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The brand-new issue of Classic & Sports Car hits the shelves in the UK today (4 August), and it's packed to the rafters with incredible classics, from four-door family supercars to Prince Bira's Maserati 8CM. The outrageous Mazda Cosmo gets the full studio treatment, while AC's Greyhound is pitted against Aceca. Fifty years of the BMW '02 is celebrated in style, a Jaguar E-type is rebuilt from the ground up and Ford's Sierra Cosworth is the subject of an in-depth buyer's guide.
This month's headline act is a three-car test of the most practical, stylish and performance oriented four-door supercars currently on the market. The Ferrari 365GT4, Lamborghini Espada and Maserati Indy offer a grown-up alternative to more exotic mid-engined machinery and, with around £70,000 enough to get you on the ladder, each remains within the reach of the well-heeled or determined enthusiast. Martin Buckley gets behind the wheel of three Italian supercars which broke the mould.
Another game-changer arrived on the scene in 1967, this time from the land of the rising sun. The Mazda 110S Cosmo was like nothing else the firm had built before, combining cutting-edge styling with a revolutionary Wankel rotary power plant. James Page examines the car's incredible design under the studio lights, discovering the minute details that are so easily missed.
It's difficult to believe that the still youthful '02 family of BMW saloons is now 50 years old. To mark the occasion, C&SC travelled to the model's homeland to take part in a massive celebration. Simon Charlesworth dove straight in with a fantastic triple test incorporating 1600, 1802 and 2002 examples, while David Evans steered his own 2002 on an epic adventure through Bavaria with hundreds of fellow owners. If you're a fan of roundel-badged classics, you won't want to miss this incredible article.
Those in need of some inspiration need look no further than Steve Bunn, who has just completed an incredible ground-up restoration of his Jaguar E-type 4.2. The massive undertaking was his first project and has taken six years to finish. From stripped shell to stunning show car, Bunn recounts the highs and lows of his incredible journey to Paul Hardiman. Time to dust off your own project?
Whitney Straight's Maserati 8CM is one of the most handsome single-seater racers of its generation, but it wasn't always so. The American was initially unimpressed with the car, and set about a series of changes that resulted in a car both beautiful in appearance, and fearsome on the track. Mick Walsh dons his driving goggles and traces the tyre tracks of Straight, Bira and Seaman, as he discovers the scintillating performance of chassis 3011.
The beautifully proportioned AC Aceca justifiably attracts the attention of enthusiasts and collectors, but the firm's forgotten child is also worthy of closer examination. James Page pits Greyhound against Aceca to see if the arguably more ungainly 2+2 has enough to recommend it ahead of period rivals from Aston, Jensen and Alvis.
The ever spectacular Goodwood Festival of Speed takes the lead in News, joined by coverage of Classic & Sports Car's brand-new car park concours at the Le Mans Classic. Hans Stuck put his foot down in an Auto Union at Shelley Walsh just like his dad had done, while the GT40's victory at Le Mans in its anniversary year proves a fitting topic in Sport.
From 120mph life-size slot cars to wheel-spinning at the same speed in a 42-litre Packard-Bentley, you favourite columnists – Walsh, Taylor, Elliott and Buckley – recount fascinating tales from the world of motoring.
James Elliott's Triumph receives a new window in Our classics, with Martin Buckley's Lancia Gamma Berlina the lucky recipient of a replacement engine. Jordan Cohen, meanwhile, stars in Your Classics with his stunning Porsche 356.
Before you get stuck into the magazine, why not download one of our fantastic free desktop wallpapers? All you need to do is click the image to enlarge it, then drag and drop that onto your desktop or right-click and 'save as'. Be sure to read the terms and conditions first.


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Berufjörður is a 35 km long fjord in eastern-Iceland.
Iceland 1987, Djúpivogur
Painting of Auguste Mayer (1805-1890).View from Djúpivogur at Berufjörður to the northern shore of the fjord and the mountain range, which forms a peninsula between the Berufjörður and Breiðdalsfjördur.
The mountain ridge belongs to the eroded Breiðdalur central volcano.In the south of the fjord is situated Mt. Búlandstindur.

subset: commoncrawl


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Reason Number Four: Because Nana is so sweet and dear and confused, you'll want to see her back in time when she was young and sweet and dear and confused.
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The long stretch of steady inflows that U.S. stock mutual funds enjoyed since the beginning of the year came to an abrupt end in late February, according to the latest statistics from the Investment Company Institute. For the week ended Feb. 27, investors pulled an estimated $1.13 billion from mutual funds that invest long-term in U.S. equities, giving the funds their first weekly outflow this year.
Inflows to non-U.S. stock funds, meanwhile, plummeted to an estimated $2.18 billion, down 37% from $3.47 billion a week earlier.
Bond funds were able to hold tight. For the week ended Feb. 27, bonds funds drew $4.99 billion in estimated inflows, up 6% from the $4.71 billion they took in the week before. Of the $4.99 billion, $4.41 billion went to taxable bond funds with the remaining $579 million going to municipal bond funds.
Hybrid funds, which invest in both stocks and fixed income securities, were up 18% for the week, drawing an estimated $2.39 billion.
All told, mutual funds attracted just $8.43 billion, the smallest weekly inflow so far this year.
The weekly fund flow estimates are derived from data covering more than 95% of industry assets, according to ICI. The statistics cover long-term mutual funds, those the ICI defines as investing in long-term instruments.
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On Saturday, we witnessed the arrival of yet another extraordinary All Blacks back-rower.
In Vaea Fifita's first Test start in the New Zealand No 6 jersey he succeeded in blindsiding Argentina in New Plymouth with several demoralising runs, excellent work at the breakdown and precise tackling near the ruck. His dynamic second half individual try was sheer class. Some in the New Zealand media are already describing it as one of the greatest All Blacks back-rower tries.
When possessing game-breakers like Fifita you can finish off opponents even when many of your teammates are out of sorts.
The All Blacks have not found top gear this year, but have been saved by consistent and comprehensive performances from their back-row. This is hardly surprising when the team boasts the world's best No 8 in Kieran Read, and continue to produce a steady stream of quality openside flankers- enjoying the luxury of choosing between Ardie Savea, Matt Todd and Sam Cane- who are all making life after Richie McCaw passable.
Then onto the Wallabies-Springboks Test in Perth, and where we again witnessed what happens to teams that don't have a world-class back-row. For the second match running, the Wallabies were over-run by their opponents- and a great deal of that has to do with who they have up front. Numerous Wallabies forwards may be okay Super Rugby performers, but they are just borderline Test candidates.
The Wallabies lack punch in their scrum, their lineout and in their back-row. They lack presence. They lack forwards who can make a difference. Their set-piece work is not consistent enough; their breakdown work is only fair to middling, and with that comes an inability to hold on to a considerable lead. Their scrum was exposed by the All Blacks in Dunedin, and was one of the key reasons why New Zealand rebounded from a 17-0 deficit to win 35-29.
Against South Africa it was even worse. Australia lost several crucial pressure scrums, while their lineout work was way off, and so the Springboks bounced back from being down 20-10 to levelling the scores at 23-all. Apart from wayward throwing which saw them having only a 63 percent lineout success rate compared to the Springboks 92 percent, the Wallabies were also penalised three times for tackling their lineout opponents while in the air.
The worst indiscretion came in the final minutes when the Wallabies needed to show discipline if they were to break the deadlock. However blindside flanker Ned Hanigan ridiculously grabbed Springboks jumper Lodewyk De Jager in the air to be penalised, thwarting the Wallabies' momentum.
As disconcerting was how the Wallabies scrum disintegrated in the 66th minute, enabling the Springboks to charge 50 metres downfield and take the lead. By this stage No.8 Sean McMahon was off the field and his replacement Jack Dempsey looked completely lost as the Springboks charged straight through the middle of their pack to bound merrily towards the Wallabies posts.
Maybe that's why after the game Wallabies coach Michael Cheika talked about how his team needs to be more mature. It also needs players to step up. Opportunities must be grasped.
Hanigan has now played six Tests, but has yet to make an impact. A blindside flanker must be prominent, but Hanigan often appears to be just going through the motions. Hanigan did a bit more than usual in Perth, but a quiet first-half, an inability to make breaks and missing four tackles is not good enough. He is one of the luckiest Wallabies Test selections of recent years, because there wasn't much on show during the Waratahs' Super Rugby campaign this season to indicate he would make a difference at international level. And he hasn't.
At least Hanigan wasn't the worst defensive culprit in Perth, with Tevita Kuridrani finishing with five missed tackles.
Although the openside flanker Michael Hooper had individual moments of excellence, he is sorely missing his tag-team partner David Pocock, who takes over much of the tough, physical work at the breakdown, enabling the Wallaby captain to be more prominent in open play.
Pocock is not your perfect No 8, but he is far more preferable to what is currently on offer. If Pocock was around, you would move McMahon to his more natural position on the blindside and the back-row combination immediately looks better.
Many in Australian Rugby are understandably counting down the days until Pocock's sabbatical ends.


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Taxation Advice
In addition to offering tax advice on a range of issues we will prepare personal and company tax returns and file them electronically. We will report your tax liability to you in understandable format.
We are able to manage HMRC enquiries and investigations and offer you the opportunity to take out an insurance policy which would cover your professional fees in the event of such an investigation.
We offer a bookkeeping service if you require it.
Accounts Preparation
We prepare annual accounts for Limited Companies, Sole Traders, Partnerships and businesses from the records provided to us. They are presented in draft form for the client's approval before being finalised and filed with HMR&C and for Limited companies filing with Companies House.
We also can prepare management accounts either monthly or quarterly as you need.
VAT Return Preparation
We will prepare your VAT return and then submit it electronically to HMR&C and advise you what your liability is or alternatively any repayment due to you.
We will prepare your payroll weekly, 4 weekly or monthly as you request. We produce a payslip for each employee and advise you of any PAYE liability due. At the year end we will submit your end of year return and issue a P60 for every employee. We also will issue a P45 for anyone leaving your employment in the course of the year.
We can set up a PAYE scheme for a new employer. CIS Monthly Returns
We will complete your monthly CIS return and file it with HMR&C. Nil returns must be submitted.
Annual Returns at Companies House
All companies must file an annual return with Companies House and we will do this for you and update any relevant information


text: Another high-accuracy eating framework for lab mice fortify the idea that the time of eating at day is more basic to weight reduction than the measure of calories ingested. "Converted into human conduct, these examinations propose that abstaining from food may be powerful if calories are devoured amid the daytime when we are wakeful and dynamic. They additionally propose that eating at the wrong time during the evening won't prompt weight reduction notwithstanding when slimming down," said Dr. Joseph S. Takahashi, Chairman of Neuroscience at UT south western's Peter O'Donnell Jr. Mind Institute and Investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Mice on a lessened calorie arrange for that ate just amid their typical encouraging/dynamic cycle were the main ones …Read More »


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Guide To Buy Kids Playroom Furniture
Kids playroom furniture – Many parents dream of a house without toys in all the hooks. A life without legions that cuts up through the soles of the feet on their way to breakfast and without the deadly traps with wheels in the form of cars and trams. The solution is not quite simple. But you can come a long way by introducing a playroom. The playroom can then follow the child through adolescence and transform into a game room and a place where you can "hang out". A playroom is an ideal place for your children to spend their time indoors. Buy furniture for the children's room that encourages the children to use their imagination and creativity.
While to buy kids playroom furniture; please find a playroom furniture dealer. Pottery Barn has a children section that contains several pieces that you can buy for a playroom. Can also by order online. For a broader range, the playroom is buying furniture online. Eplay Furniture, Posh Tots and Kid Furniture Store have online catalogs with playroom furniture choices. Next, find a child size table and chair set. This should be the pill in the playroom. Pick a set with a fun design or get a regular wooden set that you can paint. Select a matching bookcase. You should buy a children's bookcase that easily shows the titles of the books placed on the shelf.
You can find revolving cases that come in the form of a firefighter, castle or circus big top. Buy an easel. An easel is a good purchase for a playroom because it will allow the child to create their own little masterpieces. Also get a toy box for the room. The toy box must be big enough to accommodate all their toys and match the other furniture. Good advice and warnings when buy kids playroom furniture is, always check that the playroom furniture you buy is safe for your child. Safety lock and hinges must be in place to protect the child's fingers. And avoid placing a computer and television in a children's playroom. Select things for more imaginative play.
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Pulmonary sarcoidosis
Patient Data
Age: 30 years
Gender: Female
From the case: Pulmonary sarcoidosis
Chest x-ray
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Chest x-ray demonstrates prominence of the hila bilaterally, and perhaps minor increase in interstitial markings.
From the case: Pulmonary sarcoidosis
CT Chest
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Coronal C+ arterial phase
CT of the chest demonstrates hilar and mediastinal bulky lymphadenopathy, with patchy interstitial opacities.
Case Discussion
This case illustrates typical appearances of pulmonary sarcoidosis, and the diagnosis was subsequently histologically confirmed.


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Four arrested after climbing fire lookout tower near Little River Canyon
January 8, 2018--6:08 a.m.
Four Georgia residents were arrested Saturday after authorities find them climbing the fire lookout tower near Little River Canyon.
According to the Cherokee County, Alabama Sheriff's Office, the responding deputies made the trespassers come down from the fire tower and placed them into custody.
Illegal drugs from atop the tower, including methamphetamine, marijuana, and opioid pills were recovered.
William R. Whipkey and Zach V. McBrayer, both 18 of Marietta, 20-year old Andreanna K. Phillips of Rockmart, and 21-year old Sara G. Brennan of Villa Rica are all facing drug possession and trespassing charges.


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About KidsAreFirst.org
Mission: Kids Are First is relentless in its pursuit to improve the lives of all children, advocating for the best opportunities for each individual child regardless of ability, socioeconomic background, race, or religion.
About Us: Kids Are First is a non-profit, non-partisan group of concerned parents and community members who recognize that all children in JeffCo and Colorado benefit from student-centered education reform.
Kids Are First champions the cause of excellence in all capacities so that every single child can realize his or her full potential. We can't afford to fail even one more child.
Motto: We can do better!
A project of the Independence Institute


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Suggested Grades: 5-8th
Running Time: 60 minutes with Q+A
Step back, about 220 miles from earth, and experience our planet from a new perspective. Former International Space Station Commander Terry Virts helped to install the outpost's 360-degree observation module, which not only helped him to take more photos than any astronaut before him, but gives those who see the images a deeper understanding of our planet's climate, economics, and place in the universe.
Themes: space, exploration, science, climate, photography
$3 each for students, teachers, and chaperones.
Reservations: Box Office | 480-644-6500
Questions: firstname.lastname@example.com
Education Resources: CLICK HERE!
Arizona Geographic Alliance Resources CLICK HERE!
Get more out of your school field trip!
Add a visit to the Arizona Museum of Natural History. One block away from the Mesa Arts Center. View Dino Mountain with dinosaurs that roar, walk through a Hohokam village, pan for gold in the courtyard and visit our original territorial jail cells.Field trip price is $5.00 per person (including teachers and chaperones) and requires advance booking. Book online at http://arizonamuseumofnaturalhistory.org/for-educators/field-trips Or call the group booking office at 480 644 3535 during business hours.
*For the safety of all our guests, adults are not allowed in the Shows without children, and children are not allowed without adults. **Everyone, including lap children require purchased ticket.
**DEADLINE: Final attendance numbers are required TWO (2) weeks prior to performance date. NO REFUNDS OR EXCHANGES after deadline. You are responsible for all tickets reserved, even if tickets are not used. Sign-language interpretation is available with two weeks' notice.


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Jason Kessler, best known as the organizer of the "Unite the Right" rally which turned deadly, was scheduled to speak this week at a Charlottesville town meeting. City council member Kristin Szakos told The Independent that when she saw Kessler's name, she thought: "Uh-oh, this could get ugly."
But Kristin Szakos had little reason for concern. When Szakos called Kessler's name, he didn't appear. Then someone called out from the audience: "We chased him out of town!"Another voice from the audience yelled, "We found him and his friends and we chased him out of town tonight. That's why he's not in this room right now."
It is reported that the crowd began to cheer and multiple members of the audience rose to their feet in elation. A city council member told the audience, "That's appreciated."
Szakos spoke with activists who said they had followed Mr Kessler out of the meeting, and into a town nearly 45 minutes away. She told The Independent, "This whole time we had been sitting in a meeting, they had been chasing him out of town with their car!"
Solidarity CVille, a Charlottesville activist group, celebrated the news online. The organisation claimed Mr Kessler, a Charlottesville resident, had met with members of a white supremacist organisation in Charlottesville that day. "When word spread of these sightings, community members gathered to protect and defend Charlottesville from the presence of these white supremacists."
At the end of Monday's Charlottesville city council meeting, members voted to name a street in the downtown district "Heather Heyer Way" in honor of the activist who was killed in the melee of Kessler's rally.


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Blog Archives
The Feast of St. Benedict
July 11 is the Feast of St. Benedict. Take a moment today to learn about this great man of history. Chesterton says each age needs the saint that is its opposite, perhaps it is an age for word of him to rise back to prominence.


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Across a 7-year period, LEWIS purestone has developed extensive knowledge and expertise in the design, build, deployment and on-going support of Sitefinity websites, applications and mobile apps. Globally, LEWIS purestone is now considered one of Sitefinity's most trusted, forward thinking and established partners. Why?
LEWIS purestone fuses strategic thinking and creativity with technical excellence resulting in innovative, robust and award winning solutions. Underpinning this is LEWIS purestone's best practice development and project management processes that ensure Sitefinity projects are delivered on time, on spec and on budget.
LEWIS purestone is headquartered in London but extends its services Internationally through its parent company - global PR and communications agency - LEWIS.
"Sitefinity is a great platform for us. Its flexibility has allowed us to scale solutions to meet the needs of a wide range of clients, from major brands to much smaller organisations."
Author: James Smee, Co-Founder
Company: Purestone
Need help finding a partner?
Let us help you find the right partner.
Progress, Telerik, Sitefinity and certain product names used herein are trademarks or registered trademarks of Progress Software Corporation and/or one of its subsidiaries or affiliates in the U.S. and/or other countries.


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Well, yesterday it felt like summer, and today fall is definitely in the air here in MA. Say good-bye to the lazy days of summer and back to business with this brisk weather. 1. Let"s start with the changes (again) to Facebook: At Long Last, Facebook Adds Twitter-Style Following, Calls It "Subscribe" from All […]View Post
Around the Web Sep 9 for NPO's
Posted on by Reikob in Socialmedia
Here in New England, there is fall in the air, thinking I need to put away my shorts, as it has been a bit chilly…Hope everyone is ready for the businesses to get back into gear! Here are my picks for the week. 1. Why isn't anyone sharing your nonprofit's content? by John Haydon: […]View Post Facebook, Foundation Center, Fundraising, John Haydon, New England, non-profit organization, nten, Socialbrite.org
Around the Web Sep 2 for NPO's
Posted on by Reikob in Socialmedia
Whew, what a week for us, we were without power for 4 days, even though we did not have much rain, and winds were no worse than some of the N"or-easter"s that come through. It was interesting "camping out" at home. Our hearts go out to those with real damage, flooding and trauma. Here are […]View Post Facebook, Foursquare, frogloop, Hurricane Irene, John Haydon, New York Times, non-profit organization, nten
Another Nonprofit expert coming to Tech Day Camp Oct 22!!
Posted on by Reikob in web development
We are so pleased to announce that Marc Pitman will be speaking at Tech Day Camp!!View Post Facebook, Linkedin, photoshop, Quickbooks, quincy ma, Tech Day Camp, Tech Day Camp Oct 22


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Ex-Playboy Playmate Christine Richters -- who was working for a politician in Southern California as an aide before she was fired -- has settled a wrongful termination lawsuit for $150,000. According to the woman's lawsuit, she was forced to endure a stressful work environment that involved unrealistic demands from her boss, County Supervisor Todd Spitzer.
University professor who harassed student permitted to return
A professor of counseling education at San Jose State University has been accused of sexual harassment. The university says that the man harassed one of his students by asking her to date him.
New law seeks to stop sexual harassment by venture capitalists
It doesn't matter how incredible your idea for a startup company happens to be. If you can't get funding, you're out of luck and your business plans will never come to fruition. This places venture capitalists in positions of enormous power -- one that they sometimes take advantage of by subjecting entrepreneurs to sexual harassment.
Situations in which you're protected from wrongful termination
Many California residents find themselves in difficult situations at their workplaces where they have witnessed or been subjected to unlawful things. In these incidents, the victims or witnesses may be terrified to report the problems to superiors out of fear of retribution or of losing their jobs.
Transgender harassment and discrimination in the workplace
Every large company -- with 50-plus workers or contractors -- must give employees in supervisory positions at least two hours of sexual harassment training. Supervisors must receive this training within six months of assuming their supervisory roles.


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Regular Members Meetings
While some branches have members' meetings on a set day of each month or week, these tend to have a home for their branch activities. ASinGB is without its own building. We attempt to meet at least once per month – see our calendar for upcoming events. Meetings may be at one of the local Waldorf schools or at a public library or at a member's home. We also use social media, Meetup, to announce our events.
Study Groups
Study Groups provide a community-life-filled friendly environment for which to work together with others towards gaining insights from Spiritual Science. Below is a list of on-going study groups.
Technology and Spiritual Science Study Group is an online study group(perhaps two if we overflow) that will use Zoom (similar to Skype) for up to 12 people who will study together the subject of Technology and Spiritual Science. This is an important question for our times, especially for the West.
The group will start in early January on a weekday and at a time that works for most of the participants. We will meet for only 30 minutes each time, but we will have a 30-minute reading assignment (from a Steiner lecture) each week as well. If you would like to commit to participating for the September to December period, email Andrew (jandrewlinnell [at] yahoo.com). We will assess at the close of each quarter how to continue.
Please, in your message, state what day/times are best as well as what days/times do not work for you. Zoom software will not post ads to you. It will allow us to meet with video conferencing for 30 minutes with 5 minutes on each end. It is best but not necessary to have a PC, laptop, or Mac with a video camera and mic so that participants can see each other. There will also be a telephone only method of access. The simple instructions will be sent to all participants.
The Rudolf Steiner Group of Waban meets at the home of the Ingham's, 14 Lorraine Circle, Waban, the first and third Thursday of each month. The evening begins at 7:00 pm with a social time followed by reading and discussion. The group is beginning a new study topic to be determined at the first fall meeting on Thursday, October 1, 2015. For more information, please call Joanna or Kenneth Ingham at 617-969-0388.
Amesbury Steiner Study Group We are currently studying Knowledge Of Higher Worlds. Our small group gathers on Wednesday mornings at 9:30 am but can be flexible to meet other needs. If you would like to join this study group, contact Pam Fenner at 978-388-1450 home or 978-609-0025 cell or Cecilia Leigh at 717-304-3043 or cecilia.neville.murray [at] gmail.com.
The Concord Steiner Study Group The Rudolf Steiner study group gathers together, on the first and third Tuesday of the month, at 7:00 pm, at the Concord Library. The readings will investigate the thought contained in Volume Five of Karmic Relationships. If you are considering joining the study group, contact Michael Marlow at ymimarlow [at] gmail.com.
The Lexington Group Starting Sept. 25, held at the Waldorf School of Lexington Friday mornings from 8:30 am to 10 am, when school is in session. We are reading and conversing Steiner lecture cycle East in the Light of the West. For questions contact Irene Goncharov, 781-229-6382.
The Cape Ann Study Group Meets every other Monday at 7:30PM in the Eurythmy Room at Waldorf School at Moraine Farm, 701 Cabot Street, Beverly, MA. This year we will work with Dr. Steiner's book: "Knowledge of the Higher Worlds and How to Attain It." We welcome all who would like to engage in a lively and warm exploration and reflection around this most significant work. For further information contact facilitators John and Carrie Schuchardt at thehouseofpeace [at] yahoo.com (978-356-9395).
The Rockport Study Group Meets Wednesday evenings at the home of Vanya and Christina Yoors, 64 Curtis Street, Rockport, MA. For more information contact Vanya Yoors at 978-546-7322.


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When: Thu., June 21, 7 p.m. 2012
The big band that backup drummer Dave Schmitt enlisted to set his buddy Dexter Romweber against a broader and brighter sound isn't a regular performance vehicle; its dozen-strong roster makes sure of that. But when the logistics align, The New Romans might well provide the best possible conduit for Romweber's songs, which build from the rockabilly and surf of Romweber's Flat Duo Jets days to dig into lounge, swing and barroom balladry with aplomb. This, Romweber says, is music for dancing—"lascivious stripper music," when it's done right. Setting it outside in the gardens near sunset promises a unique thrill. —Bryan C. Reed
Price: $12 ($5 Duke students)


text:
Resolved: The US should abolish capital punishment.
|Voting Style:
|Point System:
|7 Point
|2 years ago
|Post Voting Period
|2,246 times
|Debate No:
Alright, thanks to our opponents iOS6 for debating this with us, and we apologize for the delay on this post.
1) Innocent Life
The National Academy of Sciences in the US reported that 4.1% of all convicted criminal defendants that are sentenced to death are actually innocent of their crimes. [1] This is a massive number of people who are falsely convicted, and while the vast majority of those weren't executed, roughly 0.5% were executed, and roughly 0.16% committed suicide. The bulk of the remainder were still on death row, and many were serving shortened prison sentences. [2]
We will likely spend a lot of this debate talking about numbers of lives lost; there is little doubt that the comparison between those numbers will have some effect on the outcome of this debate. However, while we do feel that the numbers are important, we should not allow those numbers to strip out the importance of every single human life lost. They all matter, and simply comparing the overall number of people lost does nothing but relegate each life to a statistic.
So, when we ask ourselves what matters most in terms of lost lives, we should delve deeper than the numbers. When a country is actively ending the lives of its own people, that is a direct action, one that is clearly being taken against a sizeable number of innocent people. As technology gets better and we move further towards better forensic methods such as using DNA to establish guilt, we can reduce the number of wrong convictions, but human error will always produce some of these. Innocent lives will still be lost, regardless of advancing technologies.
This is the one thing we as a society can control: whether or not the government ends the lives of innocent citizens via the legal justice system. We would argue that any system that is ending the lives of innocents while purporting to follow the axiom of "innocent until proven guilty" is debasing justice. At the point where these lives can be and often are lost as a result of clearly unjust cases, there is no way to rectify these outcomes for those who have perished. Imprisoning people for long periods might not be a great alternative, but it's certainly better for both the justice system and for innocent lives than a system that pushes capital punishment.
2. Injustices of the capital punishment system
A. Systemic bias
Capital punishment ultimately serves as a disease to the poor and low income earners. Normal procedure in the court of law is that the convicted seeks an attorney for his trial date, but quite often, the poor are unable to afford a good attorney and have to rely on an assigned one. A good lawyer means a good defence, and inadequate legal representation characterizes many of the cases where the poor are accused.
In the state of Alabama, 95% of death row convicts are listed as poor. This directly results from the compensation for court-appointed defense attorneys, which is grossly inadequate for the amount of work that would be required to reasonably represent their clients. The lack of post-conviction counsel just compounds the problem, allowing severe miscarriages of justice. Alabama also has a long history of racial bias with the vast majority of black death row prisoners being sentenced for killing a white victim, as well as numerous capital cases that "were reversed upon proof that prosecutors illegally excluded black people from jury service."
California is "unable to provide attorneys in a timely fashion to people sentenced to death", resulting in many inmates having "no counsel or habeas corpus proceedings" and limited funds for defense attorneys. The War on Drugs and Three Strikes Law have had particularly egregious consequences for African Americans in California as well.
Similar issues persist in Georgia, Florida, Michigan, New York, and Texas. [3]
These problems are systemic, but they are specifically used to their most grievous effect when it comes to capital punishment. States that continue to allow these practices are committing egregious injustices based chiefly on class and race.
B. Cruel and unusual punishment
The requirement to prevent cruel and unusual punishment of convicted criminals is enshrined in our Bill of Rights, so when it comes to any form of punishment we implement, our goal should be to minimize any form of harm that goes beyond what is absolutely necessary.
As such, there are two major concerns.
First, there is no way to ensure that every single person who is sentenced to deal with die simply and painlessly. We should recognize that there are a lot of unknowns, even when it comes to techniques like lethal injection. Different people do respond differently to the chemicals that are injected, and in cases like Joseph Wood, this puts the convict through two hours of gasping and choking before he succumbed to 15 times the amounts of the chemicals normally used. [4] And while this is rare, it does happen more often than you'd think. 7.1% of lethal injections up to 2010 had been botched – that's over a thousand people who have had to suffer tremendously in their last hours of life, and it's a worse failure rate than gas chambers, hanging and electrocution.[5] This should be unacceptable. Not being able to breath is tremendously torturous – it's the reason we find water boarding so abhorrent. With a failure rate this high, lethal injection should be the least commonly used form of the death penalty, yet it is by far the most common, with most other methods either being blocked entirely or barely used in any state.[6] Even when lethal injection works, there's too much uncertainty. Drugs like pancoronum bromide and sodium thiopental prevent the convict from showing any signs of pain. The former is worse, as it simply paralyzes them rather than rendering them unconscious. They will endure suffocation, and since this has to be injected separately from potassium chloride, they will also have to deal with the intense burning effects of that drug.[7]
Second, it's critical to understand what a death sentence means. It means that a convict is now awaiting death. Ignoring the fact that current methods come with a substantial risk of extreme suffering, these people are suffering psychologically every day that they wait for their execution. It's the reason why Judge Cormac J. Carney argued that the death penalty is a sentence that "no rational jury or legislature could impose: life in prison, with the remote possibility of death." The uncertainty, and the process of essentially waiting for death, let him to conclude that it "violates the Eighth Amendment's prohibilition against cruel and unusual punishment", often requiring inmates to wait more than 19 years before execution with regular promises and push backs.[8] It's so bad that there's an actual death row syndrome, one that leads many to "lose their minds... commit suicide... [and] stop using the legal system to appeal their executions." It's made worse by mock executions, which are also an established method of psychological torture. These people live out what remains of their life in often small, crowded cells blocked off from each other and the outside world with limited time outside of them.[9] Once again, this moves deep into the realm of cruel and unusual, subjecting inmates to unnecessary tortures. There are numerous secondary effects as well. The families of these inmates in particular are constantly awaiting their execution and reappearing repeatedly in court, often enduring blame and ostracism.[10, 11]
3. Justice for All
We need to recognize that the retributive system of capital punishment is neither securing justice nor ensuring a better crime rate. This retributive system is actually rather new, since there was a shift from a more rehabilitative system in the 70s. The experiment... hasn't gone well. "As a result, the United States now has more than 2 million people in prisons or jails--the equivalent of one in every 142 U.S. residents--and another four to five million people on probation or parole. A higher percentage of the population is involved in the criminal justice system in the United States than in any other developed country."[12]
Now, we can chalk up the various problems we see here to a number of different causes. It's not our goal to show that a more retributive system caused this increase. Rather, this simply shows that retributive justice hasn't addressed the problem.
Rehabilitation shouldn't just be a part of our criminal justice system – it should be its focus. There are plenty of examples of its success, both in the U.S. and elsewhere.[12] With many inmates suffering from a slew of mental illnesses, partly the result of their imprisonment, there's little doubt that the system has turned towards a more retributive model and away from rehabilitation. It's resulted in the tremendous recidivism rates we see in the U.S.[13, 14] Our opponents may argue that we can turn back towards rehabilitation while simultaneously keeping capitol punishment, but the two are fundamentally at odds. Delivering the message that there are some people beyond help that need to be executed not only dooms those specific people without offering any possibility of rehabilitation, but also sends a message to other criminals that there is a line they can cross where the criminal justice system will discard them. Sending the message that the justice system cares more about retribution than rehabilitation relegates these people to a state of permanent suffering where they know that there will be little hope for them becoming upstanding members of society.
10. http://bit.ly...
11. http://bit.ly...
12. http://bit.ly...
13. http://bit.ly...14. http://1.usa.gov...
Before we begin, we'd like to note that our opponents have switched sides with us. Thus, they are advocating AGAINST the death penalty (DP) (Pro), and we are advocating for it (Con).
I. Criminals Forfeit Their Rights
In this country, we are all endowed with innumerable rights (that is, rights to not be prohibited from doing things) by virtue of our citizenship in the US. While our founding documents value respect for human rights, they only explicitly grant respect to the rights of US citizens. As all other citizens are also endowed with these rights, we gain a duty to not infringe upon their rights, so as to procure respect for our own. Society must sanction deviance from this model our country is founded upon, or our rights do not truly exist (that is, a right that may be violated at any time is not a right, as rights are inalienable, according to the Declaration of Independence). Thus, those who do not respect the rights of others forfeit their own rights. This is the foundation of the criminal justice system. Unless Pro advocates for no restriction of rights whatsoever (ie no criminal justice system, as detention inherently restricts a person's rights), they must agree to this principle.
Since the DP is thus not immoral in any respect, we must weigh the costs and benefits of it to determine whether it should remain. We will show the greatest good comes from retention of the death penalty--the saving of innocent human life.
II. The DP deters homicide
The DP deters homicides by putting the fear of death into would-be criminals. Rational action theory suggests that all mentally stable humans perform a cost/benefit analysis prior to committing any action. This theory has been applied to criminology, and shows that the DP has a significant deterrent effect on homicides.
3-18 homicides are deterred per execution [1]. Furthermore, state-by-state analysis shows that the DP causes a significant drop in homicide rates. When New York State, New Hampshire and Kansas adopted the death penalty, there was a significant crime drop. When New Jersey and Massachusetts abolished it, the homicide rate rose. [2]
Few studies contest the validity of the deterrent effect [3]. These studies are generally unreliable. For example, the study by Levitt, et al. is unreliable because it examines whether the DP deters crime, not homicide rates; however, the DP doesn't have a major effect on non-homicide crimes since it doesn't apply there. The study found that the DP does have an effect on homicide rates and misrepresents its own conclusion.[4]
There are at least 17 highly reliable studies that demonstrate a deterrent effect, according to Lott. He correctly concludes: "Generally, the studies over the last decade that examined how the murder rates in each state changed as they changed their execution rate found that each execution saved the lives of roughly 15 to 18 potential murder victims."[5]
As further evidence of the power of the deterrent effect, let us examine an actual case of where deterrence could have saved a life. Luis Vera burglarized the apartment of Rosa Velez, who was at home at the time. Vera shot her and killed her in a moment of panic. She later confessed: "Yeah, I shot her...and I knew I wouldn't go to the chair."[6] Had the DP existed, Velez likely would still be alive.
In Pro's world, Velez deserved to die. And, on average, in Pro's world, 448 more people die each year. In the process of saving 28 guilty lives per year, Pro is killing 448 innocents. Don't allow such a horrific world where brutal tragedies take place all the time.
On to rebuttals!
1. http://www.washingtonpost.com...
2. http://www.nber.org...
3. http://www.cjlf.org...
4. http://scholar.harvard.edu...
5. http://www.foxnews.com...
6. http://admin.faulkner.edu...
Thanks to Pro for his opening arguments, in this round I will engage in all of my rebuttals.
R1: Morality of the DP
In this premise, Pro argues that the infringement of rights as punishment is ultimately a necessary means of its preservation. In the argument titled "Criminals Forfeit their Rights", the excerpt is below:
"Thus, those who do not respect the rights of others forfeit their own rights. This is the foundation of the criminal justice system. Unless Pro advocates for no restriction of rights whatsoever (ie no criminal justice system, as detention inherently restricts a person's rights), they must agree to this principle."
However, in order to adhere or uphold the principles of one's constitutional rights, it would be contradictory, if not; hypocritical to value the principals of constitutional rights yet not hesitate to infringe it upon criminals. The death penalty does such, by condemning the act of murder yet not flinching in committing upon the criminal, would it make the government any better than the criminal who committed the crime? The primary goal of a punishment is to not only deter would be criminals but also to prevent them from committing such a crime in the future, or in other words, to discipline them into not committing the crime again. Nothing is ultimately benefited from such a punishment as the DP, as no one benefits from the death of the criminal just as no one benefits from the death of the victim. To respond to a crime with the retributive mentality that would come with the DP would only perpetuate the cycle of grief and violence as the family of the criminal may struggle to reconcile obedience to the government with having lost a loved one as a result of said government.
The right to live is too great a right and too important of one to be compared with the freedom of mobility that would be restricted by detention. In short, such a comparison would be insufficient.
R2: Failure in Deterrence
A primary pillar in both Con's argument and in Pro-DP rhetoric in general is the idea of deterrence theory, that the threat of potential execution for heinous crimes would be a sufficient deterrent against committing said crime. As seen in Con's second argument, deterrence theory takes a primary foundation in this pillar:
"The DP deters homicides by putting the fear of death into would-be criminals. Rational action theory suggests that all mentally stable humans perform a cost/benefit analysis prior to committing any action. This theory has been applied to criminology, and shows that the DP has a significant deterrent effect on homicides."
Hence, to disprove the validity of deterrence theory as an incentive for the death penalty would be to sufficiently discredit Con's argument.
One of the ultimate failures of upholding deterrence theory is in assumption that every crime committed is in a state of foreseen, deliberate or rational thought. In short, as Dr Jonathan Groner of Ohio State College of Medicine and public health would say:
"The psychological mind-set of the criminal is such that they are not able to consider consequences at the time of the crime. Most crimes are crimes of passion that are done in situations involving intense excitement or concern. People who commit these crimes are not in a normal state of mind -- they do not consider the consequences in a logical way," [1]
On the theoretical front, the DP fails in justifying deterrence theory for crimes of passion, especially murder, as such crime still can warrant the death penalty [2]. Statistically speaking, deterrence theory does hold up in justification to the death penalty. Firstly, to address the statistics that Con has given. Con first cites a 2007 article from The Washington Post, the article itself however fails to decisively prove how the death penalty deters crimes. It brings in numbers of "3-18 homocides" yet it doesn't decisively prove the correlation of such numbers to the perceived cause of the death penalty. In short, the article alongside the argument fail to give reason as to why or how the DP causes such deterrence, it also fails to show how other factors may not be in place such as socio economic conditions or environmental factors. To which studies have shown to yield a much greater influence over one's likelihood to crime as opposed to simple deterrence [3]
In Conclusion, the Death Penalty fails to act as a sufficient deterrent against heinous crimes. As most criminals either do not care or do not consider the ultimate consequences of their crimes, deterrence theory assumes that the criminal would be in a state where both factors are seriously considered. Yet such is not the case, especially in crimes of passion. Con's statistics have also failed in sufficiently proving the effectiveness of such a theory in practice.
1. http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org...
2. http://deathpenalty.procon.org...
3. http://arjournals.annualreviews.org...
This concludes our rebuttals, and we much wait for our opponent's response.
Innocent Lives
The innocent lives argument can extend to criminal justice in general. While there is no consensus on the numbers (as innocence in general criminal cases is not as well-documented as DP cases), there is at least concurrence that innocent people are convicted, to the tune of several thousand (1). Even in Pro's ideal society where justice is rehabilitative, these individuals are still being stripped of their rights by virtue of restriction of movement, privacy, and other rights. The question of what is a "worse" violation of rights is irrelevant; a violation is a violation, and by supporting any system in which a violation occurs, Pro thusly agrees to the principle that innocent people may rightly be deprived of their rights in the criminal justice system. Questions of atonement for wrongful conviction are irrelevant--no amount of money or career training can make up for the losses of time and experiences an innocent person suffers in the legal system. Every year in the system increases the odds of a divorce by an average of 32% (2). Any attempt at atonement is just that--an attempt, and nothing more. That doesn't mean atonement is wrong, but it is obviously insufficient and the government has still done net harm to any individual it wrongly imprisons. Yet, for the legal system to work, we have to allow the risk.
In the US legal system, people ought to be innocent until proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt; this is the system that best prevents wrongful conviction. If one truly values stopping wrongful convictions, one should work to provide better public defenders and other resources toward a fair trial. In Florida in 2009, each public defender had an annual caseload of over 2725 cases, and were in some instances only able to spend an hour on each case (3). This is particularly alarming in light of the fact that between sixty and ninety percent of defendants need publicly-funded attorneys, and over ninety percent of those cases are resolved by guilty pleas; in 2007, 40% of public defender offices also had no investigators (4). We should make every effort to ensure that criminals receive a fair trial; we should not eliminate the concept of justice from our lexicon just because some innocents might be executed. It is worth noting that DP cases receive far more scrutiny than other--they have procedures and an appeals process that last for years.
Furthermore, Pro's claim that the ending of innocent lives is contrary to "innocent until proven guilty" is nonsense. Those people go through the same legal system as everyone else, they must be proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt before they are convicted. The US government doesn't execute people it thinks are innocent; it executes those legally proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.
The point about systemic bias is a credible criticism of the legal system as a whole, not the DP. Simply fixing the public defender system, as noted above, solves for the bias against the poor. Pro does not adequately explain why the DP is racist in itself (or how the present-day legal system is in fact biased; Pro simply lists examples without interpretation)--if we solve for any racial bias in the legal system, we solve for this issue.
Pro does not explain what preventing cruel and unusual punishment entails, making their definition of the term circular--botched injections and psychological stress are cruel and unusual punishment because they're cruel and unusual, in Pro's world. Accidents are not cruel and unusual punishment, because even if they occur during the punishment itself, they are not the punishment, but an unintentional side effect. Regardless, we can solve for all of these issues and still have the DP. Pro kindly noted various execution methods with lower accident rates, a drug to render the subject unconscious, stoppage of mock executions, and better privacy for those who have to testify again as various reforms that would make the punishment presumably not cruel or unusual.
Justice for All
The DP ought to be separated from retributive justice as a whole. The overall retributive justice system suffers from several issues--its criminalization of offenses that are not wrong (drug use, for instance), and ineffectual treatment of those serving time, leading to recidivism rates of over 75% (5). The DP does neither of those things--it is in effect for wrong deeds (murder), and it has a recidivism rate of 0% (dead men commit no crimes). Its deterrence rate has been demonstrated (and we shall defend it here as well). Connecting the DP with the War on Drugs and other failures of the legal system is simply wrong--we are examining the effects of the DP itself, not arguing about whether the status quo of the US justice system is good (it isn't).
The criticism that attempts to tie the DP fundamentally to the current system is flawed--the fact that it "sends a message to other criminals that there is a line [that, when crossed], the criminal justice system will [kill] them," is exactly the point, no matter what treatment of other crimes is. That's what deterrence is. We can have a society that is rehabilitative to an extent, but still possesses a line in the sand to deter the worst of crimes. Saying that the USFG "dooms" rapists and murderers with the DP is an exercise in melodrama--those criminals forfeited their rights by committing a crime, and we have a social duty to prevent those crimes from reoccuring in the future. The DP is the best way to do that.
DP Morality
Pro's argument against the morality of the DP fails for several reasons:
1. The USFG is not committing "murder" in an execution--murder is the wrongful taking of another's life, while executions are justified by the undertaking and severity of the crime
2. People do benefit from the DP--those whose lives are saved by deterred murders.
3. Pro never disputes the point that criminals do not have rights adequately--their claim that the comparison is unequal is irrelevant. To adopt the mindset that all rights are inalienable, but that some are more inalienable than others is to undermine the very foundation of constitutional rights. Thus, Pro must concur that criminals sacrifice their rights by committing a crime.
Pro attempts to discredit deterrence by providing a theoretical argument for why it should fail with regards to crimes of passion. There is in fact still reason to accept the rational choice theory:
"Economic agents are subject to social pressure and emotions: This is, in fact rational because the behavior is performed as self-protection. Larrick (1993) has characterized numerous sources of human motivation that stem from both physical and psychological sources. One example of such an influence can be seen in close athletic competitions where the consequences of a referee's decisions may have heated outcomes. Referees that govern such competitions have previously been victims to threats and murders, so the instinct to protect their safety is natural and definitely rational. A preoccupation for self-protection may subsequently influence the decisions that are made throughout the competition. From the latter, needs for self-protection and affiliation are considered common and can be considered a rational source of motivation. Although various behaviors like self-control, helping others in need, and dietary selection are likely to be respectively influenced by social and emotional states such Research in Business and Economics Journal - Special Edition Florida Economic Symposium 6 as temptation, empathy, and hunger (e.g. Eisenberg & Fabes, 1990; Laeng, Berridge, & Butter, 1993; Turner & Oakes, 2011;), all of these are factors are also affected by self-serving utility (e.g., Turner & Oaks, 2011; Mattes, 1994) . Utility theory can never explain why an economic agent derives utility from a choice, as it can only predict how the agent will behave rationally with respect to a choice. Thus, any individual agent behavior is assumed to be ultimately determined by the perceived benefits/concerns of the individual rather than direct concern for ambient social and emotional circumstances" (6).
Empirically, this is also proven. Shepherd shows that the DP does in fact deter crimes of passion, while also controlling for economic variables (7).
Pro also ignored our Luis Vera example, so we have proven grounds for a murderer to be deterred by the DP, and as our statistics are reliable (Pro did not contest the number itself, only its causal nature) have this theoretically solid backing, the relationship between the DP and deterrence is proven.
Don't vote for a world that lets the innocent die so that the guilty may live.
1. https://www.washingtonpost.com...
2. http://criminology.fsu.edu...
3. https://www.acslaw.org...
4. https://www.youtube.com...
5. http://www.nij.gov...
6. http://www.aabri.com...
7. http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu... (page 29)
Innocent lives:
Con claims that there is no difference between violations of rights, but this is absurd. All rights violations are bad, but the gravity of a rights violation matters, particularly when comparing the tortures one faces on death row and absolute loss that results from death to an increased likelihood of divorce after serving a sentence. This isn't irrelevant.
Con argues that a better public defense will solve. They've given no means by which this could be done. This vague solution has no solvency, and unless Con means to force more and better law students to become public defenders, the problems they cited will persist. No solution will be absolute. Nothing will solve for the bias and human error resulting from legal counsel, justices, and politicians who craft prejudiced policy. This is the system that many are entirely dependent upon to survive in Con's world - any risk is too much.
Con makes the claim (w/o evidence) that the DP raises scrutiny. Innocent lives are still lost. "Scrutiny" only manifests as extensive delays on executions, which cause the severe psychological harms we've cited. Con also drops that these harms are substantial enough lead to suicides among innocent people. The trauma of conviction, combined with the ever looming threat of death, causes lasting harms that Con ignores.
Given that bias is pervasive, should a biased legal system be allowed to both imprison AND end lives? We've argued that there's a huge difference between the two, one that Con has essentially ignored. A clearly racist system should not be allowed the means to end lives and torture people. Other sentences are transient or offer more time for reversal. They provide more opportunities for justice to be served. This is the warrant we gave, which Con dropped, for why the DP debases "innocent until proven guilty": it inherently limits the opportunity for innocence to be established. Execution limits it. In a system where defendants are often unable to present their full case due to bias and/or the lack of competent legal counsel, trials are slanted against them and in favor of guilt. A biased system may be a constant, but its capacity to end lives should not be.
Nor should it be allowed to subject people to unnecessary, drawn out physical and psychological tortures that go well beyond the sentence. Torture is objectively both cruel and unusual. Con drops the high rate of botched lethal injections and the extreme psychological suffering that accompanies constantly pushing back executions, utterly ignoring mental instability and suicide rates. It is not the slightest bit circular to say that these are cruel and unusual when we've justified how they cause excessive harm.
Con seems to think that all they have to do is blip out other means of solving a given problem and it's as good as solved, but every suggestion they've made is so incredibly vague and nebulous that none of them could function as meaningful policy. Con offers no drug to "render the subject unconscious" prior to execution. Con doesn't explain how they can bypass state-by-state decision-making to mandate such a change.[1] "Better privacy" isn't a policy and isn't even solving for any clear harm. Without a clear, implementable alternative, Con must defend the status quo.
Justice for All:
We've explained how the DP contributes to mental illness in prisons, increasing the danger that prisoners pose to themselves and others. We've examined how the DP is fundamentally at odds with the concept of rehabilitation, as it treats many as beyond saving, relegating them to a permanent state of suffering. Con dropped all of this. It doesn't matter if other aspects of our justice system reinforce retribution – the DP entrenches retributive justice uniquely. When you send the message to all criminals that many of them are beyond rehabilitating, it shoves back any perception that criminals can re-integrate into and become upstanding members of society, leading to recidivism.
When the justice system as a whole is problematic, we should work to correct it. That requires re-examining cases and making a concerted effort to determine if there was wrongdoing in the process of conviction. That's no longer an option for someone who has been executed. Their name can be cleared, but they can no longer receive any benefit from that process. Con wishes to subvert their basic justice – their actual lives – for correlative effects that the DP has on the minds of a disparate number of potential criminals. But if you're choosing to throw out justice, then you must not ignore our argument regarding how the DP alters mindsets of actual criminals to increase recidivism, which we've shown to be dramatically reduced in a more rehabilitative system. It's a similar correlation, with the reverse outcome. Voters, if you're going to buy into the mindset that we can alter criminal behavior solely by threatening with the DP, then recognize that that door swings both ways, but that the effects of reducing recidivism are far more pronounced.
DP Morality:
Our case examines the immorality of the DP, particularly with regards to justice and loss of innocent life. Con's attempts to dismiss that on the basis that there is morality in punishing criminals is ridiculous - it does not justify the DP. So justice and immorality do have a place in this debate, and saving more innocent lives is not the sole impact that should be evaluated. There are several others to consider:
All of life has value, no matter its perceived innocence or guilt. If we're going to do a by-the-numbers comparison of life lost, then those numbers should include all lives.
If innocent life does matter more, it is because of the unjustness of their sentencing. So if we consider these lives to be more important, then we need to consider all injustices, and the focus of this debate should be on the justness of the DP.
The justice system being used to end an innocent life is not just another number - it represents an utter failure of that system, one that metes out death to individuals who are innocent. Meanwhile, if at some point in the future someone might decide to risk LWOP and carry out a homicide, that action reflects on that individual, not on the system as a whole. Their lives are innocent, but it is not the justice system ending them. The value difference is the means by which those lives were lost, and these have more weight because they affect the overall justness of the system.
Most capital crimes are committed in the heat of the moment, whether under emotional stress or under the influence of drugs.[2] Even among those who plan out their crimes, the majority have a history of mood or psychotic disorders that impair their ability to think rationally.[3] None of these are deterred by rationality. Even the effect on rational people is not so clear-cut. The author of the paper cited in Con's R1 [1] that gives the 18 person deterrent effect also wrote another paper, which explained that effect appears to only happen in states where there have been more than 9 executions in the past 20 years.[4] That means most states have 0 effect, as they haven't executed that many since 1976, let alone in the last 20 years.[5]
The DP may be correlated with deterring some murders, but it also correlates with increased in-prison homicide. The vast majority of in-prison murders that occur are in states that have the DP, and inmate assaults on prison staff are overwhelmingly more common in these states as well.[6] Taken together, local jails and state and federal prisons deal with as much as 150 prisoner deaths per year, the vast majority of which take place in states with the DP.[7] This is a small wonder given the mental health problems the DP causes. There is no reason why those lives should be treated as less important.
But for those who would avoid it, that is the result of the tortures that come with it, not of the sentence itself. If the only goal is to engender fear, then why not employ more egregious tortures? Con seems fine with the suffering of inmates and their families, destroying their inherent humanity, so long as deterrence may occur.
Con has done nothing but provide a by-the-numbers case based solely in utilitarian cost-benefit analysis. On that front, we still outweigh. If the threat of death does deter, LWOP garners some of it as well. Meanwhile, we have explained how the DP has some negative effects on deterrence, how the DP leads to executions and suicides of innocent people, and how the recidivism rate is only held there by the punitive-focused system that the DP upholds. Con cannot solve for this harm. Our side in this debate is the only one that can reduce recidivism, a problem that leads to over 75% of criminals returning to prison for a multitude of crimes. At best, Con's case only marginally reduces the incidence of homicide. We reduce all criminal activity that results from recidivism, including homicide.
We have also shown how we're winning on a basic justice value. Cost-benefit analysis fails to take into account the fact that we're discussing a means for enforcing justice. That's what the DP, LWOP, and other sentences are there for. That's the reason why we consider them as a means for enforcing justice and not just random, brutal violence against offenders, though that would be effective for deterrence – we care about how even convicts are treated. We've demonstrated how the current system is incredibly unjust, to the wrongly accused, other inmates, and their families. We've also shown how a shift to rehabilitation can only occur following abolition of the DP, reducing undue suffering during and beyond the limits of incarceration.
Vote Con.
Much has been said of justice in this debate, and it is a crucial element to this debate. Fortunately, a clear answer has been established--that the DP in principle is perfectly just, and that its consequence is the betterment of our society.
DP Morality and Innocent Lives
Let us reiterate our arguments, while dispelling the mist Pro has created. Our argument for the justice of the DP has been straightforward. We presented a framework for examining the rights of criminals, that "those who do not respect the rights of others forfeit their own rights". Pro's initial response was incoherent--that it would be "hypocritical" to do so because we'd be infringing on criminals' rights. However, we established that criminals had no rights, and Pro never attempted to demonstrate otherwise. Thus, the morality of the DP hinges upon not criminals (who have no rights), but upon innocent lives that may be taken. We thus noted that there must be an assumption that rights of innocent people would be violated in any criminal justice system. The magnitude of such violations is irrelevant, because Pro agrees in principle that they are an unavoidable part of any such system, and yet still considers violations just for the sake of the greater good, and as such, what matters is not the severity of violations of the rights of innocents, but the benefit that increased severity brings to society relative to the harms. We have shown that the benefit of the DP--deterrence, saves many more lives than any wrongful executions destroy (no more than 4% of executions of innocents vs. 3-18 lives saved per execution), and Pro has provided no concrete alternative metric for assessing justice. Thus, you must favor our interpretation.
Injustices and Justice for All
This brings us to the implementation of the DP. We demonstrated that many of Pro's issues with the DP were not about the DP at all; rather, they were about a failed justice system in the US. Our counterplan to the crisis of poor defenses--hiring more public defenders and investigators--should have been obviously implied, given that we spent the entire time mentioning the problem of a lack of defenders and the consequences it caused, but if this is ignored on the basis of implicitness (which would be wrong), we still win on this point. We still win because we don't need solvency to demonstrate that the merits of the DP cannot be addressed through indirect issues not attributable to the DP itself. The DP doesn't cause bias or any of the other problems Pro mentions, and for that reason, they are irrelevant to a discussion of the DP itself. Eliminating the DP would not solve for bias, nor would it reduce the extent to which it exists. We are having a discussion about the a priori merits of the DP in the US, and for this reason, you must reject Pro's assault and give the point to us. This same principle applies to Pro's recidivism argument--the DP has 0% recidivism. Pro's argument that somehow the existence of people "beyond saving" means that we can't rehabilitate others is absurd--they provide no link, and we showed that one can accept Pro's counter-plan of a rehabilatory system and still accept the DP, by executing the worst criminals and rehabilitating the rest. As well, we addressed Pro's torture point in two ways--1) It is irrelevant to what is right because criminals have no rights, and 2) torture isn't torture if it is accidental.
We are finally at the point of weighing the costs and benefits of the DP, which, as we have shown, this debate hinges upon. Let us begin with examining deterrence. Pro completely drops our point that even crimes of passion are subject to rationality. This is of massive importance, because even if there are certain people that the DP doesn't deter, it is still proven that it does, in fact, deter to a significant degree. Pro's source provides no information about what percentage of crimes are actually committed by the mentally ill or those under the influence of drugs. A little over 50% of inmates are mentally ill, and according to the BJS, about 80% of drug users in jail were also mentally ill (2). As about 30% of crimes were under the influence of drugs (2), that leaves us with:
50% mentally ill + 30% of crimes under the influence * 20% of drug users not mentally ill, to remove them from being counted a second time = ~56% of criminals are drug users or mentally ill. Pro doesn't explain how they are exempt from our evidence in support of rational choice even in irrational actors, which was not criticized and thus holds, but even if you accept Pro's logic this still leaves significant room for deterrence; indeed, given that Pro has accepted that deterrence exists and is prominent, saving on average 3-18 lives per execution in states where people are actually executed, our point holds. Pro's demonstration that the DP only deters people when there are a few executions proves only that, shockingly, the DP actually has to be used to be effective. Pro's article on in-prison homicide and assault does not demonstrate causation, and thus fails. Homicide rates are already higher in those jurisdictions. This very source mentions that the murder rate in DP jurisdictions was "25-46% higher than states without the [DP]" (3). Those rates, given the evidence of deterrence we provided, would be even higher if not for the death penalty. Furthermore, as our point that criminals have no rights holds, the problem would not be an issue even if it existed, because no violation of rights in in-prison homicides occurs.
This debate hinged on two points: justice and cost-benefit analysis. We showed that the DP is not unjust, as criminals forfeit their rights and harm to innocents is an inevitable part of any justice system. Pro never contested the former point, and provided no reason why the latter had to be minimized. We demonstrated that the DP deters between 3-18 murders in states where people are actually executed, while Pro has little evidence other than psychological stress of criminals, which is already irrelevant by our first point. Don't lose the forest for the trees; we've shown that the DP saves lives and is perfectly just. The innocent should not die to save the lives of the guilty. Thanks to our opponents for this debate.
Alright, where should I post about it? Just made an addition to the voting thread, but I know that's unlikely to yield fruit.
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Sorry for the lack of news today ... I was traveling for Pac-10 men's basketball media day Thursday.
I might yet get a few notes from Ty Willingham's afternoon press briefing, but meanwhile, here are this week's power rankings... with a new team at the bottom.
1 Arizona State 8-0, 5-0. One of five unbeatens nationally, and only one in conference play.
2 Oregon 7-1, 4-1. GameDay returns to Eugene ... Ducks must be doing something right.
3 USC 6-2, 3-2. Defense unlikely to win this season's Pac-10 championship.
4 California 5-3, 2-3. Tedford has raised bar high enough where this feels like a flop.
5 Oregon State 5-3, 3-2. Three of next four on the road ... all except UW game.
6 UCLA 5-2, 4-1. Seven-game league win streak ended hard in Pullman.
7 Arizona 3-6, 2-4. QB Tuitama's 517 total yards at UW third best in Pac-10 history.
8 Stanford 3-5, 2-4. Have already matched '06 interception total and have almost doubled sacks.
9 Washington State 3-5, 1-4. WR Bumpus four catches from school career record.
10 Washington 2-6, 0-5. Needed a win, got a kick in the gut instead.


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I have used Garage Door Medics for all of my properties and they always have delivered great service and the best pricing.
They came to the site, demoed out the old door and replace it with the new one. In very little time, the old one was gone and the new one was installed! As always, they were on time, did what they told me they were going to do, and completed the job in a timely manner, and they always keep the job site clean. I would highly recommend GDM!
Source: Angie's List 12/04/2009


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Become a Hostex 2017 Media Partners
With over 2000 international trade visitors, a media campaign worth $182,000 and a promoted database of 21,000 industry professionals, partnering with Hostex East Africa will help meet your marketing objectives.
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Hostex East Africa is the premium event to attend in 2017 in the region. With up to 100 exhibitors expected from all over the world this is the one event in the year to ensure that you don's miss out.
Visiting the exhibition is FREE for trade visitors.
Full registration will be available in the months leading up to the event but to sign up to our mailing list and make sure that you don't miss out, click below.Register now


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The snow finally arrived in full force. By 11 pm the snow was so deep on the back porch that Cairo struggled to get out and about. This morning Pete had to shovel a path for him. We have all been up and out in the snow since before 6. What fun to have a snow day!
Our House


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Same-Day Appointments
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Erie Region
The Center for Traumatic Stress has several research projects investigating the treatment of trauma in children and adolescents. The studies, performed using state of the art evidence-based treatments, are designed to further explore the efficacy of treatments provided to children and adolescents who have experienced a traumatic event in their lives. Participation in our studies helps us to understand the impact of trauma on a child's life and to further refine and develop treatments for children who have experienced trauma.
Some of our research projects are funded clinical studies. Qualified patients will be paid for their participation. Other projects are in the developmental phase. Participants of these projects will take part on a voluntary basis. Check each project for further details.
Allegheny General Hospital Center for Traumatic Stress in Children and Adolescents
The AGH CTSCA continues as a National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN) Treatment and Service Adaptation Center with national expertise in clinical interventions for traumatic stress reactions and traumatic grief. This study will address behavioral health disparities for children in foster care, LGBTQ youth, and military children with traumatic stress reactions or traumatic grief. The focus will be on addressing underserved communities and disparities in recruiting new members of these groups. With Supplemental Funding, Dr. Cohen and Dr. Mannarino will develop a clinical interventions for traumatic stress and traumatic grief partnership of national experts, highly experienced service providers and consumers, to develop and evaluate strategies of national impact to establish a sustainable workforce of therapists who can provide affordable, high quality TF-CBT and AF-CBT for children across the United States.
The study has been funded by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) effective October 1, 2012 through September 30, 2016.
TF-CBT for Adjudicated Youth in Residential Treatment
Judith Cohen, M.D. and Anthony Mannarino, Ph.D. were awarded funding from the National Institute of Mental Health to conduct a randomized clinical trial of two alternative delivery strategies of an evidence-based treatment for PTSD for adjudicated youth in juvenile justice residential treatment facilities. Sixty therapists in ten New England residential treatment settings will receive one of two delivery strategies: 1) web-based training and open access to the TF-CBT Consult implementation program or 2) web-based training plus two day expert TF-CBT training in addition to 12 months of bimonthly phone consultation with training to TF-CBT fidelity standards. The study provides a unique opportunity to examine the effectiveness of these two unique delivery strategies for providing treatment, with the goal being to minimize future offenses, incarceration, and to potentially change these youths' life trajectories. The study is ongoing through April 30, 2014.
The Warhol Project
This project will integrate sensory art techniques with an established evidence-based treatment (trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy [TF-CBT]) for traumatized children and adolescents with symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) including diminished facial expression recognition. Through collaboration between the Andy Warhol Museum and the Center for Traumatic Stress in Children and Adolescents staffs, the project will develop and evaluate the acceptability of adding a half-day art workshop at the Andy Warhol Museum for traumatized children ages 7-17. The study is funded from April 1, 2012 through March 31, 2014.
For more information on any of the above research projects or to schedule an appointment, please call our coordinator at 412-330-4328.


text: Dust off your lederhosen and dirndl – after 2 hugely successful years, New Zealand's largest Oktoberfest returns to Wellington for a celebration of Bavarian culture with a few Kiwi twists. Craft beer, German-styled brews, authentic food, Bavarian games and the country's most entertaining Bavarian bands competing for the title of 'Champion Bier Band'. This promises to be a party of epic proportions – on both sides of the globe!


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Lots of wedding bells will be ringing in 2013 ...
Not only is the world waiting to hear the news of Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie's nuptials, but admirers are on the edge of their seats to see if Jennifer Aniston and Justin Theroux will beat them down the aisle.
Plus, when will Kate Hudson and Amy Adams finally marry their baby daddies? Let's hope we see them in white gowns this year!
Whose wedding are you most looking forward to? Sound off in the comments below.
Check out the list of engaged celebrity couples:
Engaged Celebrities


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Trees For Pennsylvania
By offering you the trees and plants that will do the very best in the entire state of Pennsylvania. We buy seeds from many different seed sources and this enables us to send you trees that came from your zone as seeds. We have been shipping plant sales outlet stock to your great state for over a century and the owner still prints off all orders and reads comments. So please, in the comments section of the online order form, please drop us a line and let us know if this has helped simplify your shopping experience by offering you plants that we will do excellent in PA.


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Iceland: The Movie
While in Iceland I tried something new: I video recorded our road trip and created a short montage that you can see below. I filmed it with my Samsung 4 mobile phone so it is not super high quality but it was fun to make. It is a very different take from photography!
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Good Jewelry is often hard to find
'Pretty good jewelry' well, that's an expression that has taken on a meaning that is completely at odds to what it says. Let's take the expression apart. It says that the jewelry is pretty. Then it says that it's 'good'. What does that mean? It means that the jewelry is pretty, and it's good. So why do we think when we read that expression that the jewelry is just a bit good or even a bit ordinary.
Dunno! Haa that's the English language I guess. In any case, that's what you want when you are buying jewelry. Something that is REALLY PRETTY and REALLY GOOD at the same time. So good jewelry that you will be proud to give it to your loved one or yourself, if you love yourself more than your loved one (L.O.L again)
Wholesale Jewelry
Of course, you might be a re-seller of jewelry, and you are looking for Pretty Jewelry that you can buy for re sale, in other words Wholesale Jewelry.
What about if you say "I'm poor, can I buy good jewelry cheap?"
Well, if you are in this category you are not alone. Quite apart from the recent international economic downturn, there have always been heaps of poor people who have to count their pennies every time they buy a loaf of bread. This is often not of their doing. They could be really industrious people who because of circumstances, perhaps marriage breakups, or being owed a lot of money, or just in a very difficult social situation where most folks are really poor, have no spare cash to spend on luxuries like jewelry.
Does this mean if you are poor, you can't enjoy some of life's little jewelry luxuries
Not at all. Fine and good jewelry can be interpreted a lot of ways nowadays. In old times you had to be rich to own anything that looked pretty but with the onslaught of all sorts of laboratory produced stones, practically everyone can afford something to brighten up their lives. In the case of diamonds for example, the laboratory produced stones are so good that some jewelers without special equipment would find it very difficult to tell the difference, and guess what?
Some of these synthetics shine brighter than the real thing and are just as hardy. Like diamond, a lot of them are near impossible to scratch, so you don't have to worry about wearing them in the garden except that you could dislodge them from the setting. This applies equally to real gems as well as lab produced ones.
Real gemstones are possible too even if you are poor.
But it IS nice to own some good jewelry that is natural even if it's only to flash them in front of your friends and make them a bit jealous. Take Opals for example. Opal is one of the only gemstones which cater for all types of pockets. Opal can be manufactured in such a way that you can have a stone that is not expensive but is still a real, natural, gem. This is because opal comes in such a large variety of colors, shades, depths, and values.
For example, solid white opal from Coober Pedy in South Australia is a stone that is quite opaque, that is the color sits on the surface of the stone. This makes it a much cheaper gemstone in the eyes of the opal merchants, and yet a very large proportion of people just love the more delicate features of this cheaper opal gem.
Black opal is often not for the poor
And yet, the same features of a black opal can be duplicated by merely cutting the white or crystal opal thinner and setting it in a black background with a crystal cap to protect it.(as illustrated in the pics) Some of these much cheaper stones, even really large ones can be purchase already set in precious silver for under $100 and they look like something worth $5000 and more.
Good Jewelry can ad "sparkle" to life
So you can see that Good Jewelry, particularly good OPAL jewelry is not always the possession of the rich. Most folks can enjoy it's beauty and add a little more "sparkle" to life. Take a look at opalmine.com. Particularly the section specializing in lower priced good jewelry.


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Association of Ayurvedic Professionals of North America
Director, Tawni Maughan RACP.CHt.CST.ERYT, is a certified educator with the Chopra Center and is proud to associate with Dr Deepak Chopra for the past 10 years. She is also a certified Ericksonian Hypnotherapist, Craniosacral Therapist and certified Montessori teacher who program manages for Ahimsa's Child Holistic Montessori Training.
It is my pleasure to serve humanity with these natural paths of healing, which restore the balance of brain, body and breath (spirit). We have seen amazing things happen for clients using the ancient medicine and psychology of India, Ayurveda, which we offer as a compliment to western medicine.
Treatments include – Counseling, Shirodhara, Craniosacral & Marma Therapy, Diet according to body/mind type, Herbology and Panchakarma (cleanse for body and brain). These comforting treatments are offered as adjunct therapies to ease physical and emotional situations due to addiction, injury, illness or life circumstance. Clients have found relief from symptoms of Fibromyalgia, Arthritis, RA, spinal situations, head and neck misalignment, sciatica, cancer, depression, anxiety, anger, and addiction.
We collaborate with Addiction Oregon for those suffering with alcoholism, drug addiction or process addictions such as overspending, internet overuse, sex addiction and eating disorders. There are alternatives to medications and conventional therapy that WORK.
- Chopra Center University Instructor
- AAPNA Certified Ayurvedic Practitioner
- Ericksonian certified Hypnotherapist
- Pastoral Medicine Association Health Practitioner
- International Association of Yoga Therapist
- Y12SR Yoga for Recovery
- NCBTMB Continuing Education Provider
- Yoga Alliance and Texas Child Care Providers Cont Ed
What is Ayurveda? –
Science Of Life
-complementary treatment for emotional, behavioral and physical situations.
Ayurveda, ayu (age) + veda (science) is the science of life. A science that encompasses the mind, body and soul with health. This ancient medicine has become the go-to treatment in several parts of India, because the absence of side effects. But while it is common knowledge that ayurveda is used to treat physical ailments, it is also being used as an alternative and complementary therapy in the treatment of emotional, behavioral and mental health issues.
According to ayurvedic texts, a person is said to have good health or swasthya (in Sanskrit) when they enjoy a balance of physical and psychological elements (samadosha), of energies produced in the body (samagnischa), and of tissues in the organs (samadhatu) combined with proper elimination of wastes (malakriya), a happy soul (prasannatma), a happy, functioning mind (prasanna-manaha) and proper functioning of the five senses (sama-indriya).
"Ayurveda produces significant results as a complementary treatment in disorders such as depression, addiction, anxiety and OCD. There have been studies conducted where the dependency on allopathic medicine was reduced with a simultaneous increase in the ayurvedic dosage," says Dr D Sudhakar, assistant director of the Advanced Centre for Ayurveda in Mental Health at NIMHANS. He adds that there have also been cases where dependency on allopathic medication has been completely eliminated.
Ayurvedic herbs and oils provide for a holistic change in the patient while allopathy deals with specific symptoms of the disorder. Ayurveda recommends traditional dietary and lifestyle habits along with yogic exercises and herbal treatment. It has proved to be an alternative form of treatment, which not only includes treating the disorder – physical and psychological – but also bringing in a change in the lifestyle of the person to prevent future illnesses.
The body is comprised of three psycho-biological elements: Vata (air element), Pitta (fire element) and Kapha (earth element). These elements are also known as the tridoshas. When the three doshas go awry, the body is attacked causing illness to either one part in the body, or the whole. This also affects the mind, causing mental disturbances and even illness. Therefore, the treatment in ayurveda focuses on treating both the mental and physical situations because they are inter-related. Book your appointment today
"Yoga is the unifying art of transforming dharma into action, be it through inspired thought, properly nurturing our children, a painting, a kindness or an act of peace. "
"Healthy plants and trees yield abundant flowers and fruits. Similarly, from a healthy person, smiles and happiness shine forth like the rays of the sun."