text:
Outbound Mercury Guide 6
This tent is built tough for the price. The floor…
Design: Three+season Freestanding, 4 pole dome
Sleeps: 6+
Ease of Setup: easy
Weight: 21 pounds total
Price Paid: $149
This tent is built tough for the price. The floor is 5000mm coated 420D Oxford bathtub, #10 zippers, 2000mm coated 75D 190T fly, a huge main and sizable second vestibule, and 2 large mesh/solid doors. Plenty big and tall inside, at 89 square feet.
There is an included gearloft with a lantern hanger and 6 pockets for storage. It's nice having so many places for organizing the small stuff. The fly buckles on, cinches down to the ground, and has kept my family dry in a strong storm we had this February. It is fairly heavy. Built in Canada and spec'd as a 3 season, I'd rate this as a 3+ season.
The only downside is a lack of ventilation on the top of the tent, so it seems to be built for Colder regions. I will say that the two mesh doors are HUGE and allow plenty of cross-venthilation. I have never had a problem with condensation, but I live in dry SoCal, so even the winters (though cold in the mountains) are dry.
The tent is very stable, but features 11mm fiberglass poles. Alluminum poles are now available directly from outbound.ca if I ever want/need to replace the existing ones. Solidly built, with great zippers and 10 guy points/lines. I have set this up with my 10 year old in less than 10 minutes, including the fly. A great value.
This is a great tent - for the right person -well…
Price Paid: $300
This is a great tent - for the right person -well constructed - great to sleep in and to look at.
However it was sold to me with the female salesperson knowing I'm a single parent with one child - I stand just under 5' 4" and my daughter was about 4' 8" when we purchased it. Even with two adult sized females now (child is now 5' 3.5") it is a struggle to get up.
So...great tent - not so easy to set up. And if you have any disability in your arms - which I now do - it's now time to sell it and find something that works better or give up camping completely.
This is hardly a review on the tent. User bought the wrong tent and struggles to put up a 6 person guide tent with two small people - not a surprise
2 years ago
Where to Buy
The Mercury Guide 6 has been discontinued.reviewers paid:
$149.00 - $300.00
The Outbound Mercury Guide 6 is not available from the stores we monitor.


text:
Lady Bisons hold final volleyball clinic of the school year
Volleyball players of all skills levels from ages 6-to-13 are invited to attend a free clinic this Sunday offered by the Lipscomb coaches and players.
The clinic will be the last of the school year. It will be held on the Lipscomb campus at the Student Activity Center located across from the bell tower.
Participants will need to wear appropriate athletic gear and tennis shoes. Participants are also encouraged to bring a water bottle.
For more information contact Samantha Sullivan at email@example.com.

subset: commoncrawl


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Rules For The Radicals Of The World...
Alinsky's Rules for Radicals
By Craig Miyamoto, APR, Fellow PRSA
To paraphrase some sage advice, "keep your friends close, keep your enemies closer." If your business or organization ever becomes a target of radical activists, it will be extremely helpful to know what strategies of attack will used against you. Short of having spies infiltrate their organization - a practice that is sure to be found out and exposed to your discredit - it would help to study their methods.
Known as the "father of modern American radicalism," Saul D. Alinsky (1909-1972) developed strategies and tactics that take the enormous, unfocused emotional energy of grassroots groups and transform it into effective anti-government and anti-corporate activism. Activist organizations teach his ideas widely taught today as a set of model behaviors, and they use these principles to create an emotional commitment to victory - no matter what.
Grassroots pressure on large organizations is reality, and there is every indication that it will grow. Because the conflicts manifest in high-profile public debate and often-panicked decision-making, studying Alinsky's rules will help organizations develop counteractive strategies that can level the playing field.
Governments and corporations have inherent weaknesses. And, time and again, they repeat mistakes that other large organizations have made, even repeating their OWN mistakes. Alinsky's out-of-print book - "Rules for Radicals" - illustrates why opposition groups take on large organizations with utter glee, and why these governments and corporations fail to win.
Large organizations have learned to stonewall and not empower activists. In other words, they try to ignore radical activists and are never as committed to victory as their opposition is committed to defeating them. Result? They are unprepared for the hailstorm of brutal tactics that severely damage their reputation and send them running with their tails between their legs.
Some of these rules are ruthless, but they work. Here are the rules to be aware of:
RULE 1: "Power is not only what you have, but what the enemy thinks you have." Power is derived from 2 main sources - money and people. "Have-Nots" must build power from flesh and blood. (These are two things of which there is a plentiful supply. Government and corporations always have a difficult time appealing to people, and usually do so almost exclusively with economic arguments.)
RULE 2: "Never go outside the expertise of your people." It results in confusion, fear and retreat. Feeling secure adds to the backbone of anyone. (Organizations under attack wonder why radicals don't address the "real" issues. This is why. They avoid things with which they have no knowledge.)
RULE 3: "Whenever possible, go outside the expertise of the enemy." Look for ways to increase insecurity, anxiety and uncertainty. (This happens all the time. Watch how many organizations under attack are blind-sided by seemingly irrelevant arguments that they are then forced to address.)
RULE 4: "Make the enemy live up to its own book of rules." If the rule is that every letter gets a reply, send 30,000 letters. You can kill them with this because no one can possibly obey all of their own rules. (This is a serious rule. The besieged entity's very credibility and reputation is at stake, because if activists catch it lying or not living up to its commitments, they can continue to chip away at the damage.)
Note; this explains much about how the environazis operate.
RULE 5: "Ridicule is man's most potent weapon." There is no defense. It's irrational. It's infuriating. It also works as a key pressure point to force the enemy into concessions. (Pretty crude, rude and mean, huh? They want to create anger and fear.)
RULE 6: "A good tactic is one your people enjoy." They'll keep doing it without urging and come back to do more. They're doing their thing, and will even suggest better ones. (Radical activists, in this sense, are no different that any other human being. We all avoid "un-fun" activities, and but we revel at and enjoy the ones that work and bring results.)
RULE 7: "A tactic that drags on too long becomes a drag." Don't become old news. (Even radical activists get bored. So to keep them excited and involved, organizers are constantly coming up with new tactics.)
RULE 8: "Keep the pressure on. Never let up." Keep trying new things to keep the opposition off balance. As the opposition masters one approach, hit them from the flank with something new. (Attack, attack, attack from all sides, never giving the reeling organization a chance to rest, regroup, recover and re-strategize.)
RULE 9: "The threat is usually more terrifying than the thing itself." Imagination and ego can dream up many more consequences than any activist. (Perception is reality. Large organizations always prepare a worst-case scenario, something that may be furthest from the activists' minds. The upshot is that the organization will expend enormous time and energy, creating in its own collective mind the direst of conclusions. The possibilities can easily poison the mind and result in demoralization.)
RULE 10: "If you push a negative hard enough, it will push through and become a positive." Violence from the other side can win the public to your side because the public sympathizes with the underdog. (Unions used this tactic. Peaceful [albeit loud] demonstrations during the heyday of unions in the early to mid-20th Century incurred management's wrath, often in the form of violence that eventually brought public sympathy to their side.)
RULE 11: "The price of a successful attack is a constructive alternative." Never let the enemy score points because you're caught without a solution to the problem. (Old saw: If you're not part of the solution, you're part of the problem. Activist organizations have an agenda, and their strategy is to hold a place at the table, to be given a forum to wield their power. So, they have to have a compromise solution.)
RULE 12: Pick the target, freeze it, personalize it, and polarize it." Cut off the support network and isolate the target from sympathy. Go after people and not institutions; people hurt faster than institutions. (This is cruel, but very effective. Direct, personalized criticism and ridicule works.)
__________________________________________________ ___________
Courtesy of Randy Spiker
Dave Walters
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UMBC AEC Quarterfinal Game Notes
BALTIMORE – The seventh-seeded UMBC women's basketball team opens its 11th America East Championships on Friday, March 7 when it takes No. 2 Stony Brook in quarterfinal action. Tip-off is set for noon at SEFCU Arena, broadcast live on ESPN3, with Eric Frede and Vera Jones on the call.
UMBC is playing in its 11th America East Conference Championships since joining the league in 2003-04 and looks to once again make noise as the No. 7 seed of the tournament. The Retrievers had never won an America East Tournament game before 2007, when they made a Cinderella run through the league to win their first-ever conference title and earn a berth in the NCAA Tournament. Seventh-seeded UMBC became the first team in America East history to defeat the top three seeds in the tournament (No. 2 Stony Brook 67-64/Quarterfinals, No. 3 Vermont 67-56/Semifinals, No. 1 Hartford 48-46/Finals) and were the lowest seed ever to win the league championship. The 16th-seeded Retrievers then fell to top-seed Connecticut in the first round of the NCAA Tournament. This was not the first time that head coach Phil Stern turned heads as the seven-seed. During his first season with the Retrievers, Stern led UMBC to the Northeast Conference Tournament finals, defeating second-seeded Quinnipiac in the quarterfinals and third-seeded Monmouth in the semifinals, before falling to top-seeded and regular-season champion St. Francis (Pa.) in the title game. The Retrievers enter the tournament with a 5-1 record all-time as a No. 7 seed in conference tournaments.
SCOUTING THE NO. 7 RETRIEVERS (4-24, 3-13): The Retrievers, who were picked to finish seventh in the America East Coaches' Preseason poll, own the youngest roster in the America East, as the squad features nine newcomers, while returning one senior and a pair of sophomores. UMBC returned eight percent of its scoring from a year ago and had a combined 21 Division I starts on its roster coming into the season, all coming from senior captain Dana Lewis, who has been sidelined due to injury throughout the 2013-14 campaign.
UMBC won two of its last four games to enter its 11th America East Championships as the seventh-seed, but the black and gold enters the tournament without a player on the active roster with postseason playing experience. In his 12th season at the helm of the Retrievers, head coach Phil Stern is one of three active America East coaches that have won an AEC title and is nine victories away from becoming the program's all-time winningest coach. Stern is 5-1 with UMBC as the No. 7 seed in conference tournaments, having guided the Retrievers to a Northeast Conference Finals appearance in 2003 and an America East title in 2007.
The Retrievers are coming off a 66-60 double overtime victory at Binghamton in the regular-season finale that captured UMBC the seventh-seed. Freshman guard Taylor McCarley posted the first triple-double in program history in the victory, tallying 18 points, 11 rebounds and 10 assists en route to capturing the final America East Rookie of the Week honor of the 2013-14 campaign. Junior guard Janelle Saling connected on five-of-eight shots from beyond the arc to add a collegiate-career best 16 points in the victory.
The Retrievers have been led offensively by a pair of freshman in forward Sara Tarbert and McCarley. Tarbert enters the tournament on a 12-game double-digit scoring streak, that has included four 20-point performances and two double-doubles. Tarbert leads all America East freshman in scoring (13.7) and rebounding (6.9), ranking fourth and sixth, respectively among all America East players. The forward has accumulated a program-record five America East Rookie of the Week honors on the season, while McCarley has chipped in three distinctions of her own. McCarley has upped her scoring average to 10.9 points per game during league play and has 12 double-digit scoring games on the year. The guard ranks in the top-10 in the conference in assists (3.3) and steals (2.0) during league play. McCarley has made a living by getting to the free throw line this season, attempting 10-or-more free throws on five separate occasions and standing one free throw attempt shy of entering into UMBC's single-season record list (135).
Sophomores Bridget O'Donnell and Liz McNaughton represent the lone active returners from a season ago, each having started 26-of-28 contests on the year. O'Donnell leads the league in blocked shots per game (1.6) and currently ranks third in UMBC's single-season block list. The center ranks second on the team in rebounding (5.1) and is adding 6.3 points per game. McNaughton has taken over as defensive specialist for the Retrievers throughout the 2013-14 season and is chipping in 5.8 points and 3.2 rebounds per game.
SCOUTING THE NO. 2 SEAWOLVES (22-7, 13-3 aec): Stony Brook has won seven in a row and enters the tournament as the second seed. SBU is coming off its biggest win of the season with Saturday's 66-56 victory against top-seeded Albany in the regular-season finale. The Seawolves ended Albany's 38-game America East win streak and put a stop to the Great Danes second straight undefeated conference season. Senior guard Chikilra Goodman registered a double-double, finishing with 13 points and 14 rebounds, while junior guard Jessica Ogunnorin poured in a career-high 18 points to go with nine rebounds.
Junior Sabre Proctor leads the squad and ranks third in the league in scoring (14.9 ppg), while also adding 5.7 rebounds a game (14th in the AEC). Goodman has posted a team-best six double-doubles on the year and ranks in the top-10 in the conference in both scoring (11.8) and rebounding (7.8).
INSIDE THE SERIES: UMBC and Stony Brook are an even 12-12 after 24 all-time meetings. The Retrievers hold a 2-0 advantage in America East Tournament games, defeating the Seawolves in the 2007 and 2011 championships.
-UMBC has met Stony Brook in the quarterfinals of the America East Championships twice. In 2007, SBU swept the regular-season meetings, but the seventh-seeded Retrievers defeated the second-seeded Seawolves, 67-64, during the tournament. In 2011, top-seeded UMBC took all three matchups against Stony Brook, including a 74-65 victory versus No. 8 Stony Brook.
-The Retrievers had won seven straight meetings against Stony Brook coming into the 2013-14 season, but were swept by the Seawolves during the regular-season for the first time since 2010.
-UMBC is shooting 53.2 percent from the field this season against Stony Brook, but is minus 12.0 in the turnover battled against Stony Brook. The Seawolves are shooting 40.0 percent against the Retrievers, but have connecting on eight three-point field goals per game in the two meetings.


text:
Great for breakfast on the go! Golden roasted nuts, seeds and oats are enveloped by flavorful almond butter in these delectably chewy, no-fuss energy bars. Unrefined turbinado sugar adds a deep caramelly undertone. Feel free to use light brown sugar instead. Bars stored at room temperature will be softer than those that are refrigerated.
Ready In


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Florida State Board Exam Review for the Esthetician Student
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In order to practice professionally as an esthetician, you will first need to pass an esthetician exam. Our Esthetician practice exams are designed to help Florida Esthetics students and graduates prepare for the written state board licensing exam. To assist in increasing your knowledge in subjects you may have struggled in, the Florida State Board Exam Review for the Esthetician Student includes 12 different focus exams; including a mock practice written exam. These exams focus on the indicated subject matter. The Florida State Board Exam Review for the Esthetician Student helps you ace the Esthetician Exam, without weeks and months of endless studying.
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Welcome to the South East Witwatersrand Family History Society ( SEWFHS) site.
About contains a brief history and current information on the society.
Activities is the programme for the current year.
Cemeteries lists all the cemeteries the society has recorded.
Contacts is just that. How to contact us & who the committee is.
Interests lists what family names members are researching.
Links are some of our favourite and most useful sites.
Research contains articles on some of the researce undertaken by members.


text:
Here is a version of Bertrand theorem. Let us consider a force $F(r)$ which depends only on the distance to a given point. If all trajectories which remain bounded are closed, then either $F(r)=ar$ either $F(r)=b/r^2$.
Here are my questions : is this statement (or a related one) a mathematical theorem ? If yes, is there a nice reference ?
Thank you for any answer.


text:
Kid N' Play brought back some great memories when they performed at Lady B's Basement Party at The Dell Music Center. The legendary duo took the audience way back when they took to the stage and broke out their famous Kid N' Play dance from their super popular movies House Party. The concert drew thousands and with legends MC Lyte, Doug E. Fresh, Big Daddy Kane, Lisa Lisa, Full Force and many more. Check out the video below as Kid N' Play rock the stage at The Dell.
Also Check Out: Big Daddy Kane Shuts Down Stage At Basement Party Live [Exclusive Video]
Help RNBPHILLY Get To 50,000 Likes On Facebook!
Also Check Out: Can Old School Hip Hop Artist Still Make Money In The Game? [POLL]
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Kid N' Play Bring Back Everyone's Favorite Dance Move [Exclusive Video] was originally published on rnbphilly.com


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A Companion to Greek Religion
A Companion to Greek Religion
ISBN: 978-0-470-99734-5 April 2008 Wiley-Blackwell 520 Pages
Download Product Flyer
- Written by a panel of international experts
- Focuses on religious life as it was experienced by Greek men and women at different times and in different places
- Features major sections on local religious systems, sacred spaces and ritual, and the divine
Table of contents
List of Figures x
Notes on Contributors xii
Acknowledgments xvii
Note on Authors and Translations xviii
Abbreviations xix
Ancient Author Fragment Series xxi
Introduction 1
Daniel Ogden
Part I In the Background 19
1 Greek Religion and the Ancient Near East 21
Scott B. Noegel
Part II The Powers: The Gods and the Dead 39
2 Olympian Gods, Olympian Pantheon 41
Ken Dowden
3 A Land Full of Gods: Nature Deities in Greek Religion 56
Jennifer Larson
4 Personification in Greek Religious Thought and Practice 71
Emma Stafford
5 The Dead 86
D. Felton
6 Heroes and Hero-Cults 100
Gunnel Ekroth
Part III Communicating with the Divine 115
7 Prayers and Hymns 117
William D. Furley
8 Greek Normative Animal Sacrifice 132
Jan N. Bremmer
9 Divination 145
Pierre Bonnechere
Part IV From Sacred Space to Sacred Time 161
10 A Day in the Life of a Greek Sanctuary 163
Beate Dignas
11 Purity and Pollution 178
Andreas Bendlin
12 Festivals 190
Scott Scullion
13 Time and Greek Religion 204
James Davidson
Part V Local Religious Systems 219
14 ''Famous Athens, Divine Polis'': The Religious System at Athens 221
Susan Deacy
15 The Religious System at Sparta 236
Nicolas Richer
16 The Religious System at Alexandria 253
Francoise Dunand
17 The Religious System in Arcadia 264
Madeleine Jost
Part VI Social Organization, the Family, and Sex 281
18 Religion and Society in Classical Greece 283
Charles W. Hedrick Jr.
19 Women, Religion, and the Home 297
Janett Morgan
20 ''Something to do with Aphrodite'': Ta Aphrodisia and the Sacred 311
Vinciane Pirenne-Delforge
Part VII Mysteries and Magic 325
21 Finding Dionysus 327
Susan Guettel Cole
22 The Mysteries of Demeter and Kore 342
Kevin Clinton
23 Magic in Classical and Hellenistic Greece 357
Matthew W. Dickie
Part VIII Intersections: Greek Religion and . . . 371
24 Greek Religion and Literature 373
Thomas Harrison
25 Greek Religion and Philosophy: The God of the Philosopher 385
Fritz-Gregor Herrmann
26 Greek Religion and Art 398
T.H. Carpenter
Part IX Epilogue 421
27 Gods of the Silver Screen: Cinematic Representations of Myth and Divinity 423
Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones
Bibliography 439
Index 477
"This collection of essays is a welcome addition to the existing books on Greek religion. Both advanced students and scholars will find it a useful introduction to the state of research on the subject." (Acta Classica, 2009)
"A splendid book at a not unreasonable price." (Reference Reviews, 2008)
"Modestly aiming to offer a mere impression of such a vast field, and eschewing any specific intellectual agenda, Daniel Ogden has done an excellent job both in defining major topics for discussion and in commissioning a varied list of contributors, senior and junior, European and North American, classicists, archaeologists, and historians of religion. ... Ogden has done in excellent job." (Greece and Rome, 2008)
"The Companion to Greek Religion is overall an excellent package of the best and most interesting research in Greek religion." (Scholia Reviews, 2008)
"Blackwell Companions have well-established reference potential defined by the breadth of scholarly perspectives presented. This volume offers ... well-documented narrations, along with cross-referencing between them." (CHOICE)
"Covers all aspects of religion in the ancient Greek world. ... Each of the volume's essays is written by an international expert." (Wordtrade.com)
"Blackwell maintains the high standard of its Companion series with these twenty seven essays. ... All in all, [there is] much excellent material here." (Journal of Classics Teaching)
- Surveys all aspects of religion in the ancient Greek world from the archaic, through the classical and into the Hellenistic period.
- Written by a panel of international experts.
- Focuses on religious life as it was experienced by Greek men and women at different times and in different places.
- Features major sections on local religious systems, sacred spaces and ritual, and the divine.


text:
PASADENA — From coaching staff to players, Stanford longed to seize this moment by staging a spectacular show on national TV to impress a nation of doubters and skeptics.
The Pac-12 champion Cardinal wanted respect. It has achieved enough to get it.
But an unexceptional aesthetic performance against an unimposing opponent Tuesday in the 99th Rose Bowl left Stanford putting on its best face and graciously accepting no more than it earned.
Victory, though mildly unsatisfying. Ultimate success despite visible flaws.
Stanford's 20-14 win over Big Ten representative Wisconsin won't silence those not ready to place the program among the nation's best. It won't keep folks from dismissing the Pac-12 as softer and slower and gentler than the heralded Southeastern Conference.
Moreover, it won't persuade the masses that the highly intelligent young men on The Farm belong in the same conversation as the "factory" schools, particularly those hailing from the almighty SEC.
"We played extremely hard; we didn't always play smart," coach David Shaw said. "We missed a couple throws. And we had a couple guys that missed a couple blocks on offense. Defensively, we missed a couple tackles."
Though this was Stanford's first Rose Bowl win since 1972, it was not the killer performance, the blowout that would have raised both eyebrows and consciousness and finally convinced one and all that Stanford football is for real.
Oh, it is. But a six-point win over unranked Wisconsin, the only five-loss team in Rose Bowl history, does not properly punctuate the assertion — particularly after the Cardinal was so dominant in racing to a 14-0 first-quarter lead.
But the impressive beginning devolved into an ordinary final three quarters; Stanford gained 159 yards in the first quarter, 185 over the final three. Though running back Stepfan Taylor was typically productive (88 yards on 20 carries), quarterback Kevin Hogan, so solid since being promoted to starter after the ninth game, was inconsistent.
Even Stanford's defense, so punishing against the run, had far more lapses than usual. This game wasn't secured for the Cardinal until nickel back Usua Amanam stepped in front of a Curt Phillips pass for an interception with 2:03 remaining.
When I asked Shaw how his inner perfectionist reacted to this game, he was about as candid as a winning coach could be.
"I still have that in my gut," he said. "There are two of those third downs, I'm still upset about the calls I made. Some execution things that I know we could have done so much better.
"But right now, it's not the time for that. It's time for celebration. (I'm) really excited, really happy, and we'll go back and try to make sure that next year we play even better."
That's altogether likely insofar as Hogan, who was 12 of 19 for 123 yards, is a promising freshman who started only the last five games, all victories.
Given an opportunity to strike a blow for West Coast college football as well as for ambitious young athletes around the world — those who seek to excel on and off the field — Stanford didn't take full advantage. It merely achieved its primary objective.
For those not paying close attention — many apparently are not — the Cardinal is making a habit of this. The school has been ranked in the Top 25 for an unprecedented 46 straight weeks. It has made three successive appearances in Bowl Championship Series games. It is 35-5 over the past three seasons.
More impressive, it is thriving in the face of change. Stanford went 12-1 in 2010, one year after Heisman Trophy candidate Toby Gerhart left for the NFL draft. It went 11-2 in 2011, one year after coach Jim Harbaugh left to join the 49ers. It went 12-2 this season, one year after quarterback Andrew Luck departed to become the No. 1 overall pick in the NFL draft.
"It served as motivation for us throughout the year," Amanam said. "It's a testament to our program and how we train and how we prepare each week and every season. Hat's off to the guys upstairs."
By all indications, this program is here to stay. Stanford is making good on its ambitious quest of proving that a school with lofty academic standards can succeed at the highest levels of a sport rife with corruption and cheating and exploitation.
Yet the doubt remains.
Stanford is good, but not exceptional. It is Egghead U. making a nice little run, but not a program destined to sustain excellence or become worthy of national acclaim.
Though the overall numbers suggest otherwise, the specific numbers on Tuesday were not persuasive. Stanford won the game but not the moment.
So proof will have to wait until Stanford can "play even better" in a high-profile game, until it submits a performance that truly satisfies itself and dazzles the skeptics.
Contact Monte Poole at email@example.com. Follow him on Twitter at twitter.com/1montepoole.


text:
I haven't been posting about the Genealogical Research Institute of Pittsburgh, but I'm very excited about going. I leave 10 days from today and fly into Pittsburgh. I'll have one night in a hotel before moving into the dorm on Sunday. I'm nervous because I've never been to an institute before, and excited about meeting other researchers and the great organizers and instructors. And, of course, I'm looking forward to all of the new information I'll have to help me with my research in the future.
While I don't know if I'll have time to post during the Institute, I'll keep notes so that if any of you are interested in attending next year, I may be able to answer questions. Because a few students had to cancel at the last minute, as of this minute, the GRIPitt site says that there are two seats available in Intermediate Genealogy, one seat in German Research and four in Problem Solving with Online Repositories. Look at the web page for more information: http://www.gripitt.org/
Hope to see you in Pittsburgh.


text:
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South African Journal of Science
On-line version ISSN 1996-7489
Print version ISSN 0038-2353
S. Afr. j. sci. vol.103 n.7-8 Pretoria Jul./Aug. 2007
Monitoring soil erosion in South Africa at a regional scale: review and recommendations
J.J. Le RouxI, *; T.S. NewbyII; P.D. SumnerI
IDepartment of Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
IIInstitute for Soil, Climate and Water, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X79, Pretoria 0001
Loss of topsoil is one of the principal soil degradation problems confronting agriculture throughout South Africa and receives special attention by policy-makers. For effective prevention and remediation, the spatial extent of the problem has to be established and monitored. Recent developments in the application of remote sensing and GIS to the study of soil erosion offer considerable potential in this regard. This paper outlines key technologies available for monitoring, and highlights the problems to be solved at a regional scale. The status of the technologies used in South Africa are reviewed and the more recent studies related to soil erosion are presented in a comparative context. Spatial, temporal and measurement variabilities are major constraints in erosion assessment. Previous erosion studies conducted in South Africa at the regional scale have disregarded important erosion factors and have overvalued less important ones. Different processes and interactions are likely to emerge as dominant when crossing scale boundaries. Such considerations highlight the need to establish a methodological framework to guide and standardize future regional soil loss monitoring efforts.
Soil erosion is a major problem confronting land resources throughout South Africa. Previous research indicates that over 70% of the country's surface has been affected by varying intensities and types of soil erosion.1,2 Although erosion is a natural process, it is accelerated by human activities such as clearing vegetation or overgrazing.3 Land degradation caused by soil erosion not only involves the loss of fertile topsoil and reduction of soil productivity, but also leads to sedimentation of reservoirs and increases suspended sediment concentrations in streams, with consequent effects on ecosystem health.4
Erosion is a process of detachment and transportation of soil materials by wind or water.5 Since water is the dominant agent causing erosion in South Africa,6 it is the focus of this review. Water erosion can occur through rainsplash, in unconcentrated flow as sheet erosion, or in concentrated flow as rill and/or gully erosion.7 Outcomes depend on the combined and interactive effects of erosion factors, namely, rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, slope steepness and slope length, crop management, and support practice.8 Assessment of erosion thus requires knowledge of how these factors change across different scales of space and time. More detail on the factors governing erosion, specifically in a South African context, is provided by Laker,6 Mulibana,9 D'Huyvetter10 and Garland et al. 2
Remediation and prevention require that the spatial extent of erosion be established. Many observations of soil erosion have been carried out in South Africa,11,12 but the derived statistical relationships from individual erosion measurements are confined to local conditions and do not provide a sufficiently broad range of input data for regional soil loss monitoring.15 Although erosion control measures need to be implemented at the field or hillslope scale, allocation of scarce conservation resources and development of policies demands regional scale assessment.15 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote-sensing techniques, as well as soil erosion models applied within a spatial context, play an important role at the regional scale. We review available technologies with international standing for this purpose, and the techniques and approaches used in South Africa. More recent techniques and products related to soil erosion at a national scale receive special attention. These accounts are followed by a discussion of the main assessment-related deficits, and recommendations for future research.
Technologies available for monitoring
A wide variety of techniques are available for assessing soil erosion risk across a wide range of scales.5,1522 Slope-scale measurements include field rainfall simulation studies and the use of delineated runoff plots,12,13,2325 which provide valuable data on erosion rates of different crop covers and soil types. Although essential for calibration and verification of soil loss models, such field experiments apply only to one or a few hillslopes and cannot be directly extrapolated to evaluate and monitor erosion for a whole catchment.26 Methods designed to analyse and interpret broader spatial scales are thus becoming increasingly important.27 The advent of recent developments in the application of GIS and remote-sensing technology offer considerable potential for meeting these requirements.
Remote sensing
Remote-sensing techniques using aerial photographs and satellite remote-sensing data have greatly increased the capacity to record and monitor land degradation at the regional level.28 Important sensor development has taken place through airborne systems, including photogrammetric methods, using stereo images,4,29 synthetic aperture radar interferometry,30 airborne laser altimetry31 and hyperspectral remote sensing.15 Although airborne systems and methods are useful in the direct identification of erosion, they are not feasible for monitoring erosion at a national scale, for which satellite imagery is better adapted.
Five types of satellite-based observations can be undertaken.15,22 First, large eroded surfaces can be visually interpreted, based on deviating spectral properties.28 Second, modifications of the former technique involve automatic extraction, including unsupervised and supervised classification, using principal component analysis and the maximum likelihood technique, amongst others.32,33 Highest accuracy can be achieved using a combination of images from different sensors, e.g. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Japanese Earth Resources Satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data.34
Third, direct correlation between erosion and spectral reflectance values sometimes permits the detection of erosion and its intensity. An empirical relation between erosion and reflection can be used, assuming a relation between vegetation cover and erosion.35 The fourth category includes visual interpretation and detection of off-site impacts, such as sediment deposition36 as well as dissolved sediment.37 The fifth application uses repeat pass SAR interferometry that allows assessment of the change in erosion.38
Until recently, detection of erosion features with satellite data was difficult due to inadequate resolution.39 Usually, higher-resolution data (e.g. Système pour l'Observation de la Terre, SPOT) are better for classifying eroded areas, whereas a larger number of spectral bands (e.g. Landsat TM) allows for a better classification of vegetational attributes.40 Space-borne data with improved spectral, spatial and temporal resolution are now available with advances in sensor technology. Although not yet reported in the literature, new high-resolution satellite imagery such as from SPOT 5, IKONOS and Quickbird are very promising for identifying erosion features, such as individual gullies.41 However, automatic retrieval of individual features is not currently available due to the heterogeneity of the object itself as well as the environment.21 Most remote-sensing studies of soil erosion thus concentrate on the assessment of erosion risk factors, notably, the vegetal attributes and, to a lesser extent, soil erodibility, topography and conservation practices.15, 16
Spatial modelling/analysis
Differentiation between classes of models usually rests on the level of complexity used to represent the soil erosion processes, and on the spatial and temporal resolution of the model. Models fall into three main categories: empirical, conceptual, and physically based models.19 Table 1 summarizes selected models in terms of their classification and scale of application. The best-known and widely implemented empirical models for estimating soil loss at the regional scale are USLE, developed in the 1970s by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), and its upgraded version RUSLE. Although devised for application to small hillslopes, (R)USLE and its derivatives have been incorporated into many regional-scale erosion studies across the globe. The European Environment Agency,42 the USDA,43 and the National Land and Water Resources Audit of Australia14,44 have presented some of the most sophisticated work, namely, CORINE, USLE, and SOILOSS, respectively. Conceptual models represent reality better, by incorporating the underlying transfer mechanisms of sediment and runoff generation in their structure, representing flow paths in a catchment as a series of storages.19 Physically based models have a much more sophisticated model structure, being based on the solution of fundamental physical equations describing streamflow and sediment on a hillslope, or in a catchment.
Other categories include continuous simulation models (e.g. SWAT, AGNPS, ACRU), event-based models (e.g. KINEROS, LISEM), lumped models (e.g. RUSLE, SLEMSA) and distributed models (e.g. KINEROS). The first simulates long time periods with a time step of 1 h1 day; the second uses a small time step (<1 min) to simulate a single event; the third employs single values of input parameters with no spatial variability, while the last incorporates spatially distributed parameters by taking explicit account of spatial variability.
The data requirements of models dramatically increase with the introduction of spatial (distributed) and temporal (eventbased and continuous time step) complexity. For example, distributed and continuous simulation models require large quantities of spatial and temporal data for weather and land use. Several authors state that the description of water fluxes over and through the soil is the foundation of an erosion model.16,17,20
Additional information, in particular, changes in soil structure resulting from agricultural activities, greatly improves the quality of results. However, complex models tend to be restricted to research catchments and are prohibitive in terms of the time required for implementation on a regional basis as required by government policies. According to Prosser et al.,45 this is the main reason why empirical models are frequently preferred to more complex models, especially at a regional scale. They can be implemented in areas with limited data and are particularly useful as a first step in identifying sources of sediment.
Furthermore, input errors may increase with growing model complexity. This prevents the application of American models, such as WEPP and KINEROS, or EU-funded models such as EUROSEM and MEDALUS. According to Garen et al.,16 it is not expected that physically based models such as WEPP will find use in state and field offices of the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) (formerly the Soil Conservation Service). Instead, the empirical and conceptual models, namely RUSLE, SWAT and AGNPS, were adopted by the NRCS for modelling at the regional scale. A user interface, as developed for the AGNPS and SWAT models, streamlines access to key databases and facilitates the preparation of input data sets in the US. Techniques involving GIS and algorithms for digital terrain analysis are readily available and are currently improving the hydrological process description in models. Such algorithms are currently used to identify catchment boundaries, determine stream networks and establish overland flow paths, as described by Taudem,46 HydroTools47 and Tapes.48
Soil erosion modelling suffers from a range of problems including data variability, over-parameterization, unrealistic input requirements, unsuitability of model assumptions or misleading parameter values in local context and lack of verification data. Recent assessments of the quality of erosion models showed that, in general, the spatial patterns of erosion are poorly predicted.19,49 Furthermore, models can rarely be relied upon to give accurate predictions of absolute amounts of erosion. Without adequate input data and calibration, models can only be expected to give a relative ranking of the effects of land management.16 Input data preparation is a laborious task and the mechanics of operating the models is sometimes complicated.17 A large part of the effort goes into the construction of the input data set, often derived from a few basic variables that are available as raw data. Despite these limitations, soil erosion models have been modified and applied to regional scales for scenario analysis, and to make objective comparisons that are important for targeting of research and soil conservation efforts in South Africa.
Background of erosion assessment in South Africa at a national scale
The Department of Agriculture (DoA) and the Water Research Commission (WRC) have funded a number of regional-based research projects in South Africa. Starting in 1991, national studies are summarized in terms of their method and scale of application (Table 2). GLASOD was one of the first major regional-scale degradation studies conducted by recognized experts in several countries across the globe,50 including South Africa.6 Experts divided soil erosion areas into relatively uniform units based on the most important erosion processes. A relative ranking of soil erosion risk per area was obtained therefrom and a soil erosion risk map was produced at a continental scale.
Thereafter, the use of remote sensing was investigated in 1993 in monitoring soil erosion on a national scale. The Bare Soil Index (BSI) was developed with Landsat TM data, making it possible to detect the status of eroded areas on a national scale.52 The BSI proved to be reliable in identifying rural settlements and overgrazed and eroded areas in the Mpumalanga and Eastern Cape provinces. Review of the results indicated, however, that the BSI did not differentiate ploughed fields and sandstone outcrops from eroded areas. Furthermore, due to the limited resolution of Landsat TM data (30 m), single gullies, and limited rill or sheet erosion could not be delineated.
Most regional-based studies concentrated on the assessment of erosion controlling factors, including rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, slope length and steepness, vegetal attributes and conservation practices. These are the well-known USLE erosion factors. USLE,5356 RUSLE5558 and SLEMSA56,59,60 have been the most widely applied models in South Africa. Production of the Erosion Susceptibility Map (ESM) was the first attempt at national level to integrate the main erosion risk factors within a GIS framework.61 The ESM at a scale of 1:2.5 million was created by integrating spatial data on sediment yield, provided by Rooseboom et al.62 and Verster,63 with remotely sensed vegetation data, namely, a normalized difference vegetation index from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationAdvanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (NOAAAVHRR) sensor. A second attempt to integrate the main erosion contributing factors at a national level followed in 1998 with the production of the Predicted Water Erosion Map (PWEM) of South Africa.1 Improvements on ESM involved, in part, the inclusion of long-term rainfall erosivity data obtained from the iso-erodent map of Smithen and Schulze.64 Also at a scale of 1:2.5 million, PWEM indicates that a very large percentage of the Limpopo (60%) and Eastern Cape (56%) provinces are under severe threat of erosion, whereas the Gauteng and North West provinces seem to be the least threatened by water erosion. The method of ESM and PWEM, however, was based on a considerable simplification of USLE; by combining soil and slope factors with sediment yield data, obtained from Rooseboom62 and Verster.63 Research continues at a provincial scale as PWEM is only suitable for the prioritization of problem areas on a broad scale, due to the coarse resolution (1.1 km) of NOAA images.
Mapping and monitoring of natural resources of Mpumalanga65 and Gauteng66 was completed in 2001 and for the O.R. Tambo and Umkhanyakude ISRDS nodes, located in northern Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal, in 2004.67 Improvements to ESM and PWEM include specific attention to the soil erodibility and topography input factors. Soil erodibility index values were utilized by using SLEMSA. In the absence of soil analytical and experimental data, two alternative sources of soil information were used, namely, soil maps (1:50 000 and 1:250 000)68 and the Land Type Inventory database (1:50 000).69 Topography factors were facilitated by the application of digital elevation models and the unit stream power theory developed by Moore and Burch.70 Results indicate that areas with high erosion potential occur mostly in subsistence farming areas associated with steep slopes and highly erodible soils. However, some units displayed by the erosion hazard maps gave the wrong impression of current soil loss damage. Erosion rates seem to be over-predicted in some of the subsistence farming areas with steep slopes, as well as in mountainous terrain with long and steep slopes.
The most recent overview on a national scale has been compiled by the South African National Biodiversity Institute.2 A national soil degradation review was compiled using information obtained from 34 workshops throughout South Africa, held during 1997 and 1998. Results were presented as a series of maps, illustrating the type and severity of soil degradation of different land use types for each magisterial district. The approach is limited by being lumped for each magisterial district, and due to its dependence on apparently subjective judgments.
ISCW is currently involved in several region-based erosion studies funded by DoA and WRC (see Table 2). These include: potential and actual water erosion maps of South Africa, currently being validated;71 remote sensing (SPOT 5) and modelling (SWAT and RUSLE) of the erosion status of three priority tertiary catchment areas, located in the Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal and Limpopo provinces, identified by the Soil Protection Strategy of the DoA;41 sedimentation and sediment yield maps for South Africa to improve the sediment yield maps of Rooseboom et al.;62 and modelling of runoff and sediment transport processes at field to catchment scale to improve understanding of the requirements and processes accounted for by models with international standing, such as SWAT and KINEROS (see ref. 72). The following section discusses how the South African studies compare with the available international monitoring technologies.
Spatial pattern prediction of soil erosion is generally not very accurate, due to spatial and temporal variability.49 Although soil erosion has been regarded as an important phenomenon in South Africa since the turn of the century, one of the weaknesses of South African soil erosion research is the limited information on where the worst problems are located.73 Errors are assumed to be high in certain areas because of the unknown input factors, especially the vegetation cover factor for various land-use practices. More research is needed to assess the confidence limits for the erosion estimates generated for South Africa at a national scale.
According to Vrieling,5 it is striking that many of these studies across the globe have minimally addressed the issue of validation. Studies merely relate the actual range of quantitative erosion rates to measured or predicted values from literature, and are satisfied when values correlate. This is probably because, other than visual comparison of maps, there are very few pattern comparison techniques.49 According to the EEA,7 proper validation obtained from applying an erosion model at a national scale is hardly possible. Widespread and long-continued soil loss measurements or observations are limited to selected test areas. In South Africa, limited plot-scale measurements of erosion (e.g. Cedara Agricultural Research Station in KwaZulu-Natal since 1983)25 allow limited regional validation and calibration of USLE factors. Empirical models still need to be appropriately adapted and validated over a long-term and wide range of conditions in South Africa.
Soil erosion encompasses a vast array of processes, which makes its assessment difficult to encapsulate in a few simple measures. Erosion occurs over a large variety of timescales, such as from a single storm to many decades. Furthermore, soil loss occurs over many spatial scales, including the site of impact from a single raindrop to large fields and catchments. Therefore, measurements undertaken at one set of scales cannot be compared with measurements at another. In this context, a major limitation of soil erosion assessment is that different processes and interactions are likely to dominate when crossing scale boundaries. Soil erosion processes and parameters that are important at one scale are frequently unimportant or not predictive at another.48 The scale problem is coupled with the availability of a wide variety of approaches and techniques that causes measurement variability. Erosion research methods became increasingly diversified during the 1980s and 1990s,6 but the methods used, and the results produced, are far from comparable with each other. Individual studies have inconsistencies in their definitions and measurement procedures, and usually cover short or irregular research periods. Although monitoring implies multi-temporal sampling, most of the aforementioned studies have been confined to the use of field surveys, and single date imagery, to test the potential of using earth observation remote sensing and GIS as monitoring tools. In this context, there exists no methodological framework, or 'blueprint', to assess the spatial distribution of soil erosion types at different regional scales in South Africa.
Regional erosion studies cannot integrate all the erosion factors, but have to incorporate the most important processes. Unfortunately, previous erosion studies conducted in South Africa, at the regional scale, disregard important erosion factors. Laker,6 for example, states that important factors of soil erodibility, such as the parent material, degree of soil weathering and stability against dispersion and crusting, are currently excluded in modelling. Various authors state that geology is probably the most dominant factor controlling the inherent erodibilities of soils in South Africa (e.g. refs 6, 10, 11, 74). Clay dispersibility is also a key factor and significant research is being conducted to gain an understanding of how it influences erodibility of soils in South Africa.75,76 However, erodibility of South African soils and how it affects soil erosion in the country, especially within a spatial context, is as yet poorly understood and needs further investigation.
Several regional studies indicate that the assessed soil erosion risk in South Africa seems to follow topography poorly and is probably overestimated in some areas with steep terrain.65,67 Although several studies across the globe demonstrate that soil erosion is very sensitive to the topographical factor of RUSLE,7779 additional work is still needed to test and validate the suitability of topography indices in South Africa and how they reflect soil erosion in the country.
Another noteworthy regional limitation is that not all erosion types occurring in South Africa are taken into account. Most erosion prediction models emphasize the inter-rill and rill aspects of the erosion cycle, but few models predict gully erosion.80,81 This is probably due to the temporal and spatial complexity at which the phenomenon occurs, which is difficult to model; e.g. the importance of paths and cattle tracks in creating gullies.2,39,82 Fortunately, more detailed maps derived from satellite imagery are now available for measuring and monitoring gullies, as well as sheet and rill erosion, on a national scale.
Conclusions and recommendations
South Africa is predisposed to soil erosion, due to poor farming practices, together with erodible soils. When considered across all land-use types, it is clear that soil degradation is perceived as more of a problem in KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo and the Eastern Cape, and less of a problem in the Free State, Western Cape and Northern Cape. However, our ability to develop cost-effective land management strategies is still limited by sources of error in spatial data, ranging from natural variability to issues of accuracy and precision in mapping techniques. In addition, the spatial problem is coupled with a wide variety of mapping techniques that are equally valid but give different results.
Methodological problems, discussed previously, point to the need to establish a proper framework to guide and standardize future regional soil loss modelling and mapping efforts. Such a framework should outline the different erosion processes and interactions likely to dominate at different scales. In this context, regional modelling should combine the simplicity required for application on a regional scale with appropriate incorporation of the most important processes. At the regional scale, it appears that the inherent erodibility of the soil and parent material are the overriding erosion risk factors in South Africa, and not the slope gradient, as determined in the US.
Furthermore, the framework needs to describe the most feasible erosion assessment techniques, as well as input data sets, for application at different scales. For example, it may be feasible to use qualitative approaches where no developed or tested model is available in the region under study. It cannot be expected that a single standardized operational erosion assessment system will be useful, given the complexity of erosion processes, regional differences, and scale dependency. According to Laker,6 one should rather adopt a dynamic 'evaluation tree' approach, which would lead the user through a ranking of factors (e.g. parent material, clay mineralogy) in a specific area.
Finally, further refinement of national erosion assessment will be possible given additional research, including:
Long-term monitoring of soil erosion (e.g. using field measurement and time-series imagery);
the production of more accurate erodibility maps at a national scale;
monthly erosivity estimations in combination with monthly vegetation data in order to capture seasonal variations in soil erosion;
spatial modelling techniques to predict gully erosion extent at a national scale;
the use of high-resolution imagery (SPOT 5) to extract erosion features at a national scale;
careful calibration and validation of prediction models and model components, especially when applied to large geographical areas.
The advent of new techniques and approaches of erosion assessment, and recent developments in the application of GIS and remote sensing techniques, offer considerable potential for meeting these requirements.
Numerous colleagues at the Agricultural Research CouncilInstitute for Soil, Climate and Water (ARC-ISCW) have assisted the research efforts. Special gratitude is due to T.L. Morgenthal and E.C. van den Berg for providing data and assistance during the preliminary stages of this review (needed for the 2006 SAEON land degradation presentation). The paper benefited greatly from the comments of K. Rowntree at Rhodes University. We are also grateful to R. van Dyk for providing literature and documents cited in this paper.
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52. Pretorius D.J. and Bezuidenhout C.J. (1994). Report on the development of a methodology to determine the nature, rate and extent of soil erosion in South Africa. ISCW report no. GW1A/94/7. National Department of Agriculture, Directorate Land and Resources Management, Pretoria. [ Links ]
53. Crosby C.T., Smithen A.A. and McPhee P.J. (1983). Introduction of the Universal Soil Loss Equation in the Republic of South Africa. Unpublished paper No. 83.2072, presented at the 1983 summer meeting of the ASAE, Bozeman, Montana. [ Links ]
54. McPhee P.J. and Smithen A.A. (1984). Application of the USLE in the Republic of South Africa. Agric. Engng S. Afr. 18, 513. [ Links ]
55. Smith H.J., Haarhof D. and Schoeman J.L. (1995). Die kwantitatiewe beraming van grondverlies onder verskillende toestande in die Sekhukhune-Distrik in Lebowa. ISCW report no. GW/W/96/17. National Department of Agriculture, Pretoria. [ Links ]
56. Smith H.J., Van Zyl A.J., Claasens A.S., Schoeman J.L. and Laker M.C. (2000). Soil loss modelling in the Lesotho Highlands Water Project catchment areas. S. Afr. Geog. J. 82, 6469. [ Links ]
57. Haarhoff D., Smith H.J., Beytell J.F. and Schoeman J.L. (1994). The testing of techniques for the determination of the erosion potential of areas in South Africa. ISCW report no. GW/A/94/6. National Department of Agriculture, Pretoria. [ Links ]
58. Pretorius D.J. and Smith H.J. (1998). The development of a GIS based land information system for developing areas. Proc. 21st SSSSA Conference, Drakensberg, 2123 January. [ Links ]
59. Schulze R.E. (1979). Soil loss in the key area of the Drakensberg A regional application of the Soil Loss Estimation Model for Southern Africa (SLEMSA). In Hydrology and Water Resources of the Drakensberg, pp. 149167. Natal and Regional Planning Commission, Pietermaritzburg. [ Links ]
60. Hudson C. A. (1987). A regional application of the SLEMSA in the Cathedral Peak area of the Drakensberg. M.Sc. thesis, University of Cape Town, South Africa. [ Links ]
61. Pretorius D.J. (1995). The development of a soil degradation management support system. Unpublished report. National Department of Agriculture, Directorate Land and Resources Management, Pretoria. [ Links ]
62. Rooseboom A., Verster E., Zietsman H.L. and Lotriet H.H. (1992). The development of the new Sediment Yield Map of South Africa, Report no. 297/2/92. Water Research Commission, Pretoria. [ Links ]
63. Verster E. (1992). Production of the Sediment Delivery Potential Map for southern Africa. WRC report no. 297/2/92. Water Research Commissiona, Pretoria. [ Links ]
64. Smithen A.A. and Schulze R.E. (1982). The spatial distribution in southern Africa of rainfall erosivity for use in the Universal Soil Loss Equation. Water SA 8, 7478. [ Links ]
65. Wessels K.J., Van den Berg H.M., Van der Merwe J.P.A., Smith H.J., Van Zyl A.J. and Twyman L. (2001). Mapping and monitoring the conservation status of the natural resources of Mpumalanga province by means of remote sensing and GIS technology. ISCW report no. GW/A/2001/9. National Department of Agriculture, Directorate Land and Resources Management, Pretoria. [ Links ]
66. Wessels K.J., Van der Merwe J.P.A., Smith H.J., Ströhmenger P.H.E., Van Zyl A.J. and Twyman L. (2001). Gauteng natural resources audit. ISCW report no. GW/A/2001/41. National Department of Agriculture, Gauteng Department of Agriculture, Conservation, Environment and Land Affairs, Pretoria. [ Links ]
67. Ströhmenger P.H.E., Van der Merwe J.P.A., Smith H.J., Van den Berg H.M., Van den Berg E.C., Dekker C., Malherbe J., De Nysschen G., Van der Walt M., Haasbroek P., Morgenthal T.L., Kellner K. and Van Rensburg L. (2004). Auditing the conservation status of the natural resources in the O.R. Tambo and Umkhanyakude ISRDS Nodes. ISCW report no. GW/A/2003/47/2. National Department of Agriculture, Directorate Land and Resources Management, Pretoria. [ Links ]
68. Soil Survey Staff (1973 1987). Soil profile descriptions and soil analyses data. In ARC-ISCW Soil Profile Information System, unpublished. ARC-Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Pretoria. [ Links ]
69. Land Type Survey Staff (19722006). Land Types of South Africa: Digital Map (1:250 000 scale) and soil inventory databases. ARC-Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Pretoria. [ Links ]
70. Moore I.D. and Burch G.J. (1986). Physical basis of the length-slope factor in the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 50, 12941298. [ Links ]
71. Le Roux J.J., Morgenthal T.L., Malherbe J., Smith H.J., Weepener H.L. and Newby T.S. (2006). Improving spatial soil erosion indicators in South Africa. ISCW report no. GW/A/2006/51. National Department of Agriculture, Directorate Land and Resources Management, Pretoria. [ Links ]
72. Le Roux J.J. and Germishuyse T. (2007). Modelling sediment yield for an agricultural research catchment in KwaZulu-Natal. ISCW report no. GW/A/2007/40. Water Research Commission, Pretoria. [ Links ]
73. Mpumalanga DACE (2002). Mpumalanga Province, State of Environment Report 2001. Mpumalanga Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Environment, Kwazulu-Natal. Online at: http://www.environment.gov.za [ Links ]
74. Dardis G.F., Beckedahl H.R., Bowyer-Bower T.A.S. and Hanvey P.M. (1988). Soil erosion forms in southern Africa. In Geomorphological Studies in Southern Africa, eds G.F. Dardis and B.P. Moon, pp. 187213. Balkema, Rotterdam. [ Links ]
75. Stern B., Ben-Hur M. and Shainberg I. (1991). Clay mineralogy effect on rain infiltration, seal formation and soil losses. Soil Sci. 152, 455462. [ Links ]
76. Bühmann C., Beukes D.J. and Turner D.P. (2006). Clay mineral associations in soils of the Lusikisiki area, Eastern Cape Province, and their agricultural significance. S. Afr. J. Plant Soil 23, 7886. [ Links ]
77. Risse L.M., Nearing M.A., Nicks A.D. and Laflen J.M. (1993). Error assessment in the Universal Soil Loss Equation. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 57, 825833. [ Links ]
78. Mitasova H., Zlocha M., Hofierka J. and Iverson L.R. (1996). Modelling topographic potential for erosion and deposition using GIS. Int. J. GIS 10, 629641. [ Links ]
79. Biesemans J., Van Meirvenne M. and Gabriels D. (2000). Extending the RUSLE with the Monte Carlo error propagation technique to predict long-term average off-site sediment accumulation. J. Soil Water Conserv. 55, 3542. [ Links ]
80. Bull L.J. and Kirkby M.J. (1997). Gully processes and modelling. Prog. Phys. Geogr. 21, 354374. [ Links ]
81. Van Zyl A.J. (2004). Modelling non-point source pollution in agriculture from field to catchment scale: A scoping studysediments and metal pollution and related activities. WRC report no. 2004/08. Water Research Commission, Pretoria. [ Links ]
82. Boardman J., Parsons A.J., Holland R., Holmes P.J. and Washington R. (2003). Development of badlands and gullies in the Sneeuberg, Great Karoo, South Africa. Catena 50, 165184. [ Links ]
83. Schulze R.E. (1995). Hydrology and Agrohydrology: A text to accompany the ACRU 3.00 Agrohydrological Modelling System. WRC report no. TT69/95. Water Research Commission, Pretoria. [ Links ]
84. Young R.A., Onstad C.A., Bosch D.D. and Anderson W.P. (1989). AGNPS: A nonpoint-source pollution model for evaluating agricultural watersheds. J. Soil Water Conserv. 44, 45224561. [ Links ]
85. Morgan R.P.C., Quinton J.N., Smith R.E., Govers G., Poesen J.W.A., Auerswald K., Chisci G., Torri D. and Styczen M.E. (1998). The European soil erosion model (EUROSEM): a process-based approach for predicting soil loss from fields and small catchments. Earth Surf. Process. Landf. 23, 527544. [ Links ]
86. Woolhiser D.A., Smith R.E. and Goodrich D.C. (1990). KINEROS, a kinematic runoff and erosion model: Documentation and user manual. ARS-77, SWRC reference no. 703. US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Washington, D.C. [ Links ]
87. De Roo A.P.J. and Jetten V.G. (1999). Calibrating and validating the LISEM model for two datasets from the Netherlands and South Africa. Catena 37, 477493. [ Links ]
88. Kosmas C., Kirkby M. J., and Geeson N. (1999). The Medalus project: Manual on key indicators of desertification and mapping of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification, EUR 18882. European Commission, Brussels. [ Links ]
89. Renard K.G., Foster G.R., Weesies G.A., McCool D.K. and Yoder D.C. (1994). RUSLE users guide. Predicting soil erosion by water: a guide to conservation planning with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation. Agriculture Handbook No. 703, USDA, Washington, D.C. [ Links ]
90. Elwell H. A. (1976). Natal Agricultural Research Bulletin No. 7, Soil Loss Estimator for Southern Africa. Department of Agricultural Technical Services, Natal. [ Links ]
91. Arnold J.G., Williams J.R. Srinivasan R. King K.W. and Griggs R.H. (1994). SWATSoil Water Assessment Tool. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Grassland, Soil and Water Research Laboratory, Temple, Texas. [ Links ]
92. Nearing M.A., Foster G.R., Lane L.J. and Finkler S.C. (1989). A process-based soil erosion model for USDA-Water Erosion Prediction Project technology. Trans. ASAE 32, 15871593. [ Links ]
* Author for correspondence. E-mail: email@example.com
Present address: Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X79, Pretoria 0001


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Decorate your bathroom and dry yourself off with our luxuriously soft bath towels and hand towels. Our towels are made from brushed microfiber with a 100% cotton back for extra absorption. The top of the towel has the image printed on it, and the back is white cotton. Available in three different sizes: hand towel, bath towel, and bath sheet.
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Growing up in the heat of South Louisiana, I enjoyed being indoors creating pencil and pen and ink sketches. My love of art led me to study art and architecture at the University of Southwestern Louisiana (now the University of Louisiana). After graduation and a move to East Tennessee, I found myself gainfully employed as a computer programmer, about as far away from an artistic experience as you can get. Living in the very scenic hills of East Tennessee has inspired me to continue my pursuit of artistic interests. My family will tell you that hiking and vacationing with me is interesting, as I am constantly being left behind or wandering off to take photographs of everything I see. With an eye for beauty and nature, my photographs are...
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China's New Wager: Pulling Energy From the Ocean
Lengthy Coastline, Pollution Make Country a Prime Testing Ground in Joint Ventures With Western Firms
HONG KONG—A race is under way to unlock one of the world's biggest untapped sources of clean energy—the ocean—with China emerging as an important testing ground.
That could heighten competition with Western companies, especially if Chinese businesses begin using technologies developed with joint-venture partners to expand rapidly.
The European...


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Romney: Obama may lie in debates
Mitt Romney said in an interview that his campaign will "come into focus" with the debates and that he's preparing for President Barack Obama to "say things that aren't true" during the three upcoming face-offs next month.
"This is a campaign which I think will come into focus as the debates occur," Romney said, according to a transcript released by ABC of Romney's sit-down with "Good Morning America's" George Stephanopoulos. "The president got a bit of a bump after his convention. I got a bit of a bump after ours. It's going to go back and forth."
Story Continued Below
The debates, including the vice presidential debate, he said, could "well be a decisive point in the campaign," and he added that while he wouldn't try to predict the outcome, he thought they would be "revealing one way or another."
Romney also suggested that Obama might be untruthful during the debates.
"But I think the challenge that I'll have in the debate is that the president tends to, how shall I say it, to say things that aren't true," Romney said, adding, "I've looked at prior debates. And in that kind of case, it's difficult to say, "Well, am I going to spend my time correcting things that aren't quite accurate? Or am I going to spend my time talking about the things I want to talk about?"
When asked about what course he'd take, Romney said, according to the transcript, "Well, it's a challenge you always have. And that's a judgment you make."
Romney said that his wife, Ann, keeps him calm in the lead-up to, and even during, the debates.
"Ann always gives me the advice as I get ready to go up on the stage and offers a few words of encouragement," he said. "And I look to her when I'm in the debate. I look and see her. Typically, her eyes are down. [She's] more nervous in the debates than I am. She says, 'I wish I could debate instead.' She said, 'I wouldn't be as nervous.' But I look to her. And when she's smiling and confident, that gives me the boost I need."


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La Tourangelle Gourmet Nut and Seed Oils - 16.9oz
Item# A2CY001
Additional Information
A great deal has occurred in the world since the time La Tourangelle first began handcrafting oil 150 years ago in France, but thankfully their traditional process has remained virtually the same, only now the oils can be enjoyed fresh from California. Their new oil mill, located in Woodland, California, is currently producing oil from nuts picked on the orchard next door. The oil artisans painstakingly selects nuts of the highest quality and lets them sun dry to preserve their natural flavors. They then hand roast the nuts in cast iron pots, followed by a decantation process, cold-pressing and finally a light filtering. The result is an oil with elegant natural flavors, and a clearly discernable difference in quality from what is generally found in America.


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Step 1. Select the My Digicel app from the app screen.
Step 2. Login into the My Digicel application with your Digicel ID and password. Click on the red 'Connect with your Digicel ID' button. Enter your 'Mobile Number' and 'Password'. Click on 'Login'. Home Page will be displayed.
Download the My Digicel App for free today!


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Revenge pornography, sometimes known as involuntary porn, is a blight on the Internet. Spurned lovers, intent on inflicting emotional damage, post sexually intimate videos or still images of their former partners, often annotated with names, addresses, email addresses and other information that invite cyber-stalking and other forms of harassment. Some victims - and the victims usually are women - have been forced to change their names to escape the resulting deluge of unwanted and prurient attention.
New Jersey and California passed legislation designed to curb revenge porn by criminalizing it; other states, including Maryland and Virginia, are considering measures. If the bills are narrowly and carefully crafted, they could serve as a deterrent.
For good reason, courts have been cautious in limiting speech, allowing the First Amendment to prevail except in special circumstances, such as the plausible incitement to violence, defamation and some threats. They have allowed more control over certain instances of privacy invasions involving non-public figures. No public interest is served and no contribution to free expression is made by the publication of intimate images whose only purpose is to cause anguish and emotional distress.
Some free-speech advocates have argued that civil law provides adequate safeguards for victims, who may sue to collect damages if such images are published without authorization. Litigation has been successful in some cases. Yet many victims cannot afford a lawyer, and the chances of success in court are unclear. Criminalizing nasty and uncivil conduct is not always the best course, but it is justified for revenge porn.
Whether images were made with or without a victim's knowledge - and even if they were 'selfies' sent to a lover - the nonconsensual publication of private, sexually explicit material is an act of aggression akin to sexual harassment. The effect is to wreak damage on people's lives.
In Virginia, freshman Del. Marcus Simon, D-Fairfax, introduced narrowly drawn legislation that makes it a misdemeanor, punishable by up to a year in prison, to post without authorization sexually revealing images that cause 'substantial emotional distress.' Granted, judges and juries may wrestle with what constitutes 'substantial emotional distress.' Nonetheless, this would be a fitting punishment for what is essentially an act of unbridled cruelty.


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Wesley D. Powell, DDS, MS, PC
Board Certified Pediatric Dentist
2244 Henderson Mill Road Northeast
Atlanta, Georgia 30345 [map]
Smile, Play, and Have Fun
Our pediatric dentists in Atlanta, Dr. Wesley Powell and Dr. Sheh, give your children more reasons to smile once again. For over 15 years, our children's dentist and their experienced pediatric team, have been committed to providing the highest level of pediatric dentistry for infants, children and teenagers. Our pediatric dental office uses the latest technology and highest safety standards possible for your children's specific demands.
Treating adult patients is different from treating the younger ones. We provide a child-friendly environment when coming in the clinic. In this way, your children will be more open to say what they feel, receive the right treatment, and be able to play and have fun while receiving an educational dental visit. We take pride in our wide range of services, an office with a fun atmosphere, the latest, most-advanced technology, and dental education for parents and kids.
Our Dental Services
As a pediatric dentist in Atlanta GA, Dr. Powell and Dr. Sheh practice a full range of children's dental services including cleanings, sealants, restorations, white fillings, in-office sedations, laughing gas, digital radiography, tooth whitening,oral habit cessation and appliances, diet counseling and orthodontics. We also provide dental education to keep kid's smiles beautiful for a lifetime.
Soothing Environment
Our office environment provides a fun atmosphere with numerous video games, toys, salt-water aquariums and an in-office movie theater for kids of all ages. We believe that a child's visit to the dentist is not about a matter of fear, but a matter of fun. We make memories and moments with the dental treatment that will make them want to come back not only to our pediatric dental office but to the dentist for a lifetime!
Unique First Visit Experience
For a child, the dentist's chair can be daunting. So during your first visit, you will be introduced to our pediatric dental team, given an office tour, and provided an opportunity to discuss your child's unique smile. Depending on the age of your child, he or she will either be given a lap examination where the head will rest on our doctor's lap with their body on your lap for the initial checkup, or they will have an exam in the regular doctor's chair having fun exploring all of our unique tools and gadgets at the same time! Our hygienists love kids and make checkups not only fun, but educational for both the child and the parent!
Teaching Them Dental Care As Early As Childhood
First impressions last and providing a great environment when visiting the doctor must start from an early age. Seeing a dentist is common but new for your children. For the child, the pediatric dental office can be frightening and intimidating. But with our unique way of treatment and a fun soothing environment, we are giving them more reasons to come back regularly. We break the habit of ignoring a dentist's call, and start at the early age so your children will have a great smile all their life, and want to come visit us for their dental checkups!
Take the step for a better smile now! Sign up and login here and consult with
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Offer good thru
December 31, 2019
Pediatric y
Dr. Powell is a pediatric , specializing in the treatment on of dental disease, as well as the overall oral health of children. Through extra years of schooling, training, experience, and certification, a pediatric dentist is uniquely qualified to treat the dental needs of infants, children, adolescents and those with special healthcare needs.
Sedation y
Braces for Children and Teens
Pediatric Dental Services


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プロ・専門家の海外ボランティア 南米ペルーで看護師
- Placement Location: Cusco
- Requirements: Full qualifications as a nurse and have a relevant license to practice
- Accomodation: Host family
- Length of placement: From 4 weeks
- Start Dates: Flexible
This voluntary medical project helps treat patients in hospitals in and around Cusco, Peru.
There is a huge demand for medical care in Peru. You can help ease the workload, treat patients and train local staff.
Here you will find answers to the following questions:
How can volunteer nurses help in Peru?
What will I gain from this project?
What will Projects Abroad PRO provide?
What skills or qualifications do I need?
How can volunteer nurses help in Peru?
You can use your knowledge and training to help local staff as a volunteer nurse. You can work on tasks such as:
- Helping existing staff to treat patients, including:
- Dressing wounds, monitoring pulse, blood pressure, and temperature etc.
- Checking and administering drugs and injections.
- Setting up drips and blood transfusions.
- Coordinating medical outreach programs within nearby towns and villages.
- Observing and assessing the work of local student and junior nurses and teaching them new skills where appropriate.
- Helping with training clinics for Projects Abroad volunteers working with other hospitals (optional).
We work with a variety of medical institutions in and around Cusco. You could work with one of two government hospitals. These are large facilities and you will be expected to work for around 6 hours per day, from Monday to Friday. Alternatively, it may be possible to perform some work at a smaller health centre.
This project runs all year round. You decide how much time you can spare and we will help you get the most out of it.
What will I gain from this project?
This voluntary work abroad will help you gain a great deal of experience. You will work with a variety of patients and learn about treatment in the developing world. You will be able to share ideas and learn from fellow staff. There may well be illnesses and diseases that you have not encountered before in your home country. This project will give you the chance to learn about them.
You will spend a lot of time with local staff and patients. This will teach you about their culture and way of life. They will all want to hear about your life back home and your family and friends. We call this "cultural exchange" and we think it helps our volunteers gain a new perspective on life.
What will Projects Abroad PRO provide?
We have over 25 years' experience of running volunteer projects. We provide you with the following support to make sure your time in Peru is successful and enjoyable:
- Safe accommodation with a Peruvian family close to your project.
- Friendly and dedicated local staff available to help 24 hours a day.
- A member of staff to meet you at the airport when you arrive.
- Comprehensive medical and travel insurance.
What skills or qualifications do I need?
You need to be fully qualified as a nurse and have a relevant license to practice in your country of residence.
Please contact us if you think your knowledge may be useful on this project but do not have the required qualifications.


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Here are three universal truths about scarves: they make you look stupid, there is no good place to put them when you take them off, and you will lose the one you're about to buy before the end of the season. They are the sunglasses of cold weather. Yes, they serve a reasonable purpose, protecting your throat from inclement forces, but before you shell out the big bucks on your woolly gorget, remember that you already possess the means to shield your neck. They're called shoulders and a chin.
Romanticism and nostalgia are two things easier said than done, because the people wanting to put them into practice are the ones that find themselves at the counter of a coffee shop on a particularly brisk day feeling "adventurous." Everyone likes the IDEA of pumpkin flavoring simply because everyone likes the idea of fall: it's still kind of nice out, and chronic laziness can be attributed to a crazy summer or the fact thanksgiving's coming up. Within seconds of tasting your upwards-of-four-dollars seasonal indulgence, you'll realize that seizing the moment doesn't necessarily translate to seizing a promotional offer, and that they don't sell pumpkin-flavored stuff year round because it's gross and weird.
If you're going to put your health and, more importantly, breath at risk by smoking tobacco, you need to do it in style. Which is one of the many reasons why you need to put down that pipe. Yes, it does look cool sitting there on that shelf, but something happens when you pick it up and start trying to pack it that makes you look less General Douglas MacArthur before battle and more Charles Nelson Reilly after finding out Match Game was cancelled. If a trip to flavor country is absolutely necessary for you to function throughout the day, maybe try some nicotine gum--even Sherlock Holmes would look like a cow chewing its cud if they had that in their mouth.
Buying crappy candy may help you cut down on the amount of Halloween sweets your big fat mouth deprives pillowcase-toting youngsters of, but it certainly will not guarantee that you escape the holiday sugar binge free. Not only will all the neighborhood kids hate you, you'll hate yourself for breaking your diet over a handful of Rollos and eight bags of Werther's Originals. Buy good candy. If not for yourself, then for your house's paint finish.


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Apologies for no photo of the winning driver, apparently Red Bull's media department is not approving our application to use their photos for editorial purposes.
Red Bull really did give Sebastien Vettel and Mark Webber wings with the duo grabbing a 1-2 at the 2010 formula one Malaysian Grand Prix. Nico Rosberg was third for the Mercedes GP formula one team (erstwhile Brawn GP) while his teammate Michael Schumacher was unlucky yet again as a nut came off his car's wheel and he was forced to retire. Before that Michael Schumacher in a strong start had made up 2 places.
Sebastien Vettel proved that if you are good enough and if you drive good enough, victory will come and luck factor will diminish. After 2 unlucky races, Malaysia proved to be third time lucky.
Lewis Hamilton was another the start performer of the day though, the Briton made his way up from 20th on the grid to sixth place. His teammate Jenson Button was 8th at the finish line.
Meanwhile Spaniard and Ferrari driver Fernando Alonso called the Malaysian Grand Prix the toughest race of his life. He suffered a gearbox problem and apparently no clutch in the race.
"Right from the start things went wrong. On the formation lap, my gearbox broke, and I had no clutch during the race," Fernando Alonso said.
"So I had to brake in a weird way. I had to first gear down and then push the throttle hard so it would engage the gear for that corner.
"So it was probably the hardest race of my whole life in terms of driving, because I had to improvise for every corner.