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Periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) are common in the elderly. A previous large polysomnographic (PSG) study examining the relationship of PLMS to sleep architecture and arousals from sleep in women found that leg movements were common in elderly women, and PLMS which were associated with EEG arousals had a strong and consistent association with markers of disturbed sleep. Since sleep differs in men and women, we now investigate the association between PLMS and PSG indices of sleep quality in a large community-based sample of older men.
Observational study, cross-sectional analyses.
Six clinical sites participating in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study.
2,872 older community-dwelling men (mean age 76.4 years) who completed in-home PSG from 2003-2005.
In-home PSG was performed which included bilateral measurement of leg movements. The total number of leg movements per hour of sleep (PLMI) and the number of leg movements causing EEG-documented arousals per hour of sleep (PLMA) were computed. A PLMI ≥ 5 (70.8%) and PLMA ≥ 5 (27.4%) were both prevalent. Linear regression models were used to examine the relationship between PLMS as predictors and sleep architecture, arousal index, and sleep efficiency as outcomes. The highest quintiles of PLMI (≥ 65.1) and PLMA (≥ 6.8) showed the largest association with indices of sleep architecture; PLMA showed a larger magnitude of effect. After multivariate adjustment, participants with a higher PLMA had a small but significantly higher arousal index, lower sleep efficiency, higher percentages of stages 1 and 2 sleep, and lower percentages of stage 3-4 and REM sleep (p < 0.01). An increased PLMI was similarly associated with a higher arousal index, higher percentage of stage 2 sleep, and lower percentage of stage 3-4 (p < 0.0001), but not with an increase in stage 1, REM sleep, or sleep efficiency. Neither PLMI nor PMLA was associated with subjective sleepiness measured by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale.
This study demonstrated that periodic leg movements are very common in older community-dwelling men and regardless of associated arousals, are associated with evidence of lighter and more fragmented sleep.
Claman DM; Ewing SK; Redline S; Ancoli-Israel S; Cauley JA; Stone KL; for the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Periodic leg movements are associated with reduced sleep quality in older men: The MrOS Sleep Study. J Clin Sleep Med 2013;9(11):1109-1117.
Periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) is a disorder characterized by repetitive stereotypical movements of the legs during sleep, and has often been associated with fragmented sleep, symptoms of insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness.1 Defining PLMS based on a PLM index (PLMI = leg movements/hour of sleep) of 5 or greater, the largest published epidemiological study reported a 3.9% prevalence of PLMS in 18,980 subjects aged 15-100 from the general population.2 In community-dwelling younger adults, the prevalence has been estimated at 5% to 6%.3 This prevalence increases in the community-dwelling elderly, with estimates between 25% and 58%.4–8 The importance of PLMS has been highlighted by recent investigations supporting a relationship between PLMS, cardiovascular disease, and autonomic activation.9–11 Because of the high prevalence of PLMS in the elderly, it has been argued that PLMS may not be a risk factor for disease, but rather a marker of aging or other health attributes.
Current Knowledge/Study Rationale: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of periodic limb movements in a population-based sample of older men, and assess whether polysomnographic outcomes and clinical symptoms correlated with periodic limb movements. Prior work in elderly women reported detailed polysomnographic data, and showed that periodic limb movements were common and were associated with altered polysomnographic outcomes, but were not associated with changes in subjective sleepiness.
Study Impact: This study reports detailed polysomnographic data in a large population-based cohort of elderly men. Periodic limb movements were common. Periodic limb movements causing EEG arousals, and those not causing EEG arousals, were both associated with altered polysomnographic outcomes. Similar to previous reports, periodic limb movements were not associated with changes in subjective sleepiness.
PLMS and its relationship to sleep was previously reported in 455 community-dwelling elderly women in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF).12 Results showed that in this cohort of older women, the prevalence of PLMI ≥ 5 was 66% and PLMI ≥ 15 was 52%. In SOF, when defining PLMS using a definition requiring associated arousal with each leg movement (PLMA), the prevalence for PLMA ≥ 5 was 27% and for PLMA ≥ 15 was 6%. Compared to the PLMI, an elevated PLMA was more consistently associated with poor sleep, including lower sleep efficiency, higher arousal index, more time spent in stages 1 and 2, and less time in stage 3-4 and REM sleep. Although both the PLMI and PLMA have been used clinically, it is not clear which, if not both, of these measures may be most useful to identify those with disturbed sleep architecture, which may indicate a need for treatment. The clinical significance of PLMs on daytime function remains unknown, and the results in elderly women did not show an association with Epworth score.
The present study determined the prevalence of PLMS and their association with objective measures of sleep architecture in 2,872 older men participating in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study (MrOS).13,14 The present study assessed: (1) whether increasing severity of PLMS was associated with objective evidence of poorer sleep and subjective daytime sleepiness; and (2) whether stronger associations were evident when PLMS were defined by leg movements associated with cortical EEG arousals (PLMA) as compared to indices that included periodic leg movements without cortical arousals (PLMI).
From March 2000 through April 2002, 5,994 men who were at least 65 years of age were recruited for participation in the baseline examination of MrOS.14 Men were recruited from population based listings in 6 regions of the United States.13 Men with a history of bilateral hip replacement and men who were unable to walk without the assistance of another person were excluded from the study. From December 2003 through March 2005, MrOS participants were invited to participate in an ancillary study to identify outcomes of sleep disorders in older men (MrOS Sleep Study). To participate in the MrOS Sleep Study, men had to agree to a comprehensive sleep assessment that included validated sleep questionnaires, an in-clinic interview, a series of clinical measures, and a single overnight in-home PSG study. Of the 5,994 men enrolled in the overall study, 3,135 (> 100% of goal of 3,000) completed the MrOS Sleep examination. Of these, 2,872 men underwent PSG with PLMS measurement and are the subject of this analysis. The remaining 263 men were missing PSG data because the measure was not performed (n = 179), the collected data was unusable due to poor signal quality (n = 45), or the wake/sleep scoring was unreliable (n = 39).
The institutional review board (IRB) at each center approved the study protocol, and written informed consent was obtained from all subjects.
In-home sleep studies using unattended PSG (Safiro, Compumedics, Inc., Melbourne, AU) were performed. The PSG recordings were completed within 1 month of the clinic visit (mean 6.9 ± 15.8 days from visit), with 78% of recordings gathered within 1 week of the clinic visit. The recording montage consisted of C3/A2 and C4/A1 electroencephalograms, bilateral electroculograms, a bipolar submental electromyogram, thoracic and abdominal respiratory inductance plethysmography, airflow (using nasal-oral thermocouple and nasal pressure cannula), finger pulse oximetry; lead I electrocardiogram, body position (mercury switch sensor), and bilateral leg movements (piezoelectric sensors). Centrally trained and certified staff members performed home visits for setup of the sleep study units. After sensors were placed and calibrated, signal quality and impedance were checked, and sensors were repositioned as needed to improve signal quality using approaches similar to those in the Sleep Health Heart Study.15 Staff returned the next morning to collect the equipment and download the data to the Central Sleep Reading Center (Cleveland, OH) for centralized scoring by a trained technician using standard criteria.16,17
Polysomnography data quality were excellent, with a failure rate < 4%, and > 70% of studies graded as being of excellent or outstanding quality. Quality codes for signals and studies were graded using previously described approaches, which included coding the duration of artifact-free data per channel and overall study quality (reflecting the combination of grades for each channel).15
PLMS were scored according to standard AASM criteria at the time, in which individual movements were scored as a PLM if duration was between 0.5 and 5 sec and when there was a clear amplitude increase from baseline in leg channels.18 To be considered periodic, ≥ 4 movements needed to occur in succession no less and no more than 5 and 90 sec apart. The periodic limb movement index (PLMI) was the total number of periodic leg movements per hour of sleep. Leg movements occurring after respiratory events were excluded unless they were part of a 4 (or more) movement cluster with ≥ 2 movements occurring independently of respiratory events. The periodic limb movement arousal index (PLMA) was the total number of periodic leg movements per hour of sleep in which EEG arousal occurred within 3 sec of movement termination.12
PSG data, including sleep stage distributions, apnea and hypopneas and arousals, were scored by the centralized Case Western University Reading Center, using published criteria in effect at the time of the analysis.16,19 Arousals were scored according to AASM criteria; i.e., abrupt changes in EEG following ≥ 10-sec period of sleep, which in REM also required an increase in EMG activity.17
The PLMI and PLMA were examined as quintiles. Sleep efficiency was defined as the time asleep divided by the sleep period time. Sleep stage distribution was characterized by the percent of total sleep time spent in each stage of sleep (i.e., % sleep stage 1, 2, 3-4, and REM). The Arousal Index (ArI) was calculated as the number of EEG arousals per hour of sleep. The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was calculated as the sum of all apneas and hypopneas that were each associated with ≥ 3% desaturation divided by total sleep time and was examined continuously and using the cutpoints of ≥ 5 and ≥ 15.
Self-reported information about daytime sleepiness was assessed using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS).20 The standard cutpoint of ESS > 10 was used to define excessive daytime sleepiness.21
Participants also completed questionnaires regarding demographics, medical history, physical activity, and alcohol use. History of cardiovascular disease was defined as self-report of physician diagnosis of myocardial infarction, angina, or congestive heart failure, or self-report of coronary bypass surgery, angioplasty, or pacemaker implant. History of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was defined as self-reported physician diagnosis of COPD, chronic bronchitis, asthma, or emphysema.
Cognitive function was assessed with the Modified Mini-Mental State examination (MMSE) with higher scores representing better cognitive functioning.22 The Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) measured level of physical activity, with higher scores representing greater physical activity.23 To assess function, subjects were asked whether they had difficulty performing any of 5 instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), which included walking 2-3 blocks, climbing 10 steps, preparing meals, performing heavy housework, and shopping.24,25 The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) was used to assess depressive symptoms, with higher scores representing more depressive symptoms.26 Prescription and nonprescription medications were inventoried, verified by pill bottle examination, and matched to ingredient(s) using the Iowa Drug Information Service (IDIS) Drug Vocabulary (College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA).27
During the home or clinic visits, body weight was measured with a standard balance beam or digital scale and height with a wall-mounted Harpenden stadiometer (Holtain, England); these measurements were used to determine body mass index (BMI), calculated as weight (kilograms)/height (meters2).
Participant characteristics and sleep outcomes were summarized using means and standard deviations (SD) for continuous data and counts and percentages for categorical data. Participant characteristics were examined to determine if there was a significant difference between the 2,872 men in our analysis and those 263 who did not have PLMS data gathered. Participant characteristics and sleep parameter differences across the PLMI and PLMA quintiles were also examined using ANOVA for normally distributed continuous data, Kruskal-Wallis tests for skewed continuous data, and χ2 tests for categorical data.
Linear regression models were used to examine the relationships between the PLMS predictors and the continuous outcomes of sleep architecture, the arousal index, and sleep efficiency. Though the distributions of stage 1, stage 3-4, the arousal index, and sleep efficiency were skewed, nonparametric (bootstrap) analysis on the original (untransformed) scale showed virtually the same results as the normality-based analyses on the original scale. Since those levels of skewness had virtually no impact, the outcomes were not transformed and were analyzed on the original scale. Adjusted means and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the PLMI and PLMA quintiles were calculated using the least-squares means procedure. Covariates were included in the models if they were related to either the PLMI or PLMA predictors at p < 0.10 in univariate analyses. All models were adjusted for age, race, site, PASE score, IADL impairment, GDS score, history of cardiovascular disease, history of hypertension, antidepressant medication use, and AHI. To determine whether the associations between PLMS predictors and sleep outcomes were driven by men with obstructive sleep apnea, the models were re-run in the subset of men with AHI < 15.
Statistical analyses were completed using SAS version 9.1.3 (SAS Inc., Cary, NC) and Stata version 12.0 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX).
The mean age of the 2,872 men included in this analysis was 76.4 years; over 90% were Caucasian; and half were hypertensive (Table 1). There were no differences between the 2,872 men with PLMS data and the 263 without PLMS data, except that a higher percentage of the men with PLMS data were Caucasian (90.7% vs. 80.6%, p < 0.0001), their mean (± SD) MMSE score was higher (92.7 ± 6.2 vs. 91.5 ± 8.3, p = 0.02), and their mean GDS score was lower (1.8 ± 2.2 vs. 2.2 ± 2.5, p = 0.008) (data not shown).
Characteristics by PLMI quintile
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2,034 participants (70.8%) had PLMI ≥ 5.323 (11.3%) had PLMI of 5 to < 15, and 1,711 (59.6%) had PLMI ≥ 15. Mean PLMI was 35.6 ± 37.5, with a median of 23.9 (interquartile range 3.3-56.1). Characteristics of the participants by quintiles of PLMI are presented in Table 1. Men in the higher PLMI quintiles were older on average and more likely to be Caucasian than men in the lower quintiles (p < 0.0001). These men were more likely to have an IADL impairment (p < 0.0001), and, on average, had more depressive symptoms (p = 0.04). A higher percentage of the men with elevated PLMI reported cardiovascular disease (p = 0.002), but there was no association with renal disease.
In unadjusted analyses, PLMI was significantly, although only modestly, associated with percentage time spent in stage 2, stage 3-4, REM, arousal index, and sleep efficiency (Table 2). Higher PLMI was associated with more time in stage 2 sleep (p < 0.0001), less time in stage 3-4 sleep (p < 0.0001), less time in REM sleep (p = 0.005), lower sleep efficiency (p = 0.006), and higher ArI (p < 0.0001). Differences in sleep architecture indices were largest when comparing men in the highest PLMI quintile (≥ 65.1) to men with PLMI quintiles of 1 to 4, This comparison showed that those with a PLMI in the highest quintile spent a greater percentage of time in stage 2 sleep (unadjusted mean ± SD 64.7% ± 9.8% vs. 62.2% ± 9.6%), less time in stage 3-4 sleep (10.1% ± 8.7% vs. 11.5% ± 9.1%) and REM sleep (18.3% ± 6.9% vs. 19.4% ± 6.6%), had higher ArI (25.8 ± 13.1 vs. 23.1 ± 11.3), and lower sleep efficiency (74.4% ± 13.1% vs. 76.5% ± 11.7%) (all p < 0.004). These differences were statistically significant, but small in magnitude. There was no significant association between PLMI and stage 1 or ESS score.
Sleep characteristics by PLMI quintile
Multivariable analyses were performed to determine if the unadjusted associations remained after adjustment for age, race, site, physical activity score, IADL impairment, GDS score, history of cardiovascular disease, history of hypertension, antidepressant medication use, and AHI (Table 3). Adjusted linear regression analyses showed that higher PLMI continued to be significantly associated with many sleep outcomes, including more time spent in stage 2 sleep (p-trend < 0.0001), decreased stage 3-4 sleep (p-trend < 0.0001), and higher ArI (p-trend < 0.0001). Multivariate analyses were repeated in the subset with AHI < 15 (n = 1,620) and confirmed these results. Comparison of the highest quintile of PLMI to quintiles 1-4 by multivariate analyses showed virtually the same results as the unadjusted analyses. Quintile comparison in the subset with AHI < 15, confirmed results for stages 2, 3-4, and ArI, and were also statistically significant for REM and sleep efficiency.
Sleep architecture and arousal index by quintile of PLMI and PLMA*
Seven hundred eighty-eight participants (27.4%) had PLMA ≥ 5; 623 (21.7%) had PLMA 5 to < 15; and 165 (5.8%) had PLMA ≥ 15. Mean PLMA was 4.1 ± 5.7, with a median of 1.8 (interquartile range 0.3-5.5). The Spearman correlation between PLMI and PLMA was 0.86 (p < 0.0001). Characteristics of the participants by quintiles of PLMA are shown in Table 4. Men in the higher PLMA quintiles were older on average and more likely to be Caucasian than men in the lower quintiles (p < 0.0001). A higher percentage of the men with elevated PLMA reported cardiovascular disease (p = 0.01) and were more likely to be taking SSRI medication (p = 0.03), but there were no differences between the PLMA quintiles for other comorbidities, including history of renal disease.
Characteristics by PLMA quintile
In unadjusted analyses, participants with a higher PLMA had, on average, a shorter sleep duration, spent greater percentage time in stage 1 and stage 2 sleep and less percentage time in stage 3-4 and REM sleep, had a higher ArI, and had lower sleep efficiency (all p < 0.0001) (Table 5). Similar to the analysis of PLMI, these associations were driven by men with the highest PLMA quintile (≥ 6.8). Compared to men in quin-tiles 1-4 of PLMA, men in the highest quintile spent a greater percentage of time in Stage 1 sleep (unadjusted mean ± SD 7.7% ± 5.1% vs. 6.6% ± 4.1%), more time in stage 2 sleep (65.6% ± 9.5% vs. 62.0% ± 9.6%), less time in stage 3-4 sleep (9.1% ± 8.1% vs. 11.8% ± 9.1%) and REM sleep (17.6% ± 6.9% vs. 19.6% ± 6.6%), had higher ArI (33.8 ± 13.0 vs. 21.1 ± 9.9), and lower sleep efficiency (72.5% ± 13.4% vs. 77.0% ± 11.5%) (all p < 0.0001). Participants with a higher PLMA also had a higher AHI (p = 0.003). There was no significant association between PLMA and ESS score. The relationship between PLMA and sleep stage distribution, the arousal index, and sleep efficiency remained significant after multivariate adjustment (all p ≤ 0.005) (Table 3). Comparison of the highest quintile of PLMA to quintiles 1-4 by multivariate analyses showed virtually the same results as the unadjusted analysis. Multivariate analyses and quintile comparison were repeated in the cohort subset with AHI < 15 (n = 1,620) which confirmed both analyses.
Sleep characteristics by PLMA quintile
The results of this study in 2,872 subjects demonstrate that periodic limb movements in sleep are common in elderly men. Overall, we found a strikingly high prevalence of PLMS when using a PLMI threshold of 5 (71%) or 15 (60%). When using a PLMA threshold of 5 (27%) or 15 (6%) as a disease-defining metric, PLMS was common but less prevalent. Importantly, both metrics were associated with poorer sleep outcomes after multivariate adjustment for various possible confounders. A higher PLMA was consistently associated with more frequent arousals, lower sleep efficiency, and a pattern of altered sleep stages suggesting lighter sleep (more stage 1 and 2 and less stage 3-4 and REM). Except for stage 1, REM and sleep efficiency, similar findings were consistently observed for PLMI. These results suggest that leg movements that do not cause arousals as well as those that do cause arousals are associated with perturbed sleep quality, although on average, these associations are modest in this sample with relatively low stage 3-4 sleep and a high arousal index. The highest quintile of PLMI (≥ 65.1) and PLMA (≥ 6.8) had the strongest association and showed the largest magnitude of effect on sleep outcomes, and PLMA had a larger magnitude effect across more sleep outcomes. Despite associations with PSG indices of sleep quality, neither PLMI nor PLMA was associated with daytime sleepiness, based on ESS score.
A significant association of sleep quality with PLMI differs from our prior report in the SOF (female) cohort. Potential explanations for why PLMI had a stronger effect on sleep outcomes in men could include the higher power of the larger MrOS study and ability to detect relatively small effects. Alternatively, sleep architecture in older women is generally better than in older men,28 and thus it is possible that the sleep of women is less sensitive to disturbances than in men.
The results of this study in older men and the SOF study in elderly women support the hypothesis that PLMS increase with age, as suggested by Coleman29 and Ancoli-Israel.5 However, studies to date including the current study have been cross-sectional, and the extent to which longitudinal changes in PLMS occur within aging subjects is unclear. The longitudinal data of Gehrman4 in a small subset of the San Diego community cohort did not show an increase at 18-year follow-up, emphasizing the need for further longitudinal assessments to better determine the extent to which PLMS represents age-dependent pathophysiology.
Subjective sleepiness, as defined by an ESS > 10, was present only in 13.1% of the cohort. The lack of an association of either the PLMI or PLMA with subjective sleepiness may be due to several factors, including the low prevalence of subjective sleepiness in the cohort, potential insensitivity of the ESS to daytime functional impairment in elderly populations,30 lack of tight correlation between subjective sleep (ESS) and objective sleep measures (PSG),30 or because of the relative modest association between PLMS and indices of sleep quality. Consistent with other studies, the clinical effect of PLMs on daytime sleepiness has not been established; the sleep stage changes in this study did not correlate with subjective sleepiness based on ESS score. Since both an elevated PLMI and elevated PLMA were previously shown in MrOS to predict cardiovascular disease, other serious health outcomes besides daytime sleepiness should be considered when evaluating PLMS.19
In considering prevalence estimates for PLMS, it is important to note that the optimal criterion for diagnosing PLMS is unknown, as are the implications of using alternative sensors for quantifying frequency of leg movements. More specifically, PLMS has been defined using cutoff values of both PLMI ≥ 531 and PLMI ≥ 15.1 Since it is evident that leg movements increase with aging, it is likely that cutoff values may need to be modified to reflect the age distribution of the study sample. Although the PLMI and PLMA were highly correlated, the frequency of leg movements associated with arousals was much lower. Our data that the highest quintiles of PLMI (≥ 65.1) and PLMA (≥ 6.8) showed the largest associations with indices of sleep quality supports the position that alternative threshold values for identifying abnormality may need to be used that account for the underlying distributions of PLMS in each respective population, reflecting age and comorbidity as well as recording techniques.
Our study had a number of strengths including a large sample size with standard scoring of PSG-derived data. Our sample focused on an older male population in whom there has been only limited prior objective sleep data. Enrollment of these community-dwelling men was not determined on the basis of PLMS, so our results are generalizable to other community samples. The importance of understanding determinants and measurement issues related to sleep disturbances in older men is underscored by the high prevalence of subjective symptoms of sleep problems and the frequency of chronic comorbidities in this population. The sleep and leg movement data were objectively scored independently of one another by a group of highly trained scorers, providing reliable information that allowed various sleep indices to be independently compared. The sleep component of MrOS was added after the original recruitment, so there was less likelihood of recruitment bias for sleep symptoms. Further, the characteristics of the large percentage of participants with PLMS data in the study were similar to those for the small percentage of the MrOS cohort without PLMS data, supporting the generalizability of the findings to other community based populations of older men.
Our cross-sectional study had a few limitations. Because our population consisted of older men, results cannot be generalized to other groups such as women, younger people, or certain ethnic groups not broadly represented in MrOS. Our scoring algorithm for leg movements explicitly excluded movement clusters that were exclusively associated with respiratory events; however, since we did not measure esophageal pressure, we could not exclude upper airway resistance events as a cause of PLMS. In addition, our questionnaire did not include validated restless leg questions or information about iron deficiency, which prevented analysis of the relationship between restless leg symptoms and objective polysomnographic outcomes. It is possible that the physiological impact of PLMS differs in subgroups with and without daytime symptoms of restless legs syndrome. Leg movements were measured by piezo sensors, which are commonly used clinically, rather than by EMG. The optimal method for quantifying leg movements is an area of active investigation. In preliminary unpublished work using both piezo sensors and EMG electrodes, we observed similar patterns of PLMS. Specifically, in a sample of 51 subjects studied at the Sleep Reading Center studied with both piezoelectric and leg EMG sensors, with leg movements assessed by the piezoelectrodes annotated using the rules applied to the MrOS sample and the EMG data analyzed using newly published leg movement scoring rules,32 a correlation coefficient of 0.81 was observed, indicating an excellent level of agreement. Finally, information regarding RLS symptoms and iron deficiency was not available, so whether or not these findings can be extrapolated to RLS is unclear. Although PLMS occur in approximately 80% of RLS sufferers, it occurs in several other conditions and often in the elderly without RLS symptoms.5,11,33–35 A single measurement of PLMS at baseline does not account for night-to-night variability and changes in PLMS over time.
In summary, these PSG data indicate that PLMS are very common in older men. An elevated PLMI and an elevated PLMA were both associated with a consistent, albeit a modest, pattern of sleep disruption, suggesting that both PLMI and PLMA contribute to poor sleep quality. The highest quintiles for PLMA and PLMI showed the strongest effect on sleep outcomes, particularly PLMA. Similar to data reported in elderly women in SOF, neither the PLMI nor PLMA was associated with daytime sleepiness. As the population continues to age, these results highlight the need for further research to better determine if there is a threshold level of PLMA and PLMI that identifies older participants at increased risk for comorbidity or functional limitations.
This was not an industry supported study. This work was performed at the San Francisco Coordinating Center, University of California, San Francisco, and Case Western Reserve University. The authors have indicated no financial conflicts of interest. There was no intervention. There was no off-label or investigational treatment. The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study is supported by National Institutes of Health funding. The following institutes provide support: the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), the National Institute on Aging (NIA), the National Center for Research Resources (NCRR), and NIH Roadmap for Medical Research under the following grant numbers: U01 AR45580, U01 AR45614, U01 AR45632, U01 AR45647, U01 AR45654, U01 AR45583, U01 AG18197, U01-AG027810, and UL1 RR024140. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) provides funding for the MrOS Sleep ancillary study "Outcomes of Sleep Disorders in Older Men" under the following grant numbers: R01 HL071194, R01 HL070848, R01 HL070847, R01 HL070842, R01 HL070841, R01 HL070837, R01 HL070838, and R01 HL070839.
American Academy of Sleep Medicine
apnea-hypopnea index
analysis of variance
arousal index
body mass index
confidence interval
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Epworth Sleepiness Scale
Geriatric Depression Scale
instrumental activities of daily living
Mini-Mental State Examination
Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study
Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly
periodic leg movement causing EEG arousals index (periodic leg movements causing EEG arousals per hour of sleep)
periodic leg movement index (periodic leg movements per hour of sleep)
periodic limb movements in sleep
rapid eye movement
standard deviation
Study of Osteoporotic Fractures
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
Investigators in the Outcomes of Sleep Disorders in Older Men study (MrOS Sleep)
Coordinating Center (California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute and University of California, San Francisco): K.L. Stone (Principal Investigator), D.C. Bauer (co-Investigator), S.R. Cummings (co-Investigator), N. Goldschlager (co-Investigator), P. Varosy (co-Investigator), K. Yaffe (co-Investigator), P.M. Cawthon (co-Investigator), R. Fullman (Project Director), R. Benard, T. Blackwell, L. Concepcion, J. Diehl, S. Ewing, C. Fox, M. Jaime-Chavez, E. Kwan, S. Litwack, W. Liu, L.Y. Lui, J. Schneider, R. Scott, D. Tanaka, J. Ziarno; Administrative Center (Oregon Health & Sciences University): E. Orwoll (Principal Investigator), K. Phipps (co-Investigator), L. Marshall (co-Investigator), J. Babich Blank (Project Director), L. Lambert, B. Chan, D. Neevel; University of Alabama, Birmingham: C.E. Lewis (Principal Investigator), J. Shikany (co-Investigator), P. Johnson (Project Director), C. Oden, S. House, N. Webb, K. Hardy, S. Felder, J. Wilkoff, J. King, T. Johnsey, M. Young, J. Smith, C. Sassaman, C. Collier, C. Atkins; University of Minnesota: K. Ensrud (Principal Investigator), H. Fink (co-Investigator), D. King (Program Manager), N. Michaels (Asst. Program Manager), N. Nelson (Clinic Coordinator), C. Bird, D. Blanks, F. Imker-Witte, K. Moen, M. Paudel, M. Slindee; Stanford University: M. Stefanick (Principal Investigator), A. Hoffman (co-Investigator), K. Kent, B. Malig, S. Wong; University of Pittsburgh: J. Cauley (Principal Investigator), J. Zmuda (co-Investigator), M. Danielson (Study Administrator), L. Harper (Project Director), L. Buck (Clinic Coordinator), M. Nasim, D. Cusick, M. Gorecki, N. Watson, C. Bashada, C. Newman; University of California, San Diego: E. Barrett-Connor (Principal Investigator), S. Ancoli-Israel (co-Investigator), T. Dam (co-Investigator), ML Carrion-Petersen (Project Director), P. Miller, N. Kamantigue; Central Sleep Reading Center: S. Redline (Principal Investigator), S. Surovec (Project Administrator), N. Scott (Chief Polysomnologist), N. Johnson (Programmer Analyst), J. Arnold (Polysomnologist), R. Nawabit (Polysomnologist), J. Romaniuk (Polysomnologist), S. Seicean (Polysomnologist).
American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International Classification of Sleep Disorders. Diagnostic and Coding Manual. 2005. 2nd ed. Westchester, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine.
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Walters AS, Rye DB, authors. Review of the relationship of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movements in sleep to hypertension, heart disease, and stroke. Sleep. 2009;32:589–97. [PubMed Central][PubMed]
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Coelho FM, Georgsson H, Narayansingh M, Swartz RH, Murray BJ, authors. Higher prevalence of periodic limb movements of sleep in patients with history of stroke. J Clin Sleep Med. 2010;6:428–30. [PubMed Central][PubMed]
Claman DM, Redline S, Blackwell T, et al., authors. Prevalence and correlates of periodic limb movements in older women. J Clin Sleep Med. 2006;2:438–45. [PubMed]
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Johns MW, author. Sensitivity and specificity of the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT), the maintenance of wakefulness test and the epworth sleepiness scale: failure of the MSLT as a gold standard. J Sleep Res. 2000;9:5–11. [PubMed]
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Washburn RA, Smith KW, Jette AM, Janney CA, authors. The Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE): development and evaluation. J Clin Epidemiol. 1993;46:153–62. [PubMed]
Fitti JE, Kovar MG, authors. The Supplement on Aging to the 1984 National Health Interview Survey. Vital Health Stat 1. 1987;1–115.
Pincus T, Summey JA, Soraci SA Jr.; Wallston KA, Hummon NP, authors. Assessment of patient satisfaction in activities of daily living using a modified Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire. Arthritis Rheum. 1983;26:1346–53. [PubMed]
Sheikh J YJ, author. Geriatric Depression Scale: recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clin Gerontol. 1986;5:165–73.
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Redline S, Kirchner HL, Quan SF, Gottlieb DJ, Kapur V, Newman A, authors. The effects of age, sex, ethnicity, and sleep-disordered breathing on sleep architecture. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:406–18. [PubMed]
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Spira AP, Beaudreau SA, Stone KL, et al., authors. Reliability and Validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale in Older Men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2012;67:433–9. [PubMed]
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text:
This was always likely to be the race of the championships and it did not disappoint as Yelena Soboleva bettered her own World indoor record mark** by a monster 0.34 posting 3:57.71.
The imperious Russian, who has set national records for both the 800m and one mile earlier this year, as well as a 1500m World record of 3:58.05** in Moscow last month went into the championships a firm favourite.
And the tall Soboleva proved she could withstand the pressure, reversing the one-two at the 2006 World Indoor Championships with Yuliya Fomenko, who played her part in the world record performance taking silver in a new personal best of 3:59.41.
Behind them, and as a measure of the outstanding quality of the event, Ethiopia's Gelete Burka took bronze in an Area record of 3:59.75 with World outdoor 1500m champion Maryam Jamal of Bahrain also dipping below 4:00 and setting an Area record settle for fourth.
But this was real all about the Russians and Soboleva. The World indoor record holder took an immediate lead and burst through 400m in 1:03.26, tracked closely by her team-mate Fomenko. At 800m, passed in a 2:07.89, the field was already split apart with only the big four in medal contention and Fomenko taking her turn at the front to wind up the pace as the Russians adopted team tactics.
Incredibly, the relentless pace stepped up further in the second half of the race and with two and a half laps remaining the Russians had opened up clear daylight on the Ethiopian-born pair with 1200m reached in 3:11.53.
At the bell Soboleva eased into the lead and simply accelerated away from Fomenko on the final lap. The only real question remained would she smash her own World record? The answer was a resounding, yes. The second 800m was clocked unofficially at 2:05.9, the crowd almost lifting the roof for the history-making achievement.
Behind her Fomenko grimly hung on to silver with Burka, the 2006 World Cross Country short course gold medallist, taking her first global track medal for the bronze.
For Soboleva it capped a remarkable sequence of races this indoor season. She set national records of 1:56.49 for 800m and 4:20.21 for the Mile as well as her World record breaking display of 3:58.05 in Moscow in the National Championships on 10 February.
"I'm really glad about this victory here in Valencia, although I didn't expect to break the world record," Soboleva explained. "Yuliya Fomenko and myself agreed before the race to run at a speed that suited us both and that whoever was strongest would win on the last lap."
Daniela Yordanova also set a Bulgarian record of 4:04.19 for fifth.
Soboleva received a cheque of $50,000 for breaking the world mark. It was the first World record set at the championships since Russia broke the World 4x400m record at the 2004 edition in Budapest.
Steve Landells for the IAAF
**World indoor record subject to ratification
Click here for ALL Event Reports

subset: commoncrawl


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Why Athletes Should Visit a General Dentist
As an athlete, it is important to visit a general dentist on a regular basis. Keeping teeth healthy is the first line of defense against them becoming damaged while playing sports. When teeth become infected or gum disease is in the mouth, teeth are weakened and more likely to fall out or break when bumped into. Regular teeth cleanings twice a year can help to prevent oral infections by removing bacteria and plaque before it has the opportunity to create problems. If we identify any signs of cavities during these dental exams, we can treat them right away before they can create additional problems. This is an important step in keeping teeth healthy and strong.
At home, you can help your teeth to stay in good shape by brushing with fluoride toothpaste and regularly flossing. It is also important to drink plenty of water so that your body can produce the saliva it needs to wash away bacteria and food particles. A healthy diet can also strengthen teeth and should include green leafy vegetables, crunchy fruit and veggies, nuts, dairy, and lean protein. Eating these foods will help to re-mineralize teeth so that they can be strong and withstand the effects of a sports injury.
In our general dentist office, we also recommend that patients wear a mouth guard while playing sports. We can create one with the perfect fit that can be worn when practicing or playing a game. A mouth guard will hold the teeth in place and absorb some of the shock when hit. The American Dental Association has stated that over 200,000 high school and college football players are protected from injury every year, due to mouth guards. They can be used in other sports as well and should be. In fact, the University of California found that 11 out of every 100 basketball players reported dental injuries over the course of nine years at the school. Basketball players are not required to wear mouth guards, and most don't. By simply wearing them, like their football peers, many basketball players could avoid injury.
Mouth guards can be worn by younger children, as well. If your child is in elementary and playing basketball, baseball, soccer, football or any other sport, wearing a guard can protect their teeth. This is incredibly important because youth have fewer options when it comes to replacing teeth than adults too. Additionally, no parent wants to see their child suffering or in pain. When faced with the option of wearing a guard or having a tooth fall out – wearing a guard is significantly better and less invasive.
For athletes whose teeth do become damaged in a sporting accident, we can correct and restore them. As a general dentist, we have several options for doing so. We can use dental veneers to correct cracks and chips, dental crowns to restore teeth that have lost a lot of enamel or have a severe crack, and dental implants and bridges that can replace missing teeth. To keep your teeth safe, start by scheduling a dental exam and teeth cleaning.


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Welcome to our new web site!
To give our readers a chance to experience all that our new website has to offer, we have made all content freely available, through August 1, 2019.
During this time, print and digital subscribers will not need to log in to view our stories or e-editions.
So what is wassailing really all about? For a bit of background (according to Readers Digest), "The Christmas spirit often made the rich a little more generous than usual, and bands of beggars and orphans used to dance their way through the snowy streets of England, offering to sing good cheer and to tell good fortune, if the householder would give them a drink from his wassail bowl or a penny or a pork pie or let them stand for a few minutes beside the warmth of his hearth. The wassail bowl itself was a hearty combination of hot ale or beer, apples, spices and mead, just alcoholic enough to warm tingling toes and fingers of the singers."
So this year, if you're considering serving a hot holiday beverage to your guests, why not consider serving wassail in a pretty punch bowl?
Here follow two recipes for wassail—one with hard cider and brandy, the other without alcohol.
Traditional wassail
SOURCE: nourishedkitchen.com/traditional-wassail-recipe/
This traditional wassail recipe features hard cider, sugar-roasted apples, brandy and sweet spices. It is a simple, old-fashioned recipe. Serves 6
4 small apples
1 cup unrefined cane sugar
1 medium orange
13 whole cloves
2 quarts hard apple cider
1/2 cup brandy
1 tbsp powdered ginger
1 tsp grated nutmeg
6 allspice berries
2 cinnamon sticks
6 large eggs (separated)
Preheat the oven to 350 degrees Fahrenheit.
Scoop out the core of the apples without fully penetrating the apple; a melon baller works well. Fill each apple with about a tablespoon of unrefined cane sugar. Place the apples in the baking sheet. Stud an orange with 13 cloves and place it on the baking sheet. Bake the apples and orange together for 40 minutes.
While the apples and orange bake, pour apple cider and brandy into a heavy-bottomed stock pot and warm over moderately low heat. Whisk in powdered ginger and grated nutmeg. Do not bring the wassail to a boil.
Cut a square of muslin or cheesecloth, and place allspice and cinnamon into the square; tie with 100% cotton cooking twine and float this sachet of spices in the wassail as it warms.
Beat egg yolks until light in color and set aside. In a separate bowl, whip egg whites until stiff peaks form. Fold egg yolks into whites, then temper the eggs by slowly pouring one-half cup wassail into the eggs. Remove the spice sachet from the wassail and pour in eggs. Transfer to a punch bowl. Float baked apples and oranges in the wassail and serve by the mug.
Non-alcoholic wassail punch
SOURCE: allrecipes.com/recipe/wassail-punch/detail.aspx
Serves 12
2 quarts apple cider
2 cups orange juice
1/2 cup lemon juice
12 whole cloves
4 cinnamon sticks
1 pinch ground ginger
1 pinch ground nutmeg
In a slow-cooker or a large pot over low heat, combine apple cider, orange juice and lemon juice. Season with cloves, ginger and nutmeg. Bring to a simmer. If using a slow cooker, allow to simmer all day. Serve hot.


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Found 9 resultsAuthor Title Type [ Year]
Filters: Author is Bisht, Gautam [Clear All Filters]
Addressing numerical challenges in introducing a reactive transport code into a land surface model: a biogeochemical modeling proof-of-concept with CLM–PFLOTRAN 1.0. Geoscientific Model Development. 9(3):927-946.. 2016.
Modeling the spatio-temporal variability in subsurface thermal regimes across a low-relief polygonal tundra landscape. The Cryosphere Discussions. :1-32.. 2016.
Representing northern peatland microtopography and hydrology within the Community Land Model. Biogeosciences Discussions. 12(4):3381-3418.. 2015.
Estimation of net radiation from the MODIS data under all sky conditions: Southern Great Plains case study. Remote Sensing of Environment. 114:1522–1534.. 2010.
Impact of deforestation in the Amazon basin on cloud climatology.. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106:3670–4.. 2009.
Estimation and comparison of evapotranspiration from MODIS and AVHRR sensors for clear sky days over the Southern Great Plains. Remote Sensing of Environment. 103:1–15.. 2006.
Estimation of the net radiation using MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data for clear sky days. Remote Sensing of Environment. 97:52–67.. 2005.
Comparison of evaporative fractions estimated from AVHRR and MODIS sensors over South Florida. Remote Sensing of Environment. 93:77–86.. 2004.


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- Author G. D. Grace Literary Blog 2
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Author G D Grace
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Daily Archives: September 23, 2010
MTV's "If You Really Knew Me" ; Author, G. D. Grace's review
"If You Really Knew Me" – A powerful show on MTV where experts go into schools and take teenagers through a series of exercises to help them unlock interpersonal and intra-personal issues affecting the way they view themselves and others. … Continue reading
Posted in Reviews 2 Comments


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How do I file a claim against the estate of Aries Insurance Company?
The Receiver's claim filing deadline of November 14, 2003 has now passed.
In order for a claim against the estate of Aries to be considered timely-filed, completed proof of claim forms and completed W9 forms had to be submitted and postmarked by Friday, November 14, 2003.
If you believe that your proof of claim form should be considered timely-filed, you may submit supporting documentation to the Receiver to accept your proof of claim form as timely-filed. With appropriate supporting documentation, Chapter 631, Florida Statutes also gives you the right to petition the Receivership court (Second Judicial Circuit Court, Tallahassee, Leon County, Florida, case number 02 CA 1128) to accept your claim as timely-filed.
Can I still file a claim with the Florida Insurance Guaranty Association ("FIGA") for claims they may cover?
No. Per Section 631.68, Florida Statutes, the deadline for FIGA to settle claims is one year after the Receiver's court established claim filing deadline which for Aries was November 14, 2003. Therefore FIGA would only process claims up until November 14, 2004 unless a lawsuit was initiated.
Can I file a proof of claim form in the Aries estate after the filing deadline? Will it be considered late-filed?
Yes, you may file a proof of claim. However, any proof of claim form postmarked after November 14, 2003 will be processed as late-filed.
How do I obtain a proof of claim form?
If you would like a proof of claim form, please contact the Receiver by using our "Contact Us" form. Alternatively, you may contact the Receiver at #850-413-3081 (toll-free to Florida Residents by calling 800-882-3054).


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Leonardo DiCaprio's 2 1/2 hour dream epic finally got shaken out of the top spot in the summer box office, after three strong weeks.
Comedy cop caper "the Other Guys" trumped the psychodrama with a huge opening weekend, hauling $35.6 million in ticket sales, Reuters reported.
Big name costars Will Ferrel and Mark Wahlberg can both be satisfied with early sales. The last time Wahlberg had an opening weekend this big was all the way back in 2001, when the critical dud "Planet of the Apes" overcame a weak story line to earn $68.5 million in it's opening weekend.
Will Ferrel's last two films have been flops, "Land of the Lost" and "Semi-Pro."
Despite the strong opening, word of mouth buzz about "the Other Guys" has been mixed, the L.A. Timesreported. Viewers leaving the film gave it an average B- grade, according to CinemaScore, a market research firm. The audience was predominately young and male. Flixster, another film metric measurer, said audiences gave it a 69% positive rating.
"Step Up 3D," the other film to open this week, brought in a lackluster $15.5 million this week. This is the third installment of the teen dance movie series, and this opening weekend total is far frome the success of the first movie, which made $20.7 million in its first week.
The 3D film also carries a hefty price tag of $35 million, so producers Walt Disney Pictures and Summit Entertainment have a lot of work to do before they get back in black.


text: Distressed Creme Shaka and VH07V Logo on uniquely soft Solid Navy Triblend T-Shirt. 50% polyester, 25% combed and ring-spun cotton, 25% rayon. 40 single 3.8oz. Side-seamed. Retail fit. Unisex sizing. Specs: Chest to Fit: S=34-37", M=38-41", L=42-45", XL=46-49", 2XL=50-53" Body Width: S=18", M=20", L=22", XL=24", 2XL=26". Body Length (from HPS): S=28", M=29", L=30", XL=31", 2XL=32" » View All Soft Tees --- Care Info: * Machine wash warm, inside out with like colors. * Only non-chlorine bleach. * Tumble dry low. * Medium iron. Do not iron decoration. * Do not dry clean.


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Flying into the future
In a time of exciting growth at East Midlands Airport an extensive redevelopment project is underway to improve the terminal experience.
To continue to provide the highest level of customer service, all work on the airport will be carried out in stages. With initial work having already begun in November of 2012, our target for completion of this exciting project is by the end of 2014.
A particular emphasis of this Ż12 million investment will be to improve the overall terminal experience, with an additional Ż1.5 million investment dedicated to the improvement of security.


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IT'S OUR PLEDGE DRIVE EPISODE!! In this episode of Dead Pilots Society, Ben Blacker interviews Mike Royce (Everybody Loves Raymond, Men of a Certain Age, One Day at a Time) and Kevin Biegel (Cougar Town, Scrubs) regarding their dead pilot, Big, an adaptation of the 1988 motion picture starring Tom Hanks. You'll also listen to a never-before-heard live table read of Big performed by some of today's funniest comedic actors.
For more Dead Pilot Society episodes, please subscribe to the podcast! Make sure to like us on Facebook, follow us on Instagram , on Twitter, and visit our website at deadpilotssociety.com .
Don't forget to become a member of Maximum Fun to listen to our bonus content Weekend Dracula written by Steve Agee and the ATX Festival recording of Big written by Mike Royce & Kevin Biegel. Becoming a Max Fun member gives you access to bonus content from all Maximum Fun podcasts. Become a member at Maximum Fun


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No. 16 Men's Soccer Tops UNCW, 3-1
By ODU Athletics
Tanner put the Monarchs on the board in the 13th minute, taking a Phil Coates (Newcastle, England) assist and depositing it into the back of the net from eight yards out. However, in the 28th minute, Wilmington defender Tommy Miller scored on a header off Ilia Palouykov's corner kick to even the game at 1-1.
Monarch junior forward Tommy Barnicle (Liverpool, England) then made it 2-1 ODU on a 10 yard blast off the right side with just two seconds remaining in the first half. His assists came from freshman midfielder Michael Tooley (Richmond, VA) and Tanner.
With the score 2-1, Tanner again lit up the board on an unassisted blast in the 73rd minute, his 18th strike of the season. With the goal, Tanner moved into second-place all-time in Monarch history with 75 career points and sealed the victory.
The Monarch defense held UNCW to just one shot in the second half, while the ODU offense managed 10 of its own. The win assures Old Dominion its first-ever #1 seed going into next week's CAA Tournament at the Virginia Beach Sportsplex. Old Dominion will play the winner of the #8/#9 play-in game on Wednesday night at 7:30 pm.
ODU 12:33 Jimmy Tanner from Phil Coates UNCW 27:37 Tommy Miller from Ilia Palouykov ODU 44:58 Tommy Barnicle from Jimmy Tanner and Michael Tooley ODU 72:21 Jimmy Tanner unassisted
SHOTS: UNCW (6), ODU (14) CORNERS: UNCW (2), ODU (6) GOAL SAVES: UNCW-Kilgore (3), ODU-Connelly (1) FOULS: UNCW (10), ODU (11)


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It was then twenty minutes after midnight. Five or six shots had been fired from the aeronef. Uncle Prudent and Frycollim, supporting Phil Evans, had taken shelter among the rocks. They had not been hit. For the moment there was nothing to fear.
As the Albatross drifted off from Pitt Island she rose obliquely to nearly three thousand feet. It was necessary to increase the ascensional power to prevent her falling into the sea.
When the look-out man had got clear of his gag and shouted, Robur and Tom Turner had rushed up to him and torn off his bandage. The mate had then run back to the stern cabin. It was empty! Tapage had searched Frycollin's cabin, and that also was empty.
When he saw that the prisoners had escaped, Robur was seized with a paroxysm of anger. The escape meant the revelation of his secret to the world. He had not been much concerned at the document thrown overboard while they were crossing Europe, for there were so many chances that it would be lost in its fall; but now!"
As he grew calm, "They have escaped," said he. "Be it so! But they cannot get away from Pitt Island, and in a day or so I will go back! I will recapture them! And then -"
In fact, the safety of the three fugitives was by no means assured. The Albatross would be repaired, and return well in hand. Before the day was out they might again be in the power of the engineer.
Before the day was out! But in two hours the Albatross would be annihilated! The dynamite cartridge was like a torpedo fastened to her hull, and would accomplish her destruction in mid-air. The breeze freshened, and the aeronef was carried to the northeast. Although her speed was but moderate, she would be out of sight of the Chatham Islands before sunrise. To return against the wind she must have her propellers going, particularly the one in the bow.
"Tom," said the engineer, "Turn the lights full on."
"Yes, Sir."
"And all hands to work."
"Yes, Sir."
There was no longer any idea of putting off the work till tomorrow. There was now no thought of fatigue. Not one of the men of the Albatross failed to share in the feelings of his chief. Not one but was ready to do anything to recapture the fugitives!
As soon as the screw was in place they would return to the island and drop another anchor, and give chase to the fugitives. Then only would they begin repairing the stern-screw; and then the aeronef could resume her voyage across the Pacific to X Island.
It was important, above all things, that the Albatross should not be carried too far to the northeast, but unfortunately the breeze grew stronger, and she could not head against it, or even remain stationary. Deprived of her propellers she was an unguidable balloon. The fugitives on the shore knew that she would have disappeared before the explosion blew her to pieces.
Robur felt much disappointment at seeing his plans so interfered with. Would it not take him much longer than he thought to get back to his old anchorage?
While the work at the screw was actively pushed on, he resolved to descend to the surface of the sea, in the hope that the wind would there be lighter. Perhaps the Albatross would be able to remain in the neighborhood until she was again fit to work to windward.
The maneuver was instantly executed. If a passing ship had sighted the aerial machine as she sunk through the air, with her electric lights in full blaze, with what terror would she have been seized!
When the Albatross was a few hundred feet from the waves she stopped. Unfortunately Robur found that the breeze was stronger here than above, and the aeronef drifted off more rapidly. He risked being blown a long, way off to the northeast, and that would delay his return to Pitt Island. In short, after several experiments, he found it better to keep his ship well up in the air, and the Albatross went aloft to about ten thousand feet. There, if she did not remain stationary, the drifting was very slight. The engineer could thus hope that by sunrise at such an altitucle he would still be in sight of the island.
Robur did not trouble himself about the reception the fugitives might have received from the natives - if there were any natives. That they might help them mattered little to him. With the powers of offense possessed by the Albatross they would be promptly terrified and dispersed. The capture of the prisoners was certain, and once he had them again, "They will not escape from X Island!"
About one o'clock in the morning the fore-screw was finished, and all that had to be done was to get it back to its place. This would take about an hour. That done, the Albatross would be headed southwest and the stern-screw could be taken in hand.
And how about the match that was burning in the deserted cabin? The match of which more than a third was now consumed? And the spark that was creeping along to the dynamite?
Assuredly if the men of the aeronef had not been so busy one of them would have heard the feeble sputtering that, was going on in the deck-house. Perhaps he would have smelt the burning powder! He would doubtless have become uneasy! And told Tom Turner! And then they would have looked about, and found the box and the infernal machine; and then there would have been time to save this wonderful Albatross and all she bore!
But the men were at work in the bow, twenty yards away from the cabin. Nothing brought them to that part of the deck; nothing called off their attention from their work. Robur was there working with his hands, excellent mechanic as he was. He hurried on the work, but nothing was neglected, everything was carefully done. Was it not necessary that he should again become absolute master of his invention? If he did not recapture the fugitives they world get away home. They would begin inquiring into matters. They might even discover X Island, and there would be an end to this life, which the men of the Albatross had created for themselves, a life that seemed superhuman and sublime.
Tom Turner came up to the engineer. It was a quarter past one. "It seems to me, sir, that the breeze is falling, and going round to the west."
"What does the barometer say?" asked Robur, after looking up at the sky.
"It is almost stationary, and the clouds seem gathering below us."
"So they are, and it may be raining down at the sea; but if we keep above the rain it makes no difference to us. It will not interfere with the work."
"If it is raining it is not a heavy rain," said Tom. "The clouds do not look like it, and probably the wind has dropped altogether."
"Perhaps so, but I think we had better not go down yet. Let us get into going order as soon as we can, and then we can do as we like."
At a few minutes after two the first part of the work was finished. The fore-screw was in its place, and the power was turned on. The speed was gradually increased, and the Albatross, heading to the southwest, returned at moderate speed towards the Chatham Islands.
"Tom," said Robur, "It is about two hours and a half since we got adrift. The wind has not changed all the time. I think we ought to be over the island in an hour."
"Yes, sir. We are going about forty feet a second. We ought, to be there about half-past three."
"All the better. It would suit us best to get back while it is dark, and even beach the Albatross if we can. Those fellows will fancy we are a long way off to the northward, and never think of keeping a look-out. If we have to stop a day or two on the island -"
"We'll stop, and if we have to fight an army of natives?"
"We'll fight," said Robur. "We'll fight then for our Albatross."
The engineer went forward to the men, who were waiting for orders. "My lads," he said to them, "we cannot knock off yet. We must work till day comes."
They were all ready to do so. The stern-screw had now to be treated as the other had been. The damage was the same, a twisting from the violence of the hurricane during the passage across the southern pole.
But to get the screw on board it seemed best to stop the progress of the aeronef for a few minutes, and even to drive her backwards. The engines were reversed. The aeronef began to fall astern, when Tom Turner was surprised by a peculiar odor.
This was from the gas given off by the match, which had accumulated in the box, and was now escaping from the cabin. "Hallo!" said the mate, with a sniff.
"What is the matter?" asked Robur.
"Don't you smell something? Isn't it burning powder?"
"So it is, Tom."
"And it comes from that cabin."
Yes, the very cabin -"
"Have those scoundrels set it on fire?"
"Suppose it is something else!" exclaimed Robur. "Force the door, Tom; drive in the door!"
But the mate had not made one step towards it when a fearful explosion shook the Albatross. The cabins flew into splinters. The lamps went out. The electric current suddenly failed. The darkness was complete. Most of the suspensory screws were twisted or broken, but a few in the bow still revolved.
At the same instant the hull of the aeronef opened just behind the first deck-house, where the engines for the fore-screw were placed; and the after-part of the deck collapsed in space.
Immediately the last suspensory screw stopped spinning, and the Albatross dropped into the abyss.
It was a fall of ten thousand feet for the eight men who were clinging to the wreck; and the fall was even faster than it might have been, for the fore propeller was vertical in the air and still working!
It was then that Robur, with extraordinary coolness, climbed up to the broken deck-house, and seizing the lever reversed the rotation, so that the propeller became a suspender. The fall continued, but it was checked, and the wreck did not fall with the accelerating swiftness of bodies influenced solely by gravitation; and if it was death to the survivors of the Albatross from their being hurled into the sea, it was not death by asphyxia amid air which the rapidity of descent rendered unbreathable.
Eighty seconds after the explosion, all that remained of the Albatross plunged into the waves!


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Music can make a world of difference, as Whitney Kroenke Burditt is out to prove as she launches the Playing for Change Foundation. The daughter of sports and entertainment mogul Stan Kroenke chose Denver's Historic Paramount Theater as the site for the PFCF's first fund-raiser, a concert starring Keb' Mo' and Colorado's own Todd Park Mohr.
Money that the foundation generates will be used to provide such resources as facilities, supplies and educational programs to musicians and their communities around the world, particularly those in underdeveloped nations.
Projects already underway are:
* Building and supporting a music school in Guguletu, South Africa. When it is done, it will offer the township's young people an alternative to the violence and deprivation they face daily, Burditt says. In addition to building the school, the PFCF will provide musical instruments and other necessities.
* Rebuilding and enhancing Tibetan refugee centers in Dharamsala, India, and Kathmandu, Nepal. The centers provide food, medical care and shelter to Tibetans as they begin their lives in exile.
* Supporting the Mehlo Arts Center in Johannesburg, and the neighboring township of Soweto, in South Africa. The center brings together writers of poetry, drama, prose, screenwriting, critical analysis, essay writing and more. The school will invite artists from around the world to Johannesburg, providing students the opportunity to learn directly from writers in the global literary community.
Burditt is the foundation's executive director; Mark Johnson is the president; vice presidents are Dave Bacon, Heather O'Brien Bacon, Greg Johnson, Kevin Krupitzer and Jonathan Walls.
In addition to Keb' Mo' and Todd Park Mohr, other musicians taking part in the benefit were the Exile Brothers from Dharamsala; Louis Mhlanga from Johannesburg; and Roberto Luti of New Orleans.
Playing for Change Foundation is headquartered in W. Hollywood, Calif. Additional information can be found at playingforchange.com.
Pictures taken at the concert's VIP reception can be seen at denverpost.com/SeenGallery.
Denver Post Society Editor Joanne Davidson can be reached at 303-809-1314 or email@example.com. Her column appears every Sunday, Tuesday, Wednesday and Friday.


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Thursday, May 5, 2016
IIC May Challenge
6 comments:
- Saskia Pullen said...
Cool. 2nd time in a row. Can't believe it. Will mail you as soon ad i get home. Just removed the image of the card by accident. Will replace it for ya.
- May 5, 2016 at 2:52 PM
- Saskia Pullen said...
You can count me in with this challenge too! I'll have to search for an image first. Hmm. let's see.. I think I do something for a little boy! Just find a cute image with winning a spot of Favorite again. So that Would be it! A cute little kitten for a one year old boy!
- May 5, 2016 at 4:46 PM
- crafty-stamper said...
Thank you for choosing my card in your Top 3 -congrats to the other ladies and delighted to be Guest Designer -thank you ladies
Carol x
- May 6, 2016 at 4:34 PM
- Susan Kennedy said...
Fantastic DT Creations! Carol's cream colored card is beautiful! Love the twine and ribbon together. All the dies are wonderful!! The flowers are perfect! Love it!! Thanks for another fun challenge!
- Susan, {Scrap A Thousand Words}
{Sentimental Susan - Etsy}
{Sentimental Susan - Zibbet}
{Open-Minded Crafting Fun Challenges}
- May 10, 2016 at 12:20 PM
- CraftyGirl said...
Wow, Super challenge!! Had fun playing along and seeing all the lovely makes! Thank you so much. Hugs :-) See you next challenge!!!
- May 12, 2016 at 12:59 PM
We reviewed dozens of online dating agencies. Here's our https://wizzlove.com/reviews/victoriamilan-review review.
- July 23, 2019 at 8:31 PM


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Find support information, product highlights, featured content, downloads and more for Intel® Server Products
This article defines the differences between using SAS or SATA hard drives.
Troubleshooting information for this error.
This article describes the features, functionality, and high-level architecture for Intel® server products.
View and download specific drivers and software for your system.
Find and share solutions with Intel users across the world.
All the information you need at your fingertips.
Find answers to your questions about service and warranty options for your Intel branded product.


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What Is Soldering and How Do You Use Solder Tools?
Soldering (pronounced "soddering") involves a material called solder that melts when placed on a hot object; the melted solder cools and forms a bond between two items. Your most basic soldering tool is a soldering iron with a soldering station.
A soldering station holds your hot soldering iron and keeps your solder and tip cleaner organized. Purchase a small 15- to 30-watt soldering iron made for electronics and a soldering station. Also buy thin .032-inch-diameter rosin-core solder. You can purchase these at your local Radio Shack and other places.
Don't use a big soldering iron and the big 1/4-inch, acid-core solder used for plumbing, which are typically found at home improvement stores. If you do, you might damage sensitive electronic components. Use rosin-core solder to form the bond in your projects.
Figure 1 shows the basic process of soldering. Figure 2 zooms in on the process.
How to solder
The best technique for soldering is simple, so repeat this mantra: Heat the metal, not the solder. For example, you heat the metal of a component pin and the metal of a circuit board pad simultaneously, and then you touch the tip of the rosin-core solder to the pad or the pin, but not to the iron. If you have sufficiently heated the two metals (the pad and the pin), they will heat the solder, which then flows quickly to both the pad and the component pin. See Figure 3 for an example of good and bad solder joints.
It's also important to know which piece to solder to which other pieces. For example, a pad is the little copper metallic doughnut around a circuit board hole that you can put a component pin through. A trace is one of the copper lines on the circuit board. You usually solder a component to a pad, not directly to a trace.
When you need to undo solder mistakes
If you do make a mistake with solder, you'll be glad to know that you can undo a bad solder. One method is to just heat up the bad solder and then suck it away with a solder sucker, a desoldering pump you can purchase.
Another way to remove unwanted solder is to use copper braiding. You put the braiding on top of the solder that you want to remove and heat it with your soldering iron. The copper braiding absorbs the unwanted solder. You then discard the used copper braiding.
Ten tips for successful soldering
Because soldering is an important skill, you'll want to master the basic techniques quickly. Here are some essential tips to good soldering:
- Remember the old joke about knowing which end of the soldering iron to hold on to? Seriously, a soldering iron can burn you or cause a fire. Liquid solder can cause severe burns too, so always use caution when melting solder.
- When you solder something, it will remain hot for many minutes. Always grab parts with pliers to avoid getting burned even after the soldering iron is removed.
- Purchase the correct solder type and width, as well as the correct soldering iron and tip. Think small tip and thin solder.
- Some soldering kits include training materials to help you master the art of soldering. Although people can tell you how to solder, good soldering requires hands-on experience. Take the time to solder a few cheap test components into a test prototype board to get your technique down before using your skills on somewhat more costly electronic parts.
- If your solder looks like a clump of wadded-up aluminum foil, you've soldered it incorrectly. The solder should look smooth and shiny and must cling to both items (for example the component pin or wire and PCB pad) to make a good connection.
- Incorrect soldering (such as cold solder joints) can lead to all sorts of problems that can be hard to track down.
- Be careful not to apply your soldering iron for long periods of time. Otherwise, you can damage sensitive components or burn up a circuit board trace. You should solder quickly so that your components or trace don't stay hot for too long.
- You should always make a mechanical connection before making a solder connection. For example, check to make sure the component pin actually touches the wall of the pad hole before you solder it. This will ensure that your soldering goes quickly and smoothly and will help to keep a solder joint from "bridging" to the pin and separating.
- You may want to flux before soldering to get a cleaner solder. Flux is a pasty, greasy, oily substance that helps to clean the metallic surfaces being soldered. It also helps you produce smooth solder joints that adhere well to pin and pad surfaces.
- Rosin-core solder has flux conveniently within the solder, so fluxing is usually not necessary. However, for a dirty or older solder joint, where the flux may have dissipated, you may want to brush a little flux on to help you rework the old solder joints and make them clean and smooth again. You can purchase a small can of flux at just about any electronics store.
- Only experience will tell you if you have soldered correctly, so ask an experienced soldering friend to check your work. Doing so can save you hours of debugging time later.
Keep your soldering tools clean
You should perform preventative maintenance and regular cleaning to prolong your soldering iron's life. Don't let your soldering iron tip get dirty. While your soldering iron is hot, clean the tip often with a bit of tip cleaner and a moist sponge or paper towel. Remember: A dirty soldering iron will make terrible solder joints.
While your soldering iron is hot, you may want to tin the tip with solder to get it shiny and clean and to remove any dross or rosin. Tinning also helps prevent oxidation. To tin the tip, get your soldering iron hot and then coat the tip with solder. Your tip should look like chrome or silver.
Always unplug your soldering iron when you're finished using it to help prevent oxidizing and burning up the tip.


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A couple of pieces I'm very proud of — a look at some of the great Christmas stories on TV over the years.
Here's a look at the many Rankin-Bass Specials, and how they do (or don't) tie together.
And here's a look at everything from Charlie Brown and the Grinch to more obscure ones like He-Man and She-Ra, The Snowman, Jim Henson's Muppets, and many more! Even David Bowie shows up!


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If you want to convert EML to PST then you can use EML to PST conversion Tool is the best and easy way for transferring email files generated by various email clients such as Windows Live mail, Outlook Express, Mozilla Thunderbird and others into MS Outlook.
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6. Highly intuitive and User friendly wizard-based interface
find more information about the software here: http://www.free.emltopstconversion.org/
EML to PST Converter
Use this forum to get a solution for any technical issue that you have with Letter Creator
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Re: EML to PST Converter
If you going to change your email clients from Windows Live Mail, Mozilla Thunderbird, Eudora and so on to MS Outlook. You can use third party too (Kernel for EML to PST) to convert eml to pst format. It gives you complete solution. If you need a fast and reliable EML to PST converter then you can use this software. Find more details here: http://www.2013.emltooutlook.net/
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Demo is WordPress installation of this Theme. You will get commented HTML files with dummy content, where the most important is explained. No HTML Demo of this any more, because obviously some people just grab the files.
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