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Joan Wulff handles a fishing rod with grace and explosive power. In 1960 she set the women's unofficial world record for distance casting—an astonishing 161 feet. Now the grande dame of fly-fishing at age 81, Wulff has not lost her touch. Standing on the banks of the Beaverkill River near her fabled fishing school in New York's Catskill Mountains, she raises and points the tip of an 8½-foot rod just over her shoulder, gives a sudden backward snap of the wrist and sends 40 feet of line sailing straight back behind her. As the line hangs in the air, she drops her arm down toward her waist. Then she launches the line forward, depositing a feathery fly silently out on the water exactly where she wanted it. "If you do it right," Wulff says, "the fly shoots by your head like a bullet."
While other fishermen lazily dangle bait in the water, fly-fishers sweat over strategy and technique, struggling to imitate with rods, lines, and lures the delicate landing of a fly on the river's surface. To catch a fish, a fly-fisher sends out a wispy lure attached to an almost invisible 7- to 15-foot-long leader, which is in turn attached to a thicker and much longer braided line. The trick is launching the virtually weightless fly to a distant spot with deadeye accuracy. The thicker line must hit the water first, allowing the leader and fly to then gently alight upon the water just the way an insect might settle on a ripple, persuading the prey (trout and salmon, often, or perhaps a largemouth bass) to bite. "The point is to make it all look as natural as possible to the fish," Wulff says.
Natural, of course, does not mean easy. In bait fishing, a sinker adds heft—and a fish-scaring splash—to a cast. In contrast, propelling an ultralight fly the way Wulff does is akin to pitching a cotton ball at major-league speeds. The only weight resides in the fishing line itself, which uncoils from a reel during the cast. The relatively small backward and forward motion of the fly rod sends the line streaking through the air as far as 236 feet, the current record.
Propelling a line and attached lure such a great distance requires deft control of the body's ability to impart momentum—the product of an object's mass and velocity—to the rod and line. During a cast, the fly-fisher achieves peak energy in the flick-of-the-wrist stage, which "gives you all the momentum you're going to get," says Jeff Kommers, a technical staff member at MIT. While working on his Ph.D., Kommers entertained classmates with his restless efforts to parse the physics behind the process. Following the moment of peak energy, the arm's snapping force passes through the rod to the flexible tip, which then wiggles back and forth. This motion translates the force from the arm to the speed of the line and fly. Because momentum—created by the arm, absorbed by the rod, and passed into the thin fishing line—must be conserved, the tiny mass of the line achieves tremendous velocity, "especially at the end," Kommers says.
Bullwhips operate under the same principle as the fly line: Energy travels from the arm to the thick end of the whip all the way down to the tapered tip, which accelerates wildly as the mass decreases. The characteristic crack of the whip results not from the tip's snapping to the ground but from its literally breaking the sound barrier, producing a small sonic boom. "Obviously, fly-fishermen aren't interested in making mini sonic booms when they try to catch fish," Kommers says. Fortunately, the design of the leader and the fuzzy fly at the end of the line make that very hard to do. "The highest velocities I calculated were about 600 feet per second, quite a bit less than the speed of sound," Kommers reports. And air drag typically keeps velocities much lower than that.
The type of rod also affects the speed and distance a line travels. Salespeople call some rods fast and others slow in describing how far they might cast a fly. Graig Spolek, a mechanical engineering professor from Portland State University in Oregon, set up an experiment to quantify these vague terms. He hauled a bundle of rods into a darkened gymnasium, set up a strobe light, and took a sequence of photographs to examine the movement of the rod and the line during the forward cast.
Rods have to be stiff enough to handle the lunges of a caught fish but flexible enough to transfer energy effectively from the arm to the line during a cast. This allows the tip to wiggle quickly back and forth, which Spolek calls the rod's frequency. In another experiment, he counted how many times the tip of each rod moved back and forth per second, and this number, he discovered, allowed him to predict which rods would cast the farthest. High frequency gives you a faster tip speed, creating swifter line speed. "And that allows you to cast a long way," Spolek says.
Still, Spolek was not satisfied. "Who cares about finding a unified theory of the universe?" he asks. "What we need is a unified theory of fly-fishing." In 2006 he took a yearlong sabbatical to make progress toward that theory. In his research he deconstructed the mechanical limitations of the rod that cause its tip to swirl during casting, preventing the line from aiming true. To make a rod, manufacturers tightly wrap graphite-fiber fabric around a thin steel cylinder. Spolek found that if the manufacturers changed the way they roll the fabric, they could minimize the swirling problem. He also concocted a new way to measure the flexibility of fishing line leaders, the part of the line nearest the lure, using a technique he had previously developed to gauge the bending stiffness of the tiny wires in pacemakers. In this way, he discovered that newer fishing lines made of fluorocarbon were actually less flexible than standard nylon lines.
Of course, a perfect cast still depends on the skill of the person heaving the rod—but science is helping there, too. Noel Perkins, a mechanical engineering professor at the University of Michigan, has built a fly-casting robot that can imitate the casts of both experts and novices. His technology could enhance the sport of fly-fishing by permitting researchers to analyze the differences between casts. The end result could be better advice for newcomers to casting. And because the robot can cast repeatedly at the same angle and force, it can test fishing lines and rods objectively. Perkins and his team have also created a fly-casting analyzer that attaches to the reel. Using motion-sensor technology, it gives a detailed printout about the rod's speed and angle over the course of a cast—feedback critical for casters to develop control over distance and placement.
In the meantime, Joan Wulff offers her own, starkly simple explanation for how she handles a rod with such flawless grace: "It's all in the arm," she says.
Discover Magazine


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Is Goodluck Jonathan's luck running out?
Issued on: Modified:
Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan is facing a double challenge with a series of sectarian attacks by the Boko Haram Islamist group and deadly protests over a fuel subsidy removal.
When he took over the presidency of Africa's most populous nation in 2010, Goodluck Jonathan seemed destined to live up to his name. But that was until recently, when a steady drum-roll of bad news from Nigeria appeared to be reaching an alarming crescendo.
On two different fronts, Jonathan is facing challenges that are threatening the stability of Africa's largest oil-producing nation.
A wave of violence blamed on the Boko Haram Islamist group has left dozens of people – mostly Christians – dead in Nigeria's mainly Muslim north. The attacks have raised fears that the country's long-simmering divisions could ignite a sectarian civil war.
On the economic front, the Nigerian president is facing another potentially debilitating storm with a nationwide strike to protest his government's recent removal of fuel subsidies.
More than 10,000 enraged demonstrators took to the streets of Nigeria's commercial capital of Lagos on Monday, bearing effigies of Jonathan with devil horns and fanged teeth. At least one person was killed in Lagos, and in the northern city of Kano another two died and at least 31 people were wounded in clashes with security officers.
Suddenly, the man with the distinctive hat seems to have lost the advantage of his name, which many Nigerians believed their president enjoyed.
"Does he still have good luck? No, not at all," said Nnamdi Obasi, director of Safer Africa Group, a Canadian-based think tank, in an interview with FRANCE 24 from Lagos. "There was a lot of sentimentality about him and his candidacy. People felt a need to break away from the past, they wanted someone who was not part of the ruling set, who could bring new ideas. Over time, a lot of this sentiment has dissipated."
Ring in the New Year, ring out the old subsidy
Public anger has been especially high following the Jonathan administration's Jan. 1 decision to unilaterally scrap subsidies that kept gas prices low in the West African nation. The decision saw gas prices rise from $1.70 per gallon to at least $3.50 per gallon.
Despite the country's oil wealth, most of Nigeria's 160 million citizens survive on less than $2 a day, making the prospect of a cost of living hike extremely tough on the country's poorest communities.
Monday's demonstrations protesting the subsidy removal saw protesters wearing "Occupy Nigeria" T-shirts, inspired by those near Wall Street in New York. Facebook, the popular social networking site, has erupted with a number of "Occupy Nigeria" pages. A signed protest statement included the names of prominent Nigerian cultural figures such as playwright Wole Soyinka and novelist Chinua Achebe.
But scrapping the fuel subsidy is not a new issue. Economists have long argued that the fuel subsidies propped up a corrupt, wasteful and unsustainable system that saw billions of dollars of public funds siphoned to a cartel of fuel importers. The government estimates it will save around $6 billion this year by eliminating the subsidy, funds that will be used to upgrade Nigeria's ageing infrastructure, which has forced the oil-rich country to import costly refined fuel because it lacks refining capacity.
The real problem, according to Obasi, was the timing and the way the decision was announced.
Most Nigerians were not expecting a subsidy scrap until the 2012 statement at the end of March. "The timing of the announcement, at the peak of the Christmas and New Year celebrations, when people have run down their wallets, was a problem," said Obassi. "The government did not make a sufficient attempt to persuade citizens."
Public alarm over the increasing intensity and sophistication of Boko Haram attacks has also been mounting in recent days. In a statement titled, "Let not this fire spread," three Nigerian literary giants – including Soyinka and Achebe - called on the government to act decisively.
"The country's leadership should not view the incessant attacks as mere temporary misfortune with which the citizenry must learn to live; they are precursors to events that could destabilise the entire country," the statement read.
Two speeches too late
Two speeches by Jonathan over the past two days addressing the twin challenges facing his administration give a measure of the double trouble confronting the Nigerian leader.
At a Sunday church service in the capital of Abuja, Jonathan admitted for the first time that there were Boko Haram sympathisers in his government and the security agencies. The situation, Jonathan warned, was "even worse than the civil war," when more than a million people were killed in the 1967-1970 Biafran conflict.
On Saturday, in a nationally broadcast speech, the Nigerian president pleaded with his countrymen for support. "If I were in your shoes at this moment, I probably would have reacted in the same manner," he said before going on to add, "I urge all Nigerians to eschew bitterness and acrimony to live together in harmony and peace."
"He should have said what he said on Saturday night earlier," said Obasi, referring to Jonathan's initial failure to address the fuel subsidy removal. "I would think the president should have made the announcement himself."
Instead, the shock New Year announcement of the fuel subsidy scrap was made by the country's Petroleum Products Pricing Regulatory Agency (PPPRA). By the time Jonathan addressed the legitimate concerns of his people, it was already too late.
Not too late for a redemption song
Even as the nation was gripped by crippling strikes protesting the fuel subsidy removal, Boko Haram's attacks continued unabated. On Monday, authorities in northeastern Nigeria said Boko Haram gunmen killed a State Security Service official as he left a mosque.
Months before the 2011 Christmas Day attacks fueled a new round of Boko Haram violence, US intelligence and military officials were warning that the Nigerian Islamist group had forged ties with al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and with the Somalia-based al Shabaab militant group.
The latest attacks are bound to bring up questions of Nigerian intelligence failures. Jonathan's weekend speech admitting that there were Boko Haram sympathisers in the government and security agencies is not likely to allay most Nigerians' security fears.
Some experts note that as a Christian, Jonathan has to tread more carefully while handling the Boko Haram crisis. "In this situation, the thing is not to leave yourself bare to accusations of heavy handedness or acting in a way that further radicalises northern youths, driving them to the enemy camp," said Obasi.
But Obasi believes all is not yet lost for Nigeria's embattled president. "In the long term, he can redeem himself if he can move fast enough on, for instance, improving the (country's moribund) power sector or if Nigerians can see the benefits of removing the fuel subsidy," said Obasi.
The question is, will Jonathan sing his redemption song before it's too late. Luck is sometimes defined as being in the right time at the right place. It remains to be seen if Goodluck Jonathan can live up to his name.

subset: commoncrawl


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Dead Rising 3 is an Open World Survival Horror video game that was released in PC, Microsoft Windows and XBOX 1. It is the 3rd installment in this series that was developed by Capcom Vancouver Studios and published by Microsoft Studios. This installment was released in September 5, 2014 and genre of this installment is Open World Survival Horror. In this product there are two modes, Single Player and Multiplayer. In this series we have also uploaded Dead Rising 2 PC game free download full version, you can click on this link to get that file. This file is 100% working and free from virus, so there is no need to hesitate before downloading this file from my website.
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The Republic of Rwanda is a small landlocked country in the Great Lakes region of east-central Africa, bordered by Uganda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Tanzania. Home to approximately 10.1 million people, Rwanda supports the densest population in continental Africa, most of whom engage in subsistence agriculture. A verdant country of fertile and hilly terrain, the small republic bears the title Land of a Thousand Hills""."
The country has received considerable international attention on account of its 1994 genocide, in which between 800,000 and one million people were killed. In 2008, Rwanda became the first country in history to elect a national legislature in which a majority of members were women.
Rwanda Profile
Area: 26,338 sq. km. (10,169 sq. km.); about the size of Maryland.
Cities: Capital--Kigali (est. pop. 1 million). Other cities--Muhanga (formerly Gitarama), Huye (formerly Butare), Musanze (formerly Ruhengeri), Rubavu (formerly Gisenyi), Gicumbi (formerly Byumba), and Rusizi (formerly Cyangugu).
Terrain: Uplands and hills.
Climate: Mild and temperate, with two rainy seasons.
Nationality: Noun and adjective--Rwandan(s) or Rwandese.
Population (2011 est.): 10.7 million.
Annual population growth rate (2009 est.): 3%.
Religions (2010 est.): Christian 96.9%, Muslim 1.3%, traditional African 0.1%, other 0.9%, 0.7% claim no religious beliefs.
Languages: Kinyarwanda, French, English.
Education: Years compulsory--9. Attendance (2010 est.)--95%. Literacy (2009 est.)--63%.
Health: Infant mortality rate (2010 est.)--50 deaths/1,000. Life expectancy (2008 est.)--49.8 years.
Work force (2008): Agriculture--85%; industry and commerce, services, and government--15%.
Type: Republic.
Independence: July 1, 1962.
Constitution: May 26, 2003.
Branches: Executive--president (chief of state), prime minister (head of government). Legislative--80-seat Chamber of Deputies; 26-member Senate. Judicial--Supreme Court; High Courts of the Republic; Provincial Courts; District Courts; mediation committees.
Administrative subdivisions: 4 provinces plus Kigali; 30 districts; 416 sectors; 2,148 cells.
Political parties: There are 10 registered political parties, including the ruling Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), which leads a coalition that includes the Centrist [formerly Christian] Democratic Party (PDC), the Rwandan Socialist Party (PSR), the Ideal [formerly Islamic] Democratic Party (PDI), the Prosperity and Solidarity Party (PSP), the Concord Progressive Party (PPC), and the Democratic Popular Union (UPDR). Other parties include the Social Democratic Party (PSD), the Liberal Party (PL), and the Social Party Imberakuri (PS-Imberakuri).
Suffrage: Universal for citizens over 18--except refugees, prisoners, and certain categories of convicts.
Central government budget (2011 est.): 988 billion Rwandan francs ($1.6 billion).
GDP (2011 est.): $6.1 billion.
Real GDP growth rate (2011 est., International Monetary Fund): 8.2%.
Per capita income (2011 est.): $560 (exchange rate); $1,600 (purchasing power parity).
Average inflation rate (2011 est.): 7.8%.
Agriculture (2010): 33.6% of GDP. Products--coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums), bananas, beans, sorghum, potatoes, and livestock.
Industry (2010): 14.1% of GDP. Types--cement, agricultural products, beer production, soft drinks, soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettes, and pharmaceuticals.
Services (2010): 52.3% of GDP.
Trade (2011 est.): Exports--$295 million: tea, coffee, cassiterite, coltan, and pyrethrum. Major markets--Kenya, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and China. Imports--$1.315 billion f.o.b.: foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, steel, petroleum products, cement, and construction material. Major suppliers--Kenya, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, and Tanzania.
Rwanda Geography
Rwanda's countryside is covered by grasslands and small farms extending over rolling hills, with areas of rugged mountains that extend southeast from a chain of volcanoes in the northwest. The divide between the Congo and Nile drainage systems extends from north to south through western Rwanda at an average elevation of almost 9,000 feet. On the western slopes of this ridgeline, the land slopes abruptly toward Lake Kivu and the Rusizi River valley, which form the western boundary with the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire) and constitute part of the Great Rift Valley. The eastern slopes are more moderate, with rolling hills extending across central uplands at gradually reducing altitudes, to the plains, swamps, and lakes of the eastern border region.
Although located only two degrees south of the Equator, Rwanda's high elevation makes the climate temperate. The average daily temperature near Lake Kivu, at an altitude of 4,800 feet (1,463 meters) is 73o F (23o C). During the two rainy seasons (February-May and September-December), heavy downpours occur almost daily, alternating with sunny weather. Annual rainfall averages 80 centimeters (31 in.) but is generally heavier in the western and northwestern mountains than in the eastern savannas.
Rwanda People
Rwanda's population density is currently the highest in continental sub-Saharan Africa. It is still a very rural society, and many families live in self-contained compounds on hillsides. The urban concentrations are grouped around administrative centers. The indigenous population consists of three groups, or ubwoko--Bahutu, Batutsi, and Batwa. Traditionally, the population also is affiliated with one of 18 clans.
Accounts of the respective arrivals of each ubwoko centuries ago in the area of modern Rwanda were highly politicized throughout much of the 20th century. In 1994, the Rwandan Government exploited the former Belgian colonialists' "racialization" of differences among ubwoko and its inclusion on identity cards to fuel a state-orchestrated genocide. After the genocide, Rwanda's national unity government stopped collecting data on ubwoko and banned its inclusion on identity cards. All Rwandans share the same native language and culture, so ubwoko today reflects a family identity that has been passed patrilineally. The Rwandan Government does not permit politicization of this identity or any form of discrimination based on a person's ubwoko.
Until 1994, educational opportunities for Rwandans were extremely limited. After the genocide, most primary schools and more than half of prewar secondary schools reopened, though no more than 5% of the adult population received secondary education through 1996. Although educational quality remains an issue, access to education expanded dramatically in recent years and the Government of Rwanda's Nine-Year Basic Education policy, implemented in 2010, contributed to an increase of the primary school completion rate from 52.4% in 2008 to 79% in 2011. Free basic education will be extended from 9 years to 12 years in 2012.
The National University (NUR) in Huye (formerly Butare), Rwanda's sole university prior to 1994, reopened in April 1995; enrollment is over 7,000 students. Today, there are 29 institutions of higher learning in Rwanda. Between 1963 and 1993, Rwandan university graduates numbered roughly 1,900; today, Rwandan university enrollment exceeds 60,000. Sixty-three percent of the adult population is literate (2009). Building the educational system continues to be a high priority of the Rwandan Government. Rwanda has three official languages--Kinyarwanda, French, and English. The recent transition to English as the language of instruction in schools presents pedagogical challenges even as if offers prospects for increased opportunity within the East African Community and internationally.
Rwanda History
The kingdoms of Rwanda began coalescing in the 11th century. In the 15th century, Rwandans established a monarchy headed by a Tutsi mwami (king) with a hierarchy of Tutsi nobles and gentry. In some areas of the country, independent Hutu principalities continued to exist, and in other areas, Tutsi and Hutu lineages lived in interdependent cooperation under the nominal control of the king. During the 17th century, pastoral relations of reciprocity known as ubuhake evolved into a system in which Hutu farmers pledged their services and those of their descendants to a Tutsi lord in return for the loan of cattle and use of pastures and arable land. However, membership in an ubwoko and class were fluid. Affiliation was determined by paternal ancestors. Intermarriage and multiple marriages were common. Some Hutus took Tutsi status and some Tutsis lost their status as Tutsis. Most rural Tutsis enjoyed few advantages over rural Hutus. The first European known to have visited Rwanda was German Count Von Goetzen in 1894. He was followed by missionaries called the "White Fathers." In 1899, the mwami submitted to a German protectorate without resistance. Belgian troops from neighboring Belgian Congo chased the small number of Germans out of Rwanda in 1915 and took control of the country.
After World War I, the League of Nations mandated Rwanda and its southern neighbor, Burundi, to Belgium as the territory of Ruanda-Urundi. Following World War II, Ruanda-Urundi became a UN Trust Territory with Belgium as the administrative authority. Reforms instituted by the Belgians in the 1950s encouraged the growth of democratic political institutions but were resisted by the Tutsi traditionalists who saw in them a threat to Tutsi rule. Hutu leaders, encouraged by the Belgian military, sparked a popular revolt in November 1959, resulting in the overthrow of the Tutsi monarchy. Two years later, the Party of the Hutu Emancipation Movement (PARMEHUTU) won an overwhelming victory in a UN-supervised referendum.
During the 1959 revolt and its aftermath, more than 160,000 Tutsis fled to neighboring countries. The PARMEHUTU government, formed as a result of the September 1961 election, was granted internal autonomy by Belgium on January 1, 1962. A June 1962 UN General Assembly resolution terminated the Belgian trusteeship and granted full independence to Rwanda (and Burundi) effective July 1, 1962.
Gregoire Kayibanda, leader of the PARMEHUTU Party, became Rwanda's first elected president, leading a one-party government chosen from the membership of the directly elected unicameral National Assembly. The Kayibanda government promoted a Hutu-supremacist ideology, and a series of anti-Tutsi "pogroms" and other violence gravely affected internal security and provoked the further flight of Rwandan Tutsis.
Rwanda established relations with 43 countries, including the United States, during the first 10 years. Despite some progress, inefficiency and corruption festered in government ministries in the mid-1960s. On July 5, 1973, the military took power by force under the leadership of Maj. Gen. Juvenal Habyarimana, who dissolved the National Assembly and the PARMEHUTU Party and abolished all political activity.
In 1975, President Habyarimana formed the National Revolutionary Movement for Development (MRND) as Rwanda's only legal party. The movement was organized from the "hillside" to the national level and included elected and appointed officials. During his tenure, violence against Tutsis continued without effective prosecution of wrongdoers, prompting more exoduses.
Under MRND aegis, Rwandans went to the polls in December 1978, overwhelmingly endorsed a new constitution, and confirmed President Habyarimana as president. President Habyarimana was re-elected in 1983 and again in 1988, when he was the sole candidate. Responding to international as well as public pressure for political reform, President Habyarimana announced in July 1990 his intention to transform Rwanda's one-party state into a multi-party democracy. He also indicated that Rwanda "had no room" for its largely Tutsi population living in exile, so they were not welcome to return to Rwanda.
On October 1, 1990, Rwandan exiles banded together as the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) and invaded Rwanda from their base in Uganda. The rebel force, composed primarily of ethnic Tutsis who had not been allowed to return to Rwanda under the Kayibanda or Habyarimana regimes, blamed the government for failing to democratize and resolve the problems of some 500,000 Tutsi refugees living in the diaspora around the world. The war dragged on for almost 2 years until a cease-fire accord was signed July 12, 1992, in Arusha, Tanzania, fixing a timetable for an end to the fighting and political talks leading to a peace accord and power sharing, and authorizing a neutral military observer group under the auspices of the Organization for African Unity. A cease-fire took effect on July 31, 1992, and political talks began on August 10, 1992. The talks concluded in a peace accord that was not implemented.
On April 6, 1994, the airplane carrying President Habyarimana and the President of Burundi was shot down as it prepared to land at Kigali. Both presidents were killed. Military and militia groups began rounding up and killing all Tutsis and political moderates, regardless of their ubwoko. The Rwandan prime minister and her 10 Belgian bodyguards were among the first victims. The killing swiftly spread from Kigali to all corners of the country; between April 6 and the beginning of July, a genocide of unprecedented swiftness left over 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus dead at the hands of organized bands of militia--Interahamwe. Even ordinary citizens were called on to kill their neighbors, friends, and family members by local officials and government-sponsored radio; many complied. The president's MRND Party was implicated in organizing many aspects of the genocide.
The RPF battalion stationed in Kigali under the Arusha Accords came under attack immediately after the shooting down of the president's plane. The battalion fought its way out of Kigali and joined up with RPF units in the north. The RPF then resumed its invasion, and civil war raged concurrently with the genocide for 2 months. French forces landed in Goma, Zaire in June 1994 and then deployed throughout southwest Rwanda in an area they called "Zone Turquoise," ostensibly to quell the genocide and stop the fighting there, though some Rwandans asserted that they were complicit; many members of the genocidal rump regime established after the genocide began escaped through the French zone to eastern Zaire. The RPF defeated the Rwandan Army, which crossed the border to Zaire followed by some 2 million Rwandans who fled to Zaire, Tanzania, and Burundi as refugees. The RPF took Kigali on July 4, 1994, and the war ended on July 16, 1994. The country was decimated, having been ravaged by war and a brutal genocide. Over 800,000 had been murdered, another 2 million had fled, and another million were displaced internally.
The international community responded to the humanitarian disaster that developed among the refugees in Zaire with one of the largest humanitarian relief efforts ever mounted. The United States was one of the largest contributors. The UN peacekeeping operation, UNAMIR, was drawn down during the fighting but brought back up to strength after the RPF victory. UNAMIR remained in Rwanda until March 8, 1996.
Following the establishment of armed groups and a local rebellion in the camps in eastern Zaire, Rwandan and Ugandan troops invaded in late 1996. This triggered the return of more than 800,000 back to Rwanda in the last 2 weeks of November, followed at the end of December 1996 by the return of another 500,000 from Tanzania, both of which occurred in huge waves. Roughly 70,000 Rwandans are estimated to remain outside of Rwanda, and they include remnants of the defeated army of the former genocidal government, its allies in the civilian militias known as Interahamwe, soldiers recruited in the refugee camps before 1996, as well as children of those groups and opponents of today's government.
In 2001, with over 120,000 Rwandans in prison and virtually no judicial system in existence (most lawyers and judges had been killed or fled during the genocide), the government began implementing a grassroots village-level justice system, known as gacaca, to address the enormous backlog of genocide cases. Many convicted were sentenced to public service rather than prison, but because of the continuing high numbers of prisoners, the Government of Rwanda periodically arranged prison releases, including the January 2006 release of approximately 7,000 prisoners. By December 2010, gacaca officials reported having concluded more than 1.2 million cases. These courts planned to complete their caseload in 2011.
Rwanda Politics
After its military victory in July 1994, the RPF organized a coalition government called "The Broad Based Government of National Unity." Its fundamental law was based on a combination of the June 1991 constitution, the Arusha Accords, and political declarations by the parties. The government outlawed the MRND Party. In April 2003, the transitional National Assembly recommended the dissolution of the Democratic Republican Party (MDR), one of eight political parties participating in the Government of National Unity since 1994. Human rights groups noted the subsequent disappearances of political figures associated with the MDR, including at least one parliamentarian serving in the National Assembly. On May 26, 2003, Rwanda adopted a new constitution that eliminated reference to ubwoko and set the stage for presidential and legislative elections in August and September 2003. The seven remaining political parties endorsed incumbent Paul Kagame for president, who was elected to a 7-year term on August 25, 2003. Rwanda held its first-ever legislative elections September 29 to October 2, 2003. A ninth political party formed after these 2003 elections.
In the spring of 2006, the government conducted local non-partisan elections for district mayors and for sector and cell executive committees. Elections for the Chamber of Deputies occurred in September 2008; the RPF won an easy victory in coalition with six small parties, taking 42 of 53 directly-elected seats. As provided in the constitution, 24 seats were also accorded to women candidates in indirect elections. Women now hold 45 of the 80 seats in the Chamber. The elections were peaceful and orderly, despite irregularities. A tenth political party formed in 2010.
Presidential elections were held in August 2010; the National Electoral Commission reported that President Kagame won re-election with roughly 93% of the vote. The presidential election was peaceful and orderly, with heavy turnout. However, the pre-election period was marked by events of concern, including waves of terrorist attacks using grenades in populous areas, the murder of a journalist, the unexplained murder of the vice president of the unregistered Democratic Green Party, an assassination attempt on a former high-ranking government official accused of fomenting attacks, and the suspension of two local-language newspapers. In addition, two political opposition figures were arrested on criminal charges, and a party that had been seeking to register for many months was unable to do so.
Local elections again took place in the spring of 2011, with indirect Senate elections following in the fall. Both elections were peaceful and orderly. RPF candidates again dominated the field.
Challenges facing the government include maintaining internal and regional security, promoting further democratization; judicial and media reform; completion of prosecution of remaining individuals for crimes relating to the 1994 genocide, either by the regular court system or the gacaca system; integrating former combatants and prisoners; preventing the recurrence of any insurgency directed by ex-military and Interahamwe militia who remain in eastern Congo; and the continuing work on medium- and long-term development.
Principal Government Officials
President--Paul Kagame
Prime Minister--Pierre-Damien Habumuremyi
Minister of Foreign Affairs--Louise Mushikiwabo
Ambassador to the United States--James Kimonyo
Ambassador to the United Nations--Eugene-Richard Gasana
Rwanda maintains an embassy in the United States at 1714 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 (tel. 202-232-2882).
Rwanda Economy
Since 1996, Rwanda has experienced steady economic recovery. The Government of Rwanda remains dedicated to a strong and enduring economic climate for the country, focusing on poverty reduction, infrastructure development, privatization of government-owned assets, expansion of the export base, and trade liberalization. Rwanda faces many challenges, including its dependence on significant foreign aid (now over $500 million per year).
The Rwandan economy is based on the largely rain-fed agricultural production of small, semi-subsistence, and increasingly fragmented farms. It has few natural resources to exploit and a small, uncompetitive industrial sector. While the production of coffee and tea is well-suited to the small farms, steep slopes, and cool climates of Rwanda, the average family farm size is one-half hectare, unsuitable for most agribusiness purposes. Agribusiness accounts for approximately 33.6% of Rwanda's GDP and 45% of exports. In 2010 export earnings were led by tea and coffee followed by minerals, tourism, and pyrethrum (whose extract is used as a natural insecticide). Mountain gorillas and other niche eco-tourism venues are increasingly important sources of tourism revenue.
During the 5 years of civil war that culminated in the 1994 genocide, GDP declined in 3 out of 5 years, posting a dramatic decline at more than 40% in 1994, the year of the genocide. The 9% increase in real GDP for 1995, the first postwar year, signaled the resurgence of economic activity and massive foreign aid inflows. In the immediate postwar period--mid-1994 through 1995--emergency humanitarian assistance of more than $307.4 million was largely directed to relief efforts in Rwanda and in the refugee camps in neighboring countries where Rwandans fled during the war. In 1996, humanitarian relief aid began to shift to reconstruction and development assistance.
Since 2002, the GDP growth rate ranged from 3% to 11% per annum, and inflation ranged between 2% and 9%. The agricultural sector performed strongly in 2009, propelling Rwanda to 4% GDP growth. This was well above the sub-Saharan average growth for the year, despite Rwanda's declines in overall exports (28% between 2008 and 2009) and remittances in 2009, which were due in part to the global economic crisis. GDP growth was estimated at 8.2% for 2011.
The Government of Rwanda has sought to privatize several key firms. Since 2007, the telecom and mining sectors have been largely privatized. The government has sold off all but two government-owned tea estates and has made great strides in completing privatization of the banking sector. RECO, the utility monopoly, remains to be privatized, as do several other parastatals. The implementation of a value added tax of 18% and improved tax collections are having a positive impact on government revenues and thereby on government services rendered. Banking reform and low corruption also are favorable current trends. The tourism industry has potential for further growth given the current political stability, travel infrastructure, and extensive national parks as well as other potential tourist sites. In 2006, Rwanda completed the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative and the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) debt initiative, significantly lowering its foreign debt load. Agricultural reforms, improved farming methods, and increased use of fertilizers are improving crop yields and national food supply. In the World Bank's "Ease of Doing Business" report released in September 2009, Rwanda catapulted from number 143 to number 67; in the 2010 report, Rwanda improved its ranking to number 58.
Many challenges remain for Rwanda. Although the government is pursing educational and healthcare programs that bode well for the long-term quality of Rwanda's human resource skills base, Rwanda's fertility rate--averaging 4.6 births (2010 est.) per woman--will continue to stress services, and diseases such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis will have a major impact on human resources. The persistent lack of economic diversification beyond the production of tea, coffee, and minerals keeps the country vulnerable to market fluctuations. The country's exports continue to lag far behind imports, and the weakness of exports and low domestic savings rates limit growth. Exports have increased ($295 million for 2011), but Rwanda depends on significant foreign imports ($1.3 billion for 2011). Private investment remains low, although investment insurance is available through the Africa Trade Insurance Agency, the Overseas Private Investment Corporation, and the World Bank's Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA).
Perhaps the largest constraint on private sector development is the limited availability and high cost of electricity, which is currently among the highest in the world at about $0.20 per kilowatt hour. Hydroelectric power development is underway, albeit primarily in the planning stages, as is methane development, but the country's energy needs will stress natural resources in wood and gas. Rwanda is examining the feasibility of peat-based energy. Strong highway infrastructure maintenance and good transport linkages to neighboring countries, especially Uganda and Tanzania, are critical given Rwanda's landlocked geography. Rwanda has no railway system for port access to Tanzania or Kenya. Transportation costs remain high and, therefore, burden import and export costs. Over 40% of Rwanda's imports originate in East Africa.
Rwanda is a member of the African Union (AU), the Commonwealth, the East African Community (EAC), the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), and the Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL).
American business interests in Rwanda are modest, and the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) has yet to make a significant impact in Rwanda. In addition to long-standing tea production by an American firm, in 2008 a U.S. corporation concluded an agreement with Rwandan authorities to produce 100 megawatts of electrical power from methane extraction operations in Lake Kivu. In 2009 a U.S.-British consortium signed an agreement with the government to develop a biofuel project based on jatropha, and a U.S. mining company expanded its investment in local mineral production. In 2010, RwandAir signed a contract with Boeing for the purchase of two Boeing 737-800 aircraft, for an estimated $80 million. American exports of aviation, telecommunications, and construction equipment have increased in recent years.
In December 2011, the United States and Rwanda ratified the 2008 U.S.-Rwanda bilateral investment treaty (BIT) by exchanging treaty instruments of ratification signed by President Barack Obama and Rwandan Prime Minister Damien Habumuremyi. The treaty provides U.S. investors with legal protections that underscore the two countries' shared commitment to open investment and trade policies. The BIT is also intended to strengthen bilateral economic ties and enhance U.S. investor confidence in Rwanda, as well as Rwandan investor confidence in the United States.
Rwanda's government-run radio broadcasts in Kinyarwanda, English, and French, the national languages. News programs include regular re-broadcasts from international radio such as Voice of America, BBC, RFI, and Deutsche Welle. There is one government-operated television station. In addition to government-operated Radio Rwanda, there are a number of independent FM radio stations. There are few independent newspapers; most newspapers publish in Kinyarwanda on a weekly, biweekly, or monthly basis. Several Western nations, including the United States, are working to encourage freedom of the press, the free exchange of ideas, and responsible journalism.
Rwanda Defense Program
The military establishment is comprised of a well-trained army and a small, rotary-wing air force. The Rwandan Defense Forces (RDF) is on an aggressive plan to professionalize. Following withdrawal of Rwandan Armed Forces from the Democratic Republic of the Congo in October 2009, the government completely restructured the military and launched an ambitious plan to demobilize thousands of soldiers. At end state, Rwanda will have a small, well-equipped army of 20,000 soldiers and a reserve force of more than 100,000.
Rwanda Foreign Relations
Rwanda plays a growing role in international affairs, including important contributions to international peacekeeping missions. In 2011, Rwanda deployed approximately 3,500 RDF peacekeepers to Sudan and South Sudan in support of UNAMID, UNMIS, and UNMISS. As of September 2011, Rwanda was training its 28th peacekeeping battalion since 2006. Rwanda National Police (RNP) has approximately 375 peacekeeping officers serving in UN missions in Cote d'Ivoire, Haiti, Liberia, and Sudan. Rwanda is among the top 10 troop-contributing countries for UN operations.
Some 24 nations--including Belgium, Canada, China, Democratic Republic of the Congo (D.R.C.), Egypt, France, Germany, the Holy See, Japan, Libya, the Netherlands, the Republic of Korea, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, the United Kingdom, the United States, and all members of the EAC (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Burundi)--maintain diplomatic missions in Kigali, as does the European Union.
In December 2008, after months of bilateral discussions, Rwanda and the D.R.C. announced rapprochement and a joint military operation against a root cause of instability in the Great Lakes Region--the FDLR (Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda). The two nations' forces also cooperated in reintegrating renegade general Laurent Nkunda's CNDP rebel force into the Congolese armed forces (FARDC); Nkunda was detained by Rwandan authorities.
In the fall of 2006, Rwanda broke diplomatic relations with France following a French judge's indictment of senior Rwandan officials on charges of having participated in the shooting down of the presidential jet in 1994. Rwanda rejected those charges. In January 2010, Rwanda and France renewed their diplomatic relations after France indicated it had reopened its investigation of the 2006 charges. Rwanda, along with Burundi, joined the EAC in 2007, and it acceded to the Commonwealth in 2009.
Rwanda Additionalal Political Information
U.S. Government interests have shifted significantly since the 1994 genocide, from strictly humanitarian concern focused on stability and security to strong partnership with the Government of Rwanda focused on sustainable development. The three largest U.S. Government assistance programs are the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), the Feed the Future food-security initiative, and the President's Malaria Initiative, which aim to reduce the impact of two of the most prevalent debilitating diseases, and to reduce poverty and household food insecurity through improved agriculture and income opportunities. In partnership with the Government of Rwanda, U.S. Government (USG) agencies--U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), State Department, Peace Corps, and Department of Defense--work to strengthen Rwandan institutions and build local capacity.
USG programming plays a major role in helping Rwanda to improve the health and income opportunities of its people as well as the capacity of its institutions and systems to promote sustainable development. To achieve these ends, USAID activities focus on:
Prevention, treatment, and care of HIV/AIDS;
Reducing mortality and morbidity due to malaria;
Promoting rural economic growth through agriculture-sector policy reform; increased production of staple crops, high-value crops for export, and dairy; and eco-tourism;
Increasing rural household income through more efficient agricultural techniques, income diversification, and increased access to credit for small producers;
Increasing access to, and use of, voluntary family planning methods;
Improving maternal and child health;
Reducing post-harvest losses of agriculture produce through improved handling and storage technologies;
Increasing literacy and numeracy through improved quality of primary education;
Encouraging participatory governance and decentralization; and
Promoting a democratic Rwanda, where the government respects human rights, civil liberties, and the rule of law.
The State Department's Public Affairs section (PAS) maintains an Information Resource Center (IRC) in Kigali, which offers public access to English-language publications, an English language lab for those preparing for English language exams, information on the United States, and information on studying in the United States. PAS closed the American Corner at the National University of Rwanda (NUR) in Huye (formerly Butare) in 2011, but will open a new American Corner in 2012 at the Rwanda Tourism University College (RTUC) in Rubavu (formerly Gisenyi). PAS also supports an English Language Resource Center at the Catholic Institute of Kabgayi (ICK) in Gitarama.
American business interests have been small; currently, private U.S. investment is limited to the tea industry, energy, mining, franchising (FedEx, Coca-Cola, Western Union, and Moneygram), and small holdings in service and manufacturing concerns. Annual U.S. exports to Rwanda, under $10 million annually from 1990-93, exceeded $40 million in 1994 and 1995. Although exports decreased in the years immediately after the genocide, in 2010 they were estimated at approximately $31 million out of a total bilateral trade of $37 million.
Principal U.S. Officials
Ambassador--Donald Koran
Deputy Chief of Mission--Anne Casper
USAID Mission Director--Dennis Weller
The U.S. Embassy is located on 2657 Avenue de la Gendarmerie, Kigali (tel. 250-596-400, fax 250-596-591).
|1. Eastern Province
2. Kigali City
|3. Northern Province
4. Western Province
|5. Southern Province
|1. Kigali 745,261
2. Butare 89,600
3. Gitarama 87,613
4. Ruhengeri 86,685
|5. Gisenyi 83,623
6. Byumba 70,593
7. Cyangugu 63,883
8. Kibuye 48,024
|9. Rwamagana 47,203
10. Kibungo 46,240
11. Nzega 33,832


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Otto is a township in Otter Tail County, in the Fergus Falls metro area.
The latitude of Otto is 46.491N. The longitude is -95.46W.It is in the Central Standard time zone. Elevation is 1,398 feet.
The population, at the time of the 2000 census, was 526.
Sections below provide additional information and links about Otto demographics, travel and tourism, nearby airports, cemeteries, the Otter Tail County economy, education, environment, genealogy, government, historic sites, libraries, maps, museums, newspapers and other media, nonprofit groups, real estate, recreation, religion, transportation, and weather in the 56571 ZIP code.
33% of Otto residents report German ancestry, and 4% report Irish. For more info on local ancestry groups, see the Otto ancestry & family history guide.
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At the time of the 2000 census, the per capita income in Otto was $17,337, compared with $21,587 nationally.
18% of Otto residents age 25 and older have a bachelor's or advanced college degree.
Median rent in Otto, at the time of the 2000 Census, was $375. Monthly homeowner costs, for people with mortgages, were $743.
Otter Tail County supported George W. Bush in the 2004 presidential election. For more information, see our Otto political report.
The average commute time for Otto workers is 22 minutes, compared with 26 minutes nationwide.
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CK Sketches: September/October 2012 Digital Template & 35 Bonus Sketches
Use this versatile sketch from Creating Keepsakes to scrapbook layouts about end of summer, back to school, Halloween, and other moments you want to remember.
We Love to Cruise by Gretchen McElveen, as seen in the Sept./Oct. 2012 issue of Creating Keepsakes magazine.
Sketch Tip: This sketch provides a fun cloud shape that makes it easy to draw attention to your title.
Scraplifting Tip: Try using a variety of patterned paper to create the illusion of multiple textures without adding bulk to your scrapbook pages.
Scrapbook your page using this issue's sketch. For even more inspiration, download the 35 Bonus Sketches based on layouts in the September/October 2012 issue of Creating Keepsakes magazine.
Download this month's sketch (PSD)
Download the bonus sketches (PDF)
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34 HASKINS & SELLS April
You Can't Judge Your Business by the Past Three Years
If it is to live through the next three years, you must not make the mistakes which cause 75
per cent. of all businesses, that are started, to fail. What I have learned
about these mistakes through years of investigation
By ELIJAH W. SELLS
Of Haskins & Sells, Certified Public Accountants
IF I were asked at the present moment
for the most serviceable warning to a
business man, I would say: "Don't expect
to stand on the record of your house for
the past three years."
The extraordinary conditions of the past
three years cannot continue to exist. A l ready
some reaction has been felt, and this
is going to continue for some time.
As accountants, we know that firm after
firm has made vast amounts of money
during the past three or four years without
deserving success. Firms which produced
inferior goods, firms which have had bad
management, firms which, under anything
like ordinary conditions, would have been
dire failures, have made money despite
these things, and have made it so easily
that it is no wonder some of them are deceived
into thinking it must be a result
of their superior ability.
Nothing that I have to say in this article
applies, with any force, to those
years. But it is going to apply from now
on. The real tug of war for business is
just beginning. Firms which have made
money simply because there was such a
demand for goods at high prices that they
could not help making money are going to
find out that it takes something more than
being in business to make a post-war success.
A good many of these firms will go
If this sounds pessimistic, let us consider
the ordinary records of business. At least
seventy-five per cent. of all concerns started,
fail. I have verified this statement
by calling on an authority in such matters.
It is as nearly correct as is possible. Men
who start out in business seem to know so
little about it that it is a wonder even so
large a proportion as twenty-five per cent.
Among our clients are all kinds of companies,
from very small concerns up to
railways, cities, and even Governments.
Big companies fail in almost the same proportion
as smaller ones; but their affairs
are so complicated that it is difficult to use
them to illustrate single points. Small
businesses often turn for their success or
failure upon a single point, because their
affairs are simple.
One of our clients went into business—
we will say the wholesale crockery business
—with thirty thousand dollars of borrowed
capital. This client was a good buyer and
an excellent salesman. He knew his merchandise
and the markets for it.


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NEW YORK - A teenager from suburban Chicago who sang an aching Jason Robert Brown song and another from Georgia who chose to sing 'Raise the Roof' - and almost did so - have won top honors at the National High School Musical Theater Awards.
Atlanta resident Jai'Len Josey was named best actress and Jonah Rawitz, from the Chicago suburb of Buffalo Grove, got the best-actor crown Monday night at the sixth annual 'Glee'-like competition, nicknamed the Jimmy Awards after theater owner James Nederlander.
'I can't emphasize enough how humbled I am to be within this crowd of such amazing actors and individuals. I've made so many amazing friends. I feel like I'm part of a family,' said Rawitz. He also thanked him family, especially his mother, who he said taught him to be honest and 'how to believe every word that I'm saying.' Josey, who is going into her junior year at Tri-Cities High School, said it was 'a dream come true.'
Each will receive a $10,000 scholarship award, capping a months-long winnowing process that began with 60,000 students from 1,500 schools and ended at the Minskoff Theatre, the long-term home of 'The Lion King,' which doesn't perform on Mondays.
The 56 teens who made it to New York this year - 28 girls and 28 boys - got a five-day theatrical boot camp fueled by pizza at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, complete with scrambling to learn an opening and closing group number, performing their medley numbers, advice on their solo songs, plus a field trip to watch 'Kinky Boots.'
Judges were Rachel Hoffman from casting company Telsey + Company, Tony-nominated producer Arielle Tepper Madover, casting specialist Tara Rubin, Nick Scandalios from the Nederlander Organization, choreographer Sergio Trujillo and NYU's Kent Gash. Composer Stephen Schwartz offered pointers to the teens on Friday.
Rawitz sang from 'In the Heights' as Usnavi in the ensemble number and then 'If I Didn't Believe in You' from Brown's 'The Last Five Years' as a solo. Josey sang Effie Melody White's 'And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going' from 'Dreamgirls' and then belted out a 'Raise the Roof' from Andrew Lippa's 'The Wild Party.'
The host was Ryan McCartan, who co-stars in 'Liv & Maddie' on the Disney Channel and 'Royal Pains' on USA. He was proof of how far a Jimmy can go: McCartan in 2011 he won the competition. Others who have found fame include Eva Noblezada, who was a runner-up in 2013 and now plays the lead role of Kim in the London revival of 'Miss Saigon.'
The shows represented on Monday ranged from 'Annie Get Your Gun' and 'The Drowsy Chaperone' to 'Singin' in the Rain' and 'Into the Woods.' There was a fair amount of overlapping of roles, with two Jean Valjeans from 'Les Miserables,' two Drowsy Chaperones and two Aldolphos from 'The Drowsy Chaperone,' two Usnavis from 'In the Heights' and three Shreks from 'Shrek,' all thrown onstage to duke it out together. A young lady playing Annie Oakley from 'Annie Get Your Gun' cradled a rifle and another playing the Tin Man held an axe.
The four runners-up, who each received $2,500, were: Mekahi Lee from Charlotte, North Carolina; Matthew Richards from Logan, Utah; Brooke Solan from Las Vegas; and Sophia Tzougros from Madison, Wisconsin. Andy Karl, from the Broadway musical 'Rocky,' stopped by and the whole cast helped him sing 'Keep on Standing.'
Online: www.nhsmta.com Mark Kennedy can be reached at http://twitter.com/KennedyTwits


text:
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Brief intro to fusion and a very comprehensive list of links
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The European Fusion Development Agency site with detailed information about nuclear fusion in general and the JET project in particular
The Forces of Fusion!
It works for the stars, it should be able to work for us. Fusion will provide us with a virtually inexhaustible supply of clean, accessible energy. This site helps explain what is needed to fuse two ...


text:
Nigeria are giving France everything they can handle, but it looked like les Bleus would finally take the lead with this partially-saved Karim Benzema shot, until Victor Moses came storming back to clear it off the line.
Hopefully the refs could've gotten this one right without the use of goal-line technology, but thankfully we don't have to wonder. But damn, this really almost dribbled in though, didn't it?


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Note: This article has done its job, and will be retiring soon. To prevent "Page not found" woes, we're removing links we know about. If you've created links to this page, please remove them, and together we'll keep the web connected.
If you want to create an XML data file and XML schema file from a cell range on a worksheet, you can use version 1.1 of the Excel 2003 XML Tools Add-in to enhance the existing XML features in Microsoft Excel 2007 and later.
Step 1: Download the XML Tools Add-in and activate it
To download the add-in, click this link, Excel 2003 XML Tools Add-in, and then follow the instructions on the download page.
Start Excel.
Click the File > Options > Add-Ins.
In Excel 2007, click the Microsoft Office Button > Excel Options > Add-Ins.
In the Manage box, click Excel Add-ins, and then click Go.
In the Add-Ins dialog box, click Browse, locate the XmlTools.xla file, select the file, and then click OK.
By default, this file is stored in the following folder on your hard drive:
\Office Samples\OfficeExcel2003XMLToolsAddin.
Verify that the XmlTools check box is selected in the Add-Ins available list, and then click OK to load the add-in.
To verify that the add-in is active, on the Add-ins tab, in the Menu commands category, make sure that the XML Tools command menu appears.
Note: This add-in was developed for Excel 2003. The documentation and the user interface refer to lists, which are now called Excel tables in versions of Excel later than Excel 2003.
For more information about how to use this add-in, see the article Using the Excel 2003 XML Tools Add-in Version 1.1.
Step 2: Convert a cell range to an XML Table
Enter the data for which you want to create the XML data file and XML schema file. The data must be in a tabular format of columns and rows (also called flat data).
On the Add-ins tab, in the Menu commands group, click the arrow next to XML Tools, and then click Convert a Range to an XML List.
Enter the cell range of the data that you want to convert as an absolute reference in the text box.
Tip: To make it easier to enter the correct cell reference, in the dialog box, click the button to the right of the text box, click and hold the upper-left cell of the range, and then drag to the lower-right cell of the range.
Under Use first row as column names, select No if the first row contains data or Yes if the first row contains column headers, and then click OK.
Excel automatically creates an XML schema, maps the cells to the schema, and creates an XML table.
Important: If the Visual Basic Editor appears and displays a Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) error message, do the following:
Click OK.
In the highlighted line in the VBA code module, remove "50" from the line. In other words, change:
XMLDoc As msxml2.DOMDocument50
XMLDoc As msxml2.DOMDocument
Press F5 to find the next line that contains "XMLDoc As msxml2.DOMDocument50," click OK, and change the line as you did in step 2.
Press F5 again to find and change any additional instances of the string.
When you press F5 and the VBA error message no longer appears, close the Visual Basic Editor to return to your workbook. Your cell range will have been converted to an XML table.
Note: To see all the XML maps in the workbook, on the Developer tab, in the XML group, click Source to display the XML Source task pane. In the lower portion of the task pane, click XML Maps.
If the Developer tab is not visible, perform the three steps under step 1 in the next section to add it to the Excel Ribbon.
Step 3: Export the XML table to an XML data file (.xml)
If the Developer tab is not available, enable it. For more information, see Show the Developer tab.
On the Developer tab, in the XML group, click Export.
Note: If a small Export XML dialog box with only an OK and Cancel button appears, click the XML map that you want to use, and then click OK. This small Export XML dialog box appears only if no XML table is selected and the workbook contains more than one XML map.
In the large Export XML dialog box, in the File name box, type a name for the XML data file.
Click Export.
Note: When creating XML maps and exporting data in Excel to XML files, there is a limit on the number of rows that can be exported. Export to XML from Excel will save a maximum of 65536 rows. If your file contains more than 65536 rows, Excel will export the first (#ROWS mod 65537) rows. For example, if your worksheet has 70000 rows, Excel will export 70000 mod 65537 = 4464 rows. Our recommendation is to 1) use xlsx instead or 2) save the file as XML Spreadsheet 2003 (.xml), which will lose the mappings, or 3) delete all rows after 65536 and then export again which will keep the mappings but lose the data at the end of the file.
Step 4: Save the XML schema to an XML schema file (.xsd)
Select any cell in a mapped Excel table.
On the Add-ins tab, in the Menu commands group, click the arrow next to XML Tools, and then click Create XSD files for the XML Schema at the active cell.
Excel copies the XML schema and pastes it into Notepad.
In Notepad, click File, and then click Save As.
Type a file name and file type, such as ProdOrders.xsd, and then click Save.
Need more help?
You can always ask an expert in the Excel Tech Community, get support in the Answers community, or suggest a new feature or improvement on Excel User Voice.


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The idea of seeing the Oakland A's play a home game on the banks of McCovey Cove may seem like a fantasy, but according to the Chronicle's Matier and Ross, it's something that could happen in reality in a matter of months.
According to the San Francisco Chronicle. Major League Baseball is offering to help the Oakland Athletics play at AT&T Park in San Francisco if the team cannot agree with Coliseum officials on a short-term lease.
If the A's play at AT&T Park, it would be for the next two years, and would most certainly pave the way for the A's to move out of the Bay Area.
Jon Streeter, the San Francisco attorney representing the Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum Authority in the stadium lease negotiations, was given the AT&T ultimatum by MLB in a closed-door meeting, according to the paper.
MLB is also asking the Coliseum to give the A's a short, two-year deal, so the team could have more flexibility to move to San Jose--or elsewhere, the Chronicle said.
For the A's to move across the bay, the San Francisco Giants would have to approve sharing AT&T Park, which is owned by the Giants. The benefit to the Giants would be a nice, fat rent check, and the probability that the team would move out of the area which would give the Giants sole ownership of one of the biggest markets in the country.
Their move would have many details to work out, including the problem that comes when you look at the schedule and see the Giants and the A's have home games on the same day nine times in 2014.
A's PR director Bob Rose released a statement from managing partner Lew Wolff on Monday: "We intend to extend our lease in Oakland and look forward to another great season." Whether those intentions will be fulfilled is another question.
Giants President Larry Baer declined to comment on the issue to the paper.
RELATED: Judge Rejects San Jose's Antitrust Claim Against MLB


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This much anticipated skyscraper, The Leadenhall Building, or "The Cheesegrater", is the newest addition to the skyline and the tallest building in the City of London. The Leadenhall Building was also recently voted The City of London Building of the year 2015. Visitors have their breath taken away by the spectacular views across the City including landmarks such as St Paul's Cathedral, The Palace of Westminster, Tower Bridge, The London Eye, The Gherkin and The Shard.
The iconic building is a unique office tower prominently located in the centre of the Square Mile, opposite Lloyd's of London. Its distinctive tapering shape is juxtaposed with a sophisticated interior design and houses a wide mix of amenities including shops, restaurants and generous public spaces.
Within the building, Servcorp provides its clients a first-class, exclusive atmosphere. The fastest panoramic elevators in Europe take visitors to the 30th floor and our large granite reception area with unforgettable unobstructed views of London coupled with fully trained corporate reception team, multi million pound five star fit-out and original commissioned artwork will leave your clients speechless.
This impressive building makes the ideal location for companies looking for an all comprehensive and impressive work location in the heart of the City.
45 minutes to Heathrow Airport on the M4 by Taxi, or 45 minutes to Stansted Airport on the Stansted Express train from Liverpool Street Station.
Located a short walk from Fenchurch Street Railway Station, and Bank and Monument Tube Stations with direct access to the Central, Northern, Circle, District and Waterloo & City Lines as well as the Docklands Light Railway.
Numerous bus services available on Leadenhall and Fenchurch Streets.
Taxis are available outside the building and on Gracechurch Street.
Within 5 minutes walking distance:
Ask if they have unique-password, rocket-fast WiFi – For your security.
Ask to be connected to the internet – How long does it take?
Ask if the provider is Tier-1.
Ask to be allowed to check download speeds.
Ask to speak to IT support: Are they in-house or a third party? Are they even in the country?
Ask to be given a phone number so you can try the service before you buy.
Ask for a phone rate card.
Ask to meet your dedicated receptionist. The receptionist is the front line of your business.
Ask about disaster transfer.
Ask if your phone extension can roam at no cost to other locations.
Ask if the wireless internet is secure.
Ask what kind of firewall can be set up for your network.
Ask to see the transparency code of the provider.
Ask if incoming callers can dial '1' for voicemail to mobile.
Ask if you can get free calls equal to your connection amount.
Ask if your phone bill is 20% lower than telco rate.


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Recently I painted some trivet/tiles to be given away to 5 lucky winners at a new food bloggers conference called: Eat, Write, Retreat held in Washington D.C. in mid May 2011.
From what I understand, the conference was a huge success and I hear that the winners of my tiles were quite thrilled and surprised to be presented their very own blog design, on their very own trivet/tile. My tiles are totally heat resistant so don't be afraid to put them to work in your kitchen. Sweet!
Take a look at the winners blog tiles as I show you my step by step recipe for painting these decorative little goodies.
First up is one I did for Johnna of 52 Sweets . I just love the fun retro design and colors, don't you? Johnna was even sweet enough to do a little blog posting about her win. Thanks Johnna!!!
At this point, I played a little game on my facebook page to see if anybody could guess what the design was ultimately going to be…nobody guessed correctly. Then again, nobody said it was going to be easy. LOL
The next one I did was for Dan of Dan's Good Side I got to see Dan posing with his tile and the look on his face was priceless. Glad you like it Dan!
The one in the middle is the one I don't have any step by step photos of, but it was painted for Tricia of Eating Is Art. I hope you like it Tricia!
Fourth was painted for Valerie of Feastie This was such a fun design to paint. I love the whimsical feel of it. So, so cute! The first photo is of the actual copy I was working from. The last is the completed tile.
And last, but certainly not least was painted for Laura of The Spiced Life . It was suggested to me that I paint Laura's twitter avatar (@TheSpicedLife) for this tile and I could not have been happier with that suggestion. I've always loved the look of Laura's avatar and it has always caught my eye. I think the tile is quite fetching as well…
So then, there you have it. Five food blogger tiles for 5 lucky winners! I can only hope that you enjoy having your own designs to display (and use) in your own home kitchen or offices as much as I enjoyed painting them for you. Each piece I paint holds a special place in my heart and fills me up like a good old plate of comfort cooking 🙂
You can also visit my shop to view my new line of hand painted glassware items that can compliment your table decor or possibly even your new food bloggers tile. How fun is that??? I love custom orders so don't hesitate to contact me to discuss all the design possibilities.
I'm linking up this post with Tidy Mom Cheryl. If you're looking for all things house and home, check out her site. She's amazing!
Thanks for visiting!


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If you can imagine it,
You can create it!
- After 22 years I was finally given the tools to grow into a successful, emotionally-balanced person...You helped my husband open up for the first time in 20 years, and just might have saved our marriage by helping us find each other again. Thank you!...I cannot imagine a better technique or a more supportive atmosphere for learning what it is to be in relationship. Thank you, thank you, thank you....Garet is grounded and calm with an intensity that holds your attention...Newlyweds to golden agers will benefit from the insights and techniques described. Grow closer and learn to resolve conflict productively in just one weekend!..."What we resist persists… we can change the world one marriage, one person at a time and it begins with me", thank you for your commitment, love, and dedication to the healthy process of Imago...This is definitely more than just reading the book or doing the exercises. If you "show up" you will get results....This was our first experience with couples work. It was an indescribably powerful start on the path to a mature and conscious relationship...I feel like we have so many great tools to enrich our relationship. I am so grateful for this experience. Your compassion and expertise made it possible to open up and heal....
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Become a hero with extraordinary powers and battle in epic arenas across time and space. MoAR is a cross-platform multiplayer online fighting game.
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When it comes to writing your coursework, preparing for your exam or simply understanding Shakespeare better, these modern Shakespeare ebooks are the perfect Shakespeare resources for students – both school and college level study.
These modern English Shakespeare resources are aimed at 12-18 year olds, and are ideal for: IB, SAT, GCSE, Key Stage 3, AS Level, A Level etc.
Once you've read the modern language Shakespeare translation of your choice you'll have a complete understanding of the story: You'll know exactly what the characters are doing, where they are and (the thing you most want to understand!) what they are saying, in clear modern English.
Read Macbeth, for example, as a fast moving thriller, or Romeo and Juliet as a teenage novel with all its excitement, teenage emotion and sadness – just like the novels you already read, only with a better story. If you don't believe it check out a sample of one of Shakespeare's plays translated into modern Englishto see for yourself.
These novels follow the structure of the plays very closely, and are set out in the Acts and Scenes of Shakespeare's texts. This means you could have both the No Sweat Shakespeare text and Shakespeare's text in front of you and go from one to the other. All those difficult bits will disappear and you will have a full understanding of those parts you may have found tricky. What's more, not a single line of Shakespeare has been lost, so you will be able to pinpoint any word or phrase or sentence or speech in the Shakespeare text and follow it in every detail in the No Sweat Shakespeare modern text. And the most important thing is that all those obscure and difficult words, all those long speeches with sentences that seem never to come to an end, will spring off the page, funny, sad, thoughtful, exciting, and fresh, just as Shakespeare's audiences would have experienced them, understanding every syllable immediately. There will be no more need to 'work things out'.
Best of all, you can read the whole novel in an evening. It's Shakespeare made easy and interesting – you won't be able to put it down!
The plays are downloadable in Adobe documents, so you'll be able to read them on your PC or laptop, print the whole thing out or just print the part that you're working on. Once you've told your parents about it they'll want to read it too, and you'll be able to discuss the play with them. As soon as you show them the sample they will also know that the novel is exactly what you need for your Shakespeare learning.
Read modern translations of Shakespeare's plays >>
Read summaries of Shakespeare's plays >>


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24th 2010
Posted under local birds
- The Nature Conservancy photo contest (mentioned a couple of posts ago) ends soon. Hurry up and get in your entry!
- The former Alameda Naval Air Station is the home of the world's most successful breeding colony of California Least Terns, an endangered species! (Golden Gate Audubon has a great program out there, monitoring the site and keeping it safe.) The Navy has been a good partner. Unfortunately, they want to transfer the land to the Veteran's Administration, which intends to build a clinic and columbarium (for storing cremated remains). I think we can all agree that a VA clinic and columbarium are praiseworthy…but do they really have to go at this specific location? No, of course they don't. But politicians don't want to be seen "voting against veterans," which is seen as a lot worse than "voting against birds." And of course the VA claims, against all evidence, that they won't actually hurt the birds.
- Our friends at MartinezBeavers.org have been posting some interesting things recently, including a fascinating but disturbing story about a city that removed a beaver dam, thereby killing a large fraction of all of the remaining watercress darters in the world. (The watercress darter is a lovely little fish).


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The Book Every Plutocrat Should Read
Thomas Piketty's new tome just might save the super-rich from themselves.
For students of the plutocracy, this season has been marked by two key events. The first is the continued sense of persecution among the super-rich, as measured by an uptick in Hitler analogies from embattled American magnates. The second is the English-language publication of French economist Thomas Piketty's instantly influential new book, Capital in the Twenty-First Century.
Correlation, of course, is not causation, and I am pretty sure few of the Nazi-evoking plutocrats have worked their way through Piketty's tome. But these two milestones of 2014 are nonetheless intimately related. Piketty's groundbreaking perspective on how and why wealth is accumulating ever more at the very top explains why the 0.01 percent is feeling so threatened – and why that alarm is not as hysterical as it might seem.
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The core of Piketty's work is rooted in the international data sets of historical income that he has been assembling for more than a decade together with Emmanuel Saez, Anthony Atkinson and a group of collaborators around the world. These numbers show that the postwar era, when North America and Western Europe experienced both strong economic growth and shrinking income inequality, was a striking exception. Instead, today's soaring income inequality, which equals or exceeds that of the Gilded Age – or, in Piketty's preferred historical reference, the Belle Epoque – seems to be industrial capitalism's norm. Piketty puts forward an economic theory about why that might be (basically, that capital grows more quickly than the economy as a whole) and some radical political ideas about how we should respond to these economic fundamentals.
Piketty's book has been hailed as a landmark in economic thinking, and he was accorded full rock-star status as he toured the halls of political and economic power in New York and Washington over the last week, promoting his work. The welcome has been especially warm from thinkers and activists on the center-left, for whom it offers a meticulously data-based, intellectually elegant unified theory of how and why fortunes are surging, particularly at the very top. Paul Krugman, the New York Times's Nobel Prize-winning economics columnist, hailed the book as one that will "change both the way we think about society and the way we do economics."
This euphoric reception is richly merited. But amid the fanfare, what we haven't focused on is the one crucial way in which Piketty's thinking departs from what had been conventional wisdom among progressives. And this difference happens to be why Piketty's work, and the wider shift it surely portends, poses a new, powerful, existential threat to the plutocrats.
Until now, left-leaning students of rising income inequality tended to prefer crony capitalist explanations for what was going on. You might call this the Elizabeth Warren school of plutocracy: The 0.01 percent were becoming filthy rich because, in cahoots with sympathetic right-wing politicians, they had tilted the rules of the economic game in their favor, and stacked the deck against those whom Senator Warren would call ordinary folks.
The right, by contrast, began with denial. It has taken years for conservatives to concede that income inequality was rising, or that if it was, that shift was worth thinking about –remember Mitt Romney's quiet rooms comment, when the Republican presidential nominee was asked about why he seemed to equate discussion of income inequality with class warfare. "It's fine," he said in widely mocked comments, "to talk about those things in quiet rooms and tax policy and the like."
But now that the gap between the 1 percent and everyone else has become a chasm, even Republicans have been reluctantly dragged into the discussion about income inequality. Conservatives have found that the most congenial explanations of this growing gap between the rich and the rest are those rooted in underlying, often global, economic forces. Income inequality, in this reading, isn't about banksters. It is just the way capitalism works.
The politics of these preferences are obvious. For the left, it is easier to attack rising wealth at the top if it is the ill-gotten loot of crooked robber barons, abetted by venal politicians. The right's fondness for more fundamental economic explanations is likewise self-interested and self-explanatory. Even if you don't like income inequality per se – a point, of course, that many conservatives don't concede – it is surely more acceptable if it is the product of the inexorable workings of the invisible hand, rather than a purse snatched by a thief.
Piketty's work turns this political status quo upside down. His personal sympathies are unapologetically on the left – Capital, get it? Yet his chief intellectual accomplishment is to show how the basic forces of capitalism tend inevitably toward an ever-greater accumulation wealth at the tip of the pyramid. (Another important new book, Erik Brynjolfson and Andrew McAfee's The Second Machine Age, focused on the power of the technology revolution and the uneven rewards it delivers, comes to an eerily similar conclusion. There is no economic law, the authors argue, which guarantees that technological innovation will bring economic rewards that are shared with most, or even many, of us.)
You might think Piketty's argument is one a plutocrat would love. Super fortunes, in his world, aren't chiefly the result of Matt Taibbi's vampire squids or Michael Lewis's malignant high frequency traders getting an unfair edge on the regular guy. They are, instead, the natural, even inevitable, result of capitalism in action.
Not surprisingly, that's the view of most of the super-rich themselves, a conclusion I reached after interviewing dozens of them from Wall Street to Silicon Valley, Moscow to Mumbai, when I was writing my book Plutocrats: The Rise of the New Global Super-Rich and the Fall of Everyone Else. As one of the plutocrats I quoted told me after reading my book, "maybe the post-war era was an aberration, and this is just the way capitalism works." That's Piketty's thesis in a nutshell.
But while the plutocrats may agree with much of Piketty's theoretical argument, his approach is politically more threatening to them than the previously reigning crony capitalist paradigm. No one wants to be called a crony capitalist, of course. And when it comes to igniting populist rage, specific indictments of individual cronies are both damning and effective.