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Terms and conditions
MyDonate terms of use for charities
A. These terms of use describe the service which MyDonate provides for charities at www.bt.com/mydonate ("MyDonate website") and your rights and obligations as a charity when you use this service. The MyDonate service is run by British Telecommunications plc registered office 81 Newgate Street London EC1A 7AJ (Company Number 1800000) ("BT", "us" or "we").
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Notices referred to in these terms of use should be made in writing. You should send any notices by first class post to the address currently indicated on the MyDonate website and we will send any notices to the address you provide on registration.
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16.2 We reserve the right to withdraw the MyDonate website and any associated services from any public access at any time at our complete discretion.
17. Governing Law
These terms of use are governed by English law and are subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts.
18. Third party rights
A person who is not a party to these terms of service has no right under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 to enforce any term of these terms of use.


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Rohan (Middle-earth)
Rohan (from Sindarin Rochand, also referred to as the Riddermark or the Mark) is a kingdom in J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy setting of Middle-earth. It is mainly a grassland, and lies north-west of its ally Gondor, and further north-west of Mordor, the realm of Sauron, their enemy (see maps of Middle-earth). It is inhabited by the Rohirrim, a people of herdsmen and farmers who are well known for their horses and cavalry. The realm is of significant importance in the author's book, The Lord of the Rings. Much of the background of Rohan is grounded in Anglo-Saxon tradition.
|J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium location
Artist's impression of the Flag
Artist's impression of the Coat of Arms[1]
|First appearance
|The Two Towers
|Adopted home of the Rohirrim
|Kings of Rohan
|Notable locations
|Edoras, Dunharrow, Helm's Deep
|Other name(s)
|the Riddermark, Calenardhon, the Mark
|north-west Middle-earth
|Founded T.A. 2510
|Eorl the Young
|Aldburg to T.A. 2569, then Edoras
Conceptualized as the "Horse Lords of Rohan" allied with Gondor in early drafts of 1939, the Rohirrim took their final form in 1942 when about one third of The Lord of the Rings was completed.
- 1 Rohan in Tolkien's works
- 1.1 Geography
- 1.2 Culture
- 1.3 Internal history
- 1.4 Politics
- 1.5 Important Rohirrim
- 2 Concept and creation
- 3 Portrayal in adaptations
- 4 See also
- 5 References
- 6 Works cited
- 7 External links
Rohan in Tolkien's worksEdit
Rohan was an inland realm. Its countryside is described as a land of pastures and lush tall grassland which is frequently windswept. The meadows contain "many hidden pools, and broad acres of sedge waving above wet and treacherous bogs"[2] that water the grasses. The lands of Rohan are frequently described as appearing like "seas of grass", and are therefore perfect for horses. (The Sindarin word roch, from which Rohan derives, means horse.)
Karen Wynn Fonstad calculates Rohan to be 52,763 square miles[3] (136,656 km²) in area (slightly larger than England). At the time of the War of the Ring, Rohan was roughly a third the size of Gondor,[4] whose borders had slowly been shrinking for centuries.
Its warm continental climate generally brought hot summers and brisk but short winters, marking a midpoint between the harsh winters of Wilderland to the north and the long, Mediterranean summers of Gondor to the south. The winds can come from almost any direction and the weather is highly variable in any season.
The borders of Rohan were:
- north: the eaves of Fangorn forest; the rivers Limlight and Anduin; and the walls of Emyn Muil. After the War of the Ring, the kingdom was extended northwards over the Limlight to the borders of Lothlórien.[5]
- east: the mouths of Entwash; and the Mering Stream (which separated Rohan from the Gondorian province of Anórien, known to the Rohirrim as Sunlending)
- south: the White Mountains
- west: the rivers Adorn and Isen, where Rohan bordered Isengard and the land of the Dunlendings. The area of the western border was known as the Gap of Rohan; here the Misty Mountains and the White Mountains drew near to each other. However, following the conclusion of the Third Age, "...the realm was extended west beyond the Gap of Rohan as far as the Greyflood and the sea-shores between that river and the Isen..."[5]
The capital of Rohan is the fortified large "town"[6] of Edoras which is located on a hill in a valley of the White Mountains. "Edoras" is Old English for "enclosures",[7] which Tolkien held to be a translation of an unknown Rohirric name of the same meaning. The town of Edoras was built by Rohan's second King, Brego son of Eorl the Young. Before Edoras was completed, Rohan's capital was at Aldburg.
The hill on which Edoras is built stands in the mouth of the valley of Harrowdale. The river Snowbourn flows past the town on its way east towards the Entwash. The town is protected by a high wall of timber, and a one-way road allows access to the town. Just before the gates, two rows of mounds line the road, which contain the graves of the former Kings of Rohan.
Meduseld, the Golden Hall of the Kings of Rohan, is located in the centre of the town at the top of the hill. "Meduseld", a modernized form of the Old English Maeduselde,[8] is similarly meant to be a translation of an unknown Rohirric name meaning "mead hall". Meduseld is a large hall with a thatched roof that appears golden from far off. The walls are richly decorated with tapestries depicting the history and legends of the Rohirrim, and it serves as a house for the King and his kin, a meeting hall for the King and his advisors, and a gathering hall for ceremonies and festivities. Meduseld looked over the plains of Rohan, and its doors faced towards Éothéod, the ancestral home of the Rohirrim that lay over the horizon to the north.
It is at Meduseld that Aragorn, Gimli, Legolas, and Gandalf meet with King Théoden in the account of the early stages of the War of the Ring.
Other settlementsEdit
Upstream of Edoras, deeper into Harrowdale, lay the hamlets of Upbourn and Underharrow. At the head of Dunharrow is a refuge in the White Mountains under the great mountain Starkhorn.
Aldburg, capital of the Eastfold, was the original settlement of Eorl the Young. The settlement Snowbourne, similar in appearance to the hill-fort of Edoras, is named after the river of the same name which runs nearby. The Hornburg, a major fortress guarding the western region, is located in Helm's Deep, a valley in the White Mountains.
The kingdom of Rohan, also called the Mark, was primarily divided into the East-mark and the West-mark: respectively east and west of the Folde. The East-mark and West-mark were each led by a marshal of the kingdom, and each included smaller regions. North of the Folde, the boundary between the two was "the Snowbourn River to its junction with the Entwash, and thence north along the Entwash."[9]
The Folde was a small region in the central south of Rohan, and lay neither in the East-mark nor the West-mark. It contained Rohan's capital, Edoras,[10] and the settlements of Harrowdale and Aldburg. It was Rohan's most populous region. In an earlier concept, Rohan's capital region was called the King's Lands, of which the Folde was a sub-region to the south-east of Edoras.[11] This earlier concept of the Folde found its way onto the map of Gondor published with The Return of the King.
Most of the rest of Rohan's population was spread along the foothills of the White Mountains in both directions from the Folde. West of the Folde (and thus in the West-mark) the region of Westfold extended along the mountains to Helm's Deep (the defensive centre of Westfold) and to the Gap of Rohan. Beyond the Gap of Rohan lay the West Marches (not to be confused with the Westmarch of the Shire), the kingdom's far west borderland.
The region of the Eastfold extended along the White Mountains in the opposite direction (and was thus a part of the East-mark). It was bounded by the Entwash to the north. Its eastern borderland was called the Fenmarch; beyond this lay the Kingdom of Gondor.
The centre of Rohan (to the north of the Folde) was mainly a large plain, divided by the Entwash into the Eastemnet and the Westemnet.[12] These regions fell respectively into the East-mark and the West-mark.
The northernmost region of Rohan, and the least populous, was the Wold. The Field of Celebrant, even further north, was added to Rohan after the War of the Ring,[13] thus incorporating the site of the battle that had given rise to the kingdom.
The Dúnedain of Gondor and the Rohirrim were distantly related (having descended from the same northern stock), and the people of Gondor describe the Rohirrim as Middle Men, inferior to the Númenóreans in both culture and descent, but superior to the Men of Darkness who had worshipped and served Sauron — and this is stated as fact in The Lord of the Rings, but contradicted in later writings.[citation needed] The name Rohirrim is Sindarin for People of the Horse-lords (sometimes translated simply as Horse-lords) and was mostly used by outsiders: the name they had for themselves was Eorlingas, after their king Eorl the Young who had first brought them to Rohan. Rohirrim is a collective noun and should be used with the definite article (i.e. the Rohirrim). It should not be used as an adjective. (The adjective is Rohanese or Rohirric, which may also be used to refer to their language.)[16]
The names and many details of their culture are derived from Germanic cultures, particularly that of the Anglo-Saxons and their Old English language, towards which Tolkien felt a strong affinity. Ultimately Anglo-Saxon England was defeated by the cavalry of the Normans at the Battle of Hastings, and some Tolkien scholars have speculated that the Rohirrim are Tolkien's wishful version of an Anglo-Saxon society that retained a "rider culture", and would have been able to resist such an invasion.[17]
In any case, they did not go to Beleriand like the Edain who were later rewarded with the island of Númenor by the Valar. The ancestors of the Rohirrim were known as the Éothéod and were given the province of Calenardhon by Gondor after the Battle of the Field of Celebrant.
The people of Rohan were for the most part tall, fair and pale, with blue eyes and blond hair which they wore long and braided. In the far west however, particularly in the land between the Isen and the Adorn west of the Gap of Rohan, many Rohirrim were of mixed Rohirrim and indigenous (i.e., Dunlending) ethnicity, and were thereby shorter, with darker eyes and hair much more in evidence. The Rohirrim were described by the Dúnedain as by nature stern, fierce and grave, yet generous.
They were ruled by a line of kings descended from Eorl the Young.
They are proud and wilful, but they are true-hearted, generous in thought and deed; bold but not cruel; wise but unlearned, writing no books but singing many songs, after the manner of the children of Men before the Dark Years. — The Lord of the Rings, The Two Towers
The Rohirrim had had contacts with Elves in their ancient history, and knew of Eru (God), but like the Dúnedain they did not worship him in any temples. They seem to have venerated the Vala Oromë the Hunter, whom they called Béma.
In response to a query about clothing styles in Middle-earth, Tolkien wrote:
The Rohirrim were not "medieval", in our sense. The styles of the Bayeux Tapestry (made in England) fit them well enough, if one remembers that the kind of tennis-nets [the] soldiers seem to have on are only a clumsy conventional sign for chainmail of small rings.[18]
Horses and warfareEdit
The armies of Rohan were largely horsemen. The basic tactical unit was the éored, an Old English word meaning "cavalry, troops" (the Old English plural is éoredes[19]), which at the time of the War of the Ring had been standardized at a nominal strength of 120 riders.[20] There are also companies of infantry and archers, as seen in the Battle of the Fords of Isen. Rohan's armies were more of a very well-trained militia called upon in times of war, with the actual standing army relatively small. They are described as armed with long spears, swords, axes, light helms, round wooden shields, and mail armour. The only Rohirrim soldiers described as knights[citation needed] were the King's Riders, the personal bodyguard of the King of Rohan.
In time of war, every able man was obliged to join the Muster of Rohan. They were also bound by the Oath of Eorl to help Gondor in times of peril, and the latter asked for their aid through the giving of the Red Arrow. Also, the Rohirrim could be notified to aid Gondor by the lighting of the warning beacons of Gondor, a series of beacon fires along the White Mountains from Gondor's capital to its border with Rohan. (In the film The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, the beacons extended into Rohan, virtually all the way to Edoras.)
At the start of the War of the Ring a Full Muster would have been over 12,000 riders,[21][22]
Among the horses of the Rohirrim were the famed mearas,[23] the noblest and fastest horses who have ever roamed Arda; Felaróf was the greatest[citation needed] of all mearas.
It was because of the close affiliation with horses, both in war and peace, that they received their name. Rohirrim (or more properly Rochirrim) is Sindarin for "Horse-lords," and Rohan (or Rochand) means "Land of the Horse-lords". These names were devised by Hallas,[24] the Steward who ruled Gondor from T.A. 2567 to 2605.
Tolkien generally called the language simply "the language of Rohan" or "of the Rohirrim". He did use adjectival form "Rohanese" at one point,[25] which Hammond and Scull also use.[16] The term "Rohirric" is also commonly used; it appears in Foster's Complete Guide to Middle-earth and in several discussions of the languages of Middle-earth.[16] Like many languages of Men,it is akin to Adûnaic, the language of Númenóreans, and therefore to the Westron or Common Speech.[26]
The Rohirrim call their homeland the Riddermark, a modernization by Tolkien of Old English Riddena-mearc, meaning, according to the Index to The Lord of the Rings, "the border country of the knights"; also Éo-marc, the Horse-mark, also simply the Mark.[27] They call themselves the Eorlingas, the Sons of Eorl. In the original Rohirric the name for their land is Lôgrad, with the element "lô-"/"loh-" corresponding to Anglo-Saxon "éo", horse.
Rohirric bears a similar relationship to Westron, the Common Speech of Middle-earth, as that of Old English to modern English, and so Tolkien rendered Rohirric names and phrases into Old English (English of the Anglo-Saxon period), just as the Common Speech is translated into English. Examples include words such as mearas (another Old English word for "horses",[23] which survives into Modern English as "mares") and éored.[19] Tolkien was a philologist, with a special interest in Germanic languages.
Many archaic Hobbit names bear similarities to Rohirric, since the ancestors of the Shire hobbits lived on the upper reaches of the Anduin, close to the ancestors of the Rohirrim, and there was apparently a good deal of linguistic cross-fertilization. The name Hobbit itself is believed to be derived from the Rohirric Holbytla (hole builder). These names are also translations of the original Westron Kuduk (Hobbit) and Rohirric kûd-dûkan (hole dweller).
In The Two Towers, chapter 6, the Riders of Rohan are introduced before they are seen, by Aragorn, who chants in the language of the Rohirrim words "in a slow tongue unknown to the Elf and the Dwarf", a lai that Legolas senses "is laden with the sadness of Mortal Men". The song is called the Lament of the Rohirrim. To achieve a resonant sense of the lost past, the now-legendary time of a peaceful alliance of the Horse-lords with the realm of Gondor, Tolkien has adapted lines of the Old English poem The Wanderer.
Where is the horse gone? where the rider?
Where the giver of treasure?
Where are the seats at the feast?
Where are the revels in the hall?
Alas for the bright cup!
Alas for the mailed warrior!
Alas for the splendour of the prince!
How that time has passed away, dark under the cover of night,
as if it had never been.
Tolkien's adaptation, comparably heroic in its anguished nostalgia, is characteristic of his approach to remaking his sources:
Where now the horse and the rider? Where is the horn that was blowing?
Where is the helm and the hauberk, and the bright hair flowing?
Where is the hand on the harp-string, and the red fire glowing?
Where is the spring and the harvest and the tall corn growing?
They have passed like rain on the mountain, like a wind in the meadow;
The days have gone down in the West behind the hills into shadow.
Who shall gather the smoke of the dead wood burning?
Or behold the flowing years from the Sea returning?[28]
"Thus spoke a forgotten poet long ago in Rohan, recalling how tall and fair was Eorl the Young, who rode down out of the North," Aragorn explains. Tolkien has managed to incorporate into the imagery elements of plot (the horn that was blowing), his consistent thematic imagery of West and shadow and imagery of the constant seasonal and linear flow of irretrievable time that gives The Lord of the Rings an authentically Anglo-Saxon note. In the last two lines Tolkien has also introduced the character of answers familiar from Old English riddle literature, while he has extended the staccato Anglo-Saxon lines of his model to adjust to our expectations of five-beat stress in heroic poetry in English.
Internal historyEdit
Early historyEdit
In the thirteenth century of the Third Age (T.A.), the Kings of Gondor made close alliances with the Northmen of Rhovanion, a people said in The Lord of the Rings to be akin to the Three Houses of Men (later the Dúnedain) from the First Age.
In the twenty-first century, a remnant tribe of such Northmen calling itself the Éothéod moved from the valleys of Anduin to the north west of Mirkwood, clearing out what remained of the recently defeated witch-kingdom of Angmar, east of the Misty Mountains. While there, some dispute arose between them and the Dwarves over the treasure-hoard of Scatha the dragon.
Later, in 2509, Cirion the Steward of Gondor sent summons to the Éothéod for aid in throwing off a combined invasion of Balchoth (Men from eastern Middle-earth), and Orcs from Mordor.
Eorl the Young, lord of the Éothéod, answered the summons, and arrived unexpected at a decisive battle on the Field of Celebrant, routing the orc army, and then destroying it as it fled.
As a reward, Eorl was given the Gondorian province of Calenardhon (except Isengard). This land had earlier been devastated by the plague of 1636, and the survivors to a large extent slain in the invasion mentioned above.
Kingdom of RohanEdit
Eorl the Young and his people founded the Kingdom of Rohan in the former Calenardhon in T.A. 2510. The first line of kings lasted for 249 years, until the ninth king Helm Hammerhand died. His sons had been killed earlier, and his nephew Fréaláf Hildeson began the second line of kings, which lasted until the end of the Third Age.
In 2758, Rohan was invaded by Dunlendings under Wulf, son of Freca, of mixed Dunland and Rohan blood. The King, Helm Hammerhand, took refuge in the Hornburg until aid from Gondor and Dunharrow (another refuge of the Rohirrim) arrived a year later and defeated the invaders.
It was soon after this that Saruman arrived and took over Isengard, and was welcomed as a strong ally, since it would take Rohan close to 200 years to recover its strength after the invasion.
War of the Ring and aftermathEdit
In T.A. 3014, Saruman began using his influence to weaken Théoden, the 17th King of Rohan, as part of a campaign to invade or take over the kingdom. In 3019, he launched a great invasion of Rohan, with victory in the two first battles (at the Fords of Isen; Théoden's son, Théodred was killed during these attacks) and defeat at the Battle of the Hornburg, where the Huorns came to the aid of the Rohirrim.
On the heels of this victory, Théoden rode with an army to Minas Tirith and helped break its siege in the Battle of the Pelennor Fields, where he was slain. He was succeeded as King by his nephew Éomer (the first of the third line of kings). Éomer thereupon took command of the battle. Also in this battle, Éowyn, niece of Théoden and sister of Éomer, slew the Lord of the Nazgûl. Éomer rode with the armies of Gondor to the Black Gate of Mordor and took part in the Battle of the Morannon against the forces of Sauron, who were defeated when the Ruling Ring was destroyed.
The rule of the Stewards of Gondor was then over. King Éomer and the new king of Gondor, Elessar, renewed their oath of alliance, and reaffirmed Cirion's grant of Calenardhon to the Rohirrim. At this time, Éowyn married Faramir, Prince of Ithilien and Steward of Gondor, thus joining the lines of Gondor and Rohan.
In the Fourth Age, Rohan remained in peaceful coexistence with the Reunited Kingdom. A community of Dwarves, led by Gimli, developed in the caves of Helm's Deep, which became prosperous from its mining of precious materials.
Kings and MarshalsEdit
Rohan was an absolute monarchy, though the nobles and Marshals had important power in the governance of the realm.[citation needed] The King led the army during wartime.
The succession of the Kings of Rohan was by primogeniture. Although females could not succeed to the throne, males could (in certain circumstances) succeed via a female relative of the previous king. In the War of the Ring, King Théoden popularly appointed his niece Éowyn to rule during his absence from the capital Edoras.
The country was divided into districts, such as the Eastfold and the Westfold, led by Marshals, though it is not clear whether their functions extended beyond the purely military. Originally the First Marshal was responsible for the area around Edoras, the capital, while the Second and Third Marshals were assigned various territories depending on the need at the time. After the War of the Ring the First Marshal was replaced with the position of Underking, and the Second and Third Marshals were renamed Marshals of the East-mark and West-mark, holding those lands permanently.[29]
Alliance with GondorEdit
The alliance between Rohan and Gondor came into existence in the year 2510 of the Third Age. In that year the Easterlings launched a massive invasion of Gondor. The army of Gondor was defeated and trapped between the Limlight and the Celebrant. Gondor, which had always been on friendly terms with the different tribes of the Northmen, sent messengers to the closest tribe, the Éothéod. Although it was unlikely that the message calling for aid would come through, it did. Then Eorl the Young and his fierce Éothéod Riders unexpectedly took the field during the Battle of Celebrant and turned the tide in the favour of Gondor. As a reward Cirion, the Steward of Gondor, gave Eorl the depopulated province of Calenardhon for his people to settle, while fulfilling Gondor's need for a strong ally. The Oath of Eorl was sworn by both Cirion and Eorl. Neither nation has ever broken the alliance ever since. Rohan has gone through great lengths to fulfil their part of the treaty including sacrificing two of its heirs when Gondor was under threat from the Haradrim in 2885, when Fastred and Folcred, the twin sons of King Folcwine, were killed during the Battle of Crossings of Poros. King Théoden once again honoured the alliance in the Battle of the Pelennor Fields.
War with the DunlendingsEdit
To the west of the Gap of Rohan lived the Dunlendings, a native people who had been largely hostile towards the Dúnedain and their allies for a long time (although they tolerated the exiled Dwarves of Durin's Folk in Dunland). The Dunlending Lord Wulf led a victorious army of Dunlendings and briefly usurped the throne of Rohan during the Long Winter (T.A. 2758-59), avenging the murder of his father Freca by Helm Hammerhand.
Rumours of tributes paid to SauronEdit
During the early days of the War of the Ring, rumours were spread that the Rohirrim supplied Sauron's armies with horses. These rumours were obviously false: the Rohirrim valued their horses more than anything, and would never send them away, even as tribute. Still these rumours had some effect, in that they obscured the fact it was Saruman who had fallen, rather than Rohan. The basis of the rumour was that Sauron's Orcs stole many of Rohan's black horses during raids, thus making black horses rare; however, this was theft, which angered the people of Rohan.
When King Théoden began to grow old, he took as an advisor Gríma, later called Wormtongue. Gríma quickly became Théoden's chief advisor, but unbeknownst to all he was secretly working for Saruman. Gríma played on Théoden's fears to further weaken the strength of the king and all of Rohan, always advising retreat where an attack was needed. He may have also begun poisoning the king at this time. This nearly proved disastrous for Rohan, and also for Gondor, by robbing them of their strongest ally in the north. Gríma Wormtongue's plans were not revealed until Gandalf arrived in Edoras during the War of the Ring.
After King Théoden's son died, Gríma attempted to have the king's nephew Éomer disinherited; he may have intended to marry Théoden's niece, Éowyn, the only remaining member of the royal family, and thus take the throne as her consort.
Important RohirrimEdit
- Rohirrim preceding the War of the Ring:
- Eorl the Young
- Helm Hammerhand
- other Kings of Rohan
- Rohirrim in the War of the Ring:
- King Théoden
- Déorwine (died March 15, 3019 Third Age) was a knight of the Rohirrim. He was chief of the King's knights (that is, the King's Riders, the personal bodyguard of the King of Rohan). He fell with six of his men at the Battle of the Pelennor Fields in the War of the Ring before the gates of Minas Tirith.[30]
- Théodred
- Éomer
- Éowyn
- Gríma Wormtongue
- Various captains, such as Grimbold, Gamling the Old, Háma, Elfhelm, and Erkenbrand
Concept and creationEdit
Tolkien rendered Rohirric as the Mercian dialect of Old English. Even words and phrases that were printed in modern English showed a strong Old English influence. Old English was supposed to render an archaic form of Westron, which was supposedly rendered by Modern English.[31] This solution occurred to Tolkien in 1942, when he was searching for an explanation of the Eddaic names of the dwarves already published in The Hobbit.
Théoden is referred to as "Théoden King", rather than "King Théoden", just as Scandinavian and the Anglo-Saxon era kings had the word konungr/cyning ("king") added after their names, e.g. Hervarðar konungr, rather than before. Compare with Alfred the Great, king of England whose name appeared as Ælfred cyning in Old English.
Portrayal in adaptationsEdit
For New Line Cinema's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy directed by Peter Jackson, the Poolburn Reservoir in Central Otago, New Zealand was used for Rohan scenes.[32] The theme for Rohan is played on a Hardingfele. A fully realised set for Edoras was built on Mount Sunday in the upper reaches of the Rangitata Valley, near Erewhon in New Zealand. Some of the set was built digitally, but the main buildings atop the city were built on location: for example the mountain ranges in the background are not added in with computer-generated imagery, but part of the actual location shot. The interiors of buildings such as the Golden Hall, however, were located on soundstages in other parts of New Zealand; when the camera is inside of the Golden Hall, looking out the open gates, the image of the on-set Edoras set is digitally inserted into the door-frame. It was known among the cast and crew for being extremely windy, as can be seen during the film and DVD interviews. After filming, Mount Sunday was returned to its original state.[33]
Rohan is also the setting of an expansion for Lord of the Rings Online released on 15 October 2012.
See alsoEdit
- ^ a b Tolkien, J. R. R. (1955), The Return of the King, The Lord of the Rings, Boston: Houghton Mifflin (published 1987), Book V Ch. 5, The Ride of the Rohirrim: "his banner blew in the wind, white horse upon a field of green"; Book V Ch. 10, The Black Gate Opens: "the banners of Rohan and Dol Amroth, White Horse and Silver Swan"; Book VI Ch. 4, The Field of Cormallen: "white on green, a great horse running free"; Appendix A, II, The House of Eorl: "the White Horse upon Green flew in many winds until Éomer grew old.", ISBN 0-395-08256-0
- ^ Tolkien, J. R. R. (1994). "The White Rider". The Two Towers. Book III, Chapter 5. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
- ^ Karen Wynn Fonstad (1994), The Atlas of Tolkien's Middle-earth, revised paperback edition, Harper Collins, Appendix p. 191; ISBN 0 261 10277 X
- ^ Martinez, Michael (2016-02-25). "What is the Area of Gondor?". Middle-earth & J.R.R. Tolkien Blog. Retrieved 2019-10-24.
- ^ a b J.R.R Tolkien, The making of Appendix A, in 'The Peoples of Middle-Earth' p.273
- ^ J. R. R. Tolkien (1954), The Two Towers, 2nd edition (1966), George Allen & Unwin, book 3 ch. VI p. 125 ("they heard below them in the town the heralds"); ISBN 0 04 823046 4
- ^ Bosworth, eodor
- ^ Bosworth, medu-seld
- ^ J. R. R. Tolkien (1980), Unfinished Tales, George Allen & Unwin, part 3, ch. V. Appendix (i) p. 367 footnote; ISBN 0-04-823179-7
- ^ J. R. R. Tolkien (1967), Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings, in Wayne G. Hammond & Christina Scull (2005), The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion, Harper Collins, p. 771; ISBN 0 00 720308 X
- ^ J. R. R. Tolkien (1980), Unfinished Tales, George Allen & Unwin, part 3, ch. V. Appendix (i) p. 367; ISBN 0-04-823179-7
- ^ J. R. R. Tolkien (1967), Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings, in Wayne G. Hammond & Christina Scull (2005), The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion, Harper Collins, pp. 769 & 778; ISBN 0 00 720308 X
- ^ J. R. R. Tolkien (1996), The Peoples of Middle-earth (being volume 12 of The History of Middle-earth), Houghton Mifflin, part 1, ch. IX (iii), p. 273; ISBN 0-395-82760-4
- ^ Shippey, T. A. (2005) [1982]. The Road to Middle-earth (3rd ed.). HarperCollins. p. 132. ISBN 0-261-10275-3.
- ^ Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954), The Two Towers, The Lord of the Rings, Boston: Houghton Mifflin (published 1987), Book III, Ch. 6, The King of the Golden Hall: "a small shield he also took. It bore the running horse, white upon green, that was the emblem of the House of Eorl.", ISBN 0-395-08254-4
- ^ a b c "Rohan language". Tolkien Gateway. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
- ^ "the lord of the rings - Are the Rohirrim masters of horse because Tolkien believed cavalry would have changed the outcome of Viking invasions of England?". Science Fiction & Fantasy Stack Exchange. Retrieved 2019-10-24.
- ^ Carpenter, Humphrey, ed. (1981), The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, #211, ISBN 0-395-31555-7
- ^ a b Bosworth, eóred
- ^ Unfinished Tales, p. 326 n. 26
- ^ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien editor, Unfinished Tales, (1980). It is also explained in this passage that: "... before the attacks of Saruman a Full Muster would probably have produced many more than twelve thousand riders ..."p. 315.
- ^ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien editor,The War of the Ring, Houghton Mifflin, (1990), p.249, In one of the drafts of the early chaprters of Book V, Aragorn tells Théoden that the entire force assembled at Dunharrow amounted to about 20,000, nearly 10,000 Riders and an equal amount on foot; however, this was stated to include contingents of Dunlanders and Woodmen.
- ^ a b Bosworth, mearh
- ^ J. R. R. Tolkien (1980), Unfinished Tales, George Allen & Unwin, part 3 ch. 2(iii) p. 307; ISBN 0-04-823179-7
- ^ J.R.R. Tolkien, "The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor" (edited by Carl F. Hostetter), in Vinyar Tengwar, Number 42, July 2001, p. 8.
- ^ Solopova, p. 84.
- ^ Bosworth, mearc
- ^ The Two Towers, ch. 6; the comparison is repeatedly noted in the Tolkien literature; recently by Grigsby (2005) and Solopova (2009).
- ^ Tolkien, J. R. R. (1980), Christopher Tolkien, ed., Unfinished Tales, Ballantine Books, Part III, V, Appendix.
- ^ "Déorwine". Encyclopedia of Arda. Mark Fisher. 23 May 1999.
- ^ Tolkien, J. R. R. (1955), The Return of the King, The Lord of the Rings, Boston: Houghton Mifflin (published 1987), Appendix F, On Translation, ISBN 0-395-08256-0
- ^ "New Zealand The Home of Middle-earth". Film New Zealand. Archived from the original on 2007-04-03. Retrieved 2007-04-17.
- ^ Brodie, Ian (2002). The Lord of the Rings Location. Harper Collins. ISBN 1-86950-452-6.
Works citedEdit
- Bosworth, Joseph; Toller, T. Northcote. An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (Online). Prague: Charles University.
- Grigsby, John (2005). Beowulf & Grendel: The Truth Behind England's Oldest Legend. London: Watkins. ISBN 1-84293-153-9.
- Solopova, Elizabeth (2009), Languages, Myths and History: An Introduction to the Linguistic and Literary Background of J.R.R. Tolkien's Fiction, New York City: North Landing Books, ISBN 0-9816607-1-1
- Wynne, Hilary (2006). "Rohan". In Drout, Michael D. C. (ed.). J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment. Routledge. pp. 575–576. ISBN 0-415-96942-5.
External linksEdit
- "Rohan". Tolkien Gateway.
- Rohan at the Encyclopedia of Arda

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Jordan's king in Calif. to meet with Obama
PALM SPRINGS, Calif. — King Abdullah II of Jordan landed Thursday at Palm Springs International Airport, one day ahead of his meeting with President Barack Obama at the Sunnylands estate in Rancho Mirage.
Obama is scheduled to land in Palm Springs Friday. He will be in the Fresno area earlier in the day to discuss California's ongoing drought with community leaders and tour a private farm in Los Banos.
Obama and Abdullah are expected to have frank discussions about Middle East peace and the civil war in Syria during a meeting and working dinner at the estate.
Abdullah was in Washington for several days this week, meeting with U.S. leaders.
Obama is expected to spend the weekend, as the roads around Sunnylands are closed through Monday, and will likely play golf on Sunnylands' course. He also played the course in June, when he held a summit with Chinese President Xi Jinping.
Contributing: Barrett Newkirk, Brett Kelman and Erica Felci of the Desert Sun


text:
How to Make a Vinaigrette
I've mentioned several times in the past that vinaigrettes are extraordinarily versatile. I've developed multiple variations over the years and the recipes are very forgiving. At the core, vinaigrettes are an emulsion of oils, vinegar, (sometimes flavored with sweeteners), herbs, spices and mustard. The trick is to use the best ingredients you can. I've cooked with several quality vinegars in the past and Bellindora makes some of the most awesome ones I've come across.
This week, I'll show you how to flavor your favorite salad, meat or fish and dessert with the delicious vinegars I received. Today, I used Bellindora balsamic apple vinegar and served it with a simple apple (how appropriate!), artichoke, grape, Cheddar and arugula salad. Quick, effortless and incredibly flavorful are words that come to mind when describing this salad dressing.
When I launched PhamFatale.com, I remember the first thing my in-laws and friends would ask is if I could share my recipe for vinaigrette. I've made it daily in my home since I was a child. My husband Lulu loves it so much, he says he could eat it with French fries. The procedure is pretty easy and the salad dressing stores very well in the refrigerator (3-4 days). I make two-cup batches at a time and I guarantee you won't feel the need to buy the ready-made ones from the supermarket anymore.
Before I end today's post, I have one more announcement. I'll be giving a cooking demonstration (complete with samples!) of one of my potato creations at the Los Altos library. On Saturday, May 25th, starting at 2 pm, I will be talking about my first cookbook, Haute Potato, and cooking, and we'll have the opportunity to chat afterwards. This event is free and open to the public and my cookbook will also be available for purchase and signing. So as to be able to serve enough food for everyone, I would greatly appreciate an RSVP so you may be added to the guest list: send an email to events{at}PhamFatale{dot}com with "Haute Potato Reservation" as the subject, indicating the number of people you'll be coming with. Please spread the word; the more the merrier. I'm so excited, can't wait to meet you!
Event Type: Adult Program
Age Group(s): Adult, Teen
Date: 5/25/2013
Start Time: 2:00 PM
Santa Clara County Library District
Los Altos Library | www.sccl.org
13 S. San Antonio Rd. | Los Altos, CA 94024
Yields: 2 cups¾ cup Bellindora balsamic apple vinegar, to taste
2 tablespoons Dijon mustard, to taste
½ teaspoon garlic powder (optional)
1 tablespoon apple sauce (optional)
1 teaspoon orange blossom honey
1 cup extra-virgin olive oil
2 teaspoons salt
¾ teaspoon black pepper, freshly cracked
Making apple vinaigrette:
In a blender (or a large Mason jar), combine the Dijon mustard, balsamic apple vinegar, apple sauce, honey and garlic powder (if using). Blend until smooth (or seal the jar and shake energetically). Season with salt and pepper. Add olive oil and briefly pulse 2-3 times until well emulsified. Set aside.
Serving suggestion:
Cover a serving platter with arugula. Top with 3 boiled and quartered artichokes, halved grapes, diced mild Cheddar cheese and sliced red apples. Sprinkle with black pepper.
Drizzle with the vinaigrette or serve on the side.
Bon appétit!
To prevent the greens from wilting too fast, place the vinaigrette at the bottom of the bowl (or serve on the side) and toss at the very last minute to keep the salad fresh and crunchy.Published By: on May 6, 2013.


text:
mkaelin needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 146 designs submitted by 56 freelance designers.
logo for corporate branding please include original source files
The Blueberry Group
Accepted File Formats:
Standard Web Formats (.jpg, .gif or .png); Vector Formats (.eps, .pdf or .ai); Layered Formats (.psd or .tiff)
new company focusing on providing honest feedback, asking the tough questions, providing the appropriate technology solution and embracing the corporate culture
 everyone's feedback has convinced me to change my mind on using blueberries in the logo....please feel free to use a picture of a blueberry(ies)
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


text:
Search Online Courses and queries about online schooling
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Being able to modify the pace of learning is one of the significant benefits online schools provide you with, it isn't however, the only one. Another significant benefit of studying online is the level of convenience an online platform offers you. Parents who enroll their children for online education courses find that their children are not as stressed out and have a lot more spare time during which they can choose to pursue other interests and hobbies. Spending more time with family is an added advantage given our hectic lifestyles and fast-paced schedules. Students who decide to adopt online learning methods at this stage also stand to learn how to be independent, which is crucial to their success in higher grades. In other words, middle school can be seen as more of a prelude to high school.
Parents form a crucial part of a student's life at this stage when their child is enrolled with grade 6 to grade 8 middle school curriculum. As the workload increases, students look toward their parents for help and solutions that will help them carry their responsibilities. Moving the entire education platform online is one way online schools have helped improve efficiency in delivering education and at the same time have brought down costs significantly. But costs and convenience aren't the only aspects parents need to be concerned about. Like any other grade, parents need to monitor their child's schedule regularly to ensure they are keeping up with their school curriculum and meeting assignment deadlines. They are also responsible for keeping in touch with their child's teachers on a regular basis to follow up on progress made as well as take stock of any challenges their child may be facing.
Parents have a lot more options to choose from in terms of middle school course curriculum when evaluating online homeschooling as an alternative. They can also help children get away from negative and damaging situations in certain cases where the situation can be detrimental to their learning process. For those concerned about social interaction, online education systems also provide students with an alternative that involves scheduling gatherings with their peers to help foster friendships – a process common to the traditional environment. One of the encouraging factors at this stage is that parental supervision isn't as vital as that required at the elementary school level. Students are capable of being a little more autonomous and parents can afford to let go of the reins just a little bit.
For any further information or queries you can contact our Academic Advisor, who will help you in resolving your queries. We are also available on call at 800.890.6269 / 561.537.5501..


text:
Van Slyke homers twice to back Haren in win
CINCINNATI -- As a team, the Dodgers went into Monday's series opener against the Reds hitting .208 against left-handed pitching. Scott Van Slyke was hitting 60 points better, so manager Don Mattingly penciled him into the lineup against Cincinnati starter Tony Cingrani. That decision paid big dividends for Los Angeles.
Van Slyke hit two home runs and drove in four, while Dan Haren tossed 5 1/3 solid innings in a 6-2 win over the Reds at Great American Ball Park.View Full Game Coverage
CINCINNATI -- As a team, the Dodgers went into Monday's series opener against the Reds hitting .208 against left-handed pitching. Scott Van Slyke was hitting 60 points better, so manager Don Mattingly penciled him into the lineup against Cincinnati starter Tony Cingrani. That decision paid big dividends for Los Angeles.
Van Slyke hit two home runs and drove in four, while Dan Haren tossed 5 1/3 solid innings in a 6-2 win over the Reds at Great American Ball Park.View Full Game Coverage
Though he was 0-for-3 with two strikeouts in Sunday's rain-shortened series finale in Colorado, Mattingly stuck with Van Slyke and played him in center field in place of Andre Ethier. Van Slyke rewarded his manager for his faith.
"[Jorge] De La Rosa yesterday was pretty tough. That guy gives me a lot of problems," Van Slyke said. "So I knew I had to do something today against another lefty."
Do something he did, to the tune of a career-high three-hit night and two home runs for the second time in his career, the first being on May 17, 2013 at Atlanta. Van Slyke also set career highs with four RBIs and three runs scored. He reached base five times, having also walked twice.
"He's been good for us all year," Mattingly said. "He's a baseball player, and I think that's what we like about Scott."
Van Slyke got the Dodgers on the board by crushing a 3-2 fastball from Cingrani 439 feet into the left-center-field seats in the second inning for a 1-0 lead. It was his fifth homer of the season.
With Los Angeles leading 3-2 in the fifth, Van Slyke struck again, this time for a three-run shot to left with two outs to break the game open.
Van Slyke has embraced his role on a club that has an abundance of talented outfielders, and is excelling in it.
"It definitely makes it easier knowing what my job is here and knowing what I have to do to keep getting my job," Van Slyke said. "I experienced [the crowded outfield situation] a little bit last year toward the end when everyone was healthy. It's just, I know what I'm here for. I don't mind it. I like it."
"This guy's been an RBI-guy. In the Minor Leagues this guy drove in 100 runs a couple times when he wasn't platooning," Mattingly said. "There's a lot of guys that he hits pretty well. I think he's a guy that you could expand his role; obviously that's not here right now, but I think he's a guy that you could build with towards that a little bit."
Meanwhile, Haren took a step in the right direction after struggling over the past month. The right-hander posted a 4.30 ERA in May and gave up four runs in six innings against the White Sox last Tuesday.
He had a rough second inning on Monday, in which he gave up back-to-back singles to Brayan Pena and Zack Cozart with two outs, following that up with two wild pitches that allowed Pena to score and tie the score at 1.
Outside of that, the only blemish on Haren's line came in the fourth, when he served up a 3-1 fastball that Ryan Ludwick belted for a solo homer to left, making it 3-2.
"In that situation with Ludwick in a 3-1 count, in ballparks like this and in Colorado you've got to minimize walks, that's when the big innings happen," Haren said. "So 3-1, I challenged him and the ball barely went over the fence, so there was nothing I could do there."
Haren allowed two runs on five hits while walking two (one intentional) and striking out two to pick up his first win since May 12 at Miami.
"I was trying to get as many ground balls as possible, because this is a really tough place to pitch, just like Coors was for the guys," Haren said. "A lot of fly balls tend to go out."
When Haren gave way to reliever J.P. Howell with one out in the sixth, it began a stretch of three consecutive innings in which the bullpen was able to induce a double play. With two on and one out, Howell got one of the 4-6-3 variety to retire the side.
Then in the seventh, pinch-hitter Chris Heisey drew a one-out walk and and Ramon Santiago singled. Howell then got the speedy Billy Hamilton to ground into a 5-4-3 double-play.
In the eighth, Cincinnati loaded the bases against Brandon League, but League was able to get Ludwick to hit a tapper back to the mound to start a 1-2-3 double play. League retired the next batter, Pena, on a groundout to short.
"We got into that situation and League ended up doing what he does -- throwing that good sinker that looks like a strike and then it bores in on you and got the check-swing double play and the next out," Reds manager Bryan Price said. "It was an opportunity for sure. It was an opportunity missed."
The Dodgers' bullpen has posted a 0.93 ERA (two earned runs in 19 1/3 innings) so far this month.
"They've been good," Mattingly said of his relievers. "It seems to start as our starting pitching has ironed itself out and is getting more length. We would get deeper into games, start to get our 'pen settled down, get everybody rested and at that point the roles start kind of falling into place."
The bullpen ensured there was no comeback to be had by the Reds, but the night belonged to Van Slyke, who was not any closer to pushing for an everyday role after his heroics at the plate.
"I will do what they tell me to do," Van Slyke said.
Manny Randhawa is an associate reporter for MLB.com.


text: Announcing Slamd64 Linux 11! More than 7 months after Slamd64 10.2b, Slamd64 has now reached a very mature and stable stage, and I'd like to thank a small number of the many people who have helped make this release what it is. Firstly, I'd like to thank Carlos Corbacho for putting in a *huge* amount of work into finding and fixing bugs - A search of bugs.slamd64.com shows that he's helped with more than 100 bugs since July. This really has been an incredible help. Secondly, I'd like to thank everyone who helped with the Slamd64 fundraiser back in March/April, especially the following people who donated large amounts (if I've missed you off this list, please tell me and I'll add you to it). Peter Christy Gebrs Duportail Andrea Lee Pieter Sartain Jakob Viketof Damion Yates Due to Slamd64's increased maturity and stability, I will be producing security updates for Slamd64 11.0, even after -current is branched again; if you want notification of these, please sign up for the slamd64-security mailing list at http://lists.slamd64.com Release highlights: - Updated to gcc 3.4.6, and now including gcj; unfortunately, including gcj has forced me to drop -m32 support, as this seems to be incompatabile with gcj. I'll be looking for ways to work around this for the next release. In the meantime, I recommend using a Slackware chroot for compiling 32-bit binaries. - Added Mozilla Firefox 188.8.131.52 - Added Mozilla Thunderbird 22.214.171.124 - Added Seamonkey 1.0.5 - Updated to udev 097; If installed, udev now replaces hotplug, and is much faster. - Now only one kernel is needed - huge26.s, based on 18.104.22.168 - Added pcmcicautils - Added amarok (KDE media player) - Added qca and qca-tls; this adds jabber support to kopete - Added git and mercurial (version control systems) - Added Ruby - The latest version of the popular K Desktop Environment, KDE 3.5.4 - XFCE 220.127.116.11 - Apache 1.3.37 - mod_ssl 2.8.28 - PHP 4.4.4 in slackware/n/, and PHP 5.1.6 in extra/ - Lots of packages from Slackware that were missing in Slamd64 have been added; see ChangeLog.txt for a full list. Upgrade notes (see CHANGES_AND_HINTS.TXT for more information): - alsa-drivers is now a separate package - Be sure to merge in the new configuration files in /etc/rc.d, otherwise things *WILL* break. - The newer udev obsoletes /etc/hotplug/blacklist; use /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist instead - X11 now depends on slackware/l/freetype and slackware/x/fontconfig - PHP now depends on slackware/l/freetype - Kopete now depends on slackware/kde/qca and slackware/kde/qca-tls - apr, apr-util, and mm have been split out from Apache; Apache, Subversion, and PHP will all depend on some of these. - Subversion now depends on slackware/l/neon - xfsprogs has been split into acl, attr, dmapi, xfsdump, xfsprogs - GTK+2 applications now depend on slackware/l/cairo - xvim has been replaced with vim-gvim, which depends on slackware/a/vim - The Mozilla suite has been replaced with Seamonkey Have fun :) Regards, -- Fred Emmott (http://www.slamd64.com) (http://www.fredemmott.co.uk) -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: not available Type: application/pgp-signature Size: 189 bytes Desc: not available Url : http://slamd64.com/pipermail/slamd64-announce/attachments/20061003/7161d7a4/attachment.bin


text: More than 120 of the world's best riders, including Americans David Zabriskie, Levi Leipheimer, and defending champion Chris Horner, are currently winding their way toward Los Angeles for the finish of the 2012 Amgen Tour of California, arguably the most prestigious pro race outside of Europe. Seven of the world's 10 best teams, including top-ranked Omega Pharma-Quickstep and No. 2 Liquigas-Cannondale, are among the 16 outfits riding the 733.5 miles (.pdf) of this year's edition. For the first two stages, we rode shotgun with the Garmin-Barracuda team of David Zabriskie, who seized the overall race lead after winning Stage 5 on Thursday. Zabriskie has worn the yellow jersey in the Tour de France and is a safe bet to make it to the start again this year. Every rider in the race is on a bike most of us would kill for, so we made our way through the mechanics' stations looking for tech highlights and hints about what the pros will be riding at the Tour de France, which starts June 30. Above: The Pinarello Dogma 2 is one of the most coveted bikes in the world. Try as we might we couldn't get this guy from Bissell Pro Cycling to give us one. Photo: Ariel Zambelich/Wired Zabriskie (18), the current U.S. time trial champ, hopes a strong finish in the tour will bode well for his dream of representing the United States in the 2012 Summer Olympic Games. "David Zabriskie is going to fight until he's lying on the ground almost dying," he said, speaking in the third person, after Thursday's stage. "To win would be the biggest win in my life, my career. It would be amazing; definitely not an easy thing to come by. It would be a beautiful thing." Above: Team Garmin-Barracuda riders get ready to roll inside the team bus before the first stage of the tour, which started May 13. Photo: Stephen Lam/Wired.Garmin-Barracuda riders can choose between Cervélo's lightweight R5 or the radically aero S5. They also have the option of going with sponsor Rotor's traditional round chain rings or the company's elliptical ones, as seen on this R5. One cool technology note: The team uses Magura hydraulic rim brakes on its time-trial bikes, and team director Jonathan Vaughters confirmed that the riders will start using them on their road bikes later this season. That's something we expect to see a lot more of in the near future.Photo: Ariel Zambelich/Wired Corporate siblings FSA and Vision are pushing further into the component territory of Shimano, SRAM and Campagnolo, which dominate the market. Here they hang on a Felt bike of Team Exergy Photo: Stephen Lam/WiredThe BMC Racing Team is tackling the Tour aboard the BMC SLR01, the same bike Cadel Evans rode to victory in last year's Tour de France. Top-shelf components include Shimano's electronic Dura-Ace Di2 drivetrain and Easton wheels that cost more than our first car. Photo: Ariel Zambelich/Wired Bissel Pro Cycling is riding the Pinarello Dogma 2, a bike that looks fast standing still. Note the swoopy fork and seat stays. Pinarello says the curves help the frame handle twisting forces and improve aerodynamics. Whatever. We think they look amazing. Photo: Ariel Zambelich/Wired Weight freaks, take note: Cannondale claims the SuperSix EVO frame weighs a mere 695 grams. That's 1.5 pounds for the metrically challenged. It's so light the team mechanics have to use specially made components that add enough weight to hit the minimum race-legal weight of 6.8 kg (14.99 pounds). If you think a frame that weighs less than a six-pack of beer would result in a flimsy bike, think again. Star sprinter Peter Sagan won the first four stages of this year's Tour of California on a SuperSix Evo. If it can handle his power, it can handle yours. Photo: Ariel Zambelich/Wired The mark of a skilled mechanic isn't always in the straightforward maintenance like tuning derailleurs and adjusting brakes. That stuff is obvious. It's the little details that show the love. Here a mechanic for Team Garmin-Barracuda has wrapped a valve stem with tape to prevent it from rattling inside the carbon walls of this Mavic wheel. Photo: Stephen Lam/WiredAustralia's GreenEDGE Cycling Team rolls on the aerodynamic and insanely stiff (read: efficient) Scott Foil. The bikes are built up with Shimano components, including carbon Dura-Ace wheels and the precise shifting of electronic Dura-Ace Di2. Photo: Ariel Zambelich/Wired Local hero and three-time Tour of California-winner Levi Leipheimer is always a crowd favorite. Despite suffering a broken leg after being hit by a car while training in Italy last month, Leipheimer made the start in his adopted hometown of Santa Rosa, California. Leipheimer and his teammates on Omega Pharma - QuickStep can choose between Specialized's aerodynamic S-Works Venge and the company's lightweight all-around race bike, the Tarmac SL4, shown here. Decisions, decisions. Aside from Specialized's own carbon cranks, the bikes feature SRAM's brand-new Red components and wheels from SRAM-owned Zipp. Photos: Ariel Zambelich/Wired Garmin-Barracuda Director Jonathan Vaughters, a former pro himself, takes a water bottle from mechanic Alex Banyay for a handoff to a rider. Beyond handing out water bottles and shouting team tactics to riders — while driving mere inches from the peloton — team directors juggle cell phones, radios and walkie talkies to stay in touch with team staff and race officials. Photos: Stephen Lam/Wired Above: More often than they'd like, team directors must pull over so a mechanic can execute a lightning-fast wheel swap for a rider with a flat. Here, Garmin-Barracuda mechanic Alex Banyay gives Andrew Talansky a push after a wheel swap during stage 1. Talansky finished 25th in the stage. Photo: Stephen Lam/Wired Below: Although the sport isn't nearly as popular in the States as it is in Europe, cycling draws dedicated fans eager to catch a glimpse of their favorite riders. The Tour draws healthy crowds, especially when passing through a city like San Francisco, as it did during Stage 2 on May 14. Peter Sagan of Liquigas-Cannondale won that day, despite crashing and puncturing his tire during a wicked descent. It continued a run of mishaps for the Slovakian star, who won the first stage after getting a flat three miles from the finish. Photo: Ariel Zambelich/Wired Specialized's director of design, Robert Egger, gets a custom paint job for his personal bike, which was on display before stage 1. The radical-looking Shiv triathlon frame is fitted with traditional road bars and a special stem with an integrated computer mount. Want. Oh how we want. Photos: Stephen Lam/WiredTeam Garmin-Barracuda mechanic Juan Lujan cleans a bike after the first stage of the Tour. Every rider's rig is thoroughly cleaned and tuned after each stage, keeping guys like Lujan busy into the evening. Photo: Stephen Lam/Wired With cycling season in full swing and the Tour de France approaching, Wired is hitting the roads of Northern California for a comprehensive look at the bikes, gear and apparel the pros use. In the lead up to the Tour start on June 30, we'll bring you ride reports, gear reviews and other insights from the world of cycling. Follow us on Twitter @WiredBike #wiredbiketest.


text:
The GOP's search for an exit
A group of Senate Republicans is meeting quietly to plot an unusual strategy: passing a top Democratic priority.
Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid (D-Nev.) has vowed to press the GOP on unemployment benefits — forcing it to keep taking votes on a bill to extend aid to the long-term unemployed. But Republicans have rejected the bill twice since the program expired on Dec. 28.
Story Continued Below
Sens. Dan Coats of Indiana, Rob Portman of Ohio, Dean Heller of Nevada and Susan Collins of Maine want a deal that could bring the Democratic drumbeat to an end. They gathered last week to plan how to revisit the cause when the Senate returns next week, hoping they can get Democrats to agree to their policy changes and finally move the red-hot issue off the Senate's plate.
( PHOTOS: Rob Portman's career)
"We're still working on the same thing, which is solving the problem," Portman said in an interview Tuesday. "I continue to believe that we can solve this if Democrats want to."
The political maneuvering is a reminder that voting down money for a government program might be good politics for hard-liners running on slashing deficits and spending, but for centrists, especially those from states where jobless rates remain high, looking unsympathetic to the long-term unemployed is a big risk. That explains the nuanced positions of senators like Coats, who surprised Democrats by engaging in the unemployment debate last week.
"The substance is there for an agreement," Coats said optimistically, adding that his constituents have big questions about how long these benefits should be extended, which drive his views on the issue.
"There's a question mark in terms of: How much longer can we keep doing this? Or should we keep doing this?" Coats said. "If we do extend it, they want to see reforms."
( PHOTOS: Senators up for election in 2014)
Before the Senate broke for recess last week, the Republican group began floating a proposal to Democrats that would retroactively revive benefits for 90 days, paying for it by cracking down on people receiving both unemployment and disability benefits and changing federal pension programs. In addition, the GOP wants to at least vote on amendments to reform the program, such as a ban on people receiving benefits once they've received "suitable" offers of work and job training programs.
Of course, just because lawmakers are talking about a deal doesn't mean that an agreement is imminent. Negotiators were close to a pact at several points this year only to see the package collapse, and Democrats are unlikely to simply accept Republican legislation on the issue and call it a day. Democrats face a delicate political calculus as well as they weigh the benefits of moving the legislation against the value of using GOP obstruction as a campaign talking point.
The political threat is especially acute for Republicans like Portman and Sen. Mark Kirk (R-Ill.), who will both face voters in 2016 very different from the 2010 tea party wave that thrust them into office. In Ohio, about a third of the state's unemployed have been out of work for more than half a year, according to Pew. In Illinois, the long-term unemployed make up 41 percent of the state's jobless.
( Also on POLITICO: Mega-donors plan GOP war council)
Democrats quickly seized on Portman and Kirk's votes opposing a three-month extension in February, suggesting the lawmakers could face the wrath of voters. In a recent survey from the liberal Public Policy Polling, 51 percent said they were less likely to support Portman's reelection because of his vote; 40 percent said the same for Kirk.
Portman, who has heard concerns from Ohio conservatives, dismissed the surveys as "bogus," automated push polls that align with Democrats' political maneuverings on unemployment insurance nationally.
"It shows you about the politics. They didn't do this in Indiana with Dan Coats, they only chose to do it with a purple state where they can try to make some political hay out of it," Portman said.


text:
The data product "TAQ NYSE Order Imbalances" from the New York Stock Exchange is in a format that is described pretty well in sections 4.8, 4.9, 4.10, and 5 of the document "NYSE Order Imbalances Client Specification", version 1.12, q.v. Briefly, it's a mix of ASCII and binary: stock symbols, for example, are in plain text, but padded by null bytes, while numerical fields are in binary digits represented by a byte with that binary value. All fields are fixed-width, so data rows simply follow one another.
Does anyone know how to convert this to, say, a comma-separated file?


text:
Tina Turner marries long-time beau in Switzerland
GENEVA (AP) — Legendary rock singer Tina Turner has married her longtime German beau, Erwin Bach, in a Swiss civil ceremony, a local mayor said Thursday.
The 73-year-old singer tied the knot at the registry office of her wealthy Zurich-area community with Bach, a 57-year-old music executive, said Markus Ernst, the mayor of Kuesnacht, where Turner owns a lakeside chateau.
Ernst told The Associated Press that the couple, whose relationship began in the 1980s, had a typical civil ceremony several weeks ago at the registry office, sometime between late June and early July.
The mayor described it as routine, other than some noise from construction outside the town building.
"It was really completely normal, just like anybody else," he said. "This Sunday is the wedding celebration. It's a private celebration they are having, and everybody says it's at their home, and most probably that's the case."
What's it like having the "Queen of Rock" as a neighbor?
"Of course she's most probably the best known inhabitant of our community," said Ernst, who described Turner as someone who enjoys Switzerland's famous discretion toward celebrities.
"She's really a normal inhabitant," he said. "You can meet her in a restaurant. You can meet her like anyone else."
Her first marriage was to her former musical partner, Ike Turner, whom she divorced and famously wrote about in her autobiography-turned-movie. Turner, who was born Anna Mae Bullock in Nutbush, Tennessee, became a Swiss citizen earlier this year, after living in her Chateau Algonquin along Lake Zurich for nearly two decades.


text:
Express serial cards to replace existing products
Aaxeon released its 4-port RS-232 and 2-port RS-232 + 1-port parallel Express Serial Cards to replace their already existing products the MSC-204A1 and MSC-202ALP respectively.
The MSC-204A2 provides 4 high performance 16C950-type UART compatible RS-232 serial ports. It features a 1-chip solution for PCI Express boards to increase throughput and reduce CPU loading. The MSC-202ALP1 PCI Express I/O adapter provides 2 high performance 16C950-type UART compatible serial ports and bi-directional parallel ports. Both are designed for a PC, thin client, or server to provide instant COM port expansion via the PCI Express Bus (PCIE).
The new multi-port serial cards still retain all the benefits of its predecessors, providing increased throughput, reduced CPU load, serial bus speeds of 250 Mbytes/sec to 4 GBytes/sec, full plug-and-play compatibility, serial power over Pin-9, and no IRQ or I/O address conflict problems.
These new revised multi-port serial card versions provide the scalability to quickly adapt to new PCI Express technologies allowing the user to still add serial and parallel connectivity when necessary.
Aaxeon Technologies
– Edited by Chris Vavra, Control Engineering, www.controleng.com


text:
WAREHAM — Georgia C. (Fotinos) Decas, 98, of Wareham, died Dec. 24, 2012 in the Sippican Health Care Center, Marion. She was the widow of the late Charles J. Decas.
WAREHAM — Georgia C. (Fotinos) Decas, 98, of Wareham, died Dec. 24, 2012 in the Sippican Health Care Center, Marion. She was the widow of the late Charles J. Decas.
She was born in Palamari Greece on March 7, 1914, the 14th child and youngest of the late George and Katharina (Patsavos) Fotinos. She married her husband in 1933 and moved to Wareham where she raised her family and remained throughout her life.
Mrs. Decas was an 80 year member of St. George Greek Orthodox Church in Dartmouth and a member of the St. George Philoptochos Society. She was a member of the Wareham Garden Club, Tobey Hospital Guild, and the Monday Club.
Her interests included needlepoint, crocheting, knitting, sewing, and embroidery. She enjoyed working in her garden and was a gourmet cook.
Mrs. Decas was a devoted homemaker and her greatest enjoyment in life was her family, home, friends and church.
Survivors include her children, John C. Decas, William C. Decas, George C. Decas and Katharina C. Decas all of Wareham; 2 grandchildren, Alexandra Decas of Studio City, CA and Dean J. Decas of Wareham. She was the grandmother of the late Harry Decas and Joseph Decas.
Her funeral will be held at 11:00 a.m. on Saturday, December 29, 2012 at St. George Greek Orthodox Church, 186 Cross Rd., Dartmouth. Burial will follow in Center Cemetery, Wareham. Visiting hours are from 4 to 8 p.m. on Friday at the Chapman, Cole & Gleason Funeral Home, 2599 Cranberry Hwy., Wareham.
In lieu of flowers donations may be made to St. George Greek Orthodox Church, P.O. Box 79411, Dartmouth, MA 02747 or to the Harry J. Decas Memorial Scholarship Fund, c/o Tabor Academy, 66 Spring St., Marion, MA 02738.
For directions and online guestbook, visit: www.ccgfuneralhome.com.