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Geometric design lines crafted in stainless steel offer a contemporary twist to the kitchen sink, while sound absorption technology and ample basin depth provide classic Sterling features. units " Installation Type: Drop-In Material: Stainless Steel Overall Dimensions: 22" D x 9.25" L x 33" W Stainless Steel Gauge: 18 Minimum Base Cabinet Width: 36"
Have you noticed that the Living Room or Living Room that looks bright and tasteful is sometimes not the place to buy single bowl kitchen sink, chic design and style in one style only. Matching the opposite or the unlikely together is part of making the room look as good as it looks. For beginners, this would be confusing at the time of purchase. Today we take a look at the opposite pairing process to check the list of efficient shopping next time than to know the color. Knowing the color tone is very important to choose the right pair. We usually divide the color into two tones: hot tones and cool tones. Cool colors are black, blue, purple, blue, green, green, light green and yellowish green. The hot colors are yellow, orange, yellow, orange, red, and magenta. The middle colors are black, white, and brownish gray, resulting in the opposite coloration in the same ratio. Choose the right color Color is the first thing we often confuse to buy single bowl kitchen sink first. You sometimes think of colors like one, but the furniture in the market is another color. So before you start coloring. First, choose the main color scheme. I would like to appear in a room 3, 4, or 70% of the room before the principle of color choice is not difficult. The overall tone is usually cool. Let's see what color you like, your style, or your wall as a whole. You like the modern style, you can choose the main color tone is white, gray, black, blue or you like the vintage. It may be black, brown, sweet like a white tone, pastel cream like the natural selection of brown beige, so fill the opposite color. In fact, the opposite pair of colors has a simple observation principle. It looks completely different, such as white - black, blue - red, yellow - blue, orange - black. The fact is, we do not rely on the hot color match with that cool tone. Just like the feeling is enough. The technique is to try to fill in the opposite color. By more than 30% of the room. Let's see some interesting colors here! Sterling by Kohler single bowl kitchen sink Orange is a color couple that gives a modern, modern feel. Try to color the main furniture is white, gray and black and add a little orange to add a freshness to the Living Room. May be mixed with the opposite orange color, such as blue indigo, etc. Sterling by Kohler single bowl kitchen sink Yellow is very good with black tone. Yellow color will drive the black. The dark blue tone may be added a bit. Sterling by Kohler single bowl kitchen sink Red is a color scheme that requires extreme care in decoration. I would recommend using a red color that is not too fresh for the beginner. Red is a very noticeable color scheme, so it does not need to be used much.
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Living Room Care and cleaning of bedding Always keep changing. Keep changing bedding And care of the new bedding as well as bedding, pillow cases, quilts and so on. Many people may worry about the color of the bedding. Will it suit us? Or to supplement the Hwang or offline. But in essence, Feng Shui is more important than color. It is the care of the clean. Or if it is in a condition that is not available to replace the damage often. And always clean. What is the power. The new power. New opportunities or new good luck in life with. Colors in the way of Feng Shui is composed of all five elements. 1. Water element - blue tone blue color suitable for retirement age. The age is a matter of leisure. Adults 2. Wood - green color The color of the trees is related to the age of growth. It is the color of creativity. Have creative ideas Suitable for working age or adolescence. 3. Fire element - Red, orange, pink color Active active color for teenagers studying in adolescence. Beginner Business Not recommended for mature adults who are retired. 4. Ground element - cream brown color, firmness, stability, peace to the single bowl kitchen sink . Suitable for all ages available to anyone. 5. Gold - white color of business intelligence suitable for adolescents, students, working class students Living Room table at the head of the bed. In feng shui considered. It is a balance in life. To make money, we have good circulation. There is a good flow of money. We should have a bedside table on both sides of the bed. Choosing a bedside table should be a table with the edge of the table without a corner to avoid the power of feng shui to attack. Or a corner that hit us while sleeping on the sofa. Living Room lamp on the table should have Lamp on both sides of the mainstream of Feng Shui. The light in the single bowl kitchen sink should be indirect light, it is In Direct Light should be avoided the fluorescent lights. The white light is very bright. It will balance or force in Feng Shui. But the lamp on the bed before bed, we may be open at the time of reading. When we sleep, we close. I like adjusting feng shui to a good balance. It is a good balance of health. Make a good balance in your finances. And fortune to us. The lamp should be chosen with the material of the crystals. Living Room wardrobe closet if the cabinet with a mirror, the cabinet should not be placed directly on the bed. Should be placed at another angle that does not match the bed. If it is a closet, the drapes will not be alright. Dressing table Should be located at the end of the bed, do not turn the mirror into the bed as well. It will make the power to reflect bad. Will result in fatigue.
Did you know? People should spend about one third of their sleep each day! Looks out too much. However, we must admit that our emotional and mental health mainly depends on getting enough rest. Many people may argue that insomnia is the result of hastily living today. But we would like to say that it may include a single bowl kitchen sink atmosphere that may make you sleep well. So let's try to find a way to make the room feel better. Sleep better than Living Room . Add balance to balance and feel safe. The mattress should be placed against a solid wall and facing away from the door. If you want a floating bed, you should choose a bed head made of durable material to create a comfortable feeling. Relaxed rooms should at least be dark or have soft light. So you should find a switch that lets you control the lights when it's time to sleep. If you want to sleep well, your room may have other lighting. Creep Use opaque curtains to help cut off external light at the wrong time. Living Room smooth is calm. If you do not sleep well. Notice that in the single bowl kitchen sink you have something to worry about it. Try to place things around. Tidy and clean. Because the single bowl kitchen sink is busy. It can affect sleep. Having a closet or drawer that can keep things going will make you more calm. And most importantly, do not bring the device to work in a visible place, because you may worry about it until you can not sleep. Living Room Color Tone and Atmosphere A single bowl kitchen sink with a blue tone Aqua may be the room that makes the eyes feel closed. But no matter which tone you choose to make room. Try to control one tone of tone, then choose two accessory color shades of a piece of excitement, it is enough to not include many colors together, because it will stir you all the time. Living Room not working in the room. sleep The single bowl kitchen sink should be quiet, no noise, and the room temperature must be cool. Therefore, do not bring the equipment or other facilities. Enter into a single bowl kitchen sink , such as a computer or a desk, because you may be worried about it until you can not sleep. But if anyone is caught in the sea before going to bed. Find a bedside table with drawers. To keep the laptop out of sight is not easy Living Room . Find the aroma that you like to put near. The smell is a way to sleep and also affect the relaxation of the body during sleep. Try to find the aroma of essential oils. Lavender in the room. It helps to feel relaxed and sleep more comfortable.
This single bowl kitchen sink is simply the most perfect gift you can get for the one and only in your life. Perfect gift for the any lady. My husband bought this for me as a Christmas gift. Love the color and quality. Lays nicely and receive many compliments.

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Arrangements for Capacity Building
The entire capacity building for community institutions will be led by the Capacity Building and Institution Building unit of the Project. A full time State Project Manager and Project Manager will be deputed and assigned responsibility to design, implement and coordinate capacity building events for community institutions. For the purpose, block unit will also have a specialist training officer who will be responsible for all necessary arrangement for capacity building programmes. A Capacity Building and Training cell is also proposed. This cell will look after the large scale staff and community level training needs in a multi functional manner. At a later phase this cell may be spun off as an independent organization to look after the training needs of the state for rural development professionals. At block level absence of appropriate training infrastructure will be the major challenge. To address this Project will adopt two pronged strategy which includes building training infrastructure at block level wherever needed and to get existing suitable Government infrastructure. The involvement of external consultant agency will be key strategy for delivering large scale Capacity Building programme to the Community Institutions. Further points to be worked on include:
- Capacity Building and Institution Building specialist at the State Unit will be the key nodal person for training to the community institutions. All strategic decision-making will be done at this level.
- Both at the state and block levels, the functional specialist and the resource organisation(s) together will develop the capacity building solutions based on the field assessment
- Training Needs Assessment will be undertaken periodically (say quarterly)
- The technical training could be outsourced to a panel of trainers or institutions with expertise on the subject.
- Annual needs assessment will also be conducted to include learnings and its implications in the PIP.
- A Capacity Building and Training Cell will prepare modules and CB strategy. This cell will facilitate the block unit in extending capacity building programmes to community institutions.
Methodology for Capacity Building
The following methodology will be used for capacity building in the Project.
- Development of modules: Each capacity building events will be organized with an effective module corresponding to the absorbing capacity of the community members. This will be prepared in local language and should bear ample application of audio visual tools.
- Learning by Doing- Every module will subject to further improvement by learning of previous organized events and feedback from the community.
- Learning by seeing - Various sites within the country and the state would be identified and arrangement will be made to send community members to see the best practices.
- Empanelment of Resource Persons and Agencies- The project will identify external resource agencies and persons and empanelled them for delivering the capacity building component at block and state levels. A clear MoU will be drafted with any resource agency or individual is hired.
- Handholding Support- This will be among major strategies of capacity building in the Project. Project staff and other resource persons/ teams/ agencies will constantly be counseled by regular handholding support by the Training and Capacity Building Cell to improve the effectiveness of programmes at community level.


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kmiya100 wrote:As most of us know, we can only get Vienna libraries in their new format. Which other libraries would be most comparable for orchestral stuff? I am currently converting a project that used Rosegarden, Linuxsampler, VSL, VSL Performance Tool, Ardour, and Jconv, to Logic and Vienna Instruments Special Edition. For future projects, I would rather use Rosegarden and Linuxsampler with good libraries. What are the best orchestral libraries in gig format? Should I look at libraries in other formats that convert easily to gig? I am especially concerned about good string sounds, both ensemble and solo. Any advice would be helpful.
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2010 NY Slip Op 51482(U)
ARGENT MORTGAGE COMPANY, LLC, Plaintiff,
DAPHINE MAITLAND, ET. AL., Defendants.
Supreme Court, Kings County.
Decided August 19, 2010.
Melissa A Sposato, Esq., Law Offices of Jordan Katz, PC, Melville NY, Plaintiff.
No Appearances, Defendant.
In this mortgage foreclosure action, plaintiff's motion for an order of reference for the premises located at 732 Hendrix Street, Brooklyn, New York (Block 4305, Lot 22, County of Kings) is denied with prejudice. The complaint is dismissed. The notice of pendency filed against the above-named real property is cancelled. Plaintiff's successor in interest, AMERICAN HOME MORTGAGE SERVICING, INC. (AHMSI), lacks standing to continue this action because the instant mortgage was satisfied on April 26, 2010. Plaintiff's counsel never notified the Court that the mortgage had been satisfied and failed to discontinue the instant action with prejudice. I discovered that the mortgage had been satisfied by personally searching the Automated City Register Information System (ACRIS) website of the Office of the City Register, New York City Department of Finance. AHMSI's President and Chief Executive Officer or its Executive Vice President, Chief Legal Officer and Secretary Jordan D. Dorchuck, Esq., its counsel, Melissa A. Sposato, Esq. and her firm, Jordan S. Katz, P.C., will be given an opportunity to be heard as to why this Court should not sanction them for making a "frivolous motion," pursuant to 22 NYCRR §130-1.1.
Defendant DAPHINE MAITLAND (MAITLAND) borrowed $392,000.00 from original plaintiff ARGENT MORTGAGE COMPANY, LLC (ARGENT), on August 4, 2006. The loan was secured by a mortgage, recorded by ARGENT, at the Office of the City Register of the City of New York, New York City Department of Finance, on August 23, 2006, at City Register File Number (CRFN) XXXXXXXXXX. Defendant MAITLAND allegedly defaulted in her mortgage loan payments with her June 1, 2007 payment. ARGENT commenced the instant action with the filing of the summons, complaint and notice of pendency with the Kings County Clerk on November 8, 2007. Plaintiff's counsel, on April 14, 2009, filed the instant motion for an order of reference with the Court'sForeclosure Department. After reviewing the papers, the Foreclosure Department forwarded the instant motion to me on August 16, 2010.
On August 16, 2010, I searched ACRIS and discovered that AHMSI, the successor in interest to plaintiff ARGENT, executed a satisfaction of the instant mortgage almost four months ago, on April 26, 2010. The satisfaction was executed in Idaho Falls, Idaho, by Krystal Hall, Vice President of "AMERICAN HOME MORTGAGE SERVICING, INC., AS SUCCESSOR TO CITI RESIDENTIAL LENDING, INC. AS SUCCESSOR TO ARGENT MORTGAGE COMPANY, LLC," and the satisfaction was recorded at the Office of the City Register of the City of New York, on May 10, 2010, at CRFN XXXXXXXXXXXXX.
Successor plaintiff AHMSI is one of several companies controlled by billionaire investor Wilbur L. Ross, Jr. through his firm, W. L. Ross & Company. Louise Story, in her April 4, 2008 New York Times article, "Investors Stalk the Wounded of Wall Street," described Mr. Ross as "a dean of vulture investing." She wrote:
Almost two centuries ago, as Napoleon marched on Waterloo, a scion of the Rothschilds is said to have declared: The time to buy is when blood is running in the streets.
Now as red ink runs on Wall Street, the figurative heirs of the Rothschilds — bankers, traders, hedge fund gurus and takeover artists — are plotting to profit from today's financial upheaval. These market opportunists — vulture investors in the Wall Street term — have begun to swoop. They are buying up mortgages of hard-pressed homeowners, the bank loans of cash-short businesses, and companies that seem to be hurtling to bankruptcy. And they are trying to buy them all on the cheap. . . .
"The only time you really know you've reached the bottom is when you're back on the other side and things are going back up," said Wilbur L. Ross, Jr., a dean of vulture investors, who made a fortune buying steel companies when no one else seemed to want them.
Such caution aside, his firm, W. L. Ross & Company, recently spent $2.6 billion for two mortgage servicers [AHMSI and Option One] and a bond insurance company. He said he planned to buy more as hedge funds and other investor sell at bargain prices.
Moreover, ACRIS revealed that defendant MAITLAND sold the premises to 732 HENDRIX STREET, LLC for $155,000.00, with the deed executed on April 5, 2010 and recorded on April 14, 2010, at the Office of the City Register of the City of New York, at CRFN XXXXXXXXXXXXX.
Plaintiff's counsel never had the courtesy or professionalism to notify the Court that the instant mortgage was satisfied and file a motion to discontinue the instant action. The Court is gravely concerned that it: expended scarce resources on an action that should have been discontinued; and, would have signed an order that could have possibly damaged the credit rating of defendant MAITLAND and put an unfair cloud on the title to the subject premises now owned by 732 HENDRIX STREET, LLC, causing both defendant MAITLAND and 732 HENDRIX STREET, LLC much time and effort to correct an error caused by the failure of successor plaintiff AHMSI and plaintiff's counsel to exercise due diligence. If successor plaintiff AHMSI is a responsible lender, not a vulture investor looking to profit "when blood is running in the streets," it should have notified the Court that the subject mortgage had been satisfied.
It is clear that successor plaintiff AHMSI lacked standing to proceed in the instant action since some time prior to April 26, 2010, when the satisfaction for defendant MAITLAND's mortgage was executed. The exact date is probably April 5, 2010, when defendant MAITLAND likely paid off the subject mortgage loan as part of her closing with 732 HENDRIX STREET, LLC, for the sale of the subject mortgaged premises. "To establish a prima facie case in an action to foreclose a mortgage, the plaintiff must establish the existence of the mortgage and the mortgage note, ownership of the mortgage, and the defendant's default in payment." (Campaign v Barba (23 AD3d 327 [2d Dept. 2005]). The instant mortgage was satisfied months before the instant motion for an order of reference was forwarded to me by the Foreclosure Department. The satisfaction, dated April 26, 2010, states that "AMERICAN HOME MORTGAGE INC. AS SUCCESSOR TO CITI RESIDENTIAL LENDING, INC. AS SUCCESSOR TO ARGENT MORTGAGE COMPANY, LLC . . . does hereby certify that a certain indenture of mortgage . . . to secure payment of the principal sum of $392,000.00, and interest, and duly recorded . . . document no. 2006000477619 on the 23rd day of August 2006, is PAID, and does hereby consent that the same be discharged of record." (See Household Finance Realty Corp. of New York v Wynn, 19 AD3d 545 [2d Dept. 2005]; Sears Mortgage Corp. v Yahhobi, 19 AD3d 402 [2d Dept. 2005]; Ocwen Federal Bank FSB v Miller, 18 AD3d 527 [2d Dept. 2005]; U.S. Bank Trust Nat. Ass'n Trustee v Butti, 16 AD3d 408 [2d Dept 2005]; First Union Mortgage Corp. v Fern, 298 AD2d 490 [2d Dept 2002]; Village Bank v Wild Oaks, Holding, Inc., 196 AD2d 812 [2d Dept 1993]).
The Court of Appeals (Saratoga County Chamber of Commerce, Inc. v Pataki, 100 NY2d 801, 812 [2003], cert denied 540 US 1017 [2003]) declared that "[s]tanding to sue is critical to the proper functioning of the judicial system. It is a threshold issue. If standing is denied, the pathway to the courthouse is blocked. The plaintiff who has standing, however, may cross the threshold and seek judicial redress."
In Caprer v Nussbaum (36 AD3d 176, 181 [2d Dept 2006]) the Court held that "[s]tanding to sue requires an interest in the claim at issue in the lawsuit that the law will recognize as a sufficient predicate for determining the issue at the litigant's request." If a plaintiff lacks standing to sue, the plaintiff may not proceed in the action. (Stark v Goldberg, 297 AD2d 203 [1st Dept 2002]).
Since AHMSI executed the satisfaction for the instant mortgage, the Court must not only deny the instant motion, but also dismiss the complaint and cancel the notice of pendency filed by ARGENT with the Kings County Clerk on November 8, 2007. CPLR § 6501 provides that the filing of a notice of pendency against a property is to give constructive notice to any purchaser of real property or encumbrancer against real property of an action that "would affect the title to, or the possession, use or enjoyment of real property, except in a summary proceeding brought to recover the possession of real property." Professor David Siegel, in NY Prac, § 334, at 535 [4th ed] observes about a notice of pendency that:
The plaintiff files it with the county clerk of the real property county, putting the world on notice of the plaintiff's potential rights in the action and thereby warning all comers that if they then buy the property or lend on the strength of it or otherwise rely on the defendant's right, they do so subject to whatever the action may establish as the plaintiff's right.
The Court of Appeals, in 5303 Realty Corp. v O & Y Equity Corp. (64 NY2d 313, 315 [1984]), commented that "[a] notice of pendency, commonly known as a lis pendens,' can be a potent shield to litigants claiming an interest in real property." The Court, at 318-320, outlined the history of the doctrine of lis pendens back to 17th century England. It was formally recognized in New York courts in 1815 and first codified in the Code of Procedure [Field Code] enacted in 1848. At 319, the Court stated that "[t]he purpose of the doctrine was to assure that a court retained its ability to effect justice by preserving its power over the property, regardless of whether a purchaser had any notice of the pending suit," and, at 320, "the statutory scheme permits a party to effectively retard the alienability of real property without any prior judicial review."
In Israelson v Bradley (308 NY 511, 516 [1955]) the Court observed that with a notice of pendency a plaintiff who has an interest in real property has received from the State:
an extraordinary privilege which . . . upon the mere filing of the notice of a pendency of action, a summons and a complaint and strict compliance with the requirements of section 120 [of the Civil Practice Act; now codified in CPLR § § 6501, 6511 and 6512] is required. Proper administration of the law by the courts requires promptness on the part of a litigant so favored and that he accept the shield which has been given him upon the terms imposed and that he not be permitted to so use the privilege granted that itbecomes a sword usable against the owner or possessor of realty. If the terms imposed are not met, the privilege is at an end. [Emphasis added]
Article 65 of the CPLR outlines notice of pendency procedures. The Court, in Da Silva v Musso (76 NY2d 436, 442 [1990]), held that "the specific statutorily prescribed mechanisms for implementing this provisional remedy . . . were designed with a view toward balancing the interests of the claimant in the preservation of the status quo against the equally legitimate interests of the property owner in the marketability of his title." The Court of Appeals, quoted Professor Siegel, in holding that "[t]he ability to file a notice of pendency is a privilege that can be lost if abused' (Siegel, New York Practice § 336, at 512)." (In Re Sakow, 97 NY2d 436, 441 [2002]).
The instant case, with successor plaintiff AHMSI lacking standing to bring this action and the complaint dismissed, meets the criteria for losing "a privilege that can be lost if abused." CPLR § 6514 (a) provides for the mandatory cancellation of a notice of pendency by:
[t]he court, upon motion of any person aggrieved and upon such notice as it may require, shall direct any county clerk to cancel a notice of pendency, if service of a summons has not been completed within the time limited by section 6512; or if the action has been settled, discontinued or abated; or if the time to appeal from a final judgment against the plaintiff has expired; or if enforcement of a final judgment against the plaintiff has not been stayed pursuant to section 5519. [Emphasis added]
The plain meaning of the word "abated," as used in CPLR § 6514 (a) is the ending of an action. Abatement is defined (Black's Law Dictionary 3 [7th ed 1999]) as "the act of eliminating or nullifying." "An action which has been abated is dead, and any further enforcement of the cause of action requires the bringing of a new action, provided that a cause of action remains' (2A Carmody-Wait 2d § 11.1)." (Nastasi v Nastasi, 26 AD3d 32, 40 [2d Dept 2005]). Further, Nastasi at 36, held that "[c]ancellation of a notice of pendency can be granted in the exercise of the inherent power of the court where its filing fails to comply with CPLR 6501 (see 5303 Realty Corp. v O & Y Equity Corp. at 320-321; Rose v Montt Assets, 250 AD2d 451, 451-452 [1st Dept 1998]; Siegel, NY Prac § 336 [4th ed])." AHMSI, as successor plaintiff, lacks standing to sue. Therefore, dismissal of the instant complaint must result in mandatory cancellation of the November 8, 2007 notice of pendency against the property "in the exercise of the inherent power of the Court."
The failure of successor plaintiff AHMSI, by its President David M. Friedman or its Executive Vice President, Chief Legal Officer and Secretary Jordan D. Dorchuck, Esq., and its counsel, Melissa A. Sposato, Esq. and her firm, Jordan S. Katz, P.C., to discontinue the instant action since the April 2010 payoff of the MAITLAND mortgage appears to be "frivolous." 22 NYCRR § 130-1.1 (a) states that "the Court, in its discretion may impose financial sanctions upon any party or attorney in a civil action or proceeding who engages in frivolous conduct as defined in this Part, which shall be payable as provided in section 130-1.3 of this Subpart." Further, it states in 22 NYCRR § 130-1.1 (b), that "sanctions may be imposed upon any attorney appearing in the action or upon a partnership, firm or corporation with which the attorney is associated."
22 NYCRR § 130-1.1 (c) states that:
For purposes of this part, conduct is frivolous if:
(1) it is completely without merit in law and cannot be supported by a reasonable argument for an extension, modification or reversal of existing law;
(2) it is undertaken primarily to delay or prolong the resolution of the litigation, or to harass or maliciously injure another; or
(3) it asserts material factual statements that are false.
It is clear that since at least April 26, 2010 the instant motion for aan order of reference "is completely without merit in law" and "asserts material factual statements that are false."
Several years before the drafting and implementation of the Part 130 Rules for costs and sanctions, the Court of Appeals (A.G. Ship Maintenance Corp. v Lezak, 69 NY2d 1, 6 [1986]) observed that "frivolous litigation is so serious a problem affecting the proper administration of justice, the courts may proscribe such conduct and impose sanctions in this exercise of their rule-making powers, in the absence of legislation to the contrary (see NY Const, art VI, § 30, Judiciary Law § 211 [1] [b] )."
Part 130 Rules were subsequently created, effective January 1, 1989, to give the courts an additional remedy to deal with frivolous conduct. These stand beside Appellate Division disciplinary case law against attorneys for abuse of process or malicious prosecution. The Court, in Gordon v Marrone (202 AD2d 104, 110 [2d Dept 1994], lv denied 84 NY2d 813 [1995]), instructed that:
Conduct is frivolous and can be sanctioned under the court rule if "it is completely without merit . . . and cannot be supported by a reasonable argument for an extension, modification or reversal of existing law; or . . .
it is undertaken primarily to delay or prolong the resolution of the litigation, or to harass or maliciously injure another" (22 NYCRR 130-1.1[c] [1], [2] . . . ).
In Levy v Carol Management Corporation (260 AD2d 27, 33 [1st Dept 1999]) the Court stated that in determining if sanctions are appropriate the Court must look at the broad pattern of conduct by the offending attorneys or parties. Further, "22 NYCRR 130-1.1 allows us to exercise our discretion to impose costs and sanctions on an errant party . . ." Levy at 34, held that "[s]anctions are retributive, in that they punish past conduct. They also are goal oriented, in that they are useful in deterring future frivolous conduct not only by the particular parties, but also by the Bar at large."
The Court, in Kernisan, M.D. v Taylor (171 AD2d 869 [2d Dept 1991]), noted that the intent of the Part 130 Rules "is to prevent the waste of judicial resources and to deter vexatious litigation and dilatory or malicious litigation tactics (cf. Minister, Elders & Deacons of Refm. Prot. Church of City of New York v 198 Broadway, 76 NY2d 411; see Steiner v Bonhamer, 146 Misc 2d 10) [Emphasis added]." Since at least April 26, 2010, and probably since April 5, 2010, the instant action is "a waste of judicial resources." This conduct, as noted in Levy, must be deterred. In Weinstock v Weinstock (253 AD2d 873 [2d Dept 1998]) the Court ordered the maximum sanction of $10,000.00 for an attorney who pursued an appeal "completely without merit," and holding, at 874, that "[w]e therefore award the maximum authorized amount as a sanction for this conduct (see, 22 NYCRR 130-1.1) calling to mind that frivolous litigation causes a substantial waste of judicial resources to the detriment of those litigants who come to the Court with real grievances [Emphasis added]." Citing Weinstock, the Appellate Division, Second Department, in Bernadette Panzella, P.C. v De Santis (36 AD3d 734 [2d Dept 2007]) affirmed a Supreme Court, Richmond County $2,500.00 sanction, at 736, as "appropriate in view of the plaintiff's waste of judicial resources [Emphasis added]."
In Navin v Mosquera (30 AD3d 883 [3d Dept 2006]) the Court instructed that when considering if specific conduct is sanctionable as frivolous, "courts are required to examine whether or not the conduct was continued when its lack of legal or factual basis was apparent [or] should have been apparent' (22 NYCRR 130-1.1 [c])." The Court, in Sakow ex rel. Columbia Bagel, Inc. v Columbia Bagel, Inc. (6 Misc 3d 939, 943 [Sup Ct,
New York County 2004]), held that "[i]n assessing whether to award sanctions, the Court must consider whether the attorney adhered to the standards of a reasonable attorney (Principe v Assay Partners, 154 Misc 2d 702 [Sup Ct, NY County 1992])." In the instant action, plaintiff's Chief Legal Officer or its outside counsel is responsible for keeping track of whether the mortgage was satisfied. In Sakow at 943, the Court observed that "[a]n attorney cannot safely delegate all duties to others."
This Court will examine the conduct of successor plaintiff AHMSI and plaintiff's counsel, in a hearing, pursuant to 22 NYCRR § 130-1.1, to determine if plaintiff AHMSI, by its President, David M. Friedman, or its Executive Vice President, Chief Legal Officer and Secretary, Jordan D. Dorchuck, Esq., and plaintiff's counsel Melissa A. Sposato, Esq. and her firm Jordan S. Katz, P.C. engaged in frivolous conduct, and to allow successor plaintiff AHMSI, by its President David M. Friedman or Executive Vice President, Chief Legal Officer and Secretary Jordan D. Dorchuck, Esq., and plaintiff's counsel Melissa A. Sposato, Esq. and her firm Jordan S. Katz, P.C. a reasonable opportunity to be heard. The Court is aware that AHMSI's Chief Legal Officer, Mr. Dorchuck, is a member of the New York State Bar. (See Mascia v Maresco, 39 AD3d 504 [2d Dept 2007]; Yan v Klein, 35 AD3d 729 [2d Dept 2006]; Greene v Doral Conference Center Associates, 18 AD3d 429 [2d Dept 2005]; Kucker v Kaminsky & Rich, 7 AD3d 39 [2d Dept 2004]).
Accordingly, it is
ORDERED, that the motion of successor plaintiff, AMERICAN HOME MORTGAGE SERVICING, INC., for an order of reference for the premises located at 732 Hendrix Street, Brooklyn, New York (Block 4305, Lot 22, County of Kings), is denied with prejudice; and it is further
ORDERED, that because successor plaintiff, AMERICAN HOME MORTGAGE SERVICING, INC., lacks standing and no longer is the mortgagee in this foreclosure action, the instant complaint, Index No. 41383/07 is dismissed with prejudice; and it is further
ORDERED, that the Notice of Pendency filed with the Kings County Clerk on November 8, 2007, by original plaintiff, ARGENT MORTGAGE COMPANY, LLC, in an action to foreclose a mortgage for real property located at 732 Hendrix Street, Brooklyn, New York (Block 4305, Lot 22, County of Kings), is cancelled; and it is further
ORDERED, that it appearing that successor plaintiff AMERICAN HOME MORTGAGE SERVICING, INC., Melissa A. Sposato, Esq. and Jordan S. Katz, P.C. engaged in "frivolous conduct," as defined in the Rules of the Chief Administrator, 22 NYCRR § 130-1 (c), and that pursuant to the Rules of the Chief Administrator, 22 NYCRR § 130.1.1 (d), "[a]n award of costs or the imposition of sanctions may be made. . . upon the court's own initiative, after a reasonable opportunity to be heard," this Court will conduct a hearing affording: successor plaintiff AMERICAN HOME MORTGAGE SERVICING, INC., by its President David M. Friedman or Executive Vice President, Chief Legal Officer and Secretary, Jordan D. Dorchuck, Esq.; Melissa A. Sposato, Esq.; and, Jordan S. Katz, P.C.; "a reasonable opportunity to be heard" before me in Part 27, on Monday, September 13, 2010, at 2:30 P.M., in Room 479, 360 Adams Street, Brooklyn, NY 11201; and it is further
ORDERED, that because the headquarters of successor plaintiff AMERICAN HOME MORTGAGE SERVICING, INC. is in Irving, Texas, Mr. Friedman or Mr. Dorchuck may appear either in person or by telephone; and it is further
ORDERED, that Ronald David Bratt, Esq., my Principal Law Clerk, is directed to serve this order by first-class mail, upon: David M. Friedman, President of successor plaintiff AMERICAN HOME MORTGAGE SERVICING, INC., 4600 Regent Boulevard, Suite 200, Irving, Texas 75063; Jordan D. Dorchuck, Esq., Executive Vice President, Chief Legal Officer and Secretary of successor plaintiff AMERICAN HOME MORTGAGE SERVICING, INC., 4600 Regent Boulevard, Suite 200, Irving, Texas 75063; Melissa A. Sposato, Esq., Law Offices of Jordan S. Katz, P.C., 395 North Service Road, Suite 401, Melville, New York XXXXX-XXXX; and Jordan S. Katz, P.C., 395 North Service Road, Suite 401, Melville, New York XXXXX-XXXX.
This constitutes the Decision and Order of the Court.© 2010-19 FORECLOSURE FRAUD | by DinSFLA. All rights reserved.


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Readymade Garments Industry of Bangladesh
Readymade Garments Industry of Bangladesh Mazharul Islam Kiron Textile Consultant & Market Analyst Email: [email protected] Introduction: Bangladesh, the southern Asian country has a population of approximately 164 million people. The economy of Bangladesh is significantly dependent on agriculture. But its a great news for the country that, readymade garments (RMG) sector of Bangladesh has… Read More »


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For a full year and a half we have been saying that THREE specific actions would happen as a result of Mitch McConnell winning his re-election bid. They are:
* Full implementation of ObamaCare without change or removal
* Full comprehensive immigration reform to include amnesty.
* Full support for Common-Core federal education standards
These three elements are the central tenet of Tom Donohue and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce. Donohue and the CoC command the constructs of Mitch McConnell. There is NOTHING you can do now to stop it. The only chance was lost on May 11th during the Kentucky primary.
You can gnash your teeth, jump up and down, refuse to vote, call, write and email congress. It just doesn't matter – you are spitting into a hurricane. That part of the battle was lost in May 2014. Quit thinking about it, it's behind us now.
However, I would suggest to stop supporting any affiliate of Ann Coulter, Tucker Carlson, and any associate of like-minded alignment. Do the same with blogs and websites who support that perspective. Make that a New Years Resolution.
WASHINGTON DC – To incoming Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-KY), it is more important for Republicans to be the party of yes than go all-out to defund President Barack Obama's executive amnesty.
According to the New York Times, McConnell "acknowledges that changing the mind-set of opposition" in the next Congress "will be crucial to advancing legislation that will attract Democratic support and force" Obama "into difficult choices over whether to sign measures pushed by his adversaries." The Times notes "that is why his focus will be lawmakers he thinks he can meld into a governing coalition."
"All of us from time to time make a point," Mr. McConnell told the outlet. "But it is time now to make a difference."
But on the issue that is arguably most important to conservatives–defunding President Barack Obama's executive amnesty–McConnell is squeamish.
The Associated Press noted that in a recent interview, "McConnell stopped short of pledging that Congress would block Obama's recent executive actions curbing deportations for millions of people who are in the United States illegally." (read more)


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Chugach Alaska Corporation Appoints Chugach Commercial Holdings President Josie Hickel
(Anchorage, Alaska) – Chugach Alaska Corporation (Chugach) appointed Josie Hickel as its President of Chugach Commercial Holdings (CCH), effective December 8, 2018. In her new role, Hickel is responsible for directing Chugach's portfolio of commercial businesses and land development strategy.
"Chugach is fortunate to have a leader with Josie's expertise and vision as our next President of Chugach Commercial Holdings," said Chugach CEO Gabriel Kompkoff. "The Board and executive team are confident in her ability to lead our portfolio of commercial companies and land development projects, while also building our culture and making Chugach a great place to work."
Hickel is a Chugach shareholder with more than three decades of experience working in Alaska for a range of commercial companies. Since joining Chugach in 2016 as Senior Vice President of Energy and Resources for CCH, she has achieved a number of milestones within the division. Hickel facilitated Chugach's Bering River coal rights transaction and carbon offset project; and has helped stabilize our energy services companies in a challenging economic environment.
Hickel is also an active community advocate, serving as Board member and volunteer for several nonprofits including the Alaska Sealife Center, Prince William Sound Regional Citizens Advisory Council and the Alaska Support Industry Alliance. She was inducted into the Athena Society in 2012 for outstanding leadership in both business and community service.
"One of Chugach's core behaviors is 'We build community,' which Josie embodies in her daily actions," said Kompkoff. "We are confident that under her direction, CCH will continue to grow and thrive as we focus on creating a customer-centric culture supported by strong employee engagement and innovation."
Hickel has a bachelor's degree in business management and human resources. She also holds certifications in both Senior and Global Professional of Human Resources.
For more information, please contact Chugach Communications Director Randi Jo Gause at (907) 261-0348.
About Chugach Alaska Corporation:
Established in 1972 under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, Chugach Alaska Corporation's mission is profitability, celebration of our heritage and ownership of our lands. Through responsible management of our lands, businesses and assets, we provide meaningful opportunities and benefits to our community of 2,500 Alaska Native shareholders. Chugach fulfills its mission through a family of companies that provide government, facilities and energy services; investment portfolio; and land development projects. Learn more at www.chugach.com.


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BEIJING (Reuters) - China has banned senior military officers from holding alcohol- fuelled banquets or from staying in luxury hotels when on work trips in the latest move by Communist Party chief Xi Jinping to fight corruption, state media reported on Saturday.
Receptions will also no longer feature welcome banners, red carpets, flowers, honor guards, performances or souvenirs, the powerful Central Military Commission, which Xi oversees, has decreed, major newspapers reported.
Officers will have to cut back on both the number and length of inspection tours, overseas visits, meetings and reports, according to the new rules.
Speakers at meetings should avoid "empty talk", while the use of vehicles equipped with sirens will be "rigorously controlled during official visits in order to prevent public disturbances".
"Additionally, commission officials are required to discipline their spouses, children and subordinates and make sure they do not take bribes."
The rules echo similar demands made of party officials by Xi earlier this month.
The party, which has shown no sign of giving up its tight grip on power, has struggled to contain public anger at a seemingly endless stream of corruption scandals, particularly when officials are seen as abusing their posts to amass wealth.
China intensified a crackdown on rampant corruption in the military in the late 1990s, banning the People's Liberation Army from engaging in business. But it has crept back in recent years due to a lack of transparency, checks and balances and moral decay.
A senior officer, Lieutenant General Gu Junshan, was sacked earlier this year in what Hong Kong media have said would be the biggest military corruption scandal since the Communists swept to power in 1949, though details have not been officially announced.
Xi, who takes over as president from Hu Jintao at the annual meeting of parliament in March, warned shortly after becoming party boss that the country risked unrest if graft is not tackled.
Reporting by Ben Blanchard; Editing by Sanjeev Miglani


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Beyond the Fold, 2018
Beyond the Fold, 2018
Rachel Hellmann
Beyond the Fold, 2018
Acrylic on paper
27h x 22w in
Purchase Art on our Patron Plan: A service we have offered since 2000 allows you to buy art on time with no interest fees. A deposit of 30% is required. Artwork is to be paid in full in a 6 month period, When the artwork is paid in full, we ship, or if local the art can be picked up or delivered. There is also the option of Art Money where you can get an interest free loan and take the art home today!.
Shipping: We provide worldwide shipping, shipping costs are not included in pricing due to the case-by-case nature of the varying sizes and weight of artwork. Upon checkout, you will be charged $0 for shipping. Once we receive the order and we have your address, we will find the most competitive packing and shipping quote (we do not up charge our shipping costs) and provide a separate invoice for the shipping costs. All art is fully insured while in transit to you. Feel free to contact us prior to purchasing to receive an accurate shipping quote.
Local Delivery: We offer competitive rates for delivery and installation, even for artworks/objects not purchased at Galleri Urbane.
Rendering services: We also offer complimentary rendering service to help you with your art selections: send us a photograph of your space and we will digitally place the art work on your wall for your consideration.


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New Service Provider Training Overview
This project is primarily funded by the Michigan Domestic and Sexual Violence Prevention and Treatment Board (MDSVPTB). The MDSVPTB is a Governor appointed board, housed within the Department of Human Services, that administers state and federal funding for domestic and sexual violence programs and advocacy services, develops and recommends policy, and develops and provides technical assistance and training on the issue of domestic violence, sexual assault, and stalking.
New Service Provider Training is the premier training for staff new to working with survivors of domestic violence and sexual assault, and is essential for creating an informed and skilled workforce. Developed in 1996 by the current Michigan Coalition
to End Domestic and Sexual Violence (MCEDSV) and the Michigan Domestic and
Sexual Violence Prevention and Treatment Board (MDSVPTB), the training fulfills
a critical need for high quality, standardized training for service providers. New
Service Provider Training has received national acclaim as being one of the first standardized curriculum for domestic violence and sexual assault service providers.
Who is Eligible to Attend? NSPT is open to paid employees with a year or less of
experience of MDSVPTB-funded agencies and direct recipients of federal
STOP funding.
Click here for a printable version of the training agenda
Working for Change: Understanding the Philosophical Framework for Working with Survivors of Domestic Violence & Sexual Violence
Day 1 / Tuesday
Registration: 12:00 p.m. – 12:30 p.m. – Lunch is not provided this day
Dinner: 6:00 p.m. – 7:00 p.m.
Training: 12:30 p.m. – 8:30 p.m.
Topics to be covered:
Welcome and Introductions
Sexual Assault Perpetrator Dynamics
Domestic Violence Perpetrator Dynamics
Understanding the Socio-cultural Roots of Violence Against Women
Day 2 / Wednesday
Breakfast: 7:30 a.m. – 8:00 a.m.
Training: 8:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m.
Topics to be covered:
Understanding Survivors' Experiences: Trauma Victim Response Theories
Effects of Sexual Assault and Abuse on Children
Working with the Children Living with Domestic Violence
Empowerment: Survivor-centered Advocacy
Day 3 / Thursday
Breakfast: 7:30 a.m. – 8:00 a.m.
Training: 8:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m.
Topics to be covered:
Empowerment: Survivor-centered Advocacy
Effective Communication
Ethics and Confidentiality
Conflict Resolution
Day 4 / Friday
Breakfast: 7:30 a.m. – 8:00 a.m.
Training: 8:00 a.m. – 3:30 p.m.
Topics to be covered:
Safety Options
Understanding the Socio-cultural Roots of Violence Against Women continued
Trauma-informed Advocacy and Self-care
Click here for a printable version of the training agenda
CONTINUING EDUCATION UNITS (CEUs) for SOCIAL WORK: This course qualifies for 26 hours of continuing education units for social work. If you wish to register for CEUs, an additional cost of $25.00 applies. In order to receive credits, you must bring your social worker license number to the training. You will need to confirm your participation and attendance by signing in and out on a CEU registration sheet each day. After the training, attendees meeting requirements and requesting CEUs will receive a certificate.


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Books, Movies, Music
JCPL Catalog
Reading programs and Book Groups
Kids & Teens
Kids Zone
Teens Only
For Parents and Teachers
Student Portal
Main Content
Break the cycle with new fiction at JCPL
A favorite childhood storybook is "If You Give a Mouse a Cookie" by Laura Numeroff. The sequel to this story is "If You Give a Moose a Muffin." This hilarious story has a young boy run ragged by a surprise guest.
The adult version of this story goes something like, "If you give a mom a muffin, she'll want a cup of coffee to go with it. She'll pour herself some, only to have her 3 year old spill it. She'll wipe it up, find dirty socks in the process and start the laundry, at which time, she'll bump into the freezer and remember that dinner has to be planned. Taking out hamburger, she'll look for her cookbook, buried under bills, and remember that the phone bill is due.
Looking for her checkbook, which has been dumped from her purse by her 2 year old, she'll smell something funny and change the 2 year old, and as the phone rings at the same time, she'll remember that she wanted to have a friend over for coffee, which reminds her that she would really like a cup of coffee, and pouring herself some, looks for the muffin she wanted in the first place, which has been eaten by her 2, 3, & 5 year olds."
If you are a harried mom, or just need a break from the kind of day this mom is having, stop by the Jasper County Public Library, where the new fiction on the shelves will "take you away." Check these out!
Tess is an aspiring seamstress, and when she is hired by famous designer, Lady Lucile Duff Gordon to be a personal maid on the Titanic, she feels she's been given a great opportunity. When disaster strikes and lifeboats are filled to capacity, Tess is among the last to be saved from certain death as the tragedy of the Titanic's fate unfolds. "The Dressmaker" by Kate Alcott recounts the historical sinking of the Titanic, but is told from a fresh angle, portraying the glitz, glamour and emotions of young love.
Jimmy McMullen, a fireman with the NYFD has been killed in the line of duty, leaving behind his wife, Jackie and his young son, Charlie. Trying to move forward after the tragedy, Jackie decides to take Charlie on an excursion to her island home in the Carolinas, where they share a summer with Annie Britt, Jackie's mother, who is determined to make this visit perfect for her daughter and grandson in "Porch Lights" by Dorothea Benton Frank.
Following his unearthing of the corruption among his colleagues and superiors, NYPD detective Harry Corbin has been banned from working on homicide cases for nearly a year. When a young woman's body is found mutilated, Corbin jumps at the chance to solve the case and redeem himself from the past year's struggles, but finds himself sinking deeper and deeper into the dark and secretive world of illegal immigrants and the exploiting of human life in "The Cold Room" by Robert Knightly.
Terrorized, incoherent, and covered in blood, Sienna, a teenaged girl, shows up on Joe O'Louglin's doorstep one night. At first glance, Joe isn't sure whether the blood is hers or if she is the perpetrator of a crime. In time, he discovers that Sienna'a father, a celebrated former cop, has been murdered in his home, and what's worse is that the blood on Sienna is confirmed to belong to her father. She claims to remember nothing, so it's up to O'Loughlin to dig for the truth and uncover the facts about the murder before it's too late for Sienna in "Bleed for Me" by Michael Robotham.
Holding only a scrap of paper with a stranger's name and the hands of her own three small children, Sunny escapes what turns out to be a mass suicide from the Family of Superior Bliss. Showing up on the doorstep of Liesel Albright, nineteen year old Sunshine claims that Liesel's husband, Chris, is her father. Liesel had always wanted to have a family of her own, but never bargained for a ready-made family, and Chris reacts to the situation with adamant denial. The teachings of the Family of Superior Bliss leave a lifelong scar on Sunny, though, and no matter how hard she tries to forget and change, the urge to finish what the Family started is too strong in "All Fall Down" by Megan Hart.
If you give a mom a muffin, chances are she'll want a cup of coffee to go with it, and as long as it doesn't get spilled, she'll probably want a good book, too. So get ready moms; put your feet up, pour that coffee, grab that muffin, find a cozy spot, hand your 2, 3 & 5 year olds a copy of "If You Give a Moose a Muffin," and find your own great, new fiction for a solid afternoon of relaxing entertainment!


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Give us a call! (845)298-2506
Who We Are
Hudson Valley Karate is a full time Martial Arts school that teaches
traditional Korean Karate six days a week. We teach students from ages
three years old to adults, in Wappingers Falls, New York. Additionally, we offer a flexible schedule to
fit even the busiest lifestyle. Our
purpose is to serve the people in our community by spreading the benefits
of martial arts and helping our students to be productive, successful, and
healthier individuals.
This we will do with enthusiasm, persistence, and attention to detail. We strive to meet each student's needs on an individual basis and focus on
offering a well-balanced Martial Arts program. We emphasize both physical
development as well as character building. Our facility has two training
floors with more than 7,500 square feet, and our instructors have more than 25
years of experience


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Search for properties
To search among the property offers:
1. Click with the mouse on the option "PROPERTIES" from the horizontal menu, colored in orange. In the yellow rectangle under the menu you will see fields where you can specify your demand criteria.
2. Searches can be by text, quick, advanced or by map.
2.1 If you prefer the first option, click on "Text Search"; then, in the text box describe the type of property you are interested in. For example, if you want to get information for one bedroom apartments in Moscow that are rented and priced at 300 euros, it is enough to write
something like: one bedroom Moscow up to 300 lev for rent click on the "Search" button.
2.2. If you prefer the quick search, there are four sets of criteria at your disposal :
• You can filter properties by 'Type of deal'. From the list that appears, click on the desired type of transaction. Here you can specify search only for properties that are rented or just for the ones for sale.
• By clicking on the box labeled "Country" select the desired location of the property. To choose, simply click on the relevant country.
• The third and perhaps most important criterion by which you can narrow the scope of the search is "Type". By clicking the mouse on the box under this caption a drop-down list appears with all available property types. For greater convenience they are clustered into several groups. To make an instant choice for all types of one group you only need to tick the gray box where the name of the group is written. The types of properties can be selected individually by clicking on the name of the type; the selected types of property can be from different groups. If you want to select all types from all groups, simply click on "Select All", which is located at the bottom of the list.
• In the two fields at the far right you can specify lower and upper limit of the price range of the property. On the left select the minimum value and on the right - the maximum.
After you enter all your criteria click on the "Search" button.
2.3. By clicking on the "Advanced Search" link under the blue button "Search", a form will open, where you can specify additional characteristics for the property you desire.
2.4. To search by map, click on the words "Map search" (under the blue - white globe). In the setup card you can select the desired region in which you look for properties. From the menu on a gray background, located below the map, select the characteristics of the property. For more information open this link: HELP link for search by region.
When you specify a search for a some type of property in an area below the search panel you will see the average price of properties in this area, and average price per square meter.
3. For more convenient work you can change the view and sort items according to various criteria.
3.1. Above the list with results, on the left, there are two fields to determine how to display search results. The default display mode is "Listing".
3.2. If you want to display mode to be "Gallery", click on the corresponding icon.
3.3. For tabular display mode click on "Table".
3.4. On the right of the display options box, there is a tool, with which you can select only publications from a certain time period. Click on the field next the word "Published" to see the drop-down list of different periods. Choose one if necessary.
3.5. Over the right field above the results' box, there is a field, where you can specify sorting. When placing the cursor over it, a list of criteria from which to choose appears.


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3.3 Miles 21:05
11th Overall 2nd Age (40-44)
10:00 am) 50's Sunny!
Was hoping to run a better race. I didn't start out good and my
breathing was very labored from the start. My hamstring was a
big concern but felt decent during the warm up. As soon as the
race started I tried to sprint at the start and could feel
the soreness in my hammy. It wasn't bad so I didn't let up.
After a couple miles of slipping here and there on ice and snow
my hammy finally got aggravated and made last mile painful to
run. Looking back I should not have done this race. I knew it
was risky and it wasn't worth it.
I took today off hoping some rest will do it good. Will try a
run tomorrow to evaluate the situation.


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What happens when the pope dies?
The interregnum and election of a new pope are governed by the rules established in the 1996 constitution Universi Dominici Gregis (Of the Lord's Whole Flock) of John Paul II.
When the pope dies, the prefect of the papal household (in this case, Bishop James Harvey) informs the camerlengo, or chamberlain, who must verify his death in the presence of the papal master of ceremonies, the cleric prelates of the Apostolic Camera and the secretary of the Apostolic Camera, who draws up a death certificate. As late as 1903, at the death of Leo XIII, this verification was ritually done by tapping the forehead of the pope with a silver hammer. It may also have been done with John XXIII. The camerlengo (Cardinal Eduardo Martínez Somalo) tells the vicar of Rome (Cardinal Camillo Ruini) of the pope's death, and the vicar then informs the people of Rome. Meanwhile the prefect of the papal household tells the dean (Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger) of the College of Cardinals, who informs the rest of the college, the ambassadors accredited to the Holy See and the heads of nations. Although this is the formal procedure, in fact most people first hear of the death of the pope from the media.
The camerlengo locks and seals the private apartment of the pope. In the past, looting of papal apartments by his staff, the cardinals or the Roman populace was a common custom. Modern popes have been more concerned that their private papers not fall into the wrong hands. If the pope writes a will, the executor he appoints will take care of his private property and his private papers. This executor is answerable only to the next pope. The pope's personalized Fisherman's Ring and his seal are broken to symbolize the end of his reign and to prevent forgeries. No autopsy is performed—which can lead to wild media speculation if the pope dies suddenly, as occurred with John Paul I. The contents of the death certificate, signed by John Paul II's doctor, were made public.
How is the pope's funeral arranged?
After the death of the pope, the cardinals arrange for the funeral rites, to be celebrated for nine consecutive days, in accordance with the Ordo Exsequiarum Romani Pontificis. The date for the funeral and burial is set by the College of Cardinals, but Universi Dominici Gregis states it is to "take place, except for special reasons, between the fourth and sixth day after death." The funeral is arranged by the camerlengo in accordance with instructions left him by the pope. The date set for John Paul's funeral was April 8.
Who leads the church between the pope's death and the election of a new pope?
All the cardinals and archbishops in charge of departments in the Roman Curia, including the secretary of state (Cardinal Angelo Sodano), lose their jobs when the pope dies. The ordinary faculties of these offices do not cease during the interregnum, but serious and controversial matters are to await the election of a new pope. The offices are run by their secretaries, who remain in position, as do the secretary for relations with states (Archbishop Giovanni Lajolo) and the sostituto (Archbishop Leonardo Sandri). If the matter cannot be postponed, the College of Cardinals, which governs the church during the interregnum, can entrust it to the prefect or president who was in charge of the office when the pope died (or to other cardinals who were members of that congregation or council). Any decision made is provisional until confirmed by the new pope.
Three major officials do not lose their jobs: the vicar of the Diocese of Rome (Cardinal Camillo Ruini), the major penitentiary (Cardinal J. Francis Stafford) and the camerlengo (Cardinal Eduardo Martínez Somalo). The vicar for Rome provides for the pastoral needs of the Diocese of Rome and continues to have all the powers he had under the deceased pope. The major penitentiary deals with confessional matters reserved to the Holy See, and he is allowed to continue functioning because the door to forgiveness should never be closed.
The camerlengo is the most important official during the interregnum. While the pope is alive, he has the authority to act for the pope in certain areas when the pope is away from Rome. On the death of the pope, the camerlengo takes charge of and administers the property and money of the Holy See, with the help of three cardinal assistants chosen by lot from among those cardinals under 80. During the interregnum he reports to the College of Cardinals, which governs the church until a pope is elected. He also organizes the conclave.
Although the government of the church is in the hands of the College of Cardinals until a new pope is elected, the powers of the college are limited. It cannot change the rules governing papal elections, appoint cardinals or make any decisions binding on the next pope. The cardinals meet daily in a general congregation, presided over by the dean of the college, until the conclave begins. The first meeting took place on April 4, two days after the pope's death. All the cardinals attend the general congregation, although attendance by those over 80 is optional. A commission headed by the camerlengo with three cardinals (chosen by lot and replaced every three days from among the cardinals under 80) can deal with lesser issues.
Is there campaigning prior to the conclave?
No discussion, let alone campaigning, prior to the death of a pope is permitted. The prohibition against discussing papal succession while the pope is still alive dates back to Felix IV (526-30), who instructed the clergy and the Roman Senate to elect his archdeacon, Boniface, as his successor. The senate objected and passed an edict forbidding any discussion of a pope's successor during his lifetime.
Discussions prior to the conclave do occur privately among cardinals, but public campaigning, even after the pope's death, is frowned upon and would probably be counterproductive. Cardinals who travel a great deal are sometimes suspected of doing this in order to meet and become known to other cardinals prior to the conclave. The cardinals have also gotten to know one another at synods of bishops, extraordinary consistories and other meetings where they see one another in action. Normally the discussion of candidates is done privately by cardinals over dinner or in small groups.
When and where is the conclave held?
Unless circumstances prevent it, the conclave takes place inside Vatican City and begins 15 days after the pope's death. For serious reasons, the cardinals can defer the beginning of the conclave, but it must begin within 20 days of the pope's death. The exact date and time are set by the College of Cardinals. The conclave of 2005 will begin on April 18. The election itself takes place in the Sistine Chapel, with the cardinals living in the five-story Domus Sanctae Marthae (St. Martha's House), a Vatican residence with 108 suites and 23 single rooms built in 1996, which is vacated by its usual residents during a conclave. The rooms are assigned by lot. A number of elections in the 19th century were held in the Quirinal Palace, which was one of the pope's palaces until the fall of the Papal States in 1870. The last election to take place outside Rome was in Venice in 1800.
Where does the word "conclave" come from?
In the 13th century the papacy was vacant for a year-and-a-half before the election of Innocent IV and for three-and-a-half years before the installation of Gregory X. In the first case the election was finally forced by the senate and people of Rome, who locked up the cardinals until a pope was chosen in 1243. In the second case, the people of Viterbo in 1271 not only locked the cardinals in, but tore off the roof of the building and put the cardinals on a diet of bread and water. The word "conclave" comes from the Latin, "with a key," as in locked with a key. Today the cardinals are locked in to ensure secrecy and to protect them from outside influence. Before the conclave begins, all telephones, cellphones, radios, televisions and Internet connections are removed. No letters or newspapers are permitted. All the rooms are swept for electronic bugs by trained technicians. Whether this will be sufficient to prevent more sophisticated eavesdropping remains to be seen.
Who is admitted into the conclave?
All cardinals who are under 80 years of age when the pope dies may participate, unless they have been canonically deposed or, with the permission of the pope, have renounced the cardinalate. Even an excommunicated cardinal can attend. A cardinal who had resigned and joined Bonaparte attempted to enter the conclave in 1800 but was turned away. Once inside the conclave, an elector may not leave except because of illness or other grave reasons acknowledged by a majority of the cardinals.
Also permitted in the conclave are nurses for infirm cardinals, two medical doctors, religious priests who can hear confessions in various languages, the secretary of the College of Cardinals, the master of papal liturgical celebrations with two masters of ceremonies and two religious attached to the papal sacristy, and an assistant chosen by the cardinal dean. Also permitted are a suitable number of persons for preparing and serving meals and for housekeeping. They must swear absolute and perpetual secrecy concerning anything they learn concerning the election of the pope.
Who are the cardinal electors?
All cardinals under 80 years of age when the pope dies have the right to vote for the next pope. Currently there are 117 cardinal electors, all but three appointed by John Paul II.
The average age of the electors is 71.7 years of age. About 49.6 percent are from Europe—17.1 percent from Italy; 22.2 percent from the rest of Western Europe (including Berlin); 10.3 percent from Eastern Europe. About 37.3 percent are from the third world. Asia and Africa have 9.4 percent each; Latin America 17.9 percent; Oceania 1.7 percent. The United States has 9.4 percent (not counting Cardinal Husar, who gave up his U.S. citizenship after returning to Ukraine), second only to Italy; Canada 2.6 percent. Curial cardinals make up about 23.9 percent of the electors.
The maximum number of cardinals was set at 70 by Sixtus V in 1586. John XXIII ignored this limit, and the college grew to over 80 cardinals. In 1970 Paul VI reformed the College of Cardinals by increasing the number of electors to 120, not counting those 80 years of age and over who were excluded as electors. John Paul II exceeded this limit by two in 1998 and by 15 in 2001 and 2003. The number now is 117.
How has John Paul II changed the make-up of the College of Cardinals?
John Paul II has made the college less Italian and more Eastern European. At the death of Paul VI in 1978, 23.7 percent of the college was Italian and 5.3 percent was from Eastern Europe (not counting Berlin); today, 17.1 percent is Italian and 10.3 percent is Eastern European. There are also slightly more Latin Americans: today 17.9 percent versus 16.7 percent in 1978. The percent from Africa (9.4 percent versus 10.5 percent) and Asia (9.4 percent versus 8.8 percent) are almost exactly the same. The percent from the United States is 9.4 percent today versus 10.5 percent in 1978.
Has the pope always been elected by cardinals?
Although the College of Cardinals elects the pope today, this was not the rule until the 11th century. A few early popes, including St. Peter, may have appointed their successors, but this method did not gain acceptance. In the early church, popes were usually chosen by the clergy and people of Rome in the same way that bishops in other dioceses were elected. The one elected was then ordained by the bishops of the surrounding towns. This democratic process worked well when the church was small and united. But disagreements led to factions who fought over the papacy. As early as 217, the Christians of Rome were so divided over an election that fighting broke out. Pagan soldiers broke up the fight and exiled both candidates to the Sardinian tin mines. In 366, mobs and hired thugs from opposing factions invaded churches and killed opponents by the hundreds. Roman nobles, emperors and kings began interfering in papal elections as the church became rich and powerful.
After the eighth century, the papal electors were limited to the clergy of the Diocese of Rome. This followed the pattern of other dioceses where the clergy elected the bishop. The man elected pope was normally a priest or deacon. No bishop was elected pope until 891 (Formosus), because it was considered improper for a bishop to leave the diocese for which he had originally been ordained a bishop. A bishop was considered "married" to his diocese, and moving to another diocese was comparable to adultery.
Nicholas II (1059-61) proposed a system whereby the cardinal bishops would meet to nominate a candidate and then invite in the cardinal priests to vote on him. Alexander III modified this system by including all the cardinals in the election process from the beginning. Since 1179, only cardinals have voted for the pope, except for the election in 1417 that ended the Western Schism. In that election, 30 representatives chosen from the Council of Constance joined the 23 cardinals (5 from the Roman line and 18 from the Pisa line) in electing the new pope.
The cardinals are divided into three orders or categories: cardinal deacons, cardinal priests and cardinal bishops. The cardinal priests were once the pastors of major churches in Rome, and the cardinal deacons were important administrators in the diocese, often of what we would now call charities or social services. The cardinal bishops were the bishops of the six dioceses surrounding Rome. In the 11th century popes began appointing prelates in distant lands as cardinals. Sometimes laymen were also appointed cardinals, but it was normally expected that they would receive at least minor orders. John XXIII decreed that all the cardinals should be bishops, although he kept the three orders. Some priests who were made cardinals after the age of 80, like Avery Dulles, S.J., have been exempted from becoming bishops.
What happens on the first day of the conclave?
On the morning the conclave begins, the cardinal electors celebrate Mass in St. Peter's Basilica. In the afternoon they gather in the Pauline Chapel in the Apostolic Palace and solemnly process to the Sistine Chapel. The cardinals take an oath to observe the rules laid down in Universi Dominici Gregis, especially those enjoining secrecy. They also swear not to support interference in the election by any secular authorities or "any group of people or individuals who might wish to intervene in the election of the Roman pontiff." Finally, the electors swear that whoever is elected will carry out the "munus Petrinum of pastor of the universal church" and will "affirm and defend strenuously the spiritual and temporal rights and liberty of the Holy See." Another section of the constitution says that the new pope is not bound by any oaths or promises made prior to his election.
After the oath is taken, everyone not connected with the conclave is ordered out with the Latin words Extra omnes, "Everybody out!" The Sistine Chapel and the Domus Sanctae Marthae are then closed to unauthorized persons by the camerlengo. Outside the conclave, the camerlengo is assisted by the sostituto of the Secretariat of State, who directs Vatican personnel to protect the integrity and security of the conclave.
After everyone else leaves, an ecclesiastic chosen earlier by the College of Cardinals gives a meditation "concerning the grave duty incumbent on them and thus on the need to act with right intention for the good of the universal church, solum Deum prae oculis habentes" ("having only God before your eyes"). When he finishes, he leaves the Sistine Chapel with the master of papal liturgical ceremony so that only the cardinal electors remain. The time in the chapel is for prayer and voting in silence, not campaign speeches. Negotiations and arguments are to take place outside the chapel. If they wish, the cardinals can immediately begin the election process and hold one ballot on the afternoon of the first day. If no one receives the required two-thirds vote in the balloting on the afternoon of the first day, the cardinals meet again the next morning.
How does the balloting take place?
The regulations for balloting are very detailed to eliminate any suspicion of electoral fraud—no hanging chads here. Three "scrutineers" (vote counters) are chosen by lot from the electors, with the least senior cardinal deacon drawing the names. He draws three additional names of cardinals (called infirmarii) who will collect the ballots of any cardinals in the conclave who are too sick to come to the Sistine Chapel. A final three names are drawn by lot to act as revisers, who review the work done by the scrutineers. Each morning and afternoon, new scrutineers, infirmarii and revisers are chosen by lot.
The electors use rectangular cards as ballots with "Eligo in summum pontificem" ("I elect as supreme pontiff") printed at the top. When folded down the middle, the ballot is only one inch wide. Each cardinal in secret prints or writes the name of his choice on the ballot in a way that disguises his handwriting. One at a time, in order of precedence, the cardinals approach the altar with their folded ballot held up so that it can be seen. On the altar there is a receptacle (traditionally a large chalice) covered by a small plate (paten). After kneeling in prayer for a short time, the cardinal rises and swears, "I call as my witness Christ the Lord who will be my judge, that my vote is given to the one who before God I think should be elected." He then places the ballot on the plate. Finally he picks up the plate and uses it to drop the ballot into the receptacle. The use of the plate makes it difficult for a cardinal to drop two ballots into the chalice.
The first scrutineer uses the plate as a cover when shaking the receptacle to mix the ballots. The last scrutineer counts the ballots before they are unfolded. If the number of ballots does not correspond to the number of electors, the ballots are burned without being counted and another vote is immediately taken. If the number of ballots does match the number of electors, the scrutineers, who are sitting at a table in front of the altar, begin counting the votes.
The first scrutineer unfolds the ballot, notes the name on a piece of paper and passes the ballot to the second scrutineer. He notes the name and passes the ballot to the third scrutineer, who reads it aloud for all the cardinals to hear. If there are two names on a single ballot, the ballot is not counted. The last scrutineer pierces each ballot with a threaded needle through the word Eligo and places it on the thread. After all the ballots have been read, the ends of the thread are tied together, and the ballots thus joined are placed in an empty receptacle. The scrutineers then add up the totals for each candidate. Finally, the three revisers check both the ballots and the notes of the scrutineers to make sure that they performed their task faithfully and exactly.
To be elected, two-thirds of the votes are required, calculated on the basis of the total number of electors present. Should it be impossible to divide the number of cardinals present into three equal parts, for the validity of the election one additional vote is required. Thus if all the current 117 cardinal electors were present, 78 votes would be required to elect a new pope.
The ballots and notes (including those made by any cardinal) are then burned unless another vote is to take place immediately. The ballots are burned by the scrutineers with the assistance of the secretary of the conclave and the master of ceremonies, who adds special chemicals to make the smoke white or black. Since 1903, white smoke has signaled the election of a pope; black smoke signals an inconclusive vote. The only written record of the voting permitted is a document prepared by the camerlengo and approved by the three cardinal assistants, which is prepared at the end of the election and gives the results of each session. This document is given to the new pope and then placed in the archives in a sealed envelope that may be opened by no one unless the pope gives permission.
How long can the conclave last?
The conclave lasts until a new pope is elected. The last conclave to go more than five days was in 1831: it lasted 54 days. In the 13th century the papacy was vacant for a year-and-a-half before the election of Innocent IV and for three-and-a-half years before the installation of Gregory X. Since then 29 conclaves have lasted a month or more. Often wars or civil disturbances in Rome caused these lengthy interregnums. Sometimes delays were caused by the cardinals themselves, who enjoyed the power and financial rewards of running the papacy without a pope. These abuses led to rules governing an interregnum and requiring the speedy calling of a conclave.
What happens after the first day?
If no one receives the required two-thirds of the votes in the balloting on the afternoon of the first day, the cardinals meet and vote again the next morning. If they are again unsuccessful, they immediately vote again. From then on, there can be two votes in the morning and two in the afternoon. Each morning and afternoon, new scrutineers, infirmarii and revisers are chosen by lot. If a second vote takes place, the materials from two votes are burned at the same time. Thus twice a day there will be black smoke from the stove until a pope is elected.
If after three days the cardinals have still not elected anyone, the voting sessions can be suspended for one day for prayer and discussion among the electors. During this intermission, a brief spiritual exhortation is given by the senior cardinal deacon. Then another seven votes take place, followed by a suspension and an exhortation by the senior cardinal priest. Another seven votes take place, followed by a suspension and an exhortation by the senior cardinal bishop. Voting is then resumed for another seven ballots.
If no candidate receives a two-thirds vote after all this balloting, the camerlengo invites the electors to express an opinion about the manner of proceeding. It is at this point that the dramatic changes occur, introduced by John Paul II, that allow an absolute majority (more than half) of the electors to waive the requirement of a two-thirds majority vote. Thus an absolute majority of the electors can decide to elect the pope by an absolute majority. They can also decide to force a choice between the two candidates who in the preceding ballot received the greatest number of votes. In this second case also only an absolute majority is required.
As a consequence, if an absolute majority of the electors favored a candidate in the first ballot of the first day of the conclave, in theory they could hold firm for about 12 days through about 30 votes until they could change the rules and elect their candidate. In the past, the two-thirds requirement was an incentive for the electors to compromise or move to another candidate. Now a majority does not have to compromise. It can hold tight, while the minority is pressed to give in, since everyone knows that eventually the majority will prevail. In such a case, the minority would undoubtedly give in rather than scandalize the faithful and upset the man who inevitably would become pope by prolonging the conclave.
John Paul II did not explain in Universi Dominici Gregis why he made this change. Perhaps he feared a long conclave. By also giving the cardinals more comfortable quarters, he reduced the discomfort factor that discouraged long conclaves. Allowing the cardinals to elect a pope with an absolute majority reduces the likelihood of a conclave going on for months. On the other hand, allowing an absolute majority to elect a pope after about 12 days increases the likelihood of a conclave lasting that long.
Who can be elected?
In theory, any man can be elected who is willing to be baptized and ordained a priest and bishop. He does not have to be at the conclave. The last noncardinal elected was Urban VI (1378). The last cardinal to be elected pope who was a priest but not a bishop was Gregory XVI (1831). Callistus III (Affonso Borgia, 1455) was the last person to be elected who was not a priest. Most likely a cardinal elector will be elected, all of whom today are bishops.
Who might be elected?
The next pope will probably be a cardinal between 62 and 72 years of age who speaks Italian and English and reflects John Paul's positions (liberal on social justice and peace, traditional in church teaching and practice, and ecumenical but convinced the church has the truth) but has a very different personality and is a supporter of less centralization in the church and therefore probably not a curial cardinal.
Age. The average age of popes elected during the 20th century was 65—John XXIII was the oldest at 76; John Paul II was 58. The average age of the current cardinals is 71.7. Some argue that the cardinals will elect an elderly cardinal because they will not want another long papacy. On the other hand, do they want to elect an elderly cardinal who will probably soon become sick and weak like John Paul? Unlikely.
Languages. John Paul has shown how important it is for the pope to be multilingual. Italian is important because it is the language of the people of Rome, for whom the pope is the diocesan bishop. It is also the working language of the Vatican Curia. English is important because it is almost everyone's first or second language. Spanish is valuable because it is the language of so many Catholics. Languages are also important because the cardinals will want to be able to converse with the pope using a language in which they are comfortable.
Positions. John Paul appointed all but three of the current cardinals under the age of 80 who will elect his successor. As a result, the next pope will not reject his legacy. There will be more continuity than change in church doctrine and policy. I do not support the "pendulum" theory when it comes to doctrine, but it may be true on personality and governance style (see below).
Personality. There is no one with a personality like John Paul's in the College of Cardinals, with a background as a Polish actor, intellectual and teacher, who grew up under Nazism and Communism.
Less Centralization. When the cardinals gather in conclave, they will praise John Paul "of happy memory," but there may be a backlash against the Roman Curia, whose power has grown during this papacy. Even the most conservative cardinal wants to run his diocese the way he thinks best without interference from Rome. The cardinals may therefore look for someone who would support more decentralization of decision-making in the church—more power to bishops and bishops' conferences.
Not a Curial Cardinal. Seventy-six percent of the cardinals are diocesan bishops who are running local churches. They want someone who knows what it is like to be a local bishop, not simply a Vatican bureaucrat. Many cardinals working in the Curia had diocesan experience before they came to Rome, and some Vatican officials left the Curia and became cardinals as archbishops of local churches. These cardinals with both experiences have an advantage. Of the popes elected during the 20th century, only Pius XII had no diocesan experience, and only three (Pius X, John Paul I and John Paul II) had never worked in the Vatican. The remaining five had worked in the Curia but were leaders of archdioceses when elected pope.
What are the chances of an American being elected?
Almost zero. First, Americans are not great linguists, although a number of the U.S. cardinals are fluent in Spanish. Second, and most important, the cardinals would worry about how the election of an American would be perceived around the world, especially in the third world and Muslim nations. Many in the third world would suspect that the C.I.A. fixed the election or that Wall Street bought it. Muslims would fear that an American pope was going to be a chaplain for the White House. Finally, through the centuries the church has tried to keep the papacy out of the hands of the reigning superpower, whether that was the Holy Roman Empire, France or Spain. When France captured the papacy, it moved it to Avignon in 1309, where it stayed until 1377.
What issues will be discussed in the conclave?
Tip O'Neil was correct: "All politics is local," even in the Catholic Church. The cardinals from the third world have people who are starving and suffering from the negative impact of globalization on the economy. They will want a pope who will speak out for social justice and forgiveness of third world debt and be willing to stand up to the American superpower. Cardinals from Africa and Asia are confronting growing Islamic fundamentalism. They will want a pope who understands Islam and will not use inflammatory words like "crusade," as did President George W. Bush. They want a pope who, like John Paul, will support dialogue with Muslims but at the same time stand up for the rights of Catholics.
On the other hand, in Latin America there are few Muslims. The concern there is the evangelicals and Pentecostals, who are "stealing their sheep." In North America and Europe, the cardinals will want a pope who supports ecumenical dialogue with Protestants and Jews. Given the growing alienation of educated women, they would also want someone who projects an understanding of women's concerns. The last thing they would want, for example, is a pope who would decide to get rid of altar girls. The American cardinals would also want someone who understands and supports what they are doing to deal with the crisis of sexual abuse by the clergy.
One issue that may unite them is a desire for less curial interference in local church affairs. After all, 76 percent of the cardinals do not work in the Vatican Curia, but govern local dioceses, where they (whether conservative or liberal) do not like bureaucrats in Rome telling them what to do.
What happens after the election?
The cardinal dean asks the man, "Do you accept your canonical election as supreme pontiff?" Rarely does anyone say no. When offered the papacy at the conclave in Viterbo in 1271, St. Philip Benizi fled and hid until another candidate was chosen. Likewise St. Charles Borromeo, one of the few cardinals to be canonized, turned down the papacy. When Cardinal Giovanni Colombo, the 76-year-old archbishop of Milan, began receiving votes during the conclave in October 1978, he made it clear that he would refuse the papacy if elected. If the man says yes, then he becomes pope immediately if he is already a bishop. The rest is simply ceremony. If he is not already a bishop, he is to be ordained one immediately by the cardinal dean and becomes pope as soon as this has been done. The dean in ancient times was the bishop of Ostia, a nearby town.
The newly elected pope is then asked by what name he wants