium and the Crusader States 1096-1204. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-820407-8.
- Lock, Peter (2006). The Routledge Companion to the Crusades. Routledge. ISBN 9-78-0-415-39312-6.
- Maalouf, Amin (1984). The Crusades Through Arab Eyes. SAQI. ISBN 978-0-86356-023-1.
- MacEvitt, Christopher (2010). The Crusades and the Christian World of the East: Rough Tolerance. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4050-4.
- Murray, Alan V. (2000). The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Dynastic History, 1099–1125. Prosopographica et Geneologica. ISBN 978-1-9009-3403-9.
- Phillips, Jonathan (2010). Holy Warriors: A Modern History of the Crusades. Vintage Books. ISBN 978-1-8459-5078-1.
- Runciman, Steven (1989a). A History of the Crusades, Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundations of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-06161-X.
- Runciman, Steven (1989b). A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100-1187. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-06162-8.
- Tanner, Heather J. (2003). "In His Brother's Shadow: The Crusading Career and Reputation of Eustace III of Boulogne". In Semaan, Khalil I. The Crusades: Other Experiences, Alternate Perspectives: Selected Proceedings from the 32nd Annual CEMERS Conference. Global Academic Publishing. pp. 83–100. ISBN 1-58684-251-X.
- Tibble, Steven (1989). Monarchy and Lordships in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1099-1291. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822731-1.
- Tyerman, Christopher (2006). God's War: A New History of the Crusades. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02387-1.
Further reading[edit]
- Asbridge, Thomas (2000). The Creation of the Principality of Antioch, 1098–1130. Boydell and Brewer. ISBN 978-0-85115-661-3.
External links[edit]
|Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Baldwin I. (king of Jerusalem).
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baldwin I of Jerusalem.
|Regnal titles
|New creation
| Count of Edessa
|Succeeded by
Baldwin II
|Preceded by
as Defender of
the Holy Sepulchre
| King of Jerusalem


text: Hof van St. Jan https://www.vegguide.org/entry/3667 2007-04-10T00:47:11Z 0182-527874 Achter de Kerk 9-a old city center If you walk around St. Jan's church, you will eventually find it. If you start at the south end of the market and walk to the end of Wijdstraat, then turn east into the alley between two cafes (one of which is 'Oh Die'), then turn right at the end of the alley, the restaurant will be on your right a few buildings down. Gouda Zuid Holland 2801 JX Netherlands 52.0107 4.71061 3.3 1 $$ - average 2 Vegetarian 4 no unknown no 2007-04-10T00:47:11Z 2009-07-15T02:59:38Z https://www.vegguide.org/entry/3667/edit_form https://www.vegguide.org/entry/3667/edit_hours_form https://www.vegguide.org/entry/3667 https://www.vegguide.org/entry/3667/review_form /region/608 Gouda http://maps.google.com/maps?q=Achter+de+Kerk+9%2C+2801+Gouda%2C+Nederland Restaurant German (Mostly) Organic New Tandoor https://www.vegguide.org/entry/3668 2007-04-10T00:57:21Z (0182) 529733 Lange Tiendeweg 49 old city center From the market: go to the northeast corner (near a bra shop), and take the street which runs east. There will be a bookstore on your left-hand side. When the street ends, take a left and you will be on Lange Tiendeweg. Continue on this street for a few blocks; the restaurant will be on your left. If you reach a large street with car traffic, you've gone too far. This entire area is mostly closed to car traffic. Gouda Zuid Holland 2801KE Netherlands 52.0118 4.71357 3.9 1 $$$ - expensive 3 Vegetarian-Friendly 1 no yes unknown 2007-04-10T00:57:21Z 2009-07-15T02:58:11Z https://www.vegguide.org/entry/3668/edit_form https://www.vegguide.org/entry/3668/edit_hours_form https://www.vegguide.org/entry/3668 https://www.vegguide.org/entry/3668/review_form /region/608 Gouda http://maps.google.com/maps?q=Lange+Tiendeweg+49%2C+2801+Gouda%2C+Nederland Restaurant Indian (Northern) VegGuide.org: Gouda https://www.vegguide.org/region/608 2018-08-21T10:08:18Z Compassionate Action for Animals Copyright 2002 - 2018 Compassionate Action for Animals

subset: commoncrawl


text:
While planning my trip to London, I was trying to tackle several facets of research for upcoming projects, and saw that the astounding Angels costume house was now open to the public for (very!) small-scale tours of their warehouse and workshops. The time it took me to apply was so small it cannot be measured by modern science. Also, the number of pictures I took while I was there can't be numbered by modern science. (Modern science is taking a rest day.)
But let's talk about a few of them, because of course!
Above, some embarrassed dress forms try to hide their shame. (They're ashamed because those costumes are being built for regular party rental, not for stage or screen use, so the back bodice seams on these Regency dresses lack the distinctive inward slope of more accurate dresses. It's okay, dress forms, we understand commercial needs!)
Thing I most lost my cool over:
Fans of Cate Blanchett and/or period film should recognize the Coronation Dress from Elizabeth. I certainly did! It had been pulled out as part of a background display for a news segment, and I'd like to think because they heard I was coming and wanted to do something special.
(P.S. One of the saddest/most hilarious things you can do to a costume nerd is to show them one of their favorite movie costumes of all time after making them promise not to touch anything. I now have approximately a billionty pictures of this dress, almost none of which address my construction questions because you can't see the back and I promised not to touch anything, like a fool. Like a FOOL!)
Below, from top left: the armory, the hatpin stand of great renown, an Elizabethan collar, and the fur room (which was a bit creeptown, but many of these furs date back close to a century, and if you're going to use fur, better to rent existing fur than buy new, so).
Sprinkled in with information about the history, organization, and operations of the company, there were some lovely asides, like the letter from a butthurt Charles Dickens, who liked to dress up as his characters for public appearances; he was very angry that the ship carrying his costumes had encountered a storm and was unable to deliver the goods, and the letter demands a refund. According to our priceless tour director, Dickens is still waiting. And to illustrate the relative value of the costumes to those who have built the place (hint: they're only as good as their next use and their decorative complexity), he described someone coming across a ratty monk's robe and wondering why on earth they'd bother saving something that cost so little to produce, and of which they already had surplus, and it was all set to go out in their occasional binpicker sale when someone saw that the inside label read Alec Guinness. They sent it to an auction house instead.
(Obviously, the tour is recommended to any movie-costume nerd. Thanks to Angels for a highlight of the trip!)


text:
1 .How can I post a classified ad?
To do this you need to cruise into the classifieds section and hit the link that says 'Post an ad'. You can also post them from your profile page.
2 .How can I edit or delete my classified ad?
Enter your profile page by clicking on your username. Inside you will see a tab saying my ads. Any adverts you have posted and are still alive should be sitting right there. Edit or delete, the choice is yours.


text:
Fixer Up
Wednesday, March 29th, 2017
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Thursday, March 30th, 2017


text:
We are creating new presentations and videos for AutoTweetNG.
We've developed JImpress to create and record our presentations.
The first one is about how to configure AutoTweetNG in 5 minutes.
Please, click here to view the presentation.
Yesterday, Joomla! 3.0 has been launched. This is a special new release, it's Mobile Ready, and it has a quantum leap of improvements. For example JQuery is natively supported.
The current Joomla! 2.5 is a Long Term Support version (3 years / spring 2014). Joomla! 3.0 is not a LTS. It's an intermediate version to be ready for the next LTS version (3.5). In 6 months, Joomla 3.1 will be released, to upgrade Joomla 3.0.
Joomla! 3.0 is mainly oriented for Early Adopters or developers (to prepare the extension for the next LTS).
This new version is giving us the perfect opportunity to re-think our products. We are adding the new exciting features and big improvements based on your feedback.
Please, follow us to receive our news. Our plan is to update as soon as possible.
This is the AutoTweetNG PRO v6.1.0 for Early Adopters only, mainly oriented to receive feedback and help for future product releases.
It's implemented in our main site, provides state-of-the-art features, and heavily oriented to support Joomla 3.0 for Early Adopters (to be released on Thursday, 27 September).
Tags to support categories in the message format: [allcats], [maincat] and [lastcat].
Example: [title] [allcats]
Just Testing,Testing 1653 #PhotoGallery #ParkSite #SampleData-Articles !
We've released AutoTweetNG 6 - For Early Adopters.
The Early Adopters channel (v6.0) is going to allow us to publish new cutting edge features, and keep in the Stable channel (v5.10) the most mature features.
In the general picture, AutoTweetNG 6 is targeting the new Joomla 3 (to be launched on Joomla 3 launch on Thursday, 27 September). Even though, Joomla 3 is not oriented for production sites, we are updating AutoTweetNG to be ready, adding Bootstrap style, and developing exciting features.
AutoTweetNG 6 is available ONLY for Joomla 2.5 and PHP 5.3, or superior.
These are the final list of features:
We can't wait anymore! It's almost ready!
AutoTweetNG 6 is the version to be launched soon. We are testing the final features and packaging it.
In the general picture, Joomla 3 is scheduled to be launched on Joomla 3 launch on Thursday, 27 September. Even though, Joomla 3 is not oriented for production sites, we are already updating AutoTweetNG to be ready, adding Bootstrap style, and developing exciting features.
This new version is for long-term support. We are dropping Joomla 1.5 and PHP 5.2 support. AutoTweetNG 6 is going to be available ONLY for Joomla 2.5 and PHP 5.3, or superior.
These are the features to be included in the release:
We are developing the new AutoTweet version. Besides new features and enhancements, we are working to support the upcoming Joomla 3, with Bootstrap.
AutoTweet posts Joomla content automatically as status messages to social channels like Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn and more. For Facebook, it has an application "the Facebook Connector" to authenticate the service to publish.
Bootstrap is a a sleek, intuitive, and powerful front-end framework for faster and easier web development. Bootstrap comes equipped with HTML, CSS, and JS for all sorts of things. The new Joomla 3 for developers, scheduled for September, is coming packed with Bootstrap.
Now, we've upgraded the Facebook Connector to implement the upcoming Joomla3 Bootstrap framework.
Here, you can check how the new AutoTweet NG Facebook Connector for server authorization looks like:
Access and support services to all Extly's extensions for 1-Year. The Extly Club is your source for all of our extensions.


text:
- Solar Energy Systems[10]
- Nails[10]
- Industrial Metal Detectors[1]
- Other Measuring & Analysing Instruments[1]
- Hardness Testers[1]
- Width Measuring Instruments[1]
- Iron Wire[6]
- Stainless Steel Bars[2]
- Stainless Steel Wire[5]
- Steel Pipes[10]
- Other Steel Profiles[1]
- Steel Angles[5]
- Steel Channels[10]
- Steel Round Bars[1]
- Steel Sheets[10]
- Traffic Barrier[10]
Contact Us
- Contact Person : Mr. Moore Jason
- Company Name : Tianjin Coldbend Imp. & Exp. Co., Ltd.
- Tel : 86-22-27999009
- Fax : 86-22-27999008
- Address : Tianjin,Tianjin,Xinkou Town, Xiqing District, Tianjin, China
- Country/Region : China
- Zip : 300380
Product Detailed
Related Categories:Traffic BarrierGuardrail sigma post Dimension: 2300mm*100*55*4mm Standard with hot dip Galvanized: 550g/m2 min
Related Product Searches:Guardrail sigma post,High Quality,Guardrail sigma post, steel guardrail posts
Related Product Searches:Guardrail sigma post,High Quality,Guardrail sigma post, steel guardrail posts
Guardrail sigma post
Material: Q235, Q345, S235
Surface: hot-dipped galvanized with 550g/m2min
Size: 100x55x4.2mmxLength
Tianjin Coldbend Imp. & Exp. Co., ltd. is a leading manufacturer and supplier of highway guardrail system in China. We can manufacture a range of steel post for guardrail: sigma post, C post, H post and U post.
Our sigma post is treated by hot-dipped galvanized, and is durable, high intensity and corrosion resistant.
Guardrail sigma post


text:
SIPTRUNK.com raises the bar on several fronts such as automated account deployment, aggressive customer pricing, and a stellar technology platform that 'just works,' " - George Bardissi, BVoIP CEO
Atlanta, GA (PRWEB) December 10, 2015
SIPTRUNK.com, a brandable SIP trunking service platform for agents, dealers and resellers announced today that BVoIP has become a SIPSIMPLE(™) Certified Master Dealer.
As a Certified Master Dealer, BVoIP can now offer its worldwide network of managed service provider partners the ability to resell the entire suite of SIPTRUNK.com services, including unlimited SIP trunks.
"We're proud to have BVoIP join us in our mission to make selling SIP trunking easy as one of our first SIPSIMPLE(™) Certified Master Dealers," said Marc Fribush, Managing Director of SIPTRUNK.com.
"BVoIP is uniquely positioning their MSP partners for success reselling cloud communications, thanks to their easy-to-use platform. We look forward to strengthening their portfolio of cloud services and ensuring that their partners can successfully sell SIP trunking services."
BVoIP partners who join the SIPTRUNK.com SIPSIMPLE(™) Certified Dealer program now can:
- Access their own brandable SIP trunking service platform
- Obtain 3 Free DID's, and one unlimited SIP trunk for demo purposes
- Provision new end-user accounts in under 60 seconds, start-to-finish
- Offer DID's, unlimited SIP trunks, scalable per-minute packages, inbound toll-free, outbound international and HTTPS fax services
- Earn 25% monthly recurring commissions on all service revenue
SIPSIMPLE(™) Certified Dealers also gain access to branded sales collateral and training, giving them everything they need to successfully resell SIP trunking services.
The SIPSIMPLE(™) program is free to join and get started.
"BVoIP is known for providing our partners with Best-of-Breed technologies and offerings that help them succeed. SIPTRUNK.com raises the bar on several fronts such as automated account deployment, aggressive customer pricing, and a stellar technology platform that 'just works,' " said George Bardissi, CEO and President of BVoIP.
"While our partners have the choice to go anywhere for their dial tone, it's a 'no brainer' to take advantage of SIPTRUNK.com. This is a great partnership that is already paying dividends, and we are very excited that our partners are already 'hitting the ground running!' "
DataCorps Technology Solutions, a current B VoIP partner, was among the first to become a SIPSIMPLE(™) Certified Dealer.
Since joining the program in August, they have already onboarded four new customers and began to create a pipeline of new ones as a result of SIPTRUNK.com's service offerings.
"Today's competitive climate dictates low pricing and reliable service with top-notch, responsive support. DataCorps has searched for a partner and even went as far as white-labeling SIP trunking; but in the end, all fell short," said Angel R. Rojas, Jr. President and CEO of DataCorps Technology Solutions.
"SIPTRUNK.com offers a provisioning system that allows the team at DataCorps to get clients up and running quickly as well as troubleshoot basic Tier 1 issues with registration and call flow. The team at SIPTRUNK.com has been ridiculously responsive, which matters greatly for our clients."
To learn more about the SIPTRUNK.com brandable SIP trunking service platform or to become a SIPSIMPLE(™) Certified Dealer, please visit http://www.SIPTRUNK.com.
About SIPTRUNK.com
SIPTRUNK.com is the simple, easy and profitable way for VoIP distributors and dealers to sell SIP trunking. With SIPTRUNK.com, account creation to live service happens in less than 10 minutes! SIPTRUNK.com is brandable, handles all end-user billing and complex telecom taxation collections, can be configured for multiple partner levels and provides transparent commission reporting; all backed by service and support personnel with decades of experience. For more information or to sign-up, please visit http://www.SIPTRUNK.com today.
About BVoIP
BVoIP are the MSP Voice Platform experts. BVoIP was born out of an MSP out of Philadelphia, PA, USA that standardized on the industry leading VoIP platforms such as Connectwise, Autotask, DeskDirector, ConnectBooster, and more.
BVoIP has packaged and delivered a ready-to-go technology program that allows customers to easily add cloud and on-premise VoIP PBX to their product offerings.
About DataCorps Technology Solutions
Started in 2003, DataCorps Technology Solutions is a complete technology solution provider. DataCorps is committed to making sure business owners have the most reliable and professional IT service in Tampa Bay.
From cloud services to data backup, the DataCorps team of talented IT professionals solve IT nightmares with custom service packages that deliver support without overstepping budget boundaries.


text:
LastChip 12:21 21 Dec 2003
But Redhat or Mandrake will install from the CD if you setup the BIOS to boot from a CD Drive.
The problem is, few technicians understand anything about Linux. I wouldn't put myself in the category of being a Linux guru, but its not hard to install modern distributions of Linux!
Have a look click here for more basic information.


text:
A 53-years-old Des Moines woman, Mary Gage, met with a man who identified himself as Jimmy White, of Granger through Match.com. She was in touch with the man since November 2010. They were unable to met because the man told her that he was in South America working with gems. The man requested Gage to help him with money to trasport gems back to United States. She took Western Union money transfer facility to send him a total of $12,000 during her 5-months correspondence on Match.com.
So, Guys and Girls….be careful while talking to the strangers in dating site. It may results in the financial loses.


text:
Cable Mate™
The iTOOLco Cable Mate™ transports one 250′ coil of MC quickly and easily. Designed to fit on the MC Cart™, the Cable Mate prevents tangling and loads and unloads effortlessly. It swivels smoothly on the MC Cart Bolt-on Wire Bar™ and also fits out Freedom Cart™.
- Compatible with most wire carts
- All-steel construction
- Holds one 250′ coil of MC
- Perfect for service trucks
- Improves prefab process
- Commercial or residential use


text:
This year saw the Formula Student Germany (FSG) race for electrically powered cars take place on the Hockenheimring. The highlight of the Formula Student calendar With 39 all Electric teams presenting themselves at registration. BRUSA Elektronik AG participated in this racing season as a sponsor supplying the motors and inverters for the cars of several teams. The Duale Hochschule Baden-Württemberg Ravensburg and their team 'Global Formula Racing' achieving an excellent 4th place overall. The vehicle was equipped with two engines IPM1-10.09.06 BRUSA and two inverter DMC514. In addition, the Ravensburger team also attained the best ranking for a car with 2 engines. The better placed electric racing cars all competing with four engines making the BRUSA sponsored teams result all the more remarkable.
Below are the rankings of teams with BRUSA components:
4th Duale Hochschule Baden-Württemberg Ravensburg (Global Formula Racing)
16th KU Leuven - Group T Campus (Formula Electric Belgium)
17th Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences (Team wob-racing)
28th Technische Universität Darmstadt (TU Darmstadt Racing Team e.V.)


text:
Cities across North America are betting big bucks on your business. An unprecedented real estate boom in convention center construction will result in nearly eight billion dollars worth of expansions and new construction between now and the middle of the decade, according to Tradeshow Week's recently published Major Exhibit Hall Directory. Exhibit space in North America is expected to grow by 16.4 million square feet and meeting space by 3.9 million square feet during that period, the
Register to view the full article
Register for MeetingsNet.com and gain access to premium content including the CMI 25 Listing, our monthly digital edition, the MeetingsNet app, live and on-demand webinars, and much more.
Hide comments


text: Remove a network adapter from a VMware VM You can remove a network adapter from a VM at any time. Before you beginRole required: cloud_user or cloud_admin Procedure Navigate to My Virtual Assets and then click either My Virtual Assets or My VMware Assets. In the list, click the VM name. Verify that the VM is in the On, Off, or Paused state. If not, then click the Stop VM or Start VM or Pause VM related link as needed. Proceed when the State of the VM is On, Off, or Paused. Click the Remove Network Adapter related link, specify the name of the adapter, and then click OK. Note: If the VM is under change control (default setting and typically the case for production systems), the system generates a change request when you submit the request. You receive email when the cloud operator approves. After approval, return to the VM Instance form and click the Proceed with Change related link. When the network adapter is removed, the system removes the network adapter record from the related list on the VM record.


text:
HHS News Release (3/31/2011): "The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) today released proposed new rules to help doctors, hospitals, and other health care providers better coordinate care for Medicare patients through Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs). ACOs create incentives for health care providers to work together to treat an individual patient across care settings – including doctor's offices, hospitals, and long-term care facilities. The Medicare Shared Savings Program will reward ACOs that lower health care costs while meeting performance standards on quality of care and putting patients first. Patient and provider participation in an ACO is purely voluntary."
HHS News Release: Affordable Care Act to improve quality of care for people with Medicare (3/31/2011)
Read the ACO Proposed Rule (published in Federal Register on April 7, 2011): Medicare Program; Medicare Shared Savings Program: Accountable Care Organizations (Comments due by June 6, 2011)
Read the Federal Trade Commission/Department of Justice Proposed Statement of Antitrust Enforcement Policy Regarding Accountable Care Organizations Participating in the Medicare Shared Savings Program (3/31/2011) (Comments due by May 31, 2011)
Read the IRS Guidance and Solicitation of Comments (Notice 2011-20) (Comments due by May 31, 2011)


text:
Chapter 8
Laurel understood her sister-in-law's concern and her pain.
The same anguish echoed in her heart. She longed to put her arms around her
sister-in-law, to seek and give comfort, to cry together, but such was not possible.
Only a battle, strife and struggle loomed ahead while Laurel sought peace.
Fighting with dignity and without destroying each other seemed an impossible
task, but she must find a way.
With a pinched expression, Rhonda demanded, "What happened?
I understood Robert had an entire fortnight before he was due to leave for
Laurel shrugged and had to swallow around a lump in her
throat. "The Home Office sent for him. When he returned to the hotel, he had to
rush. It couldn't be helped."
Rhonda sniffed and wiped a tear from the corner of her eye.
"I can't imagine why he doesn't sell out. After all, he is the only male
Laningham descendant."
Laurel wasn't certain she could explain his motives, but
she tried. "Rhonda, he felt the necessity to fight for his county and the
people he loves. He thinks Bonaparte shall always march with a mad desire to
conquer the world. He must be stopped."
Rhonda frowned and her voice grew infinitely darker.
"Indeed. Others, without family obligations should serve, as I told my
Laurel blinked at her statement. "I'm curious. What did he
say to that?"
A slow blush traveled from Rhonda's plunging neckline to
the roots of her hair, but a heavy, smoldering silence was the only answer she
gave. She twisted on one heel to disappear up the stairs.
Laurel brushed a lock off her forehead and watched her
sister-in-law out of sight. At least, she survived the telling. Inhaling a deep
breath, she climbed the stairs to the master's suite. She entered her chamber
and found Alice carefully unpacking all her recent purchases. Shopping for her
new gowns had been very exciting with Robert by her side. Now, the entire
exercise of unpacking had fallen sadly flat. She helped open the boxes,
pointing out which garments she wanted placed on what shelf. Her cameo dangled
against her chin when she bent over a box on the floor. For an instant, she
thought to remove the locket and set it among her other jewelry. Before she
unclasped the chain, she recalled Robert's demand not to allow even her maid to
learn of her hidden compartment. What could his warning mean? She pushed the
question aside and tucked her necklace inside her dress to keep it out of the
When all the garments were put away to her satisfaction,
the day was well advanced. "Alice, order tea served in my apartment."
Laurel sank into a chair, filled with dismay and so lonely
she blinked to keep moisture from spilling over. Much as she expected, the
first few hours of her return to Landings unfolded with her sister-in-law
enacting a drama. Rhonda's first reaction didn't bode well for the future.
Laurel exhaled a long breath longing to hide in her room, but she couldn't.
Lifting her head, she vowed not to let the situation
overwhelm her. She must shore up her defenses and find a way to manage a large
household. Difficult at first, certainly but she had every confidence she would
succeed. She could almost hear her aunt's voice admonishing her to take the
lead. She must start as she meant to finish, with the reins of the household
firmly in her hands. Naturally, she would listen to Rhonda until she grasped
all aspects required of the lady of the house, then if the instructions were
reasonable, she would add her voice of approval to the order. If not, she would
countermand every directive Rhonda issued until the servants looked to her for
guidance. Her position as Lady Laningham demanded it.
She summoned Alice and dressed for dinner. Perhaps dining
with the handsome lieutenant would lighten Rhonda's mood, possibly giving her
mind a new direction. A pity he was leaving at morning's first light.
Indeed, Rhonda was all smiles when Lieutenant Banfield
entered the room. Content to allow Rhonda to dominate the conversation, Laurel
sipped at her glass of sherry allowing the voices to wash over her. Tired
almost beyond bearing, physically drained, and wishing she could seek her bed,
the evening passed incredibly slowly. Finally, her first day back at Landings
came to an end leaving her flat and empty inside. The sconces in the stairwell
added light to her candle while she climbed the steps to the upper landing.
Tomorrow, she intended to send a note round to Sybil.
After several days of struggle with Rhonda and the
servants, some reasonable, some not, she was delighted to find a few hours of
peace riding with Sybil each day. She looked forward to her morning outings.
The exercise helped her cope with the turmoil at Landings.
Each night left her exhausted both mentally and physically,
but she grew stronger, able to hold her own with her sister-in-law in most
cases. Tonight, she ordered roasted fowl as a remove, but no such dish appeared
on the table.
"Stokes, please ask Mrs. Parsons to serve up the roasted
fowl now."
Rhonda cleared her throat. "Since only you and I are dining
tonight, I told her not to bother."
Laurel wanted to scream at Rhonda, but a well brought-up
lady never screams. Kicking the wall in frustration was also forbidden to a
lady. She gritted her teeth and allowed fury to appear in her eyes. "Rhonda,
never again countermand one of my orders, else the person carrying out your
directions over mine shall be fired. Do you understand me?"
Rhonda brushed a supposed tear from her eye with a napkin.
"I understand. You want me to feel unwelcome in my home."
"Rubbish." Laurel's heart sank. She didn't relish hurting
her sister-in-law, but she must stand firm. "However much you doubt me, I'm
trying to enter into your feelings in these matters. I truly sympathize with
your predicament." She laid her napkin on the table. "We could deal so much
better than at present, but I must fulfill my obligations as Lady Laningham."
"Lady Laningham you say. I'm Lady Laningham too." Rhonda
gathered her skirts and bolted from the table.
Laurel sighed. The struggle to implement her methods on
Landings made her sick, especially tonight. She climbed the stairs to her room,
her stomach in a knot and her head slowly pounding.
After the disagreement, Laurel hoped she could find peace
in sleep. A little spiral of smoke drifted up from the sconce in the stairwell.
The flicker of the candle danced on the wall at the bend of the stairs,
lighting the steps to the upper floor. Making her way into her chamber, her
sanctuary, she sighed with pleasure and donned her sleeping apparel. At the
last second, she slipped into Robert's chamber.
Laurel lay in bed with loneliness swirling around her. She
missed Robert and it soothed her to stare at his portrait hanging on the wall
opposite his huge feather bed. Allowing a grin to stretch her lips, she flipped
his pillow over and snuggled down. She should sleep in her own chamber, but
longing for her husband had driven her to seek his empty bed. Fluffing the
pillow once more, she turned on her side and finally drifted off.
The moon managed to find a sliver of an opening between the
curtains and sent a shaft of piercing light into Laurel's eyes. Even through
her lids, the beam disturbed her. She opened her eyes and blinked in annoyance,
trying to move her head enough to avoid the light. Finally exasperated, she
climbed out of bed to secure the drapes only to hear a soft footfall sound in
the hall outside the master's suite.
She held her breath for a second. Old houses had a tendency
to creak and moan, especially when the activities of the day ended. Since she
occupied this section of the ancient building completely alone, could this be
such an occasion? Aware of her pulse hammering in her throat, she exhaled a
long breath and listened even harder. Had the sound echoed from another part of
the house, or had someone passed the chamber mere moments ago?
Very quietly, she tiptoed to the door and slowly twisted
the knob. From the slit of an opening, she viewed a shadow sliding down the
stairs. The dark shape formed in the moonlight washing the hall and twisted
after the figure of a man while he made his way down the steps. The shadow
lengthened where the stairs turned at the landing. The man carried no candle to
light his way and moved very carefully, measuring each step.
Her heart skipped a beat. With the isolation of the
chamber, a call for help would go unheeded. Still, she had to discover what was
amiss. She straightened her shoulders and tiptoed out into the hall. The oiled
oak boards chilled her bare feet, but shoes would have announced her presence.
The glow of the moon silvered the hall, but dimmed along
the incline of the stairs. The sconce in the stairwell had long since been
extinguished, but a glint of moonlight shimmered on the brass fittings. She
crept forward. The longcase clock chimed once in the hall below. Startled by
the unexpected sound, Laurel flinched and reached for the banister. The pads of
her fingers traced the smooth, polished wood of the handrail along the wall.
Using the railing as a guide, she descended to the landing
and peered down into the hallway. A blast of moonlight exploded through the
doorway when the figure exited, quietly closing the door behind him.
Trembling from head to toe, she buried her head in her
palms. How foolish. What if he had discovered her? Thinking of Robert and his
words of caution brought on a case of the fidgets. On occasion an irritation of
the nerves was perfectly excusable. The intruder was long gone, but she
intended to rouse the servants to give chase before every clue was lost.
She retraced her steps. On the last rise, she stepped on a
sharp object. Bending, she retrieved an item and held it up to the light. The
bright moonlight danced and sparkled over the surface of a sapphire bracelet.
She gasped in surprise.
The jewelry hadn't been on the stairs earlier when she
climbed the steps. The intruder must have dropped it. A jewel thief had broken
into the house. She couldn't wrap her mind around such an occurrence. She
called out, trying to rouse the servants, but with no success. The master's
suite was too far removed.
She clutched the bracelet even tighter and allowed a long
sigh to escape. Tomorrow would be soon
enough to discover if any of the estate jewelry was missing. Yes, tomorrow when
the light chased all the shadows away. She shivered and hurried back to
Robert's room. Vigorously plying the bell to the servant's quarters, she
waited. The butler, not in his usual immaculate state of dress, the housekeeper
in her robe, and a maid rushed to the room.
She flung the door wide. "Stokes, call the footmen and
search the house and grounds for an intruder."
"An intruder? Perhaps it was only the house creaking."
"When I heard a noise in the hall, I opened the door. A man
was creeping down the stairs. I only saw his shadow, then his dark form when he
left the house."
"Milady, I secured every door and window personally. How
did he enter the place?"
"I've no idea. Perhaps a footman went out for a smoke and
failed to bolt the door again. Best I could tell the intruder is of average
height and build. He wore dark clothing. I want him found." She turned to the housekeeper.
"Tomorrow, please search the house to discover if any items are missing. Thank
you for answering my call so quickly."
The housekeeper gave her a warm smile. "Would you care for
a cup of tea or some warm milk to help you sleep again? Perhaps you'd like
Alice to sleep in the dressing-room for the remainder of the night."
Laurel returned her smile and hesitated a moment. "That
won't be necessary. Stokes, unless you capture the fellow tonight wait until
the morning to report directly to me. I shall inform Mr. Dimty of the intruder
Locking the door, Laurel crawled under the welcoming covers
again. Since her early childhood, she'd always felt safe in her bed. No monster
could find her under the quilt.
The next morning, well after the first meal, and with the
sun brightly shining, she found the courage to venture into Robert's private
library. She opened the door and slipped inside. Glancing into every corner,
she let out a long breath and advanced deeper into the room. She traced her
fingers along the wainscoting, hesitant to open the safe. Finally, she removed
one of the large, gilded-framed oils to reveal a steel door. The cool metal
beneath her fingertips, an inanimate object, offered no threat. Her fingers
shook. What if the bracelet was missing?
At last, the vault door swung open and she reached for the
case containing sapphires. Her stomach knotted when she lifted the lid. The
necklace lay nestled on the black velvet lining with the earbobs in the center.
The bracelet lay in a straight line above the necklace. Exhaling a long held
breath, she didn't know what to think. Which one of the bracelets was the
genuine article? Closing the box with a snap, she returned the case to the
safe, the bracelet she found clutched in her hand. She didn't know whom to
trust or who to tell of her discovery. Best to hold her own counsel until
Robert returned.
Later the next day, Laurel stepped into the estate office
where Percy Dimity sat behind the desk before the window. Bright sunlight
streamed onto the man haloing his dark russet hair and glinting off the rim of
his wire-rimmed spectacles. He glanced up, placed his quill in the ink-pot and
He bowed politely, but his expression held a scant amount
of respect. "Milady, how may I be of service?"
Laurel slowly advanced to the front of the desk. "There is
an incident I wish you to investigate. All the doors and windows are bolted
every night, are they not?"
Percy nodded. "Certainly, Stokes is a responsible and a
most conscientious retainer. He's been with the family for any number of
"I'm not questioning his loyalty or his honesty. I merely
wished to establish the doors and windows were all habitually locked. Last
night at around one o'clock in the morning, I heard someone in the hall outside
my chamber."
"Perhaps being alone in a somewhat new environment inspired
you with fear. Old houses creak in the cool of the night."
"I considered that possibility, but I opened the door and
watched an intruder make his way down the stairs before exiting the house. What
do you make of that?"
The silence was pregnant with alarm and his voice echoed
his barely concealed irritation. "Why didn't you rouse the servants? That would
have been the prudent thing to do."
Laurel stiffened. "I did call out, but when no one
answered, I hurried back to my room to pull the cord. I ordered Stokes and the
footmen to search the house and the grounds. They didn't find the intruder."
He stared into her face, his eyes hard. "Small wonder.
Obviously a paltry, ill-advised effort. You should have sent one of the
servants to fetch me. I could have organized the search and possibly caught
"Perhaps you would have." She threw her head back and met
his scrutiny directly. "Perhaps not. Least you forget, I am Lady Laningham, and
I did as I thought best at the moment." She allowed the silence to lengthen,
catching exasperation in his gaze before his lashes masked his eyes. Raising
her chin, she stared at his now bland expression with her own bout of
annoyance. "Look into the possibility of an intruder. I'll allow you to
continue with your work. I have other matters requiring my attention." With a
rustle of her skirts, she whirled and exited, leaving the office door open
behind her.
The door to the estate office shut with a decided snap. She
glanced back over her shoulder and a chill shivered down her spine.
Now alone in
her new role of Lady Laningham, she faces a series of terrifying events, shadowy
intruders, missing jewelry, and mysterious footfalls in the night. Added to her
alarms, she must fight her hostile sister-in-law for the reigns of her
husband's establishment.
When Lord Robert
Laningham returns, can she convince him danger stalks the halls of the ancient
mansion? In his wounded state, will he listen, or must she protect her child,
her recovering husband, and her household by herself?


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medical Definition of adrenoceptor
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Re: Jonathan Allen of Kentucky
In reply to:
Jonathan Allen of Kentucky
H Clyde Allen 1/03/03
Hi Clyde,
I can tell you a little about John & Mary Turner Allen of Yancey County NC.John's parents are unknown.There is spculation he was the s/o an older John and Tabitha Allen, but so far as is known there is no proof of that.He first shows on the 1810 Buncombe County NC census.Still there in 1820 & 1830.From thereafter, they were listed in the newly formed county of Yancey.John's wife, Mary Turner, was a sister of my [step] ggg grandmother Annie Turner who married Joseph Allen.Nothing to indicate whether John & Joseph were brothers or any relation.John Allen, per the census records, was born ca1780 NC.He gave his age as 70 on the 1850 Yancey census.The earlier census records bear this out.They had only one son, Young Allen, b c1822, and several daughters.In his older years, John laid claim to having been in the Revolutionary War, applied for a pension on his non existant record. I know this because I have studied in depth his pension application.He said therein that he "went to war from Wake County NC".Several people have joined the DAR on that same application.He may have been the son of an older John Allen, b c1756, who also lived in the counties of Buncombe and Yancey, and died c1838 in area now Madison County NC.
I can tell you there was a Jonathan Allen in Surry County NC who lived near David Allen, Sr., who's son, Adoniram b c1734, moved to Clay County KY by or before the county was formed 1807.I am not positive where he ended up, but possibly Estill County KY, or even Walker County AL.I found an older John Allen in Walker County AL with another Adoniram living next to him who might possibly have been his son.This was on the 1840 census.Never found the two afterwards. There was a Jonathan Allen in early Estill County KY, gone by 1840.
David Allen, Sr. sold his property in Surry County 1786, I believe it was, and he, with sons Adoniram and David, Jr., along with Nathan Allen who I believe to have also been a son, moved to Wilkes County GA.They lived there near Benjamin Allen who was very likely another son of Davids.I cannot recall if there was a Jonathan with them or not.
I hope this helps and I haven't muddied the waters.
More Replies:
Re: Jonathan Allen of Kentucky
Linda Mullen 8/26/06
Re: Jonathan Allen of Kentucky
Joyce House Reeves 7/21/07
- Re: Jonathan Allen of Kentucky


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Words containing airomi
Found 1 words containing airomi. Browse our Scrabble Word Finder, Words With Friends cheat dictionary, and WordHub word solver to find words that contain airomi. Or use our Unscramble word solver to find your best possible play! Related: Words that start with airomi
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