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I'm sitting in the room at Expanding Our Boundaries (#expbound) in Toronto. The 2 day event, co-hosting by OTF and ECOO, is facilitated by Will Richardson. Gearing up for the event, I connected with some of the other attendees through various blogs, the Expanding our Boundaries wiki and twitter. Discovering our common interests, besides the conference, almost every attendee with whom I connected was reading Ken Robinson's The Element. Not a huge surprise, but a happy coincidence. And, promising.
What is the element and where do I get one?
Ken Robinson explains his use of the term the Element:
I use the term the Element to describe the place where the things we love to do and the things we are good at come together. I believe it is essential that each of us find his or her Element, not simply because it will make us more fulfilled but because, as the world evolves, the very future of our communities and institutions will depend on it. (xiii)
Reflecting on this, I ask myself questions like, "In what ways am I in my Element?" and "Is my classroom a place where every single student in the room is able to be in his or her Element?" and "Are my colleagues in their Elements?"
Are you in your element?
This morning, Will Richardson blogged about Robinson's book. It is a great blog post that you can check out here. Reading it got me thinking: How many educators are reading Robinson's The Element ? I wonder about this because I think that Robinson's text asks us to find that space within which both our talents and our passions connect – and get there. (You can check out WordPress blogs with the tag Ken Robinson to get a sense of the numbers of people out there who are reading and synthesizing the text) If we are teachers and the element isn't the learning environment within which we work with kids from day to day, then something is dreadfullly wrong. In his post this morning, Richardson says,
Teachers are learners. If they're not, they shouldn't be teachers. In a world where we can engage in our passions through the affordances of connective technologies online, we need to be thinking about how to personalize the learning of the adults in the room as well as the kids. This is not the easy route, by any stretch, but it's the best route if we're serious about moving the education of our kids to a different place.
Teachers need to be learners. Absolutely. And personalized learning is essential. I agree on all of those points. The question that I have is: What are the roles in terms of ensuring that personalized professional development is available to us? As an educator, I need to ensure that I am seeking out opportunities to extend my own learning and keep me in my Element. These past 2 days at #expbound saw a room full of educators, all at different points along the web 2.0/social networking/collaborating continuum, come together to learn with Richardson. Although I know that the sessions were overwhelming for many of the attendees, but I also witnessed
Transformation in Education
I'm optimistic that change is happening. But it feels slow and I am not sure that it is nearing the level of transformation – what Robinson advocates for in The Element. I find myself wondering how I can go beyond my own learning to work towards that transformation within my district? Big questions after these 2 days. Thoughts in process, for sure.


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Giant Contend 1 2017
Brought to you by Mend Bicycles
Designed and developed for aspiring riders looking to elevate their experience on the road, the all-new Contend is the result of a dedicated approach to road performance. Born in Giant's own in-house aluminum forging facility, and engineered with ALUXX aluminum technology, it features geometry that's specifically aimed at confident performance in variable terrain and road conditions. It's the perfect blend of speed, comfort and control.
Product Details
- Item condition: New
- Availability: In-store
- Brand: Giant
- Category: Road Bikes
- Gender: Unisex
- Color: Red
- Size CM: 53cm
- Size: M/L
- Material: Carbon Alloy Composite
- Groupset: Shimano Sora
- Braking Type: Rim Brakes
- Braking Type: Rim Brakes
Sizes XS, S, M, M/L, L, XL
Colors Black/Green, Neon Red
Frame ALUXX-grade aluminum
Fork Composite with alloy OverDrive steerer
Shock N/A
Handlebar Giant Connect, 31.8mm
Stem Giant Sport
Seatpost Alloy, 27.2mm
Saddle Giant Contact Forward
Pedals Platform, Caged
Shifters Shimano Sora
Front Derailleur Shimano Sora
Rear Derailleur Shimano Sora
Brakes Tektro R312
Brake Levers Shimano Sora
Cassette SRAM PG-950 11x32, 9-speed
Chain KMC X9
Crankset Shimano Sora, 34/50
Bottom Bracket Shimano, threaded
Rims Giant SR-2
Hubs Giant Tracker Sport Road, [F] 24h, [R] 28h
Spokes Stainless Steel, 14g
Tires Giant S-R4, Front and Rear Specific, 700x25
Weight The most accurate way to determine any bike's weight is to have your local dealer weigh it for you. Many brands strive to list the lowest possible weight, but in reality weight can vary based on size, finish, hardware and accessories. All Giant bikes are designed for best-in-class weight and ride quality.

subset: commoncrawl


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An intimate, mixed media documentary that follows Tig Notaro, a Los Angeles based comedian, who just days after being diagnosed with invasive stage II breast cancer changed the course of her career with a poignant stand-up set that became legendary overnight. This documentary explores Tig's extraordinary journey as her career ignites and as her life unfolds in grand and unexpected ways, all the while continuing to battle a life-threatening illness and falling in love. This film is a hybrid of comedy and drama that captures a personal journey about facing crisis head on with honesty and grace and overcoming pain and suffering with the healing power of comedy. It's a story about moving forward during a period of your life when you don't know what is going to happen. When you are willing to risk it all for what you believe is the right thing to do and for what you want to happen in this life. Written by Beachside Films
The 89th Annual Academy Awards ceremony celebrates the film industry's best and biggest in cinema for the year 2016 with host Jimmy Kimmel, including awards for best actors, directors, songs, original screenplays and motion picture.
Second-time host Jimmy Kimmel brings the top names in the television industry together for a night dedicated to the year's best performances on network and primetime television and to recognize excellence in their field.
Seven-year-old Tim Templeton has always been a boy of an overactive imagination, and for the past seven years, life was all peaches for him, getting all the love and affection from his caring parents. However, life will never be the same and Tim won't be the centre of attention anymore as the arrival of an improbable new brother named Boss Baby, dressed in a black suit complete with a tie and a briefcase, will shortly rob him of all love, as he takes over the whole Templetons' house. Nevertheless, although this may be true, soon, Tim and the new Boss in a diaper will need to put differences aside and join forces, as a sneaky scheme involving the head of Puppy Co. threatens to tilt the balance of power towards their insidiously adorable furry antagonists, not to mention that the next Pet Convention is in only two days.. Brothers, hurry up. Written by Nick Riganas
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Harnett County police are still investigating the circumstances surrounding the death of a 38-year-old Sanford man this week after he was struck and killed in a hit-and-run crash only days ago. And while police believe that alcohol may have been a factor, a lack of witnesses has left police with nothing but a lot of unanswered questions.
Fatal hit-and-run crash claims life of Sanford man
North Carolina police step up patrols this Memorial Day weekend
Drinking and driving claims dozens of lives in North Carolina every year. Just last alone the state saw 88 deaths and more than 900 injuries as a result of impaired driving. But this year, Maj. Patricia Poole from the State Highway Patrol is aiming for zero deaths and injuries as her officers, and others from across the state, prepare for this Memorial Day weekend.
North Carolina truck driver injured after other driver makes U-turn
Most people in North Carolina expect that when an 18-wheeler is involved in an accident, the occupants in the other vehicle are more than likely the ones who receive a majority of the injuries. This is because of the fact that semi-trucks are much larger than the vehicles they usually come into contact with, providing a while lot of weight behind a collision.
North Carolina driver to face charges in child's death
Losing a loved one in a motor vehicle accident is never an easy thing to deal with; this is especially true if that loved one is a child. For one family, their grief over their loss may be lessened this month after police announced they may be pressing charges against the man responsible for her death.
Motorcycle accident claims the life of Havelock man
Residents to our east in Havelock are mourning the death of a 45-year-old man who was fatally injured in a motorcycle accident at the end of last month. While the family of the former U.S. Marine tries to deal with his loss, officers from the North Carolina State Highway Patrol are continuing to piece together the events of that fateful day.


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Bamboo Paddle and Mat
Features of the Bamboo Paddle and Mat include:
- Complete sushi rolling set
- Bamboo mat is used to roll nori around sushi rice
- Paddle stirs, seasons, scoops, and serves rice
- Hand wash only
This is the Original Swedish Jonas peeler that was a staple in kitchens throughout the U.S. in the 1950s & 60s. After almost 60 years, the icon...View full details
This sturdy glass juicer makes quick work of juicing fresh lemons, limes and oranges. Great for prep work in the kitchen, it is also dishwasher safe.
Guests always prefer using the Set of 4 Glass Corn on the Cob Dishes. Each 8.5" glass corn dish features a durable, classic design that cradles cor...View full details
Mrs. Anderson's Pie Crust Shields protect homemade and frozen pie crusts from burning before the pie is finished baking. Their pre-formed, 9 1/2" -...View full details
Pick your fill of berries in a fraction of the time with Linden of Sweden's Blueberry Picker Wire Comb! It's specially designed to gently pluck blu...View full details
and we'll inspire you to create a little homemade YUM of your own!
1250 Marlkress Road, Cherry Hill, New Jersey 08003
Call 800-455-5567 (Mon thru Fri 10am - 5:30pm ET)
Email Us 24/7


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No Recent Price Change
1000 Crow Hill Drive
Georgetown, SC 29440
- Residential
- Single Family Detached
- Sold
Agent Remarks
This is a STEAL! Seller is MOTIVATED so here is your chance! Able to purchase 3/2 home plus 1 acre water frontage, OR 1 acre lot with dock, OR able to subdivide up to 6 lots! The choice is yours! Own a ~HISTORIC DEEP WATER PROPERTY~ located on the pristine North Santee River. This well-maintained, MOVE-IN READY, WATERFRONT ESTATE with expansive river and marsh views is built on the site of the landing for the 1741 FERRY SYSTEM linking Charleston and Georgetown counties. Enjoy your own piece of paradise away from the hustle of bustle of the city, yet close enough to enjoy the city when the mood arises. This TRUE DEEP WATER, expansive estate is situated on 6.75 acres, canopied by oaks and located at the end of a serene, paved Lowcountry drive. The entrance to the property is gated and opens up to the homestead surrounded by dozens of huge live oaks laden with Spanish moss. Land can be subdivided to accommodate another waterfront home, guest house, or family compound. Bring your boat, jet ski, kayaks, and other toys and take full advantage of your PRIVATE COVERED DOCK WITH FLOATER. The open layout of the home provides the ability to take in the views from almost every room. Nestled between Hopsewee and Oak Plantations, this retreat boasts wide-plank heart pine floors throughout, 10 foot smooth ceilings, a central vacuum system, custom milled cypress woodwork, and walls of windows making this a nature lover's paradise. This spacious 3 bedroom, 2 bath home is the ideal layout for family, entertaining, and outdoor living. Enjoy a coveted Lowcountry lifestyle by sitting on the full front porch, the over-sized screened patio with gorgeous in-ground pool, large screened porch off the HUGE master suite, or the second story deck overlooking the river and expansive yard and gardens. In addition to the master suite1/2s screened veranda, the second downstairs bedroom has full front porch access and takes advantage of the gorgeous river views. Although you feel like you have escaped the city, you are only about 35 miles from Mt Pleasant shopping and restaurants1/2 including the new Roper St. Francis hospital in Mt Pleasant. Gorgeous beaches are only a few minutes away by land or by boat, and don1/2t forget how close you will be to beautiful and historic downtown Charleston. Able to accommodate a large boat, navigate the River from your dock to the intercoastal waterway in about 5 minutes, and the Atlantic Ocean in about 7. World class golf is a short drive north to Myrtle Beach or south to one of the 5 Championship Golf Courses near Charleston. Reminiscent of GONE WITH THE WIND, this home sits just across the River from the Historic and picturesque Hampton Plantation. To own a piece of history and southern culture, call today for your private showing!
Sale Info
Listing Date: 07-12-2012
Sold Date: 09-27-2013
Aprox Days on Market:
1 Year, 2 month, 15 days ago
Listing Sold:
4 Year, 10 month, 19 days ago
Baths Info
Fullbaths: 2
Building Info
Year Built: 1986
Floors: Wood
Foundation: Crawl Space
Exterior Features
Misc Ext: Patio - Covered, Deck, Dock - Existing, Dock - Floating, Porch - Full Front, Patio, Pool - In Ground, Porch - Screened, Storage/outbuilding, Workshop
Interior Features
Msc Intr: Ceilings - 9+, Kitchen Island, Skylight, Ceiling - Smooth, Walk-in Closets
Lot Info
Acres: 7
Lot Desc: Marshfront, Marshview, River Access, Riverfront, Riverview, Tidal Creek, Waterfront - Deep, Wetlands, Wooded, 5 - 10 Acres
Misc Features
Auction: No
Parking Info
Gar Pkg: Detached, 2 Car Carport
Property Features
Desclocation: Family Room
Roof: Architectural
Stories: 2 Stories
Special: Flood Insurance
Rooms Info
Beds: 3
Ground Level: Yes
Rooms: Eat-in-kitchen, Family, Foyer, Living/dining Combo
SqFt Info
Sqft: 3,350
Utilities / HVAC
Cooling: Central
Heat: Heat Pump
Water Sewer: Septic, Well
Elem: Out of Area
Middle: Georgetown Middle School
High: Andrews High School
Courtesy of listing office Military Homes Charleston LLC


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How well do you know Leah?
This quiz is about the Nickelodeon television series, Shimmer and Shine. Shimmer and Shine is about twin genie sisters who grant wishes for their human best friend, Leah, but they dont always get the wishes out right. In the end, they end up fixing their mistakes.
This quiz will test how well you know Leah, the twin genies human best friend. So, how well do you know Leah? Well, by answering a few questions, you will find out.
Created by: Shimmer_


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Penda Marketing was incorporated in the year 2008. Penda entered the doors of the vast Tiles industry as a small partnership firm and engaged a steady business with its trade of Tiles with Chennai as its head office.
The firm was converted into a Private Limited Company in 2009 to widen its strength and operations. Gaining momentum and earning customers trust with its quality products Penda moved on to establish its footprints by expanding its operations in Cochin Market in 2010 and next in Bangalore in 2013. The year 2013 was again a major leap as it set out with its overseas branches in HongKong and China.
The company has a brand name of '4ever' for Tiles and 'Gypking' for Gypsum products. The promoters have been involved in this business for over the year through other companies for the quality and service that the company offers.
Our unique growth profile, high brand pull and proven track record are symbolic of our – strong performance. We are on a constant quest to make superior products through extensive research. The result is evident in our annual performance. A robust production, infrastructure, distribution, sales network and the ability to predict, prepares us for future growth. The future is definitely ours with its globally distributed network being one of the largest in the industry and comprises of a strong network of reliable stores and dealers.
Taking the lead position in the market by quality and durability, our products and operations are spreading out not only in India, but also in International markets. We have our manufacturing company in China and have our operations spread across India, Hong Kong and UAE. Our branch in UAE is flourishing as a major Trading company due to high demand for our products. In India we operate out of Chennai, Cochin and Bangalore. These foot prints give us the leverage to pride that the company is globally associated with high quality design and demand led products.


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Really great service, excellent traditional dishes prepared very well. Good selection of beer and wine. Will go back. Menu diverse enough to visit many times having something different each time!
1 - 10 of 48 reviews
Really great service, excellent traditional dishes prepared very well. Good selection of beer and wine. Will go back. Menu diverse enough to visit many times having something different each time!
This is in Blasewitz, up the river from the center of Dresden, and one of the stops for the steam boats that go up and down the Elbe here. It's been in operation since 1730, so come here for traditional dishes (in huge portions), and...More
Location: it is few KM from old city, at the river side, amazing view and location. Transportation is OK + quite big parking area for cars Staff: I did not feel they are the best, I would say normal. At least helpful to a good...More
I have been a regular guest of this restaurant and beer garden over 12 years. After living abroad for 2 years, I came back recently and experienced good quality food in the beer garden. Tonight, we were guests in the restaurant and it was a...More
Nice views of the blue bridge. Easy to reach by tram. Chose to eat in the restaurant rather than the buffet. Ate sausages and pretzel and drank beer. Great selection of desserts. Times of the trams that stop near here were electronically displayed and updated...More
This is a very popular restaurant. On sunny evenings all tables in the beer garden are occupied by 7p.m. The situation is outstanding - overlooking the Elbe, right beside the Blaue Wonder bridge. There are indoor tables, but they lack the wonderful relaxing atmosphere of...More
A more budget option if you want to eat next to the Blaum Wunder bridge. Nice outdoor setting with heaters if it it gets cool. Wide range of traditional German and international food. Tasty! Caters for Gluten free with care. Biggest problem was it was...More
Authentic, local and historic establishment sitting beautifully along the river. Food is very good along with beer and very nice atmosphere. Servers are exceptionally engaging and helpful with suggestions. Goulash is especially good.
If you happen to be in the area Schillergarten has a lovely beer garden from which one can admire the Blue Wonder Bridge . . . or, even better, purchase a scoop or two of their homemade ice cream for only 1.00€ per scoop. The...More
I have been staying Dresden for 7 months, and this restaurant is my favorite German one here. Very nice riverside view, and great food with kind waiters. They also have a big screen for football game!


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Realtime Landscaping Architect 2 Trial 2.04
New landscape design software for creating professional plans and presentations. Design houses, decks, fencing, yards, gardens, swimming pools, water features, and much more with easy-to-use tools. Give your plans a hand-drawn look using a wide variety of plant symbols and color washes. Add plant labels automatically using the wizard, and add a plant legend with just a few mouse clicks. Design irrigation systems, planting details, and other...


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Events by Emma partnered with the Kiwanis Club of Winnipeg to host the second annual Top Cop Community Volunteer Awards & Gala on November 8, 2013, at The Fairmont Winnipeg. After the great success of the inaugural event in 2012, we were thrilled to jump on board as the planning and decor sponsor for a second year in a row.
When the event was initiated in 2012, the Kiwanis Club of Winnipeg had a vision of putting together a night dedicated to honour and celebrate police officers who were making a positive difference in our community through volunteerism. We are so thrilled to have been able to work with the Kiwanis Club of Winnipeg to turn this event concept into reality, and to play a special part in thanking the men and women who serve in the WPS who are so dedicated to bettering our community.
This year, our four finalists P/Sgt. Nicholas Paulet, P/Sgt. Nicole Sabourin-Friesen, S/Sgt. Bud Guest and P/Sgt. Kirk Van Alstyne are true examples of local heroes. Nicholas, race director and founder of the Winnipeg Police Service Half Marathon is going for the $1 million mark for the race's 10th annual next May. All funds raised are donated to the Canadian Cancer Society. Nicole has spent hours at the Panthers Gymnastics Club as both their President, volunteer coordinator and even mural painter! Today she keeps busy with countless of other causes and initiatives. Bud is the director of the Winnipeg Police Service Community Golf Challenge, and established The Winnipeg Police Service Opportunity Scholarship in Memory of Injured and Fallen Officers at The University of Winnipeg. Finally, Kirk is the co-chair of Manitoba's Motorcycle Ride for Dad and has raised hundreds of thousands of dollars for the fight against prostate cancer.
Congratulations to all our finalists, and to Winnipeg's Top Cop for 2013 – Nicole Sabourin-Friesen! Enjoy our favourite photos from the wonderful night.
HUGE thank you to our photographer sponsor, Robert Lowdon Photography, for capturing the evening!
Also, thank you to our Design & Production Sponsors:
Planning & Decor: Events by Emma
Vendor and Dinner: The Fairmont Winnipeg
Linens & Draping: Planned Perfectly
Lighting: Elite Lighting
Florals: Academy Florists
Photography: Robert Lowdon Photography
Entertainment: Folklorama Talent
Dessert: Chocolate Zen Bakery and High Tea Bakery


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|Martin Thomas
|In the UK there is one annual national conference on HCI, organised by the British Computer Society's HCI Specialist Group. This book contains the refereed papers presented at the HCI'88 conference, held in September 1988 at UMIST, Manchester, England. This preface sets out to put the contents into context, both for people reading this book as it stands, and those attending the conference.
|Computers for the People: HCI in Prospect. An Introduction to the HCI'88 Conference Proceedings
|Dylan Jones
|Implications of Current Design Practice for the Use of HCI Techniques
|Victoria Bellotti
|A study of commercial system-interface design projects was carried out in
order to determine the nature of real world design practice. Of particular
interest were two questions; the first being whether commercial design makes
use of HCI design and evaluative techniques, and the second being whether
commercial design satisfies the requirements for successful application of
these design aids. The findings suggested that commercial design practice
varies both in the constraints under which it operates, and in the approaches
adopted. Although many problems relating to interface design appear to be
tractable to HCI techniques, these techniques are rarely used. Conditions in
commercial design practice sometimes act as unavoidable constraints on what
designers can do. These constraints have important implications for the
applicability, or inapplicability, of HCI design and evaluative techniques.
Keywords: Design practice, HCI task analysis techniques
|Task-Related Knowledge Structures: Analysis, Modelling and Application
|Peter Johnson; Hilary Johnson; Ray Waddington; Alan Shouls
|A theoretical and methodological approach to task modelling is described,
with a worked example of the resultant model. The theory holds that task
knowledge is represented in a person's memory and that this knowledge can be
described by a Task Knowledge Structure (TKS). The method of analysis has been
developed for carrying out analyses of real world tasks. The method uses a
variety of techniques for collecting information about task knowledge. A
second perspective of the paper shows how a developed TKS model can be
decomposed into a design for a software system to support the identified tasks
within the domain of the analysis. This decompositional method uses the
structure of frames to provide consistency between different levels of design
Keywords: Task modelling, Knowledge representation, Frames, Design decomposition
|Abstract, Generic Models of Interactive Systems
|Alan Dix
|For several years at York, we have been investigating the use of abstract
models in the design of interactive systems. I will describe why we originally
pursued this line and the benefits that have ensued. I will only briefly
describe specific models as examples where appropriate. There is an underlying
assumption that formal methods are being used during the software design
process, but the analysis proves useful even when this is not the case.
Keywords: Formal methods, Design principles, Requirements capture
|Analysing the Scope of Cognitive Models in Human-Computer Interaction: A Trade-Off Approach
|Tony Simon
|One of the main contributions of Cognitive Science to HCI has been the
development of predictive models of user behaviour. However, such models are
necessarily limited in the scope of predictions they can make; their strengths
usually being determined on the basis of pragmatic trade-offs. At present, no
rational taxonomy of the different types of model exists. Thus, would be
user-modellers find little guidance about which model is most likely to deliver
the kind of predictions in which they are interested. Even less available is
information about what will not be delivered when employing any given model.
This paper presents a representation of the space of some user-models in HCI
which reveals their scope by making explicit such trade-offs.
Keywords: User-modelling, Cognitive science
|The Design and Evaluation of an Animated Programming Environment
|Kaizad B. Heerjee; Michael T. Swanston; Colin J. Miller; William B. Samson
|APE, an Animated Programming Environment, is an interactive, graphical,
program design and development system, that embodies structured programming and
top-down design. The system supports the development of programs for a variety
of block structured languages whilst working conceptually at the level of
Jackson diagrams. Evaluation of APE has been carried out during the design and
implementation stages of the development life-cycle. The evaluation was based
on responses to a questionnaire and a comparison with conventional means of
generating code. The questionnaire evaluation elicited users' general
impressions about the system and its interface, and their detailed views on
more specific aspects of the system. The comparative evaluation showed no
difference in the mean quality of the solution to a programming problem, but a
significantly reduced variance in quality compared to conventional methods.
Keywords: Human-computer interface, Software evaluation, Programming environments
|Overcoming Obstacles to the Validation of User Requirements Specifications
|M. A. R. Kirby; C. J. H. Fowler; L. A. Macaulay
|Poor specification of user requirements is a major reason why computer
systems fail or dysfunction. One way of addressing this problem is to validate
User Requirements Specifications before proceeding with system development. To
date, it has only been possible to validate specifications against checklists
of what they should contain. This type of validation indicates gaps but does
not check the reliability of a specification; nor does it explain the
implications of specification deficiencies for performance of the finished
This paper identifies obstacles to the development of validation techniques that do check reliability and do explain the implications of specification deficiencies. An approach to overcoming these obstacles is discussed, particularly a method for ensuring that a specification is verified with the right set of users, and a method of manipulating and analysing the information in a specification to predict dysfunction. This approach has been used to develop the Specified User Requirements Validation and Explication (SURVE) technique.
Keywords: Requirements specification, User requirements, System validation
|The Representation of User Interface Style
|William M. Newman
|This paper identifies the need for representations of styles of user
interface, particularly as a basis for choosing an application style or porting
an application to a new environment. It identifies the requirements that a
style representation should meet, and then proceeds to develop a representation
based on the use of points of style. It shows how this representation is
capable of relating style to user requirements, how it helps construct the
style's underlying argument, and how it exposes stylistic weaknesses. Several
worked examples are included.
Keywords: Human computer interaction, User interface design, Design style, Design rationale, Requirements, Applications design, Software environments, User interface toolkits, Apple Macintosh
|Some Experiences in Integrating Specification of Human Computer Interaction within a Structured System Development Method
|Alistair Sutcliffe
|Procedures for integrating task analysis and design of human computer
interfaces into a structured system design method, Jackson system development
(JSD) are described. JSD process structure diagrams are used to describe tasks
which are then evaluated for cognitive complexity. Task allocation and
complexity analysis produced specification of human tasks, highlighted the need
for task support actions, especially information display support for working
memory, and produced computer process specifications for human task support.
Dialogue specification for a direct manipulation interface design was taken
from the JSD object/event model from which permissible manipulations were
derived. Further PSD diagrams were constructed to specify interface object
management processes. Preliminary evaluation of the method showed that the
method was easy to learn even for non HCI specialists.
Keywords: Interface design, Systems design, Task analysis, Direct manipulation
|Humans, Computers, and Contracts
|A. J. Gundry
|Large interactive systems are increasingly purchased by means of
competitive, fixed price contracts. Under a common form of this arrangement, a
purchasing authority sponsors a requirement study and places a contract for a
design study with two or more contractors. During the design study, the
contractors are in a cost-effectiveness competition, and the one who wins will
be held to his bid price for the implementation that follows. This paper looks
at both sides of the contractual divide to see how HCI practice fares under
these conditions. On the purchasing authority's side, the consequences of
expressing HCI requirements in contractually-robust language are examined, with
illustrative examples. On the contractor's side, typical constraints on his
HCI design team are restricted access to users and the pressure to show that
solutions are cost-effective. The paper reviews some other procedures in this
context: user demonstrations, technical adjudication and acceptance tests, and
outlines their implications. The paper concludes with a discussion of the
challenges for HCI knowledge and practice of a contractual environment, and the
comparisons to be made with other disciplines.
Keywords: HCI, Procurement, Contracts
|A User Oriented Design Process for User Recovery and Command Reuse Support
|Yiya Yang
|This report discusses the typical working environment of user recovery and
command reuse support and defines the range of services provided by it. A
user-oriented design process for user recovery and command reuse support is
described that ascribes a central role to empirical and analytical evaluation.
The results of a survey of users' views upon existing and idealised user
recovery and command reuse support is reported and discussed. In addition,
literature informed analysis is used to explore the issues of support
representation and command history organisation. Both are used to illustrate
how design considerations enter into design process stages for user recovery
and command reuse support. A four component architecture for such support is
proposed to underpin these considerations comprising a context information
base, a recovery knowledge base, an application model and a recovery manager.
Keywords: Undo, Redo, Reuse, User requirements
|Issues Governing the Suitability of Programming Languages for Programming Tasks
|Marian Petre; Russel Winder
|This research was provoked by assertions in the literature about the
'obvious naturalness' of particular programming languages for general
programming. It was intended to uncover principal issues governing the
suitability of general purpose programming languages for expressing different
types of solutions and to observe factors which obstructed coding or inhibited
it altogether. The study required experts to program solutions to a variety of
problems in several languages, in order to exercise their opinions and
expertise. The general pattern which emerged from the protocols was that
experts devised solutions not in terms of a particular programming language,
but in terms of a pseudo-language which was a patchwork of different notations
and approaches, implying that they found different languages appropriate for
different aspects of solution, and that they used a personal computational
model which was an amalgam of all their computational knowledge. Solutions so
devised were coded into a given programming language, often with heavy
translation overheads, particularly for data structures. Once a satisfactory
algorithm was adopted, experts resisted a change of algorithm unless provoked
strongly. Three sources of irritation in coding were reported consistently:
inadequate data structuring tools, inefficiency, and poor interaction
Keywords: Naturalness, Coding, Computational model
|SEE: A Safe Editing Environment; Human-Computer Interaction for Programmers
|J. Rodger Harris
|User-centred design of interactive systems requires many iterations of
design and implementation. Software engineering methodologies for software
development base their approach on the life cycle and stepwise refinement
which, it is assumed, dictate an orderly development.
One of the problems software engineers must overcome is the control and review of multiple versions which are needed for comparison purposes as the development proceeds. The programmers' support provided by system designers, even when used by experts, often leads to misuse and loss of vital information. Even sophisticated source code control systems are not used consistently when developing alternative versions, so leading to loss of working examples for demonstration to users.
This user-centred source code control for programmers is based on stepwise refinement and allows the development of alternative prototypes to be controlled by the programmer(s) in any available language. A number of design principles have been developed and put into practice; a working version has been added to an existing programming environment and evaluated with a user population of novice, intermittent and expert programmers. The system is called the Safe Editing Environment (SEE) and is implemented in the Unix operating system.
Keywords: Programming environment, Software engineering tool kit, Rapid prototyping, User centred programmer support, Interactive design, Stepwise refinement
|User-Driven Adaptive Behaviour, A Comparative Evaluation and an Inductive Analysis
|A. Brooks; C. Thorburn
|The comparative effectiveness of user-driven adaption has remained
unevaluated until now. An experiment is reported in which two groups of
subjects made use of separate text-based interfaces to an operating system
environment. One group made use of a traditional interface with a help system,
the other made use of a user-driven adaptive interface. The latter group of
subjects could move between three different interface styles by a single
function key-stroke at any request for input. Both interfaces were built using
CONNECT and the experiment was carried out within a research paradigm promoted
by Brooks. The group using the traditional interface was found to have
requested help significantly more often than the number of times the other
group pressed the function keys and four of the subjects commented negatively
on the entry/exit nature of the help system. User-driven adaption was
otherwise found not to enhance interaction. Interpretations are placed upon
subjects' behaviour at the user-driven adaptive interface and compared with
those made of the results of an earlier experiment.
Keywords: User-driven, Adaption, Evaluation, Help system, Induction
|Contextual Structure Analysis of Microcomputer Manuals
|Hiroyasu Chimura; Hiroshi Kato; Hiroyuki Mitani; Takahiro Sato
|With the rapid diversification and popularization of microcomputers, the
necessity for good manuals is increasing. Manuals play an important role in
human computer interaction. Most manuals, however, are hard to understand. It
is necessary to develop methodologies, methods and technologies for improving
the quality of manuals.
The authors considered that contextual structure plays an important part in readability. From this point of view, a method was developed for manuals contextual structure analysis and evaluation applying ISM (Interpretive Structural Modeling) method which is one means for structurally modeling a system. Use of the method helps manual developers to graphically express the whole contextual structure for manuals and to find any logical inconsistency.
This paper describes the basic idea and the method, and then demonstrates the feasibility of using the method through actual applications.
Keywords: Human computer interaction, Microcomputer manuals, Improving quality of manuals, Contextual structure analysis, ISM (interpretive structural modeling)
|Information Flow in a User Interface: The Effect of Experience and Context on the Recall of MacWrite Screens
|J. Terry Mayes; Stephen W. Draper; Alison M. McGregor; Keith Oatley
|A major theoretical and practical concern in HCI is to discover and
characterise what it is that users know -- of what their expertise consists.
We have tested what users remember of the detailed content of the MacWrite
interface. We found that even experienced users can recall little of the menu
contents, even though during use those menus are the instruments of their
successful performance. It seems that the necessary information is picked up,
used, and discarded; it is not learned in the sense that commands are learned.
More exactly, users retain only enough information for recognition, not the
much greater amount required for recall. This has implications for predicting
learning times (not having to learn commands even for skilled performance
should make for fast skill acquisition), and for writing documentation (no need
to teach what won't be learned): thus the 'information flow' view of human
action (Norman & Draper [1986]) can be used to re-interpret the findings and
recommendations of the 'minimal manual' approach developed by Jack Carroll and
his associates (Carroll [1984a]; Carroll [1984b]).
Keywords: HCI, Information flow, Learning, Recall, Interface design, Documentation, MacWrite, Minimal manual
|Can Cognitive Complexity Theory (CTT) Produce an Adequate Measure of System Usability?
|Christine Knowles
|Superficial interface characteristics alone (e.g., mouse movements, command
names, syntax) cannot adequately explain novices' learning difficulties. A
source of error in user/system interaction can occur when there is a mismatch
between the system and the user in terms of the way in which the domain is
being represented by the system and the user's ability to carry out tasks which
effect changes in the domain.
Kieras and Polson (1985), proposed that cognitive complexity theory (CCT) could provide some quantitative measure of the usability of an interface. CCT represents job-task knowledge using production rules, which in conjunction with a task-to-device mapping structure attempts to provide a formal description of both user knowledge and device behaviour. CAD systems in the fashion industry provide an interesting opportunity to assess CCT by focusing on the highly skilled design activity of pattern cutting. This study tests the basic tenets of CCT and its ability to predict errors and learning difficulties when using CAD tools for pattern cutting, and goes on to suggest that the quality of the system's representation of the domain can, in part, determine interface complexity such that a purely quantitative measure of user-task knowledge (e.g., counting production rules) is both limited in application and inappropriate as a reliable metric for evaluating sources of complexity in an interface.
Keywords: Cognitive complexity theory (CCT), User knowledge requirements, Domain representation, CAD systems, Interface complexity
|Training for Optimising Transfer between Word Processors
|Clare Pollock
|This paper describes research which aims to develop a type of training
programme for users changing from one word processor to another. The training
seeks to maximise the positive and minimise the negative transfer of knowledge
about one system to another and thus improve the users' performance on the
second system. Evidence is first presented which indicates that transfer may
be a problem for such users. A model is, then, described which is used to
interpret this evidence and to develop different training solutions. Three
types of training which can be related to the model were tested and all were
found to reduce the problem. On the basis of these results, further training
programmes were developed which were more efficient. The results of an
experiment which compared the second set of programmes, are next described.
The experiment showed that one type of training was superior to the others.
This training gave the subjects low level information about the second system
as well as relating it to the first. However, this effect was not consistent
over all of the tested functions. The differences between the functions are
interpreted in terms of the model and the utility of the model in aiding the
development of training is discussed.
Keywords: Transfer, Training, Word processors, Frames
|Measuring User Satisfaction
|Jurek Kirakowski; Mary Corbett
|The Computer User Satisfaction Inventory (CUSI) is a system independent
evaluation metric questionnaire. It provides an indication of the individual's
feelings of satisfaction along two dimensions: competence and affect. This
paper presents data on the relationship between CUSI scores and other, more
system dependent, metrics and discusses the role of user satisfaction in the
development of user ability.
The relationship between the CUSI profiles and other metrics indicates that CUSI measures aspects of users in a way that is neither context sensitive nor labour intensive, unlike other measures derived from, for example, console logs, interviews, and diaries.
CUSI's two subscales of affect and competence work in accordance with what is hypothesised on the basis of the self efficacy theory of Bandura. When we look at a longitudinal profile of user adaptation to a computer system we find an initial period of rapid development characterised by increase in satisfaction ratings, followed by a relative plateau during which feelings of competence lag behind those of affect. After this plateau stage users begin to try experimenting with more advanced features of the interface.
Keywords: Evaluation, Metric, User development
|A Review of Human Performance and Preferences with Different Input Devices to Computer Systems
|N. P. Milner
|A large number of studies exist which compare different computer input
devices. Under experimental conditions no single device has been found to be
consistently more appropriate than any other for Human-Computer interaction.
An extensive literature review has been undertaken of papers which compare the performance of different input devices. In the studies reviewed, all the devices have been compared on either speed, accuracy or subjective preference or a combination of these three measures. Whilst it is accepted that there are studies which contradict one another, the following general conclusions can be drawn.
(e.g., a touch sensitive screen) is quickest and most liked by subjects.
indirect input devices are better than direct devices.
being the best high resolution indirect input device.
other input devices.
effect on the empirical results.
Keywords: Input devices, Speed, Accuracy, Subjective preference, Literature review
|A Gesture Based Text Editor
|L. K. Welbourn; R. J. Whitrow
|This paper describes a text editor which has been designed to mimic the
usual pen and paper type of editing. Hand-drawn gestures are used to specify
the editing task. The use of gestures as an interface becomes more important
with the advent of the electronic paper. The user specifies the editing task
and its range by drawing the gesture on a tablet. The 'ink' of the pen appears
on a screen, allowing the user to see what is drawn. The recognition of the
gesture is on-line in its nature and the results of the edit are displayed
immediately. Typically, two horizontal lines drawn through a word will be
recognised as a delete operation, and the word will be removed from the
display. The editing operations described include deletion, insertion, new
paragraph, block moves and page formatting. The editor has been designed to
work on both cursive and ascii text. The output document from the editor is
directed to a character recogniser for recognition purposes. The choice of
gestures and their recognition is described and discussion of the user
acceptability given.
Keywords: Gestures, Text editing, Electronic paper
|Towards the Construction of a Maximally-Contrasting Set of Colours
|Darren Van Laar; Richard Flavell
|Two experiments are reported. The first investigates the relationship
between hue, lightness and saturation in determining colour contrast in
displays, the second examines the effect of surrounding and adjacent colours on
the perception of stimuli in colour displays. All subjects taking part in the
experiments had normal colour vision. Hue difference between stimuli was found
to exert the biggest single effect on colour contrast, with similar hues being
discriminated significantly more slowly than different hues. Lightness
difference also produced a significant effect in the same direction.
Saturation effects were surprising in that more similar saturations were
associated with significantly faster reaction times. In the second experiment
strong brightness and hue context (induction) effects were observed but effects
due to target size and saturation did not reach significance. The relevance of
these findings to designers of colour displays is discussed.
Keywords: Colour displays, Contrast effects, Information display, Psychophysics
|Gripe: A Graphical Interface to a Knowledge Based System which Reasons about Protein Topology
|Kathryn Seifert; Christopher Rawlings
|GRIPE is an interactive graphical interface to a knowledge based system
which reasons about the topological structure of proteins. The knowledge based
system, TOPOL, derives symbolic, declarative representations of protein
topology from the underlying three-dimensional coordinates of protein
structural elements. The use of the topological representation rather than the
complex three-dimensional displays provided by most molecular graphics systems
is intended to make it easier for a biologist (or a computer program) to
perceive certain kinds of structure and symmetry in proteins, thus easing
analysis and comparison. In particular, the topological representation is
useful for the detection of topological motifs, which are common folding
patterns taken by the proteins. GRIPE was developed to facilitate the use of
TOPOL by molecular biologists as it allows the user to construct graphical
queries about the presence of linear and topological structures in selected
proteins. GRIPE also provides facilities for viewing the three dimensional and
topological structures of the proteins. The interface provides an easy and
effective way to examine protein structure.
Keywords: Graphics, Interface, Knowledge-based, Protein, Topology, Prolog
|Graphical Prototyping of Graphical Tools
|David England
|This paper describes a tool set for the interactive specification and
construction of graphical user interfaces. It combines a specification method,
Object-ATN, with a painting tool to describe interface objects. Interfaces can
then be simulated for user testing and evaluation. The tool set is part of the
ECLIPSE Integrated Project Support Environment but is not limited to producing
user interfaces for that environment.
Keywords: Specification, Prototyping, Evaluation
|A Comparison of Hypertext, Scrolling and Folding as Mechanisms for Program Browsing
|Andrew F. Monk; Paul Walsh; Alan J. Dix
|Hypertext removes some of the constraints of conventional linear text by
providing mechanisms for physically realizing the conceptual links between
related sections of material. This research examines the use of a hypertext
browser with a literate program. A literate program has a sequential
structure, in that it is divided into sections presented in a particular order,
and a hierarchical structure, in that some sections 'use' other sections.
Two experiments are described which compare the performance of users browsing the same program presented either as a linear or hypertext structure. In Experiment 1 one group used a hypertext browser the other two scrolling and folding browsers. The hypertext browser is shown to be inferior to the scrolling browser under these particular circumstances. In a second experiment two further groups of users were tested, one of which was provided with an overview of the hypertext structure. This manipulation removed the disadvantage demonstrated in Experiment 1. It is concluded that while hypertext presents many new opportunities to the interface designer, it also raises new problems. In particular, the importance of providing an overview or map of the hypertext structure is demonstrated.
Keywords: Hypertext, Scrolling, Folding, Browsing, Literate programming
|Hypertext Tips: Experiences in Developing a Hypertext Tutorial
|Lynda Hardman
|Hypertext is a next step in the sophistication of presenting text and
graphics to users. One of the major HCI issues is how an author presents
information to the reader in an easily comprehensible way. This is problematic
because designing a hypertext is even more difficult than designing a good
linear document, which is already difficult enough. Furthermore, at the
present time, there are only a small number of good examples of hypertexts.
This paper examines the development of a hypertext, written using the Guide hypertext system, for presenting a tutorial on the structure of the brain to physiology students. The paper describes a number of points that were raised during the authoring of the tutorial. These points are formed into guidelines which suggest how to structure a hypertext and how to make the layout of the information in a hypertext clearer.
The Guide hypertext system allow links from graphics to text, whereas paper allows only links from text to graphics. The use of this extra dimension is discussed.
The paper is intended to give advice on creating a hypertext for authors new to the concept.
Keywords: Hypertext
|Optimum Display Arrangements for Presenting Visual Reminders
|John M. Findlay; Simon P. Davies; Robert Kentridge; Anthony J. Lambert; Justine Kelly
|Developments in technology now allow designers to make use of a wide variety
of layouts to present material at an interactive terminal. Our understanding
of perceptual and cognitive processes shows that various tradeoffs will need
consideration in evaluating such layouts (availability of material vs screen
clutter; reliance on user memory vs use of reminders etc). We approach these
through the framework of attentional switching.
We shall report an experimental study which evaluates these tradeoffs in a frequently encountered text editing situation. Our editor may be set to either 'insert' or 'overtype' mode. This information can be displayed with varying prominence in a peripheral window on the screen, displayed as a change of cursor, or omitted from the screen display. We have monitored user interaction at a keystroke level during text editing sessions and show that the different forms of presentation of reminder information can result in substantial differences in performance.
Keywords: Visual displays, Windows, Attention allocation, Peripheral vision, Reminders
|Flexible Intelligent Interactive-Video
|T. Webb; D. G. Jameson
|University College and Middlesex School of Medicine are producing two
interactive video (IV) discs for use in teaching Clinical and Surgical
management. The system is designed to provide three modes of interaction and
will have as its core an expert system on the domain covered by the disc. The
combination of a knowledge-based system and video is very rich in information.
The interface for such a system requires a format familiar enough for the user
to assimilate it rapidly, but flexible enough to deal with the range of
possible situations and combinations of information formats. Some lessons
learnt from a previous IV project are discussed and some problems raised by the
new system are aired. The authors have found like many before them, that
paper-based information systems provide useful guidelines for effective
Keywords: Interactive video, Expert system, Human-computer interface
|The Application of Cognitive Psychology to CAD
|Andrew Dillon; Marian Sweeney
|The design of usable human-computer interfaces is one of the primary goals
of the HCI specialist. To date however interest has focussed mainly on office
or text based systems such as word processors or databases. Computer aided
design (CAD) represents a major challenge to the human factors community to
provide suitable input and expertise in an area where the users goals and
requirements are cognitively distinct from more typical HCI.
The present paper is based on psychological investigations of the engineering domain, involving an experimental comparison of designers using CAD and the more traditional drawing board. By employing protocol analytic techniques it is possible to shed light on the complex problem-solving nature of design and to demonstrate the crucial role of human factors in the development of interfaces which facilitate the designers in their task. A model of the cognition of design is proposed which indicates that available knowledge and guidelines alone are not sufficient to aid CAD developers and the distinct nature of the engineering designer's task merits specific attention.
Keywords: Cognitive psychology, CAD, Interface design, Protocol analysis
|How Much is Enough? A Study of User Command Repertoires
|Paddy Anstey
|A critical examination of the VAX/VMS command repertoires of users of a
university computing service has been possible following the automatic logging
of all operating system commands issued by all users over a period of six
months. After preliminary investigation, users selected from a variety of
backgrounds and with considerable experience on the system were interviewed to
probe the perceived adequacy of their repertoires for their particular tasks,
and to determine factors which appear to affect command repertoire development.
A surprisingly restricted command set was revealed amongst user communities in many disciplines, including some with a substantial tradition of computing -- and a common core of popular commands across all disciplines was readily identified. Users interviewed were generally satisfied with their command repertoires but it was clear from discussion that many users could be more effective if they had a greater grasp of the system, not least for 'housekeeping' activities. Whatever their attitude to computing as an activity, the users were all applications-driven and mostly gave the learning of the 'extras' a low priority relative to the many other demands on their time, even though the possible benefits were in some cases perceived.
The findings from this study are given in detail, and the implications for organisational and software changes discussed.
Keywords: User command repertoires, Computing service organisation, Software environments
|Generative Transition Networks: A New Communication Control Abstraction
|Gilbert Cockton
|The sequences of operations which are possible in the use of an interactive
system can be modelled with different formal structures. Human factors and
software engineering both set requirements for the design or selection of these
formal structures. This paper surveys the requirements for operation sequence
specification techniques for User Interface Management Systems, dialogue
specification and early evaluation. To date, most formal structures have been
selected from control models developed for other aspects of system
specification. These selections have failed to satisfy all requirements
equally. A new formal structure, the Generative Transition Network is
presented which has been designed to satisfy known requirements without bias.
Keywords: UIMS, Dialogue specification, Generative transition networks, Operational sequences, Dialogue determination, Formal methods
|Text Processing by Speech: Dialogue Design and Usability Issues in the Provision of a System for Disabled Users
|Jill Hewitt; Stephen Furner
|Commercial speech recognition systems are available as 'add-on' units for
popular office micro-computers. A typical office system has been employed to
provide a 'transparent' interface to an ordinary text processing package so
that it can be used by the disabled. This paper describes the prototyping
carried out to develop the dialogue offered by the system as a result of
addressing its user performance characteristics.
Keywords: Dialogue design, Usability engineering, Text processing, Speech recognition
|User Requirements for Expert System Explanation: What, Why and When?
|Yvonne Rogers
|It is generally assumed that one of the important features of an expert
system is that it provides relevant and informative explanations regarding
different aspects of the system's reasoning. As yet, however, most current
systems provide very poor explanation facilities. This paper reports on a
study that investigated the extent and types of explanation required by novices
to satisfy their needs in understanding deductions made by an expert system.
Using the 'Wizard of Oz' technique where, unknown to the subject, a person
provides a simulation of the system as an expert an experiment was carried out
which looked at the usefulness of various types of explanation. Two types of
explanation and their combination were compared. These were 1) rule-based 2)
condition-based and 3) rule and condition. The results showed that all users
accessed the explanation facility and that the level of user satisfaction was
found to depend on the type of explanation provided. In general, the rule and
condition group found the explanations to be the most satisfying and useful. A
further experiment was carried out to evaluate the type of questions users ask
when the dialogue was not initiated by the system. The findings from both
studies are discussed in relation to the task demands and the level of user
Keywords: Expert systems, Explanation
|Knowledge Elicitation: Dissociating Conscious Reflections from Automatic Processes
|R. J. Stevenson; K. I. Manktelow; M. J. Howard
|One major difficulty with standard techniques of knowledge elicitation is
that they require an expert to give a verbal report of his or her knowledge.
This assumes that people have conscious access to all of their cognitive
processes. 'Thinking aloud' techniques explicitly make this assumption.
However, recent developments in cognitive psychology suggest that this
assumption is not appropriate. When solving a problem, people may use fast,
automatic processes which are not available to conscious reflection. These
fast automatic processes can be distinguished from conscious reflection.
Two computer programming experts were videoed while each taught a class of students some basic programming concepts. Four 'novice' students from each class were also videoed while explaining the taught material to another person. These videos recorded the fast, automatic actions of people describing concepts. A week later, each person's video was played back to them and key questions were asked about the subject's intentions at different points in the video. These interviews recorded the conscious evaluations and interpretations of the original performance. The reports given at these interviews were classified into production rules. A standard knowledge elicitation technique was also used on the same subjects and the same material. Subjects were presented with ten concept names from the lectures and carried out paired comparisons of the ten concept names. The outcome of the paired comparisons was then subjected to multidimensional scaling. The type and extent of the knowledge elicited in the two situations is compared for both experts and novices.
Keywords: Knowledge elicitation, Experts, Novices, Thinking
|GOMS Meets STRIPS: The Integration of Planning with Skilled Procedure Execution in Human-Computer Interaction
|Tony Simon; Richard M. Young
|In the context of modelling user behaviour in HCI, deliberate planning based
on problem solving and the fluent execution of skilled procedures are usually
treated as different kinds of behaviour and modelled by different kinds of
model. In this paper we draw on previous work which argues that user modelling
requires a different notion of planning from that commonly discussed in the
Artificial Intelligence literature, and show that problem solving and routine
cognitive skill can be regarded as opposite ends of the same continuum. A
simple planner, making use of a flexible hierarchical representation for plans
and operators, can provide a single mechanism able to generate behaviour
spanning the entire spectrum. This integration of planning with routine
cognitive skill offers a basis for unifying existing models of HCI and for
extending their scope.
Keywords: User models, Planning, Problem solving, Routine skill


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By Rosie J. Adams on June 05 2018 14:01:41
If you do not like loose dog hair and do not want to be vacuuming the house every day, then do not buy a high shedding breed. If you own a high shedding dog you will find hair everywhere! Including on your clothes, on your furniture, in your bed, and even in your food. Additionally dogs that have a high shedding rate need to be brushed more often to brush out the dead hair.
Every breed can be trained to learn almost every command. However, some breeds learn a lot faster than others - making them a lot easier to train. These highly intelligent breeds pick up a command after only about five or six repetitions, they more often respond on the first time you give the command, and they remember commands even if they are not practiced often. They also learn commands even when the trainer is inexperienced and makes mistakes. So if you do not have a lot of the time to spend dog training, or you are the impatient type who gets frustrated easily, choose a breed which has a high ease of training rating.
Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) have developed a close relationship with humans through the process of domestication. In human-dog interactions, eye contact is a key element of relationship initiation and maintenance. Previous studies have suggested that canine ability to produce human-directed communicative signals is influenced by domestication history, from wolves to dogs, as well as by recent breed selection for particular working purposes. To test the genetic basis for such abilities in purebred dogs, we examined gazing behavior towards humans using two types of behavioral experiments: the 'visual contact task' and the 'unsolvable task'. A total of 125 dogs participated in the study. Based on the genetic relatedness among breeds subjects were classified into five breed groups: Ancient, Herding, Hunting, Retriever-Mastiff and Working). We found that it took longer time for Ancient breeds to make an eye-contact with humans, and that they gazed at humans for shorter periods of time than any other breed group in the unsolvable situation. Our findings suggest that spontaneous gaze behavior towards humans is associated with genetic similarity to wolves rather than with recent selective pressure to create particular working breeds.
You do not have to have own a large house to own a large dog (although a tiny apartment is not going to be big enough for one of the giant breeds). If you can take him outside for a good hour of two of exercise every day... a large dog can live in a small house or apartment just fine.
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Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a modern day telephone alternative helping both home and business owners to bring down the costs of their telecommunications. VoIP allows the delivery of voice communications over IP networks and the Internet avoiding the routing taken by regular phone calls and allowing big savings compared to standard Telephone Companies calling fees. Calls on a VoIP system can call any landline and mobile worldwide, just the same as a regular phone.
There are huge savings to be made if you make a lot of International calls, the benefits cannot be overlooked.
For the small office or home worker, if you currently have a standard phone system and want to keep it – then adding a VoIP to your network will allow you to have a second phone line, with separate number with no extra cabling, both phones working at the same time on different extensions…with no extra phone line charges. Also select a low cost Freephone 0800 number or any UK geographic number regardless of location if you have multiple sites/offices but want all the calls to be answered at one central office e.g. you can have an office in Leeds but issue it with a Manchester prefix.
If you move office location, you do not need to move your VoIP phone numbers – they are held with your service provider and routed to your equipment wherever you locate it… simple and effective.
Please give us a call on 01262 331000 if you would like to know more about what services we can offer – and make a step towards cutting down the cost of your calling.


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Bonfield, Illinois Passport Office Information
Residents of Bonfield in Kankakee County, Illinois have only a single location from which they can get a passport application sealed at. The passport agent in Bonfield can provide you with passport forms or witness your signature and seal your passport documents (if you don't need your passport application sealed then you do not need to visit an acceptance agent). Besides the 1 location there are 398 other locations in the state of Illinois from which you can get a passport application sealed at. If you are not needing a passport in Bonfield for a least (3) weeks, you can visit the sole passport acceptance agent listed below the map on this web page. If you need it faster than (3) weeks we have provided the closest regional passport offices to Bonfield, Illinois and Expedited Passport service options for Bonfield.
Regional Passport Offices Close to Bonfield:These are passport issuing facilities. You will need to make an appointment and present proof of upcoming travel but in most cases, you will be able to get passport renewal, new passports, child passports, or a lost passport replacement Same Day or Next Day.
Chicago Passport Agency - 47.3 Miles, Detroit Passport Agency - 235.4 Miles, Buffalo Passport Agency - 422.7 Miles, Arkansas Passport Center - 466.4 Miles, Atlanta Passport Agency - 477.3 Miles
Fast Rush Passport Expediting Service in Bonfield, Illinois3rd Party Passport Expediting in Bonfield IL: Expedited Passports & Visas are the experts for expediting passports in Bonfield, if you're in a hurry, this is probably going to be your best option. Passport servces offered for Bonfield: Expedited Passport Renewal, Expedited New Passports, Fast Passport Name Changes, Expedited Child Passports, Expedited Lost/Stolen Passport Replacement
How to Get a Passport in Bonfield, IllinoisGetting a passport in Bonfield IL depends on what type of passport application you are needing. The process in these guides assumes that you are applying at a local Bonfield Passport Office in which case it will take you 4 to 6 weeks to get a passport in Bonfield.
Please select the appropriate guide from the list below to get started:
Passport Office in Bonfield, IL
Bonfield Post Office
157 W Smith St
Bonfield IL, 60913
The single passport acceptance agent (local passport office) located in Bonfield is listed below:
- Bonfield Post Office
157 W Smith St
Bonfield, IL 60913
Other Passport Offices Near Bonfield, Illinois:Listed below are additional passport offices that are located within 50 miles of Bonfield Illinois:
Herscher Post Office - Herscher - 6.9 Miles
Bourbonnais Post Office - Bourbonnais - 8 Miles
Bradley Post Office - Bradley - 9.3 Miles
Braidwood Post Office - Braidwood - 9.3 Miles
Wilmington Post Office - Wilmington - 9.6 Miles
County Clerk (Kankakee Co) Kankakee IL - Kankakee - 9.6 Miles
Kankakee Post Office IL - Kankakee - 9.8 Miles
Kankakee County Circuit Clerk - Kankakee - 9.8 Miles
Gardner Post Office - Gardner - 10.9 Miles
Coal City Post Office IL - Coal City - 12.1 Miles
Passport Service for Cities Near BonfieldResidents of the following closeby cities looking to get a passport should consider using the passport office(s) located in Bonfield for document sealing and 3-week passport expediting. Be sure to check other nearby passport offices listed above, as there may be a closer passport office to your city.
Essex Illinois, Bradley Illinois, Wilmington Illinois, Gardner Illinois, Clifton Illinois, Manhattan Illinois, Dwight Illinois, New Lenox Illinois, Frankfort Illinois, Lockport Illinois, Park Forest Illinois, Olympia Fields Illinois, Tinley Park Illinois, Chicago Heights Illinois, Plainfield Illinois, Romeoville Illinois, Orland Park Illinois, Hazel Crest Illinois, Homewood Illinois, Sauk Village Illinois


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Sofas For Small Rooms
Along with a stylish overall look, your property should be furnished with for the ease, in addition to Sofas For Small Rooms photo collection can be a top notch drive concerning attractive together with comfortable residences. Sofas For Small Rooms pic collection comprises photos involving houses by means of superb variations. If you desire ways to create a cutting edge your home, you may use this particular Sofas For Small Rooms image gallery being a useful resource. Sofas For Small Rooms pic stock will give you a lot of info designed to ease you choose your personal techniques to develop a family house. Examples of the highlights contained in Sofas For Small Rooms pic stock want to go for, and they will make your home much more appealing. From the small information to be able to the main element, you can get him or her in Sofas For Small Rooms photograph gallery very easily. We recommend Sofas For Small Rooms pic gallery for you given it merely allows the perfect types because of globally. By exploring Sofas For Small Rooms snapshot collection lower, you are much more inspired.
As noun
a long, upholstered couch with a back and two arms or raised ends
As preposition
with the object or purpose of:to run for exercise
intended to belong to, or be used in connection with: equipment for the army;a closet for dishes
suiting the purposes or needs of:medicine for the aged
in order to obtain, gain, or acquire: a suit for alimony;to work for wages
(used to express a wish, as of something to be experienced or obtained):O, for a cold drink!
sensitive or responsive to:an eye for beauty
desirous of: a longing for something;a taste for fancy clothes
in consideration or payment of; in return for: three for a dollar;to be thanked for one's efforts
appropriate or adapted to: a subject for speculation;clothes for winter
with regard or respect to: pressed for time;too warm for April
during the continuance of:for a long time
in favor of; on the side of:to be for honest government
in place of; instead of:a substitute for butter
in the interest of; on behalf of:to act for a client
in exchange for; as an offset to: blow for blow;money for goods
in punishment of:payment for the crime
in honor of:to give a dinner for a person
with the purpose of reaching:to start for London
contributive to:for the advantage of everybody
in order to save:to flee for one's life
in order to become:to train recruits for soldiers
in assignment or attribution to: an appointment for the afternoon;That's for you to decide
such as to allow of or to require:too many for separate mention
such as results in:his reason for going
as affecting the interests or circumstances of:bad for one's health
in proportion or with reference to:He is tall for his age
in the character of; as being:to know a thing for a fact
by reason of; because of: to shout for joy;a city famed for its beauty
in spite of:He's a decent guy for all that
to the extent or amount of:to walk for a mile
(used to introduce a subject in an infinitive phrase):It's time for me to go
(used to indicate the number of successes out of a specified number of attempts):The batter was for in the game
As conjunction
seeing that; since
As Idioms
for it, British
in (def )
As adjective, smaller, smallest
of limited size; of comparatively restricted dimensions; not big; little:a small box
slender, thin, or narrow:a small waist
not large as compared with others of the same kind:a small elephant
(of letters) lowercase (def )
not great in amount, degree, extent, duration, value, etc
:a small salary
not great numerically:a small army
of low numerical value; denoted by a low number
having but little land, capital, power, influence, etc
, or carrying on business or some activity on a limited scale:a small enterprise
of minor importance, moment, weight, or consequence:a small problem
humble, modest, or unpretentious:small circumstances
characterized by or indicative of littleness of mind or character; mean-spirited; petty:a small, miserly man
of little strength or force:a small effort
(of sound or the voice) gentle; with little volume
very young:when I was a small boy
diluted; weak
As adverb, smaller, smallest
in a small manner:They talked big but lived small
into small pieces:Slice the cake small
in low tones; softly
As noun
something that is small:Do you prefer the small or the large?
a small or narrow part, as of the back
those who are small:Democracy benefits the great and the small
smalls, small goods or products
smalls, British
household linen, as napkins, pillowcases, etc
smalls, British Informal
the responsions at Oxford University
smalls, Mining
coal, ore, gangue, etc
, in fine particles
As Idioms
feel small, to be ashamed or mortified:Her unselfishness made me feel small
As noun
a portion of space within a building or other structure, separated by walls or partitions from other parts:a dining room
rooms, lodgings or quarters, as in a house or building
the persons present in a room:The whole room laughed
space or extent of space occupied by or available for something:The desk takes up too much room
opportunity or scope for something:room for improvement; room for doubt
status or a station in life considered as a place:He fought for room at the top
capacity:Her brain had no room for trivia
a working area cut between pillars
As verb (used without object)
to occupy a room or rooms; lodge
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Email – Get Better Mail Results
Did you know that mail works better with email? And that email works better when used in conjunction with mail?
This is one of the reasons that email marketing has grown hugely in recent years and is a vital component in a strong promotional strategy. However keeping up-to-date contacts with thorough permissions updates is difficult. Email contact lists decay even more rapidly than printed mailing lists. Decay affects not only the efficiency, but also the legality of client campaigns.
On top of decay there's now a profusion of spam entering email boxes. This means that unless you have the right controls a large proportion of emails are rejected by filters and firewalls. The result of rejections is that large amounts of legitimate campaign email do not reach their inbox destination.
These issues can be corrected by good management of email campaigns coupled with propriety software. The service has techniques designed to get a high percentage of email through. You receive reports on the success rates for arrival and opening. As well as this the email service continually process updates in order to match the pace of change in electronic technology.
Email opt outs runs your lists against the email preference scheme to check and remove anyone who has declined to receive marketing emails.
This service includes a match on your own opt-out lists. Or if you don't already have this important facility in place it is optionally available.
If you need some creative advice we can help. Draw on effective ways to structure and word your emails, making it more likely they'll be opened and acted on. Receive help with images, sound and video, ensure that your email looks the way you want no matter how it's being viewed. Utilise the convert text to HTML facility.
Include an online landing page or micro-site built around your specific product or service to improve your chances of conversion. Micro pages are great for when you want prospects to click through to a specific promotion. Increase campaign responses with email – get better mail results by sending a supporting message to inboxes. It's easy to add this cost effective response booster, talk to Sharp Cat about your requirements.
Receive detailed information about successful receipts and bounce backs. Find out which people read your message and followed your links. See which emails were blocked by spam filters.
This comprehensive email marketing service means your campaigns are efficient, cost-effective and legal whilst maximising your chances of a positive response.
Mail plus email – get better mail results by having both.
Email generates stronger results when working in conjunction with posted mail and posted mail is strengthened by utilising email alongside.
As researched by www.mailmen.co.uk/campaigns/mail-email/mail-email
Some of Our Work
Sharp Cat is a trusted direct marketing provider for hundreds of satisfied businesses across thousands of quality projects. With regular referrals and positive client feedback we work flexibly to fulfil print and mail requirements. Are you are looking to change mailing house or do you simply want to check that you are getting the best service? Whether you are new to mail or a seasoned specialist we are confident that you and your team will be happy with the results.
Contact Us Today!
Sharp Cat is a tried and trusted provider of well supported print and mailing operations.


text:
'a quiet place in the shadow of the cathedral, which the cawing of the rooks, the echoing footsteps of rare
passers, the sound of the Cathedral bell, or the roll of the Cathedral organ, seemed to render more quiet than absolute silence..'
From "The Mystery of Edwin Drood" in which Dickens describes Minor Canon Row in the town of Cloisterham, his name for Rochester.
Come for a ramble around ancient Rochester to explore the hidden corners, the eccentric characters and the charming buildings which so inspired Charles Dickens to create his literary masterpieces. Hear about the events of times past which coloured Dicken's understanding of the area. Take in the views of the Medway river leading out to sea where the old hulks, the prison ships lay. Follow in the footsteps Pip as made his way into the cold, dark home of Miss Havisham in "Great Expectations".
A visit to Rochester Cathedral can be included in this tour and would be a fitting addition.
The rate for this tour is for a group ( up to a maximum of 20) current rate- £1 60.00.
Contact Liz Findlay firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
The Nueva School has remained true to its mission to meet the needs of students with high potential, and cultivate and serve the intellectually and creatively gifted child. In considering students for admission, we look for evidence of:
intellectual curiosity and engagement
independent thought and depth of ideas
creativity and flexibility in approach to problem solving
divergent and critical thinking
ability to listen to, build on, and contribute ideas
Part of the admissions process for Grades PreK-8 includes submitting the results of an IQ evaluation. The Nueva School currently accepts the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Fourth Edition (WPPSI-IV) for children under six years old, and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fifth Edition (WISC-V) for children six years old and older.
What is the Wechsler Intelligence Quotient (IQ) Test?
How does my child get an IQ evaluation and can my child test off campus?
Will I receive a copy of the results?
What if I do not want to know the results?
Why do you use the IQ evaluation, and is there a minimum score to be eligible?
What if my child is unwell on the day of testing?
Can my child retake the test?
What does my child need to know for the IQ test?
Should I wait until my child is older to take the test?
What should I tell my child about the test?
How long is the IQ Test?
Can I submit testing before the application?
What if English is my child's second language?
What is the deadline for submitting outside test scores?
What is the Wechsler Intelligence Quotient (IQ) test?
How does my child get an IQ evaluation?
Both the WPPSI-IV and WISC-V evaluations are offered on the Nueva campus as part of the application process. Parents are encouraged to schedule a testing date on Ravenna as soon as the decision has been made to apply in order to receive the greatest number of appointment options. Appointments fill quickly, and by late November they are usually booked. Please note that you can schedule a testing appointment before you go on a campus tour or submit your application through your online Ravenna account, however the application is due before the day of your child's testing appointment. There is a $225 fee for on-campus testing. To be considered for a reduced testing fee, please contact us at email@example.com.
Can my child test off-campus and what do I need to know?
Yes, please review our Guidelines to Submit Testing for more detailed information about testing off-campus. Be sure the psychologist you choose administers the WPPSI-IV or WISC-V. Older versions or other IQ tests will not be accepted. When all available on-campus appointments have been booked, applicants will need to make off-campus arrangements with a licensed psychologist in your area.
You will need to print and sign the Release Form, and submit it to the psychologist. The psychologist must email or mail the signed release form, test results, and narrative report directly to the Admissions Office. WISC-V results are due January 25, 2019 and WPPSI-IV results are due February 8, 2019. Once our office receives the IQ test results and your child's application, we will advise you of the next steps, as appropriate. If you have any questions about whether your child's results are in range for Nueva admissions, please don't hesitate to call 650-350-4528 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
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Will I receive a copy of the results?
Yes, when your child tests on-campus, parents are mailed a cover letter and one-page numerical summary score sheet. You will receive the results within two weeks. Along with the test results, you will receive a general information sheet about each of the test measures, and the different cognitive domains that are assessed. You should call the Admissions Office if the results do not arrive within two weeks. If you have consulted a psychologist privately, you will need to ask him/her what type of report you will receive and when you can expect the results.
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What if I do not want to know the results?
If you prefer not to know your child's scores, you can request that they not be sent to you at the time of the evaluation. In that case, you will only receive a cover letter advising you of the next steps, as appropriate.
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Why does Nueva use the IQ evaluation, and is there a minimum score to be eligible?
The IQ evaluation provides a "snapshot" of your child's cognitive skills at a particular point in time. It can also provide important insights about your child's approach to different types of tasks. The Admissions Committee has found from experience that students with a Full Scale Wechsler IQ Score of 130 and above are more likely to be successful in Nueva's program. However, in grades 5 through 8, we may consider results that fall close to the 130 minimum. The IQ evaluation is the first step in the application process to determine if Nueva is a potential match for your child. Once an applicant has scored in the range of candidates considered for admission, you will be able to schedule a parent interview, campus visit, and an activity session through your online Ravenna account.
The Admissions Committee carefully considers all factors in a child's profile such as developmental readiness, language exposure, motivation, curiosity, social intelligence, resilience, and creative and divergent thinking in addition to the information yielded on the IQ scores and subtests.
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What if my child is unwell on the day of testing?
If your child seems ill, please call us at 650-350-4528 to reschedule your child's appointment. Families that notify our office 24 hours in advance of a cancellation will not be charged the $225 testing fee. Families that give less than 24 hours notice will be charged a $50 late cancellation fee. If your child is even slightly sick, we urge you to keep him/her at home and reschedule your testing appointment. It is important that children are healthy and feeling well for the one-time evaluation, which cannot be taken again within a calendar year. A child's condition may worsen during the test, or he/she may be contagious and put others' health at risk.
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Can my child retake the test?
If a child does not score in range for the current admissions year, please know that they are welcome to retake the evaluation after twelve months have passed. If your child recently received an educational evaluation in another setting, you should check to see if you already have results from the Wechsler assessment. If the test results are less than two years old, you may submit them along with the completed application. The Admissions Office may request or recommend additional testing if deemed appropriate. If you have any questions regarding previous testing, don't hesitate to contact us.
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What does my child need to know for the IQ test?
Your child does not need to study for the assessment, and should not have prior exposure to test materials.
Prior exposure to the Wechsler materials invalidates the test results.
The Wechsler evaluation is not an achievement test that measures how much information your child has mastered. While it touches on a general fund of knowledge, it focuses on a range of underlying cognitive skills such as memory, verbal, reasoning, and the ability to evaluate abstract visual information and relationships. These skills relate more to how children think, rather than what they know. They also provide insights into intellectual strengths and learning styles.
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Should I wait until my child is older to take the test?
Nueva requires children to be at least three years, ten months old to take the Wechsler test. We recommend that children be at least four years old, because the evaluation yields more information with additional subtests. However, the Wechsler scores adjust for age, and are based on your child's birth date, as well as extensive studies of children in the same age range.
As one would expect, there is variation in the ability of young children to perform and focus on tasks. Some young children may not be ready to sit for an hour for the assessment. For multi-lingual children, with a primary language other than English, an assessment at a younger age may under-represent a child's cognitive abilities. If you are unsure of your child's readiness, feel free to contact us for more information.
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What should I tell my child about the test?
With young children in particular, we encourage parents to downplay the notion of a "test" and suggest that it is a time to have an adult's undivided attention to complete tasks and help with important jobs. It is a great time to share what they know. Tell them you will be waiting in a room close by. The psychologists will help your child feel relaxed and engaged. If your child is sitting the evaluation off campus, a similar approach is recommended.
We strongly recommend that parents do not discuss the results of testing with young children because they lack a context for being able to process the information.
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How long is the IQ Test?
The WPPSI-IV (for children under six years of age) takes approximately one hour to complete. The WISC-V (for children six years old and older) takes approximately two hours and includes a break, if needed. Please make sure:
- your child is healthy, well rested, and well fed
- you bring nut-free snacks in case he/she becomes hungry
- you bring eye glasses/hearing aids if your child relies on them
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Can I submit testing before the application?
No, Wechsler results are considered part of the Nueva application process and must be submitted with an application. For children who are taking the Wechsler evaluation on campus, your application must be submitted through your Ravenna online account prior to testing. Children will not be allowed to sit for the on-campus evaluation without Part I of the Nueva application on file.
If you want to have your child take the Wechsler test before you apply, you will need to make an appointment with an off-campus licensed psychologist before January 10, 2019, Nueva's application due date. Please provide the psychologist with a copy of The Nueva Guidelines and Release Form. Note that once you have submitted your application, we accept off-campus WISC-V test results up to January 25, 2019 and up to February 8, 2019 for WPPSI-IV test results. If your child's testing date is after January 10, you will need to submit your Nueva application and application fee of $90 by 5 pm on January 10, 2019 in order to be in the admission process for the 2019-2020 school year.
In the context of the Nueva admissions process, test results are valid for two years, or two admissions cycles. After that the applicant will need to retest. Children who have taken the Wechsler test within the past twelve months cannot take the evaluation again. One calendar year has to pass before a child can be retested.
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What if English is my child's second language?
If your child's first language is not English, it is important for the psychologist to have this information prior to testing. Please let us know when you are scheduling the appointment. There is no difference in the administration or content of the test, but it does help the psychologist interpret the test scores. The Wechsler instructions are given in English, and the results are relative to a child's age and normed on a mono-lingual English population. If you have any questions about the process as it relates to your child's linguistic profile, please contact the Admissions Office: 650-350-4528 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
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What is the deadline for submitting off-campus test scores?
WISC-V test results for grades 2-8 must be submitted no later than 5 pm on January 25, 2019. WPPSI-IV test results for grades PreK-1* must be submitted no later than 5 pm on February 8, 2019. Please note that the earlier the results are sent in, the more options there are in terms of scheduling campus visits and parent interviews.
*Test scores for late birthday PreK applicants (children turning four years old between February 1 and June 1) must be received by April 1, 2019. For PreK applicants turning four years old between June 2 and September 1, please contact the Admissions Office: 650-350-4528 or firstname.lastname@example.com for more detailed testing and application information. As always, if you have any questions, please ask!
The Admissions Office is always delighted to receive applications
well in advance of the deadline!
If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to call 650-350-4528,
or email firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
LCCs operating in Eldoret
Direct flights from EldoretLowest tax-include fare (oneway) (USD)
Nairobi From $63 (Tax incl.)
- Jambojet (JM)
Eldoret Airport is an international airport in Kenya.Retrieved fromWikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. (CC: BY-SA 3.0)
Eldoret is a principal city in western Kenya. It is the capital and largest city in Uasin Gishu County. Lying south of the Cherangani Hills, the local elevation varies from about 2100 metres above sea level at the airport to more than 2700 metres in nearby areas (7000–9000 feet). The population was 289,380 in the 2009 census, and it is currently the fastest growing town in Kenya. It is also the second largest urban centre in midwestern Kenya after Nakuru and the fifth largest urban centre in the country.Retrieved from Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. (CC: BY-SA 3.0)