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This information is produced and provided by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The information in this topic may have changed since it was written. For the most current information, contact the National Cancer Institute via the Internet web site at http://cancer.gov or call 1-800-4-CANCER.
This patient summary on pain is adapted from the summary written for health professionals by cancer experts. This and other credible information about cancer treatment, screening, prevention, supportive care, and ongoing clinical trials is available from the National Cancer Institute. Pain associated with cancer can be controlled in most patients but is frequently undertreated. This brief summary describes the management of cancer pain with the use of medication, physical methods, and psychological intervention.
This summary is about pain in adults with cancer.
Cancer pain can be managed effectively in most patients with cancer or with a history of cancer. Although cancer pain cannot always be relieved completely, therapy can lessen pain in most patients. Pain management improves the patient's quality of life throughout all stages of the disease.
Flexibility is important in managing cancer pain. As patients vary in diagnosis, stage of disease, responses to pain and treatments, and personal likes and dislikes, management of cancer pain must be individualized. Patients, their families, and their health care providers must work together closely to manage a patient's pain effectively.
To treat pain, it must be measured. The patient and the doctor should measure pain levels at regular intervals after starting cancer treatment. Checks should be done at each clinic visit, at each new report of pain, and after starting any type of treatment for pain. The cause of the pain must be identified and treated promptly.
Patient Self-Report
To help the health care provider determine the type and extent of the pain, cancer patients can describe the location and intensity of their pain, any aggravating or relieving factors, and their goals for pain control. The family/caregiver may be asked to report for a patient who has a communication problem involving speech, language, or a thinking impairment. The health care provider should help the patient describe the following:
Physical Exam
The assessment will include an exam of the body to check general signs of health or anything that seems unusual, and to look for signs that the cancer has grown or spread. A history of the patient's health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken. A neurological exam will be done. This is a series of questions and tests to check the brain, spinal cord, and nerve function. The exam checks the patient's mental status, ability to move and walk normally, and how well the muscles, senses, and reflexes work. The patient's psychological and spiritual well-being are evaluated. A personal and family history of substance abuse is taken. All of this information is taken as a whole to diagnose and treat the pain effectively.
Assessment of the Outcomes of Pain Management
The results of pain management should be measured by monitoring for a decrease in the severity of pain and improvement in thinking ability, emotional well-being, and social functioning. The results of taking pain medication should also be monitored. Drug addiction is rare in cancer patients. Developing a higher tolerance for a drug and becoming physically dependent on the drug for pain relief does not mean that the patient is addicted. Patients should take pain medication as prescribed by the doctor. Patients who have a history of drug abuse may tolerate higher doses of medication to control pain.
Basic Principles of Cancer Pain Management
The World Health Organization developed a 3-step approach for pain management based on the severity of the pain:
Acetaminophen and NSAIDs
NSAIDs are effective for relief of mild pain. They may be given with opioids for the relief of moderate to severe pain. Acetaminophen also relieves pain, although it does not have the anti-inflammatory effect that aspirin and NSAIDs do. Patients, especially older patients, who are taking acetaminophen or NSAIDs should be closely monitored for side effects. Aspirin should not be given to children to treat pain.
Opioids are very effective for the relief of moderate to severe pain. Many patients with cancer pain, however, become tolerant to opioids during long-term therapy. Therefore, increasing doses may be needed to continue to relieve pain. A patient's tolerance of an opioid or physical dependence on it is not the same as addiction (psychological dependence). Mistaken concerns about addiction can result in undertreating pain.
Types of Opioids
There are several types of opioids. Morphine is the most commonly used opioid in cancer pain management. Other commonly used opioids include hydromorphone, oxycodone, oxymorphone, methadone, fentanyl, meperidine (Demerol), tapentadol, and tramadol. The availability of several different opioids allows the doctor flexibility in prescribing a medication regimen that will meet individual patient needs.
Guidelines for Giving Opioids
Most patients with cancer pain will need to receive pain medication on a fixed schedule to manage the pain and prevent it from getting worse. The doctor will prescribe a dose of the opioid medication that can be taken as needed along with the regular fixed-schedule opioid to control pain that occurs between the scheduled doses. The amount of time between doses depends on which opioid the doctor prescribes. The correct dose is the amount of opioid that controls pain with the fewest side effects. The goal is to achieve a good balance between pain relief and side effects by gradually adjusting the dose. If opioid tolerance does occur, it can be overcome by increasing the dose or changing to another opioid, especially if higher doses are needed.
Occasionally, doses may need to be decreased or stopped. This may occur when patients become pain free because of cancer treatments such as nerve blocks or radiation therapy. The doctor may also decrease the dose when the patient experiences opioid-related sedation along with good pain control, or when kidney failure develops or worsens.
Medications for pain may be given in several ways. When the patient has a working stomach and intestines, the preferred method is by mouth, since medications given orally are convenient and usually inexpensive. When patients cannot take medications by mouth, other less invasive methods may be used, such as rectally, through medication patches placed on the skin, or in the form of a nasal spray. Intravenous methods are used only when simpler, less demanding, and less costly methods are inappropriate, ineffective, or unacceptable to the patient. Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pumps may be used to determine the opioid dose when starting opioid therapy. Once the pain is controlled, the doctor may prescribe regular opioid doses based on the amount the patient required when using the PCA pump. Intraspinal administration of opioids combined with a local anesthetic may be helpful for some patients who have uncontrollable pain.
Side Effects of Opioids
Patients should be watched closely for side effects of opioids. The most common side effects of opioids include nausea, sleepiness, and constipation. The doctor should discuss the side effects with patients before starting opioid treatment. Sleepiness and nausea are usually experienced when opioid treatment is started and tend to improve within a few days. Other side effects of opioid treatment include vomiting, difficulty in thinking clearly, problems with breathing, gradual overdose, and problems with sexual function. Chronic nausea and vomiting in patients receiving long-term opioid treatment may be caused by constipation.
Opioids slow down the muscle contractions and movement in the stomach and intestines resulting in hard stools. The key to effective prevention of constipation is to be sure the patient receives plenty of fluids to keep the stool soft. Unless there are problems such as a blocked bowel or diarrhea, patients will usually be given a regimen to follow to prevent constipation and information on how to manage bowel health while taking opioids.
Patients should talk to their doctor about side effects that become too bothersome or severe. Because there are differences between individual patients in the degree to which opioids may cause side effects, severe or continuing problems should be reported to the doctor. The doctor may decrease the dose of the opioid, switch to a different opioid, or switch the way the opioid is given (for example intravenous or injection rather than by mouth) to attempt to decrease the side effects. (Refer to the PDQ summaries on Gastrointestinal Complications, Nausea and Vomiting, Nutrition in Cancer Care, and Sexuality and Reproductive Issues for more information about coping with these side effects.)
Drugs Used with Pain Medications
Other drugs may be given at the same time as the pain medication. This is done to increase the effectiveness of the pain medication, treat symptoms, and relieve specific types of pain. These drugs include antidepressants, anticonvulsants, local anesthetics, corticosteroids, bisphosphonates, and stimulants. A monoclonal antibody called denosumab is used to prevent broken bones and other bone problems caused by solid tumors that have metastasized (spread) to bone. There are great differences in how patients respond to these drugs. Side effects are common and should be reported to the doctor.
The use of bisphosphonates may cause severe and sometimes disabling pain in the bones, joints, and/or muscles. This pain may develop after these drugs are used for days, months, or years, as compared with the fever, chills, and discomfort that may occur when intravenous bisphosphonates are first given. If severe muscle or bone pain develops, bisphosphonate therapy may need to be stopped.
The use of bisphosphonates is also linked to the risk of bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis (BON). See the PDQ summary on Oral Complications of Chemotherapy and Head/Neck Radiation for more information on BON.
Noninvasive physical, integrative, thinking and behavioral, and psychological methods can be used along with drugs and other treatments to manage pain during all phases of cancer treatment. These interventions may help with pain control both directly and indirectly, by making patients feel they have more control over events. The effectiveness of the pain interventions depends on the patient's participation in treatment and his or her ability to tell the health care provider which methods work best to relieve pain.
Physical Interventions
Weakness, muscle wasting, and muscle/bone pain may be treated with heat (a hot pack or heating pad); cold (flexible ice packs); exercise (to strengthen weak muscles, loosen stiff joints, help restore coordination and balance, and strengthen the heart); changing the position of the patient; restricting the movement of painful areas or broken bones; or controlled low-voltage electrical stimulation.
Integrative Interventions
Integrative interventions include massage therapy, acupuncture, and music.
Massage therapy
Massage therapy has been studied as part of supportive care in managing cancer-related pain. Massage may help improve relaxation and benefit mood. Preclinical and clinical trials show that massage therapy may:
Physical methods to help relieve pain have direct effects on tissues of the body and should be used with caution in patients with cancer. Studies suggest that massage therapy may be safe in patients with cancer with the following precautions:
(For more information on massage, see Exercise 2 in the following section.)
Acupuncture is an integrative intervention that applies needles, heat, pressure, and other treatments to one or more places on the skin called acupuncture points. Acupuncture may be used to manage pain, including cancer-related pain. See the PDQ summary on Acupuncture for more information.
Music interventions
Music interventions may help relieve pain and decrease anxiety in some patients. Music has been used to relieve pain caused by the cancer and by procedures and treatments. Studies have reported that music may work on areas of the brain that increase pleasant feelings and decrease unpleasant responses. Favorite music from the patient's own collection has been shown to help the most. Music that begins before a procedure is more effective than music that begins during or after a procedure. Music may be used along with pain medicine.
There are two main types of music intervention, music therapy and music medicine:
The use of music for pain related to cancer is still being studied.
Music is also used in relaxation exercises. See the next section, on Thinking, Behavioral, and Psychosocial Interventions.
Thinking, Behavioral, and Psychosocial Interventions
Thinking, behavioral, and psychosocial interventions are also important in treating pain. These interventions help give patients a sense of control and help them develop coping skills to deal with the disease and its symptoms. Beginning these interventions early in the course of the disease is useful so that patients can learn and practice the skills while they have enough strength and energy. Several methods should be tried, and one or more should be used regularly.
The following relaxation exercises may be helpful in relieving pain.
Exercise 1. Slow rhythmic breathing for relaxation *
Exercise 2. Simple touch, massage, or warmth for relaxation *
Especially for the elderly person, a back rub that effectively produces relaxation may consist of no more than 3 minutes of slow, rhythmic stroking (about 60 strokes per minute) on both sides of the spine, from the crown of the head to the lower back. Continuous hand contact is maintained by starting one hand down the back as the other hand stops at the lower back and is raised. Set aside a regular time for the massage. This gives the patient something pleasant to anticipate.
Exercise 3. Peaceful past experiences *
Additional points: Some of the things that may comfort you, such as your favorite music or a prayer, can probably be recorded for you. Then you can listen to the tape whenever you wish. Or, if your memory is strong, you may simply close your eyes and recall the events or words.
Exercise 4. Active listening to recorded music *
Additional points: Many patients have found this technique to be helpful. It tends to be very popular, probably because the equipment is usually readily available and is a part of daily life. Other advantages are that it is easy to learn and not physically or mentally demanding. If you are very tired, you may simply listen to the music and omit marking time or focusing on a spot.
*Adapted and reprinted with permission from McCaffery M, Beebe A: Pain: Clinical Manual for Nursing Practice. St. Louis, Mo: CV Mosby: 1989.
Radiation therapy may be used for pain relief rather than as treatment for primary cancer in patients with cancer that has spread to the bone. Radiation may be given as local therapy directly to the tumor or to larger areas of the body. Local or whole-body radiation therapy may make pain medication and other noninvasive therapies work better by directly affecting the cause of the pain (for example, by shrinking tumor size). Radiation therapy may help patients with bone pain from cancer to move more freely with less pain.
Pain flare is an increase in pain after radiation therapy that develops before pain is relieved. Pain flare is being studied in patients receiving radiation therapy for cancer that has spread to the bone.
External Beam Radiation Therapy
External-beam radiation therapy (EBRT) is a type of radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy x-rays at the cancer from outside the body. EBRT relieves pain from cancer that has spread to the bone in many patients. Radiation therapy may be given in a single dose or divided into several smaller doses given over a period of time. Single dose schedules and multiple dose schedules of EBRT are both effective for pain relief but single dose therapy is more likely to need to be repeated. Single dose EBRT for pain relief has not been found to cause more long-term harm than multiple dose EBRT. The decision whether to have single or multiple dose EBRT may also depend on how convenient the treatments are and how much they cost.
Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy
Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is a type of external radiation therapy that uses special equipment to position a patient and precisely deliver radiation to tumors in the body (except the brain). This type of radiation therapy helps spare normal tissue. SBRT may be used to treat cancer that has spread to the bone, especially spinal tumors. SBRT may also be used to treat areas that have already received radiation.
Bisphosphonates with Radiation Therapy
The use of radiation therapy given together with bisphosphonates is being studied in patients with cancer that has spread to the bone. More studies are needed to find out if giving bisphosphonates with radiation therapy relieves pain better than radiation therapy alone.
Radiopharmaceuticals are drugs that contain a radioactive substance that may be used to diagnose or treat disease, including cancer. Radiopharmaceuticals may also be used to relieve pain from cancer that has spread to the bone. A single dose of a radioactive agent injected into a vein may relieve pain when cancer has spread to several areas of bone and/or when there are too many areas to treat with EBRT. Small areas of cancer may respond to radiopharmaceuticals while large areas usually do not. A second treatment may be helpful in patients whose pain does not respond to a single treatment. One study showed that more than 2 doses of a radioactive substance called samarium 153 may be safe and effective in patients who responded to their first dose. Radiopharmaceuticals have not been shown to prevent the need for EBRT in relieving pain from cancer that has spread to the bone.
Radiofrequency Ablation
Radiofrequency ablation uses a needle electrode to heat tumors and destroy them. An imaging method is used to insert the electrode through the skin and guide the needle to the right location. This procedure may relieve pain in patients who have cancer that has spread to the bone. More study is needed to learn about possible risks and benefits.
Less invasive methods should be used for relieving pain before trying invasive treatment. Some patients, however, may need invasive therapy.
Nerve Blocks
A nerve block is the injection of either a local anesthetic or a drug that inactivates nerves to control otherwise uncontrollable pain. Nerve blocks can be used to determine the source of pain, to treat painful conditions that respond to nerve blocks, to predict how the pain will respond to long-term treatments, and to prevent pain following procedures.
Neurologic Interventions
Surgery can be performed to implant devices that deliver drugs or electrically stimulate the nerves. In rare cases, surgery may be done to destroy a nerve or nerves that are part of the pain pathway.
Management of Procedural Pain
Many diagnostic and treatment procedures are painful. Pain related to procedures may be treated before it occurs. Local anesthetics and short-acting opioids can be used to manage procedure-related pain, if enough time is allowed for the drug to work. Anti-anxiety drugs and sedatives may be used to reduce anxiety or to sedate the patient. Treatments such as imagery or relaxation are useful in managing procedure-related pain and anxiety.
Patients usually tolerate procedures better when they know what to expect. Having a relative or friend stay with the patient during the procedure may help reduce anxiety.
Patients and family members should receive written instructions for managing the pain at home. They should receive information regarding whom to contact for questions related to pain management.
Older patients are at risk for under-treatment of pain because their sensitivity to pain may be underestimated, they may be expected to tolerate pain well, and misconceptions may exist about their ability to benefit from opioids. Issues in assessing and treating cancer pain in older patients include the following:
The PDQ cancer information summaries are reviewed regularly and updated as new information becomes available. This section describes the latest changes made to this summary as of the date above.
Editorial changes were made to this summary.
If you have questions or comments about this summary, please send them to Cancer.gov through the Web site's Contact Form. We can respond only to email messages written in English.
Call 1-800-4-CANCER
For more information, U.S. residents may call the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) Cancer Information Service toll-free at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237) Monday through Friday from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m., Eastern Time. A trained Cancer Information Specialist is available to answer your questions.
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The NCI's LiveHelp® online chat service provides Internet users with the ability to chat online with an Information Specialist. The service is available from 8:00 a.m. to 11:00 p.m. Eastern time, Monday through Friday. Information Specialists can help Internet users find information on NCI Web sites and answer questions about cancer.
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Search the NCI Web site
The NCI Web site provides online access to information on cancer, clinical trials, and other Web sites and organizations that offer support and resources for cancer patients and their families. For a quick search, use the search box in the upper right corner of each Web page. The results for a wide range of search terms will include a list of "Best Bets," editorially chosen Web pages that are most closely related to the search term entered.
There are also many other places to get materials and information about cancer treatment and services. Hospitals in your area may have information about local and regional agencies that have information on finances, getting to and from treatment, receiving care at home, and dealing with problems related to cancer treatment.
Find Publications
The NCI has booklets and other materials for patients, health professionals, and the public. These publications discuss types of cancer, methods of cancer treatment, coping with cancer, and clinical trials. Some publications provide information on tests for cancer, cancer causes and prevention, cancer statistics, and NCI research activities. NCI materials on these and other topics may be ordered online or printed directly from the NCI Publications Locator. These materials can also be ordered by telephone from the Cancer Information Service toll-free at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
PDQ is a comprehensive cancer database available on NCI's Web site.
PDQ is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. Most of the information contained in PDQ is available online at NCI's Web site. PDQ is provided as a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health, the federal government's focal point for biomedical research.
PDQ contains cancer information summaries.
The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries are available in two versions. The health professional versions provide detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions provide current and accurate cancer information.
The PDQ cancer information summaries are developed by cancer experts and reviewed regularly.
Editorial Boards made up of experts in oncology and related specialties are responsible for writing and maintaining the cancer information summaries. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made as new information becomes available. The date on each summary ("Date Last Modified") indicates the time of the most recent change.
PDQ also contains information on clinical trials.
A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one method of treating symptoms is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. Some patients have symptoms caused by cancer treatment or by the cancer itself. During supportive care clinical trials, information is collected about how well new ways to treat symptoms of cancer work. The trials also study side effects of treatment and problems that come up during or after treatment. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients who have symptoms related to cancer treatment may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.
Listings of clinical trials are included in PDQ and are available online at NCI's Web site. Descriptions of the trials are available in health professional and patient versions. Many cancer doctors who take part in clinical trials are also listed in PDQ. For more information, call the Cancer Information Service 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
Last Revised: 2012-05-31
If you want to know more about cancer and how it is treated, or if you wish to know about clinical trials for your type of cancer, you can call the NCI's Cancer Information Service at 1-800-422-6237, toll free. A trained information specialist can talk with you and answer your questions.
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Progeny 3D Family Tree™ is the only program that can display your family tree in 3 dimensions.
The 3D Family Tree gives you a whole new insight into your roots. 3D Family Tree builds pedigree and descendant trees in three dimensions. Photos of your relatives really make the tree come alive.
You can build the tree interactively by clicking on a person, and adding ancestors and descendants. The new trees are placed in parallel planes, in the third dimension.
You can add a person's siblings, which extend in the third dimension.
You can drop the descendants of the siblings, providing you with a unique and unequaled perspective of a complete family.
You can add the ancestors of a spouse in a descendant tree, creating a parallel view impossible to do in a traditional chart.
See chart samples
Publish your tree on the Internet in X3D or VRML format (Virtual Reality Modeling Language).
Reads the following file formats directly:
Watch a brief video showing 3D Family Tree in action:
System Requirements
Version History

subset: commoncrawl


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I'm re-writing the mission briefing for Level 1 of my game.
I want the Number 1 character from the game to deliver the write up of the Alliance fleet.
Does anyone know if he has any kind of name - did anyone give him one as part of any fanfiction?
I might as well give him the rank of captain, given what's on here:


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The page you were looking for appears to be missing. It may have been caused by a bookmark that is out of date, a page that no longer exists, or mistyping the page address.
Please try the menu bar near the top of the page, or the Search box in the top right-hand corner.
We apologise for any inconvenience caused by this error, and appreciate your patience while we address this issue.
Thank you.
Photo credit: iStock Photo.com


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Q: Can I leave netting over my pond during the winter months?
Robert – Sherrard, IL
A: I don't know about you, but the thought of one or two leaves drifting into my pristine pond after a thorough fall clean-out sends shivers down my spine—which is why, like many hobbyists, I cover my water garden with pond netting, like The Pond Guy® Premium Pond Netting, in the fall and early winter.
Even though netting makes the water feature look less than attractive, particularly during the holiday season when the yard sparkles with twinkling lights, it keeps it clean and debris-free. Not only that, but it also protects the fish from flying and four-legged predators looking for a tasty winter meal.
So why not leave the pond netting on all winter long?
In some locations, you can. If you live in a climate with mild temperatures, and minimal snow and freezing, you can leave the netting on all year-long, provided you check it regularly and remove any accumulated material.
In other locations, like those that receive heavy snowfall or freezing rain, a better place for the pond netting during the winter is in the garage. The weighty precipitation could put way too much pressure on your net, stretching it out of shape or causing it to become brittle and break.
So before the big storms start rolling through, remove your pond netting and pack it up for the season. But to keep those straggling leaves and other annoying debris out of your pond, have a handheld pond net, like The Pond Guy® 2-in-1 Heavy Duty Combo Net, readily available. The net's 4-foot handle extends to 11 feet long, which is long enough to reach the most elusive leaf.
Pond Talk: When do you know it's time to pack up your pond netting for the season?
Filed under: Pond Netting, Seasonal Care, Water Gardens & Features, WG-Winterizing | Tagged: net, netting, pond net, Pond Netting, snow, snowfall, winter |


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Futures trading impacts TAIEX
The TAIEX closed lower yesterday, below the 7,800-point mark, as investors cut their holdings in the spot market in a bid to profit in the futures market, where they raised short-positions, dealers said.
Selling focused on large-cap electronics stocks, such as Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co (台積電) and Hon Hai Precision Industry Co (鴻海), while the financial sector remained resilient on hopes that Taiwan and China would increase cross-strait financial exchanges, they said.
The weighted index closed down 40.44 points, or 0.52 percent, at 7,798.03 on turnover of NT$73.68 billion (US$2.47 billion).
TSMC shares closed down 1.20 percent at NT$98.80, while Hon Hai lost 1.32 percent to close at NT$82.10.
Raise electricity prices: ECCT
Taiwan should consider increasing electricity prices as part of energy-saving efforts, the European Chamber of Commerce Taiwan (ECCT) said yesterday.
"We support the idea of raising electricity prices because it would make people more aware of saving energy," ECCT chief executive Freddie Hoeglund said at a luncheon with journalists.
He suggested that local companies replace outdated plants and equipment or adopt new manufacturing technologies, which he said could help improve energy efficiency.
HTC loses German court battle
HTC Corp (宏達電) lost a German lawsuit after a court said it violated Nokia Oyj patents for technology that helps save battery life on mobile phones.
The Mannheim court on Tuesday ruled that HTC infringed the German part of Nokia's European patent. Taoyuan-based HTC said that the patent is invalid and it would appeal the decision.
"This decision cannot be described as a 'win' for Nokia because it only applies to handsets that are no longer imported into Germany, and newer HTC handsets do not use the accused technology," HTC said. "As Nokia clearly went to great lengths to assert its strongest patents first, we are confident that its non-essential patent portfolio poses little threat to HTC."
Ministry mulling AIDC sale
The Ministry of Economic Affairs is considering privatizing aircraft maker Aerospace Industrial Development Corporation (AIDC, 漢翔航空) as part of a government drive to offload large state-owned assets.
Minister of Economic Affairs Chang Chia-juch (張家祝) told the legislature on Monday that he would agree to a plan submitted by the firm to sell at least half the government's 100 percent stake.
While no timeline has been set, Wu Fong-sheng (吳豐盛), a ministry official in charge of the sale, said he expects the company to be listed on the stock exchange next year.
AIDC reported NT$1.25 billion (US$42.1 million) in net profits last year, up from NT$1.12 billion the previous year.
Wistron unveils new products
Software developer Wistron Information Technology & Services Corp (WITSC, 緯創軟體) on Tuesday unveiled two new cloud-computing services developed by Japanese software makers TIS Inc and Qualica Inc.
The two products are "Easy e-Test," an online school assignment and exam platform, and "TastyQube," an inventory management system designed for chain stores.
Wistron Information is a subsidiary of Wistron Corp (緯創), the world's third-biggest contract notebook maker.
New Taiwan dollar weakens
The New Taiwan dollar fell against its US counterpart yesterday, declining NT$0.044 to close at NT$29.845.


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BACKGROUND IMAGE: iSTOCK/GETTY IMAGES
- FeatureYour worst nightmares ... and how to avoid them
- FeatureTape Spins Right Round
- FeatureCentralized Storage No Fad
- FeatureSolid State Disk: Coming Soon to a SAN Near You
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- FeatureWhat's the best network storage for databases?
- Ask the ExpertIFCP and FCIP
- FeatureWith SANs, Street Price Bears Little Resemblance to List
- FeatureWhere hard drives are headed
- FeatureWindows backup: avoid the landmines
- FeatureTaxonomy of Storage Management Software Providers
- FeatureManaging a SAN the old-fashioned way
- FeatureWill .NET server make Windows storage friendly?
- FeatureASK THE EXPERT:
- FeatureStorage managers plan more SANs
- FeatureThe price of independence
- FeatureWill disk replace tape?
- FeatureIntroducing new data storage technologies
- FeatureSnapshot: Using multiple storage array vendors
- FeatureWhere in the world is iSCSI?
- FeatureAvoiding failure in the SAN is easy, back your switch up
iSTOCK/GETTY IMAGES
Will .NET server make Windows storage friendly?
Here's how the next version of Windows will change storage managers' lives.
Microsoft has made no bones about its designs on the storage industry. In the take-no-prisoners style that typifies its entrance into new markets, the Redmond, WA, giant has rapidly been recruiting consulting partners, riding shotgun with ISVs and talking to customers as part of a crash course on the ins and outs of storage management.
The fruits of all this work will become evident when Windows .NET Server finally debuts next year. The launch will be crunch time for Microsoft's recently formed Enterprise Storage Group (ESG) - headed by Microsoft senior vice president Bob Muglia - which will play its hand by introducing several storage-related .NET features that should improve Windows' still-developing storage credentials.
At the core of ESG's storage management plans is the Virtual Disk Service (VDS), a Windows .NET Server component that provides block-level virtualization of stored data. VDS includes a host of APIs that let applications manage those blocks with high granularity and control. Using these APIs will give storage management applications better control over file system operation. Although VDS interfaces will remain somewhat vaguely documented at first, Microsoft promises the first update to Windows .NET Server will fill in VDS documentation gaps.
VDS's major claim to fame is its promise to simplify the management of multiple elements within the storage infrastructure. According to Keith Hageman, U.S. program manager for core file services, VDS will give management applications a way to look through the multiple layers of, for example, a RAID implementation to affect changes at the OS level, the controller level, software RAID level, and the disk level, from a single console.
In addition, a utility called Diskraid will ship with the .NET Server resource kit that will allow granular control of which spindles will be used by a given LUN. Microsoft claims that Diskraid and VDS will simplify the process of writing scripts to control various processes on different vendors' arrays, since VDS will abstract some of the hardware-specific details.
New features
Most anticipated among the new features is Volume Shadow Copy Services (VSS), a service that builds on VDS to provide instantaneous, full or incremental backups of chosen NTFS volumes or specific applications. Data is dumped into a file, and the mirrored application is free to resume operation. VSS files can then be backed up onto locally-attached tape or disk, or sent to another dedicated server for archiving - without increasing the CPU load on the primary server. Microsoft's design goal is to support multivendor snapshots with a total application downtime (freeze to thaw) of less than 10 seconds.
The VSS architecture consists of writers and providers. VSS providers, which receive snapshots and store them, are embedded in management applications such as NTbackup or third-party systems. Providers get their data by communicating with writers embedded in each target application. Once a signal is received, the VSS writer initiates actions such as freezing a database while the snapshot is taken, resuming its operation afterwards and confirming the snapshot was taken correctly.
One thing VSS promises to do, at least for the Windows world, is bridge the gap between backup software packages, application-specific backup modules, and device-specific snapshot capabilities. VSS-enabled backup software would automatically be able to backup any application with VSS writer on any device with a VSS provider (see "VSS simplifies application backup"). With backup software support from some of the majors (Veritas and Legato, for example) and hardware support from EMC, HDS, HP, and XIOtech as of this writing, many users would have the potential of simplifying backup of key applications.
Windows .NET Server will ship with writers for Active Directory, NTFS file systems and SQL Server. Microsoft and third parties will work to develop other VSS writers for specific applications. This approach gives storage administrators a high level of control over specific backup operations and let ISVs develop specific tweaks to optimize interaction with particular applications. For example, a custom VSS writer might provide advanced archiving of Exchange e-mail systems, allowing better long-term management of e-mail communications as mandated by recent SEC policies. In fact, Microsoft says, the Exchange writer will be part of the next version of the e-mail server (now code-named Titanium).
Adding snapshot capabilities to .NET Server will help Microsoft slowly inch into the high-end storage management area it wants so desperately to inhabit. The company has already won over major ISVs by offering its shadow copy methodology as a consistent standard for data imaging. This is a major sweetener for ISVs that have traditionally had to develop their own proprietary snapshot technology.
"In the past, if a vendor wanted to make functionality like this available on Windows, they had to write a complete solution," says Eric Burgener, senior director of platform strategy with Veritas. "Now we'll be able to make system calls into .NET, which means it's going to be that much easier to provide these features in Windows."
VSS is about more than backup, however. Because it's tightly integrated with NTFS, VSS allows administrators to give users live access to old snapshot images. Shares on Shadow Copy folders operate just like any other volume. For example, with Shadow Copies for Shared Folders, users can directly access old versions of their files through a Windows Explorer-like interface. This capability is available today for XP users.
"Users with [Shadow Copies for Shared Folders] enabled can see old versions of files, and they're managed just as they would manage ordinary files," says Jason Goodman, product manager for storage technologies in Microsoft's Windows .NET Server Solutions Group. "This allows for user-initiated undeletes of previous versions of files. Imagine this as an enabling technology for HSM-like near-line storage capabilities. Because it's enabled through the file system, it's transparent to the user."
Administrators of Windows .NET Server systems configure VSS through the Disk Management or Shared Folders Snap-Ins within the Computer Management console. The amount of disk space dedicated to shadow copies is set by the administrator, with older images automatically deleted as necessary to free up space for new snapshots.
Sharing restrictions have meant Windows NT and Windows 2000 Server lack the ability to back up open files currently locked for use by specific end users; such files are unceremoniously skipped during backup. Within .NET Server, however, VSS will allow backups to archive works in progress by backing up even open files; unsaved but backed-up versions will be available to users alongside old versions of properly saved files. Customer response to VSS has been positive. "A quick review tells me there are some very strong business cases to be made to take advantage of .NET Server's new features," says Larry Scott, manager of server support with Dollar Rent-A-Car of Tulsa, OK, which is using .NET and Web services standards to rebuild many of its core business applications. "Now we do traditional backup from servers onto tape; it's always laborious to have to retrieve tapes to do a restore. [.NET] features could be very time-saving if we implement them properly." .NET Server will also ship with a utility called volsnap.sys that creates copy-on-write shadow copies.
Easier management
Snapshots aren't .NET's only enhancement to Windows storage technology. For example, improvements to the Diskpart.exe command-line tool - copies for W2K and WNS (beta) are now available at http://www.microsoft.com/windows2000/techinfo/reskit/tools/new/diskpart-o.asp - which replicates the functionality of the Microsoft Management Console Disk Manager Snap-in. This allows administrators to share clustered volumes and grow basic disks online. This is a boon for companies using Windows Clustering Services, since clustered servers can't currently be expanded without taking the system down. Using volume mount points, administrators can graft a new namespace onto an existing folder, seamlessly add the volume to the cluster, and use Diskpart to automate scripting and management of the expanded volume.
Distributed File System (DFS) environments also get a boost. Administrators will gain more flexibility in DFS configuration, with faster server-to-server replication and a distributed server topography that provides failover after server failure. This feature also reflects .NET's distributed nature by enabling distributed storage environments and allowing clients to choose the nearest DFS server to connect to.
SAN support
Businesses using storage area networks (SANs) will find some relief in Windows .NET Server. Microsoft has redesigned its driver and port model, which has so far focused on ATA and SCSI devices. The new version, called StorPort, incorporates better support for the architectural differences of SAN and NAS (network-attached storage) devices as well as emerging standards like InfiniBand and iSCSI.
Using the Mountvol.exe tool, administrators can override automatic volume mounting which controls how LUNs are visible to particular servers. Manual mounting allows storage administrators to better control SAN zoning as well. Up to 128 targets with 255 LUNs each are supported.
Will this change the behavior of Windows in mounting LUNs on a SAN?
Clusters can be extended onto SANs to allow all disks to be recognized as shared disks. Depending on hardware capabilities, administrators will also be able to boot a .NET Server environment remotely over a fiber-attached SAN. This obviates the need for locally-attached storage, supporting a greater degree of consolidation onto the single SAN.
Also helping administrators navigate SAN topography is a built-in Multipath I/O (MPIO) driver. MPIO allows definition of a number of different paths between storage and server, improving redundancy and availability in the event of connection interruption. It's long been supported in many Unix environments and through third-party Windows add-ons, but its incorporation into .NET Server - the basic driver will support up to 32 paths - provides a common redundancy architecture that will be a godsend to widely distributed SAN environments.
"Ultimately it's about bringing together the stream-based file system world with the RDBMS [a relational database management system, such as Oracle] world and presenting a very simple schema layer to applications," says Microsoft's Goodman.
This ease-of-use philosophy will be extended as customers increasingly adopt Windows-based storage appliances. Since Microsoft released its Windows-based server appliance kit (SAK) for OEMs last year, Windows-based devices have rapidly elbowed their way into a market dominated by boxes based on proprietary operating systems. Analyst firm IDC recently reported the Windows devices had seized 25% of the overall NAS market, with estimates predicting their share could grow to 60% by next year.
With Microsoft set to update the SAK twice a year, it won't be long before Windows-based storage systems become tightly integrated with the storage management capabilities of .NET Server. And while the Windows-based appliances may not offer the lightning-fast NFS performance of their highly optimized competitors - reports suggest Microsoft's CIFS tweaks have been more fruitful - their low cost and easy .NET-based management should make them a valuable adjunct to long-term storage strategies.
The customer approach
Storage management vendors are working closely with Microsoft's ESG to stay abreast of new .NET Server features to ensure their own platforms add value to Microsoft's core functionality. Expect .NET-aware upgrades of major backup apps at or shortly after the launch of .NET Server.
Despite Microsoft's history of making applications bigger with every upgrade, early signs suggest that .NET applications are actually smaller than their .ASP counterparts. "When you remove the source tree and leave the compiled app, it's much smaller than traditional .ASP pages," reports Dean McRobie, senior manager of technology with consulting service provider Sapient, Arlington, VA. "The code that comes out of [Visual Studio .NET] is very efficient and removes a lot of the overhead we have normally seen with COM or .ASP-based apps." This smaller footprint could conceivably pave the way for smaller .NET applications addressing a particular department's needs instead of trying to satisfy the entire company, he says.
Just because individual applications are smaller doesn't mean storage administrators will get a reprieve from growth. Although individual applications may be smaller, overall storage usage is likely to increase due to the overhead for .NET's operational data such as authentication and audit trails. Robert Sanders, practice director for global digital strategy and development at Unisys, envisions this issue alone could increase storage requirements by 5% to 10%. Of course, simply migrating existing applications to support.NET requires more testing and the other requirements of any major redevelopment.
VSS will certainly increase demands on companies' storage resources. Storage economy has never been the company's high point, and Microsoft's storage strategy is more or less built around the assumption that data is online all the time. More often than not, Microsoft views solutions through their money-is-no-object, rose-colored glasses. If data is to be available all the time, slow tape storage needs to be replaced with ATA/IDE arrays that stack hundreds of gigabytes of low-cost disks. Although they're slower than primary server drives, large numbers of slower drives do provide a cost-effective way to keep large numbers of shadow copies available to users on an ongoing basis.
Providing adequate storage infrastructure for .NET is about more than just adding disks, however. Dallas-based customer relationship management software developer Brierley & Partners, an early adopter of .NET, found that an entire storage infrastructure upgrade was called for after a customer loyalty application it built to support Sony's my.sony.com site performed over twice as fast as expected.
"We had to rearchitect the way we laid out SQL Server," says George Nemer, system architect with Brierley, which built the Sony system around a two-node Windows 2000 Datacenter cluster with 8 CPUs in each system and 1TB of available storage. "Because the performance of .NET was faster, we were hitting the database harder and the regular SCSI disk couldn't handle it. We had to split transaction logs from the data because transactions were intensive; you split things up to avoid hot spots. We are constantly learning more about increasing performance."
Brierley upgraded the system's interconnects to Fibre Channel, and boosted its backbone network from 100Mb/s Fast Ethernet to 1000Mb/s Gigabit Ethernet. The result has been a dream environment supporting more than 700,000 Sony customers using nearly 20 clustered Compaq servers support around 40,000 simultaneous users. Nemer anticipates .NET's snapshot capabilities will be a further improvement by cutting backup time.
Microsoft still has a lot to learn about enterprise storage, and it's hunkered down to climb the learning curve as quickly as possible.
One ISV - who asked not to be named - said he felt Microsoft has done a good job bringing its .NET Server platform up to speed to compete for enterprise storage business, but "it's not 100% there yet. There's just been a lot of third party development work for UNIX that isn't available for Windows," he says, adding that "it takes a while to catch up."
Looking to the future, the ISV says, Microsoft has some very aggressive plans. It's actively developing products that advance the distributed file system (DFS) capabilities. A DFS lets clients access and process data stored on the server as if it were on their own computer. When a user accesses a file on the server, the server sends the user a copy of the file, which is cached on the user's computer while the data is being processed and is then returned to the server. These efforts are a nature progression to work on global file system development.
And perhaps most disruptive, Microsoft, according to the ISV, is seeking a competitive advantage against major device vendors such as EMC, HDS and other big players, by writing APIs for .NET Server that will neutralize some of the unique functionality built into those companies' storage devices. In other words, .NET Server will become an agnostic platform and users can mix and match storage devices in their environment. Stay tuned.
Obviously, other ISVs are optimistic about Microsoft's long-term success as well, suggesting that .NET will rapidly assume a larger role within storage infrastructures as customers upgrade management software and move to .NET Server.
"Microsoft starting ESG has made us even more comfortable [with its commitment to storage]," says George Symons, vice president of product management and development with Legato Systems, which has been working closely with Microsoft to flesh out the .NET storage interfaces. Says Symons: "There really is a focus now on customers' storage requirements, what is the infrastructure we need to build, what hooks should be in there, and what it means to successfully back up Windows."


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Rain Checks
From ConsumerWiki
California Civil Code Section 1770 requires merchants to stock an advertised product in quantities large enough to meet reasonably expected demand, unless the ad states that stock is limited. The law does not require merchants to give a rain check allowing you to purchase the same merchandise at the same price at a later date. However, many high quality merchants do this as a matter of good business so a consumer may ask for the same item if the merchandise is sold out.
Consumers who have complaints about rain checks which involve fraudulent advertising, may contact their local district attorney or consumer protection agency.


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Otto's a company you've likely not heard of unless you're a firefighter or SWAT officer. The company's been making communication gear for pros in dangerous lines of work since 1961, and now they're making civilian gear. Most of it is uninteresting (noise canceling headphones, MP3 player built in headphones), except this Bluetooth headset and speakerphone set that I like because they dock like mothership and space shuttle, so you have two devices in one for $130. And I like the way it charges...which sounds boring, but I'm being earnest about this.
Check it out:
The kit comes with little headset, and interestingly, a speakerphone dock that connects to it by mini-USB jack (the really, really small kind). The connection automatically transfers whatever calls you're taking by headset to the speaker, and begins charging the headset from the dock's battery. Rad.
The dock and headset can be charged alone or together by mini-USB cable, and the kit comes with a cigarette adapter and wall socket that both put out 5 volts of USB-age, and the setup can be charged by PC, too. (The AC and ciggy adapter's output with a standard USB plug, so the logic seems to be that you could charge all your USB 5v gadgets with those two adapters. The ony issue? the mini USB to standard USB cable is the same you have to use at home (PC or wall) or in the car, so you're out of luck if you lose it somewhere. They should have packed another. But between the pair, you've got six hours of talk, so all but the chattiest should be fine for a day. Confused? Hit the gallery because the photos go a long way toward explaining how it all works together.
The company claims to have DSP inside of the pieces to help enhance sound. What doesn't have digital signal processing these days? The quality was actually less than great, to be honest, from the speakerphone and headset. Bassy and unclear in the middle and top ranges. The microphone, according to my caller, was better on the speakerphone, too. I'm surprised, as I'd figured that SWAT and firefighters would need even more clarity than the average Joe.
The speakerphone, when left on and paired to my phone, emitted a high pitched whine.
Their motto is strange, practically bragging about plain design: "Because you don't hear with your eyes." They could have just added rubber trim and called them headsets for men, but then again, Bluetooth headsets always make men look like weenies.
Would I recommend it? I'm on the fence about the sound quality and that whine. But I'm pretty stoked about the idea of a speakerphone/headset combo that actually dock into one.
Based on what I've said, would you guys buy this thing?
Home Page [Hear Otto]


text: We are professional manufacturer of first aid kit, wound care and personal protection and safety products. We can manufacture and supply of Safety, personal protection, rescue and first aid at work Safety, personal protection, rescue and first aid in driving Our main products are: First aid kits for automobiles meet EN DIN13164 First aid kit for working place meet EN DIN13157, DIN13169, DIN13152 First aid kits for working place meet UK HSE AND BS8599. High visibility warning vest and working wares meet EN471 Surgical gauze and bandages meet EN14079 Face mask meet EN14683 and other personal protects products. We are carrying out good quality managemen system: 1. It is principle to fully carry out all systems of ISO9000 and ISO13485 2. According to the established system, to collect and study the latest international and locative Norms and make sure to design products accordingly. Only by the correct designing, can the qualified products be produced. For safety work and driving, first is to personal protection by using our high visibility warning jacks, face mask, protection gowns etc. In case of accidence, carry out the rescue and first aid by using our emergency fist aid kit. For such safety and medical products, to minimum the risks, it is essential to use reliable, effective and qualified products. Our products are reliable. 3. Except internal controlling, let the third inspection party to validate the products systemically It was approved by 10 years consistence checking and testing in lot that our car first aid kit can really meet DIN13164. Others can only make something looks like meet DIN or can only pass samples testing. We are competitive in price One set of first aid kit is consisting of hundreds of different items. Many of manufactures are just collecting them from different sources for assembling. It cannot avoid the quality difference in batch production. We are manufacturing over 90% of them. Meanwhile we are fully integrated in production from materials to final packing and sterilizing. We therefore are capable to keep consistent in quality and competitive in price. We are reliable. We simply do it better than others. Trust us; we will fully support you to be the best in the market.


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Oct. 19, 2007
SANTA CLARA, Calif. - Senior captain Brittany Klein's header in the 75th minute of Friday night's game gave the ninth-ranked Santa Clara women's soccer a 2-1 victory over West Coast Conference foe, Pepperdine. With the win the Broncos improved to 9-3-3 overall and 1-1-0 in league play, while the Waves dropped to 3-6-5 on the season and 0-2-0 in the WCC.
The all-time series between the two teams has a 10-4-0 overall record in Santa Clara's favor and, with Friday night's win, the Broncos remain undefeated against the Waves at Buck Shaw Stadium (7-0).
"We had good intensity and a great effort was made by our team," said head coach Jerry Smith. "We were the more aggressive team and, ultimately, it was a hard-fought win with two very special goals."
Both the Broncos and the Waves came out of the gates running in the first half. Pepperdine registered not only the first shot of the night, but the first goal as Sophia Medina took advantage of a fast break down the right side of the field early in the second minute. Medina sent the ball into the left side of the net to put the Waves up, 1-0. The pressure did not stop there for SCU's goalkeeper Meagan McCray, who collected seven saves in the contest on Pepperdine's 10 total shots. However, it wasn't until the middle of the second half that the Broncos were able to get on the board.
An unassisted goal from sophomore Kiki Bosio equalized the game for Santa Clara, 1-1, in the 74th minute. The forward fought her way through several Waves defenders and then went one-on-one with goalkeeper Kayla Stolte before striking the ball into the back of the net. Just a little over a minute later, sophomore Katherine Reynolds found Klein in the middle of the box, who then headed the ball in for the game-winning goal.
The Broncos will closeout their brief home stand with a Noon contest against the Lions of LMU on Sunday, Oct. 21.


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D7: Ballmer Shows Bing, Talks Up Netbooks
At D7, Microsoft CEO Ballmer unveiled the company's new search engine, known as Bing, as well as talking about the market and other company initiatives. He discussed the future for both PCs and phones, and seemed optimistic about both Windows 7 and netbooks.
Bing, which will go live next week, took center stage, of course; with Ballmer showing a funny video about Microsoft's problems picking a name, going from MSN Search to Live Search through the aborted Yahoo acquisition to Bing. He said the company had a portal brand (MSN), but that search needed a unique name that stood out (where Live stood for all sorts of things Microsoft was doing).
Ballmer noted that Bing wouldn't change the whole market in one step; it had to do all the fundamentals, compete in the feature war, and then add some "game changers."
Some of the new features are "best match" (which shows the authoritative site, and often the customer service number); a travel feature that shows you the status of an airplane flight; deep links to some sites; and the ability to hover over a Web result and see a preview.
Bing also includes an "explorer pane," with quick links to different categories of information about a search, such as images (with a scroll of images that doesn't require you to move to multiple pages). For instance, he showed a search for "Taylor Swift" that included links to images, lyrics, biography, tickets, and more. A search on "San Diego" produced tabs for attractions, weather, hotels, etc. And for shopping, there are lots of comparative results, a collection of reviews from all over the Web, and so on. For Travel, it integrates the Farecast service, which predicts price movements.
In general, Bing seems much more oriented tp answering questions and keeping people on the site than sending people to other sites. Bing looks pretty good: my review is here and PCMag's review is here.
Ballmer said it will take many years for Bing to really compete with Google; it will take making a better product, branding, and consistency.
On other topics, Ballmer said the company can focus on about seven big things, and he mentioned topics ranging from entertainment to search to mobile to the enterprise market.
Conference host Walt Mossberg and Ballmer had a discussion about the phone market and the PC market. Ballmer said both the phone and the PC will grow and evolve to have always-on Web connections, cloud computing, and more. He said the Web was written for the PC, and that over the next few years, some Web sites would be designed for the phone--but the phone would do a better job of viewing sites.
Ballmer claimed Windows Mobile was "super important," both financially and strategically. He said he believed in both PCs and phones and having them work together was a benefit, and that the smartphone market was in his infancy. None of the smartphone companies sell more than 20 million units a year, while the PC platform sells 300 million units a year--so it has a lot of room to grow. He was also optimistic about the PC market; about new innovation, netbooks, and Windows 7.
Mossberg showed a survey showing very few people expect to buy a "netbook" and Ballmer responded by saying it was unclear what a "netbook" was compared with a "notebook."
Ballmer said the netbook was more revolutionary than people thought. He said it leverages the whole Internet and everything in the PC world and gets it in a much less expensive device. He talked about how it could be embedded in other devices, like a set top box or TV.
He also said "Windows 7 is on track for the holiday season.
On the overall economy, Ballmer seemed to have a pretty sober view. He sees our current state as a "resetting of the economy," as excess credit is removed. This may be the new normal, he said. He said Microsoft had flattened out its cost base, including over $9 billion a year in R&D, which is a big change, because the company is used to growing R&D every year.


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Gilbert Lee
23 Sep 1953-31 Jul 1972
Charles Dean
29 Nov 1956-6 Mar 1974
Contributed on 6/12/04
Record #: 2379
Thank you for visiting the Colorado Gravestone Photo Project. On this site you can upload gravestone photos, locate ancestors and perform genealogy research. If you have a relative buried in Colorado, we encourage you to upload a digital image using our Submit a Photo page. Contributing to this genealogy archive helps family historians and genealogy researchers locate their relatives and complete their family tree.
Submitted: 6/12/04 • Approved: 6/12/04 • Last Updated: 3/23/17 • R2379-G2379-S3


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Vigna unguiculata
Please refer to Southern Pea Cultural Notes for growing information.
Asparagus Beans are the same species as Southern Peas, but are listed separately.
Packet: 1 oz (28g) unless stated (approx. 140-250 seeds, depending on variety) sows 30-50'.
See Peas for Snap Peas, Snow Peas, and Shelling (English) Peas.
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Report on the Accounting Research Activities of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants
BY WELDON POWELL Partner, Executive Office
Presented before a special meeting of account-tants of Caracas, Venezuela — December 1960
HE CURRENT APPROACH of the American Institute of Certified Public
Accountants to accounting research is something new. It was developed by a Special Committee appointed in the fall of 1957 by Alvin R. Jennings, the then President of the Institute, to deal with this matter. The Special Committee, of which I was the Chairman, submitted a report in September 1958, proposing a plan for the organization
and operation of the accounting research program and related activities of the Institute. Its recommendations were adopted by the Council of the Institute in April 1959. The new plan became effective in September 1959, and now we are engaged in the task of making it operative.
We are confining ourselves, at least for the present, to the field of financial accounting, and are not entering into related fields, such as those of cost accounting, managerial accounting, and auditing. The aim of our research is stated as follows in the report of the special committee: "The general purpose of the Institute in the field of financial
accounting should be to advance the written expression of what constitutes generally accepted accounting principles, for the guidance of its members and of others. This means something more than a survey of existing practice. It means continuing effort to determine
appropriate practice and to narrow the areas of difference and inconsistency in practice."
It is now about twenty-five years since the expression "generally accepted accounting principles" first came into wide use in the United States. Nevertheless, there is not a definition or statement of these principles on which there is common agreement, and in practice there is no little inconsistency in applying them. I am sure that no one who served on the now superseded Committee on Accounting Procedure would claim that the fifty-one accounting research bulletins issued by it purport to constitute such a statement or definition. Notwithstanding
this, the present importance of the phrase "generally accepted


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The Office of Financial Aid is committed to assisting each student find appropriate ways to finance their Winthrop University education. The following information details the types of aid available, as well as steps to take to make the most of aid opportunities. Please refer to the FAQs or contact the Office of Financial Aid if you need more information.
Categories of Financial Aid
Searching for Aid
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Federal and Other Programs to Help
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Winthrop University administers both need-based student financial aid and merit-based assistance. About 60% of the $57 million administered by the University is based on financial need, with the remainder based on achievement, skills, and abilities. Whether aid is need-based or merit-based, there are two distinctive types:
As you begin your search for the right college, you should also begin your search for all available financial aid. First, you need to understand what is included when you hear the term 'financial aid.' Financial aid includes merit-based aid and need-based aid.
Merit-based awards, usually in the form of scholarships, may be determined in a variety of ways. Some are academic, while others are awarded on talent.
Need-based awards, including grants, student loans and employment are determined using your family's financial situation, including income, assets, and number of family members.
Merit-Based Aid
Competition is keen in the world of merit-based aid. There are always more qualified applicants than awards.
Applying for need-based aid is somewhat more structured than the merit-based process. A common application used by all colleges to determine your eligibility, known as the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) is available online.
Federal and Other Programs to Help
Winthrop University participates in the following major financial aid programs:
Federal Direct Loans — Available to all students enrolled in a degree program who are US citizens or eligible non-citizens. The maximum loan amounts for an academic year are $3500 for freshmen, $4500 for sophomores, $5500 for juniors and seniors, and $20,500 for graduate students. Students considered to be independent of parental support for financial aid purposes qualify for increased loan amounts.
Federal Pell Grant — Available to all undergraduate students who have not earned a bachelor's degree and who meet the federal government's eligibility formula. Pell Grants range from $623 to $6195 for the 2019-2020 school year.
Federal TEACH Grant — Under the College Cost Reduction and Access Act of 2007, Congress established legislation to offer additional grant funds to students pursuing an undergraduate, graduate or certification in an eligible education program.
Other Grants — Winthrop receives funds through the Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant and South Carolina Need-Based Grant programs. These funds are awarded to the neediest students who complete their FAFSAs by November 1.
Federal Work-Study — Eligible students are awarded funds through this program. These students may work part-time on the campus and are paid for hours worked every two weeks. The program encourages community service work and work related to the student's course of study. The rate of pay set for work study jobs is at least the federal minimum wage. Higher wages may be set, depending upon the type of work to be performed and skill required. View the federal work-study job opportunities available now on the HR job posting website.
Student Loans
Regardless of a family's ability to pay college costs, any degree seeking student who is a US citizen or an eligible non-citizen may be eligible to receive a federal student loan. For students with financial need determined by the FAFSA, the loan is subsidized, which means the federal government will pay the interest while the student is enrolled at half time in school. Students who do not have financial need may borrow an unsubsidized loan. For these loans, the student is responsible for the interest while enrolled in school.
The financial aid award will notify you whether your loan is subsidized, unsubsidized, or a combination of both.
Various scholarships are available for the college-bound.
Payment Plans
Winthrop University offers a payment plan to assist families in managing the cost of college. For a $30 application fee (per semester), families may divide the cost for a semester into four equal installments. You may contact the Winthrop University Cashiers' Office at 803-323-2167 for additional information.
Parent Loans
In addition to student loans, parent loans are available. Parents of dependent students may borrow through the Federal Direct PLUS Loan program any amount up to the cost of attendance less any financial aid received by the student. The interest rate is fixed at 7%. Repayment begins after the loan is disbursed and can take up to 10 years. For more detailed information and applications, contact the Winthrop University Office of Financial Aid or visit Parent Loans.
Private Loans
Students who have used all of their federal aid eligibility may apply for aid from one of the private loan programs. Information is available at Private Loans.
Student employment opportunities exist on the campus. You may visit the Center for Career and Civic Engagement's EAGLElink website for non-Federal campus or off-campus employment opportunities.
Students may not receive aid from all sources which would exceed the established cost of attendance.


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Dear Sgt. Shaft:
Please help my dad. The VA doesn't care. For three years, my dad has been battling with twitching and a weakness that started in his leg. He went to the VA doctors first in Des Moines then in Kansas City. For over a year, they told him he had just had a stroke and sent him to therapy for it.
Six months ago, they finally diagnosed him with ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) and said it was caused from Agent Orange from serving in Vietnam.
He finally got a wheelchair a month ago but still hasn't received a vehicle to use it in. He can barely walk now but can't leave the house because he doesn't have a vehicle to take his wheelchair, which is basically useless.
My mom, who is in her 60s and can barely lift him, has to get him in and out of the bathtub and try to do everything for him.
Why hasn't the VA sent someone to their house to help? Why hasn't the VA got him a vehicle? What good is a wheelchair you can't even use it?
If I could afford to quit my job, I would go help them as I am the youngest and the most physically capable in the family. However I live the farthest away. I am trying to contact all I can to help him get the assistance he deserves.
Every day he grows weaker and I'm afraid he will become permanently paralyzed or die before he gets a vehicle to put his chair in. He has doctors appointments and other things to take care of and will not be able to go if he doesn't get a vehicle.
I feel like the VA doesn't care at all and so does my mom. She has contemplated just buying it all herself so it will get done, but it will take everything they have to get it. Thank you.
Trisha S. Via the Internet
Dear Trisha:
I have contacted the powers that be at the Department of Veterans Affairs and asked them to provide appropriate assistance for your dad. Also, my friends at the Paralyzed Veterans of America tell me that ALS, often referred to as "Lou Gehrig's disease," is a progressive neuro-degenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord.
The VA recognizes this disease as service connected for all veterans who have served on active duty for at least 90 consecutive days, and VA monetary compensation can be granted from the date of claim. There is no requirement to establish any other type of relationship such as exposure to Agent Orange.
The initial grant of service connection, based only on the diagnosis of the condition is at 100 percent. Other ancillary benefits such as entitlement to a grant toward the purchase of a specially adapted van, and for accessibility adaptations to a home, require medical documentation of the current level of disability.
You may wish to contact the Paralyzed veterans of America directly at 1-866-0857 or on line at www.pva.org. The Veterans Benefits Department at PVA is dedicated to serving paralyzed veterans including those with ALS and MS (Multiple Sclerosis).
They provide free, comprehensive benefits assistance and advocacy. Veterans like your dad can have these experts working on their behalf to avoid needless delays like you have experienced.
Shaft notes
• VA CORE, the bipartisan legislation introduced by U.S. Rep. Ann Kirkpatrick, Arizona Democrat, to help tackle the substantial claims backlog at the Department of Veterans Affairs, recently passed the House of Representatives as an amendment to HR 1960, the Department of Defense reauthorization bill.
The passage is Ms. Kirkpatrick's first legislative victory for veterans during the 113th Congress, building on her veterans-related accomplishments from the 111th Congress. She is Ranking Member of the House Veterans' Affairs Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations.
"From the moment I took office, I began hearing from men and women struggling with the VA backlog, and I promised to fight for them," Ms. Kirkpatrick said. "Today's vote is a victory for veterans across District One, from Casa Grande to the White Mountains, and from Oro Valley to Flagstaff and the Navajo Nation. And it's a victory for veterans everywhere who have sacrificed so much for our country. This is an important step toward eliminating the claims backlog so veterans can receive the care and resources they deserve." (audio file attached)
The VA Claims, Operations and Records Efficiency amendment directs the Department of Defense to provide the complete service treatment records of veterans to the Department of Veterans Affairs in an efficient, electronic format.
Currently, the average veteran waits more than 250 days for a decision on a claim. About 175 days of that time is the VA waiting for the DOD to send the complete records, which DOD currently processes on paper rather than electronically.
The VA CORE amendment will:
* Codify a plan both agencies agreed upon in February, in which Defense begins the immediate transfer of complete and certified service treatment records to VA, and electronic capabilities are in place by the end of 2013.
* Require the Department of Defense to provide certified, complete and electronic records to the Department of Veterans Affairs within 90 days of military discharge or release.
Backlog facts:
* The claims backlog is a growing and serious problem. As of March 30, 2013, VA had 885,068 claims pending. Of those, 613,876 claims were pending more than 125 days, at which point they are considered to be backlogged.
* Veterans are filing disability compensation claims at historically high levels. VA now receives well over a million claims every year, and the numbers continue to grow.
* The current paper-based claims system was established following World War I. Since then, statute changes made the process more complex, but no administration invested in updating the system. It was not until 2009 that our nation finally invested heavily in modernizing the claims processing system.
• Send letters to Sgt. Shaft, c/o John Fales, P.O. Box 65900, Washington, D.C. 20035-5900; fax 301/622-3330, call 202/257-5446 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Social Work Evelyn J. Black Memorial Fund (BASW, MSW, Ph.D.)
This scholarship is awarded to a Bachelor, Master, or Doctoral Social Work student. To be eligible for this scholarship, you must be currently admitted and in good standing.
College of Social Work Alumni Scholarship Fund (BASW, MSW)
This is awarded to a Bachelor and Masters of Social Work Student. To be elligible for this scholarship, you must meet all of the following criteria:
– Age 30 or older;
– Responsible for minor children
– Returning to school after an absence of 5 years or more; and
– In need of Financial Assistance
If you meet all of the aforementioned criteria, please include these details in your essay in the scholarship application.
Jaishree Bansal Memorial Scholarship (BASW; MSW)
Awarded to currently admitted/enrolled Social Work junior or senior bachelor students or master's level with a SW 3.0 GPA & financial need. Preference given to international students.
Bernard A. & Marjorie E. Ward Scholarship in Gerontology (BASW; MSW)
Applicants must be entering senior year or first year of graduate school that has shown a continuous interest in the needs of senior citizens.
John Henry & Bessie Puyear Ballantine Endowment Scholarship Fund (MSW; PhD)
Awarded to a graduate student who: 1) has been a practicing social worker in western Kentucky or demonstrated through work experience a commitment to serving the population of that area & will be actively involved in research designed to enhance quality of life for those living in western Kentucky; 2) if no candidates meet #1, than students from outside western Kentucky who meet remainder of criteria shall be considered.
Jewels in the Mountains Scholarship Endowment (MSW; PhD)
Applicants of: 1) Master level that is a resident of southeastern Kentucky & will serve same population, or 2) MSW, native Kentuckian & will serve the SE Kentucky, or 3) Doctoral student, native Kentuckian & will serve in SE Kentucky.
The Beaven-Eidetik Research Fellowship in Developmental Disabilities and Mental Retardation (MSW)
Awarded to a student who has a Bachelor Social Work degree from accredited program; completed all 600 level or equivalent courses required for Master Social Work program; exhibits interest in specified field of study & interested in cooperative educational program sponsored by donor.
Martha Davis Fellowship Fund (MSW)
This scholarship is awarded to Master level Social Work students who reside from eastern Kentucky.
Beaven-Eidetik Doctoral Research Fellowship
Awarded to applicant with preference given to: 1) native Kentuckian engaged in research of developmental disabilities or mental retardation; 2) native Kentuckian engaged in research in human services delivery; 3) native Kentuckian engaged in research in social work practice or education; 4) UK SW doctoral student.


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OTTAWA, ONTARIO--(Marketwired - April 10, 2014) - The renovations are nearing completion and it's down to the finishing touches. This Saturday, April 12, Giant Tiger unveils a fully renovated store located at 82 South Street, Goderich, Ont.
The store has been redesigned to greatly improve the shopping experience for our customers. They will find even more of the same outstanding values, great deals and friendly customer service they've come to expect from Giant Tiger for their fashion, food and home needs - plus a lot more space to shop and a fun new Giant Tiger look!
Store manager Ryan Lemieux and his entire team are excited about their newly improved store and invite you to the Grand Opening Celebration on Saturday, April 12 beginning at 8:00 am. Gift cards will be given out to the first 50 customers.
There will be fun and savings for the whole family. Take part in free face painting, and be sure not to miss an appearance by Friendly the Giant Tiger.
Giant Tiger Goderich is pleased to offer the following services; lottery, Western Union money transfer service, stamps and third party gift cards.
About Giant Tiger:
We are the leading Canadian owned family discount store, committed to providing on trend family fashions, groceries, and everyday needs. Established in 1961 in Ottawa's Byward Market, the privately held company has over 200 locations across Canada and employs over 7,000 team members. All Giant Tiger locations are locally owned or operated by a team member who knows the community. In 2001 the North West Company entered into a franchise agreement with Giant Tiger Stores Limited to open and operate Giant Tiger stores in Western Canada. The friendly local stores with the iconic yellow Tiger logo are not only where Canadians shop more and spend less, but they help bring communities together. In 2013, Giant Tiger donated more than $2 million to more than 700 local associations and charities across Canada.
Giant Tiger checks out as Canada's low price Giant with our low prices every day, price matching, Claw Backs throughout the store and the no time limit return policy. For more information about the company, please visit www.gianttiger.com or join us on Facebook at www.facebook.com/gianttiger or follow us on Twitter @GTboutique.
Giant Tiger, a proud Canadian company since… FOREVER! #CanadaPROUD
Contact Information:


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|Frederick, Md.
|High School:
|Thomas Johnson
2013: An America East All-Conference runner after placing third overall at the conference meet at Binghamton, leading UMBC to its first team title since 2005… Finished the 8k course in Vestal, N.Y. with a time of 25:07.32… Two weeks later, he led UMBC to its first top-ten finish at the NCAA Mid-Atlantic Regionals, placing 22nd overall to earn All-Region recognition by USTFCCCA… Completed the 10k Goodman Course at Lehigh with a school record time of 30:30… Broke the Retriever record at the 8k distance earlier in the year at the Princeton Invitational, placing 16th overall with a time of 24:21… Took fourth at the season-opening America East Pre-Conference Meet at Binghamton with a time of 25:40.2… Also scored at the Navy Invitational and the Paul Short Run at Lehigh, leading the Retrievers across the line at the meet in Annapolis by placing 11th with a time of 24:54.90… Selected to the America East All-Academic Team… Listed on the America East Honor Roll.
2012: Competed in six of the Retrievers' seven races, scoring in each of the final four competitions… Ran a season-best 8K time of 25:01.00 at the Princeton Invitational to jump to eighth all-time at UMBC and help the Retrieves earn a fifth-place finish… Also ran the eighth-fastest 10K time in school history (32:22.90) at the NCAA Mid-Atlantic Regionals at Penn State… Despite not scoring, he ran a time of 15:39.90 at the season-opening 5K Spider Alum Open at Richmond to move to seventh in the record book… Named to the America East Commissioner's Honor Roll.
Background: Named to both the All-State and All-Metro First Team as a senior in 2011... Helped lead Thomas Johnson to its third straight 4A Maryland State Track and Field Championship... Recorded his top performance during his junior year at the state meet when he ran the 1600m in 4:23 and the 3200m in 9:28.
Personal: Plans to major in mechanical engineering... Born Dec. 7, 1994.


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Shea Butter Organic Coconut Oil Cream for Face, Body & Hand. Stretch Marks & wrinkle Removal, Psoriasis & Eczema Treatment Lotion: Sheabutter Moisturizer Boost with Natural Ingredients (500ml 17oz)
Thermalabs is proud to introduce itself as an organization dedicated to creating natural and organic skin tan products that will help you achieve that bronzed beach that you always coveted. However, there is a difference in the way we do it. With our products, you need not expose your skin to the dangerous UV radiations from the sun to get an attractive glow.
Over the years, the awareness about the adverse impacts of traditional tanning has increased to a great extent. As a result, tanning beds have gradually started making way for different types of sunless tanning products. These tanning products are capable of creating a tanning effect that is as good as the traditional concept of tanning. Most importantly, these products can effectively safeguard the skin from the threat of skin cancer.
Thermalabs was created with a vision to create a skin cancer free world. We are on track to achieve this objective because out products provide you the freedom of getting an attractive tan without having to worry about skin cancer. In our ongoing effort to create the best self-tanning brand in the world, we strive to create products that are the best they can be in every way. Our products are easy to use, and they give you a license to look beautiful and feel healthy at the same time.
Unlike any other self tanning product manufacturer, your health is the foremost priority for Thermalabs. Our passion for creating beauty products that make you look sexy goes into how we formulate our premium formulas. We never stop working to find the best natural and organic ingredients while conserving the resources we all need to thrive. Months of extensive work is put together behind each of our state of the art formulations.
Creating the best self tanning products doesn't happen overnight. However, we can certainly work together to get better every day and deliver the most advanced, pure and healthy self tanning products to you.
Skin Cancer Free World: Thermalabs Mission.
Once a year Thermalabs is donating 10% of its profit to non-profit skin cancer foundations aiming to study and find cure to skin cancer / melanoma. Help us fight skin cancer by avoiding the damaging rays of the sun, using our self-tanners as the natural choice and helping us help other people!
A Few Of The Reasons You Shoul Buy From Us:
More Organic Ingredients Then Any Other
We Have The Most Dedicated Support Team
Constant Research To Enhance Our Formulas
Join A Growing Community Of Thermagirls
Special Product Line To Answer All Your Tanning Needs
- Thermlabs Self Tanner Provides Even And Natural-Looking Tan Without The Dangerous Exposure to the Sun Damaging Rays Using The Best Natural And Organic Ingredients Available Today
- Our Premium Organic Ingredients Delivers Natural Tan With No Streaks! Makes Your Skin Sexy All Year Round
- Don't Like The Results? We Will Take It Back No Questions Asked!
Not only do we want you to be the sexiest you can be, we also want you to understand how to keep your skin healthy. Our writers keep publishing new guides, tutorials and articles to keep you informed on what's happening in the world of tanning.
Please Like Our Facebook Page


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Someone said: We tend to back into the future, longingly looking at the past. Heres an explanation: Because the past is known and represents our comfortable norms, it is safe. But the future represents change, which is less determined, and it threatens to alter our familiar patterns and comfort zones.
In 19 days, Durango will host the largest event ever held here, and one that has taken months to organize. And it will be an event that will depart town in only minutes after the 10 a.m. start time: The 2012 USA Pro Cycle Challenge.
Make no mistake, preparing for and hosting the event will leave Durango a changed, but better community.
Why? Because Durango was selected from a list of more richly resourced Colorado towns, so we are honored. Why? Because Durango has a great reputation for cycling and tourism, so we will be a proud host. Why? Because we are given the chance to showcase our community to a world audience, so we will be prepared.
Know that dozens of our fellow community members have stepped up and given hundreds of volunteer hours to organizing the details of this event. Why? Because the organizers know that from Aug. 16 and Aug. 20, our collective performance and enthusiasm represents all 16,000 residents of Durango.
What if youre not into cycling? Whether you are cycling savvy or dont know a bicycle sprocket from a Brussels sprout, consider the event and its benefits from a different perspective. Durango succeeds because it continually challenges itself to do more with less.
Preparing for the event has sparked innovative thinking. It has forced creative solutions and problem solving. It has brought people and organizations together behind a goal to isolate the issues and collaborate on solutions.
All these efforts foster community teamwork and build collective confidence.
Is it costing the city a fortune? No, we have had tremendous local sponsor success.
How many will attend? We estimate a crowd on Aug. 20 about twice the size of the Snowdown parade.
How about street closures? Main Avenue will be closed for the Sunday night, Aug. 19, downtown street party.
It also will be closed on race day Monday from early morning until all the events trappings are taken down and downtown is cleaned. By 2 p.m., Aug. 20, expect most of downtown to return to normal with the exception of the all-day celebration festival at Buckley Park.
Locals who leave town or stay home will miss seeing a world-class cycling event, but even more, they will miss the opportunity to show our event organizers and volunteers their appreciation of the volunteers months of hard work.
Show your support. Buy a T-shirt, consider volunteering, enjoy the Sunday night live bands and fireworks display.
The race starts at 10 a.m. Aug. 20, and special buses will run every 20 minutes from several outlying parking areas. Get up to speed on all the details at www.durango2012.com.
firstname.lastname@example.com Bob Kunkel is the downtown business development manager for the city of Durango.


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Automate Endpoint Management
Cisco Prime Endpoint Management provides the automated network services that you need for today's high-traffic, bandwidth-intensive networks.
Deploy the following solutions for scalable, flexible AAA , DNS, DHCP services, IP address management, and connected home management for IPv4 and IPv6.
Cisco Prime Access Registrar
Meet the challenge of managing RADIUS and Diameter authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) services for multiple access technologies with scalability, flexibility, and reliability.
Cisco Prime Network Registrar
Ease the transition to IPv6 with integrated and scalable Domain Name System (DNS), Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), and IP Address Management (IPAM) services for both IPv4 and IPv6.
Cisco Prime Home
Transform the home network management experience with:
- Automatic subscriber activation
- Remote customer premises equipment management based on TR-069 suite of protocols
- Accelerated issue resolution through a structured problem-solving approach that guides customer care representatives through predefined processes
Cisco Prime Cable Provisioning
Simplify cable subscriber service activation and device management. Cisco Prime Cable Provisioning supports multiple standards including DOCSIS, PacketCable, OpenCable, and DOCSIS Provisioning of EPON (DPoE).


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You come to us with projects and objectives which are typically difficult, complex or ambitious, or all of these together.
Your projects are our "raison d'être".
You want to be able to rely totally on us, without any reservations whatsoever. You want to be able to trust our expertise and dedication fully.
We will endeavour to be worthy of your trust and are very proud and pleased to serve you.


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Volleyball Mom T-Shirt
Our Volleyball Mom T-Shirt is the perfect t-shirt for the woman who is always there cheering you on!
- Full front design in Metallic Silver and White
- Black V-Neck T-Shirt made of 100% Pre-Shrunk Cotton for a great fit and added comfort
- Missy contoured silhouette with side seams, if you like a more relaxed fit size up one size
This item is stocked at our St. Louis, MO facility.
Stocked items/orders placed before 1pm CST are shipped that day (business days only, Mon-Fri.).
Stocked items/orders placed after 1pm CST ship the next business day (Mon-Fri., no holidays).
Standard delivery time is between 1-4 days (see map below for delivery estimates).
We will notify you via email within 1 business day if there is any expected delay.
If there are non-stocked items on your order those will be shipped separate from your stocked items at no additional cost.
Team orders and orders paid with PO's may take additional processing days (between 3-5 business days).
Printing requires additional processing days. Please visit our Uniform Printing page.
For more information please visit our Shipping page and our Shipping Practices page.


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The CampusRN Network
CampusRN has been designed to offer employers and job seekers nationwide a single destination to connect. We also recognize that candidates want specialized resources featuring more local job listings, news, discussion groups, event information etc. While some employers desire national reach, many are focused on branding their organization and targeting candidates in specific geographic markets. The CampusRN network offers the best of both worlds through our national website and database and our network of state edition sites.
This network is invaluable for university faculty because it ensures there is a solution for students and alumni who want to work locally and one for those who are considering relocating after graduation. We encourage colleges and universities to link to CampusRN as well as their appropriate state edition site.
You can visit our state sites by region by visiting the regional links in the left hand navigation.


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Youth Group is a place for teenagers to come together and not just fellowship, but develop the tools to have their own real and strong relationship with Jesus. Led by Jacob Dyer, Youth Group meets every Tuesday from 6:30-8:30 p.m. upstairs in the fellowship hall at 1420 Colonial Avenue.
Contact: email@example.com


text: Street Rod Headquarters » Glass » Power Windows » Window Crank Switch GM 49 & Earlier, Small Round Spline, Pair Item # NU-CRANKS12 Weighs 1.0000lbs. These are Nu-Crank electric window crank Eliminate unsightly generic power switches. Operate your electric windows with a stock window crank by simply rotating the crank up or down 15 degrees! Tough, durable switch allows you to retain a stock look without having to modify or create a location for a new set of switches. Includes Wire Harness This part fits most GM Cars and Trucks.; exceptions may apply. Please read the complete description to see if this part fits your specific vehicle and application. Share | Price: $220.00 Pair Qty: Add to Cart This product can expose you to a chemical, which is known to the State of California to cause cancer or reproductive harm. For more information go to www.P65Warnings.ca.gov Reviews Product Reviews Login to Write A Review --> Fits Vehicle Models Street Rod Parts - Product Fits Vehicle Models There are no specific vehicled models specificied for this part.