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BACKGROUND IMAGE: iSTOCK/GETTY IMAGES
- FeatureSnap Hints at Next-Gen NAS
- FeaturePST Files Spell Trouble for Storage Administrators
- FeatureStorage SLAs--get ready
- FeatureModernize mainframe storage
- FeatureSCSI Drives Bow Out of Capacity Race
- TipNext-generation NAS
- FeatureCaches with the Write Stuff
- ArticleOff-site copies on the cheap
- FeatureVeritas Dumps Bare Metal Restore for TSM
- FeatureMidrange Arrays Inherit High-End Smarts
- ArticleOptimize database storage
- ArticleInside the new Symmetrix
- FeatureTypes of Block Data Replication
- FeatureDefinitions
- FeatureVirtualization in the switch? Not so fast
- FeatureCan Brocade's SilkWorm 12000 take the pain out of expanding your SAN?
- FeatureSnapshot: Where do you store end-user files?
- FeatureThe iSCSI rollout--it's about time.
- FeatureMeasuring data storage utlization
- FeatureHot Spots: Storage services groups
- FeatureWhat's new with you?
iSTOCK/GETTY IMAGES
Inside the new Symmetrix
Inside the new Symmetrix
- Michael Desmond, MSDN Magazine
When it comes to data storage, there is no such thing as enough. Just ask Marshall Gibbs, director of IT for Information Resources, Inc. (IRI). He manages the data warehouse and mining operation at IRI, a provider of consumer intelligence to companies in the pharmaceuticals and consumer packaging sectors. With 122 TB of active data residing on the company's SAN, Gibbs is challenged to deliver more data, more quickly and reliably, than ever before. The stakes are high for both IRI and its customers."These are multi-multi-million dollar business decisions they are making based on insights we provide," Gibbs explains. "It's very mission critical information to them. And they will tell you and Wall Street will tell you, if the data goes dark for a little while with one of these retailers, their stock tanks."
But the problem hasn't been deploying enough storage to handle fast-growing databases. It's been getting that data and analytics to customers quickly enough to deliver a competitive advantage. "The Symmetrix [8530 units] have been extremely solid for us in terms of overall performance, but the fact is we couldn't get enough data off them fast enough," says Gibbs, adding "we've been forced to spread storage across multiple chassis to get enough throughput." Instead of waiting for a successor to the fifth-generation Symmetrix, many storage managers have bought from Hitachi Data Systems (HDS) and IBM, causing Symmetrix users to ask whether the vaunted "Symm" was still the Rolls Royce of storage. Would they get better performance from the HDS Lightning 9900 V, with it's cross-bar architecture? Should they bring in the IBM Enterprise Storage System for its better pricing?
A first look at the new Symmetrix suggests that EMC has dramatically improved performance and value. The buzz over the last year has been that "Symm 6" would be nothing new, but it is, in fact, a radical departure from any existing storage subsystem architectures.
King of the hill
EMC moved to stop the bleeding, unveiling its sixth-generation Symmetrix under the moniker Symmetrix DMX. The new array has an interconnect architecture -- called a direct matrix -- that uses up to 128 point-to-point connections between cache memory and the front-end and back-end controllers, an approach that not only eliminates the bottlenecks of the previous Symm's bus architecture, but seems to outpace advanced switch-based solutions.
"From a hardware perspective, this is a major architectural change," says Robert Passmore, research director at research firm Gartner. "This is a major leapfrog over the competition in terms of scalability and performance, and it is much needed."
The specs tell part of the story. Symmetrix DMX is rated for 70.4GB/s of peak internal bandwidth, a huge leap over the Symmetrix 8000's 1.6GB/s rating. It also boosts cache throughput to 16GB/s from 6.4GB/s, and back-end I/O to 12.8GB/s from 5.1GB/s. Factor in higher drive parallelism through the use of up to 64 drive loops over 2Gb Fibre Channel connections, and EMC claims that Symmetrix DMX has data transfer rates that are five or six times higher than that of the 8000 family.
For now, the Symmetrix DMX is king of the performance hill. It vaults over the published specifications of the HDS Lightning 9900 V family, with four times the rated internal bandwidth of the high-end HDS Lightning 9980 V (15.9GB/s). The Symmetrix DMX supports up to 128 GB of global memory and 32 concurrent cache regions, vs. the 9980 V's 64 GB and four concurrent cache regions. On paper, these specs give Symmetrix DMX a big edge in environments where responsiveness is limited by bandwidth.
The specs also give EMC a leg up in the high-end storage array market.
"For the last couple of years, Hitachi has done an excellent job marketing themselves as a superb technology against an aging Symmetrix architecture," says Tony Prigmore, senior analyst for industry research firm Enterprise Storage Group. "This announcement shifts that."
Risk and reward
Building the new Symmetrix around a new architecture was a big risk for EMC. EMC vice president Chuck Hollis says the company searched for two years for technologies to replace the old Symmetrix. In 2000, it committed to a matrix over switch architecture, setting EMC up for some hard times in 2002.
"We could have had a bus-switch based hybrid out a couple years ago," says Hollis. "We knew that 2002 would be a tough year in the high end. We knew that we'd be late in the market and that we'd have to play defense out there."
A May 2002 report from industry analyst AG Edwards warned that "EMC must aggressively increase the functionality, capacity and performance of its solutions to remain competitive." With the matrix architecture, EMC hopes to do exactly that.
The direct matrix architecture of the Symmetrix DMX (left) does away with intervening controllers like those in a crossbar-switch architecture to enable a host of direct, point-to-point connections between cache memory and the front-end and back-end controllers. The result is 70.4 GB/s of aggregate internal bandwidth -- a quantum leap higher than the Symmetrix 8000's.
Here's the Cliff Notes: The matrix backplane provides a dedicated, physical link between each cache controller and every disk and front-end controller.
"When [data] comes in over a bus, you have to ask questions about where it's coming from and where it's going," says Hollis. "On the matrix it's all path to path. If it's on Wire 7, there is only one place where it can be coming from and one place where it can be going." The hardwired interconnects help eliminate bus or switch controller latency and enable multiple parallel transfers that approach wire speed, says Hollis. This architecture enables controller intelligence to be distributed around a globally shared cache, an approach that until recently would have been too expensive.
"The concept of the matrix has only in the last few years been technologically feasible," says Passmore. "What EMC has done is move the electronics from the internal parts of the switch and move them out to the edge. The first question you have is: How in the world do I afford all those drivers and receivers? And the answer goes back to silicon design and components."
Assessing DMX
Published Symmetrix DMX benchmarks simulating a data warehouse workload may set high expectations among customers. According to EMC, a high-end Symmetrix DMX2000 array delivers 20,000 IOPS with a sustained response times of just over 3.5 ms. A comparable HDS Lightning 9980 V was benchmarked at about 6,000 IOPS with sustained response times just under 3.5 ms.
High-flying specs may grab headlines, but most IT managers are more interested in flexibility and cost questions. Symmetrix DMX offerings range from the low-end DMX800, which shares a modular cabinet design with EMC's midrange Clariion, to the Symmetrix DMX2000-P with 128 GB global cache and 64 disk channels. ESG Analyst Prigmore singles out the Symmetrix DMX800 as a potent offering that will offer performance and scalability on par with the Symmetrix 8830 while offering a lower entry price point.
"We expect to see the DMX800 go into places where Symmetrix has not been in the past," Prigmore says. "We see the DMX 800 as having the most potential."
The DMX800 fills the space just above EMC's Clariion line, making enterprise-class business continuity features economical outside of large data centers. A company could deploy Symmetrix DMX800 units in regional offices, for example.
At the heart of the DMX family are the Symmetrix DMX1000 and DMX2000 products. The DMX1000 supports up to 144 disk drives, 48 front-end ports, 64GB of global cache memory and 18.4TB of usable capacity. The dual-cabinet DMX2000 doubles each of these specifications. EMC expects many DMX units to be configured for parity RAID operation, which protects data while maximizing disk utilization. Optimized RAID operations in the new DMX models help these systems approach the performance of mirrored configurations, but yield 75% more usable capacity.
While pricing was not available at press time, EMC says the list price for a DMX1000 with 12TB of usable capacity should run about one-third less than the price of high-performance Symmetrix 8830 sold last year. And who pays list these days for storage?
EMC plies the most demanding customers with the performance-minded DMX1000-P and DMX2000-P. These models share cabinet configurations with their non-P counterparts, but enable higher back-end bandwidth with double the number of drive channels. Where the DMX1000 and DMX2000 employ 16 and 32 2Gb Fibre Channel drive channels, respectively, the DMX1000-P and DMX2000-P are equipped with 32 and 64 back-end disk channels apiece. High-performance models will typically be configured with mirrored disks for maximum responsiveness. With disk mirroring, usable capacity maxes out at 10.5 TB or 21 TB, 43% less than on the non-P versions.
Unfortunately for mainframe users, Symmetrix DMX doesn't yet support FICON. The Symmetrix 8000 family has included FICON Fibre Channel ports for some time, but DMX models won't gain FICON capability until the third quarter of 2003. The delay poses an early challenge for the promising new architecture. Says Hollis: "This was the most important feature I wish was in the box at launch that wasn't."
ESCON, however, will be available for DMX at launch. EMC will install Symmetrix 8000 units for DMX customers until FICON-capable systems are available. For installed DMX units, the company will provide FICON daughtercards. Whether users will be willing to accept a delay remains to be seen.
A change of heart
The Symmetrix DMX represents an important -- and overdue -- shift in EMC's market approach. Gartner's Passmore singles out EMC's practice of maintaining high list prices and using aggressive negotiating tactics.
"The [Symmetrix] 8000 series was kind of a one-size fits-all product line. Even though they had different models, the salesmen usually jumped in to sell the biggest box," Passmore explains. "They are a much more enlightened company today. They've been listening to the users and listening to the analysts, and the message has been to stop playing games."
Nowhere is the change more evident than EMC's new disk drive pricing structure. Before, Symmetrix disks sold at an exorbitant premium over the off-the-shelf 10,000rpm FC disks used in the Clariion. Today, the Symmetrix DMX and Clariion lines use the same standardized disk drives.
"You could pay anything from $11,000 to $18,000 dollars for a 73 GB drive," says Passmore. "If you bought a small handful of drives for the Clariion today, you'd certainly be talking under $1,500."
The fact is, EMC had to do something about its pricing. Cash-strapped businesses have seen IT budgets slashed, and IBM remains a keen price competitor, Passmore says. EMC had already begun aggressively discounting its gear in advance of the DMX release, and that trend should continue. Gibbs says that IRI, for one, has welcomed the change.
"Across my organization, with some very experienced data center folks, they will tell you to a man that the way EMC is going to customers is changing, and significantly for the better."
But other challenges await EMC, Prigmore says. In particular, it must convince IT shops that it is more than a hardware provider, even as it sells a new class of hardware to customers.
"It is easier for the company to train and educate their clients on the new Symmetrix family than to orient them on new software," says Prigmore. "In order for the ship to turn, [EMC] must do both."
Stay the course
One thing EMC couldn't afford was to compromise its strong suite of software and tools. The Symmetrix DMX runs an updated version of EMC's Enginuity operating environment as a common platform for EMC software -- including SRDF and TimeFinder -- that runs on old or new Symmetrix equipment. The new Enginuity code, says Hollis, focuses on managing changes in the way the matrix architecture transacts data.
"The first thing is all the bus arbitration logic goes away," Hollis explains. "The second thing is that we had to teach [Enginuity] about increased parallelism. We used to have a small number of buses. Now we have eight channels per board. We went from 16 memory regions to 32."
Like any operating system, Enginuity schedules and manages the flow of data through Symmetrix. Enginuity contains the CRC error-correction code, for example, that ensures end-to-end data integrity, and performance optimizing algorithms. EMC also tuned disk mirroring and parity RAID operations, resulting in parity configurations that nearly match the performance of mirrored disks on the Symmetrix 8000, it claims.
Of course, EMC must ensure that the Symmetrix DMX line maintains the highest level of reliability. "[DMX] goes into a customer set that has no tolerance for defects and failures," says Passmore. Steps EMC has taken to ensure reliability include the use of triple module redundancy with majority voting (TMR-MV) to verify the proper operation of key components in the infrastructure. TMR-MV removes a single point of failure by requiring that at least two of three modules produce identical output. If one module is out of agreement, its input is rejected and the module is flagged as faulty. The three modules link to redundant voters, which route data to cache. If one voter goes down, the second remains online to route the output. Gibbs says IRI has had no trouble ramping up the new equipment alongside the existing Symmetrix 8730 arrays. What's more, he says the new equipment is proving more flexible and easier to configure than the existing gear, singling out dynamic handling of drive geometries and disk volumes in the DMX product. A switch from a disk mirroring configuration to parity RAID, for example, was seamless. "The nice thing about the [Symmetrix DMX] is that it is finally approaching the storage-on-demand model, where you can truly add storage and capability as needed," Gibbs says. "In the [old] architecture, once you have the configuration laid out, incremental change in the storage throws it all out of whack."
It's still early for the Symmetrix DMX, and ultimately, its success will be determined by its ability to solve user problems. But the early returns are promising. After a long, long wait, it looks like the Symmetrix is back.
"The matrix architecture is elegantly simple," says Passmore. "The best inventions have simplicity to them and I think this is one of those things."
About the author
Michael Desmond is a freelance writer and frequent contributor to Storage magazine.


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subset: commoncrawl


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When it comes to letter writing, CFCA translators worldwide make an important contribution.
Translating a letter requires more than knowledge of the language. It requires an ability to convey the author's true sentiment.
Ana Carla Agreda and Paulo Alfonso Pleitez Barrera have translated thousands of letters in El Salvador. They offer tips to make letters easier to translate and for sponsored friends to understand.
What are some challenges in translating letters from English?
Ana Carla: There are some phrases and words in some states that only the sponsors understand what they mean. I am lucky to have translators who can help me.
Paulo: Most letters arenít that difficult, but in some cases there are sponsors who use technical language or language specific to their profession such as nuclear chemistry, law and other professions.
|Tips from Ana Carla and Paulo
These words donít always translate easily to another language. Or sponsors use words that in the U.S. have another meaning.
For example, in English, the word ìvacationî is when you leave to travel, spend 15 days away. Here, it is when the children have free days and donít go to school.
Also, levels of school are difficult. The sponsors say it differently, like ìmy child is in 11th grade.î So I try to relate it to our terms so we can translate it and make it familiar.
Can you share one of the most memorable letters you have translated?
Ana Carla: There are letters so beautiful that they make you think and wish you could be part of that friendship.
Paulo: Each letter I translate is a new experience. You start to feel part of the story. The sponsors always try to transmit new knowledge and this helps the sponsored friend imagine and open their minds.
I remember one sponsor who sponsors several children in different countries of the world. There was one letter I enjoyed translating it a lot.
He described that he had gone to visit children he sponsored in Central America and Mexico. He sent photos of an amusement park in Mexico.
I will never forget it because it transported me to the place he was describing. I imagine it was the same for the child, since the child is limited to the small village, neighborhood or wherever they live.
There are children who donít have the opportunity to see things on the Internet or television to give them an idea of what these places are like. With these anecdotes, the child knows and it makes him use his or her imagination.
We appreciate your effort in writing to your sponsored friends, who treasure every letter!


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Robert Dionne is the founding and artistic director of The Majestic Theatre in Manchester, NH. Robert has a Bachelor of Music Education degree from the University of Maine (Orono), where he studied a complete coursework in Music Education, Vocal and Instrumental Performance. Active in the local NH theatre scene, Robert has worked as a Producer, Director, Musical Director, and Actor with many area theatre companies over the years, including The Majestic Theatre, StageCoach Productions, Community Players of Concord, Leddy Center, New Thalian Players, Nottingham Theatre Project, Hampstead Middle School Drama, Nashua Theatre Guild, Manchester Community Players/Second Stage, and Murder and Mayhem Productions. Robert is also the Director of The "VOLUNTAIRES", a 30+ member senior citizen choir that has been performing for local health care and assisted living facilities in southern NH for over 35 years. Robert's career as a Piano Cabaret Entertainer spans New England and beyond, and he looks forward to singing the night away with you at The Front Porch - "I'm having a blast around the piano" - join me!
Back to All Events
Earlier Event: August 2Miss Conception
Later Event: August 3Robert Dionne


text:
What works best in education?
The Best Evidence Encyclopaedia UK (BEE UK) presents reliable, unbiased reviews of research-proven educational programmes for primary and secondary education.
Our programme reviews support evidence-based education by rating all programmes available in English, with an emphasis on those offered in the UK today.
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Find out more in the BEE reviews section.
Subscribe to the Best Evidence Encylopaedia to be kept informed of the latest updates.
The Best Evidence Encyclopaedia UK is designed to help:
Teachers make choices about teaching programmes based on robust evidence
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Researchers find rigorous evaluations for educational programmes
Children learn in ways that have been proven to work


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Best definition
In motion, usually slowly, so as to appear still. The opposite of stationary.
A motionary object tends to stay in motion, unless acted upon by a large boot.
Motionary: define #2
Objects that are always in motion. Object that are not in motion are stationary. Objects that are always in motion are motionary.
The exaust fan in the men's washroom is always on, in fact, its motionary.


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Dear all,
frequently, one finds (especially in non-math publications) statements like "larger eigenvalues are computed more stably than small eigenvalues". In my understanding, such statements might be true for simple power methods. However, looking at the formulas given for the condition of eigenvalues given in the Lapack user guide, the magnitude of the eigenvalues does not enter. Moreover, modern eigenvalue methods use shifts, and hence should not suffer from this problem.
Is there in LAPACK today still any truth to "larger eigenvalues are computed more stably than small eigenvalues"?


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Mail delivery to resume Monday in New England
Photo: FR125654 AP
PROVIDENCE, R.I. (AP) -- The Postal Service says that mail delivery that was suspended in New England over the weekend because of the snowstorm will resume Monday.
Postal Service spokeswoman Christine Dugas says mail will be delivered Monday wherever it's safe to do so. She says some roads, especially in rural areas, may not be passable.
Customers are asked clear their mailboxes and walkways of snow and ice to help letter carriers avoid slips, trips and falls.
Delivery had been suspended because of the storm Saturday in all six New England states: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont.


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Found 2 resultsAuthor [ Title] Type Year
Filters: Author is Deng, Ye [Clear All Filters]
Dynamic succession of groundwater functional microbial communities in response to emulsified vegetable oil amendment during sustained in situ U(VI) reduction. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. :AEM.00043-15.. 2015.
Elevated carbon dioxide accelerates the spatial turnover of soil microbial communities. Global Change Biology. 22(2):957-964.. 2016.


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Weis earned her second weekly award from the conference after picking up her third win over a top-20 opponent (Gil Talbot).
CAMBRIDGE, Mass. – The Harvard women's lacrosse team capped off its regular season Friday with a 7-5 win over then No. 10/11 Dartmouth, and on Monday freshman goalie Kelly Weis was rewarded with her second Ivy League Defensive Player of the Week honor.
Weis made nine saves and collected a game-high four ground balls against the Big Green while allowing just five goals, marking the fewest goals scored by Dartmouth since 14-4 loss to Princeton on April 18, 2009. The win was Harvard's third this season over a top-20 opponent and the team's fifth in a row.
Weis and the Harvard defense have limited 11 of their 15 opponents to under 10 goals this season, while five have scored five or fewer. The Crimson currently ranks fifth in the NCAA in scoring defense (7.73), while Weis ranks fifth in goals against average (7.54), 11th in save percentage (.484) and 45th in saves per game (7.13).
This marks the second defensive player of the week honor for Weis this season and the fifth overall for the Crimson. Weis also earned the award March 26 with 15 saves against just 12 goals in a 1-1 week for Harvard. Melanie Baskind, meanwhile, has been named the defensive player of the week three times.
Harvard will begin play in the 2012 Ivy League Tournament as the No. 4 seed Friday, May 4 when it faces No. 1 Penn in Philadelphia, Pa. at 8 p.m. For more information on the tournament, click here.


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text:
DETROIT >> He did it in perfectly Miguel Cabrera fashion.
Needing four hits to reach the 2,000-hit plateau in his career, Cabrera singled three times in Friday's game, before reaching the milestone in style with a two-run home run in the eighth inning.
"I mean, it's my first home run this year. I was thinking before the game if I was going to hit a home run this year," Cabrera joked. "You gotta say it feels good."
And also in completely Miguel Cabrera fashion, he didn't want to say much else about the feat.
"I never expect I'm going to get 1,000 hits, let alone 2,000. I never expect something personal like that. I always want to go out there and find a way to help my teammates. To me, that's the way I do it, the way I be," he said.
"I don't want to put extra pressure on 2,000 hits. That's not the way to play the game. The way to play the game is to try to win games, try to do my job. Try to play 100 percent. ...
"I'm worried about winning games. I'm not worried about that. I think after I finish my career, if God bless me, I got a lot of time to look back, time to see what I do. But right now, I gotta focus on what I do tomorrow, in this game. I don't want to take this game to the game I gotta play tomorrow, so I've gotta focus. That's they way I can stay focused."
He is the ninth player to reach 2,000 hits before turning 31, joining Ty Cobb, Rogers Hornsby, Joe Medwick, Jimmie Foxx, Hank Aaron, Mel Ott, Alex Rodriguez and Robin Yount.
All but Rodriguez are in the Hall of Fame.
"That's a milestone him, but I don't think he's going to stop anytime soon," Ian Kinsler said. "My goal is to watch most of the balls go over the fence from the bases. I wanna be on the bases, and touch home plate when he hits them, try to set him up as good as possible."
He's the seventh-youngest player to get to the mark. He's the 15th active player with 2,000 or more hits — including 38-year-old teammate Torii Hunter, who reached the milestone last season. Cabrera currently sits 277th on the all-time hit list.
"It's amazing. What he's been able to accomplish in a short period of time — he's still young, and has got a lot of career ahead of him," said Rajai Davis, who homered for his first hit as a Tiger on Friday. "I'm just taking notes. I'm sitting here taking notes every day, watching the king hit."
Nick Castellanos got his first extra-base hit in the second inning and his first RBI.
"Well, I can always say to my kids, I got my first RBI on the day he got his 2,000th hit," said the 22-year-old rookie, who has nine career hits. "It's unbelievable. He's 30 years old, and has 2,000 hits, and he has 10 years left. It's going to be a lot of fun to watch what he's going to do."


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In perhaps history's greatest "I'm not drinking this, you drink it" moment, a Japanese member of parliament tried to calm the anxious, angry public by drinking from a Fukushima reactor puddle. To be fair, he himself says the stunt's worthless.
The politician, Yasuhiro Sonoda, drank a glass of decontaminated water from the lethal pool after being asked to do so publicly by a journalist, the NYT reports. So he did it. I think the look in his eyes says it all, but if that's not enough to convince you of the pageantry here, take it from Sonoda:
"Just because I drank the water does not mean that its safety has been confirmed, so there is no significance to the act. I drank it because a request had been made."
That sure inspires confidence in me.
Water is an enormous problem in the aftermath of the Fukushima disaster—there's an immense amount of it in and around the plant, filled with horribly toxic isotopes beaming radiation 10,000x more per hour than the Japanese government says you should get in a year. Where will it go? Nobody really knows. Pumping it into the ocean is foolhardy, decontamination is slow, and, well, there's not exactly a giant hole to pour it in. But at least we know where half a glassful is. [NY Times]


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Historical Context
Table ofContents
The lesson is based on the National Register of Historic Places registration file, "Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site" (with photographs), The Reminiscences of Augustus Saint-Gaudens, and The Work of Augustus Saint-Gaudens. It was written by James A. Percoco, a social studies teacher at West Springfield High School in Virginia. The lesson was edited by the Teaching with Historic Places staff. TwHP is sponsored, in part, by the Cultural Resources Training Initiative and Parks as Classrooms programs of the National Park Service. This lesson is one in a series that brings the important stories of historic places into the classrooms across the country.
Where it fits into the curriculum
Topics: This lesson plan focuses on patron-commissioned bas-reliefs, the enigmatic Adams Memorial, and the gold coins created by Saint-Gaudens. It can be used to teach units on the Gilded Age or the role of art and artists in society.
Time period: Late 19th century
Relevant United States History Standards for Grades 5-12
Relevant Curriculum Standards for Social Studies
Find your state's social studies and history standards for grades Pre-K-12
Objectives for students
1) To identify stages in Saint-Gaudens' training and career that established him as the leading American sculptor of the 19th century.
2) To examine how the life, home, and studio of an important American artist reflected traits and values of the Gilded Age in America.
3) To explain the difference between sculpture-in-the-round and bas-relief sculpture.
4) To describe how the growth of the Cornish Art Colony reflected the role of the arts in society.
5) To engage students in looking at their own community for evidence of the visual arts.
Materials for studentsThe materials listed below either can be used directly on the computer or can be printed out, photocopied, and distributed to students. The maps and images appear twice: in a low-resolution version with associated questions and alone in a larger, high-quality version.
1) two maps of the site and surrounding region;
2) five readings on Saint-Gaudens' life and work;
3) one drawing of Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site;
4) six photos of the site and some of Saint-Gaudens' works.
Visiting the site
Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site, administered by the National Park Service, is located on New Hampshire State Route 12-A in Cornish, New Hampshire. It is 9 miles north of Claremont, New Hampshire, 18 miles south of Hanover, New Hampshire, and 2 miles north of Windsor, Vermont. The site may be reached via the West Lebanon, New Hampshire, exit on U.S. Interstate 89 or the Ascutney or Hartland, Vermont, exits on U.S. Interstate 91. The park is open May through October. For more information, contact the Superintendent, Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site, R.R. 2, Cornish, NH 03745, or visit the park's Web pages.


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'Big Love' fills a void
It's not "The Sopranos," but it's worth tracking.
HBO is posting "backstories" of "Big Love" online, including this clip introducing the new babysitter, Margene (Ginnifer Goodwin), from Colorado. The second season launched Monday with the Henrickson family plagued with anxiety about being found out as polygamists. My favorite line from this week's episode was Bill's (Bill Paxton) as he struggled with the obligations of his faith, the jealousies of his three wives, the demands of his work and threats from his father-in-law Roman (Harry Dean Stanton).
"What would Abraham Lincoln do?" Bill asked.
He really does want to be an honorable man, upholding his version of a solid family.


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Meryl Tankard's The Oracle starring Paul White is a mastery in the limits of the human form and its relation to the mind.
With its point of departure as Vaslav Nijinsky's The Rite of Spring with the score by Igor Stravinsky, Australian native, Meryl Tankard presents a multimedia and solo performance that is wildly expressive yet contained. The star, Paul White, is in control of his every movement even as he expresses desire, excitement, confusion, and despair.
The opening reveals a kaleidoscopic view at our protagonist, each angle of the body morphing into another, creating abstract forms and recognizable shapes. Then we find White center stage, repeating the undulating choreography of Nijinsky in only white briefs. He continues through many phases of choreography, with his costuming changing, with interaction to the projection behind him, with interplay with light, and finally in the nude with a white powder trailing him.
White's body is incredible. Unlike any other male dancer I have seen before. But more than that, he has the ability to flow seamlessly through the choreography, hitting the deepest poses and maneuvering to the next with fluidity. One does not realize how challenging the movement is.
And this must be attributed to Tankard, the former ballerina and Pina Bausch Tanztheater Wuppertal dancer. Her choreography and artistic vision weave through time periods, physical limitations, and man's need to satisfy desire.
All in all, I found myself in admiration of this piece for honoring an historic piece of dance and advancing the the medium through presentation, choreography and dancing.


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PLYMOUTH, N.H.—Spurred by a 22-point half-time advantage, UMass Boston women's basketball (13-10-, 4-8 Little East) earned their first Little East Conference road victory of the season with a 64-54 win over Plymouth State University (2-19, 1-11 Little East) Saturday afternoon at Foley Gymnasium.
Senior Andrea Suffredini (Milford, Mass.) led UMass Boston with 14 points and a game-high five assists to help the Beacons move into sixth-place in the Little East with two games to play in the regular season.
Freshman Mallory Nelson (Topsham, Maine) joined Suffredini in double-figures with 11 points and eight rebounds, while Brittany Moore (Billerica, Mass.) reached double-digits for the first point this season, with 10 points on 4-of-5 shooting off the bench.
Kirsten Morrison, who started just her third game of the season, finished with nine points and seven rebounds for the Beacons who snapped a five-game conference losing streak. Senior Elisa Ogawa (Yamanashi, Japan) turned in a strong all-around performance, recording four points, a game-high nine rebounds and three assists in 30 minutes of action.
Krystin Corliss (19 points) and DeAsia Lawrence (15 points) paced the host Panthers who dropped their ninth-consecutive contest.
UMass Boston cruised to the big road victory by shooting 50 percent in the first half to run out to a 36-14 lead. While the Beacons knocked down 13-of-26 shots and 4-of-7 three-point attempts, Plymouth State knocked down just 19.2 percent (5-of-26) of their field-goal attempts.
The huge lead was necessary, as Plymouth State knocked down 55.2 percent of their attempts in the second half, to outscore UMass Boston 40-28 in the second stanza.
After Taylor Perry cut the Beacons early lead to 6-4, UMass Boston began to create some breathing room behind a 20-2 run. The Beacons scored the first 10 points on layups or free throws, before Suffredini and fellow senior Shelby Buck (Greenfield, Ohio) knocked down a pair of threes to give UMass Boston a 24-6 advantage with 4:29 to play in the half.
Suffredini and Buck continued to pile it on with another pair of threes, as UMass Boston closed out the half with a 12-3 flurry to earn a 36-14 lead at the break.
UMass Boston would extend the lead to as many 24 on a Nelson layup early in the half, before the Panthers began cutting into the Beacons lead.
Plymouth State used a 12-2 run midway through the half to cut the deficit to 55-42 but the Beacons managed to make 5-of-9 free throws down the stretch to earn 64-54 victory.
UMass Boston will return home Tuesday night at 5:30 p.m. for their Senior Day game when they host the University of Southern Maine.


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Projects & Studies
Drainage Network Repairs - Hurricane Harvey
- W100-00-00-X068 - Buffalo Bayou
- Z100-00-00-X282 - Cypress Creek Watershed
- Z100-00-00-X283 - Cypress Creek Watershed
- Z100-00-00-X284 - Cypress Creek, Spring Creek, and Willow Creek Watersheds
- Z100-00-00-X285 - Cypress Creek Watershed
- Z100-00-00-X286 - Brays Bayou and Buffalo Bayou Watersheds
- Z100-00-00-X287 - Cypress Creek Watershed
- Z100-00-00-X288 - Clear Creek, Armand Bayou, and Sims Bayou Watersheds
- Z100-00-00-X289 - Greens Bayou Watershed
- Z100-00-00-X290 - Greens Bayou Watershed
- Z100-00-00-X291 - White Oak Bayou and Greens Bayou Watersheds
- Z100-00-00-X292 - Addicks Reservoir Watershed (South Mayde)
- Z100-00-00-X293 - Addicks Reservoir Watershed
- Z100-00-00-X294 - White Oak Bayou and Addicks Reservoir Watersheds
- Z100-00-00-X296 - Barker Reservoir and Addicks Reservoir Watersheds
- Emergency Repairs - Completed
Countywide or Multi-watershed
- Z-01 Countywide Floodplain Preservation and Right of Way Acquisition
- Z-02 Partnership Projects with Municipalities, Authorities, and Other Districts in Harris County
- Z-03 Level of Service Analysis
- Z-04 Partnership Projects with the Harris County Engineering Department
- Z-05 Advanced Emerging Technologies for Flood Damage Reduction
- Z-08 Preliminary Engineering Study for Large Diameter Tunnels for Stormwater Conveyance
- Z-10 County-wide Floodplain Mapping Update
- Drainage Network Repairs - Hurricane Harvey
- Sediment Removal in Precinct 2
Subdivision Drainage Projects - Harris County Engineering Department
- E-01 Subdivision Drainage Project
- E-02 Subdivision Drainage Project
- E-03 Subdivision Drainage Project
- E-04 Subdivision Drainage Project
- E-05 Subdivision Drainage Project
- E-06 Subdivision Drainage Project
- E-07 Subdivision Drainage Project
- E-08 Subdivision Drainage Project
- E-09 Subdivision Drainage Project
- E-12 Subdivision Drainage Project
- E-13 Subdivision Drainage Project
- E-14 Subdivision Drainage Project
- E-15 Subdivision Drainage Project
- E-17 Subdivision Drainage Project
Addicks Reservoir
- Completed Projects
- C-36 Lower South Mayde Creek
- C-37 West Little York Stormwater Detention Basin
- C-38 Dinner Creek Stormwater Detention Basin
- C-40 Study of Addicks and Barker Reservoirs
- C-46 Stormwater Detention Basin on South Mayde Creek
- C-47 Bridge Replacement Greenhouse Road at South Mayde Creek
- C-48 Stormwater Detention Basin on South Mayde Creek near the Grand Parkway
- F-53 Rehabilitation of Channels Upstream of Addicks Reservoir
- F-54 Upper Langham Creek Frontier Program
- F-55 Bear Creek
- F-56 Detention and Retention Upper Cypress and Addicks
- F-83 Stormwater Detention Basin North of John Paul Landing
- F-84 Secondary Outfall for John Paul Landing
- F-112 Wetlands Mitigation Bank
- Addicks Reservoir Watershed Model and Map Update
- Cypress Creek Overflow Management Plan
- Selective Clearing at Addicks Reservoir
Armand Bayou
- C-06 La Porte
- C-07 Red Bluff Regional Stormwater Detention Basin
- C-44 Armand Bayou Right-of-Way Acquisition and Floodplain Preservation
- CI-021 Brookglen Flooding Mitigation Analysis
- CI-023 Channel Conveyance Improvements Along Horsepen Bayou and its Tributaries
- F-72 Baywood Stormwater Detention Basin
- F-96 Watershed Feasibility Study
- Conveyance Improvements on Armand Bayou
- Barker Reservoir
Brays Bayou
- Completed Projects
- C-11 Project Brays
- C-12 Poor Farm Ditch
- C-13 Conveyance Improvements along Bintliff Ditch
- F-07 Keegans Bayou Conveyance Improvements
- F-08 Fondren Diversion Channel
- Willow Waterhole Prairie Management Area
- Z-02 Stormwater Detention on City of Houston Right-of-Way at South Braeswood Boulevard and West 610 Loop
- Z-02 Master Drainage Concept Plan in the Brays Bayou Watershed
Buffalo Bayou
- C-40 and C49 - Study of Addicks and Barker Reservoirs
- CI-014 and F-81 W151-00-00 and W153-00-00
- CI-016 Study to Evaluate Bridges and High-flow Bypasses
- F-58 Linear Detention Between State Highway 6 and Sam Houston Tollway
- F-59 W140-00-00 Spring Branch
- F-82 1119 Commerce Street
- W100-00-00-X068 - Buffalo Bayou
- Memorial Park Demonstration Project
- W129-00-00 Channel Modifications
- Completed Projects
- Carpenters Bayou
Cedar Bayou
- F-41 Clawson Ditch & Q124-00-00 Conveyance Improvements
- F-44 Cedar Bayou Tributary Analysis
- F-45 and F-68 Cedar Bayou Tributary Analysis
- F-46 Stormwater Detention Basin in the Cedar Bayou Watershed
- F-47 Stormwater Detention Basin Near Coastal Water Authority Canals & IH-10
- F-48 Design and Construction of Crosby Eastgate Environmental Mitigation Bank
- F-110 Huffman to San Jacinto, Luce and Cedar Bayou
- Major Maintenance -- Selective Clearing
- Cedar Bayou Flood Risk Reduction Study
- F-123 Watershed-Wide Implementation Program for Cedar Bayou
Clear Creek
- C-03 Federal Flood Risk Reduction Project - Clear Creek
- C-05 South Belt Stormwater Detention Basin A520-03-00
- CI-001 Major Maintenance on Clear Creek Channel
- CI-003 Rehabilitation of the A214-00-00 channel
- CI-013 Tributary A104-00-00
- CI-039 Partnership Project with Nassau Bay to Reduce the Risk of Flooding
- CI-62 and CI-63 FM 528 and Dixie Farm Road
- F-01 Channel Conveyance Improvements on Tributary A135-00-00
- F-02 Hughes Stormwater Detention Basin
- F-03 Dagg Stormwater Detention Basin
- F-76 Wetlands Mitigation Bank
- Mud Gully (Beamer Ditch)
- Second Outlet Channel and Gated Structure
Cypress Creek
- Completed Projects
- Drainage Network Repairs (Harvey) - Cypress Creek Watershed
- F-20 Cypress Creek Right-of-Way Acquisition and Floodplain Preservation
- F-21 Cypress Creek Tributary K129-00-00
- F-22 Restore Channel Conveyance Capacity on Pillot Gully
- F-23 Cypress Creek Tributary K163-00-00 Conveyance Improvements
- F-24 Katy Hockley Wetlands Mitigation Bank, K700-01-00
- F-56 Detention and Retention Upper Cypress and Addicks
- F-88 Stormwater Detention Basins in Large Buyout Areas
- CI-012 Major Maintenance of Cypress Creek and Tributaries
- CI-020 Investigation of potential stormwater detention sites near Cypress Creek and Stuebner Airline Road
- CI-035 TWDB Regional Drainage Plan
- CI-36 Investigation of Potential Benefits of Expanding Cypress Park Stormwater Detention Basin K500-01-00
- Cypress Creek Erosion Repairs K100-00-00-X078
- Cypress Creek Overflow Management Plan
Greens Bayou
- C-20 Mid-Reach Greens Bayou Project
- C-31 Smith Road Channel Diversion Project
- C-32 Cutten Stormwater Detention Basin
- C-33 Aldine Westfield Stormwater Detention Basin
- C-34 Lauder Stormwater Detention Basin
- C-43 Tributary P138-01-01 Conveyance Improvements
- F-40 Lower Greens Bayou Stormwater Detention Basin
- P190-00-00 Sediment Removal and Pipe Replacement
- Greens Bayou Wetlands Mitigation Bank
- Glen Forest Stormwater Detention Basin
- Greens Bayou Federal Flood Risk Management Project
- Kuykendahl Stormwater Detention Basin
- Completed Projects
- Z-02 Drainage Improvements in the Greenwood Forest Subdivision
Halls Bayou
- C-01 Tributary P118-26-00 and related Stormwater Detention
- C-02 Aldine Westfield Stormwater Detention Basin and Channel CDBG-DR (2016)
- C-23 Tributary P118-08-00 Conveyance Improvements
- C-24 Tributary P118-09-00 Conveyance Improvements
- C-25 Tributary P118-21-00 and related Stormwater Detention
- C-26 and C-27 P118-23-00 and P118-23-02
- C-28 and C-29 P118-25-00 and P118-25-01
- C-30 Tributary P118-27-00 Conveyance Improvements
- C-35 Design and Construction of Stormwater Detention Basin and Associated Channel Improvements
- CI-006 Brock Park Stormwater Detention Basin
- Hall Park Stormwater Detention Basin P518-03-00
- F-122 Watershed Wide Project Implementation Program
- Hunting Bayou
- Jackson Bayou
Little Cypress Creek
- C-19 Frontier Program Downstream of Cypress Rosehill
- F-26 Little Cypress Creek Frontier Program
- F-27 Zube Park Stormwater Detention Basin
- F-28 Kluge Stormwater Detention Basin
- F-29 Mueschke East Stormwater Detention Basin
- F-30 Schiel Stormwater Detention Basin
- F-31 Cypress Rosehill Stormwater Detention Basin
- F-32 Hegar Stormwater Detention Basin
- F-33 Kleb Woods Stormwater Detention Basin
- F-34 Mason Stormwater Detention Basin
- F-35 Bauer-Hockley Stormwater Detention Basin
- F-89 Additional Volume in Little Cypress Creek Stormwater Detention Basins
- Little Cypress Creek Tributary
- Luce Bayou
- San Jacinto River
- San Jacinto & Galveston Bay
Sims Bayou
- C-08 Salt Water Ditch
- C-09 Channel Conveyance C147-00-00
- C-10 South Shaver Stormwater Detention Basin
- CI-027 Drainage improvements along Berry Bayou Tributary
- F-92 Tributary C116-00-00 Conveyance Improvement
- F-95 Tributary C144-00-00 Conveyance Improvements
- Berry Bayou Tributaries and Stormwater Detention
- Federal Flood Damage Reduction Project
- Spring Creek
- Spring Gully & Goose Creek
- Vince Bayou
White Oak Bayou
- C-14 Federal Flood Damage Reduction Project
- C-15 Arbor Oaks Stormwater Detention Basin
- C-16 Design and Construction of Woodland Trails Stormwater Detention Basin
- C-59 Construction of Inwood Forest West Stormwater Detention Basin
- C-60 Construction of Inwood Forest East Stormwater Detention Basin
- CI-011 Feasibility Study Hidden Lake Townhomes
- CI-030 Turkey Gully
- CI-033 General Drainage Improvements along E105-00-00
- F-09 Little White Oak Bayou Channel Conveyance Improvements
- F-10 Brickhouse Gully
- Inwood Forest Stormwater Detention Project
- Lower White Oak Bayou Channel Restoration Study
- Completed Projects
- Fairbanks-North Houston Stormwater Detention Basin (North)
- Willow Creek
As of 08/05/2019
Spring Gully Watershed Feasibility Study
Project Description
This project will conduct a watershed-wide feasibility study to examine potential flood damage reduction projects for the Spring Gully watershed.
This project is one of multiple projects included under 2018 HCFCD Bond Project F-39, which concerns Investigations of General Drainage Improvements on Spring Gully.
Project Milestones
May 14, 2019 – Harris County Commissioners Court authorized and initiated this project


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Test your current internet connection with our speed test and see what services your provider can handle. Find out your download speed, upload speed, latency, and more.
Test Your Internet SpeedInternet Speed Test
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Easterlin Eagle Scout ProjectFor his 2013 project, Alexander Balke of Troop 406 planned the construction and installation of nine trash receptacle enclosures for the park. The enclosures are needed to help deter raccoons, squirrels, and other animals from gaining access to the trash cans. The aesthetically pleasing, animal-proof garbage storage bins are safe and provide convenient access for both dumping and pickup.
With the assistance of other scouts and friends, Alexander constructed the storage bins over several weekends at his home. The enclosures were then transported to the park and installed near restrooms, along the disc golf course, and in picnic areas. All nine enclosures were completed in October, with a total of 178 hours contributed.
Last year Josh Markevich, with guidance from park management, organized the construction and installation of 14 new camp posts and the removal of old posts for his Eagle Scout service project. These new posts are currently being used at Easterlin Park campground sites.
Park Manager Kelvin Hines says the primary goal of the camp posts is to hang food and/or garbage to minimize odors that might attract animals. When items are hung from these posts, they keep wildlife away from the campsite.
Josh, fellow scouts, friends, and family contributed 271 hours of service for this improvement project. Thanks for a job well done!


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Fixing Capitalization with Excel 2007's UPPER, LOWER, and PROPER Functions
Excel 2007 includes several Text functions (such as UPPER, LOWER, PROPER, VALUE, TEXT, and DOLLAR) that enable you to perform operations on text entries in a worksheet. These functions are located in the Text category on the Formulas tab of the Ribbon and in the Insert Function dialog box.
Text functions include two types of functions: functions such as VALUE, TEXT, and DOLLAR that convert numeric text entries into numbers and numeric entries into text, and functions such as UPPER, LOWER, and PROPER that manipulate the strings of text themselves.
Many times, you need to use the text functions when you work with data from other programs. For example, suppose that you purchase a target client list on disk, only to discover that all the information has been entered in all uppercase letters. In order to use this data with your word processor's Mail Merge feature, you would use Excel's PROPER function to convert the entries so that only the initial letter of each word is in uppercase.
Text functions like the UPPER, LOWER, and PROPER functions all take a single text argument that indicates the text that should be manipulated.
The UPPER function converts all letters in the text argument to uppercase.
The LOWER function converts all letters in the text argument to lowercase.
The PROPER function capitalizes the first letter of each word as well as any other letters in the text argument that don't follow another letter, and changes all other letters in the text argument to lowercase.
For example, the worksheet in the figure below would be a good candidate for using the PROPER function to convert the uppercase names to the proper case. To do so, you would enter the following function in cell C3:
This function would display the result Aiken in cell C3. Then you would use the Fill handle to copy the function down the range and to the next column, so that all items in columns A and B are converted to the proper case.


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Women?s Tennis Player of the Week ? No. 6
KANSAS CITY, Mo. – Angelica Sepulveda of Cumberland (Tenn.) has been named NAIA National Women's Tennis Player of the Week, the national office announced Wednesday. Sepulveda was selected based on her performances from April 15 – 21 and was chosen out of a pool of conference/independent/unaffiliated group player of the week selections.
The freshman native of Bucaramanga, Colombia, went unbeaten in No. 1 singles and No. 1 doubles on the week to help the Bulldogs to a second place finish in the Mid-South Conference Tournament. In the Mid-South Quarterfinals against Shawnee State (Ohio) on April 16, Sepulveda won both her matches without dropping a set. She defeated Kyra Keeton, 6-0, 6-0, and won in doubles, 8-0.
In the semifinals on April 19 against Campbellsville (Ky.), she defeated the No. 44 singles player in the Intercollegiate Tennis Association, Anna Tumanyan, 6-1, 6-2. She won 8-3 in doubles to help the Bulldogs advance to the Mid-South Conference Championship match. In the championship match, Sepulveda defeated Slavika Milanovi of Lindsey Wilson (Ky.), 6-4, 6-3. She was also victorious in doubles 8-4. Sepulveda secured the Bulldogs only two points in a 5-2 loss against Lindsey Wilson.
Sepulveda is now 16-6 in singles and 17-5 in doubles this season. She earned First-Team All-Mid-South Conference honors and was named Mid-South Conference Freshman of the Year at the Mid-South Conference Tournament.
The final women's tennis Player of the Week will be announced on May 1.
Nominees: Mackenzi Choitz, Bethany (Kan.); Ana Hernandez, Indiana Tech; Kristi Kuzdal, Davenport (Mich.); Kourtney Howell, Xavier (La.); Tia Irwin, Kansas Wesleyan; Jacy Jahn, Morningside (Iowa); Miranda Weaver, Bethel (Kan.); Ekaterina Vezhenkova, Tennessee Wesleyan; Alejandra Galvis, Lindsey Wilson (Ky.); Haley Porter, Southwestern (Kan.); Neesha Thirumalaichalvam, Cumberlands (Ky.); Frankie Eszes, Northwestern (Iowa); Morgane Zowczak, Auburn Montgomery (Ala.); Allison Pfeifer, Doane (Neb.); Princess Clemente, St. Francis (Ill.); RaMonda Harris, Midland (Neb.).
2013 Composite Award Winners
Week 1 (March 20): Jade Curtis, Auburn Montgomery (Ala.)
Week 2 (March 27): Hui-I Huang, Embry-Riddle (Fla.)
Week 3 (April 3): Olivia West, Xavier (La.)
Week 4 (April 10): Livia Blasque, Lewis-Clark State (Idaho)
Week 5 (April 17): Zalina Nazarova, Brenau (Ga.)
Week 6 (April 24): Angelica Sepulveda, Cumberland (Tenn.)


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Blood provides all the nutrients, oxygen and antibodies a person needs to stay healthy. Yet every three minutes, one person in the United States is diagnosed with a hematologic -- blood or lymph -- cancer. Fortunately, doctors are on the verge of several major advances in treatment that offer improved chances of survival and enhanced quality of life.
Hematologic cancers, of which there are three main types, begin either in the bone marrow or the cells of the immune system. Leukemia is a cancer of bone marrow cells that results from the rapid production of abnormal white blood cells, which eventually overtake normal blood cells and cause anemia, bleeding and infections. Lymphoma is a cancer that develops in infection-fighting cells called lymphocytes, and is broadly divided into non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Hodgkin's lymphoma. Lastly, Myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells that produces infection-fighting antibodies which weaken the immune system.
The symptoms of hematologic cancers vary, but often include weakness, fatigue, shortness of breath, easy bruising and bleeding, frequent infections, enlarged lymph nodes, distended or painful abdomen, bone or joint pain, fractures, weight loss, poor appetite, night sweats, persistent mild fever and decreased urination.
Treatment often depends on the type of cancer, location and stage of the disease, as well as the patient's age and physical health. Chemotherapy is a primary treatment, though some patients receive radiation therapy or a transplant of stem cells or bone marrow. For patients whose condition has progressed, therapies may involve combinations of chemotherapy and immunotherapy.
NewYork-Presbyterian conducts many studies in blood cancers to provide patients with treatment options, including multi-phase clinical trials related to bone marrow and stem cell transplantation. In addition, specialists at NYP/Columbia University Medical Center are also involved in research to enhance outcomes and reduce treatment-related complications. Watch this video to learn more about stem cell transplant.
As breakthroughs in treatment approaches for hematologic cancers continually evolve, it's important to be diagnosed and treated at a comprehensive cancer center. At NYP, specialists collaborate to develop a personalized treatment plan using the latest treatment approaches for hematologic cancers. NYP provides comprehensive cancer care at all NYP hospital locations across the New York Metro area including Westchester County and the Hudson Valley. To find a cancer specialist at the location most convenient for you, please visit nyp.org/cancerlocations.
NewYork-Presbyterian, one of the largest and most comprehensive health care delivery systems in the nation, is dedicated to providing the highest quality, and most compassionate care to patients in the NY metropolitan area. In collaboration with two renowned medical schools -- Columbia University Medical Center and Weill Cornell Medicine -- NYP is a recognized leader in medical education, research and innovative patient care. NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital has been ranked New York's No. 1 hospital for 16 consecutive years according to U.S. News and World Report. Learn more at nyp.org.


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If you have seen a child just eat an entire ice-cream, and she begs you to buy her one, what will your reaction be?
Here we ask if monkeys understand the physical needs of others. In order to provide help or share food, it would be useful for them to know what others want or need. Such understanding is probably simpler than an understanding of the other's state of knowledge, known as Theory-of-Mind (ToM). Sensitivity to wants and needs appears earlier than ToM in the development of children. While there is some evidence for ToM in the great apes, such as chimpanzees, monkeys are rarely tested on intersubjectivity (empathy with and understanding of others) since the common assumption is that they are behavior-readers rather than mind-readers, i.e. that they merely react to another's behavior. They may not make any inferences about the internal states of others.
The present study, published in Behaviour, questions this assumption, however, since it shows that brown capuchin monkeys (a large-brained South-American primate) are less willing to share with another if they know that the other has just eaten. This condition was compared with one in which they saw the other not eat or in which the other's interactions with food were obscured from view. The specific withholding reaction of the monkeys suggests that they understood that a monkey who has just eaten does not need any more food. Alternative hypotheses were considered, but the most important one -- that they merely reacted to the behavior or food motivation of the other -- could be excluded thanks to a control condition in which the other had eaten out of view. Under this condition, they readily shared with them. The study provides the first tentative evidence for "empathetic perspective-taking" in primates.
|Contact: Dr. Frans de Waal