text:
Physicist Bulbul Chakraborty is finding equilibrium
The university's first female faculty member in physics hits her stride
Theoretical physicist Bulbul Chakraborty is fascinated by the everyday: how sand behaves when pressed underfoot; how grain moves through a silo; how traffic jams occur. Sometimes using only pen and paper, the Enid and Nate Ancell Professor of Physics expends much intellectual energy unlocking the obscure physical secrets of the mundane.
But if the subjects of her sophisticated mathematical modeling seem routine, consider this: when grain in a silo transforms from a flowing, almost liquid-like state to a solid, jammed state, catastrophe can result, even causing the deaths of workers inside the hopper.
Sand is arguably the archetypal granular material, capable of behaving in many different ways, not to mention a lovely ability to adopt elegant, sinuous patterns at the beach under the pressure of wind and water.
"The surprising fact is that we do not really understand why sand behaves the way it does," says Chakraborty, who has spent the last five years developing a theory of granular materials that can predict their collective behavior. "In the world of granular materials, gravity is important and temperature is not. This is stuff that we see around all around us but know very little about."
In 1989, Chakraborty became the first woman to join the Brandeis physics department as a faculty member — a situation that has improved somewhat over the years with the hiring of several other female professors in this notoriously male-dominated field.
But the department has always been welcoming, Chakraborty says. She was encouraged by early Brandeis physicists like Stephan Berko, a founding member of the department who helped recruit her, and Bob Lange, who, she says, taught her everything she knows about teaching. In the last five years, she has gained particular traction in her research. Publication of her team's paper, "Jamming By Shear," in Nature in 2011 marked a turning point.
This month, one of her team's studies, "Origin of Rigidity in Dry Granular Solids," was accepted for publication in Physical Review Letters, a premier journal in the field.
"We have actually come up with a whole theoretical framework which has recently been tested very rigorously," she says. "Essentially it's like a whole other area of condensed matter physics, in its infancy," which focuses on mechanical driving rather than thermal motion.
Born in India the youngest of six children, Chakraborty's father encouraged her to leave home to study at an Indian institute of technology — where she was one of about 50 women out of 3,000 students — and then to apply to a PhD program in the U.S. At 20, she came to the U.S. and began her doctoral degree at Stony Brook in New York, where her husband also earned his PhD, but the two decided they'd return to India after each completing a post-doctoral fellowship. They did, and their son was born there, but they soon felt the U.S. pulling them back.
"It wasn't that places in India were not doing good science, it was just that we had done all of our growing up here, and we didn't know how to function in that environment." It's tougher to compete for research positions and to raise a family in India unless you subscribe to traditional lifestyles, she says.
When she arrived at Brandeis in 1989, she was already familiar with the singular life of the female scientist, and knew how important it was to bond with female colleagues outside of the Physics Department, where women were far outnumbered. Her counterparts at Brandeis in biology and math — Eve Marder and Ruth Charney — were great friends and resources. All three have played leadership roles for women in science, and all three have chaired their respective departments.
"Physics is still very much of an individual pursuit and I think that's one reason women find it harder to do," she says. "I think women, more than men, like to work in communities.
"I went through tenure essentially as a single mother because my husband was at Yale most of the time," she says. "My advice to my graduate students is that if you are interested enough in what you're doing, you'll work it out. It's not going to be the same algorithm for everyone."
It wasn't just her personal life that went through changes. While her career initially focused on superconductivity and hard condensed matter, she eventually moved into soft matter. Chakraborty, who has always enjoyed more "pen and paper stuff than lab" science, says the subject matter you work on has a lot to do with what interests your colleagues but she's also had a lot of freedom to explore at Brandeis.
"I always like taking approaches that are different from others," says Chakraborty, who hopes to continue mentoring other female physicists at Brandeis. "Sometimes that's foolish, sometimes its not."
Categories: Research, Science and Technology


text:
Giguere talking today, and my choices for free-agent pickups if I were him
***Update: Just to give you a preview of tomorrow's story in the paper: It's going to be a quiet day for the Avs on free-agent day. Also, Theo, Bruno, Sauer and Finger are good as gone.
Before I get started, let me just say this: the Tampa Bay Lightning are insane. They just gave Ryan Malone $31.5 million for seven years, guaranteed. Insane. This is nothing more than a mediocre power forward, who played on a line much of the time with Sidney Crosby and still had only 51 points in 77 games for the Pens last season. He was terrible in the Finals against Detroit, too, a total non-factor.
Mark my words, that signing will be the kind of albatross around Barry Melrose's neck like Bobby Holik was to the Rangers, or Alexei Yashin on the Island.
Francois Giguere should be making the media rounds today, talking about the Avs on the day before free agency.
I think it's going to be a fairly quiet day for the Avs, but to quote Dennis Miller, I could be wrong. Read more…

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Monday, 26 December 2011
Hodge Fold, Hattersley
2 comments:
- Graham Boote said...
Hi Nancy, great postcard pic. Whenever I think of Hattersley, I often forget about the fact that it is on the edge of such beautiful countryside. I worked in Hattersley for several years, and only ever remember the petrol sniffing kids and run down housing. Shame really……selective memory gone wrong! Mind you, it was a long time ago now....circa 1985 to 1988. Eeek.....
- Tuesday, 27 December, 2011
- Hydonian said...
Hi Graham, yes, Hattersley went through a stage like you described but it is on its way back to being a lovely area once again. A lot of the rundown housing has been demolished now and there is a lot of open green space once again. An awful lot of people who live in the area are very proud of the beautiful surroundings and are very houseproud. ..as always the few spoil it for the many. I think it will eventually become a very desirable place to live again. Some of the views are spectacular.
Hope you had a good Christmas, by the way :)
- Tuesday, 27 December, 2011


text:
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Each year, we receive thousands of proposals for a variety of initiatives, programs and events. While we are pleased that there are so many volunteers and organizations working to make a difference in our communities, we are focused on those initiatives that align with our overall community investment priorities. Find out what kinds of requests we do not generally support
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text:
Southern Belly: Gilhooley's, in San Leon, Texas
Editor's note: Occasionally what looks at first glance to be a conventional guidebook transcends the genre in surprising ways. John T. Edge's Southern Belly is just such a read, which is why I'm pleased that he has allowed us to excerpt selected items from it on Serious Eats, where they appear every other week. —Ed Levine
"Back in the kitchen, they shuck a dozen, set them topless over a pecan- and oak-fueled fire, swab each with butter and Parmesan cheese, and cook until the shells shade toward black, the oysters lips curl, and the cheese burbles and spits."
By John T. Edge | If a team of New Urbanists set out to design the perfect waterside joint according to the tenets of Gulf Coast vernacular architecture, they would be hard-pressed to find a more honest template than Gilhooley's, an end-of-the-road kind of place, perched on a tongue of land that thrusts into Galveston Bay. On the drive down from Houston, I pass ragtag RV parks, house trailers on stilts, a store called Junk and Disorderly, a boat christened The Filthy Whore of San Leon.
Nowadays fishermen—some commercial, others recreational—rule this randy spit. But in the early years of the twentieth century, San Leon was sold as a planned community, a "city of gorgeous flowers and beautiful shrubbery," a "playground for untold thousands." One real estate prospectus promised "cool, delightful breezes in summer" and pledged that San Leon would soon rival Coney Island and Atlantic City. Another, and this one was key, heralded "[e]xtra large and deliciously flavored oysters in almost unlimited quantities."
Exceptional of the oysters, most of the pledges were wishful thinking at best, swindles at worst. Oysters still matter in San Leon. The best place to get a bead on how much they matter is Gilhooley's, owned and operated since 1987 by Phil Duke, and always serving local bivalves, harvested by Croatian oysterman Misho Ivic.
The place is ringed by a shell and dirt lot. There's an old boxcar at center. Inside are a U-shaped bar, low ceilings, and, along one wall, an incongruous collection of African tribal masks. Old license plates cover the truss beams in the accustomed fashion. The menu borders on encyclopedic and features a San Leon BLT, which translates on the plate as a fried bologna sandwich. (They also dish fried boudain balls, employing the preferred Texas spelling for the rice and oddments sausage, known as boudin in Louisiana.)
I order the ur-meal hereabouts, Oysters Gilhooley and a longneck. Back in the kitchen, they shuck a dozen, set them topless over a pecan- and oak-fueled fire, swab each with butter and Parmesan cheese, and cook until the shells shade toward black, the oysters lips curl, and the cheese burbles and spits. They arrive on a metal-lined platter that looks like it was recently liberated from a second-rate steakhouse. You will not taste–I have not tasted–a better roasted oyster. And, yes, I've been to Drago's in suburban New Orleans.
Now for the disclaimer, courtesy of longtime employee Desiree Mack: "Tell anybody who's thinking about coming that we don't allow children. None. Not even outside. I'll catch them before they set their playpen up in the courtyard. No kids, no dogs, no midgets, just like the sign says. Some of us have kids at home and we don't want them in here."
221 Ninth Street, San Leon TX 77539 281-339-3813
All products linked here have been independently selected by our editors. We may earn a commission on purchases, as described in our affiliate policy.


text:
The Governorate of Northern Sinai occupies the northern section of the peninsula with the Mediterranean Sea in the North, North Sinai has a surface area of around 27564 square kilometers and a population of around 400,000 inhabitants with most of them residing by the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, except for some nomadic Bedouins who live in the desert located in the middle of Sinai.The environmental characteristics of North Sinai can be divided into two categories; the Coastal area of the Mediterranean Sea represented in the Northern plains and they are covered with sand dunes and the desert environment located inside the Sinai Peninsula with a large number of mountains like the Maghara Mountain being 776 meters high and the Halal Mountain being 881 meters high.
Having one of the longest beaches over the Mediterranean Sea in Egypt, El Arish city is popular for its sandy beaches that are bordered by a large number of palm trees.
The Egyptians, during different periods, of time took El Arish as an outpost in Sinai especially during the Roman and Ptolemaic eras and then the city was fortified during the Middle Ages and then during the ruling period of the Ottomans.
Beduines come from places around Sinai such as Palestine, Saudi Arabia and Jordan. They settled in Sinai long ago, even though the environment is and was quite tough for living. There is hardly anything else than sand and mountains. Only a closer glance shows that there are some few oasises, plants and animals that allow the Beduines to live anomadic life as they have always done.
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text:
Who combines post-Soviet capitalism with outlandish Eastern European money-trash ideas quite like Dartz? The simple answer is, no one.
Last year, the Latvian automaker rather notoriously asked, "Why isn't somebody building an F-117-inspired, 2,000-hp, armored yacht hauler?" While we've seen no more of the resultant Nagel since then, the company is introducing a China-only version of its Prombron armored SUV.
The Black Dragon--presumably more fearsome than Rolls-Royce's straight-up "Dragon" appellation--sports a 23-inch stretch, pandering to the Chinese preference for extended-wheelbase vehicles, satellite television with a 42-inch LCD monitor and electrochromic glass for those private moments. Lest we forget, the SEMA-special wheels feature bullet-shaped spokes.
Dartz has announced plans for 12 of the vehicles at a price of about $7 million a pop. It's just the ticket for the Middle Kingdom plutocrat who's made a few enemies and relishes making a few more.


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What do you make of these types of surveys?
Very Religious Americans Lead Healthier Lives Gallup, (Dec. 23, 2010)
The numbers show that there's a trend between religion, and healthy behaviors. There also seems to be trend between non-believing and depression (look at the previous part 2, of the same article).
I know of one religious talk show host, Dennis Prager, who uses this as an argument for why people should be religious. In other words, if it feels good to believe something completely fabricated, then go ahead and believe it.
Still, why doesn't being a more rational person have as much physical and mental benefits, as being a believer? Is it because believers are good little moma's boys and girls, that do what they are told, believe what they are told, and thus inherit healthy habbits just by default? Maybe those of us who question tradition tend to be rebels, who don't always follow the rules?
Views: 128
How do you quantify healthy? I don't put a lot of stock in these kinds of assertions.
There also seems to be trend between non-believing and depression (look at the previous part 2, of the same article).
It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied. And if the fool, or the pig, are a different opinion, it is because they only know their own side of the question. The other party to the comparison knows both sides. - John Stuart Mill
I know of one religious talk show host, Dennis Prager, who uses this as an argument for why people should be religious. In other words, if it feels good to believe something completely fabricated, then go ahead and believe it.
That's a deeply immoral attitude, in my opinion. Because it feels good is not reason enough to enslave people to superstition and backwards thinking.
Well, there could be a correlation between delusion and reduced stress. Believing that a magical sky daddy has got your back might reduce your worry.
Using this as an argument to becoming religious is silly. Even if religious people are healthier, it doesn't mean a person can become religious just like that. It's kind of like how people with self-confidence achieve more. That's great--now how do I become self-confident?
Aren't there also statistics that show higher intelligence in non-religious people? That alone could explain the difference in depression.
I still don't think the religious people who tell everyone they're going to hell are very happy, and I especially don't think the antisexual religious people who get caught in gay sex scandals are too healthy.
This poll lacks lots of things like an statistical test. I'm not sure if those values are significantly different.
And it bothers me that they jointed in the same category the non practitioner theists, with the agnostics, the indifferent and the atheists.
Sí, lo soy.
More than half of the people in my country are non practitioners believers. They actually call themselves like that. That may explain why everybody is so depressed (or is it because the inflation?). Just kidding. ;P
I can't look at research about climate change and say it's ok cos god promised never to flood the world again. I can't look at the political climate and think it's ok cos my leader will win in the end - soon. I worry about the human condition and our future and I worry about the unavoidable uncertainty of my own future.
Nor can you commmit any kind of sin you want and then ask god for forgiveness to make it all okay (so you can go out and commit the sin again later on).
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text: The chief inspection official of China's quality watchdog says that the milk crisis which sickened 53,000 Chinese children has, hopefully, come to a close. Even so, some women are responding to the milk powder scandal by offering their services as wet nurses to families wary of using formula. Breast-feeding might also see a resurgence in China, where many women stopped breastfeeding because they felt formula was better for their babies. [Reuters & WSJ]


text:
Nobel laureate Carol Greider talks about life after receiving the Nobel prize.
Carol Greider, the Daniel Nathans Professor of molecular biology and genetics at Johns Hopkins University, has no shortage of work on her desk. Along with all her normal laboratory, teaching and departmental duties, Greider is hard at work finishing up four separate research papers while thinking ahead to her next round of grant submissions. It's a hectic schedule that one might think would induce stress, but for Greider it's actually a welcome relief.
"What this means," she says in reference to the clutter of papers around her, "is that my life is slowly settling back to normal."
It was a little over a year ago when Greider's routine normalcy experienced a major shake-up with the news that she had won a share of the 2009 Nobel Prize in medicine for her work in discovering the enzyme telomerase. It was not an entirely unforeseen event (Greider also had received a Lasker award in 2006, a good barometer for future Nobel success), but it still did not prepare Greider for all the pageantry that was to follow.
While most of us may be familiar with the media blitz that coincides with the yearly Nobel award announcements, that first week was just the start of a whirlwind series of months for Greider, which included trips to Sweden and the White House and more interview and public speaking requests than one could shake a day planner at.
Although life may never quite be the same as it was pre-Nobel, the start of 2011 at least has proven to be relatively quiet, allowing Greider to focus more on her passion: good basic science. And with that little extra downtime, Greider had the opportunity to sit down with the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and explain what the laureate life is like, one year later.
ASBMB: Your schedule was undoubtedly hectic following the initial award announcement; was there a specific moment during that whole event when the fact you had just won science's most prestigious honor actually sank in?Greider: Oh, I think that moment is still coming up; I still can't quite believe it.
ASBMB: At the same time, though, part of you must have known it could happen someday, given some of the other recent accolades you have been collecting, like the Lasker award and your induction into the National Academy of Sciences.Greider: True, the award wasn't a complete and total surprise, but at the same time I think it's important to note that I didn't get into scientific research for the prizes. I gave a lecture recently, and one of the questions I heard was, "Now that you've achieved the highest goal in science, what's next?" And my answer was that wasn't my ultimate goal. What I want to do is help fully elucidate the biological role of telomerase, and we still have a ways to go.
ASBMB: And what specific areas are the target of telomerase research today, whether projects in your lab or elsewhere?Greider: Well, the great thing about telomerase is that there are surprises in store at every level, from the molecular details to studies of human disease. Biochemically, a big puzzle is understanding how telomerase specifically elongates the shortest telomere, and we're making some inroads into that. On a broader level, we're just beginning to appreciate the degree to which telomerase mutations are associated with many different human diseases.
ASBMB: What was the most difficult aspect of being a Nobel winner? Was there ever a point during the whole process where you may have thought, "Maybe I would have been better off if I didn't win?"Greider: Well, besides having to write my own autobiography, the hardest part might have been keeping track of all the requests for interviews or speaking engagements I received shortly after getting the award. At the peak I think I was averaging almost 100 requests a week, and I definitely needed help in managing my phone calls and e-mails. It's always been a positive experience though; the only negative aspect has been turning down invitations because of lack of time.
ASBMB: And among the numerous media requests you received, was there any particular one you remember for being unusual or unexpected.Greider: Well, in some of my first interviews I had mentioned that I have dyslexia and how I coped with it growing up, and soon afterward I got contacted by several dyslexia associations and ended up doing many interviews and video shoots for them, becoming sort of a spokesperson. And that was unexpected because I had no idea the dyslexia community was so organized and active, but I'm glad I had a chance to work with them, because it was a learning experience for me as well.
ASBMB: And speaking of experiences, how was your trip to Stockholm to receive your award?Greider: That was a wonderful experience, though quite busy as well, and I'm grateful that the Nobel committee provided an attaché to help manage my schedule for the days I was there; I also made sure to ask [2003 Hopkins laureate] Peter Agre and his wife what to prepare for. It was especially memorable because I had the opportunity to invite friends and family from around the world to share in the ceremonies with me.
ASBMB: Are there any particular moments from that trip that stand out for you?Greider: I don't think there was anything really newsworthy, though one interesting moment occurred right on the day of the awards banquet; I decided to go ice skating with my two kids, and everyone around me was getting all nervous, and saying, "What are you going to do if you fall and break your leg?"
ASBMB: And you also had an opportunity to meet President Obama, a fellow 2009 Nobel laureate?Greider: That's right, though the Peace prize is given out in Oslo so Obama was not at the Stockholm ceremony. However, the White House did have a Nobel reception before the awards, and I got to attend with my kids, and we all got our pictures taken in the Oval Office, so we had a great time.
ASBMB: On that note, I guess a good, and important, question to finish with is, Where is your medal displayed?Greider: The official Nobel medal is actually solid gold and a lot heavier than you might think, so for the time being I have that in a safe deposit box until I figure out what to do with it. I did get several replica medals, though, and I do have one of those displayed.
More from the current issue


text:
Give the specific 2002 NEC references related to any violations you find. Write Joe a Violation Notice rather than sending in a copy of the Code rule. Send your response, in 25 words or more, to Joe Tedesco at 350 North St., Boston, MA 02113 or [email protected].
Please include your company name, job title, address, phone number, Social Security number and e-mail address. Previous winners are not eligible.
Winners will be awarded $75 in the case of one winner, $50 each for two winners and $25 each for three winners.
HINT: Rainwater will not find its way through the service entrance conductors if there was a formed on each conductor, and there is another foreign drop attached to the mast.
Bud Russell, owner of the TheMeterGuy.com in Wilsonville, Ore., found that no Code rule is applicable for the November What's Wrong Here contest.
"The error was made by the manufacturer. Actually the line/load stickers are in the same place they are in any meter can, but the buss bars going to the left side of the meter socket have been installed backwards, so that the line side goes in the bottom of the meter, and the load is coming out of the top of the meter socket. This socket was built wrong."
Editor's Comment: Section 90.7 would apply here and apparently was not enforced by the AHJ.


text:
Michael Phelps went to the AFC championship and dressed like this
Michael Phelps, 27, traveled to New England to watch his hometown Baltimore Ravens play in the AFC championship and looked like a hipster doofus, emphasis on doofus.
The 27-year-old Olympic hero wore a backward trucker hat to the game that featured the logo of his beloved NFL team.
Phelps, who will be 28 on his next birthday, was on the sideline before the game. He has been a frequent presence at Ravens games over the past decade.
The rest of the look was equally impressive, particularly the bushy mustache Phelps has been rocking since his retirement. From top to bottom, here are the best historical comparisons for Phelps' various looks:
Hat -- Blink-182 tribute band member
Mustache -- Svelte younger brother of Mario and Luigi
Scarf -- Diane Keaton
Purple shirt -- The red-headed guy from Modern Family


text:
Thanks to MindLoveMisery's Menagerie for hosting last Friday's music challenge. It was based on the song " Calm Before the Storm" by Sarah Ross.
"Calm Before the Storm" – Sarah Ross
Calm before the storm
Calm perceived, not real
Real quiet, crows flying
Real quiet, eerie silence
Silence is all you deserve
Silence before your fall
Fall from saving grace
Fall from your glories
Glories were lies
Glories were false promises
Promises fade, are taken away
Promise, the storm will be fierce
Fierce as the rain drowning your voice
Fierce as the thunder screaming
Screaming across the darkest skies
Screaming as lightening fires
Fires and hits you, sparks
Fires right between your eyes, terrified
Terrified of the calm before the storm
Terrified when I warned —
Warned you little boy
Warned you as clouds turned grey, too late —
Too late to hold your breath
Too late as water cleanses, drowns
Drowns your pleading voice
Drowns her cursed moans that flew
Flew freely, you cannot hide
Flew undisguised, I heard surprised?
Surprised the worst ain't happened yet
Surprised the storm intensifies
Intensifies my thirst for revenge,
Intensifies my grief, you only see
See the calm before the storm
See the sky ominous red
Red as rage, passion emblazed
Red as my ripped apart heart
Heart of the storm rises
Heart of mine wishes you gone
Gone your presence
Gone, don't let your presence be prolonged
Prolongs my misery
Prolongs, such hatred brewing
Brewing tornado in your trailer park
Brewing in the marsh, a wild storm
Storms create, deep dank of cruel life
Storms erupt in my tranquil ocean.
Ocean forms my monstrous storm,
Life, you paid the price in my maelstrom.
The Blitz Poem:
This form of poetry is a stream of short phrases and images with repetition and rapid flow.
Begin with one short phrase, it can be a cliché. Begin the next line with another phrase that begins with the same first word as line 1. The first 48 lines should be short, but at least two words.
The third and fourth lines are phrases that begin with the last word of the 2nd phrase, the 5th and 6th lines begin with the last word of the 4th line, and so on, continuing, with each subsequent pair beginning with the last word of the line above them, which establishes a pattern of repetition.
Continue for 48 total lines with this pattern. The last two lines repeat the last word of line 48, then the last word of line 47.
The title must be only three words, with some sort of preposition or conjunction joining the first word from the third line to the first word from the 47th line, in that order.
For more information see Shadow Poetry.
©Mandibelle16. (2017) All Rights Reserved.


text:
During an exam for
nearsightedness, your doctor will ask
questions about your health, lifestyle, medicines you are taking, and past eye
problems. Answers to questions about your family members can help determine
whether you may have inherited eye problems.
When a child is too young to be aware of blurred vision (younger than
age 7 or 8), the doctor commonly asks the parents questions such as those
listed below. The answers may help the doctor know whether the child is nearsighted.
After about age 8, most children can usually describe the blurred
vision caused by the start of nearsightedness, so these questions may not be
needed as much.
The doctor inspects the eyelids and other external
parts of the eye for signs of disease. Nearsightedness rarely has external
To look for problems with the muscles that control movement of the
eyeball, the doctor will ask the person to look in different
directions (such as up and down). In a child, severe nearsightedness in one eye
can sometimes cause
amblyopia (lazy eye).
Jerky movements of the eyes (nystagmus) may be seen in children who
have poor vision.
Next Section:
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Last Revised:
June 24, 2011
Healthwise Staff
Medical Review:
Kathleen Romito, MD - Family Medicine & Christopher J. Rudnisky, MD, MPH, FRCSC - Ophthalmology
This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise, Incorporated disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use. How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions.
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
© 1995-2012 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.


text:
Hola, Hulu! Univision telenovelas come online
(AP) -- Univision, the nation's No. 1 Spanish-language broadcaster, is bringing its popular telenovelas and other prime-time TV programming to online video service Hulu.
The deal announced Wednesday gives Hulu a way to sell advertising to a growing Hispanic population and entice them to pay for subscriptions that unlock more content. Univision gets a chance to make the kind of money from reruns that English-language programs have long enjoyed.
Hulu's paying subscribers will get the majority of Univision's prime-time offerings the day after airing on regular TV. Hulu says more than 1 million people pay $8 a month for Hulu Plus, which lets them watch shows on devices other than a computer and access a deeper library than the free version.
Full episodes of certain shows will also be available on the free version of Hulu a day after being broadcast on TV. Both free and paid versions of Hulu come with ads.
Univision's popular shows include the current telenovela "Teresa" and variety show "Don Francisco Presenta."
The multi-year agreement is the first major online deal since Univision Communications Inc. settled with Mexican producer Grupo Televisa SAB late last year for the right to show Televisa programs to U.S. audiences over the Internet.
Hulu said it will launch the service with a revamped website later this year.
Hulu is up for sale by its owners, The Walt Disney Co., News Corp., Comcast Corp. and Providence Equity Partners. The length of the deal suggests that the arrangement would continue under new owners if a sale is completed soon.
Until now, Hispanic audiences haven't had a good reason to turn to Hulu on the Web. They represent 16 percent of the U.S. population - around 50 million people - a large untapped group for Hulu and its advertisers.
"It is a significant audience. It's young. It's vibrant. It's growing," said Andy Forsell, senior vice president of content acquisition for Hulu. "This audience is of huge interest to advertisers."
Univision turned to the online video service for its reach and advertising sales force, as well as the ability to benefit from Hulu's subscriber fees in a way that the free-to-air broadcaster has not enjoyed before. Hulu and Universal aren't saying how much Hulu is paying for the rights.
Popular English-language shows such as "Two and a Half Men" can make millions of dollars from reruns. By contrast, Spanish-language telenovelas haven't profited from a rerun market until now.
Tonia O'Connor, Univision's president of distribution sales and marketing, said the deal with Hulu marks the first time its shows have a life beyond the initial broadcast.
O'Connor said Univision plans to explore other deals to reach Internet-savvy Hispanic audiences in the U.S. Next year, it also plans put shows on its own website but reserve them for subscribers who pay for their TV signals through distributors such as cable and satellite TV companies.
Univision experimented with online distribution last year by putting episodes of telenovela "Eva Luna" on its website a day after airing on regular TV.
The show's TV audience reached 5.2 million viewers in April, while drawing 790,000 online video streams and 318,000 streams from mobile devices that month.
Univision was allowed to market Televisa shows online after the two sides reached an agreement in October last year that settled a long-running dispute.
Televisa agreed to invest $1.2 billion in New York-based Univision in exchange for a minority stake, while Univision received the U.S. rights to distribute Televisa shows online, to cellphones and to video-on-demand services through at least 2020, on top of its ongoing TV broadcast rights.
Explore further
©2011 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


text:
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We are Debadge Design, a Digital Design Studio providing elegant website and graphic services for businesses and individuals around Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire & Northamptonshire.
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Websites aren't our only area of expertise. We offer graphic design services with particular focus in the areas of photo editing and retouching. Whether you need a new brand identity, promotional material, banners, business cards – get in touch. We're more than capable of bringing your ideas to life.
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Debadge Design create websites, graphics and a variety of digital media. We can provide elegant design solutions for a wide range of projects for businesses and individuals alike Being a small & local company, we offer a very personal, client orientated approach to design. We also offer the benefit of being extremely flexible, and can tailor our services to your exact requirements.
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Why not get in touch today to discuss your requirements, and let us show you what we're capable of. We welcome all enquiries, but deal with initial contact via email only. Although we're often too busy working to use them, we can also be found on Twitter, Google+ or Facebook. Thank you for visiting Debadge Design!


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I have accepted the challenge given by Amy Johnson Crow: http://www.nostorytoosmall.com/posts/challenge-52-ancestors-in-52-weeks/
She has challenged us to write about 52 ancestors this year, and I have jumped at the opportunity.
My father's grandfather, Ambrose Clemens, was known as the one of the meanest men who ever lived. That was the reputation that followed him long after he died.
His talent was well-known. If someone told him they wanted a room built on to their house, or even a new house built, he would ask them how big they wanted it, how many rooms, etc. Then, he would calculate it in his head. He would secure the materials and get to work.
When he was finished, there would barely be a splinter left over.
People in Carter County, Kentucky still talk about how he was so talented as a builder. He probably would have been a wonderful engineer.
They also still talk about how mean he was.
Since I never met him, I wanted to try to figure out why he was so surly. I have no pictures. I heard he looked like Albert Einstein.
I began to look through my genealogy files for any clues relating to Ambrose's meanness. This is the only thing I could realy find:
1. His father, Francis, had to farm out his children because of the family's poverty, just as his own father, Benjamin had done to him.
2. His father, Francis, had married three times. Ambrose was the next-to-the last child in quite a large family. He just may have been another mouth to feed.
3. His grandfather, Benjamin, had been taken to court for cruelty to his wife, adultery, and beating his children.
4. Ambrose married Mary Ann Brown, and soon after his own children started coming in close succession. The first three were born in 1885, 1886, and 1887. Five years passed before the fourth and final baby was born. They were:
Etta Bee - born 1885
Richard Lee - born 1886 (my grandfather)
Ollie Orie - born 1887
Minnie Dorie - born 1892
Notice the 5-year gap between the last two children.
5. Ollie Orie died in Sep 1893, and just two months later, mother Mary Ann died.
Ambrose was now a single father with three very young children.
Ambrose continues to be found on censuses as a boarder, but never owning his own home or land. The children were farmed out to others, as he had been, and as his own father had been.
Life was not real good to Ambrose, but he went on. The children that lived turned out real fine, and they were kind. I enjoyed going to Aunt Etta Bee's and Aunt Minnie's. When my family moved from West Virginia to Ohio, they were stranded for several days in Portsmouth, Ohio. Aunt Minnie took them in without a thought and fed them well.
Sometimes we have to look at the whole picture of our ancestors. It's more than just a bunch of names and dates. It's "family history".
This has been reposted, as I have accepted the challenge given by Amy Johnson Crow: http://www.nostorytoosmall.com/posts/challenge-52-ancestors-in-52-weeks/


text:
Charli XCX
the songs
Boom Clap
Break the Rules
After the Afterparty
Doing It
Vroom Vroom
about charli xcx
The nom de pop of Charlotte Aitchison, Charli XCX mixes influences and inspirations as diverse as the Spice Girls, Kate Bush, Lil Wayne, Quentin Tarantino, and Twin Peaks into moody yet catchy pop. She began making music at an early age while growing up in Hertfordshire, England, and released a pair of singles, 2008's "Emelline/Art Bitch" and "!Franchesckaar!," while still in her teens. She also recorded her first album that year, which she sold at concerts although it never saw an official release. Three years later she returned with a slew of new material, including the singles "Stay Away" and "Nuclear Seasons"; the mixtapes Super Girls, Super Love and I Like Boys Who Cry, which respectively gathered the female and male artists who shaped her music; and cameos on Starkey's "Lost in Space" and Alex Metric's "End of the World." Her first original mixtape, Heartbreaks and Earthquakes, arrived in May 2012 and was followed by her U.S. debut EP, You're the One, and another mixtape, Super Ultra. She scored another hit that year when she appeared on the Icona Pop single "I Love It," which she co-wrote.


text:
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Merge duplicate rows in Excel 2010, 2013-2003, combine records based on unique id
Also, I really like some of the features offered by this software and will Easy-XL add features similar to this in the future?
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Excel Add-in Features | Macabacus Macros
Duplicate detection, extraction and removal functions are available in Easy-XL's big brother, ActiveData for Excel, available at www.InformationActive.com
Given that Easy-XL focuses on data analytics, we don't have any plans to add advanced formatting features.


text:
LONDON — Ryan Cochrane posted the third-fastest time in qualifying Friday to advance to the men's 1,500-metre freestyle final.
Cochrane — whose bronze at the distance was Canada's only swimming medal of the Beijing Olympic Games — posted a time of 14.49.31, behind Yang Sun of China and Oussama Mellouli of Tunisia.
It will be the first final of the Games for the Victoria native, who won the silver medal in the men's 1,500-metre free at the 2011 world championships. Cochrane didn't qualify for the 400 freestyle final despite winning his heat. Asked if the result had fired him up — he finished ninth and thought he made the final when a swimmer was disqualified, only to have the disqualification overturned on appeal — he said the opposite was true and it was tough to regroup.
"It was the emotional toll from it, along with the subconscious stress I've put on myself over the past year," he said. "It didn't really come to the surface until the meet started."
Cochrane's goal for Saturday's final is simple.
"All of us are vying for [gold]," he said. "It's going to be an exciting final. I just want to put together a race that I'm proud of."
Canadian swimmers have won one medal so far in London, a bronze from Brent Hayden in the men's 100-metre freestyle.


text:
Silver Pavilion #9
Silver Pavilion #9
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Summary: SBDS protein C-terminal domain
Pfam includes annotations and additional family information from a range of different sources. These sources can be accessed via the tabs below.
This is the Wikipedia entry entitled "SBDS". More...
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SBDS Edit Wikipedia article
Ribosome maturation protein SBDS is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SBDS gene.[5] An alternative transcript has been described, but its biological nature has not been determined. This gene has a closely linked pseudogene that is distally located.[6] This gene encodes a member of a highly conserved protein family that exists from archaea to vertebrates and plants.
The encoded protein may function in RNA metabolism.[6] The precise function of the SBDS protein is not known but it appears to play an important role in ribosome function or assembly.[7] Knockdown of SBDS expression results in increased apoptosis in erythroid cells undergoing differentiation due to elevated ROS levels. Hence SBDS is critical for normal erythropoiesis.[8]
This family is highly conserved in species ranging from archaea to vertebrates and plants. The family contains several Shwachman-Bodian-Diamond syndrome (SBDS) proteins from both mouse and humans. Shwachman-Diamond syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder with clinical features that include pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, haematological dysfunction and skeletal abnormalities. Members of this family play a role in RNA metabolism.[5][9]
A number of uncharacterised hydrophilic proteins of about 30 kDa share regions of similarity. These include,
- Mouse protein 22A3.
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XII hypothetical protein YLR022c.
- Caenorhabditis elegans hypothetical protein W06E11.4.
- Methanococcus jannaschii hypothetical protein MJ0592.
This particular protein sequence is highly conserved in species ranging from archaea to vertebrates and plants.[5]
The SBDS protein contains three domains, an N-terminal conserved FYSH domain, central helical domain and C-terminal domain containing an RNA-binding motif.[7]
SBDS N-terminal domain
|SBDS protein N-terminal domain
This protein domain appears to be very important, since mutations in this domain are usually the cause of Shwachman-Bodian-Diamond syndrome. It shares distant structural and sequence homology to a protein named YHR087W found in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The protein YHR087W is involved in RNA metabolism, so it is probable that the SBDS N-terminal domain has the same function.[9]
The N-terminal domains contains a novel mixed alphabeta fold, four beta-strands, and four alpha-helices arranged as a three beta stranded anti-parallel-sheet.[9]
SBDS central domain
The function of this protein domain has been difficult to elucidate. It is possible that it has a role in binding to DNA or RNA. Protein binding to form a protein complex is also another possibility. It has been difficult to infer the function from the structure since this particular domain structure is found in archea.[9]
This domain contains a very common structure, the winged helix-turn-helix.[9]
SBDS C-terminal domain
|SBDS protein C-terminal domain
In molecular biology, the SBDS C-terminal protein domain is highly conserved in species ranging from archaea to vertebrates and plants.[10]
Members of this family are thought to play a role in RNA metabolism.[9] However, its precise function remains to be elucidated. Furthermore, its structure makes it very difficult to predict the protein domain's function.[9]
The structure of the C-terminal domain contains a ferredoxin-like fold[11] This structure has a four-stranded beta-sheet with two helices on one side.[9]
Clinical significance
Mutations within this gene are associated with Shwachman-Bodian-Diamond syndrome .[6] The two most common mutations associated with this syndrome are at positions 183–184 (TA→CT) resulting in a premature stop-codon (K62X) and a frameshift mutation at position 258 (2T→C) resulting in a stopcodon (C84fsX3).[7]
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000126524 - Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000025337 - Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:".
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:".
- ^ a b c Boocock GR, Morrison JA, Popovic M, Richards N, Ellis L, Durie PR, Rommens JM (Jan 2003). "Mutations in SBDS are associated with Shwachman-Diamond syndrome". Nat Genet. 33 (1): 97–101. PMID 12496757. doi:10.1038/ng1062.
- ^ a b c "Entrez Gene: SBDS Shwachman-Bodian-Diamond syndrome".
- ^ a b c Orelio C, van der Sluis RM, Verkuijlen P, Nethe M, Hordijk PL, van den Berg TK, Kuijpers TW (2011). "Altered intracellular localization and mobility of SBDS protein upon mutation in Shwachman-Diamond syndrome". PLoS ONE. 6 (6): e20727. PMC 3113850 . PMID 21695142. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020727.
- ^ Sen S, Wang H, Nghiem CL, Zhou K, Yau J, Tailor CS, Irwin MS, Dror Y (December 2011). "The ribosome-related protein, SBDS, is critical for normal erythropoiesis". Blood. 118 (24): 6407–17. PMID 21963601. doi:10.1182/blood-2011-02-335190.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Savchenko A, Krogan N, Cort JR, Evdokimova E, Lew JM, Yee AA, Sánchez-Pulido L, Andrade MA, Bochkarev A, Watson JD, Kennedy MA, Greenblatt J, Hughes T, Arrowsmith CH, Rommens JM, Edwards AM (May 2005). "The Shwachman-Bodian-Diamond syndrome protein family is involved in RNA metabolism". J. Biol. Chem. 280 (19): 19213–20. PMID 15701634. doi:10.1074/jbc.M414421200.
- ^ Boocock GR, Morrison JA, Popovic M, Richards N, Ellis L, Durie PR, Rommens JM (January 2003). "Mutations in SBDS are associated with Shwachman-Diamond syndrome". Nat. Genet. 33 (1): 97–101. PMID 12496757. doi:10.1038/ng1062.
- ^ Shammas C, Menne TF, Hilcenko C, Michell SR, Goyenechea B, Boocock GR, et al. (2005). "Structural and mutational analysis of the SBDS protein family. Insight into the leukemia-associated Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome.". J Biol Chem. 280 (19): 19221–9. PMID 15701631. doi:10.1074/jbc.M414656200.
Further reading
- Lai CH, Chou CY, Ch'ang LY, et al. (2000). "Identification of novel human genes evolutionarily conserved in Caenorhabditis elegans by comparative proteomics.". Genome Res. 10 (5): 703–13. PMC 310876 . PMID 10810093. doi:10.1101/gr.10.5.703.
- Popovic M, Goobie S, Morrison J, et al. (2002). "Fine mapping of the locus for Shwachman-Diamond syndrome at 7q11, identification of shared disease haplotypes, and exclusion of TPST1 as a candidate gene.". Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 10 (4): 250–8. PMID 12032733. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200798.
- Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. PMC 139241 . PMID 12477932. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899.
- Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, et al. (2004). "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. PMID 14702039. doi:10.1038/ng1285.
- Nakashima E, Mabuchi A, Makita Y, et al. (2004). "Novel SBDS mutations caused by gene conversion in Japanese patients with Shwachman-Diamond syndrome.". Hum. Genet. 114 (4): 345–8. PMID 14749921. doi:10.1007/s00439-004-1081-2.
- Woloszynek JR, Rothbaum RJ, Rawls AS, et al. (2004). "Mutations of the SBDS gene are present in most patients with Shwachman-Diamond syndrome.". Blood. 104 (12): 3588–90. PMID 15284109. doi:10.1182/blood-2004-04-1516.
- Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. PMC 528928 . PMID 15489334. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504.
- Andersen JS, Lam YW, Leung AK, et al. (2005). "Nucleolar proteome dynamics.". Nature. 433 (7021): 77–83. PMID 15635413. doi:10.1038/nature03207.
- Kuijpers TW, Alders M, Tool AT, et al. (2005). "Hematologic abnormalities in Shwachman Diamond syndrome: lack of genotype-phenotype relationship.". Blood. 106 (1): 356–61. PMID 15769891. doi:10.1182/blood-2004-11-4371.
- Austin KM, Leary RJ, Shimamura A (2005). "The Shwachman-Diamond SBDS protein localizes to the nucleolus.". Blood. 106 (4): 1253–8. PMC 1895203 . PMID 15860664. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-02-0807.
- Kawakami T, Mitsui T, Kanai M, et al. (2005). "Genetic analysis of Shwachman-Diamond syndrome: phenotypic heterogeneity in patients carrying identical SBDS mutations.". Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 206 (3): 253–9. PMID 15942154. doi:10.1620/tjem.206.253.
- Boocock GR, Marit MR, Rommens JM (2006). "Phylogeny, sequence conservation, and functional complementation of the SBDS protein family.". Genomics. 87 (6): 758–71. PMID 16529906. doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2006.01.010.
- Erdos M, Alapi K, Balogh I, et al. (2007). "Severe Shwachman-Diamond syndrome phenotype caused by compound heterozygous missense mutations in the SBDS gene.". Exp. Hematol. 34 (11): 1517–21. PMID 17046571. doi:10.1016/j.exphem.2006.06.009.
- Nishimura G, Nakashima E, Hirose Y, et al. (2007). "The Shwachman-Bodian-Diamond syndrome gene mutations cause a neonatal form of spondylometaphysial dysplasia (SMD) resembling SMD Sedaghatian type.". J. Med. Genet. 44 (4): e73. PMC 2598034 . PMID 17400792. doi:10.1136/jmg.2006.043869.
- Calado RT, Graf SA, Wilkerson KL, et al. (2007). "Mutations in the SBDS gene in acquired aplastic anemia.". Blood. 110 (4): 1141–6. PMC 1939897 . PMID 17478638. doi:10.1182/blood-2007-03-080044.
- Wang Y, Yagasaki H, Hama A, et al. (2007). "Mutation of SBDS and SH2D1A is not associated with aplastic anemia in Japanese children.". Haematologica. 92 (11): 1573. PMID 18024409. doi:10.3324/haematol.11568.
External links
This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro IPR002140
This page is based on a Wikipedia article. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
This tab holds the annotation information that is stored in the Pfam database. As we move to using Wikipedia as our main source of annotation, the contents of this tab will be gradually replaced by the Wikipedia tab.
SBDS protein C-terminal domain Provide feedback
This family is highly conserved in species ranging from archaea to vertebrates and plants. The family contains several Shwachman-Bodian-Diamond syndrome (SBDS) proteins from both mouse and humans. Shwachman-Diamond syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder with clinical features that include pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, haematological dysfunction and skeletal abnormalities. Members of this family play a role in RNA metabolism [2] [3].
Literature references
Boocock GR, Morrison JA, Popovic M, Richards N, Ellis L, Durie PR, Rommens JM; , Nat Genet 2003;33:97-101.: Mutations in SBDS are associated with Shwachman-Diamond syndrome. PUBMED:12496757 EPMC:12496757
Savchenko A, Krogan N, Cort JR, Evdokimova E, Lew JM, Yee AA, Sanchez-Pulido L, Andrade MA, Bochkarev A, Watson JD, Kennedy MA, Greenblatt J, Hughes T, Arrowsmith CH, Rommens JM, Edwards AM; , J Biol Chem 2005; [Epub ahead of print]: The SHWACHMAN-Bodian-diamond syndromeprotein family is involved in RNA metabolism. PUBMED:15701634 EPMC:15701634
Shammas C, Menne TF, Hilcenko C, Michell SR, Goyenechea B, Boocock GR, Durie PR, Rommens JM, Warren AJ; , J Biol Chem 2005; [Epub ahead of print]: Structural and mutational analysis of the SBDS protein family: insight into the leukemia-associated shwachman-diamond syndrome. PUBMED:15701631 EPMC:15701631
External database links
This tab holds annotation information from the InterPro database.
InterPro entry IPR018978
This entry represents the C-terminal domain of proteins that are highly conserved in species ranging from archaea to vertebrates and plants [PUBMED:12496757]. The family contains several Shwachman-Bodian-Diamond syndrome (SBDS, OMIM 260400) proteins from both mouse and humans. Shwachman-Diamond syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder with clinical features that include pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, haematological dysfunction and skeletal abnormalities. It is characterised by bone marrow failure and leukemia predisposition. Members of this family play a role in RNA metabolism [PUBMED:15701631, PUBMED:15701634]. In yeast Sdo1 is involved in the biogenesis of the 60S ribosomal subunit and translational activation of ribosomes. Together with the EF-2-like GTPase RIA1 (EfI1), it triggers the GTP-dependent release of TIF6 from 60S pre-ribosomes in the cytoplasm, thereby activating ribosomes for translation competence by allowing 80S ribosome assembly and facilitating TIF6 recycling to the nucleus, where it is required for 60S rRNA processing and nuclear export. This data links defective late 60S subunit maturation to an inherited bone marrow failure syndrome associated with leukemia predisposition [PUBMED:17353896].
A number of uncharacterised hydrophilic proteins of about 30 kDa share regions of similarity. These include,
- Mouse protein 22A3.
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XII hypothetical protein YLR022c.
- Caenorhabditis elegans hypothetical protein W06E11.4.
- Methanocaldococcus jannaschii (Methanococcus jannaschii) hypothetical protein MJ0592.
Gene Ontology
The mapping between Pfam and Gene Ontology is provided by InterPro. If you use this data please cite InterPro.
|Biological process
|ribosome biogenesis (GO:0042254)
Domain organisation
Below is a listing of the unique domain organisations or architectures in which this domain is found. More...
The graphic that is shown by default represents the longest sequence with a given architecture. Each row contains the following information:
- the number of sequences which exhibit this architecture
a textual description of the architecture, e.g. Gla, EGF x 2, Trypsin.
This example describes an architecture with one
Gladomain, followed by two consecutive
EGFdomains, and finally a single
- a link to the page in the Pfam site showing information about the sequence that the graphic describes
- the UniProt description of the protein sequence
- the number of residues in the sequence
- the Pfam graphic itself.
Note that you can see the family page for a particular domain by clicking on the graphic. You can also choose to see all sequences which have a given architecture by clicking on the Show link in each row.
Finally, because some families can be found in a very large number of architectures, we load only the first fifty architectures by default. If you want to see more architectures, click the button at the bottom of the page to load the next set.
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Pfam Clan
This family is a member of clan EF-G_C (CL0437), which has the following description:
This superfamily is characterised by being an alpha-beta 2-Layer Sandwich. It is found in EF2 proteins from both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, as well as in some tetracycline resistance proteins, peptide chain release factors ], and in the C-terminal region of the bacterial hypothetical protein, YigZ.
The clan contains the following 5 members:DUF1949 EFG_C EFG_II RF3_C SBDS_C
We store a range of different sequence alignments for families. As well as the seed alignment from which the family is built, we provide the full alignment, generated by searching the sequence database (reference proteomes) using the family HMM. We also generate alignments using four representative proteomes (RP) sets, the UniProtKB sequence database, the NCBI sequence database, and our metagenomics sequence database. More...
There are various ways to view or download the sequence alignments that we store. We provide several sequence viewers and a plain-text Stockholm-format file for download.
Alignment types
We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family:
- seed
- the curated alignment from which the HMM for the family is built
- full
- the alignment generated by searching the sequence database using the HMM
- Representative Proteomes (RPs) at 15%, 35%, 55% and 75% co-membership thresholds
- UniProt
- alignment generated by searching the UniProtKB sequence database using the family HMM
- alignment generated by searching the NCBI sequence database using the family HMM
- meta
- alignment generated by searching the metagenomics sequence database using the family HMM
You can see the alignments as HTML or in three different sequence viewers:
- jalview
- a Java applet developed at the University of Dundee. You will need Java installed before running jalview
- an HTML page showing the whole alignment.Please note: full Pfam alignments can be very large. These HTML views are extremely large and often cause problems for browsers. Please use either jalview or the Pfam viewer if you have trouble viewing the HTML version
- PP/Heatmap
- an HTML-based representation of the alignment, coloured according to the posterior-probability (PP) values from the HMM. As for the standard HTML view, heatmap alignments can also be very large and slow to render.
You can download (or view in your browser) a text representation of a Pfam alignment in various formats:
- Selex
- Stockholm
You can also change the order in which sequences are listed in the alignment, change how insertions are represented, alter the characters that are used to represent gaps in sequences and, finally, choose whether to download the alignment or to view it in your browser directly.
You may find that large alignments cause problems for the viewers and the reformatting tool, so we also provide all alignments in Stockholm format. You can download either the plain text alignment, or a gzipped version of it.
View options
We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family. You can see a description of each above. You can view these alignments in various ways but please note that some types of alignment are never generated while others may not be available for all families, most commonly because the alignments are too large to handle.
|Representative proteomes
1Cannot generate PP/Heatmap alignments for seeds; no PP data available
Key: available, not generated, — not available.
Format an alignment
Download options
We make all of our alignments available in Stockholm format. You can download them here as raw, plain text files or as gzip-compressed files.
|Representative proteomes
|Raw Stockholm
You can also download a FASTA format file containing the full-length sequences for all sequences in the full alignment.
HMM logo
HMM logos is one way of visualising profile HMMs. Logos provide a quick overview of the properties of an HMM in a graphical form. You can see a more detailed description of HMM logos and find out how you can interpret them here. More...
If you find these logos useful in your own work, please consider citing the following article:
This page displays the phylogenetic tree for this family's seed alignment. We use FastTree to calculate neighbour join trees with a local bootstrap based on 100 resamples (shown next to the tree nodes). FastTree calculates approximately-maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees from our seed alignment.
Note: You can also download the data file for the tree.
Curation and family details
This section shows the detailed information about the Pfam family. You can see the definitions of many of the terms in this section in the glossary and a fuller explanation of the scoring system that we use in the scores section of the help pages.
|Seed source:
|Bateman A
|Previous IDs:
|Sequence Ontology:
|Bateman A
|Number in seed:
|Number in full:
|Average length of the domain:
|139.00 aa
|Average identity of full alignment:
|29 %
|Average coverage of the sequence by the domain:
|48.22 %
HMM information
|HMM build commands:
build method: hmmbuild -o /dev/null HMM SEED
search method: hmmsearch -Z 45638612 -E 1000 --cpu 4 HMM pfamseq
|Model details:
|Model length:
|Family (HMM) version:
|download the raw HMM for this family
Species distribution
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This visualisation provides a simple graphical representation of the distribution of this family across species. You can find the original interactive tree in the adjacent tab. More...
This chart is a modified "sunburst" visualisation of the species tree for this family. It shows each node in the tree as a separate arc, arranged radially with the superkingdoms at the centre and the species arrayed around the outermost ring.
How the sunburst is generated
The tree is built by considering the taxonomic lineage of each sequence that has a match to this family. For each node in the resulting tree, we draw an arc in the sunburst. The radius of the arc, its distance from the root node at the centre of the sunburst, shows the taxonomic level ("superkingdom", "kingdom", etc). The length of the arc represents either the number of sequences represented at a given level, or the number of species that are found beneath the node in the tree. The weighting scheme can be changed using the sunburst controls.
In order to reduce the complexity of the representation, we reduce the number of taxonomic levels that we show. We consider only the following eight major taxonomic levels:
- superkingdom
- kingdom
- phylum
- class
- order
- family
- genus
- species
Colouring and labels
Segments of the tree are coloured approximately according to their superkingdom. For example, archeal branches are coloured with shades of orange, eukaryotes in shades of purple, etc. The colour assignments are shown under the sunburst controls. Where space allows, the name of the taxonomic level will be written on the arc itself.
As you move your mouse across the sunburst, the current node will be highlighted. In the top section of the controls panel we show a summary of the lineage of the currently highlighed node. If you pause over an arc, a tooltip will be shown, giving the name of the taxonomic level in the title and a summary of the number of sequences and species below that node in the tree.
Anomalies in the taxonomy tree
There are some situations that the sunburst tree cannot easily handle and for which we have work-arounds in place.
Missing taxonomic levels
Some species in the taxonomic tree may not have one or more of the main eight levels that we display. For example, Bos taurus is not assigned an order in the NCBI taxonomic tree. In such cases we mark the omitted level with, for example, "No order", in both the tooltip and the lineage summary.
Unmapped species names
The tree is built by looking at each sequence in the full alignment for the family. We take the name of the species given by UniProt and try to map that to the full taxonomic tree from NCBI. In some cases, the name chosen by UniProt does not map to any node in the NCBI tree, perhaps because the chosen name is listed as a synonym or a misspelling in the NCBI taxonomy.
So that these nodes are not simply omitted from the sunburst tree, we group them together in a separate branch (or segment of the sunburst tree). Since we cannot determine the lineage for these unmapped species, we show all levels between the superkingdom and the species as "uncategorised".
Since we reduce the species tree to only the eight main taxonomic levels, sequences that are mapped to the sub-species level in the tree would not normally be shown. Rather than leave out these species, we map them instead to their parent species. So, for example, for sequences belonging to one of the Vibrio cholerae sub-species in the NCBI taxonomy, we show them instead as belonging to the species Vibrio cholerae.
Too many species/sequences
For large species trees, you may see blank regions in the outer layers of the sunburst. These occur when there are large numbers of arcs to be drawn in a small space. If an arc is less than approximately one pixel wide, it will not be drawn and the space will be left blank. You may still be able to get some information about the species in that region by moving your mouse across the area, but since each arc will be very small, it will be difficult to accurately locate a particular species.
Tree controlsHide
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- graphically
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The tree shows the occurrence of this domain across different species. More...
Species trees
We show the species tree in one of two ways. For smaller trees we try to show an interactive representation, which allows you to select specific nodes in the tree and view them as an alignment or as a set of Pfam domain graphics.
Unfortunately we have found that there are problems viewing the interactive tree when the it becomes larger than a certain limit. Furthermore, we have found that Internet Explorer can become unresponsive when viewing some trees, regardless of their size. We therefore show a text representation of the species tree when the size is above a certain limit or if you are using Internet Explorer to view the site.
If you are using IE you can still load the interactive tree by clicking the "Generate interactive tree" button, but please be aware of the potential problems that the interactive species tree can cause.
Interactive tree
For all of the domain matches in a full alignment, we count the number that are found on all sequences in the alignment. This total is shown in the purple box.
We also count the number of unique sequences on which each domain is found, which is shown in green. Note that a domain may appear multiple times on the same sequence, leading to the difference between these two numbers.
Finally, we group sequences from the same organism according to the NCBI code that is assigned by UniProt, allowing us to count the number of distinct sequences on which the domain is found. This value is shown in the pink boxes.
We use the NCBI species tree to group organisms according to their taxonomy and this forms the structure of the displayed tree. Note that in some cases the trees are too large (have too many nodes) to allow us to build an interactive tree, but in most cases you can still view the tree in a plain text, non-interactive representation. Those species which are represented in the seed alignment for this domain are highlighted.
You can use the tree controls to manipulate how the interactive tree is displayed:
- show/hide the summary boxes
- highlight species that are represented in the seed alignment
- expand/collapse the tree or expand it to a given depth
- select a sub-tree or a set of species within the tree and view them graphically or as an alignment
- save a plain text representation of the tree
Please note: for large trees this can take some time. While the tree is loading, you can safely switch away from this tab but if you browse away from the family page entirely, the tree will not be loaded.
There are 2 interactions for this family. More...
We determine these interactions using iPfam, which considers the interactions between residues in three-dimensional protein structures and maps those interactions back to Pfam families. You can find more information about the iPfam algorithm in the journal article that accompanies the website.
For those sequences which have a structure in the Protein DataBank, we use the mapping between UniProt, PDB and Pfam coordinate systems from the PDBe group, to allow us to map Pfam domains onto UniProt sequences and three-dimensional protein structures. The table below shows the structures on which the SBDS_C domain has been found. There are 10 instances of this domain found in the PDB. Note that there may be multiple copies of the domain in a single PDB structure, since many structures contain multiple copies of the same protein sequence.
Loading structure mapping...


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Spring is a wonderful time to travel to Florida. The temperature tends to hover in the low 80s throughout the state, and humidity is low.
It's a great time to visit the cities of Miami, Tampa, St. Augustine, Tallahasse, Orlando, and Naples. Many Florida Bed and Breakfasts are located in walkable, historic districts.
Explore the neighborhoods of Miami, many of which offer art strolls; galleries in the Bird Road Art District host an art walk from 7-10 p.m. the third Saturday of each month; There is an arts and culture street festival and gallery stroll every Friday evening in Little Havana; and galleries and showrooms in the Miami Design District stays open late the second Saturday of each month.
Lounge on the fabulous beaches around St. Petersburg (St. Pete) by day: Treasure Island, Gulfport Beach Park, and the scenic Fred Howard Park. Then take advantage of the many restaurants, wine bars, and clubs in the city. Downtown St. Pete has lots of good places to dine while enjoying views of the waterfront: Ceviche has a romantic atmosphere and outstanding Tapas; Hurricane Seafood Restaurant features amazing sunset views over the Gulf of Mexico and fabulous crabcakes and grouper sandwiches.
Find a Florida Bed and Breakfast in the middle of a bustling, colorful town like Key West or a town steeped in history like St. Augustine. Explore the town on foot as much as you can, seeking interesting neighborhoods often overlooked by tourists. Ask a local (the innkeeper) where to go, and have fun exploring Florida this spring.
Tags: Bird Road Art District, Florida Bed and Breakfasts, grouper sandwich, Little Havana, Miami, Miami Design District, St. Augustine, St. Petersburg Restaurants, Treasure Island


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RDA Holding has filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection for the second time in four years.
The move to convert $465 million in debt to equity comes after the company considered a "wide range of alternatives" however, according to a statement from Robert Guth, president and CEO of RDA.
Guth was unavailable for comment in the lead-up to first-day motions with the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York, but some in the industry believe a sale of at least part of the company had been one of the "alternatives" explored.
"I do believe that RDA was approached by buyers and in conversations," says Reed Phillips, CEO and managing partner of DeSilva + Phillips, an M&A advisory firm specializing in media properties.
Selling off titles wouldn't be a first for the company, who parted with Every Day with Rachel Ray in October of 2011 and AllRecipies.com in January of 2012–both purchased by Meredith. Those are among the more publicized changes since Guth took over about a month before the Rachel Ray deal, but they're part of an on-going evolution, he says.
"The complex transformation that we began 18 months ago under the leadership of a new senior management team has resulted in a more streamlined, more focused, and more profitable business," Guth says in the statement.
Since then, business has been mixed though. Year-over-year operating losses decreased in first three quarters of 2012, while revenues took big hits. Yearly ad pages were up on two of its three biggest titles, Reader's Digest and Family Handyman, but down on another staple, Taste of Home, according to the Publishers Information Bureau. Circulation has remained relatively steady over that time for each, per Alliance for Audited Media numbers.
While executing a Restructuring Support Agreement with its secured lender, Wells Fargo, the status of several other claims remain in doubt.
Three of RDA's creditors–Daniel Lagani, former president of Reader's Digest North America, Robert Newman, former creative director of Reader's Digest and Mark Jannot, former chief content officer of RDA Milwaukee–were let go from the company late last year following poor second quarter results. RDA owes the trio close to $1 million in severance claims.
A fourth, Dan Meehan, a former VP of integrated solutions and digital development, left RDA in April and is owed more than $500,000. Meehan's company, Haven Home Media, was acquired by RDA a year earlier.
The Federal Trade Commission is still owed $8.7 million from a settlement agreement over the false marketing of a fitness device, the Ab Circle Pro, as well. The total amount owed was reported to have been between $13.8 and $23.8 million.
Other notable seven-figure creditors on the list include business process outsourcing firm Williams Lea ($6 million), global IT provider HCL Technologies ($4.4 million) and printers, Quad/Graphics ($3.6 million) and RR Donnelley Receivables ($1.6 million).
The only disputed claim on the list, an undisclosed amount due to Chinese publisher, the Shanghai Press Development Company, appears to stem from the failed Chinese-language version of the magazine. Launched in 2008, the title, Puzhi, shuttered last summer.
To stay updated on the latest FOLIO: news, become a Facebook fan and follow us on Twitter!


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As you undoubtedly know by now, the Mets selected Matt Harvey with the seventh overall pick in the amateur draft. I've mentioned before that I'm not a draft expert, but even though I know nothing about Harvey as a prospect I'm happy with the selection. Oddly enough, that's directly related to the fact that Harvey has retained super agent Scott Boras to represent him. As Ken Davidoff tweeted: "U don't draft a Boras guy & then get cheap." It's a sign that they're willing to spend some extra money to secure a player they like, which is all I wanted to see from them.
How Harvey will turn out? Well, here's some historical perspective: on this date in 1967 the Mets drafted Steve Chilcott first overall. He became the first number one pick to fail to appear in the majors, and to add insult to injury, the A's took Reggie Jackson with the second pick. But on the same date in 1982 the Mets drafted Dwight Gooden with the fifth pick. Not to get too snarky, but I think it's safe to say that Harvey projects somewhere between the two.
Harvey has a way to go before he's ready for the majors and Terry Collins and the rest of the minor league coordinators, instructors, and coaches will have to put in a lot of work to get him there. Luck will enter the equation at some point: career ending injuries can happen to the greatest athletes at any time. All of that is on the table and it's hard to forecast how it will end, but at least the Mets didn't unnecessarily limit themselves when they made the pick. That's about the most you can hope for on draft day, and the Mets didn't disappoint this year.
Post Script: @tmmets29 tweeted the following after I finished this post: "We'll see if they make some reaches in later rounds though. Easy to spend on first rounder." And he's absolutely right. The possibility exists that because they're willing to spend on their first rounder, the Mets will look for signable prospects in the later rounds. We have to guard against that possibility and not let management and ownership off the hook, but I will say this: it wouldn't be a bad thing if we saw a Boras client or two in the next few rounds. Again, it would be a blatant signal to the fans that the team is willing to spend.
And please forgive the conspiracy theory that's about to follow, but might it impact the status of a certain loopy lefty? If the Mets were to draft a few Boras clients and meet their contract demands, might he in turn convince Oliver Perez to accept a demotion to Buffalo? This certainly qualifies as rampant speculation: I don't even know how many Boras clients when the Mets pick again at 89 (though I suspect there will be more than one). I don't know and I'm just throwing it out there but either way, the Mets will have about 45-50 more picks to demonstrate that they're unafraid to spend and, conspiracy theories aside, they should open their wallets and make it rain as often as they can.


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When defeating an enemy in mid-air, your character is able to use his/her jump again once more while in the air. I understand that from the tutorial.
But now, let's take for example the blue character, he can jump once and then again while in mid-air. If he jumps, then defeats two enemies, how many more times will he be able to use his jump ability before he lands? Just once? Or twice or three times?
Also, if our blue character jumps, defeats an enemy and then uses his doublejump (in mid-air) and then defeats another enemy(still in mid-air), how many more 'jumps' does he have left?
And how does this work with the purple character, who can jump and then do two more jumps while in air?
Sorry for the maybe a little confusing wording of the question...


text: I was quizzing my daughter on animal sounds the other day. I asked her "What does a kitty say?" She responded "Meow." Next I asked "What does a doggy say?" She replied "Woof." Lastly, I tried to trick her by asking "And what does a deer say?" She exclaimed "Pow, pow!"


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text:
In 1948, embattled incumbent Harry S Truman embarked on a cross-country, whistlestop tour, in a last ditch effort to salvage his stake in the presidential election. The situation was dire. Infighting had decimated the Democratic Party's base, shattering it into a collection of small tent movements; Dixiecrat Strom Thurmond threatened from one direction, and Republican Thomas Dewey from the other. Voters, Truman reasoned, would have to be appealed to directly – palm to palm, and face to face.
As Garrett Graff writes in The First Campaign: Globalization, the Web, and the Race for the White House, Truman, who eventually covered thousands of miles by train, was the last winning candidate to reach – in person – such a wide swath of the electorate. By 52, television had arrived in American homes, and Dwight D. Eisenhower was using "I Like Ike" cartoon shorts and canned "conversations" to bridge the technological divide.
Strategists began to think in terms of infotainment: long policy speeches and public discourse were out, and the age of the horse race was ushered in.
Graff, an editor at Washingtonian magazine, is fascinated by the revolution that took root after 48, mostly because of its similarity to the 2008 election. Like Eisenhower – and later, Nixon and Kennedy – the Democratic and Republican nominees will battle on a new frontier, one rife with opportunity.
"[Changes] wrought by the Web, the BlackBerry, the camera phone, and the like – changes that give ordinary people access to more information (and more kinds of information) than ever before in history – are being brought into politics," Graff argues. "This new technology is a defining feature in the generation of American citizens just now coming of age, a generation that all the candidates are desperate to reach and persuade and one that has joined the voting population only since the 2000 election."
Yet evidence abounds that the candidates have not yet mastered the subtleties of digital campaigning. Consider the case of George Allen, the would-be Republican candidate, who was filmed making racially disparaging remarks at a stop in Southwest Virginia last year. A clip was posted to YouTube, where it became a hit; Allen's chances at the nomination were ground into dust.
And Allen isn't unique, Graff explains, adding that "clearly we cannot afford for our candidates to run the last campaign all over again. Which candidate will have the confidence ... to run the first campaign of the new age?"
Voice of a savvier generation?
Born in 1981, Graff rose to prominence as webmaster for Howard Dean's 04 presidential bid. Dean imploded in the primaries, but his rise is often attributed to a sprawling Internet presence and an ability to generate cash online. Graff went on to become the founding editor of the blog FishbowlDC.com and was the first blogger given credentials to cover the White House. In "The First Campaign," Graff looks back at the historical milestones that paved the way for Dean's rise and offers a comprehensive plan – involving Web 2.0, social networking, and online video – that will drive the next.
But he's also interested in the postelection landscape, and the second half of "The First Campaign" is structured like a position paper: education, responsible healthcare, and environmental stewardship are all touchstones. In a sweeping chapter titled "Powering a Twenty-first-Century Economy," Graff delves into ecoliving and clean energy, and states plainly that, "inaction will bring about the end of civilization."
None of this, of course, will be news to anyone who follows politics. The platforms Graff regurgitates are largely part and parcel of the Democratic agenda, and even at its most discursive, "The First Campaign" is toeing the party line.
Graff sees himself as a true progressive – and a proud Democrat – and his prose is both fiery and incredulous. (Unsurprisingly, he writes that the Democrats will have the best chance of enacting lasting environmental, educational, and technological reform.)
Occasionally, this enthusiasm runs roughshod over Graff's tone. For instance, consider this particularly knotty passage on benefits for union workers: "Whereas in 1950 only 10 percent of union contracts provided for pensions and 30 percent included social insurance like health coverage, five years later, 45 percent provided pensions and 70 percent covered life, accident, and health insurance."
Still, for the most part, "The First Campaign" is a graceful book, and an important one. It's a success born of perspective: Graff gets enough distance to sketch the landscape – with all its moving parts – while remaining firmly embroiled in the fight.
The campaign as a time to 'pull people in'
"[My] generation – the largest generation since the baby boomers," Graff writes, "is more technologically savvy and more civic minded than the one before it." The choice, he adds, is clear. The 08 candidates must commit to capturing this audience – electronic face to electronic face, if not palm to palm – if they hope to win office.
"The internet," Graff concludes, "at its most fundamental level, is about opening up a conversation that has been dominated by elites for decades." It's a chance to "pull people in, and get them involved in the political process."
Truman would have approved.
•Matthew Shaer is a Monitor editor.


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Keystone Symposia is offering scholarships of up to 1,200 USD to Students and Postdoctoral fellows. These scholarships are to be used to help defray the expenses associated with conference attendance, including airfare (restrictions may apply based on funding source), ground transportation, lodging costs, and a portion of meeting registration. Receipts will be required to receive reimbursement.
Abstracts submitted for poster presentation will be used as the basis for awarding the scholarships. Scholarship recipients will be selected based on the quality of science of the abstract and the relevance of the abstract to the conference topic. Only one application per abstract is accepted. Only one award per lab will be allocated.
Note: Please check specific conference page under the Conference List for any additional financial aid opportunities.
To be eligible for a scholarship, you must be:
- A graduate student or postdoctoral fellow currently enrolled in an academic institute at the start of the meeting for which you are applying. Note: a graduate student is defined as a student who is studying for a higher degree at an academic institution. A postdoctoral fellow is defined as an individual with a Ph.D., M.D., or DVM degree who is engaged in a temporary period of mentored research and/or scholarly training for the purpose of acquiring the professional skills needed to pursue their desired career path, and is within 6 years of these degrees. The 6 year degree determination is based on the meeting start date.
- An applicant is eligible to receive one award per meeting year (July 1st - June 30th).
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Criteria for Abstract Review:
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If you are eligible and wish to be considered for a scholarship, you should complete all of the following by the scholarship deadline for the meeting you wish to attend. It is recommended you begin these steps in advance of the deadline date to ensure completion.
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Attention NIH employees: Keystone Symposia processes scholarships as a reimbursement. Please note that if your employment status with NIH precludes receiving awards as a reimbursement, your award will consist only of registration paid "in kind". You will forfeit the remainder of the award. We will not be able to pay "in kind" for such expenses as lodging and transportation.
NOTE: Global Health Travel Awards and Underrepresented Trainee Scholarships are also available.
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Even though not much measurable snow has fallen in the D.C. area this winter, local road crews have been busy with just the threat of something serious.
In Virginia, VDOT deployed winter crews close to a dozen times and has spent $19 million of its $55 million snow budget in northern Virginia.
"There's a big effort to stage crews now, to stage everywhere on the interstates and neighborhoods, on secondary roads, so that we're more prepared during rush hours," said Jennifer McCord, of VDOT.
In the District, the city budgeted about $6 million for winter weather and has spent about $2 million of that.
Maryland's been hardest hit. The state highway administration budgeted $41 million statewide to battle snow and has already spent about $35 million of that.
A combination of weather in the western part of the state and repeated deployments in the D.C. area have gobbled up the budget, according to the highway administration. The SHA maintains it has enough resources to get through the rest of the winter.


text:
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text:
a.) It's a necessary item that gives struggling players a better chance to catch up.
b.) It's an unfair item that slows down players who have worked hard to stay in the front.
c.) It's good in theory but too often abused when players start squishing each other.
d.) If you use lighting right before the Wario Stadium jump, you deserve the electric chair.
a.) Peach is fabulous, and everyone has the freedom to choose her.
b.) Ugh. I guess it's fine if you're doing single player in the privacy of your own home.
c.) The only debate here is fast acceleration vs. responsive steering.
d.) It's fine unless your favorite course is Rainbow Road and your favorite item is a banana (I realize the item is technically a banana peel, but you get what I'm saying, right?)
a.) Accept defeat. You shouldn't have started a battle you could never win in the first place.
b.) Stay the course. After all the time and energy you've invested, you owe it to yourself to win.
c.) Rather than playing a battle you should focus on games closer to home like your Luigi Raceway time trials.
d.) I realize it's a big level for two people but why are you not playing Block Fort? 24 games in a row in Skyscraper? You need a change of scenery.
a.) Play it safe and keep your shells as a protective shield. You should only fire if it's red and you absolutely must.
b.) Blow up as many people as you can and get rid of every other item immediately so you can get more shells to blow people up.
c.) Every situation presents a unique strategy, and shells are best used when you can shoot someone you hate off a cliff.
d.) Why isn't there an option where you can turn off shells or weapons? Sometimes I just want to focus on driving.
a.) Exit out. There's not an actual trophy in the sky, and it's stupid to pretend that there is.
b.) Watch the award ceremony. The players at the top of the podium worked harder than everyone else to get there, and they deserve some respect.
c.) It's inevitable that only three players will be on the podium, and whether or not you watch the award ceremony should not affect your gameplay.
d.) Big Berthas are my favorite species of Cheep Cheep so obviously I never miss a ceremony.
a.) Mario Kart 7. It's amazing how they keep progressing.
b.) Super Mario Kart. Nothing beats the original.
c.) Mario Kart 64. I like that it falls in the middle.
d.) I think I see where you're going with this one, but those versions came out in '92, '96, and 2011, so the analogy kind of sucks.