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|I wanted a quality, one on one education without living in the city.
|- Courtney H., freshman, Natural Resource Mgt & Business
Glenville State College prepares and inspires students to be thoughtful, productive, engaged, and responsible citizens who contribute to the well-being of their community, state, nation, and world.
- GSC Mission Statement
Academic Affairs
Academic Affairs advances the College's mission by creating and sustaining academic programs and services that enhance the teaching-learning process, foster a stimulating and supportive environment for students, faculty, and staff, and benefit the College's broader communities. Academic Affairs offers curricular and co-curricular programs affording students a liberal arts education of superior quality in a personalized setting. These programs are designed to develop thoughtful, inquisitive, critical, and creative men and women that are able to reason clearly and critically, to read carefully and accurately, to speak and write precisely and persuasively, and to interpret with insight and imagination. Complementing this intellectual development is personal development that advances the values of intellectual honesty, the love of the truth, fairness to opposing points of view, tolerance of reasoned dissent, patience with complexity and ambiguity, and wellness. In these ways, the programs and services offered by Academic Affairs foster life-long learning, service to others, civic and moral responsibility, and fulfilling vocations.
The Office of Academic Affairs is located in the Harry B. Heflin Administration Building and is open weekdays from 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.
Academic Calendar
The calendar for the 2017-2018, 2018-2019 and the Summer 2018 school year is available online . Dates are subject to change as events warrant. Please be sure to check your official Glenville State College email account for notifications.
Final Exam Schedule
Final exams are required for each course in which you are registered. Please refer to your course syllabi for specific information regarding your final examinations. Final exam charts for the Fall 2018 and Spring 2018 semesters may be reviewed online for your convenience.
Course Schedules
There are two ways in which to view current course information. You can review a complete course schedule or do a course search on EdNet to find the information that you need.
Institutional Research
Academic Affairs works closely with the Office of Institutional Research, which is tasked with the collection, storage, and analysis of assessment data in order to support the College's decision-making process. Reports and external links regarding academic assessment, student demographics, fees and financial aid, and more can be found on the Office of Institutional Research page on this website.
Contact InformationAcademic Affairs
Phone: 304-462-4110
Fax: 304-462-8619


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Here you can find some basic information on Denmark.
To get information and statistics on Denmark visit www.denmark.dk
Another source of information can be found at Factsheet Denmark, a series of factsheets that cover a wide range of aspects of the Danish culture - cinema, design and applied arts, literature, music, visual arts, architecture, ballet, dance and theatre, language etc.
Fill out the form to send a mail with a link to the current page:

subset: commoncrawl


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Since discovering this brush I have realised how having the right tools can improve whatever make-up you might choose/can afford. Previously when using foundation I would find that my previous brushes would not give all over coverage, absorbed some of the product and my make-up just didn't seem to last as long as I would hope.
However, things have completely changed since I bought the EcoTools Bamboo Buffing Brush (£9.99 at Boots).
The brush is super soft and has lost of bristles, unlike some other buffing brushes I have used. I tend to pump foundation on to the back of my hand and then transfer to my face wish the brush.
This gives a great, almost airbrushed look and my foundation is lasting much longer! I have a few other brushes from the EcoTools Bamboo range and I am really impressed with them all.


text: Euroleague Adventures TV, Take One Nick GibsonJanuary 6, 2010EL Adventures TVFreaknick2 Comments 0 Freaknick recaps another Euroleague wednesday that included the Lavrinovic boys, an injury to the MVP, and a block party for big Slavko and Partizan. To follow Euroleague Adventures TV LIVE on UStream, go here. Share this:Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on Google+ (Opens in new window) Related


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I've always loved spring's rites of passage with vibrant florals bursting of color and alluring scents -- along with it comes the whisper of newness and sometimes the roar of the familiarity. This season it will be a roar -- at least at the LA Zoo.
This spring, the new power couple in town is Hubert and Kalisa, two glorious lions who have just arrived at the Zoo. I couldn't help but fall in love with them. My hunch is you will too. The two 15-year-old tawny blondes from the Woodland Park Zoo in Seattle who have been a couple for six years and their presence will fill a void this city has been painfully aware of for the past two years. The LA Zoo lost its beloved Cookie, 23, in 2012 after suffering cancer. She made history four years prior as the first queen of the beasts to undergo laparoscopic heart surgery. She and her male companion Lionel arrived at the zoo in 1997, on loan from the Wildlife Way station above Sylmar. Both had been prior house pets. The majestic fellow died in April 2011, also 23.
Lions can live up to 14 years in the wild and up to three decades in captivity. Cookie, zoo officials say, was known for her own special roar. And when the couple roamed the enclosed terrain together and roared in unison they really drew a crowd.
Kalisa and Hubert just made their public debut on March 28th at the zoo's renovated lion exhibit. Prior to their arrival, guests were always asking zoo officials where the lions were. It is hard to imagine a zoo for a city like L.A. without African lions, a kingdom without a reigning king and queen.
These two are certainly older than the usual spring arrivals. Last year, a 135-pound newborn Masai giraffe Sofie was birthed at the zoo. In 2011 Joey the baby Koala, twin peninsular pronghorns and a desert bighorn sheep were born. Zoo officials have said they've been involved in a program for more than a decade to bring the hoofed mammal Pronghorn from Baja back from the brink of extinction and now the LA Zoo has the distinction of being the first zoo to breed the species. Only 250 are left in the wild.
The zoo is one of the city's overlooked treasures. It was originally called the Griffith Park Zoo when it opened in 1912 about two miles south of the current site. It moved into its current home in 1966. It was upgraded in the 90s and a new director was brought aboard. The Botanical Gardens boast 7,400 plants. There is so much to see and the city zoo needs its citizens to support it. What better time than spring?
There are some great spring activities coming up for families like the Big Bunny's Spring Fling April 18-20 and the Earth Day Expo follows on April 27. Take it from an animal activist who proudly serves on LA's Parks, Recreation and Tourism Commissions and Boards - our new residents are something to roar about.
Here's a peek at the two below:


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Hovdey: Solis ready to join the 5,000 club
Alex Solis, the most recent jockey inducted into the Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame, was walking around this week with an official total of 4,999 winners gathered in the United Stakes and Canada. He was scheduled to ride two horses Friday at Los Alamitos but none Saturday, which is too bad since Saturday will be a good day at the Orange County track, featuring Breeders' Cup winner Take Charge Brandi in the $350,000 Starlet Stakes for 2-year-old fillies.
So, instead of a premature celebration of a 33-year career, let's set the stage. After all, the number 5,000 has a magical ring. Companies love to use it in their names and products. The Olympics have a 5,000-meter race, won in London by Britain's Mo Farah. The United States has a $5,000 bill with James Madison's mug.
Solis would be the 29th jockey to win 5,000 races, according to stats kept by Equibase. That makes for a pretty exclusive club, comprising every man and woman who has pulled on the white pants since such a milestone started to matter.
That would have been the middle of the 20th century, when five-time American champion Johnny Longden started sneaking up on the British jockey Gordon Richards, who had passed 4,000 wins. In those days, 2,000 winners was a significant benchmark. By the end of 1952, only eight riders were in the club: Longden, Eddie Arcaro, Ted Atkinson, John Adams, Ralph Neves, Steve Brooks, Jack Westrope, and Fernando Fernandez.
Longden flew past Richards in 1956 with a flourish. Then, on Feb. 28, 1957, Longden lit up a dark and rainy afternoon at Santa Anita by becoming the first rider to hit 5,000, aboard a horse named Bente.
By then, young Bill Shoemaker was leapfrogging over his older contemporaries on the list. It took Shoemaker just 16 seasons to hit the 5,000 mark – Longden did it in his 31st – and it happened on Oct. 22, 1964, at Aqueduct, aboard Slapstick.
Longden and Shoemaker had the club to themselves for 17 years before Laffit Pincay won No. 5,000 aboard Wander during the Oak Tree meet at Santa Anita on Sept. 30, 1981. Angel Cordero was next (June 29, 1983), followed closely by fellow New Yorker Jorge Velasquez (Oct. 5, 1983). Both happened at Belmont Park.
Longden, Shoemaker, Pincay, Cordero, and Velasquez made for a pretty strong starting five. But the 5,000 club was not restricted to future Hall of Famers. Three of the next four were regional stalwarts Larry Snyder (1984), David Gall (1987), and Carl Gambardella (1988). Sandy Hawley, a Hall of Famer in both Canada and the United States, reached 5,000 on June 26, 1986, at Canterbury Downs.
Chris McCarron became the 10th jockey to hit 5,000 on July 21, 1989, at Hollywood Park. It was a Friday evening card built around a farewell ceremony for the retiring Shoemaker, and history was well served. Only one rider got to 5,000 faster than the 34-year-old McCarron: Shoemaker, who was 33.
In 1990, the 5,000 club grew to include the Midwestern stars Earlie Fires (Aug. 19, Arlington Park) and Pat Day (Nov. 22, Churchill Downs). Jacinto Vasquez, at 48, won No. 5,000 on May 23, 1992, at Calder, and on March 10, 1993, Eddie Delahoussaye came on board after winning with Ackler at Santa Anita Park. Later that summer, Delahoussaye entered the Hall of Fame.
It took Russell Baze 21 seasons to win 5,000 races, which he did on July 29, 1995, at the Sonoma County Fair in Santa Rosa, Calif. In the 19 years since then, Baze has added more than 7,000 to his total, with 12,434 entering Thursday's action at Golden Gate Fields, where he was named on six.
Baze made it 15 in the club. There was a lull, and then followed Ronald Ardoin (Aug. 20, 2000, Louisiana Downs), Jerry Bailey (May 6, 2001, Belmont), Mario Pino (Sept. 8, 2002, Delaware Park), and Edgar Prado (March 13, 2004, Gulfstream Park). On May 1, 2006, Tony Black swelled the membership to 20 with win No. 5,000 at Philadelphia Park.
Mark Guidry's 5,000th win at Churchill Downs on May 4, 2007, was lost in the swirl of the next day's Kentucky Derby, but it still counted. Later that summer on Aug. 21, "Scoot 'n Boot" Perry Ouzts hit 5,000 at River Downs.
Kent Desormeaux (July 28, 2008, at Saratoga), Tim Doocy (April 4, 2009, at Oaklawn), and Mike Smith (April 7, 2012, at Santa Anita) came along next, as the 5,000 club grew to 25. The racing of 2013 added Calvin Borel (March 7, Oaklawn), Terry Houghton (May 4, ThistleDown), and John Velazquez, the most recent, on June 14 of that year.
All but Longden and Shoemaker are still alive, and 11 of the club are still riding. They've dusted off a chair for Solis, whenever he gets the job done, and stand ready to teach him the secret handshake.
As to who's next, according to Equibase stats, the rejuvenated Gary Stevens is on the brink with 4,990. But what's this? A photo of Stevens in the winner's circle at Belmont Park taken on Oct. 30, 2005, holding a sign that says "5,000 Wins"?
"Equibase doesn't count the Japan Cup, the Dubai World Cup, races I won in England, in Hong Kong," Stevens said, ticking off the stops in his colorful career. "I guess they don't exist. But they sure felt like winners to me."
So, what happens, then, when he hits 5,000 all over again?
"I don't know," Stevens said. "I guess I'll put that sign up by the other one,"


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STRATFORD, Conn. -- With a heat wave currently in the area, Stratford residents are reminded that all municipal buildings are available as cooling centers during normal business hours.
Additionally, all Stratford fire stations (Main Street, Oronoque Lane, Lordship and Huntington Road) are designated as cooling centers.
Any resident seeking a respite from the heat may go to a local firehouse to get some relief. All residents are asked seek out the station officer who will guide them where to go upon arrival.
Click here to sign up for Daily Voice's free daily emails and news alerts.


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Here is a collection of articles from A Guy and His Monkey that feature President Donald Trump.
By R. K. Carlson 4/3/17
Donald Trump has been making headlines yet again for all the wrong reasons. Now there's this Russia thing. We choose to look at it as a glass half full situation. There are plenty of benefits a partnership with Russia could provide us.Trump and Russia
By Martin Stanley 2/20/17
Donald Trump has been making headlines with his tweets. But there is one big difference these days; HE IS OUR PRESIDENT NOW! Martin Stanley gives his analysisTrump Tweets
By Johann Muddlebutt 2/13/17
Which president made the better cabinet selections? President Donald John Trump or President Dwayne Elizondo Mountain Dew Herbert Camacho from the movie Idiocacy?Trump or Camacho?
What's NewThe Greatest Long Form Music Video Ever


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This two-day program presents a highly practical and interactive workshop (case-based) for treating traumatised clients; the content is applicable to both adult and adolescent populations. The techniques are cognitive behavioral, evidence-based, and will be immediately useful and effective for your clinical practice.
Leah Giarratano is a doctoral-level clinical psychologist with 23 years of clinical and teaching expertise in CBT and traumatology.
For details and to register, please visit www.talominbooks.com


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The five year long journey started since January 2009 has been a roller coaster ride for him and his followers in the virtual world as well. Wearing 'crown of thorns' he faced many ups and downs in his 'tumultuous' political career and learnt many a trade secrets on how to survive a political storm remaining in the company of 'faithful' advisors. To get the best advice he, however, shuffled them at regular intervals and in return appeased almost all the deprived legislators with perks of power. To handle the affairs of the state, which many a times went totally out of control, he was seen shuttling between New Delhi and Kashmir valley to keep the political masters in good humour …Read More »
Who will Convert Historical Raghunath Bazaar in to a Heritage Market?
Since 2008 the residents of Jammu city have been fed that the state government is keen on converting historical Raghunath bazaar in to a famous heritage centre by way of upgrading facilities and introducing ornamental lights, decked up pavements, underground cabling of electric wires but the regular visitors to the market continue to face hardships on account of lack of basic amenities in the crowded market flooded with visitors/tourists from different parts of the country. The beautification project sanctioned at a whopping cost of Rs. 6.62 crore is yet to take off in the absence of political will and lack of interest shown by the elite babus and local businessmen. Till date negligible work has been done for the beautification …Read More »
Jammu festival enthralls audience but not tourists?
The six day long Jammu Festival brought together Jammuities, braving harsh weather conditions, in large numbers on single platform and revived the festival spirit centering around rich cultural heritage and traditions of Dogra rulers. But if the objective of the festival was to attract a large number of tourists to Jammu and Kashmir, the organisers failed to attract them. Reason, the festival was planned in such a fashion where participation of tourists was near impossible. Barring heritage market of Raghunath bazaar the tourists were present nowhere near the venues of the cultural events. For example, entry passes were required to gain entry inside the venues where musical events were organised and the same were not available to tourists. So the …Read More »


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I know the mistakes that cause relationship failure and heartbreak - because I made all of them over and over again. - Know-It-All Nancy
It's time to get on with your life. The idea that romantic love and a happy, healthy relationship can change... Read more
What keeps you from feeling totally worthy of love? The voice in your head is not who you are. —Eckard Tolle... Read more
Whoever said money can't buy you happiness, never shopped at Barneys. It is your right to expect a man to pay for... Read more


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In a recent report, the CSIRO, Australia's premier scientific organisation, shows how the country could have every best outcome in its future energy market.
The report, released with Energy Networks Australia, describes Australia's patchy performance in reducing emissions, providing energy security and maintaining low prices.
The report provides a plan for cheap electricity with zero emissions by the year 2050 with Australia even becoming a world leader on these fronts.
Aspects of the report include ideas appropriate for a Latrobe Valley transition and refocus away from power stations and coal mines.
The present national situation is that upwardly spiralling prices have alienated Australian householders and encouraged them to become world leading adopters of rooftop solar. There is currently 17% of Australian households with solar panels.
The report says the popularity of solar presents a major opportunity for a coordinated approach to solar energy production and localised distribution. As households continue to invest in household solar and battery storage they increase the potential for balancing supply and demand on the electricity system.
Embracing households as local electricity suppliers (as well as electricity consumers) will reduce the need for expenditure on grid infrastructure. It is a key factor for future energy security as the proportion of renewables increases.
To encourage householder participation, there needs to be the right incentives and reforms. Prices and regulation changes are important. But consumers also expect better information and engagement from providers than they presently receive.
One headache for supply companies has been the fall in electricity consumption due to more efficient lighting and appliances. To cover the fixed costs of their networks, distributors have sought compensatory price increases.
Stabilised prices would occur if there was an increase in grid-provided electricity without increasing any associated fixed costs. Additional feed-in electricity would do this, as distinct from power station generated energy. Simultaneously, that would help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
The report shows that electric vehicles with local storage provide the greatest opportunity for this outcome and would increase grid efficiency.
Reduced network expenditures and more extensive rooftop solar can ultimately reduce the average household power bill by $414 per annum.
The CSIRO Roadmap model demonstrates lower all-round costs. It's a model which provides greater choice for consumers, gives them fairer payment and billing, provides widely distributed electricity sources for greater grid security, and reduces greenhouse gas emissions.
That would be win-win all around.


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Un-"Paletteable" Foundations
A D.I.Y. Solution to Dye For
After another Unfruitful-of-the-Loom shopping trip for undies recently, I hereby nominate packaged underwear for the Semi-Awful Society.
The Semi-Awful Society was, until now, a secret society dedicated to hearing complaints about things in life that, though not really awful, are still pretty annoying. Founded sometime in the 1970's when this heretic was vexed by a pesky problem, the Semi-Awful Society is a place to have your petty rant heard, duly noted, and filed away in your own confidential folder labeled "catharsis". Its headquarters are located eponymously. That is, with a membership of one, it lives in my head. Still, I'm open for more nominations.
This herbal heretic ventured out recently to face the daunting and dizzying gaggle that is the department store packaged underwear display. No longer wanting to pay boutique prices, or department store "foundations" mark-ups, especially since they don't last much longer than the big box or department store packaged panties, I set out on a mission: Find the cut and color at a reasonable price to stock up on the bare essentials for at least the next half year.
Previous attempts left me overwhelmed and, well, you-know-what all in a knot. This time I ate a good breakfast, pumped up the B12 and took many deep breaths before carefully sifting through the entire display. The chaotic and confusing offerings proved overwhelming yet again and I left the store in defeat. It seems, no matter how carefully one pores over the packages, one's choices are limited. If one is looking for one type of cut, in a certain color range, one has to accept that there will be a rogue beige or juvenile pattern included. Why can't they just offer a six-pack of solids? Or all patterns? Or sell them singly? Then, just when I was ready to concede, accept that buying four colors I detest in order to get two colors I love was worth it, they didn't have my size. Or the colors were great! But, oh, it's a different style…
What's going on here? Is it an apparel industry plot on par with the Hot Dog Bun Conspiracy, or are the manufacturers just trying to sell more with the widest selection to a bigger demographic? Either way, I don't want them dictating my color choices.
Things could be worse. I understand. Most of us, if asked in the middle of the day what color underwear we are wearing, would be hard pressed to even remember. Still, color is important. Color has wavelength energy and what color we feel good about having on our skin is highly individual and personal. So important that, having the wrong color, or discordant vibration, against our skin can ruin our mood just as much as a 'bad hair' day.
I have a remedy, which has been in plain sight, on those very packages, all along. No matter what collection of prints and colors are inside the package, the model is always wearing white! So, find your size and favorite style in white and dye them in your favorite colors!
My all-time favorite dye is Jacquard iDye Fabric Dye. These procion dyes come in a handy packet that dissolves in water and can be used in the washing machine. Their rich palette of brilliant colors is a colorist's dream. Procion works on all natural fabrics: cotton, rayon, linen, silk and more.


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Adam Dudding 2016
Adam Dudding is a reporter for Fairfax Media and has won numerous feature-writing awards. He lives in Auckland with his wife, two children, two dogs and no chickens.
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This was Rise of AI conference 2017
May 2017 we have hosted the Rise of AI conference at Deutsches Technikmuseum Berlin. 350 guests joined for 9+ AI keynotes, panels, 18+ AI Topic Leaders and 6+ AI Demos.
Please have a look at Youtube for the complete recordings of the talks, panels and demos.


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Visions of Beauty
with Patrick Langwallner
Capturing the perfect moment
Rodenstock spectacles are made to enable perfect moments of vision for their wearers. Photography is all about making these perfect moments last.
For this reason we engaged Patrick Langwallner, a photographer from Salzburg, to create the series ""Visions of Beauty"". The recurring themes are the fours elements earth, water, wind and fire - which were used for the original production of lenses.
All photos are displayed on this website. In addition, the photos can be sent as postcards via MyPostcard.
Of course, we also took the chance to ask Patrick a few questions about his background and profession.
First of all, tell us something about yourself and how you became a photographer?
Capturing moments does not only delight me in photography but also in my personal life. I am a passionate story-teller, be it by words or through photography. I came into phtotography by my best friend about ten years ago. His father used to be a keen photographer and passed the passion on to his son. We started to potter about and experimented with a lot of things. Only through trying it out, does the interaction between light, the subject and the camera becomes clear.
I studied business with a focus on marketing and during my studies I caught the creative virus. I combine my academic knowledge with photography in my advertising agency and have the opportunity to create the strategic concept as well as to realise the project, which is simply amazing.
Indepent of photography, what makes a perfect moment for you?
The perfect moment is hard to describe, but when it is there you just know that it is one. It is a combination of visual and audible emotion - to put it simply, the conscious here and now. For me, perfect moments are those, in which I only live and feel the moment without thinking about the past or the future.
Are photographs also snapshots? What type of motifs do you look for?
I consider a photo as a part of a moment. Taking a picture only takes a split second and it helps a person to call the moment back to mind. With my photography, my goal is to give people a window or a starting point to this moment so they can play it back in their memory.
I take care of rendering the moment as pure as it was, as honest as possible. When I take a photo I am very aware of the people in it, because I watch them in an incredibly high resolution on my screen. I often recognise special features of people only when I photograph them, a dimple, a laugh and mostly the language of their eyes – here you can see the personality best. If I take pictures only for myself or depict a landscape, then I want to showcase the incredible beauty of nature – the personality of nature so to say.
In your series "Visions of Beauty" you are playing with the elements earth, fire, wind and water. How do they appeal to you?
Nature allows us to perceive these four elements in so many different ways. Water can be a lake, a raindrop, ice or clouds. Fire creates light and only light makes things visible and therefore photography possible. I photograph under the alias "because of light" because everything I do depends upon light. Whether it is a portrait, a sunset or a long exposure of the Milky Way – light is everywhere.
If you had the chance to take a picture of anyone and anything in this world, what or who would you like to get in front of your lens, and why?
Obviously, my wish list is very long. Concerning places, I definitely want to go to Iceland one day – this island shows such diverse vegetation, and at the right time even the northern lights. I also want to go to California someday. The light is very special there and also different from ours.
Concerning people, the wish list is nearly endless, but the special thing about people is that everyone has his or her own story and I can tell it with my pictures. One photographer I admire a lot is Platon. The native Greek probably had the most famous of the famous in front of his analog camera – I would love to take a portrait of him.
As a photographer my ultimate goal is to show a person as they are and thereby I involve a big part of my own personality in the photo, too – it is truly amazing.
An eye for perfection
Discover perfect moments of the elements earth, wind, fire and water through the eyes of Patrick Langwallner.
All photographs are also available as postcard templates.


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Create More Space
Inspired organizing ideas abound in these real-life bathrooms, which also feature our favorite space-saving solutions.
It may seem counterintuitive, but adding the right furniture to your bathroom can create a more open, organized space. In the master bath of this Texas duplex, a custom-made orange steel vanity opens up the area beneath the sink for more storage.
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Towel Cabinet
A wooden flea-market cupboard makes a great towel cabinet. Keep your regular supply in the cabinet and use the top for extra storage. Having all towels visible makes it easy to keep track of your inventory. Open shelves on the sides hold glass jars full of cotton balls and soaps.
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Small Wonder
Outfitting a tiny bathroom with just one material -- Carrara marble -- keeps it from feeling cramped or cluttered; a frosted glass door with a transom admits sunlight from the backyard.
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Clean and Contemporary
Martha Stewart Living's creative director, Eric Pike, decided on a glass shower to make this room feel as spacious as possible. The bathroom is basic yet luxurious, with clean lines and an abundance of natural light provided by a skylight.
Three ways to get your bathroom organized from our home editorial director, Melanio Gomez.
Swipe here for next slide
Photography: Formula z/s6 of 20
Vintage Planter Shelves
Vintage planters are a playful spin on more traditional bathroom accessories. Displayed on a metal-and-glass table, they hold bottles of shampoo and liquid soap, sponges, bar soap, and hand towels. Tuck a new toothbrush, soap, and a washcloth into a planter and put it in the bathroom cupboard -- you'll have the perfect guest package ready at a moment's notice.
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An Extra Ledge
A shelf placed just underneath the mirror adds a place for toothbrushes and soap, since space around the sink is limited.
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Basic Basket Storage
Since a window over the sink stands in for the typical mirrored medicine cabinet in this Santa Barbara, California, home, a simple woven basket is used to hold towels and other bathroom necessities.
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Organized Elegance
This bathroom is both elegant and organized. The bases of each sink serve as their own towel rods, and the added rack over the tub holds both folded and hanging linens.
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Color-Coded Towels
Color-code your linens with hanging loops so your family and guests can tell them apart.
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Towel Ladder
Keep the bathroom tidy by hanging towels from the rungs of a progressive or apple-picking ladder propped against a wall. To prevent the ladder from slipping, attach rubber tips made for chair legs to the ladder's feet. You can also secure the top of the ladder to the wall with hooks and eyes.
Photography: William Abranowicz12 of 20
See-Through Storage
Grouping clear glass storage containers on the ledge of this sunny window makes it easy to find supplies.
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An Accessible Vanity
In Martha's East Hampton bathroom, a zinc-topped pastry table is used as a vanity; on its broad surface, toiletries stay neat and accessible. To make a useful -- and comfortable -- set, Martha pairs the table with a white-painted button chair that's just the right height.
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Trimmed Shower Curtains
A simple way to make your bathroom look tidier is to hem your shower curtain. This shorter curtain looks tailored and won't trap dust and moisture.
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DIY Toiletry Shelf
Make space for supplies over the bathroom door so that they'll be accessible when they need to be replenished.
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Towel Bar Trio
Few bathrooms have enough places to hang towels. Stacking towel bars behind closed doors is a great way to remedy the shortage and use space efficiently.
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Magnetic Medicine Cabinet
Maximize space in a tiny medicine cabinet by making use of magnets.
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Think Vertically
No room for a bathroom cabinet? Install a hotel-style multitiered rack on the wall next to the tub to hold bath towels and washcloths.
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Sliding Cabinet Space
Central bathroom cabinets can be fitted with roll-out wire trays (the kind used in kitchens). Here, one tray contains a first-aid kit and miscellaneous toiletries. A pair of hooks fastened to the inside of the door hold a hair dryer and a flat iron. In the adjacent cabinet, a second sliding track holds the bathroom's waste bin.
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Build Extra Space
Rather than fighting tight spaces with awkward angles, turn them into additional storage. Here, one cabinet was built into the wall beneath the roof eaves and another was put into a crawl space to the left of the sink.
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The atmospheric approach: Robert Shakespeare, at the forefront of lighting design
"When I started in 1975 as a lighting designer at the Bristol Old Vic theater company in England, I had 75 dimmers, about 90 lighting instruments and a whole lot of passion," he said. Today, in Indiana University's Ruth Halls Theater, he works with more than 600 dimmers and a department inventory of about 800 lighting instruments.
"Back then it was people's fingers moving faders. Now, many of our resources are robotic lighting instruments," said Shakespeare, professor of lighting design in IU's department of Theatre and Drama and head of the department's design and technology area and its Master of Fine Arts lighting program. "Lighting art continuously transforms."
His passion, however, hasn't changed a bit. As the head of design and technology in IU's department of Theatre and Drama, Shakespeare works on several productions each season, from classics like Romeo and Juliet to experimental fusions of dance and light. He teaches students how to plot designs using the latest computer-rendering capabilities. And he continues to expand his lighting design portfolio, which now includes bridges, skyscrapers and houses of worship.
His most recently completed project, the IU Art Museum 25th Anniversary Light Totem, is a "beacon" to green lighting on campus, he said. This installation, incorporating a 70-foot freestanding tower in front of the museum, a 40-foot illuminated line within the building's atrium, three searchlights, and a light show along the building's south-facing wall, uses less than 20 percent of the wattage that would be needed with traditional tungsten lights.
"I was purely focused on theater lighting until the late 1980s, when it was being discovered that the same principles could be applied to architectural environments -- malls, churches, restaurants, anywhere that would benefit from an atmospheric approach," he said.
The collaborative skills needed to work with a team of directors, costume designers and set designers proved equally valuable in consulting for the Hong Kong government or hotel owners in Shanghai, Shakespeare said.
"We in theater are very practiced in working collaboratively," he said. "You need to be able to go in with a lot of ideas but not be so arrogant that you can't let go of your initial thoughts. You're leaving one antenna up in the air to receive inspiration while your attention is focused on managing and absorbing other people's ideas."
A crucial component in Shakespeare's collaborative capabilities, he said, is his experience with computer rendering. Using this technology allows him to share photographically accurate images of designs during planning meetings -- an unthinkable concept when his career began.
He has long been ahead of the curve in adopting these digital technologies, so much so that when he arrived at IU in 1985, he was "swept onto the computing policy committee" with only one other arts faculty member (electronic music professor Jeff Hass). In that capacity, he has advocated for incorporating computing into the arts and for building bridges between art and science for more than 20 years.
"The university was very brave in funding the Center for Innovative Computer Applications," he said of the unit of the IU Office of Information Technologies that has enabled artists and scientists to explore computing since 1988.
Support from CICA allowed Shakespeare to collaborate with California computer scientist Greg Ward Larson on a book, Rendering with Radiance: The Art and Science of Lighting Visualization. The text continues to serve both architectural and theatrical lighting designers as a user's manual for Radiance Lighting Simulation and Rendering System software, which Larson designed through a grant from the U.S. Department of Energy.
The Department of Energy's interest stemmed from the energy conservation inherent in substituting photo-accurate simulations for costly mock-ups of original designs. Shakespeare has remained committed to "green design" philosophy, using low-energy light-emitting diode lights whenever possible and promoting conservation throughout the university.
Other ongoing work with the IU Art Museum illustrates the tremendous descriptive power of Shakespeare's designs.
"I'm working on the Third Floor Gallery and thinking about the journey of the visitor," he said. "So if there's a stone tool in the collection, the questions I'm talking about with the staff might be whether to reveal the chisel marks of the creator, or to try to recreate how it would have been viewed in the men's hut by the campfire, or to just hang it in the air and let it scream as art unto itself."
Shakespeare's work, while always illuminating some other work of art, somehow manages to do the latter.


text:
Francisco Villa #900 – 5 Col. Las Gaviotas, Puerto Vallarta, Jal.
- Home
- Grand Caleta House 14
- 3 bedroom
- 3 bathroom
- 1586.60sqft
- 1Parking
- Pet Friendly
- Yard
- Calle HAVRE, Col. Versalles, Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico
Grand Caleta House 14SALE 2850000.00
Gated Community "Grand Caleta" House 14
Sale Price: $2,850,000 MXN
Private condominium called "Gran Caleta", located on Calle HAVRE, Colonia Versalles, in the city of Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco.
This is an excellent opportunity to acquire a new property in one of the most beautiful areas of Puerto Vallarta.
There are 5 new houses of 3 three levels, which consist of:
Ground floor:
Pergola garage
outdoor garden
access porch
dining room
service patio
interior garden
First Level:
two bedrooms
1 full bathroom.
Second Level:
Master bedroom
dressing room


text:
The Bi Book Club meets on the second Thursday of each month to discuss bi-themed books and the issues they raise.
Dinner after nearby (so far, we always go to Village Den.)
On February 11, The Bi Book Club will discuss:
The Lunatic, the Lover, and the Poet by Myrlin A. Hermes
Shakespeare turned topsy turvy: a clever bisexual mashup between a sexy young Hamlet and characters from the sonnets. Very readable–no olde English. Note: The Sonnets, and Shakespeare, were bisexual.
Pick out some phrases, paragraphs or scenes that you'd like to discuss, give us your critique of the book: what worked, what didn't, how was bisexuality represented? If you haven't had the chance to read the book, come anyway because we read passages aloud for discussion. As usual, we'll also be using the text as a jumping off point to further discussion of bisexual issues and personal experiences.
Suggested donation of $5 to benefit the Bureau. No one turned away for lack of funds.
RSVP on meetup.com (not required)


text:
Changing climate could make flooding from hurricanes and tropical storms far more common in low-lying coastal areas, a U.S. study suggests.
Researchers from Princeton University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology said regions such as the New York City metropolitan area that have experienced a disastrous flood roughly every century could instead become submerged every one or two decades, a Princeton University release reported.
Writing in the journal Nature Climate Change, they said projected increases in sea level and storm intensity brought on by climate change would make devastating storm surges -- the destructive mass of water pushed inland by large storms -- more frequent.
Citing New York City as en example, researchers said stronger storms and a 3-foot rise in sea level due to climate change would turn so-called "100-year floods" with depths 5.7 feet above tide level into events that could occur every 25 years.
"Coastal managers in cities like New York make daily decisions about costly infrastructure that would be affected by such storms," Princeton geoscience professor Michael Oppenheimer said. "They need a reliable indicator of the risk."
Knowing the frequency of storm surges may help planners design seawalls and other protective structures, researchers said.
"When you design your buildings or dams or structures on the coast, you have to know how high your seawall has to be," lead study author Ning Lin at MIT said, noting Manhattan's seawalls now stand a mere five feet high.
"You have to decide whether to build a seawall to prevent being flooded every 20 years."
© 2012 United Press International, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Related Topics:
Churches respond to Father's Day flooding
UT city's water contaminated
10 ways churches plan for disasters
More links on Flooding
More links on Mitigation


text:
(Sold) 34 40653 TANTALUS ROAD
Invest or live in! This 3 level home has a supersized garage with lots of room for storage, fenced private yard at front, bright modern interior with granite counter tops, gorgeous flooring, upgraded Maytag S/S appliances and newer painting done professionally. Main level comes with 9ft ceilings, spacious formal dining, living and a spacious family room flowing out onto the deck. Enjoy the views from all levels esp. your master bedroom everyday. Large windows allow lots of natural light and make this home extremely inviting. Walk to schools, shopping, trails and the best Squamish has to offer. Elegantly finished and move in ready home to enjoy for years to come. Call Today.
Listing Specifications
- Year Built:
- 2012
- Type:
- Residential Attached
- Main Bedrooms:
- 3.0
- Bathrooms:
- 2.0
- Gross Tax:
- $2,917
- Floor Area:
- 1,390 sqft
- Virtual Tour:
- Click to view
- Neighbourhood:
- Squamish


text:
It's really easy to get carried away when you wake in the morning. Thinking about all of the things you need to get done is just enough to drive you insane before you leave your bed and your feet hit the floor. You race downstairs and you turn on the coffee (if you still aren't with the times and don't have a Keurig yet), you make sure all your ducks are in a row and then you start getting ready. There is your skincare routine, your hair, your makeup and of course your outfit.
These outfits are a couple of simple ways that you can turn your drab feelings, into fab feelings in the morning. Don't worry about freaking out and keep these simple ideas in the back of your head for when you're feeling over the top stressed and like theres nothing you can do. You will end up walking out of the house with your head held high, looking professional and confident.
Outfit #1
This first outfit is amazingly cute. I love this dress that I got from Forever 21. The dress has adorable lace detailing on the wrists and the back (which is not pictured because we are trying to keep this as professional as possible) and pleats in the front. I layered a black blazer over the top of the dress to cover the lace detail in the back and for a more polished look. I cuffed the sleeves of the blazer to show the lace on the wrists because I love this detail and its acceptable at the office! I have my Michael Kors gold watch on and my Forever 21 hair band that I just never took off but absolutely love. Now I must admit, the shoes I have pictured (My Prabal Gurung's) may not be incredibly professional for the office but I absolutely love the pop of color amongst the black. If you don't think you'll be rocking this in the office, try a classic black heel with just the right amount of height. A great thing about this outfit is that you can ditch the blazer and take it from day to night in two seconds! If you'd like me to style it on the blog for night, let me know.
Outfit #2
This second outfit is great, its a lot of fun and professional at the same time. I love the tweed skirt so much, it's from H&M. The top is from Forever 2, a simple sheer black top that you can just layer a black tank top underneath. If you must, you can always put a blazer on with this, but it really doesn't need it. The single pleat in the front of the skirt is super cute. The shoes are neutral sense we have so much color in the skirt. I like that the nude shoes (from Aldo) make the legs look a little longer and don't take the attention away from the outfit. If you wanted to, you could always opt for the classic black heel at an appropriate height for the office.
Outfit #3
For this outfit I decided to give two different options. The skirt is absolutely perfect for spring with a blue floral pattern, it's from H&M. The peplum top is a cream color from Forever 21 and the blazer on the left is a blush color that pairs great with the skirt's lighter colors, while the blazer on the right is just plain black. There is just something about these shoes that I love with the outfit. For some reason I am obsessed with the brown and blue combination and for some OTHER reason I love the brown shoes with the black blazer, this is normally a no-no for me and generally for anyone. The shoes are from Aldo, they are so incredibly comfortable, perfect for the entire day at work.
Outfit #4
This outfit is great. I love the mixture of the bold pattern in the blouse and the peplum style in the skirt. The top is from Forever 21 and has a great blue floral pattern with subtle button details. The peplum pencil skirt is from Forever 21 as well. The gray and blue go excellent together and the gray in the skirt brings out a small amount of gray in the top. The shoes are the brown heels from Aldo. This seems to me like a great outfit to wear on a Friday for some reason! ;)
Outfit #5
This outfit is adorable and seemingly more fitting for the spring/summer. The white lace dress I have on is from Francesca's. This is a great piece for layering, just as I do here. Over the dress I have a black blazer and on the bottom, my most amazing pair of heels I will ever own, ORANGE HEELS, Ugh, can we all just take a second to adore them..... Okay. I love this outfit because it is super playful and fun at the same time. Take this look from day tonight also by ditching the blazer and heading out! I love this look. The blazer is from H&M and the shoes are from Aldo.
I hope you all loved these five outfits that are professional and fun at the same time. I wanted to also show how versatile some of the pieces in your closet can be. There is no need to have a billion different black blazers and a million different pairs of heels. As you can im sure realize by now, I don't have my black heels pictured. I wore them the other day and couldn't find them, great. Haha! Let me know what you think in the comments below. Am I forgetting something that is essential to your professional work outfits? Granted, there are other more simple things that I often wear but these outfits were styled to show you how you can stop being so bored during the work week. Hope you enjoyed! Send me a tweet and let me know what you think or leave a comment below!


text: Viktoria by Maya Vitkova (Bulgaria/Romania, 2014, 155 min.). In Bulgarian with English subtitles. Equal parts surreal, absurd, and deeply affecting, this drama follows the extraordinary life of Viktoria, an infant who is miraculously born without an umbilical cord. Though unwanted by her mother, Viktoria is named Bulgaria's "baby of the decade," and is showered with gifts and attention until the decline of the communist regime in the late 1980s turns her world upside down.


text:
To get the best deals, I started at Aldi. For reasons why, and a detailed list of which stores offer the cheapest pricing on specific grocery items, here's my grocery research. Aldi tops the list and Costco is a not-so-close second, followed by Jewel, Trader Joe, and Walmart (but there are a few items that each store has the best deals on).
I was able to purchase about half my list at Aldi:
-Basic veggies (carrots, onions, potatoes), all on sale for 50 to 75-cents per bag
-All canned veggies, all at about 50-cents a can
-marmalade and applesauce, at $1.50 each
-ground turkey, stew meat, bacon, frozen chicken breasts, chicken drumsticks
Total: $53.70
If you haven't been to Aldi in a year or so, take a look. They now offer grassfed meat, freerange chicken broth, healthier dry goods (no artificial color, hydrogenated oils, or MSG in any product sold), and their produce has improved in freshness (still check your bags of potatoes and onions to be sure they're all ok).
Once I was done at Aldi, I checked the ads to find the best deals on meat (since that was the most expensive part). Pork roasts, which I was unable to find at Aldi, were on sale Buy One Get One Free at Jewel, so I went there. Strategy.
I bought the remainder of my list there, which included a lot of produce. In-season produce is usually comparable prices no matter where you get it. And I'm unwilling to compromise on soy sauce, hot sauce, and mustard, so I got the brands that I like even though they weren't on sale. For containers, Walgreens had a great deal on gallon freezer bags, 15 bags for only 99-cents, so Jenny made a quick stop there and picked up 3 boxes. (Still running through Nov 1st if you're interested)
The total for both stores came to $131.64, for both stores. This was enough ingredients for 40 meals, which Jenny and I were preparing together and then splitting, so the total was roughly $65 per person for 20 meals each.
Roast Pork with Cranberry and Ginger
Buffalo-Style Chicken
Modifications: As with all recipes that follow, thaw the frozen bag overnight and then follow the recipe's original heating instructions. Obviously, you are freezing just the buffalo chicken drumsticks and making the optional celery salad the day you cook the chicken :)
Hot Pepper Pork with Butternut Squash
Modifications: I thought 8oz of jelly for 4 servings was too much sugar (that would mean 1/4 cup jelly in each individual serving!), so I did this weird thing where I substituted pickled jalapenos and some honey for hot pepper jelly. Not sure if it will work out. If you're less sugar-phobic, you can just follow the recipe.
Braised Short Ribs with Korean BBQ Sauce
I combined this recipe and substituted the hoisin sauce with Gwyneth Paltrow's "Korean BBQ Sauce" recipe
Pork with Red Cabbage and Smoked Apple Puree
Lots of modifications: Too big to all fit in one gallon bag, so I added the pork and apple puree to one bag, and all the other ingredients to another bag. Cabbage only keeps in the freezer for a month (it keeps in the fridge at least that long), so this was maybe a silly recipe to freeze? I plan on baking the pork roast and slow-cooking the cabbage. I wouldn't make this recipe again as a freezer-to-crockpot recipe.
Nikujaga: Japanese meat-and-potato stew
Modifications: Do not add potatoes or water to freezer bag. Add them when you are adding the stew to the slowcooker.
Gwyneth Paltrow's Posole Soup
Modifications: do not add can of hominy to freezer bag, replace 5 cups broth with 4 tsps bouillon* and add 5 cups water when you reheat on stovetop. Add hominy near the end of cooking.
Modifications: omitted shrimp (I don't think shrimp belong in a slow-cooker), omitted broth (replace with 2 tsp bouillon*, add 3 cups water when you put it in the slow-cooker), rice (add rice when you add to slow cooker)
White Bean and Chicken Chili
Modifications: Do not add cans of tomatoes or beans to freezer bag. Add them while you are heating the soup. The beans would get too mushy.
*bouillon: I use "Better Than Bouillon" these days, which gives a more natural flavor and uses less salt.
My Grocery List:
-12 tomatillos
-4 jalapenos
-4 lbs red cabbage
-2 granny apples
-1 bok choy
-8" fresh ginger
-1 bag matchstick carrots
-1 bag carrots
-2 bags onions
-1 bag celery
-1 lemon
-2 cups cranberries (couldn't find ANY, had to use canned)
-2 28-oz cans hominy
-1 can tomato paste
-4 14-oz cans tomatoes
-4 14-oz cans cannelini beans
-soy sauce
-2 jars chopped garlic in water
-stoneground mustard
-orange marmalade
-2 jars applesauce
-8 oz hot sauce
-dried cranberries
-2 lbs frozen butternut squash
-wonton wrappers (found next to tofu in produce aisle)
-6 lbs beef short rib
-2 lbs pork tenderloin
-1 lb stew pork
-4 3-lb pork roasts
-1 package bacon
-5 lbs chicken drumsticks
-6 chicken breasts
-1 lb ground turkey
-2 lbs turkey sausage
Note: I started with a pretty substantial pantry that I was willing to share. Some things that I had on hand that others might not: dashi granules, gochujang, sake, chicken bouillon, vinegars (rice, cider), olive oil, sesame oil, honey, brown sugar, and a lot of dried spices.


text:
Markets move south, Sensex sheds 346 points (Third Lead)February 2nd, 2009 - 5:29 pm ICT by IANS
Mumbai, Feb 2 (IANS) Indian equities markets closed in the red Monday, with a key index ending trade 3.68 percent lower than its previous close.The sensitive index (Sensex) of the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) closed at 9,077.7 points, 3.68 percent or 346.54 points lower than its previous close.
At closing, the S&P CNX Nifty index of the National Stock Exchange (NSE) was at 2,760.95 points, 3.96 percent down from its Friday close of 2,874.8 points.
The BSE midcap index was down 1.47 percent, while the BSE smallcap index lost 1.54 percent over its previous close.


text:
Elk Grove High School
Welcome to the Elk Grove High School College and Career Center. This page will provide valuable information and resources to assist you in planning for life after high school. The College and Career Center has a variety of informational resources for college, vocational schools, and military. Students have access to online resources, catalogs, and college/career resource booklets.
The College and Career Center is open from 7:15 a.m. to 3:15 p.m. Monday through Friday.
All Students and parents are welcome to visit at any time.
If you'd like to make an appointment please contact Mr. Miocic (email@example.com) or TBD Or call Mr. Miocic at 847-718-4441 or TBD at 847-718-4442.
Elk Grove High School is encouraging students to use Naviance, which is a secure web-based planning and advising system that helps families navigate through high school and explore postsecondary options. Please note that Naviance has recently gone through an update and the website does look slightly different.


text:
Learn Argentine Tango (Volume 7) 1.0.3
Volume 7 "Musicality in Argentine Tango" with internationally known Argentine Tango teacher, Alex Krebs, covers extensively what to listen for in tango music and how to interpret the music in the dance.
Alex has taught Argentine Tango since 1998 and has taught and performed in over 80 cities spanning 8 countries. Alex also plays the bandoneon and directs his tango sextet in Portland, Oregon, USA, and has recorded five tango...


text:
Got a great question from a reader the other day, regarding the clipboard feature on the Galaxy Tab. It's a sweet feature.
Unlike some other Android devices, the Samsung Galaxy Tab has a wonderful Clipboard interface. Normally, when you copy or cut something, it's stored in the clipboard. From there, you can paste the item into another app.
Well, you can paste into an app that accepts either text or a graphic, depending on whatever you've cut or copied.
On the Galaxy Tab, you can choose the Clipboard command then peruse through a list of previously copied/cut items. It works similarly to the Microsoft Office "collect and paste" feature.
The key to getting to the Clipboard is to first select something. Selecting text is covered in my book, Samsung Galaxy Tab 10.1 For Dummies. You can often select a graphic by long-pressing it and choosing a Copy command from a menu. Occasionally the Copy command might appear on a Share menu.
To see the Clipboard, select a chunk of text. (There may be another way to get there, but that's how I do it.)
With a chunk of text selected, choose the Clipboard command from the upper right corner of the screen. It appears next to the other text manipulation commands, as shown in Figure 1.
To insert an item into your text, pluck it from the list. Of course, in Figure 1, that item would replace the selected text, so be careful.
The whole text copy/paste thing on a tablet remains kind of a weird feature, mostly because tablets (and cell phones) are not productivity devices. They lack keyboards. Well, real keyboards. But still, if the urge hits you, the Galaxy Tab has one of the better ways to copy and paste stuff.


text:
OUR Mission
Common Defense is a diverse, grassroots organization of U.S. veterans and military family members who are fighting to preserve the core values we swore to uphold and defend. Together we vow to protect our communities from hate and violence, to serve on the front lines for social, economic, and global justice, and to champion a truly equitable and representative democracy.
Common Defense is proud to endorse the candidates who we believe are most likely to capture the grassroots energy of this political moment and champion a people's agenda of economic, social, and global justice. For a full list of our endorsed candidates, see our endorsements page.
Check out the latest coverage of our work to challenge the illegitimate Trump administration's agenda of authoritarianism and hate. Sign up to get the latest updates on our campaigns!


text:
Dictator Ek Kanoon (2015)
HDRip (480p) || Size: 473MB || Language: Hindi
Genres: Romance, Drama
Director: V. Z. Durai
Stars Cast: Bharath, Meera Jasmine, Govind Namdeo
The movie revolves around Karthik (Bharath) a software engineer and professional. He meets Priya (Meera Jasmine) in Ooty. Love blossoms between them. As usual girl's family protests their affair
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text:
If you're planning on using RSS Feeds to import posts to your Main Queue, you will need to set the time of day to import your RSS posts. Set your RSS Time(s) and watch smqueue automatically import RSS feeds into your Main Queue every 24 hours!
Set each connected Social Media Profile import time individually (Set Globally OFF) or set them all to import at the same time (Set Globally ON). Your Main Queue will import the number of Feeds you have selected at the time set on this page.
1. Hit the "Settings" action icon next to your RSS Feed. This will direct you to your RSS Settings page where you can set your daily import time(s).
Note: This is an IMPORT TIME SETTING ONLY. It is the time smqueue checks your connected RSS Feeds and imports posts to your Main Queue. It will not effect the time your Main Queue sends out posts. Time Slots define when posts from your RSS Feeds are sent.


text:
Oyster Catcher
3 bedrooms, sleeps 6-8
Key Features
- Pitched ceiling
- Flat screen TV
- Plinth heaters
- Cooker
- Fridge
- Toaster
- Microwave
- Lounge/Diner
- Fire
- Shower & toilet
- Fold out bed in lounge
- Pillows and duvets.
The accommodation has a bay window and pitched ceiling & in brief comprises of an open plan lounge/dining area, 3 bedrooms- one double, two twins and one double pull out bed in the lounge.
This caravan comes with plinth heating, a flat screen TV with digital Freeview, fire, shower & toilet. The kitchen is well equipped, with a cooker, fridge, toaster, microwave utensils & cutlery. Pillows and duvets are included. Linen is an optional extra.Take a step back to view all our accommodation


text:
Is this a healthy food?
FoodSniffr Sniffs:
The Good:This one is vegan. And it is vegetarian. And it is yeast-free.
The Bad:
The Ugly:Contains additives.
Manufacturer Description:
Free of: gluten, wheat, casein, dairy, yeast, egg, soy, nut
Latest Reviews
There are no reviews for this product. You could be the first to review!
Rice Mix
F Score :
A good gluten-free flour. Contains some additives.
- Manufacturer:
- Ener-G
- Score:
- 6
- Allergen Info:
- Gluten-Free (certified by manufacturer), Lactose-Free, Dairy-Free, Peanut-Free, Treenut-Free, Soy-Free, Egg-Free
- Diet Info:
- Vegan, Vegetarian, Yeast Free, Additives,
- Ingredients:
- White rice flour, Baking Powder (sodium bicarbonate and monocalcium phosphate).,
- Nutrition info:
- na


text:
Laboratoire des Sciences des Procédés et
des Matériaux (LSPM–UPR CNRS 3407),
Université Paris 13,
99 Avenue Jean-Baptiste Clément,
Villetaneuse 93430, France
Laboratoire Quartz,
Supméca, 3,
rue Fernand Hainaut,
St Ouen Cedex 93407, France;
IUT de Tremblay,
Université Paris 8,
Tremblay-en-France 93290, France
e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Laboratoire des Sciences des Procédés et des
Matériaux (LSPM–UPR CNRS 3407),
Université Paris 13,
99 Avenue Jean-Baptiste Clément,
Villetaneuse 93430, France
1Corresponding author.
Contributed by the Materials Division of ASME for publication in the JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY. Manuscript received June 10, 2016; final manuscript received September 9, 2016; published online February 9, 2017. Assoc. Editor: Taehyo Park.
Motivated by the already developed micromechanical approach (Abdul-Latif et al., 2002, "Elasto-Inelastic Self-Consistent Model for Polycrystals," ASME J. Appl. Mech., 69(3), pp. 309–316.), a new extension is proposed for describing the mechanical strength of ultrafine-grained (ufg) materials whose grain sizes, d, lie in the approximate range of 100 nm < d < 1000 nm as well as for the nanocrystalline (nc) materials characterized by d≤100 nm. In fact, the dislocation kinematics approach is considered for characterizing these materials where grain boundary is taken into account by a thermal diffusion concept. The used model deals with a soft nonincremental inclusion/matrix interaction law. The overall kinematic hardening effect is described naturally by the interaction law. Within the framework of small deformations hypothesis, the elastic part, assumed to be uniform and isotropic, is evaluated at the granular level. The heterogeneous inelastic part of deformation is locally determined. In addition, the intragranular isotropic hardening is modeled based on the interaction between the activated slip systems within the same grain. Affected by the grain size, the mechanical behavior of the ufg as well as the nc materials is fairly well described. This development is validated through several uniaxial stress–strain experimental results of copper and nickel.
Since the early work of Gleiter [1], the ufg and nc materials gained a reputation due to their varied range of advanced and growing properties. Despite the classification of these materials into two groups with respect to their grain sizes, as stated in certain works, one might find such a distinction not so rigorous. In some studies, the ufg materials may denote an average grain size of 100–1000 nm, e.g., Ref. [2], whereas in other studies it may refer to grain sizes confined to 250–1000 nm, e.g., Ref. [3]. There are also publications that argue that the lower bound of ufg size could extend up to 10 nm [4,5].
Historically, the impact of grain size on the mechanical properties has originally been reported by Hall [6] and later on by Petch [7], where the yield strength of polycrystalline materials increases linearly with the inverse square root of the grain size. Among potential applications of this class of materials, the possibility for high strain rate superplasticity at medium and elevated temperatures can be mentioned [3,8]. Because of the relatively higher volume fraction of grain boundaries in nc materials, research interests have been developed in investigating the deformation mechanisms at the grain boundaries, such as sliding. Such grain boundaries play a significant role induced by complex dislocation mechanisms [9].
The responses of ufg and nc structures are also affected by several intra and intergranular mechanisms, which explain different deformation mechanisms.
On the other hand, it is generally observed that the enhancement in yield strength is accompanied by lack of ductility [4]. The ufg materials are further characterized by low work hardening rate and high fatigue resistance (e.g., Ref. [3]). Moreover, molecular dynamics simulations show that partial dislocation movement within grain boundaries becomes a dominant mechanism in the grain sizes range of 10–50 nm [9,10]. A reverse Hall–Petch law (i.e., a negative slope) is observed for grain sizes below 10 nm. Such a behavior has been interpreted either by the Coble creep of grain-boundary diffusion [11,12]. The concept of critical grain size has been proposed considering the equilibrium position of dislocation pile-up under external stress. In ufg copper, for example, predictions indicated a critical grain size ∼19.3 nm (e.g., Refs. [11] and [13–15]). In another similar study and by using the theoretical shear strength and Peierls strength, Wang et al. [16] concluded that the computed critical grain size for copper is 8.2 nm. In this range of grain sizes, further features are also reported such as more sensitivity due to porosity, tension/compression asymmetry, and shear bands localization [17], increase in strain rate sensitivity especially for face-centered cubic (fcc) metals [18,19], high dislocation density, and high volume fraction of grain boundaries. Such impressive mechanical features have turned the subject into an appealing one with intensive research developments.
From the modeling point of view, the nonlocal dislocation mechanics approaches based on the concept of geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) have been developed to successfully predict the dependence of strain-hardening rate on the grain size (see Refs. [20] and [21], and many others). Several other works (e.g., Refs. [15] and [22]) focused on the grain size distribution effect as an internal parameter of the heterogeneous microstructure. Micro–macro models consider the grain size effect that has been developed (e.g., Refs. [23–25]) whereby a Hall–Petch-type equation with a single-valued grain size is considered at the microscale. The mixture model of two phases (grain and grain boundary) has been developed, e.g., Refs. [24], [26–32], and [33–36] among others. Likewise, other modeling approaches have been recently developed for describing size effects in crystalline metals. These are the discrete dislocation dynamics (see Refs. [37–39] and others) and molecular dynamic simulations (e.g., Refs. [40–43]). In the current modeling, another modeling approach that is used assumes that the grain is deformed plastically via dislocation glide; whereas the plasticity of grain boundary takes place through a boundary diffusion mechanism [44–46]. The latter describes the strain hardening behavior with sensitivity to the grain size and strain rate.
In this work, an extension of an already developed micromechanical approach [47,48] is proposed to predict the grain size effect on the mechanical strength of metals. As a new development, dislocation kinetics equations look interesting for characterizing the ufg and nc materials where the grain boundary is taken into account using the thermal diffusion concept. In the used self-consistent model, the overall kinematic hardening effect is naturally described by the interaction law. The elastic part is considered at the granular level assumed to be uniform, isotropic, and compressible. The heterogeneous inelastic deformation is locally determined by the activated slip systems. The intragranular isotropic hardening is taken into account. The model describes fairly well the effect of wide range of grain sizes on the strain–stress behavior of polycrystalline metals. The model is validated by copper and nickel experimental data.
Based on the elasto-inelastic self-consistent model developed in Refs. [47] and [48], three different length scales are recognized: (i) macroscale (grains aggregate), (ii) mesoscale (each grain), and (iii) microscale crystallographic slip systems (css).
Assumed to be initially isotropic, the polycrystal is usually viewed as an aggregate of numerous grains (single-phase or polyphase) having different orientations with respect to the loading axis. For polycrystalline metals, the configuration of random crystal distribution is used. Emphasis is placed on single-phase polycrystals where the mechanical properties of each grain are considered to be identical with respect to the crystallographic reference frame. At the mesoscale, the heterogeneity comes from the differences in the orientation of the grains. The morphology and spatial distribution of the grains are not taken into account.
The mechanical state for each length scale can be mathematically described with the aid of the following internal state variables:
At the macroscale: there are no state variables at this level. The second-order overall stress tensor Σ¯¯ (overall strain tensor E¯¯) is the simple average of the second-order granular stress tensor σ¯¯ (granular strain tensor ε¯¯).
At the mesoscale: the second-order granular elastic tensor ε¯¯e is introduced as internal state variable and its dual thermodynamic associated force variable is σ¯¯.
At the microscale: a couple of internal state variables (qs, Rs) is used as descriptors of the intragranular isotropic hardening for each css; with the isotropic hardening variable qs, the dual scalar variable Rs is the thermodynamic associated force. It is assumed that this hardening is affected by interactions among the slip systems within the same single crystal.
For several metals, two sources of kinematic hardening are experimentally observed at two length scales. The first one comes from the plastic strain incompatibility at the grain boundary level (intergranular). This leads to nonuniform distribution of stresses and strains at the mesoscale. The second source (intragranular) represents the long-range interactions at the css. However, in the present modeling, the global effects of these hardening sources can be implicitly described by the interaction law via the inelasticity-hardening coupling parameter (Θ).
With the octahedral slips, the inelastic deformation of single crystal is defined.
Grains within the aggregate are considered to have the same elastic coefficients. The overall elastic strain tensor E¯¯e together with the overall inelastic strain tensor E¯¯in is determined through the micro–macro methodology.
Throughout this paper, the index s∈ {1,2,….,n} is associated to the system rank, with n being the maximum number of octahedral systems in the grain (n = 12 for fcc and n = 24 for bcc). Similarly, the index g∈ {1, 2,…., Ng} describes the grain rank, with Ng being the maximum number of grains contained in the grains aggregate.
Since the granular elastic part is assumed to be uniform, isotropic, and compressible, its free energy per unit volume is written as a classical isotropic quadratic function of the granular elastic strain tensor ε¯¯e. Thermodynamically, its associated variable is the granular stress tensor σ¯¯. Thus, the elastic granular specific free energy ψeg is expressed as
Display Formula
where ρ is the granular material density, and λ and μ are the classical Lame's constants of the grain.
The associated stress variable σ¯¯ is given by
Display Formula
where I¯¯ is the second-order identity tensor.
Under isothermal condition, the granular coefficients λ and μ remain always constants. With the time derivative of Eq. (2), the granular elastic strain rate is therefore defined by
Display Formula
The granular inelastic part of the state potential ρψing, which is assumed to be exclusively dependent on the intragranular isotropic hardening, is expressed as quadratic function of the internal variable qs by [49]
Display Formula
where Q is the intragranular isotropic hardening modulus considered to be the same for all slip systems. The hardening interaction matrix (Hrs) is supposed to describe dislocation–dislocation interaction allowing the introduction of the cross effect of the slip of the system s on the hardening of the system r. Using the state law, the dual variable Rs is derived from Eq. (4) given by
Display Formula
This hardening tends to saturate on each slip system. It depends on the amount of the slip on the same system (self-hardening) as well as on the other systems of the same grain (cross hardening).
Neglecting the grain size effect, the yield surface Schmid type of microplasticity for each css is defined in terms of the resolved shear stress τs together with the hardening expressed by
Display Formula
where τos is the initial value of the critical resolved shear stress (friction stress).
The local inelastic flow determination is made when the absolute value of the resolved shear stress τs is greater than the new actual flow surface radius, i.e., |τs| ≥ Rs+τos. The slip rate can be determined as long as the stress and the hardening variables are known. Each resolved shear stress τs is computed by projecting the granular stress σ¯¯ on each slip system using
Display Formula
The rates of change of the inelastic strain and intragranular isotropic hardening are obtained by introducing the yield function fs together with dissipation potential Fs adopting the nonassociated plasticity concept. Fs is thus expressed by [49]
Display Formula
where bs is a material constant characterizing the nonlinearity of the intragranular isotropic hardening assumed to be the same for all slip systems.
The evolution equations of the granular inelastic strain and the isotropic hardening variable are deduced from the generalized normality rule
Display Formula
Display Formula
where γ˙s is the slip rate on the css.
The orientation tensor m¯¯s is defined as
Display Formula
where ls and ns are the slip direction and slip plane normal unit vectors, respectively.
After determining the associated force Rs (Eq. (5)), the rate equation of q˙s is then derived as follows:
Display Formula
In the framework of viscoplasticity, the value of pseudomultiplier λ˙s occurring along closed-packed crystallographic slip planes and directions is a power function of the distance to the yield point defined by the local yield criterion fs (without grain size effect)
Display Formula
where K and z are material constants describing the local viscous effect of the material.
Since the rate-independent models do not possess the uniqueness in the numerical applications, the rate-dependent slip is thus adopted to resolve such numerical difficulties used previously in several research programs (e.g., Refs. [48–50]). Although, the developed model is a rate-dependent type, the rate-independent case can be practically obtained by choosing a high value of viscous exponent z and a low value of the coefficient K, leading to low and constant viscous stress σvs described by σvs=K|γ˙s|1/z.
A generalization of grain/matrix interaction law for fully anisotropic and compressible elastoviscoplastic behavior with small strain hypothesis has been developed in Ref. [51] assuming that the granular and macroscopic behaviors follow Maxwell elastic–viscoplastic relation. They proposed an approximate solution keeping the same structure of the incompressible interaction law developed in Ref. [52], i.e., with elastic and viscoplastic parts. The generalized elastic–viscoplastic interaction law is expressed by
Display Formula
In the case where the elastic response dominates, the viscoplastic term (R¯¯¯¯s-1+A¯¯¯¯)-1 becomes negligible; therefore, the interaction law (Eq. (14)) can be written as [47]
Display Formula
Based on the solution of the general interaction law of elasticity for heterogeneous media using Green function method, it is demonstrated that the solution for a spherical inclusion embedded in an infinite homogeneous matrix having elastic properties defined by λ and μ, the fourth-order interaction tensor is determined in Ref. [53]. Therefore, it can be defined by executing the following steps:
First, we have
Display Formula
For a spherical inclusion embedded in a finite homogenous isotropic matrix, J¯¯¯¯s is defined as
Display Formula
The isotropic macroscopic stiffness tensor is classically expressed as
Display Formula
Therefore, one can obtain the following relation:
Display Formula
where the constants A and B are defined by Lame's coefficients μ and λ as follows:
Display Formula
As a result, the elastic part of the interaction law can be written as
Display Formula
For a fully viscoplastic behavior dominating at stationary state (in the long range response), the term (σ˙¯¯−Σ˙¯¯) is practically vanished. Therefore, Eq. (14) can be approximately written as [47]
Display Formula
This equation represents a self-consistent approach developed in Ref. [54] describing the viscoplastic behavior of polycrystals under large deformations condition.
In the case of viscoplastic behavior for spherical inclusion where the matrix is assumed isotropic and incompressible, the tangent modulus is approximated by
Display Formula
and the interaction tensor R¯¯¯¯s is given by
Display Formula
ηo is the scalar macroscopic viscous tangent modulus dependent on the deformation history.
The viscoplastic part of the general interaction law (Eq. (14)) takes therefore the following form:
Display Formula
Consequently, the modified interaction law of the elastoviscoplastic behavior of polycrystal (Eq. (14)) in the case of spherical inclusion is equal to the sum of the two approximated parts (elastic: Eq. (22) and viscoplastic: Eq. (26)). Thus, one obtains
Display Formula
The same problem of ηο adjustment is encountered in order to satisfy the self-consistency conditions especially under multiaxial loading paths [47]. Hence, the term (1/3ηo) is replaced with a positive phenomenological parameter (Θ > 0) responsible for inelasticity-hardening coupling and the modified interaction law can be written as
Display Formula
Θ can implicitly and naturally describe the global kinematic hardening effects.
As a basic concept to start this modeling, the relationship between dislocation density and crystal plasticity of ufg materials is adopted. Then, a uniform distribution of dislocations is considered [44,55,56]. The evolution of average dislocation density ρ versus slip γ is given by
Display Formula
where kf is a constant accounting for dislocation storage; ka is a coefficient of dislocation annihilation by slip mechanisms determining the dynamic restoration of the intensity in a deformed metal; kb=B/d2 is the dislocation annihilation coefficient occurring at the grain boundaries, d being grain size and B is a constant related to the thermal activation mechanism expressed by
Display Formula
where η is the thermal activation coefficient, and Dgb denotes the diffusion coefficient at the grain boundaries. Its value at room temperature varies between 10−19 and 10−22 m2/s. Note that for fcc metals, B values are close to each other.
The thermal activation coefficient η is defined by
Display Formula
These coefficients can be directly obtained from experimental data describing the behavior of metals. The sum of ka and kb defines the global loss of dislocations density due to dislocation annihilation.
To solve the nonlinear differential equation (29), it is considered as a Bernoulli type. So, its solution for any r varying between 0 and 1 is expressed by u=ρ1−r=ρ1−12=ρ12 and dρ/dγ=2u(du/dγ). This gives a first-order differential equation for which the exact solution is stated as [44]
Display Formula
In addition, some quantities require to be defined
Display Formula
where α is a dimensionless parameter. Its values range from 0.05 to 0.26 for different materials [57].
The most condensed form can be written as follows:
Display Formula
where d is the average grain size, σo is the flow stress, and m is the Taylor factor, and εy is a macroscopic strain offset of 0.002.
It is worth emphasizing that Eq. (36) presented at the macroscale is derived from Eq. (29) based on average values (average dislocation density, slip, etc.) across the grain. Several mechanisms such as accumulation and annihilation of dislocations and thermal diffusion, which depend on grain size, lead to build local barriers across the grain. By analogy, it is assumed for the sake of simplicity that the same concept in Eq. (36) can be reformulated at the microscale. Note that a new reference granular shear strain (γog) is proposed as material parameter replacing (mεy) in Eq. (36). Therefore, the grain size effect presented at the css level is expressed by
Display Formula
where τts is the initial flow stress and τos represents the flow stress for an infinite grain size. The above equation is a kind of generalized Hall–Petch law because under certain conditions, the classical Hall–Petch law can be simply retrieved as given below.
The second and the third terms (noted henceforth χGB) in the right-hand side of Eq. (37) describe the grain size effect. These two terms are based on the concept that smaller the grain size corresponds to grater the importance of the grain boundary phase where the deformation is not dominated by the dislocation glide mechanism within the grain
Display Formula
The constants A, C, and D have the respective expressions
Display Formula
The local yield surface (Eq. (6)) is now affected by the grain size defined by
Display Formula
It is worth emphasizing that in the case of coarse grains this leads to
Display Formula
One can obtain
Display Formula
Therefore, the form of classical Hall–Petch relation τts=τos+D/d is retrieved.
Therefore, the new local yield surface affected by the grain size is written as
Display Formula
It is well known that the overall properties are a function of grain properties. Thus, each grain is assumed to be embedded in a homogenous equivalent medium exhibiting a response equal to the average response of all grains. In this context, the overall elastic and inelastic strain tensors are obtainable through the micro–macro methodology, which means that there are no state variables at this level. Hence, the macroscopic Cauchy stress tensor Σ¯¯ is also deduced from the same concept. In fact, after determining the granular inelastic strain rate as the sum of the contributions from all activated slip systems, the transition from the single to polycrystal response is performed by following the well-known averaging procedures. For homogenous elastic media, the overall stress Σ¯¯ (the overall strain E˙¯¯e) is simply the volume average of the granular stresses σ¯¯ (granular strains ε¯¯e) [58,59]. For the overall inelastic strain, the averaging procedure is usually not straightforward since it involves localization tensors [60]. In the special case of a single-phase polycrystal with isotropic elasticity, as in the actual case of elasto-inelastic behavior with homogeneous elasticity, the overall elastic and inelastic strain rates (E˙¯¯e and E˙¯¯in) are equal to the average of granular rates (i.e., ε˙¯¯e and ε˙¯¯in) [60]. The rates of change of overall elastic and inelastic strains are therefore computed, respectively, as follows:
Display Formula
where vg denotes the volume fraction of co-oriented grains. ε˙¯¯e and ε˙¯¯in are determined by Eqs. (3) and (9), respectively.
Since the finite strains are involved, the total overall strain rate (E˙¯¯) can be decomposed as follows:
Display Formula
In this paragraph, the abilities of the model in describing the grains size effect on the elasto-inelastic behavior of polycrystals for spherical grains are demonstrated. The identification procedure for determining different material coefficients is carried out by relying on the prepared experimental databases. Two distinct metals, namely nickel (experimental results provided via ANR-mimic, 2008–2012) and copper [61] are studied.
The impact of the grain size on different length scales behavior is predicted under uniaxial quasi-static load of strain rate of 10−4/s using a random single-phase fcc crystal distribution of 400 grains. This grains aggregate (number and orientation of grains) represents an acceptable compromise between minimizing the calculation time (CPU) and describing correctly the polycrystalline microstructure [48]. With a single-valued grain size, the orientation of each grain is defined by the Euler angles shown in the inverse-pole figure (Fig. 1). Besides, the distribution is suitably covered almost all space directions.
As experimental data, three average grain diameters of 0.049, 0.11, and 20 μm for copper [61] are employed here. It is worth noting that Sanders et al. [61] have been observing the impact of the grain size on Young's modulus. However, the independence of the model elastic part on the grain size is adopted. Its standard value is therefore used (Table 1). For nickel, two different average grain size diameters of 0.22 and 3.79 μm are utilized. Their overall mechanical behavior has been studied by means of uniaxial compression tests conducted at room temperature and strain rate of 10−4/s.
As a forthcoming work, other loading configurations for different ufg and nc metallic materials will be predicted showing the model robustness.
Using these experimental data, the model parameters are calibrated for the two metals. The model constitutive equations are programmed into a computer code using the well-known second-order Runge–Kutta algorithm with adaptive step size. It is a single-step method directly derived from the Euler method which has the advantage of being easy to implement and stable for those functions used in physics. With a nonstiff problem, this algorithm consists of improving the accuracy of the solution y(t). Its principle basis is the same as for the Euler method, whereas the difference is based on the introduction of additional correction terms to the iterative relation for reducing rounding errors. This approach is largely used for solving ordinary differential equations systems.
The model constitutive equations are presented as: (1) intragranular isotropic hardening variables qs; (2) viscoplastic pseudomultiplier λs for each css; (3) granular stress tensor σ¯¯ obtained via the interaction law; (4) granular elastic strain tensor ε¯¯e ; (5) granular inelastic strain tensor ε¯¯in ; and (6) overall total strain tensor E¯¯.
Y˙¯ is considered as a vector defined by
Since an fcc polycrystalline structure is considered in this work, the number of scalar equations to be solved is Neq = 13 + 42 × Ng. The first number corresponds to 6 × 2 + 1 = 13 (components of elastic E¯¯e, inelastic E¯¯in tensors and overall accumulated inelastic strain), Ng × 6 × 3 (σ˙¯¯, ε˙¯¯e and ε˙¯¯in granular variables), as well as Ng × 12 × 2 (λ˙s and q˙s variables). The initial conditions are effectively assumed to be totally known (〈Y¯〉tn=t0=〈Y¯0〉).
It is considered therefore that at the instant tn+1 = tn + Δt, an increment of total overall strain ΔE is applied to the grains aggregate. It is assumed that 〈Y˙¯〉tn=〈E˙¯¯,σ˙¯¯,ε˙¯¯e,ε˙¯¯in,λ˙s,q˙s〉 is known at the instant tn. The following variables and measurements 〈ΔY¯〉=〈ΔE¯¯, Δσ¯¯, Δε¯¯e, Δε¯¯in, Δλs, Δqs〉 have to be defined in accurate space increments. From the algorithm, the numerical solution 〈Y¯〉tn+1 for each time increment is expressed by
Figure 2 shows the flowchart for the model programming.
Young's modulus (E) and Poisson's ratio (ν) are directly determined via the experimental data of the used metals. For the sake of simplicity, these overall elasticity constants are equal to these of granular ones due to the isotropic elasticity. Note that the elasticity is assumed to be independent of grain size. Thus, the Lame's coefficients (λ and μ) are classically computed based on the overall Young's modulus and the Poisson's ratio using the classical elasticity relations λ = νΕ / (1 + ν)(1 − 2ν) and μ = Ε / 2(1 + ν). In addition, the model constants ka, βo, kf, μ, b, m, and kB are defined using physical standard values summarized in Table 1. The strain rate (ε˙) is equal to10−4/s and the value of reference granular shear strain γog = 0.006 for the two metals.
As discussed above, the plastic behavior can be described by choosing a relatively high value of viscous exponent z and low value of the coefficient K, i.e., minimizing the viscosity effect. The parameter Θ, the initial yield stress of the slip system τos, and the intragranular isotropic hardening coefficients (Q and bs) should also be calibrated. In addition, six coefficients of the Hrs matrix (h1, h2,…., h6) also require identification. In fact, the diagonal term (h1) is always equal to one. For simplification, it is considered that h2 = h3 = h4 = h5 = h1 = 1.0, whereas, h6 requires calibration. To begin the identification procedure, the initial values of the model parameters are chosen. In order to achieve this operation satisfactorily, the following steps are applied:
Identified parameters of the micromechanical model for the two employed metals
The new model parameters (Dgb and α) are numerically studied demonstrating their impact on the flow stress evolution for 500 μm≥d≥3 nm. As a result, four values of Dgb (10−22, 10−21, 10−20 and 10−19 m2/s) and four ones of α (0.05, 0.12, 0.2, and 0.26) are tested. The selected values are based on their ranges given in Refs. [3] and [28] for Dgb and in Ref. [57] for α.Other already calibrated parameters (Tables 1 and 2) of copper are employed.
The effect of Dgb is first studied by fixing α = 0.12 (Fig. 3). Then, α is varied for Dgb = 10−20 (Fig. 4). Interactions between these two parameters are observed leading consequently to a significant flow stress evolution due to grain size. Note that the flow stress is defined using a macroscopic strain offset of 0.2%. Figure 3 reveals that the greater the value of Dgb, the lower becomes the overall flow stress and the greater is the variation of the Hall–Petch plot. The reverse Hall–Petch does not capture at Dgb = 10−22, whereas it is clearly observed at Dgb = 10−20 and 10−19, for d≤5 nm and d≤20 nm, respectively. It is recognized that the critical value of grain size is influenced by Dgb (Fig. 3). Besides, when d≥50 nm, Hall–Petch slope is not affected by Dgb. In the case of copper, Dgb should be ≤ 10−20 with α = 0.12 to describe suitably the Hall–Petch plot.
The effect of αon the flow stress is numerically tested. So, Fig. 4 illustrates the yield stress evolution for different values of α using Dgb = 10−20. It is concluded that the greater the value of α, the greater is the Hall–Petch slopes (positive and negative) and the greater is the variation of the yield strength. In addition, whatever the value of α, the same critical grain size (d = 5 nm) is recorded.
As a conclusion, these two coefficients (Dgb and α) and their interactions can describe their impact on the flow stress evolution.
After parameters calibration, comparisons between the predictions and the experimental data at the macroscale are shown in Figs. 5 and 6 for the copper and nickel, respectively. The principal features of grain size effect on the elasto-inelastic behaviors for these metals are predicted showing a good agreement with the experimental results.
The impact of the copper grain size for d = 0.049, 0.11, and 20 μm on the mechanical strength is investigated at the different length scales. Hence, the granular distributions of axial elastic and inelastic strains and axial stress are recorded at the end of loading. An examination of Fig. 7 highlights the fact that the granular behavior has a heterogeneous nature whatever the grain size. This reflects the aptitude of this approach in describing the heterogeneity. The parameter Θ (=1.58 × 10−6) leads to an instantaneous elastic effect and viscoplastic relaxation at the steady-state. If these two conditions have been respected, the overall kinematic and isotropic hardenings will be successfully reproduced [47]. Hence, the term Θ(s¯¯g−S¯¯) gives certain equilibrium between the first two terms in the left-hand side of the interaction law (28) leading therefore to relatively smooth interactions between grains and their matrix for a given grain size. The heterogeneity of the granular elastic strain (Fig. 7(a)) dictated by the interaction law increases with the grain size decrease. Figure 7(b) shows also the role of grain size on the granular inelastic strain heterogeneity. In fact, this heterogeneity is inversely proportional with respect to the grain size. Figure 7(c) reveals a significant heterogeneity of granular axial stress distribution and its dependence on the grain size. In fact, the greater the value of the grain size, the lower is the granular stress heterogeneity.
To describe the predicted the heterogeneities at the microscale and their dependence on the grain size, the slip (λs), the intragranular isotropic hardening (Rs), and shear stress (τs) evolutions are studied. A given slip system (No. 11 defining by (11¯1) × [011]) is beforehand selected for the grain no. 80, which is favorably oriented with respect to the external loading. Figure 8(a) shows that for d = 20 μm, the slip began to be active first, and its rate of change is almost linear; whereas for other grain sizes, the slip evolves in nonlinear manner. This nonlinearity is inversely proportional to the grain size.
Concerning Rs, its evolution versus slip is nonlinear whatever the grain size (Fig. 8(b)). When the grain size decreases, the evolution demonstrates a plateau especially at the beginning of straining. This plateau decreases with the grain size increasing and it vanishes when d = 20 μm. One can conclude that the greater the grain size, the greater becomes the isotropic hardening. This is due to the cross effect of the slip on the hardening of other slips.
τs evolves differently during deformation for these three grain sizes (Fig. 8(c)). Whatever the grain size, its negative evolution is related to the selected slip system particularly its orientation with respect to external loading. As in Rs case, a plateau is clearly observed especially for d = 110 and 49 nm. The nonlinearity becomes evident and its value is totally conditioned by the grain size, i.e., the lower the grain size, the greater is the shear stress (τs). This is mainly induced by the yield surface evolution (Eq. (45)).
A wide range of grain sizes (500 μm≥d≥3 nm) is numerically tested showing the model ability in describing its effect on the mechanical strength. The prediction of copper grain size effect on the flow stress is demonstrated in Fig. 9. In fact, the yield stress (Σy) increases proportionally with decreasing the inverse square root of grain size for conventional, ufg and nc materials following the Hall–Petch plot. However, as the grain size further decreases below 10 nm, the yield stress starts to decrease leading to the reverse Hall–Petch plot. The plastic behavior in the reverse Hall–Petch represents up to now a debated question due to a softening mechanism related to processes taking place in the grain boundaries of nc materials (e.g., Refs. [11,44,45], and [61–63]). Moreover, the experimental yield stresses for the three grain sizes [61] are integrated in this figure as a comparison with the plotted prediction. To demonstrate the role of χGB (Eq. (38)), its evolution has the same trend as for the yield stress but with different slopes regarding the positive and the negative Hall–Petch relation (Fig. 9).
A new extension of the micromechanical approach already developed [47] is proposed to predict the grains size effect on the enhancement of the mechanical strength of metallic polycrystals. In fact, the dislocation kinematics concept is adopted for characterizing the ufg and the nc materials, where grain boundary is taken into account by a thermal diffusion concept. Thus, this model describes the inelastic behavior of ufg and nc metals whatever the grain size. Within the framework of small strain hypothesis, the impact of the grains size on the overall mechanical behavior of polycrystals is faithfully described by the model. The model highlights the fact that the meso and microscale heterogeneous behaviors are suitably described. Predictions point out the fundamental influence of the grain size on the response of the model length scales.
It is recognized that the two coefficients related to grain size (Dgb and α) and their interactions show a significant impact on the yield stress evolution for a given temperature and strain rate.
Comparisons between copper and nickel experimental results and the model predictions reveal the model capability to appropriately reproduce the behavior of these metals and their sensitivity to the grain size.
As important issues, the effects of strain rate and temperature on Hall–Petch relationship will be considered in a future work.
The authors are grateful to The French National Research Agency, ANR (ANR 09-BLAN-0010-01) for supporting this work.
Inverse-pole figure for the used 400 grains aggregate showing the initial grains distribution
Comparison between the overall predicted response and the experiment result for the copper showing the grain size impact on the tensile stress–strain behavior
Comparison between the experimental results and the model predictions of the compressive stress–strain for nickel
Programming flowchart of the model
Influence of the model parameter (α) on the copper flow stress for 500 μm≥d≥3 nm
Influence of the diffusion coefficient (Dgb) on the copper flow stress for 500 μm≥d≥3 nm
Axial granular responses at the end of loading: (a) elastic, (b) inelastic, and (c) stress showing the impact of the grain size on their evolutions
Predicted evolution of the: (a) slip, (b) intragranular isotropic hardening, and (c) resolved shear stress, for a given activated slip system using the three different grain sizes
Dependence of the yield stress on the copper grain size
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