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Bishops' Statement on the Polity of the Episcopal Church
Written by: The Anglican Communion Institute, Inc.
Wednesday, April 22nd, 2009
PDF Version of Text With Endnotes is Available Here
We write as Bishops of The Episcopal Church, the Anglican Communion and the One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic Church. We are joined by distinguished theologians known for their long service throughout the Anglican Communion.
The Historic Episcopate has always been recognized as an essential non-negotiable element of our Anglican identity, including by the Bishops of The Episcopal Church "in Council assembled as Bishops in the Church of God" and recorded in the Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral. Bishops are successors to the apostles and upon their consecration receive the authority and responsibility inherent in the sacred and unbroken apostolic office. The people of God are united in one local church by their communion with their Bishop, and through the communion of all the Bishops in a college of Bishops the people of God around the world are joined in one communion. Resolution 49 of the 1930 Lambeth Conference, quoted in part in the preamble to our Constitution, notes that the Anglican Communion consists of "those duly constituted Dioceses, Provinces and regional Churches in communion with the See of Canterbury" that are "bound together not by a central legislative and executive authority, but by mutual loyalty sustained through the common counsel of the bishops in conference."
This understanding of the Historic Episcopate derives first from the authority Jesus bestowed on his disciples and second on the Apostles' subsequent provision for the continuation of their ministry without interruption by those consecrated to the office of Bishop. The joint Anglican Roman Catholic International Commission described the understanding of episcopal authority shared by the two communions:
The Spirit of Christ endows each bishop with the pastoral authority needed for the effective exercise of episcope within a local church. This authority necessarily includes responsibility for making and implementing the decisions that are required to fulfill the office of a bishop for the sake of koinonia. Its binding nature is implicit in the bishop's task of teaching the faith through the proclamation and explanation of the Word of God, of providing for the celebration of the sacraments, and of maintaining the Church in holiness and truth. Decisions taken by the bishop in performing this task have an authority which the faithful have a duty to receive and accept.
The Bishop Is the Ecclesiastical Authority in the Diocese
The Constitution and Canons of General Convention make the Bishop the Ecclesiastical Authority in the diocese. That authority is always properly exercised in accordance with the constitution and canons of the diocese, but from the perspective of the Constitution it is the Bishop (or the Standing Committee in the absence of a Bishop) that is the Ecclesiastical Authority, not any central body or officer.
Our Constitution does not purport to define the authority inherent in the office of Bishop, but recognizes in Article II that our jurisdiction is that of an "Ordinary" and affirms through the use of this significant term that the Bishops of The Episcopal Church possess the full authority of the apostolic office. "Ordinary" is a term of art in Anglican and Roman Catholic ecclesiology and canon law that refers to the power inherent in the office given by the Lord to Peter and the Apostles. In the Roman Catholic Church, "ordinary power" is the power exercised by the Bishop of Rome as successor to Peter in a supreme and universal manner and by the diocesan bishops within their sees. It is the power that derives from divine office, not canon law.
The Church of England, which itself received the Historic Episcopate from the Roman Catholic Church, continues to recognize in its canon law that its diocesan bishops exercise "jurisdiction as Ordinary." The Anglican co-chairman of the Anglican Roman Catholic International Commission explained the inherent authority of bishops as follows: "The essential powers and responsibilities of apostolic ministry are inherent in the gift of this ministry. They may be ordered and given shape by human law, but they are not the creation of human law." The inherent nature of this authority was noted by the seminal thinker on Anglican polity, Richard Hooker, who followed St. Augustine in emphasizing that this authority was "not by force of any council (for councils do all presuppose bishops, nor can there any council be named so ancient, either general, or as much as provincial, [since] the Apostles' own time, but we can shew that bishops had their authority before it, and not from it)."
Following the American Revolution, the several Episcopal Churches in this country received this same apostolic office from the Church of England prior to the formation of The Episcopal Church itself. This point must be emphasized: the Historic Episcopate existed among Anglicans in this country prior to the adoption of our Constitution. By subsequently using the term "Ordinary" to describe its diocesan Bishops, our Constitution affirms this historic office as understood in both Anglican and Roman Catholic tradition and recognizes the inherent authority of its Bishops, an authority they possess by means of their apostolic office and not through administrative powers enumerated in our Constitution and canons.
This inherent authority of a Bishop is also given constitutional recognition by two other provisions in our Constitution. The first, already noted, describes the Bishop and Standing Committee in the absence of a Bishop as "the Ecclesiastical Authority" in the diocese. The second prohibits any Bishop from acting in another diocese without consent of the diocesan authority. Not even the whole House of Bishops or, indeed, the entire General Convention acting unanimously could override this constitutional reservation of ecclesiastical authority to the diocesan Bishop and Standing Committee. Lest there be any doubt about this issue, the Constitution specifies that Bishops can act outside their own dioceses even when authorized by the House of Bishops only in "territory not yet organized into Dioceses of this Church."
It is significant in this regard that the office of Presiding Bishop, unlike that of diocesan Bishop, is a constitutionally-defined office. The Presiding Bishop does not have a see and does not exercise ordinary power, but only the limited authority delegated by the Constitution and duly enacted canons. Included in this defined authority is jurisdiction over the small number of churches known as the "Convocation of American Churches in Europe," but even this limited jurisdiction is exercised with the consent of other Anglican Bishops having authority in Europe. The Presiding Bishop at the "direction" of the House of Bishops may also act or authorize others to act in unorganized territory, but the primary responsibility of the Presiding Bishop is, as the name implies, to preside at the meetings of the House of Bishops and to act as its agent in canonical matters. But neither the House of Bishops as a whole nor the Presiding Bishop on its behalf has ecclesiastical authority to act within or speak on behalf of a diocese.
We emphasize this significant feature of our governance at the outset because in the recent controversies surrounding the withdrawal of several dioceses from The Episcopal Church the Presiding Bishop and others acting on her behalf, including the Presiding Bishop's chancellor, have purported to act within dioceses, to "recognize" or "de-recognize" diocesan officers and to speak on behalf of The Episcopal Church in civil litigation involving dioceses. We respect the desire of the Presiding Bishop to provide pastoral assistance in these areas, and indeed we too want to do all that we can to reach out to persons in those dioceses who wish to remain in The Episcopal Church. But neither she nor anyone acting on her behalf has constitutional authority to act without consent from the Ecclesiastical Authority except in unorganized territory. Nor are they authorized to speak for The Episcopal Church in civil litigation within a diocese. That is not among the constitutional powers conferred on the Presiding Bishop or the House of Bishops or the General Convention as a whole. That is the constitutional prerogative of the Ecclesiastical Authorities of the dioceses, their Bishops and Standing Committees. However we respond to the pastoral needs of continuing Episcopalians in the seceding dioceses, it must be done in accord with our Constitution and Canons.
The Fundamental Structure of The Episcopal Church Is That of a Voluntary Association of Equal Dioceses
Given the constitutional reservation of authority within the diocese to the Bishop and Standing Committee, it is not surprising that the fundamental structure of our Church is that of a voluntary association of equal dioceses.
It is significant that the same term, "voluntary association," has been used by both the founding father of The Episcopal Church to describe the organization he was so instrumental in forming and by the civil law to describe religious societies and other unincorporated voluntary organizations in general. Our Church's primary architect was, of course, William White, and his blueprint was The Case of the Episcopal Churches in the United States Considered, published in 1782 as the Revolutionary War was nearing an end. As a result of American independence, many of the former Church of England parishes had become independent churches while others were still organized as state churches under the control of state legislatures. White's concept, later accepted by others in the former colonies, was that the Anglican churches would first be organized into state churches and then the state churches would organize themselves nationally as a voluntary association of state churches (now called "dioceses"). Pursuant to this plan, White was one of the first two Americans consecrated by the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1787 to serve in the Episcopal Churches. When The Episcopal Church eventually was duly organized in 1789, Bishop White and Bishop Samuel Seabury, consecrated by the Scottish Episcopal Church, sat as the first House of Bishops at the first General Convention.
Just as the thirteen states were the "independent and sovereign" constituents of the American confederation that existed when the church now known as The Episcopal Church was being formed, the state churches were the bodies that combined to constitute what was initially called the Protestant Episcopal Church. It was the dioceses, then co-extensive with the newly-independent states, that created our Church's Constitution and General Convention. The constitutional mechanisms of governance they created preserved their status as equal members of a voluntary association of dioceses. As noted by the official commentary on our Constitution and canons, "Before their adherence to the Constitution united the Churches in the several states into a national body, each was completely independent." It then describes that national body they created as "a federation of equal and independent Churches in the several states."
As this brief summary of our founding history shows, the fundamental structure of The Episcopal Church from the outset has been that of a voluntary association of dioceses meeting together in a General Convention as equals. This structure is clearly reflected in our Constitution. There is no provision in the Constitution that defines a diocese. The dioceses are the undefined constituent elements out of which The Episcopal Church is formed. In contrast, General Convention is created and defined in Article I, which still provides in language virtually unchanged from the original that "The Church in each diocese which has been admitted to union with the General Convention…shall be entitled to representation…." As this current language makes clear, "Churches" in dioceses are not created by General Convention. They are "admitted" (upon their application and its acceptance) to union with the General Convention. Dioceses are both historically and ontologically prior to the Constitution and the General Convention. And upon admission, it is the diocese, not any other body or group, that is "entitled to representation" at General Convention.
This fundamental concept of dioceses as equal constituent members of The Episcopal Church is manifest in the mechanisms of governance created by the Constitution, including the provisions for representation and voting at General Convention, the means by which the Book of Common Prayer and Constitution are amended, and the procedures by which new dioceses are admitted to membership in The Episcopal Church after they are constituted.
Representation and Voting
All dioceses have equal representation. The largest dioceses, with over 80,000 communicants, have the same number of deputies as the smallest, with fewer than 2,000. This representation, in conjunction with the voting mechanism constitutionally required in the House of Deputies, gives the dioceses collective control over the General Convention.
The House of Deputies does not decide important matters by majority vote, but by a vote "by orders." This is a vote in which the diocesan deputations vote by diocese separately by their clergy and lay deputies. Each diocese gets one vote in each order. This procedure of voting by diocese has been the hallmark of our Conventions from the outset and reflects the fact that the dioceses meet in such Conventions as equal members. The first Convention in 1785 that began the organizing process and produced the first draft Constitution made explicit in its very first resolution that the states were its constituent members: the resolution was that "each State have one vote." The next year the Convention of 1786 passed a resolution asking "the several States" to "ratify" the constitution at the next convention. When eventually adopted, the first Constitution called for "suffrages by states" in the General Convention. In the Convention in 1789, at which the organization of The Episcopal Church was completed, the issue before the Convention was "proposed union with the Churches in the States of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Connecticut."
All of this, of course, is simply a reflection of the provision already noted in Article I.4 that it is the diocese, not the individual communicant, that is represented in General Convention. Explaining General Convention's voting procedures, the Church's official commentary notes the provision in the first Constitution ("suffrages by states") and concludes "still today a vote by orders is also a vote by dioceses."
Constitutional Amendments
The essential role of dioceses as the constituent members of The Episcopal Church is further reflected in the procedures for dealing with the most important decisions made by the General Convention, which are amendments to the Book of Common Prayer and Constitution. Both require the same basic procedure. For example, Article XII, the provision governing constitutional amendments, requires that an amendment be "proposed" at one General Convention, that the proposal then be "sent to the Secretary of the Convention of every Diocese, to be made known to the Diocesan Convention at its next meeting," and then that the amendment be "adopted" at a second General Convention by "affirmative vote in each order by a majority of Dioceses entitled to representation…." It could not be clearer that it is the dioceses that are entitled to representation.
Diocesan constitutional changes, in contrast, receive no prior review or approval from General Convention or other central bodies. As already noted, our first Constitution was ratified by the preexisting state (diocesan) churches. There was no review or approval at that time of the constitutions of the state churches. Under the current provisions, a new diocese joining The Episcopal Church ratifies our Constitution when it joins, typically by an accession clause in its own constitution. Apart from an initial review when a new diocese applies for membership in The Episcopal Church, there is no provision for prior review or approval of diocesan constitutional changes, canons or other actions. A diocese within The Episcopal Church, as opposed to one applying to join, has unconstrained authority in terms of its own constitution and canons. This is not merely an inference from silence, but an authority that is expressly granted. See, e.g., Article II (diocese selects bishop "agreeably to rules prescribed by the Convention of that Diocese.")
Admission of New Dioceses
Leaving aside the simple historical fact that the General Convention had nothing whatsoever to do with the creation of the founding dioceses — it was the dioceses that created the General Convention and not vice versa — the General Convention does play a role in the admission of new dioceses. There is considerable misunderstanding about this process, so the procedure must be examined carefully. It should be noted at the outset that the relevant constitutional provision, Article V, is captioned "Admission of New Dioceses" not "Creation of New Dioceses." This reflects the language, already noted, in Article I that dioceses are "admitted" to union with General Convention. Those who continue to claim that dioceses are "created" by General Convention ignore the legal precision of Article V.
The first sentence of that Article specifies General Convention's role in this process. It is to give "consent." This wording indicates at the outset that the role of General Convention is secondary, not primary. It consents to actions initiated elsewhere. The subsequent sentences in Article V specify the process by which dioceses are admitted to The Episcopal Church. The proceedings "originate" with a convention of "the unorganized area," not with General Convention. It is the unorganized area that "duly adopts" its own constitution. Article V then describes the legal entity created by the duly adopted constitution not, as before, as an "unorganized area," but as a "diocese." Then the "new diocese" submits its constitution to the General Convention for consent; and upon receipt of this consent, it enters into "union with the General Convention."
In this articulation of the steps involved in the creation of a new diocese, Article V reflects the civil law. When an unorganized area adopts its own constitution, it is by definition no longer "unorganized." It is a legal entity. In the terminology of Article V, this entity is called a "new diocese." This step, furthermore, occurs before the constitutional involvement of General Convention. What happens when the "new diocese" obtains the consent of General Convention to its application is that it is "admitted" into union with the other dioceses in General Convention. The transformation from "unorganized area" to "new diocese" occurs when the diocesan constitution is duly adopted. When General Convention gives its consent, another change occurs, but it is not the creation of a "new diocese." It is the acceptance of an unaffiliated "new diocese" as a member diocese of General Convention.
The logic of this process can be grasped by a hypothetical case. Suppose an unorganized area holds its convention and duly adopts a constitution. Suppose further that before applying to The Episcopal Church for admission to General Convention it votes at its convention to apply not to The Episcopal Church but to another province of the Anglican Communion. By definition, the General Convention has yet to give consent and admit the new diocese. Nevertheless, the diocese is fully constituted by adopting its own constitution and so legally capable of acting on its own behalf. This can be seen by reading carefully the provisions of Article V and recognizing that this article reflects the operation of the civil law on the creation of religious societies and voluntary associations.
To summarize the conclusions of this section, the following are fundamental features of the governance and structure of The Episcopal Church:
- The state churches were independent legal entities prior to their organization of The Episcopal Church.
- New dioceses organized now are duly constituted entities with distinct legal personalities prior to admission to The Episcopal Church.
- Dioceses retain their distinct legal personalities as defined by their constitutions when they join The Episcopal Church.
- The constituent members of General Convention are its dioceses; it is the dioceses that are "represented" and vote as equals.
- The most important matters decided at General Convention, amendments to the Constitution and Book of Common Prayer are referred to the diocesan conventions for consideration prior to action by General Convention and the final vote is taken at General Convention by diocese.
Dioceses Are Not Subordinate to a Metropolitan or Central Hierarchy
We are now in a position to address the nature of authority in The Episcopal Church. Because this material is complex and some of the conclusions may seem surprising, we will proceed by looking first at the actual language used in the Constitution. We will then place that language in three contexts that help illuminate it: the historical circumstances in which the governance of The Episcopal Church was created; the principle of subsidiarity, which was invoked by our founders and has long been recognized as a key feature of Anglican polity; and the governing instruments of other churches that have the central hierarchical language and structures that our Church lacks. We will then conclude with a review of the factors demonstrating the lack of such structures and the autonomy of dioceses in The Episcopal Church.
The Language Used in the Constitution
As what we have said above indicates, The Episcopal Church is comprised of member dioceses that join together to create various central bodies and offices, including a General Convention, Executive Council and Presiding Bishop. What is not defined in our Constitution is any legal or hierarchical relationship among these various bodies. Indeed, a recent legal analysis of our Constitution and history has shown that the Constitution is devoid of the legal terminology used to express hierarchies in legal documents. On the one hand, a General Convention is created and given legislative authority to enact general canons, but the preexistent diocesan conventions are also recognized as having legislative authority and there is no provision making the General Convention "supreme" or "highest" or providing that general canons supersede diocesan ones. Indeed, none of the following terms routinely used in legal documents to indicate hierarchical priority is found at all in our Constitution: "supreme"; "supremacy"; "highest"; "hierarchical"; "subordinate"; "sole"; "preempt"; "final"; and "contrary". Other terms used to indicate hierarchical relationships, including "exclusive", "subject to", "consent", "notwithstanding", and "inconsistent" are found in the Constitution, but they are not used to indicate a central hierarchy. This is often assumed and is even alleged in civil cases instituted in the name of The Episcopal Church by the Presiding Bishop and her chancellor, but there are no provisions to this effect in our Constitution as a simple search with any search engine will demonstrate. The only instance that is even debatable is the use of the term "consent" in Article V governing the admission of new dioceses, but as we have already discussed that consent is to a process initiated and controlled by the diocese, whose own consent is thereby presumed.
This lack of hierarchical concepts in the Constitution confirms the traditional understanding of our structure that already has been quoted from the official commentary: The Episcopal Church is a federation (or confederation) of independent, or better, autonomous, dioceses. We will not revisit the work that has already been done on this topic, but we will now review three factors that reinforce this understanding of our polity.
The Historical Context in which The Episcopal Church Was Organized
Understanding our structures of governance requires familiarity with the historical context in which The Episcopal Church was organized. Two features of this context are paramount: first, The Episcopal Church was organized and its Constitution adopted just as the American states were changing their form of government from that of a "league of friendship" of sovereign and independent states under the Articles of Confederation to the hierarchically-structured federal form of government specified in the United States Constitution; and second, the fact that by virtue of the American Revolution the churches in the United States were necessarily forced to change the fundamental governance they had previously experienced as part of the Church of England, the Supreme Governor of which was the British monarch.
On the first point it is necessary to recognize that two of the most active participants in the General Conventions that organized The Episcopal Church and drafted its first Constitution were two men, James Duane and John Jay, noted to this day among legal scholars for their roles in developing the jurisprudence of hierarchy used in the United States Constitution. Duane was a signatory to the Articles of Confederation on behalf of New York and was the mayor and first federal judge in New York. Sitting as judge in 1784, Duane ruled in a well-known case still studied by legal scholars that the lack of a routine technical term indicating hierarchical priority substantially eviscerated a New York statute purporting to nullify part of the peace treaty ending the Revolutionary War. Six weeks later Duane was a delegate to the first interstate convention that established the fundamental principles of what was to become the Constitution of The Episcopal Church. The first of these principles was the very language, that "there be a general convention," that remains to this day the only specification of the authority of General Convention. Duane was again a delegate to the General Convention in 1785, one of only two from New York, and served on the committee that drafted the first Constitution. That Constitution, the key language of which remains virtually unchanged in the current Constitution, contained no language giving hierarchical priority to the General Convention. Duane was also made a member of the executive committee selected to correspond with the churches in the United States and the Archbishop of Canterbury to obtain consecrations for American bishops. He was once again a delegate to the 1786 Convention.
John Jay was the United States Secretary for Foreign Affairs during the Confederation and was later the first Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. He is also known among legal scholars for his work in drafting the hierarchical legal language that resolved the treaty nullification controversy with Great Britain and that became the prototype for the Supremacy Clause in the United States Constitution, the primary provision establishing the hierarchy of the federal government in our federal system. Right in the middle of his work on the treaty controversy, Jay was a delegate to the General Convention in June 1786. It was this Convention that amended and then approved the Constitution drafted the year before containing no language giving hierarchical priority to the General Convention or any central body. Although Jay arrived late, after the Constitution had been approved, he had to have been aware of the terms of the Constitution since the draft was a primary item on the agenda. After his arrival, Jay took a leading role in drafting a key letter to the Archbishop of Canterbury from the Convention. He did not attend the adjourned session of the Convention in October 1786, undoubtedly because it occurred just as he was delivering his report to Congress with his proposed solution to the treaty crisis, including the resolutions containing the legal language that would later be incorporated into the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution. It is inconceivable that these two knowledgeable lawyers, known to this day for their role in developing our jurisprudence concerning legal hierarchies, would have inadvertently drafted a Constitution devoid of hierarchical language.
One distinctive feature of our Constitution is its use of an unusual technical term from international law, "acceding," to describe the act of dioceses' accepting the Constitution. It is the term used in international law to describe a sovereign state's becoming a party to a treaty already signed by others, a treaty being a compact among sovereign and independent states. "Acceding" was the term used in the Articles of Confederation, which established a "league of friendship" of states retaining their "sovereignty, freedom and independence." The term "acceding" is not used in the United States Constitution, which established a hierarchical central government. This use of treaty language could not have been accidental. James Duane was a signatory to the Articles of Confederation; John Jay, besides being the nation's Foreign Secretary and Chief Justice, negotiated the second treaty with Great Britain, known to this day as the "Jay Treaty." These men clearly knew what the term "acceding" signified.
Indeed, there is conclusive proof that this omission of a central hierarchy was intentional, not inadvertent. The primary imperative driving the Anglican churches in America to break formally with the Church of England was the Oath of Supremacy that all prospective bishops and clergy were required to swear. It was the paradigm of legal language recognizing a hierarchical body: allegiance was pledged to the British monarch as the "only supreme governor" of the church. American clergy were both unwilling and unable to give this oath. One of the main tasks of the early General Conventions was to obtain the agreement of the Church of England bishops to consecrate American bishops without this oath. James Duane was on the committee that developed a plan to achieve this objective, and he was the one who presented it to the General Convention. He was one of six members on the committee designated to implement the plan, along with the first three prospective bishops, William White, Samuel Provoost and William Smith (Smith was never consecrated) and two other prominent lawyers, one a member of the Continental Congress and the other the mayor of Philadelphia. Between October 1785 and October 1786, no fewer than six letters were exchanged between the General Convention and the English bishops on this topic. Both Duane and Jay played major roles in drafting this correspondence. The agreement reached was that the Oaths of Supremacy and Allegiance to the monarch and the Oath of Due Obedience to the Archbishop would be replaced for American bishops by the recital "I do solemnly engage to conform to the doctrine and worship of the Protestant Episcopal Church…." Submission to a hierarchy, the monarch and the archbishop, was explicitly replaced not by submission to a different hierarchy, but by a pledge of doctrinal conformity. On this basis, after much negotiation as to what that doctrine really was, the British Parliament passed an act expressly exempting "for the time being" American bishops from these oaths. It surely is no coincidence that the Archbishop of Canterbury advised the General Convention of the new act of Parliament by letter dated July 4, 1786, precisely ten years after the Declaration of Independence.
Thus, the two primary legal influences on the structure of The Episcopal Church, the English Act of Supremacy and the United States constitutional framework, were of preeminent interest at precisely the time our Church was organized. None of the participants organizing our structures would have missed the significance of removing the hierarchy stipulated by English law. It was their primary objective. Nor could it have been accidental that just as the United States was creating a hierarchical federal government, with significant jurisprudential inspiration from the very people guiding the formation of The Episcopal Church, the young church elected not to include an explicit central hierarchy in its governance. And although our Constitution has been amended many times since its adoption, including several times since the major decisions of the Supreme Court on religious hierarchies in the 1970's, that original structure has never been changed.
The Principle of Subsidiarity
The principle of subsidiarity is crucial to understanding the relationship between dioceses and central bodies in The Episcopal Church and the effect of silence in our Constitution. It can be succinctly defined as follows: "Subsidiarity expresses a preference for governance at the most local level consistent with achieving government's stated purposes." It is the principle behind the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and is fundamental to European law and Roman Catholic social teaching. And it is described by both the Windsor and Virginia Reports as a key strand of Anglican governance. Subsidiarity may be a principle applicable to hierarchical structures, in which case it is usually the subordinate body in favor of which the presumption for local governance operates. But it is also applicable to non-hierarchical organizations as well as is shown by its importance in the Anglican Communion. The distinction drawn by subsidiarity, however, is between local and central, not between subordinate and supreme. The Windsor Report defines the principle as follows: "the principle that matters should be decided as close to the local level as possible."
Of particular relevance to the formation of The Episcopal Church is the fact that subsidiarity was also emphasized by Bishop White in The Case, was later adopted as a "fundamental principle" by the nascent Pennsylvania church in 1784, and through the influence of Bishop White and the Pennsylvania church guided The Episcopal Church as a whole. This fundamental principle was expressed as follows: "That no powers be delegated to a general ecclesiastical government, except such as cannot conveniently be exercised by the clergy and laity in their respective congregations." Especially important is the term "delegated." Powers are delegated by the local body to the central body, not vice-versa. This is an explicit statement that the reservoir of authority was to be in the local bodies, not the central one. Thus, such powers must be explicitly, not implicitly, delegated by the local body to the general body. In other words, this principle creates the presumption that silence indicates that the local body retains the power. To limit the authority of a local body, whether a parish or a diocese, an explicit prohibition must be stated.
Other Churches
We have seen that our Constitution does not create hierarchical central bodies or offices and that this was an intentional decision by our founders pursuant to the principle of subsidiarity they articulated at the very outset of our Church's organization. The difference between The Episcopal Church and the Church of England in this regard has already been noted, but equally instructive is a review of the governing instruments of other churches that do have such central hierarchies. Here one sees readily the language, structures and mechanisms of hierarchy that are not found in our Constitution.
For example, the concepts of hierarchy, i.e., the operative legal terms indicating supremacy, subordination, preemption and finality, are clearly articulated in the code of canon law of the Roman Catholic Church. In the chapter entitled "The Hierarchical Constitution of the Church," Section I, "The Supreme Authority of the Church," Article 1, "The Roman Pontiff," are the following:
Can. 331 The bishop of the Roman Church, in whom continues the office given by the Lord uniquely to Peter, the first of the Apostles, and to be transmitted to his successors, is the head of the college of bishops, the Vicar of Christ, and the pastor of the universal Church on earth. By virtue of his office he possesses supreme, full, immediate, and universal ordinary power in the Church, which he is always able to exercise freely.
Can. 333 §1. By virtue of his office, the Roman Pontiff not only possesses power over the universal Church but also obtains the primacy of ordinary power over all particular churches and groups of them. Moreover, this primacy strengthens and protects the proper, ordinary, and immediate power which bishops possess in the particular churches entrusted to their care.
§2. In fulfilling the office of supreme pastor of the Church, the Roman Pontiff is always joined in communion with the other bishops and with the universal Church. He nevertheless has the right, according to the needs of the Church, to determine the manner, whether personal or collegial, of exercising this office.
§3. No appeal or recourse is permitted against a sentence or decree of the Roman Pontiff.
Dioceses are known as particular churches in Catholic canon law. Canon 373 specifies how they are created: "It is only for the supreme authority to erect particular churches; those legitimately erected possess juridic personality by the law itself." Unlike the dioceses of The Episcopal Church, which are duly organized before admission to our Church, Roman Catholic dioceses are created by the pontiff and have no legal personality until after they are created.
Canon 377 specifies how bishops are chosen: "The Supreme Pontiff freely appoints bishops or confirms those legitimately elected." Diocesan bishops possess ordinary power over their dioceses, subject to decrees of the supreme pontiff who has full ordinary power over all particular churches. The people of God in the dioceses are in sacramental communion with their diocesan bishop, who himself is in "hierarchical communion" with the "Supreme Pontiff."
To take another example, the polity of the Serbian Orthodox Church is of paramount legal significance because it has been the subject of the most extensive analysis to date of religious hierarchies by the United States Supreme Court. Like the Roman Catholic Church, the Serbian Orthodox Church expresses its governance in unambiguous hierarchical language. Unlike the Catholic hierarchy, however, Serbian supremacy resides in a body not an individual. The highest legislative, judicial, ecclesiastical, and administrative authority of the Serbian Church is the Holy Assembly of Bishops, a body composed of all diocesan bishops presided over by its patriarch. An executive body, the Holy Synod of Bishops, consists of the Patriarch and four bishops selected by the Holy Assembly. The hierarchical structure is indicated by the following provisions of its constitution:
The Holy Assembly of Bishops, as the highest hierarchical body, is legislative authority in the matters of faith, officiation, church order (discipline) and internal organization of the Church, as well as the highest church juridical authority within its jurisdiction.
All the decisions of the Holy Assembly of Bishops and of the Holy Synod of Bishops of canonical and church nature, in regard to faith, officiation, church order and internal organization of the church, are valid and final.
[The church's] main administrative division is composed of dioceses, both in regard to church hierarchical and church administrative aspect….Decisions of establishing, naming, liquidating, reorganizing, and the seat of the dioceses, and establishing or eliminating of position of vicar bishops, is decided upon by the [Holy Assembly], in agreement with the Patriarchal Council.
These provisions in the Serbian Orthodox constitution led the Supreme Court to conclude that the Holy Assembly of Bishops was the central hierarchy in that church. It is clearly designated as "the highest hierarchical body," its decisions are "final," its dioceses are "administrative division[s]," and they and their bishops exist and serve at the pleasure of the Holy Assembly. In addition, as we discuss below, the bishops swear an "Episcopal-Hierarchical Oath" of "perpetual obedience" to the hierarchical body, the Holy Assembly.
Similarly, the constitution of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America specifies a clearly identified hierarchy:
The Churchwide Assembly shall be the highest legislative authority of the churchwide organization and shall deal with all matters which are necessary in pursuit of the purposes and functions of this church. The powers of the Churchwide Assembly are limited only by the provisions of the Articles of Incorporation, this constitution and bylaws, and the assembly's own resolutions.
The Evangelical Lutheran Church's constitution also contains explicit provisions giving its constituent synods only such powers as are conferred by the general canons and bodies and requiring that synod enactments be consistent with decisions of the general body and that prior ratification by the general body of synod constitutional amendments be given before the amendments take effect.
Likewise, the constitution of the Presbyterian Church USA indicates unequivocally the hierarchical relationship of its bodies:
The General Assembly is the highest governing body of this church and is representative of the unity of the synods, presbyteries, sessions, and congregations of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.).
The General Assembly is also given the explicit power "to provide authoritative interpretation of the Book of Order which shall be binding on the governing bodies of the church…."
Finally, the governing instrument of the United Methodist Church gives its highest legislative body, its General Conference, the express authority to define the powers and duties both of its regional and local conferences and of its bishops. The United Methodist Church has a Judicial Council with the authority in specified instances to determine the constitutionality and legality of actions taken by the General Conference and lower conferences. It is the final arbiter of all matters within its jurisdiction: "All decisions of the Judicial Council shall be final."
The Episcopal Church Lacks the Structures and Mechanisms of Central Hierarchical Control
What this survey of other church's governing instruments shows quite plainly is not only that our Constitution lacks the relevant hierarchical terminology seen at a glance in these other constitutions, but also that the general bodies in The Episcopal Church lack the mechanisms by which hierarchical authority is exercised.
- The Constitution lacks any language making General Convention the "supreme" or "highest" authority, making its decisions "final" or making dioceses "subordinate" to any other office or body.
- The Episcopal Church lacks any metropolitan or archbishop with authority over its diocesan bishops. To the contrary, the episcopal authority of the diocesan bishop and diocese is given explicit constitutional protection.
- Our episcopal vows contain no reference to a hierarchy, but only a pledge of conformity to the doctrine, discipline and worship of The Episcopal Church. This stands in marked contrast to churches with central hierarchies, including the Church of England, the Roman Catholic Church and the Serbian Orthodox Church, which have explicit "hierarchical oaths" by which allegiance is sworn to the hierarchical body.
- General bodies play no substantive role in the selection of bishops or in giving consents. Consents are given by dioceses. Even when occurring close to General Convention, consents are given by the diocesan bishop and delegations, not the House of Bishops or the House of Deputies collectively.
- Church discipline is handled almost exclusively at the diocesan level. Even in the case of bishops it is handled by ad hoc courts, not by the general bodies.
- Dioceses are not created, extinguished or combined by General Convention as administrative districts of a hierarchically-controlled general church. The creation of a diocese "originates" in the diocese, which after being duly constituted is "admitted" to union with General Convention.
- The general bodies of The Episcopal Church have no right of prior review or authority to approve the actions of diocesan conventions, including in particular changes to the dioceses' governing instruments. The lack of a right of prior review and approval clearly establishes General Convention's lack of hierarchical authority. One fundamental characteristic shared by hierarchical churches is the prior review and approval by the hierarchy of the subordinate body's actions. This is a key mechanism of hierarchical control.
The autonomy of our dioceses has long been recognized as an essential feature of the polity of our Church. For example, in the volume on the polity of The Episcopal Church included in the widely-distributed series in the 1950s and 1960s entitled "The Church's Teaching," written by the long-time professor of church history at the General Theological Seminary with the assistance of an "Authors' Committee" composed of professors, leading rectors and a bishop of the Church, the author, Dr. Powel Dawley summarized the role of the diocese as follows:
Diocesan participation in any national program or effort, for example, must be voluntarily given; it cannot be forced. Again, while the bishop's exercise of independent power within the diocese is restricted by the share in church government possessed by the Diocesan Convention or the Standing Committee, his independence in respect to the rest of the Church is almost complete.
This autonomy was again confirmed as recently as February 2009 by the ecclesiastical court deposing Charles Bennison as Bishop of Pennsylvania. In the Bennison case, the Diocese of Los Angeles refused to cooperate with the court and to produce documents that had been requested not only by the parties, but also by a representative of the Presiding Bishop and even the court itself. The court concluded that it had no authority to compel the diocese to comply: "Unfortunately, the diocese refused all of those requests and the Court had no ability to obtain those documents…. Rather, the Diocese of Los Angeles, a wholly autonomous entity which is not a party to these proceedings, chose not to produce the documents notwithstanding entreaties from the Court."
We agree with the conclusion of the court in the Bennison decision that dioceses are autonomous under our Constitution and are not subject to hierarchical control by central bodies, whether they be the Presiding Bishop, the General Convention, the Executive Council or the courts of The Episcopal Church. Our dioceses work together as a matter of comity in fellowship and communion, but legally we remain autonomous bodies with distinct legal personalities.
The Nature of Our Vows
The charge is frequently made that those who reject the understanding of our polity now being asserted by the Presiding Bishop, most recently in a civil lawsuit in Pittsburgh, have violated their ordination vows to uphold the doctrine and discipline of The Episcopal Church. We regard these sacred vows as inviolable and therefore take this allegation with the utmost seriousness. We begin by emphasizing the full extent of the vows, not often noted, that we made at our episcopal consecrations:
In the Name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, I, N.N., chosen Bishop of the Church in N., solemnly declare that I do believe the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments to be the Word of God, and to contain all things necessary to salvation; and I do solemnly engage to conform to the doctrine, discipline, and worship of The Episcopal Church.
We reaffirm these vows without reservation.
The engagement we made and reaffirm is to conform to the "doctrine, discipline and worship" of The Episcopal Church. The objection that those who do not accept the interpretation of that "discipline" (polity) proposed by the Presiding Bishop are in violation of their episcopal vows is mere question begging. The objectors assume without argument that the discipline of our Church is such that anyone with a different understanding is in violation of that discipline. But this is to assert what must be proved. What the discipline of The Episcopal Church requires is precisely the question at issue. It is the Presiding Bishop's interpretation that is novel and it is not less so for being advocated in civil court.
In this context, we must again emphasize that our vows contain no pledge of obedience to a metropolitan or central hierarchy as is explicit in the episcopal oaths taken in churches that have such hierarchies. For example, Serbian Orthodox bishops swear an "Episcopal-Hierarchical Oath" that they will "always be obedient to the Most Holy Assembly," the very body identified in that church's constitution as "the highest hierarchical body." Similarly, Roman Catholic bishops are required to answer in the affirmative the following questions:
Are you resolved to build up the Church as the body of Christ and to remain united to it within the order of bishops under the authority of the successor of the apostle Peter? Are you resolved to be faithful in your obedience to the successor of the apostle Peter?
A Bishop in the Church of England is required by canon law not only to swear an oath of allegiance to the monarch as already noted, but also to take "the oath of due obedience to the archbishop and to the metropolitical Church of the province wherein he is to exercise the episcopal office." This oath is as follows:
In the Name of God, Amen. I, N., chosen Bishop of the Church and See of N. do profess and promise all due reverence and obedience to the Archbishop and to the Metropolitical Church of N. and to their Successors : So help me God, through Jesus Christ.
Indeed, our consecration vows in The Episcopal Church, often called the "Declaration of Conformity," resemble only the third part of the Church of England consecration vows, the Declaration of Assent:
Archbishop: In the declaration you are about to make, will you affirm your loyalty to this inheritance of faith as your inspiration and guidance under God in bringing the grace and truth of Christ to this generation and making Him known to those in your care?
Ordinand: I, AB, do so affirm, and accordingly declare my belief in the faith which is revealed in the Holy Scriptures and set forth in the catholic creeds and to which the historic formularies of the Church of England bear witness; and in public prayer and administration of the sacraments, I will use only the forms of service which are authorized or allowed by Canon.
This Declaration by itself, absent the hierarchical oaths to the sovereign and metropolitical authorities, resembles that of the profession traditionally made by a bishop upon his election to the See of Rome:
I will firmly believe and hold the catholic faith, according to the tradition of the apostles, of general councils and of other holy fathers, especially of the eight holy universal councils … as well as of the general councils…, and to preserve intact this faith unchanged to the last dot, and to defend and preach it to the point of death and the shedding of my blood, and likewise to follow and observe in every way the rite handed down of the ecclesiastical sacraments of the church.
No longer subject to another hierarchical authority the newly-elected pope declares only his doctrinal assent and conformity.
We also have been given our apostolic office in trust. When the American churches requested that the Church of England bestow the Historic Episcopate on our developing church, nineteen Bishops of the Church of England stated in reply that
we cannot but be extremely cautious, lest we should be the instruments of establishing an Ecclesiastical system which will be called a branch of the Church of England, but afterwards may possibly appear to have departed from it essentially, either in doctrine or in discipline.
Indeed, we received the Episcopate only after a special enactment of the British Parliament exempted our Bishops from "the oaths of allegiance and supremacy, and the oath of due obedience to the Archbishop for the time being," accepting our vows of conformity in substitution, and after our state churches passed an "Act of General Convention" "declaring their steadfast resolution to maintain the same essential Articles of Faith and discipline with the Church of England."
Our episcopal vows contain no pledge of obedience to a higher office or body, as do churches with metropolitical hierarchies, but we do hold our apostolic office in trust. We understand our vow to require conformity to the doctrine and worship we hold in trust and to the discipline of The Episcopal Church as set forth in this statement. We intend to remain faithful to that sacred undertaking.
Maintaining Constituent Membership in the Anglican Communion Is Our Constitutional Right
Not only is the diocese the fundamental unit of The Episcopal Church, it is also the fundamental unit in catholic ecclesiology by which the people of God in the particular or local churches relate to the wider communion. In a 2007 communication sent by the Archbishop of Canterbury to Bishop Howe, the Archbishop emphasized this point:
The organ of union with the wider Church is the Bishop and the Diocese rather than the Provincial structure as such…. I should feel a great deal happier, I must say, if those who are most eloquent for a traditionalist view in the United States showed a fuller understanding of the need to regard the Bishop and the Diocese as the primary locus of ecclesial identity rather than the abstract reality of the 'national church'.
We are committed to remaining faithful members of The Episcopal Church and the Anglican Communion. We have noted with increasing concern statements by leaders and bodies of The Episcopal Church questioning our participation in the proposed Anglican covenant and opining that dioceses may not sign the covenant if The Episcopal Church as a whole were to refrain from doing so on behalf of all its dioceses.
The preamble to our Constitution identifies continuing constituent membership in the Anglican Communion as one of the fundamental conditions on which our governing agreement is based. The failure to maintain that membership would plunge The Episcopal Church into a constitutional crisis. It is an elementary principle of law that agreements can be terminated in the event of material breach or repudiation by another party or by fundamental changes of circumstances. The application of this principle depends in part on the intentions of the parties to the agreement. It is, among other things, to the preambles of agreements that courts may look to discern what the parties themselves considered material or fundamental. In this regard, it is significant that the preamble to our Constitution makes only two points: (1) that The Episcopal Church is a "constituent member of the Anglican Communion, a Fellowship within the One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic Church, of those duly constituted Dioceses, Provinces, and regional Churches in communion with the See of Canterbury"; and (2) that the constitution "sets forth the basic articles of government of this Church."
Given that representatives of over half the active membership in the Anglican Communion have declared that they no longer recognize The Episcopal Church, the circumstances specified in the preamble already have fundamentally changed in that our Church no longer remains in fellowship with a significant number of the "dioceses, provinces and regional churches" identified in our own Constitution. Failure to sign the proposed covenant would be decisive in this respect. And were The Episcopal Church to attempt to change its constitutional governance to restrict diocesan autonomy, particularly in the case of an Anglican covenant, it would constitute a material breach or repudiation of its "basic" governing agreement.
We must speak plainly here. Any attempt to prevent willing dioceses from signing the covenant would be unconstitutional and thereby void.
We have found it necessary to address these issues as a matter of faithfulness to our apostolic vocation and our Constitution. The traditional doctrine and worship and the historic polity of the Church are in grave peril. For this reason, we emphasize that The Episcopal Church consists of autonomous, but interdependent, dioceses not subject to any metropolitical power or hierarchical control. The Ecclesiastical Authorities in our dioceses are the Bishops and Standing Committees; no one else may act in or speak on behalf of the dioceses or of The Episcopal Church within the dioceses. We intend to exercise our episcopal authority to remain constituent members of the Anglican Communion and will continue to speak out on these issues as necessary.
April 18, 2009
The Right Reverend James M. Adams, Jr.
Bishop of Western Kansas
The Right Reverend Peter H. Beckwith
Bishop of Springfield
The Right Reverend William C. Frey
Assisting Bishop of Rio Grande; Retired Bishop of Colorado
The Right Reverend Alden M. Hathaway
Retired Bishop of Pittsburgh
The Right Reverend John W. Howe
Bishop of Central Florida
The Right Reverend Russell E. Jacobus
Bishop of Fond du Lac
The Right Reverend Paul E. Lambert
Bishop Suffragan of Dallas
The Right Reverend Mark J. Lawrence
Bishop of South Carolina
The Right Reverend Edward S. Little II
Bishop of Northern Indiana
The Right Reverend William H. Love
Bishop of Albany
The Right Reverend D. Bruce MacPherson
Bishop of Western Louisiana
The Right Reverend Edward L. Salmon, Jr.
Retired Bishop of South Carolina
The Right Reverend Michael G. Smith
Bishop of North Dakota
The Right Reverend James M. Stanton
Bishop of Dallas
The Right Reverend Don A. Wimberly
Bishop of Texas
Also Endorsed By:
The Reverend Canon Professor Christopher Seitz
The Reverend Dr. Philip Turner
The Reverend Dr. Ephraim Radner
(The Anglican Communion Institute, Inc.)
April 22 2009 02:26 pm | Articles


text:
Egyptian military overthrows Morsi, targets Muslim Brotherhood
Egypt's military took control of the country Wednesday, suspending the constitution and asking the head of the country's high constitutional court to lead the nation in a transition period with a government comprised of "technocrats."
In a somber announcement on national television, the country's defense minister, Gen. Abdel-Fattah el-Sissi, announced that the military had taken the action because Egypt's first democratically elected president, Mohammed Morsi, had shown himself unwilling to meet the demands of a fractured opposition that had wanted him to step down.
Morsi "did not meet the demands of the masses," said el-Sissi, who Morsi appointed minister of defense and commander of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces in August 2012.
El-Sissi made no mention of Morsi's whereabouts, but Muslim Brotherhood spokesman Gehad El-Haddad tweeted early Thursday that he was under house arrest, as were most members of his presidential staff. News reports had said earlier in the day that the military had cut off all communication to Morsi. Various statements published online and attributed to him called what happened a "military coup" and urged his supporters to reject the military's actions.
There were signs, however, that the military was moving quickly to stifle the influence of the Muslim Brotherhood, the once-outlawed Islamist organization through which Morsi gained prominence and that until Wednesday was thought to be the country's most influential political organization.
In the hours leading up to the seven-minute announcement, the military surrounded roads leading to crowds of Morsi supporters who'd rallied to the president's calls that they defend him. Immediately after the announcement, police arrested crews from the Brotherhood television channel and other Islamist channels, state news reported. The Brotherhood channel went dark shortly after Morsi's fall and did not return to the air.
There were also reports that some top Brotherhood officials had been arrested for involvement in a 2011 jailbreak that freed Morsi and 33 other Brotherhood leaders. On June 23, an Egyptian court had declared the prison break "illegitimate;" that ruling came down on the same day the military first issued a warning that it might be forced to intervene if Morsi and his opponents were unable to reconcile. The legal ramifications for Morsi of the ruling remain unclear.
The military also moved against the local arm of Al Jazeera, the Qatar-owned news channel, raiding its offices and ending its broadcasts.
Cairo's streets, which had been crowded for three days by millions of demonstrators demanding Morsi's resignation, exploded in celebration at the announcement.
But among Morsi's backers the reaction was anger, and there were indications it could give way to violence.
In the Rabaa section of Cairo, a crowd of bitter Morsi supporters sprayed gunfire into the air and pledged to fight to preserve the Brotherhood's political gains. Many were armed with guns and sticks.
"Jihad is our destiny," they chanted. "Our revolution is Islamic, Islamic. . . . Don't worry Morsi, we are all with you."
Some added, "Blood will drench all the streets of Egypt."
El-Sissi said the military took the step of removing Morsi after months of trying to persuade him to compromise with his opponents. He said the military's efforts began in November, after Morsi declared himself exempt from judicial oversight. That declaration sparked demonstrations then.
"The armed forces have made over the past months strenuous efforts, directly and indirectly, to contain the situation and conduct internal and national reconciliation among all political forces, including the institution of the presidency, since November 2012," el-Sissi said. He said that "all political forces responded, but it was turned down by the presidency in the last moments."
El-Sissi said the head of the country's Supreme Constitutional Court, Adly Mansour, 67, would become the country's acting president and would take the oath of office Thursday. He said Mansour would have the right to rule by decree until a new Parliament was seated. El-Sissi also called for Mansour to set presidential elections soon.
Mansour has been the deputy head of the court since 1992. He'll retain his court position while serving as president.
The military's announcement, which came at 9:20 p.m. after a day of tension as people waited to hear what the country's generals had decided, brought to an end the first democratically elected administration in Egypt's history. It marked another in a seemingly unending string of tumultuous events in the more than two years since Hosni Mubarak was forced to resign.
Morsi had said he would not step down and was unwavering to the end. In his last speech as president, he at one point yelled, "I am the president of Egypt."
After seeing their fortunes dashed after a year of triumph, Morsi supporters lashed out. In Rabaa, McClatchy reporters witnessed Morsi supporters brutally beat a man after he identified himself as a journalist. "You are responsible for this!" one man yelled as he struck the 32-year-old man.
Throughout Cairo it was hard at times to differentiate the sound of people celebrating by launching fireworks from those shooting in the air, promising retribution.
Their reactions portended of instability here, despite el-Sissi's plea that Egyptians "steer away from violence." For some of Morsi's supporters, an Islamic vision for the region was at stake.
The turn of events was a dramatic setback for the Brotherhood, which had been outlawed for much of its eight-decade history before the toppling in 2011 – under similar circumstances – of Mubarak.
Morsi was the first Brotherhood official to take power in an Arab country, and his removal from office could only be seen as a setback for an organization that only months ago was considered the premier political group in Egypt.
While the crowds in Cairo's streets erupted in jubilation, some of the leaders of the 2011 demonstrations that led to Mubarak's resignation voiced concern about the direction of events.
"If the military helps in ousting Morsi, I hope they won't have a direct role as they did before," said Ahmed Maher, who leads the April 6 Youth Movement and was a key organizer of the anti-Mubarak demonstrations that began on Jan. 25, 2011.
"I am afraid that the January 25 revolution would be forgotten," he said. "If the upcoming period is not managed well, the remnants could come back."
Maher's sentiment captures the contradictions that plague the movement that forced Morsi from office. Morsi, however unpopular he was, was democratically elected, and there were no mechanisms in the country's constitution that allowed for the military to intervene the way it has. Egypt has no vice president and there was no agreement among the opposition over the role of the military or who should replace Morsi.
In December, a constitutional committee dominated by the Brotherhood hastily passed a constitution that required a two-thirds vote of Parliament to remove the president. But the country's court had ordered the Islamist-dominated Parliament dissolved, and with promised parliamentary elections never scheduled, Morsi gave himself legislative powers.
While Morsi's rule was striking for its administrative incompetence, the army's record during the 18 months it ruled between Mubarak's resignation and Morsi's inauguration wasn't much better. During that time, the country's economy flattened, the government carried out virginity tests on female protesters and raided 17 democracy promotion organizations, leading to the arrest of 43 people, including 16 Americans.
"They should force Morsi to leave and then leave themselves because they failed in managing the country," Maher said.
Morsi's 368 days in office were the only period since 1952 that Egypt's top leader wasn't a member of the military or a retired military officer.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Two stone hut circles and an enclosure 680m ENE of Trowlesworthy Warren House
- Heritage Category:
- Scheduled Monument
- List Entry Number:
- 1014615
- Date first listed:
- 24-Nov-2000
The above map is for quick reference purposes only and may not be to scale. For a copy of the full scale map, please see the attached PDF - 1014615.pdf
The PDF will be generated from our live systems and may take a few minutes to download depending on how busy our servers are. We apologise for this delay.
This copy shows the entry on 19-Nov-2019 at 19:30:54.
The building or site itself may lie within the boundary of more than one authority.
- County:
- Devon
- District:
- South Hams (District Authority)
- Parish:
- Shaugh Prior
- National Park:
- National Grid Reference:
Reasons for Designation
Dartmoor is the largest expanse of open moorland in southern Britain and,
because of exceptional conditions of preservation, it is also one of the most
complete examples of an upland relict landscape in the whole country. The
great wealth and diversity of archaeological remains provide direct evidence
for human exploitation of the Moor from the early prehistoric period onwards.
The well-preserved and often visible relationship between settlement sites,
major land boundaries, trackways, ceremonial and funerary monuments as well as
later industrial remains, gives significant insights into successive changes
in the pattern of land use through time. Stone hut circles and hut settlements
were the dwelling places of prehistoric farmers on Dartmoor. They mostly date
from the Bronze Age, with the earliest examples on the Moor in this building
tradition dating to about 1700 BC. The stone-based round houses consist of low
walls or banks enclosing a circular floor area; remains of the turf or thatch
roof are not preserved. The huts may occur singly or in small or large groups
and may lie in the open or be enclosed by a bank of earth and stone. Although
they are common on the Moor, their longevity and their relationship with other
monument types provide important information on the diversity of social
organisation and farming practices amongst prehistoric communities. They are
particularly representative of their period and a substantial proportion of
surviving examples are considered worthy of protection.
The two stone hut circles and enclosure 680m ENE of Trowlesworthy Warren House survive comparatively well and, together with a rich array of nearby features, form part of an archaeological landscape in which the three major periods of human activity on the Moor are represented. This area is a popular visitor destination and the settlement is frequently visited.
This monument includes two stone hut circles and an enclosure situated on a
gentle north west facing slope overlooking the River Plym. Both stone hut
circles survive as banks of earth and stone surrounding a circular internal
area. The interior of the western stone hut circle measures 6m in diameter
and the surrounding 0.9m wide wall stands up to 0.3m high. The interior of the
eastern hut circle is oval in shape, measures 6.5m long by 4.3m wide and is
defined by a 1.3m wide wall standing up to 0.l5m high. A 3.5m wide and 0.8m
high rubble bank lies immediately east of the hut. This bank extends
southward and divides the nearby enclosure into two parts. The interior of
the enclosure measures 14.5m long east to west by 13m wide north to south and
is defined by a 1.2m wide rubble bank standing up to 0.4m high. The bank
leading through the enclosure measures 1.8m wide, stands up to 0.7m high and
appears to post date the enclosure walls.
The monument is in the care of the Secretary of State.
MAP EXTRACT The site of the monument is shown on the attached map extract. It includes a 2 metre boundary around the archaeological features, considered to be essential for the monument's support and preservation.
The contents of this record have been generated from a legacy data system.
- Legacy System number:
- 24239
- Legacy System:
Devon County Sites and Monuments Register, SX56NE361, (1984)
Gibson, A, Single Monument Class Description - Stone Hut Circles, (1987)
MPP Fieldwork by S. Gerrard, (1993)
Thackray, C., The Upper Plym Valley: The management of an historic landscape, 1994, Archaeological Site Inventory
Thackray, C., The Upper Plym Valley: The management of an historic landscape, 1994, Archaeological Site Inventory
This monument is scheduled under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 as amended as it appears to the Secretary of State to be of national importance. This entry is a copy, the original is held by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport.
End of official listing


text:
When a woman's fiancé disappears, her true love may be right under her nose. Kwanjai (Paula Taylor) is devastated when her fiancé vanishes without a trace right before their wedding. She asks her roommate and best friend, Thida (Opal Panisara Phimpru), a fortune teller who writes a horoscope column, where her soul mate could be. Thida has visions that tell Kwanjai that her true love could be living right next door. Could it be Joe (Sunny Suwanmethanon), the childhood friend who's a total womanizer, or Mr. Vee (Bo Thanakorn Chinakul), the nerdy new neighbor? "True Love Next Door" is a 2008 Thai series directed by Piyakan Bootprasert.
This show does not have any episodes


text:
Introducing EA Access for PlayStation 4
The wait is finally over: EA Access is headed to PlayStation 4 this July.
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Browse the most popular answers provided by the community and EA for solutions to common issues.
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Share your knowledge and help out your fellow players by answering one of these open questions.
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Join us for EA PLAY
Get hands-on with our games, whether in person in Hollywood or online.
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Try these steps first to clear up any problems you may have when connecting to an EA game.Troubleshoot and test your connection
Reset, update, or link your account information.View more on EA Help


text:
Residential & Commercial,
We Do It All
Steamatic has been trusted by homes and businesses for almost 50 years. Call us today.
Serving The DFW Metroplex & Westoplex
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Because emergencies can happen at any time, Steamatic's response teams are available 24/7. Time is of the essence - call us now to avoid any additional damage.
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As a pioneer in the industry for nearly 50 years, we offer our clients a level of experience, professionalism and value that is unparalleled.
At Steamatic, we set the highest standards for technician training and certification, to ensure that we provide the highest level of service. We deliver the solutions you need for your restoration and cleaning challenges.
Steamatic in Fort Worth, TX is a proud local family owned and operated business.


text:
Gizmodo reader Paula E. B. wrote in with a screenshot, telling us that when she tried to renew with Apple's One-to-One customer bootcamp/training program, a notice popped up saying that One-to-One is now only supported by Safari—Apple's own web browser.
Paula is regularly a Firefox user and so found this latest rule to be rather prohibitive. A quick look around the Apple Support Communities revealed others have found themselves in a similarly frustrating position.
Sure, it's understandable that Apple would want to keep its customers as close as possible, rather than lose out to the like of IE, Firefox, or Chrome. But prohibiting a customer who has already bought their computer from Apple from using an outside web browser on said computer seems to cross over onto just the other side of extremely controlling.
Thanks, Paula!


text:
(CMT Offstage keeps a 24/7 watch on everything that's happening with country music artists behind the scenes and out of the spotlight.)
Every time I see a picture of Kellie Pickler , with her adorably short blond hair, I think of Summer. Not the season. The friend. Summer Holt Miller is Pickler's pal who was diagnosed with breast cancer last year, and the two friends shaved their heads in October when Miller was about to start chemotherapy. The awareness this created has been inspiring and international. "I'm overwhelmed at the support she's been given from all over the world," Pickler told CMT Radio. "It's amazing to get on Facebook and Twitter and know someone from Brazil or Australia knows her testimony and knows her story and are praying for her. And all the prayers are definitely working because she's doing great." You can see Pickler's pixie cut in the official photos for her upcoming debut on Dancing With the Stars , where she will partner up with Julianne Hough's brother Derek.


text:
A Question of Seeing God/
A small boy once approached his slightly older sister with a question about God. "Susie, can anybody ever really see God?" he asked.
Busy with other things, Susie curtly replied: "No, of course not silly. God is so far up in heaven that nobody can see him."
Time passed, but his question still lingered so he approached his mom: "Mom, can anybody ever really see God?" "No, not really," she gently said. "God is a spirit and he dwells in our hearts, but we can never really see Him."
Somewhat satisfied but still wondering, the youngster went on his way. Not long afterwards, his saintly old grandfather took the little boy on a fishing trip.
They were having a great time together. The sun was beginning to set with unusual splendor and the grandfather stared silently at the exquisite beauty unfolding before them.
On seeing the face of his grandfather reflecting such deep peace and contentment, the little boy thought for a moment and finally spoke hesitatingly:
"Granddad, I--I-- wasn't going to ask anybody else, but I wonder if you can tell me the answer to something I've been wondering about a long time. Can anybody - can anybody ever really see God?".
The old man did not even turn his head. A long moment slipped by before he finally answered. "Son," he quietly said. "It's getting so I can't see anything else."
Editor-in-Chief: @AyannaNahmias
LinkedIn: Ayanna Nahmias


text:
"What is the music of El Salvador?" you might ask a Salvadoran, and most Salvadorans will answer "Cumbia" – but the less famous Chanchona music is an often overlooked, under appreciated, (and sometimes just plain unknown!) genre that is uniquely Salvadoran.
The word "Chanchona" basically means "big pig" – an affectionate yet amusing name given to the large stringed bass that is at the heart of this music. Other instruments heard in the always upbeat Chanchona music include violins, güira, guitars, conga and other percussion.
In 2011, Smithsonian Folkways Magazine did a fantastic feature of the Chanchona group, Los Hermanos Lovo. Check out this video, and then to learn more, I encourage you to visit the link below where you can read some really touching stories and interesting history from the musicians about the music. If you end up loving it as much as I do, there's a link down below to song samples and downloads.
Smithsonian Folkways Magazine: The Sound and Story of the Salvadoran Chanchona by Daniel E. Sheehy
¡Soy Salvadoreño! Chanchona Music from Eastern El Salvador by Los Hermanos Lovo (samples & downloads)


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Every week I post a colouring/activity page for you to print out and give to children - yours, someone else's or to use in a school or library. All I ask is that it is not used for commercial purposes.Simply click on the image below and print for your children to colour.
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16 July 2012 at 10.33am | Comment on this article
Marianela Nuñez and The Royal Ballet in Diana and Actaeon. Metamorphosis: Titian 2012. © ROH/Johan Persson, 2012.
Tonight's relay of Metamorphosis: Titian 2012 as part of BP Summer Big Screens is a perfect opportunity for audiences to sample the diversity of choreographic talent within the Royal Opera House.
Three different creative teams formed by a contemporary artist, a composer plus a pair or a trio of choreographers have produced three brand new dance pieces in response to the Titian paintings currently on display at the National Gallery's Sainsbury Wing: Diana and Callisto depicting the moment where the chaste goddess is shocked to discover the pregnancy of the most beautiful of her nymphs, Callisto, Diana and Actaeon in which the young hunter intrudes upon the bathing Diana, and The Death of Actaeon where the hunter - turned into a stag by the revengeful goddess - is torn to pieces by his own hounds.
Considered among Titian's greatest works, these large canvasses are the painter's own creative response to Ovid's poems, Metamorphoses, and they are the best starting point in order to understand what now motivates each of these three creative teams:
The first work by Wayne McGregor and Kim Brandstrup, Machina, eschews narrative in favour of suggestion and minimalism. Extreme angular shapes by the dancers, a baroque-influenced score by Nico Muhly and a high-tech concept by artist Conrad Shawcross. Known for his structural and mechanical montages, Shawcross has distilled the essence of Titian's main character in his "Diana-robot". The machine takes centre stage, sometimes vulnerable, but mostly dominant: Diana as a huntress on the look out for her next target.
In Trespass we see the symbols from Titian's paintings come to life. Mark Wallinger has put his artistic focus on the crescent moon headdress worn by Diana in two of the paintings, as well as on the peculiar juxtaposition of Diana/Actaeon across Titian's canvasses. Diana is goddess of the hunt but also of the moon, thus the idea of celestial bodies, the suggestion of man exploring and trespassing, with a nod to the Apollo mission. With a thrilling score by Mark-Anthony Turnage and a set that provides a 180-degree viewpoint for audiences (thanks to Wallinger's giant curved mirror), Alastair Marriott and Christopher Wheeldon have created for dancers Sarah Lamb, Steven McRae, Beatriz Stix-Brunell, Nehemiah Kish and Melissa Hamilton solos and duos of exquisite shapes (spot the crescent moon-shaped lift) that often recall antique sculpture.
Dance is an ideal medium for fleshing out emotion. While in Titian's paintings we can only imagine Diana's outrage at being discovered naked by the hunter Actaeon, on stage choreographers can attempt to translate those feelings into steps. Against the exotic and colourful landscape designed by Chris Ofili, Will Tuckett, Liam Scarlett and Jonathan Watkins examine the focal narrative point in Titian's work and explore this encounter between "Diana and Actaeon" from three different angles: surprise, outrage, anger, fear, threat and desire are suggested in the three pas de deux danced by Royal Ballet principals Marianela Nuñez and Federico Bonelli.
These three works, brimming with creativity and personality have much to offer to art lovers. Machina might appeal to those who admire contemporary dance, Trespass has a distinctive neoclassical flavour, while Diana and Actaeon will appeal to story-ballet lovers. All in all, this is a wonderful opportunity to see a cross-collaborative project come alive, a unique event in the London 2012 Festival calendar.
Federico Bonelli and Marianela Nunez in rehearsals for Metamorphosis: Titian 2012. © ROH/The Ballet Bag 2012
Federico Bonelli and Marianela Nunez in rehearsals for Metamorphosis: Titian 2012. © ROH/The Ballet Bag 2012
Leanne Benjamin in rehearsals for Metamorphosis: Titian 2012, with Edward Watson and Carlos Acosta. © ROH/The Ballet Bag 2012
Metamorphosis: Titian 2012 runs until Friday 20 July at the Royal Opera House with the performance on 16 July screened around the country as part of BP Summer Big Screens.
Emilia Spitz and Linda Uruchurtu write about ballet and dance at www.theballetbag.com. They have been named among the "100 Best Arts Tweeters" by The Times.


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Geoffrey Riley
Geoffrey Riley began practicing journalism in the State of Jefferson more than three decades ago, as a reporter and anchor for a Medford TV station. It was about the same time that he began listening to Jefferson Public Radio, and thought he might one day work there. He was right.
Geoff came to JPR as a backup host on The Jefferson Exchange in late 2000, and he assumed the full-time host job at the beginning of 2010. The two hours of the Exchange allow him to join our listeners in exploring issues both large and small, local and global. In addition to hosting The Exchange, Geoff oversees JPR's news department as its News Director.
Geoff is a New York native, with stints in broadcast news in Missouri, Alabama, and Wisconsin before his arrival in Oregon. He is a graduate of the University of Missouri School of Journalism.


text: Chateau Elan's Interactive Floorplans allow you to explore meeting space and conference areas and see photos of the meeting rooms. In the meeting areas you may also select from assorted setups such as theatre, meeting, conference, or banquet layouts. From small meeting rooms, to large ballrooms, coffee break stations and more please select the Interactive Floorplans. If you wish, you may also download the overall Conference Center Floorplans PDF to view at your leisure. Select your preferred option from the links below.


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App Review: 3D Bookshelf by Ideal Binary
by Rob on
March 8, 2010
Filed under Book, Daily App Reviews, Entertainment
While we don't review a lot of ebook apps around here (mostly games and utilities) we did have a change to examine and test drive 3D bookshelf by Ideal Binary. 3D Bookshelf is, like every other classical ebook reader, just that – an ebook reader for the common classic books like A Christmas Carol, Sheflock Holmes, Frankenstein and many others. However, 3D Bookshelf has taken the iPhone-ebook reader a step beyond many of the other classic book reader clones by adding a cool 3D interface.
As mentioned, the developers for 3D Bookshelf have built in several 3D animations. These cool animations include page turns and zooming in and out of the book and pages. 3D Bookshelf also has book scrolling just like that of cover flow in the iPod, allowing you to browse the many classic books that it has. Included with the animations are appropriate sounds (page turning) to add to the realistic experience.
While within a book you can add any number of bookmarks, a necessary function of any ebook reader app. Also, while reading, you have immediate access to the book's table of contents to easily jump around from chapter to chapter. The app however, lacks font resizing and landscape reading for those that don't like to read in portrait mode or who would like a smaller (or bigger) font.
3D Bookshelf is a decent and fun classic ebook reader for the iPhone. The interface is excellent and the app offers a great, wide selection of classic books that are right at your fingertips. We can easily recommend 3D Bookshelf for the classic book lovers out there that will appreciate the small animations added to enhance the reading experience.
What we liked: Cool 3D interface, decent classic book selection.
What we didn't like: Needs more books?


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In a recent tweet, Meredith Vieira marveled over the "The Wizard of Oz's" 75th anniversary and shared that it's her "favorite movie of all time."
When asked why the film holds such significance, the host of the new daytime talk series "The Meredith Vieira Show" says there are many reasons, in particular the theme of "there's no place like home."
Vieira's explanation is all the more fitting when you consider she is sitting on a comfortable armchair that is part of the stage set of her new show, a set created to replicate her real, at-home living room.
"I want to do something that is authentic to me," Vieira says of the show which debuts September 8 on NBC. Something "that combines all the different skills that I've acquired, and I wanted to do it in my house. My husband said, 'No, you're not going to do it in the house!' So they created my family room essentially."
Adding authenticity to the surroundings is the armchair upon which Vieira is perched. Pointing to tell-tale threadbare patches and cat and dog scratch-marks common to a well-loved household fixture, she proudly reveals the chair was transferred to the soundstage in Rockefeller Center from her real home in Westchester County, N.Y.
It was about a year after exiting her position as co-host of NBC's "Today" when Vieira, 60, realized she missed connecting with people and sharing their stories. So she began exploring ways in which to make a return to daytime television.
Having been a prominent presence in the television business since the mid-1980s, Vieira knows what works and what appeals on a personal level.
After stints reporting the news at affiliate stations in Chicago and New York, she signed on as anchor at CBS' "West 57th" newsmagazine program in 1985. From there Vieira went on to work at "60 Minutes" and "Turning Point," before becoming one of the original co-hosts of "The View" at ABC in 1997.
In 2002 she added game show host to her resume when she became the first host of the daytime version of "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire." Vieira continued in that position throughout her time as co-host of NBC's "Today" (2006-2011), before ultimately stepping aside in 2013.
"People desperately want to connect with people," Vieira said in a recent cover story for The Hollywood Reporter. "And when you're on daytime, it's a different thing. They see you as their friend or their mom or their grandmother. I missed that."
Debuting nationally on September 8, "The Meredith Vieira Show" will feature a varied format including interviews with everyday people and celebrity guests, "The List" (things on Vieira's mind such as news or popular culture happenings), games, the "Pick-Me-Up Truck" (which travels around the country and delivers help where needed), and "Stall Talk" (a tongue-in-cheek taped interview in which Vieira and a famous person will chat while sitting in adjoining bathroom stalls).
Helping Vieira out as her official announcer is close friend Jon Harris, along with musician Everett Bradley (percussionist for Bruce Springsteen's E Street band), who will lead an impressive all-female live band, a first for television.
Above all else, though, Vieira assures there will be lots of stories.
"I've always loved sharing other people's stories. It's something about, again, connection, about talking to somebody. And it's always the people that you would least suspect," she says with a broad smile. "Everyday people have the most fascinating stories."
Take a sneak peek at "The Meredith Vieira Show" in the video above.


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Formula one ace Michael Schumacher's stay in intensive care reached the one-month mark on Wednesday with the legendary driver still in a medically-induced coma the outcome of which remains unclear.
After his December 29 fall at Meribel ski resort in the French Alps, Schumacher was sedated and his body temperature cooled to about 35 degrees to ease the risk of further damage to the brain.
Surgeons at Grenoble University Hospital say they decided on the coma after operating on bleeding and bruising in Schumacher's brain.
They carried out a post-operative scan that revealed "widespread lesions" on both sides of the brain.
A second operation, to treat bleeding, took place on December 30.
There has been no update on his condition since January 17, when his spokesman Sabine Kehm said he was still "stable" and that his family had complete trust in his treatment.
Drivers Lewis Hamilton and Nico Rosberg unveiled Mercedes' silver-and-turquoise W05 before the first session of the pre-season began at the Jerez track in southern Spain.
The upper part of its chassis just behind the driver's seat carries the Twitter hashtag #KeepFightingMichael.
Four-time formula one champion Sebastian Vettel said on Tuesday he was hoping for a "miracle and he can be the same guy he was before".
"We still don't know what shape he will be in when he wakes up, which is awful for his family and friends," Vettel told reporters in Jerez.
"I have known him for a long time and have been looking up to him all my life," Vettel said.
"I got to know him obviously when he did his comeback a little bit more and became his friend."
And Niki Lauda, a three-time formula one world champion, added: "Michael, every day I follow your improvements and every day I am close to you. I hope I can speak to you very, very soon!"
Medical experts underlined how complicated cases like Schumacher's could be.
"A blow to the head causes bruising, a swelling, which takes place in a confined space, the skull, which leads to pressure on the brain," said Gerard Audibert, a professor of neurosurgery at the University Hospital Centre in Nancy, eastern France.
"One way to control it is to ensure that the patient and the brain are at rest and to control his ventilation, using an artificial respirator to oxygenate his brain."
It was quite rare for a coma to be induced for more than three weeks, he said.
Artificial comas "can last a long time, days or weeks", said Professor Jean Mantz, in charge of anaesthesia at the intensive care unit at Bichat-Beaujon-Louis Mourier Hospital in Paris.
Once pressure within the skull had stabilised at a normal level, sedation levels were scaled back and the patient returned to consciousness, but "it's not unexceptional for a patient not to revive", Audibert said.
"There are all sorts of ways of testing the patient for responses, but nothing replaces physical contact," said Bernard Vigue of the University Hospital Centre at Bicetre, in the southern Paris suburbs.
"It starts with simple requests, such as 'squeeze my hand'."
In accidents of a similar severity, patients often had a disability after their emergence from coma, the experts noted.
"Recovery can be a very long road. In some case, patients improve between a year and three years later," said Vigue.
Schumacher, who turned 45 on January 3, dominated formula one.
He won the title seven times, more than any other driver, and notched up 91 victories between 1994 and 2004.
He first retired aged 37 but was unable to resist the lure of the track. In 2010, he came out of retirement but was unable to recover his previous form and quit for good in 2012.
As a formula one racer, Schumacher was known for his daring overtaking manoeuvres, his at-times almost reckless abandon in the pursuit of victory and his mastery of tricky conditions presented by rain.
On that fateful day at the Meribel resort, Schumacher appears to have skied on a partially covered rock, lost his balance and fallen on another rock further down, according to the prosecutor in charge of the probe.
The impact was so strong it smashed his helmet in two.
Investigators have ruled out faulty skis, inadequate signage or excessive speed as possible causes.


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What'd I miss?
TORONTO — So Roy Halladay and Jesse Litsch have been used in relief? The Jays are a .500 team again? Toronto had a winning record on a road trip? Gee, I guess I missed a whole heckuva a lot in the past week.
The trip back to Chicago was swell. My little brother-in-law is all married up and probably kicking it on a beach in the Bahamas as I write. Must be nice. I got to watch my little nephew and niece kick butt in Karate class and enjoyed quality Chi-town pizza on three occasions.
But enough about me, how 'bout them Blue Jays? They drop three in a row in Cleveland and then go 6-1 on the rest of the trip, sweeping in Minny and taking two in Philly. In those six wins, the Jays hit .326 with runners in scoring position. How's that for a change?
With the day off and the rain out and doubleheader and everything else, the Jays have switched up their rotation some. Dustin McGowan goes tonight, followed by Shaun Marcum, A.J. Burnett, Halladay and Litsch. Halladay might just be the best No. 4 starter in baseball.
John McDonald is a little behind on his recovery from a sprained right ankle, apparently. Jays skip John Gibbons said today that Johnny Mac might be able to head out on a rehab assignment sometime within the next week, though Mac's eligible to be activated on Thursday.
David Eckstein, on the other hand, is on pace to be ready to come off the DL on Thursday. Eckstein strained his right hip flexor the same day as Mac's sprained ankle — May 6. Eckstein is already rehabbing and he had an assignment with Class A Dunedin on Monday, going 1-for-3 with a double and a walk.
QUOTABLE: "Why is there such a drop-off in offense? It's alarming. It really is alarming. The first two months have been eye-opening in terms of offense around the league."
— Jays general manager J.P. Ricciardi
Today's lineups:
LOS ANGELES (26-20) at TORONTO (23-23)
at 7:07 p.m. ET at Rogers Centre
Maicer Izturis, 3B
Gary Matthews Jr., LF
Vladimir Guerrero, RF
Garret Anderson, DH
Torii Hunter, CF
Casey Kotchman, 1B
Mike Napoli, C
Sean Rodriguez, 2B
Erik Aybar, SS
PITCHING: RHP John Lackey
Brad Wilkerson, RF
Aaron Hill, 2B
Alex Rios, RF
Scott Rolen, 3B
Matt Stairs, DH
Shannon Stewart, LF
Lyle Overbay, 1B
Gregg Zaun, C
Marco Scutaro, SS
PITCHING: RHP Dustin McGowan
5 Comments
We've been getting some unlikely contributions, Scutaro, Stewart and Barajas. Gotta love those unlikely contributions!!! Ya!
Haven't heard of Sean Rodriguez for the Angels?
I can live with Aaran Hill's pop up in the ninth with the bases laoded. Where I was really frustrated was with Rios getting caught looking and Stairs as well in the 8th. I hope the offensive struggles do not start again because with KC coming in, it's a good chance to win 5 or 6 games on this home stand.
I dont think I want Eckstein to come off the DL, Scutaro has been hitting the ball well. His defence isnt all that bad either, definatly at least equal to Eckstein.
I want Eckstein back… Our bench is a tad thin right now. Scutaro has been great all year filling in where needed. Guys like him that aren't "stuck" at one position are extremely valuable and I'm sure we will need him to keep it up all year.
enigma, I am really upset with Aaron Hill's pop up in the ninth inning. It is not so much because he popped out, it is because that guy on the mound was CRAZY. He couldnt throw a strike to save his life. Hill swung at a pitch that was 1-0. You always want to take the first strike in a situation like that. Rios has no excuse either, but I think he knew that he was very wild.


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In my mind, there is no better time to be in the kitchen than right now. The cooler temperatures cry out for warm, hearty meals that bring everyone together.
Normally I'm the only one in our house who will eat squash. But, there is something about this creamy, slightly spicy, butternut squash soup that makes it pass the test. Paired with a second season greens salad and a loaf of fresh bread – all purchased at the farmers market – it's perfect for a fall lunch or dinner.
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