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Avionics upgrade future-proofs Air Iceland Dash 8s
"Pilots" at Air Iceland hold true to the nautical origins of the term, even with the best new avionics upgrade money can buy. As Flight FXI 16 approaches the northern Icelandic fishing village of Isafjordur in the pre-dawn hours of Dec. 17 (the Sun rises around noon at this time of year), Capt. George Hanson looks down to the water below to determine the state of turbulence on the inbound leg. We are dropping through 3,500 ft. on a GPS approach that culminates in a horseshoe-shaped counterclockwise descent framed by mountains.
Hanson sees a "line" in the water, a demarcation beyond which experience has taught him will very likely bring moderate to severe turbulence.
Sitting in the jump seat of the Bombardier Q200, TF-JMK, on the 45-min. revenue passenger flight up from Reyjavik, I am able to witness this holistic "clash" of cultures—mixing traditional pilotage techniques with the newest communication, navigation and surveillance equipment available, courtesy of a recent upgrade by Toronto's Field Aviation. Air Iceland has two Q200s with the new cockpit, TF-JMK entered service last March and TF-JMG in June.
Field is the only provider of the STC cockpit upgrade for the three out-of-production Dash 8 models, of which about 560 out of the 672 produced are still active. The company has been performing Dash 8 retrofit work for more than 20 years and has modified more than 30 of the twin turboprops for special-mission use.
"That's where the turbulence is—you can read it on the water," says Hanson of the border between smooth and choppy surface in the Isafjarardjup fjord as we near the initial approach fix into Isafjordur.
The ground-based localizer approach Air Iceland used before equipping with GPS-threaded arrivals through that turbulence and into an area known for rain showers. With satellite-based navigation, however, the approach fixes can be placed more optimally, "closer to the airport and out of the showers," says Hanson.
On today's arrival, it turns out, the best avionics available are ultimately not needed, as the stratus clouds and snow showers part just enough for the first officer and pilot-flying, Hjalti "Yalty" Baldursson, to see the coastline and break off from the GPS-based global navigation satellite system (GNSS) instrument approach for a visual arrival.
The cockpit upgrade is meant in large part to give pilots the same or better situational awareness than visual flight, while gaining Air Iceland entry into the next-generation air transportation system that is slowly but surely coming to this country of 320,000 on the southern edge of the Arctic Circle.
Field has not yet coined a catchy marketing phrase for the refresh on Dash 8 Q100/200/300s, though it completed the upgrade on three aircraft and has two new conversions on tap, one in flight test and one not yet started.
Included in the TF-JMK's cockpit are two Universal Avionics flight management systems (FMS) with wide-area augmentation system (WAAS) capability, five 8.9-in. Universal Avionics EFI-890R back-lit LCD displays featuring optional Vision 1 synthetic vision system (SVS), an Ametek engine interface unit to take the engine gauges into the digital age, and an L-3 Communications advanced standby unit that is an independent backup source of attitude information, air data and VHF navigation.
The upgrade replaces more than 40 serial number components, boosting reliability and cutting the number of spare parts on the shelves.
Reliability is paramount as Air Iceland, a regional carrier and sister to the international Icelandair, uses its two upgraded Q200s both domestically and for five longer-range routes (400-800 nm) to Greenland, an increasingly popular tourist destination in the warmer months. The carrier's six Fokker 50 twin turboprops, with legacy avionics, are largely used for passenger and cargo routes within Iceland.
Equipped with extended-range fuel tanks, the Q200s are an ideal platform for Greenland operations, given their capability to land on "very short runways down to 700 meters (2,300 ft.)," says Jonas Jonasson, Air Iceland chief pilot. "The Fokker 50 is not capable of that." Jonasson says the carrier has 63 pilots on staff, with the Q200s logging about 2,500 hr. per year.
In terms of navigation, the cockpit upgrade gives Air Iceland the tools it will need to take advantage of the growing number of GPS-based required navigation performance (RNP) procedures and precision approaches coming to Iceland and Greenland, where today approaches are largely handled by non-directional beacons (NDB), a ground-based radio signal type of approach being phased out for accuracy and cost reasons elsewhere in the world. Precision approaches generally allow an aircraft to descend closer to the ground before either seeing the runway environment or aborting.
"To be able to fly GNSS approaches down to RNP 0.3 [0.3-nm accuracy], . . . we needed to upgrade our flight management systems to have WAAS capability," he says. "Field approached us with this idea of the EFI-890R. The aircraft we bought had old electromechanical instrument systems. Maintenance costs of the old instruments were definitely higher and there were problems getting spare parts. After we sat down and did some math, we found out that this [Field upgrade] would be our future aircraft."
Jonasson says initial training for pilots includes two days of ground instruction, 2 hr. of hands-on training in the cockpit and 6 hr. of flight training (the carrier does not have a simulator). Refresher training is provided yearly.
Iceland continues to put more GNSS procedures in place to augment or replace traditional ground-based infrastructure, says Jonasson. Only two airports in the country have full instrument landing systems (ILS); most have only NDB aids.
In Greenland, he says there is one localizer approach and the remainder are NDBs, though the country is beginning to implement GNSS approaches.
The Q200s replaced two Q100s with legacy avionics after a hard landing and runway excursion of one of the Q100s in Nuuk, Greenland, in the spring of 2010.
The carrier planned to replace the Q100 with another it found in Greece, but the deal fell through, says Bjartur Torfason, director of technical operations for Air Iceland. So it went with two former Mesa Airlines Q200s in storage in Tucson, Ariz., that were "worn" but had relatively low usage—30,000 cycles out of a factory life limit of 80,000 cycles. Field changed out three of the Pratt & Whitney Canada PW123D engines and repaired the fourth.
Along with Field Aviation's cockpit renewal, Air Iceland opted for several other supplemental type certificates (STC). Field incorporated a fuel tank STC to boost capacity to 1,506 gal. from 835, using the area between the wing root to the engine pylon on each side, and an STC to increase maximum takeoff weight to 37,300 lb. from 36,300. A Bombardier STC added ground spoilers to the Q200 to aid short-field landings.
On the interior, Torfason says the carrier had Field refurbish the seats, re-laminate the sidewalls and bins, paint the cockpit interior and replace the cockpit floor.
Along with increased navigation performance, the cost benefits of removing 1970s-era avionics cannot be overlooked. Universal Avionics says it costs $8,000 to repair and $16,000-20,000 to replace Honeywell-built cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in the electronic flight instrument system (EFIS) in legacy Q100/200/300s, which have two CRTs per side.
Torfason says reliability of the upgrade has been "great," with early failures limited to a fuel-tank sensor and two cockpit displays that Universal replaced under warranty. "The aircraft has been OK since then," he says.
Valdimar Einarsson, avionics engineer for Air Iceland, says the carrier is discussing "doing something similar" to the Field upgrade for the Fokker F50s. "They have Honeywell and Rockwell Collins EFIS CRTs that are wearing out and getting old. If Air Iceland is going to use the aircraft for 10 more years, we have to do something about it."
Buying additional Q100/200/300 models would be ideal, but price is problematic. "When one or two come to the market, no one can out-price the U.S. government," says Einarsson, explaining that the U.S. is purchasing the aircraft for special-missions platforms. "It won't change," he says. "This is a cheap special-mission aircraft."
The company began the Dash 8 cockpit refresh project in 2007 with internal funding. "We saw a requirement, particularly for special-mission aircraft," says Adrian DiPietro, Field Aviation's sales director for business development. The company held a "vendor's conference" with all major avionics providers, ultimately selecting Universal Avionics and going to work on a prototype.
Key to the program's success was devising the Ametek interface to the engine instruments and tapping into the Honeywell avionics standard communications bus structure behind the legacy SPZ-8000 integrated avionics suite, says DiPietro. The backbone of the integrated avionics, the bus ties together the autopilot, data computers, attitude and heading reference system (AHRS), EFIS, primary flight displays, ground maintenance functions and advisory status messages to the flight crew.
Field and Universal cracked the code. "That allowed us to focus on changing out components that it made sense to change out, while leaving in the autopilot, air data computer, AHRS, and other equipment," says DiPietro. "Having to change all that would have made the price too high." After 18 months of development work, ground tests started in 2009 and two flight-test campaigns, racking up more than 100 hr. total, were completed in 2010, achieving TSO for the EFI-890R in October 2010.
A launch customer arrived in early 2011 in the form of the Icelandic Coast Guard, and Field earned Transport Canada and European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) supplemental type certificates in April 2011. The first Air Iceland Q200 arrived in September 2011.
The company is working with the FAA to validate the upgrade, which could give Field entry into a potentially lucrative Q100/200/300 upgrade market in the U.S. Cost for the cockpit refresh can be as low as $600,000 for a fleet order or, with typical options, around $1 million uninstalled, in the case of Air Iceland's equipage. DiPietro says he expects to obtain the FAA STC in the first half of this year.
Per Air Iceland standard operating procedures, Universal Avionics' Vision 1 synthetic vision system (SVS) is turned off during our arrival. Though snow and low visibility can be factors in reaching the airport, it is typically the wind that causes aborts, says Hanson. Due to the nearness of the mountains, winds as little as 10 kt. can scuttle an inbound flight, while 40-kt. winds are acceptable with certain alignments. Wind is light today, and visibility is adequate.
The SVS would have provided situational awareness for the initiated, but Baldursson had adequate visibility to keep his path tight to the mountain to our right to give him enough room to make the corkscrew left turn to line us up with the 4,600-ft. Runway 08.
"Because the system is new, we are just trying to take things very slowly," says Jonasson of the SVS, noting that the carrier has not yet crafted procedures for the technology. "We have some hiccups with it because we have old pilots and young pilots in the group. It can create a misunderstanding of how to use it."
The technology is on his agenda, however, as the avionics industry works toward a fusion of the SVS, a 3D picture generated from a static terrain and obstacle database, and enhanced flight vision, a live, typically infrared or radar-based mapping along the flight path. A fused system will allow for lower landing minima at airports, such as Isafjordur, with challenging terrain.
Thirty minutes after arriving, we are lined up for takeoff to the east. Hanson, flying the leg back to Reykjavik, again pointed out the same watermark in the channel. This time, however, the departure procedure plunges us into the inevitable turbulence he did not need instruments to see.
Watch video by Senior Avionics & Safety Editor John Croft of TF-JMK's upgraded cockpit in action in the digital edition of AW&ST on leading tablets and smartphones or at AviationWeek.com/videos


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cap1ln needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 94 designs submitted by 40 freelance designers.
Must use "XR Games" in logo.
Tag line is "Feel the burn" but open to alternatives.
Must have the feel of a gaming logo.
XR Games
Feel the burn
Accepted File Formats:
Standard Web Formats (.jpg, .gif or .png); Vector Formats (.eps, .pdf or .ai)
A new gaming company has an isometric game controller that keeps track of calories burnt and sends it to our web site. Gamers not only compete to win but also on burn points.
Looking for a logo that would catch the eye of a gamer.
- Must use "XR Games" in logo
- Tag line is "Feel the burn" but open to alternatives
- Must have the feel of a gaming logo
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Hi all,
The CrazyMod is a mod for SoundRTS supported by a group of regular players. With these 8 races, the CrazyMod enriches your game and forces you to develop your sense of strategy. So you can easily learn to manage a race, but every part you'll need to adjust your game depending on the map and opponents' choice.
The original language of CrazyMod is French, but the mod is also playable in English and Spanish. A complete English documentation is now available thanks to contributors of the forum.
I invite you to discover the CrazyMod and give us your opinion.
CrazyMod website: http://pragmapragma.free.fr/soundrts-crazymod/
Thanks, and excuse my basic English.


text:
. Joint Reconstruction. OrthopaedicsOne Articles. In: OrthopaedicsOne - The Orthopaedic Knowledge Network. Created May 06, 2007 07:04. Last modified Apr 06, 2014 19:40 ver.401. Retrieved 2019-11-13, from https://www.orthopaedicsone.com/x/Q4Ee.
Content submitted or edited within the Joint Reconstruction section will be reviewed by the ICJR Editorial Board and is subject to modification or deletion for the purpose of maintaining quality. Learn more about the International Congress of Joint Reconstruction (ICJR) .
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The International Congress for Joint Reconstruction (ICJR) Educational Conference provides a complete series of presentations on hip and knee joint reconstruction. Expert faculty presented the latest in orthopaedic reconstructive surgery through case-based learning, in-depth clinical research, and effective approaches to joint disease.
See Related: Hip and Knee
- Allograft Reconstruction of Extensor Mechanism Disruption after TKA
- Cemented Total Hip Arthroplasty
- Cemented Total Knee Arthroplasty
- Direct Anterior Approach for Total Hip Arthroplasty
- Direct Lateral Approach Total Hip Arthroplasty
- FAI Surgery - Anterior Approach
- Femoral Osteotomy
- Hip Arthrodesis
- Hip Hemiarthoplasty
- Hip Reimplantation Surgery
- Hip Resurfacing
- Knee Fusion
- Pelvic Osteotomy (PAO)
- Preparing High-Dose Antibiotic-Loaded Bone Cement
- Resection Arthroplasty and Spacer Insertion
- Revision THA with Acetabular Bone Loss - Impaction Allografting
- Revision THA with Femoral Bone Loss - Fluted Stems
- Revision THA with Femoral Bone Loss - Impaction Allografting
- Revision THA with Femoral Bone Loss - Proximal Femoral Replacement
- Revision THA with Pelvic Discontinuity
- Revision THA with Well-fixed Components
- Revision TKA - Stiffness
- Revision TKA with Extensile Exposure - Tibial Tubercle Osteotomy
- Revision TKA with Extensile Exposure - V-Y Quadroplasty
- Revision TKA with Extensor Mechanism Repair
- Revision TKA with Femoral Bone Loss - Augments
- Revision TKA with Femoral Bone Loss - Distal Femoral Replacement
- Revision TKA with Removal of Well-fixed Components
- Revision TKA with Tibial Bone Loss - Augments
- Revision TKA with Tibial Bone Loss - Bone Grafting
- Surgical Dislocation (Femoroacetabular Impingement)
- THA after Hip Fusion
- Total Hip Arthoplasty in Patients with Severe Deformities
- Total Hip Arthroplasty for Malignant Lesions
- Total Knee Arthroplasty Using a Hybrid Navigation Technique
- Uncemented Total Hip Arthroplasty
- Unicondylar Knee Arthroplasty
- Upper Tibial Osteotomy


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Men?s Golfer of the Week ? No. 7
KANSAS CITY, Mo. – Michael Palmer of Oklahoma City has been named the final NAIA National Men's Golfer of the Week of the 2013 season, the national office announced Wednesday. Palmer was selected based on his performance from April 22 – 28 and was chosen out of a pool of conference/independent/unaffiliated group golfer of the week selections.
Palmer led the Stars to their fourth-straight and 19th all-time Sooner Athletic Conference Tournament championship by winning his second career individual conference crown April 23 at the Dornick Hills Golf and Country Club in Ardmore, Okla. The senior from Johannesburg, South Africa, tallied a tournament-high eight birdies en route to a 54-hole score of 219 (74-72-73). Palmer, whose first individual championship came in his freshman season at Dornick Hills, finished five strokes ahead of the second-place individual. As a team, Oklahoma City shot 300-301-305—906.
Palmer, who with the performance qualified for the 2013 NAIA Men's Golf National Championships at the Creekside Golf Club in Salem, Ore., May 14 – 17, ranks 10th in the NAIA in par four scoring (4.12). He is the second individual from Oklahoma City to receive weekly honors this season.
For the complete 2013 Golfer of the Week schedule, click here.
Nominees: Sean McGuire, Lourdes (Ohio); Zack Feher, Davenport (Mich.); Tyler Willette, Indiana Tech; Scott Foster, Campbellsville (Ky.); Michael Fitzgerald, Holy Cross (Ind.); Jack Jackson, Missouri Baptist; Alex Zuzelski, Baker (Kan.); Shawn Rodehorst, Concordia (Neb.); Renan Sahr, Midland (Neb.); Brady Klotz, Bethel (Ind.); Cale Benson, Doane (Neb.); Tyler Nicol, Calumet (Ind.).
2013 Composite Award Winners
Week 1 (March 20): Nathan Anderson, Texas Wesleyan
Week 2 (March 27): Julian Taylor, William Woods (Mo.)
Week 3 (April 3): Anthony Marchesani, Oklahoma City
Week 4 (April 10): Julian Taylor, William Woods (Mo.)
Week 5 (April 17): Brady Klotz, Bethel (Ind.)
Week 5 (April 24): Florian Loutre, Lee (Tenn.)
Week 6 (May 1): Michael Palmer, Oklahoma City


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text:
Basil Broccoli
Makes 4 servings
1 bunch of broccoli
Sea salt
2 Tbsp extra-virgin olive oil
1 Tbsp finely chopped garlic
Pinch of red pepper flakes
½ cup diced red bell pepper or cherry tomatoes
1 Tbsp freshly squeezed lemon juice
2 tsp lemon zest
¼ cup fresh basil, finely chopped
Bring a large pot of water to a boil. Cut the broccoli florets off the stalks, then peel the stems and cut them into bite-size pieces. Add a pinch of salt and the broccoli florets and stems to the pot of water and blanch for 30 seconds. Drain the broccoli, then run it under cold water to stop the cooking process; this will retain its lush green color.
Heat the olive oil in a sauté pan over medium heat, then add the garlic and red pepper flakes and sauté for 30 seconds, just until aromatic. Add the bell pepper and a pinch of salt and sauté for an additional minute. Stir in the broccoli florets and ¼ tsp of salt and sauté for 2 minutes; the broccoli should still be firm. Gently stir in the lemon juice, lemon zest and basil, and serve immediately.
Add the lemon juice and zest just before serving, as the lemon will dampen the color of the broccoli if it sits for more than a few minutes.
Store in an airtight container in the refrigerator for 5 to 7 days.
Nutrition facts (per serving): calories 125, fat 7.7 g (saturated fat
1.1 g), protein 5 g, carbohydrates 13 g, fiber 5 g, sodium 125 mg
Reprinted with permission from The Cancer-Fighting Kitchen: Nourishing, Big-Flavor Recipes for Cancer Treatment and Recovery. Copyright © 2009 by Rebecca Katz with Mat Edelson, Ten Speed Press, a division of the Crown Publishing Group, Berkeley, CA. For more information, visit rebeccakatz.com.


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Im loving the beautiful fall weather were having in NYC, and I have an extra skip in my step because my new book is nearly complete! Yaaaaay! This means we will all should rejoice (information on that will be forthcoming), and you will see more of me for the blog. bridal boudoir photography Boca Raton
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Domestic violence victims need legislation passed
July 30, 2014
Patriot Ledger
Hundreds of victims of sexual and domestic violence reach out to programs daily seeking support, resources and safety. Massachusetts is poised to pass two critical pieces of legislation that would vastly improve systems' ability to respond to those needs and enhance community safety: An Act to Enhance Protections for Domestic Violence Victims (H4038 and S1897)and An Act Relative to the Reduction of Gun Violence (H4285 and S2265).
We urge the passage, at minimum, of the following key priorities present in both the Senate and House bill versions of An Act to Enhance Protections for Domestic Violence Victims: employment leave for victims of sexual assault, domestic violence and stalking; creation of strangulation and suffocation offense; exemption of domestic violence cases from accord and satisfaction agreements; and creation of the offense of assault and battery of a family or household member.
Together these provisions will improve our victim-centered response to sexual and domestic violence. Requiring larger employers to provide individuals with workplace leave to address victim needs after sexual or domestic violence will assist with economic security. Criminal justice measures will more strongly hold offenders accountable.
We also urge the Legislature to close loopholes in existing gun laws to keep guns out of the hands of perpetrators. Important provisions exist in both the House and the Senate versions of An Act Relative to the Reduction of Gun Violence. However, the Conference Committee must adopt House language, removed from the Senate bill that provides for police chief discretion in the issuing of FID cards for rifles and shotguns, which already exists with regard to handguns.
Every day we hear from victims and survivors who are threatened, intimidated, and traumatized by perpetrators with guns. Firearms and sexual and domestic violence are a deadly combination. The presence of guns in a domestic violence incident increases the likelihood of death six fold. In Massachusetts between 2003 and 2012, 37 percent of all domestic violence homicide victims were killed with a firearm. Nationally, guns are used in over half of domestic violence homicides.
It doesn't matter if it's a shotgun, rifle or a handgun.
The Legislature has the opportunity to take meaningful action that will make a difference in Massachusetts. We can prevent sexual and domestic violence and both save and improve the lives of sexual and domestic violence victims, our children, our friends, neighbors and loved ones. The time to act is now.
Maureen Gallagher, Policy Director, Jane Doe Inc.
Patricia Kelleher, Executive Director, Family and Community Resources, Inc.
Julia Kehoe, President and CEO, Health Imperatives
Sue Chandler, Executive Director, DOVE, Inc.


text: After a long night at the roadhouse, nothing beats regaining consciousness in the morning to a fresh cup of coffee in a brass knuckle mug (version 1 or version 2), then sitting down in your comfy Brass Knuckle Chair to ice down your wounds and unwind. Careful though, the upholstery is white—so you wouldn't want to bleed all over it. Prices available upon request. [FistFire via DVICE]


text:
How to Name the Values in Your Vectors in R
Often the elements of vectors are referred to by their positions — that is, x[5] refers to the fifth element in vector x. One very powerful feature in R, however, gives names to the elements of a vector, which allows you to refer to the elements by name.
You can use these named vectors in R to associate text values (names) with any other type of value. Then you can refer to these values by name in addition to position in the list. This format has a wide range of applications — for example, named vectors make it easy to create lookup tables.
How R named vectors work
To illustrate named vectors, take a look at the built-in dataset islands, a named vector that contains the surface area of the world's 48 largest land masses (continents and large islands). You can investigate its structure with str(), as follows:
> str(islands) Named num [1:48] 11506 5500 16988 2968 16 ... - attr(*, "names")= chr [1:48] "Africa" "Antarctica" "Asia" "Australia" ...
R reports the structure of islands as a named vector with 48 elements. In the first line of the results of str(), you see the values of the first few elements of islands. On the second line, R reports that the named vector has an attribute containing names and reports that the first few elements are "Africa", "Antarctica", "Asia", and "Australia".
Because each element in the vector has a value as well as a name, now you can subset the vector by name. To retrieve the sizes of Asia, Africa, and Antarctica, use the following:
> islands[c("Asia", "Africa", "Antarctica")] Asia Africa Antarctica 16988 11506 5500
You use the names() function to retrieve the names in a named vector:
> names(islands)[1:9] [1] "Africa" "Antarctica" "Asia" [4] "Australia" "Axel Heiberg" "Baffin" [7] "Banks" "Borneo" "Britain"
This function allows you to do all kinds of interesting things. Imagine you wanted to know the names of the six largest islands. To do this, you would retrieve the names of islands after sorting it in decreasing order:
> names(sort(islands, decreasing=TRUE)[1:6]) [1] "Asia" "Africa" "North America" [4] "South America" "Antarctica" "Europe
Create and assign named vectors in R
You use the assignment operator (<-) to assign names to vectors in much the same way that you assign values to character vectors.
Imagine you want to create a named vector with the number of days in each month. First, create a numeric vector containing the number of days in each month. Then use the built-in dataset month.name for the month names, as follows:
> month.days <- c(31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31) > names(month.days) <- month.name > month.days January February March April 31 28 31 30 May June July August 31 30 31 31 September October November December 30 31 30 31
Now you can use this vector to find the names of the months with 31 days:
> names(month.days[month.days==31]) [1] "January" "March" "May" [4] "July" "August" "October" [7] "December"
This technique works because you subset month.days to return only those values for which month.days equals 31, and then you retrieve the names of the resulting vector.
The double equal sign (==) indicates a test for equality. Make sure not to use the single equal sign (=) for equality testing. Not only will a single equal sign not work, but it can have strange side effects because R interprets a single equal sign as an assignment. In other words, the operator = in many cases is the same as <-.


text:
(Revised Case #15-1 May, 1988. Transferred to Article 14 November, 1994. Revised November, 1996. Revised November, 2001.)
A Board of REALTORS® received a complaint from REALTOR® A's client charging REALTOR® A with a violation of Article 1 of the Code of Ethics. The complaint was referred to the Chairperson of the Board's Grievance Committee, who sent a copy of it to REALTOR® A with a request that he respond and provide a specific document about the matter to the Grievance Committee for its preliminary review.
REALTOR® A responded with a denial of the charge, and a statement that he would appear at any hearing on the appointed date and would, at that time, present all pertinent facts. He went on to indicate that on the advice of legal counsel he was unwilling to place the requested document in the hands of the Grievance Committee in advance of any hearing.
The Grievance Committee then initiated its own complaint charging REALTOR® A with a violation of Article 14 for refusing to place the requested document before a proper tribunal.
A hearing of the Grievance Committee's complaint was held before a Hearing Panel of the Professional Standards Committee. At the hearing, REALTOR® A again stated that it was his intention to respond specifically and factually to the charge of violating Article 1 if the complaint came before an ethics Hearing Panel and at that time he would submit all pertinent facts, including the document in question.
It was the conclusion of the Hearing Panel that REALTOR® A's defense against the charge of violating Article 14 was not valid; and that the Grievance Committee could require advance submission of specific documents to the Grievance Committee based on the Board's professional standards procedures which authorized the Grievance Committee to request specific documents to enable the Grievance Committee to make determinations whether complaints warranted hearing. The panel found REALTOR® A in violation of Article 14 and directed him to give the requested documentation to the Grievance Committee in connection with its review of the charge of violating Article 1.
(Revised Case #15-2 May, 1988. Transferred to Article 14 November, 1994.)
When REALTOR® A was charged with a violation of the Code of Ethics, he was notified of the charge and directed to attend a hearing before a panel of the Professional Standards Committee of the Board.
At the hearing, the complainant formally presented the charge and a considerable body of evidence to support it. Members of the panel questioned REALTOR® A on specific points. To each question he responded that he was not guilty of the charge, but that specific answers to the questions put to him could conceivably do him an injustice, and that he felt that he should not be required to answer questions in a situation that was unfair to him.
Further attempts to question REALTOR® A met with similar responses. The Chairperson of the Hearing Panel advised REALTOR® A that, in light of his refusal to answer questions directed to him, the complaint was being amended to include a charge of a violation of Article 14. The Chairperson asked REALTOR® A if he wished to proceed with the hearing, or if he preferred to have the hearing postponed to a later date to provide him with an opportunity to prepare a defense against the additional charge. The Chairperson also reminded REALTOR® A that he was not before a court of law but a Committee of the Board in which his membership was based wholly upon his willingness to abide by it rules, which did not provide for a "Fifth Amendment" refuge from proper questions by members of the Hearing Panel.
REALTOR® A requested a continuance to prepare his defense against the amended complaint that now included an alleged violation of Article 14. The hearing was adjourned to a date certain to enable REALTOR® A to prepare his defense to the additional charge.
(Revised Case #15-3 May, 1988. Transferred to Article 14 November, 1994.)
Buyer A filed a complaint against REALTOR® B, the listing broker, involving a property purchased earlier by Buyer A.
REALTOR® B was notified of the complaint, directed to be present at a hearing, and requested to present to a Hearing Panel of the Board's Professional Standards Committee all pertinent facts relating to the transaction. REALTOR® B's response was a statement that he would refuse to submit any information in the matter to a Hearing Panel and would not attend the scheduled hearing, on the grounds that the complaint itself was not justified.
Explaining his position, REALTOR® B stated that his participation in the transaction was exclusively as the agent of the seller; that he had not been representing the buyer; and hence, could not be subject to a complaint by the buyer for simply transmitting information on behalf of the seller.
All of his statements concerning the property, REALTOR® B said, were based on information supplied to him by his client, the seller. Any error in this information, he contended, might well provide the basis for a lawsuit between the buyer and seller. As the agent of the seller, he felt that he was not answerable to the buyer for having done no more than transmit information provided to him by the seller.
REALTOR® B was advised by the Board that his reasoning was incorrect; that he was obligated by Article 14 to submit pertinent facts to a Hearing Panel of the Board's Professional Standards Committee and to participate in the hearing. REALTOR® B agreed to comply, and a hearing on the complaint was held.
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text:
The Accounting Historians Journal Vol. 12, No. 1 Spring 1985
Linda H. Kistler, Editor
Thomas J. Burns and Edward N. Coffman, The Accounting Hall of Fame: Profiles of Forty-one Members (Columbus, Ohio: The Ohio State University, 1982, pp. vi, 104, single copies available upon re-quest).
Reviewed by Kathryn Verreault Bentley College
Possible themes for a book on the forty-one members of the Accounting Hall of Fame are numerous. The book could center around a chronological development of contributions in accounting by selected individuals. A grouping of contemporaries and their re-spective contributions might constitute an interesting theme. Ac-counting contributions summarized by subject also could be con-structed creatively. The contributions of these individuals organized by economic similarities might also produce a successful book. This book contains none of the above.
Instead, forty-one alphabetic profiles comprise this book. No more. No less. Each profile is accompanied by a sketch of the re-spective member. Any narrative exceeding the first page is located at the end of the book. This magazine-style format has been adopt-ed throughout.
The contents of this book could have been made interesting and informal. Each member's contributions could have been summar-ized in a meaningful manner rather than the mundane recitation of details. For instance, educational contributions could have been isolated from theoretical or research contributions. Professional contributions might have been emphasized as such. Any rational summary of material would aid the teacher. Unfortunately, the con-tent does not follow any recognizable method of analysis.
Each profile seems similar to a "Who's Who?" listing in terms of both style and content. An analysis of three random profiles tracing


text:
That Dastardly Injury Bug
Deep down, I knew the "big 3" injury prognosis was coming. The injury bug had been eradicated by the Rays Medical Staff for over 2/3rds of the 2010 season, but I knew the team could not be totally immune to it's eventual sting. Rays fans knew in their hearts and minds that any injury epidemic, or even a slight clog in the Rays machine could cripple a chance of celebrating in late October. Then without a hint or warning, the Rays had a quick foursome of injuries.
Somehow the Tropicana Field turf reached up and grabbed Upton by the left ankle and twisted with all of its might. It officially took Upton out of Centerfield for the remaining two against the Tigers, but it also facilitated another injury. Ben Zobrist, who came on and played in Upton's usual position suddenly felt his back begin to stiffen up, and another Rays soul was claimed unrepentantly by the injury bug.
This time the culprit wasn't the diabolical turf or the Rays playing surface, but Zobrist's own personal strive to be a better player and taking a few too many swings in the batting cage. Immediately Zobrist was removed from the Rays line-up and given time to let his back heal to try and facilitate a quick return to the Rays line-up. But now, two injuries could be assigned to the that dastardly invisible injury bug. Then just as quickly, the third member of the Rays suffered another setback on Friday.
During the Rays Batting Practice on Friday night, Rays reliever Grant Balfour and Rays Pitching Coach Jim Hickey were "joking around" on the turf and again, and that spiteful injury bug again reached up from beneath the turf and caused both men to lose their balance and fall to its green surface. Immediately, Balfour became the third and latest victim of the increasing Rays injury bug plight. The injury has been called a "freak occurrence" by the Rays front office, but it was actually a secret covert operation conducted by the injury bug Black Ops corps done under the guise of playful "roughhousing" by Balfour and Hickey.
Balfour will get a 4-6 week unplanned vacation as he strained his intercostal muscle group, which aids in the holding of the ribcage in place, plus promotes adequate breathing. The injury bug had done his black magic in three straight days and had gone 3-3, but it was not done yet. Not even a day after Balfour's ailment, another member of the Rays core offensive production had an issue of his own that needed attention by the Rays Medical Staff.
Rays First Baseman Carlos Pena had been fighting a nagging pain in his right foot for a few days before finally he could not stand the throbbing injury any longer and consulted with the Rays Medical Staff. Immediately Pena was taken out of the Rays line-up and became the fourth Rays in less than a week to get a solid nibble from the injury bug. But there is a ray of light on the immediate horizon in regards to Zobrist and Pena. With both partaking in a few days of rest and attention by the Rays Medical team, both players on Sunday felt a bit of pain relief and decreasing pressure in their troubled areas. Finally the Rays had some good news on the injury front to tell the media and fans.
Zobrist is optimistic he will not be headed to the Disabled List like Balfour and could return to the Rays line-up as soon as Tuesday, or at the latest Thursday during this last stretch of the Rays home stand against the Minnesota Twins. Pena has also let it be known to the Rays Coaching staff that he is also feeling less pain. But the Rays might be extremely cautious with Pena and Zobrist. Rays fans could possibly see one of the two take a few more days off, or one of them could be submitted today to the 15-day Disabled List to make a more solid guarantee that their injury situations are completely resolved and that the team can promote a better chance of no future repercussions down the stretch run of the season.
A two week vacation now could be beneficial and provide a secure cushion of not re-injuring or agitating the injury down the line. Extermination of this injury bug epidemic needs to start now. Nipping it in the bud and promoting health is a top priority of the Rays right now. The injury bug and its lasting effects have devastated a few Major League teams this season like the Boston Red Sox. There is no ample way to detect or predict the injury bug in advance, but the Rays Medical Staff keeps a keen eye out on any agitation or unusual movements by the Rays players during game or their workouts.
With the Rays having one of the best Medical and Training staff in Major League Baseball, the long term effects and the instant discovery of an aliment or injury can be handled in a timely manner. Injuries are a daily fact of life when you play in competitive sports. There is more than ample opportunity for players to try and step outside their usual comfort zones and try and gain an extra advantage or give their team a greater chance to succeed. The injury bug waits for those moments of self sacrifice and sometimes delivers a cruel and unkind result.
Hopefully we have seen the extent of the injury bug's attempts to plaque this Rays team with unfortunate injuries and unexpected pitfalls. There is no cure for the injury bug. No chemical can eliminate, exterminate or eradicate him completely. But with players being open and honest about their aches and pains, sometimes the warning signs can be observed, and an aliment or injury prevented. This Rays team needs their core intact and healthy for their run here in the last 1/3rd of the 2010 season. Hopefully Ron Porterfield, the Rays Head Trainer is sitting on the bench tonight with an oversized flyswatter to smack that injury bug where he lies…..Dead.
- Posted on August 2, 2010 at 1:42 pm
- Permalink
- 2 Comments
- Filed in: Dailies
- Tags: B J Upton, Ben Zobrist, Carlos Pena, Grant Balfour, J P Howell, Jim Hickey, Rays, Rays Renegade, Ron Porterfield, Tampa Bay Rays
2 Comments
Injuries really stink, don't they? The Padres have had their share of injuries as well. Here's to hoping the Rays and Padres get healthy very soon!
I always look at injuries as an unexpected way to decide an event or contest without the interaction or mistakes of its competitors. But in baseball, it can deplete a key element of your offensive or defensive unit in a heartbeat. One less reliever or even a key bat can be the fundemental difference between a win or loss.
I hope the last third of the season is event and injury free for every team, but the injury bug doesn't play fair.
Rays Renegade


text: 2008 – 2009 KAWASAKI KLX450R Repair Service Manual Motorcycle PDF Download This is the full 2008-2009 KAWASAKI KLX450R Service Repair Manual.This Model-Specific, KLX450R SERVICE MANUAL is (433) PAGESThe Workshop Manual has Detailed Pictures, Diagrams, and Step by Step Procedures to cover the KLX450R Wheel to Wheel.*****How to Tear Down EVERYTHING–> and Build. This is a image galleries about Kfx 450r Hubs Wiring Diagrams.You can also find other images like wiring diagram, parts diagram, replacement parts, electrical diagram, repair manuals, engine diagram, engine scheme, wiring harness, fuse box, vacuum diagram, timing belt, timing chain, brakes diagram, transmission diagram, and engine problems.. This entry was posted in Kawasaki and tagged Kawasaki KFX 450R service manual Kawasaki KFX 450R repair manual, Kawasaki KFX450R repair manual, Kawasaki KFX450R service manual on December 16, 2015 by admin.. Feb 19, 2013 · Check the switch on the tank.almost always bad on those. The wiring is the same as any other single 12 PW . The only difference is the high low switch is replaced with a relay board actuated by the twist grip.. KLX 125 Wiring Diagram (+93 Wiring Diagrams) A stepper motor is a polyphase AC synchronous motor (see Theory below), and it is ideally driven by sinusoidal current.. >> The KAWASAKI KFX400 Service Manual also includes a Wiring Diagram Schematic. >> Includes Troubleshooting guides. This contains EVERYTHING YOU WOULD EXPECT from a FULL SERVICE MANUAL, ALL Servicing Topics are covered for the KFX-400 KFX400.. The following kawasaki kfx 700 wiring diagram photo have been authored. Youll be able to down load this amazing picture for your portable, mini netbook or desktop computer. Additionally you could bookmark these pages to you favorite bookmarking sites.. • Kfx400 Wiring Diagram Easy • 20042008 Dvx400 Kfx400 Ltz400 Online ATV Service Manual Cyclepedia • Kfx 400 Wiring Diagram Chematic • Kfx 450 Wiring Diagram Circuit Hub • Kfx400 Wiring Harne Product Diagram • Kawasaki Kfx400 Wiring Diagram Vehicle • 2002 Kawasaki Kfx400 Wiring Diagram Schematic • Kawasaki Kfx400 Wiring Schematic. Kawasaki Mule 600 Wiring Diagram Free Download (Nov 08, 2018) ― Here you are at recordingweekly.com. A lot of people have used on line for locating information, suggestions, posts or another resource for their needs.. Kawasaki Service Repair Workshop Manuals for ATV, UTV, off road. SRMO. Kawasaki ATV Service Repair Workshop Manuals. Need a Kawasaki ATV service repair workshop manual? here you can find all manuals online for your specific Kawasaki ATV / UTV. Browse by year below. Kawasaki KFX90 KFX 90 KSF90 Manual.. Hunting for 2012 Kawasaki Kfx 90 Wiring Diagram Do you really need this pdf of 2012 Kawasaki Kfx 90 Wiring Diagram It takes me 46 hours just to found the right download link, and another 5. Kawasaki Kfx 400 Performance Parts ~ thanks for visiting our site, this is images about kawasaki kfx 400 performance parts posted by Ella Brouillard in Kawasaki category on Nov 02, 2018. You can also find other images like wiring diagram, engine diagram, sensor location, fuel pump location, starter location, control module location, parts. The Cyclepedia.com Kawasaki KVF650 Brute Force, KVF650 KVF700 Prairie, and Suzuki LT-V700F TwinPeaks online ATV service manual features detailed full-color photographs and wiring diagrams, complete specifications with step-by-step procedures performed and written by a seasoned Kawasaki and Suzuki dealer trained technician.. Kawasaki Kfx450r Engine Part Diagram ~ This is images about kawasaki kfx450r engine part diagram posted by Janell A. Bueno in Kawasaki category on Nov 02, 2018. You can also find other images like wiring diagram, parts diagram, replacement parts, electrical diagram, repair manuals, engine diagram, engine scheme, wiring harness, fuse box, vacuum diagram, timing belt, timing.


text:
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copyright © 2019 Accommodation Redcliffe. All rights reserved.


text:
Noritaka Minami 1972
On view in the Perloff Gallery from Monday, April 30 through Friday June 1, 2012
Noritaka Minami, B 1004 (Window), 2011
Noritaka Minami's photographic series 1972 examines the Nakagin Capsule Tower (Tokyo, 1972), designed by Kisho Kurokawa (1934 – 2007), one of the leading members of the architectural movement Metabolism. When the building opened in March of 1972, it was advertised in the media to signal "the dawn of the capsule age."
Noritaka Minami, B 1004 (Model), 2011
Kurokawa had additional projects planned in the coming years that called for the mass production of these capsules. Yet, the Nakagin Capsule Tower became the last project of its kind to be completed by the architect. This project examines a space that embodies the future as imagined by Kurokawa in 1972 and its current condition through the medium of photography. Moreover, the photographs capture scenes within the Nakagin Capsule Tower at a time when the very future of the building is in question.
This exhibition is made possible by the generous support of the Center for Cultural Innovation ARC Grant.
Noritaka Minami, A 706 (Window), 2011


text:
Department of Revenue News Release
November 17, 2010Department of Revenue's Collection Efforts Crack Down on Tax Scofflaws
JEFFERSON CITY - Throughout different parts of the state, the Missouri Department of Revenue's tax collection efforts have resulted in increased revenues for the state from businesses and individuals that owe back taxes.
"One of the main duties of the Missouri Department of Revenue is to enforce the state's tax laws," said the Department's Director, Alana M. Barragán-Scott. "Not to do so would be unfair to the vast majority of people and businesses that comply with the law."
Barragán-Scott also noted the instrumental role that the Department's Criminal Investigation Bureau plays in enforcing Missouri's tax laws. The bureau's investigators do much of the initial legwork on delinquent tax cases and also work with local law enforcement agencies to make sure that the state's tax laws are properly enforced. County prosecutors also make immense contributions by obtaining criminal pleas and orders of restitution.
One recent case was that of Orlando Gallegos, doing business as Costa Mesa, at 4249 W. Chestnut Expressway in Springfield, MO, who pled guilty on Nov. 5 in Greene County Circuit Court to several tax-related offenses. Gallegos pled guilty to one felony count of failure to file employee withholding tax returns, one felony count of failure to remit (or pay) withholding tax, one felony count of failure to file a sales tax return, and one felony count of failure to remit sales tax. Gallegos was sentenced to five years of probation, and ordered to make restitution of $131,631 to the Department of Revenue.
Another case involved the owner of the Mr. Steak restaurant at 2731 Veterans Memorial Parkway in St. Charles, MO, Blake E. Kruse, who pled guilty on Oct. 25 to two felony counts of failure to pay sales taxes and two felony counts of failure to pay employee withholding income taxes. Kruse, of O'Fallon, MO, pled guilty in St. Charles County Circuit Court. The court ordered Kruse to pay $56,332 in restitution, and he also was placed on five years of supervised probation.
The Department of Revenue has also taken various enforcement actions against PC Rentals of Kirksville, MO. During the past year, the Department's Collections staff filed tax liens totaling more than $51,800 in back taxes, interest and penalties against the business. To help recoup some of that money, on Nov. 4 the Adair County Sheriff's Office executed a "writ of execution" authorized by the Adair County Circuit Court. The writ gave the Sheriff's Office the authority to collect revenue directly from the daily receipts of the business' affiliate, the Washington Street Java Co. The Sheriff's Office also served three garnishment orders on PC Rentals' accounts at Alliant Bank of Kirksville. PC Rentals' state sales tax business license, under the name of Collins Rentals, was also revoked by the state on April 2.
"It's crucial to remember that the Department of Revenue strives to work with businesses and individuals that owe back taxes," Barragán-Scott said. "We send several notices before beginning our more extraordinary collection efforts, and we also allow most delinquent taxpayers the option of a payment plan to catch up on their back taxes. We encourage delinquent taxpayers to contact us for assistance."
The Missouri Department of Revenue is now on Twitter! To follow the Department on Twitter, go to http://twitter.com/MoRevenue.


text:
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text:
Thursday, June 24, 2010
PS22 Chorus's MJ Tribute for Newsweek
6 comments:
- Jessica said...
Exquisite! I hope you have a wonderful summer break, Mr. B. I look forward to next year.
- June 24, 2010 at 3:44 PM
- Mr. Colunga said...
Mr. B-
Sick of cryin' everytime I watch a video... :) So hyped to show my over zealous 2yr old MJ fan when he comes home from his day!
Many blessings-
Long Beach, CA
- June 24, 2010 at 4:10 PM
- Chrissy said...
I am not gonna name names, but I know u have seen it as well... Watching this video which evidently brings out the personality in each student, I see how some have really grown- some that would just stand and sing and not move in the beginning of the semester, are now showing how they have gotten in to it and felt the feeling of the words to the songs they sing...A very articulate bunch of kids...
- June 24, 2010 at 4:10 PM
- victor said...
hellooooooooo.10 through 12
- June 25, 2010 at 9:38 PM
- Telia 'Liyah' Battle said...
I love the MJ turbite form last year of the 1yr of his death. Great job kids of PS22!!! :)
- February 21, 2011 at 1:26 PM
i love that song
kahlil w.
- October 1, 2011 at 9:20 PM


text:
South African journalist and arts critic Charl Blignaut made what turned out to be an excellent prediction. "Of all the work on show, it's this depiction of the president that will set the most tongues wagging and most likely generate some howls of disapproval," he wrote on May 13 in a review of an art exhibition in Johannesburg.
In his description of "The Spear," which was part of a series of satirical works by artist Brett Murray poking fun at the leadership of the ruling African National Congress, Blignaut wrote, "I encounter a portrait of [President] Jacob Zuma in the pose of Lenin. The trousers are open and the presidential penis hangs exposed."
Indeed, a firestorm of controversy ensued: racial tensions, the burnings of copies of Blignaut's City Press newspaper, a protest march, a regulatory hearing, and intense debate between proponents of free speech and press freedom and those of the rights to privacy and honor.
Over a period of several days, South Africans did howl their disapproval--on Twitter. They howled not only at the Goodman gallery for exhibiting the painting ("Who does this to someone's dad, grandfather and husband? And a president for that matter???" asked @Gwi_Gwi) but also at City Press for displaying a photo of the painting on its website. "I think u are racist,I object to the depiction of a naked president with hanging private parts," @GPhutiana sniped at Blignaut. "Just received a letter at work alleging that City Press is run by Satanists," tweeted City Press News Editor Natasha Joseph on May 18. "Looking at a photo of people in 'Vote Zuma' shirts burning old copies of City Press, all of them grinning broadly," Joseph tweeted a week later.
Then a chilling tweet to City Press Editor-in-Chief Ferial Haffajee from @B_Mntwaphi: "U deserve everything tht comes ur way. Just hope the burn ur offices." Another person, @nicknthala, exclaimed: "Now we need hackers to remove the painting from @City_Presswebsite." For @Afuze, "The govt. should look into how SA media divides our country then reports on it without taking responsibility."
Haffajee attempted to respond to the criticism. "We did not do the drawing; the only reason you know about it is because we published. Would you rather not know?" she asked @nkohlondi. "What the fundamentalists missed then, as they do now, is that we did not create the art of satire? Is dissemination, creation?" she asked.
But it was only the beginning. "Remember, do not buy the City Press today. National boycott for disrespect," said @nkohlondi on May 19. Five days later, the ANC released a statement officially calling on its supporters to boycott City Press, even as the party's youth league publicly dissented. "Hug an #ANCYL member: the org has broken ranks and lambasted #ANC for City Press boycott and culture of intolerance! #Spear," commented journalist Justice Malala. Others rallied to support City Press. "Tomorrow all who value a free and independent media should tweet a pic of themselves reading @City_Press! Tag it #myCityPresspic Join me," tweeted journalist Patrick Conroy, head of private broadcaster eNews.
City Press faced a complaint by Zuma seeking the removal of the painting from its website. "ANC wants all Internet sites to remove #ZumaSpear pictures. It will consider action against those who refuse to do so," reported eNews journalist Karyn Maughan. In defiance, Business Day journalist Gareth van Onselen tweeted, "Well, the picture of 'The Spear' on Inside Politics has now received 30 000 views. And it's not coming down."
Under pressure, City Press blackened the offending photo on its website, drawing some criticism. "You shouldn't have taken down the #ZumaSpear until the judge gave a verdict. Now ANC have power over @City_Press," @pemmymatsunyane tweeted to Haffajee.
Amid some calls for the artist to be stoned, the ANC turned its attention to the Goodman gallery with a protest march, which also came under criticism. "What about #Zumaspear mobilises ppl to this extent,when lack of service delivery, corruption,crime, sexual violence don't?" asked @zizwe." "While #ANCMarch vs #Zumaspear: street kids across fm@Goodman_Gallery sleep rough," noted @jozi117 with a photo of homeless kids.
Then, the Film and Publication Board (FPB) summoned City Press for a hearing. "Complainant: when painting was placed on City Press website it should have had restriction of 18" read one tweet from City Press Assistant Editor Adriaan Basson, who was posting minute-by-minute updates of the debates. "Rasibi of FPB asks if mockery of president doesn't amount to hate speech. [Lawyer Steve] Budlender: this board shd not look after interest of politicians," read another tweet. In appreciation for instant updates, @NikolaiViedge said: "Loving the medium of Twitter right now." "I can't help myself: I'm glued to #FBPSpear &#SpearMarch by a sense of turgid fascination," said @m_lungu.
In the emotionally charged debate, one notable observer--award-winning South African novelist, poet, and playwright Zakes Mda--stood out for his thoughtful and nuanced perspective. "All in all I think this debate (including litigation) is good for fledgling democracy," he tweeted.
"As a person whose work was banned by the previous oppressors I'm against censorship even for those works that are not to my taste," Mda declared, charging that "Some young [South Africans] who have no recollection of the Nationalist Party thought-control are trying to impose their own thought-control on us." He added, "There is no view that will not offend someone somewhere at one time or another."


text:
Haiti completes three-week training programme for men's and women's teams
The training was held in Port au Prince from April 20 to May 11.
For the first two weeks, the men worked out for three and a half hours each morning and the women did the same in the afternoon. For the final week, the training time was reduced to two and a half hours per session.
For the first 10 days, the physical training concentrated on circuit endurance and development of strength, while for the latter period the training alternated between speed and plyometrics.
Tactical training was blended into the physical training with reviews of the basic techniques of offensive organisation, defensive organisation, counter attack and attack coverage.
At the end of the first week, the men's and the women's teams played a couple of practice games against teams from the north of the country with Dominican players.
An overall assessment was made of what was achieved and what issues need to be addressed.
Areas to be covered include a need for greater intensity, more physical work, work on basic techniques, higher-level training and a search for taller players.
The training sessions tackled many of these problems but many issues still need further work.
On a broader level, the federation is currently having to use a basketball court and there is a need for greater financial resources.
A document about basic techniques, physical work and high-level training is to be given to national coaches so that they can give instruction to club coaches, especially those dealing with international players or young players with high potential.
Haiti is hoping for more input from the FIVB and NORCECA to raise the standards of training in Haiti.
In addition, a search will be undertaken to find tall players around the ages of 12-14 to help boost future teams.


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This information is produced and provided by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The information in this topic may have changed since it was written. For the most current information, contact the National Cancer Institute via the Internet web site at http://cancer.gov or call 1-800-4-CANCER.
Incidence and Mortality
Estimated new cases and deaths from esophageal cancer in the United States in 2012:[1]
The incidence of esophageal cancer has risen in recent decades, coinciding with a shift in histologic type and primary tumor location.[2,3] Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus is now more prevalent than squamous cell carcinoma in the United States and western Europe, with most tumors located in the distal esophagus. The cause for the rising incidence and demographic alterations is unknown.
While risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus have been identified (e.g., tobacco, alcohol, diet), the risk factors associated with esophageal adenocarcinoma are less clear.[3] The presence of Barrett esophagus is associated with an increased risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, and chronic reflux is considered the predominant cause of Barrett metaplasia. The results of a population-based, case-controlled study from Sweden strongly suggest that symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux is a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. The frequency, severity, and duration of reflux symptoms were positively correlated with increased risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma.[4]
Esophageal cancer is a treatable disease, but it is rarely curable. The overall 5-year survival rate in patients amenable to definitive treatment ranges from 5% to 30%. The occasional patient with very early disease has a better chance of survival. Patients with severe dysplasia in distal esophageal Barrett mucosa often have in situ or even invasive cancer within the dysplastic area. Following resection, these patients usually have excellent prognoses.
Primary treatment modalities include surgery alone or chemotherapy with radiation therapy. Combined modality therapy (i.e., chemotherapy plus surgery, or chemotherapy and radiation therapy plus surgery) is under clinical evaluation. Effective palliation may be obtained in individual cases with various combinations of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stents,[5] photodynamic therapy,[6,7,8] and endoscopic therapy with Nd:YAG laser.[9]
One of the major difficulties in allocating and comparing treatment modalities for patients with esophageal cancer is the lack of precise preoperative staging. Standard noninvasive staging modalities include computed tomography (CT) of the chest and abdomen and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). The overall tumor depth staging accuracy of EUS is 85% to 90%, as compared with 50% to 80% for CT; the accuracy of regional nodal staging is 70% to 80% for EUS and 50% to 70% for CT.[10,11] EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) for lymph node staging is under prospective evaluation; one retrospective series reported a 93% sensitivity and 100% specificity of regional nodal staging with EUS-FNA.[12] Thoracoscopy and laparoscopy have been used in esophageal cancer staging at some surgical centers.[13,14,15] An intergroup trial reported an increase in positive lymph node detection to 56% of 107 evaluable patients using thoracoscopy/laparoscopy, from 41% (using noninvasive staging tests, e.g., CT, magnetic resonance imaging, EUS) with no major complications or deaths.[16] Noninvasive positron emission tomography using the radiolabeled glucose analog 18-F-fluorodeoxy-D-glucose for preoperative staging of esophageal cancer is under clinical evaluation and may be useful in detecting stage IV disease.[17,18,19,20]
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors can occur in the esophagus and are usually benign. (Refer to the PDQ summary on Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors Treatment for more information.)
Related Summaries
Other PDQ summaries containing information related to esophageal cancer include the following:
Fewer than 50% of esophageal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas. Adenocarcinomas, typically arising in Barrett esophagus, account for at least 50% of malignant lesions, and the incidence of this histology appears to be rising. Barrett esophagus contains glandular epithelium cephalad to the esophagogastric junction.
Three different types of glandular epithelium can be seen:
Dysplasia is particularly likely to develop in the intestinal type mucosa.
The stage determines whether the intent of the therapeutic approach will be curative or palliative. The AJCC has designated staging by TNM classification to define cancer of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction.[1]
Definitions of TNM
The AJCC has designated staging by TNM classification to define cancer of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction.[1]
The current staging system for esophageal cancer is based largely on retrospective data from the Japanese Committee for Registration of Esophageal Carcinoma. It is most applicable to patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the upper third and middle third of the esophagus, as opposed to the increasingly common distal esophageal and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinomas.[2] In particular, the classification of involved abdominal lymph nodes as M1 disease has been criticized. The presence of positive abdominal lymph nodes does not appear to carry as grave a prognosis as metastases to distant organs.[3] Patients with regional and/or celiac axis lymphadenopathy should not necessarily be considered to have unresectable disease caused by metastases. Complete resection of the primary tumor and appropriate lymphadenectomy should be attempted when possible.
The prevalence of Barrett metaplasia in adenocarcinoma of the esophagus suggests that Barrett esophagus is a premalignant condition. Strong consideration should be given to resection in patients with high-grade dysplasia in the setting of Barrett metaplasia. Endoscopic surveillance of patients with Barrett metaplasia may detect adenocarcinoma at an earlier stage more amenable to curative resection.[1] The survival rate of patients with esophageal cancer is poor. Asymptomatic small tumors confined to the esophageal mucosa or submucosa are detected only by chance. Surgery is the treatment of choice for these small tumors. Once symptoms are present (e.g., dysphagia, in most cases), esophageal cancers have usually invaded the muscularis propria or beyond and may have metastasized to lymph nodes or other organs.
In the presence of complete esophageal obstruction without clinical evidence of systemic metastasis, surgical excision of the tumor with mobilization of the stomach to replace the esophagus has been the traditional means of relieving the dysphagia. In the United States, the median age of patients who present with esophageal cancer is 67 years.[2] The results of a retrospective review of 505 consecutive patients who were operated on by a single surgical team over 17 years found no difference in the perioperative mortality, median survival, or palliative benefit of esophagectomy on dysphagia when the group of patients older than 70 years were compared to their younger peers.[3][Levels of evidence: 3iiA and 3iiB] All of the patients in this series were selected for surgery on the basis of potential operative risk. Age alone should not determine therapy for patients with potentially resectable disease.
The optimal surgical procedure is controversial. One approach advocates transhiatal esophagectomy with anastomosis of the stomach to the cervical esophagus. A second approach advocates abdominal mobilization of the stomach and transthoracic excision of the esophagus with anastomosis of the stomach to the upper thoracic esophagus or the cervical esophagus. One study concluded that transhiatal esophagectomy was associated with lower morbidity than transthoracic esophagectomy with extended en bloc lymphadenectomy; however, median overall disease-free and quality-adjusted survival did not differ significantly.[4] Similarly, no differences in long-term quality of life (QOL) using validated QOL instruments have been reported.[5] In patients with partial esophageal obstruction, dysphagia may, at times, be relieved by placement of an expandable metallic stent [6] or by radiation therapy if the patient has disseminated disease or is not a candidate for surgery. Alternative methods of relieving dysphagia have been reported, including laser therapy and electrocoagulation to destroy intraluminal tumor.[7,8,9,10]
Surgical treatment of resectable esophageal cancers results in 5-year survival rates of 5% to 30%, with higher survival rates in patients with early-stage cancers. This is associated with a less than 10% operative mortality rate.[11] In an attempt to avoid this perioperative mortality and to relieve dysphagia, definitive radiation therapy in combination with chemotherapy has been studied. A Radiation Therapy Oncology Group randomized trial (RTOG-8501) of chemotherapy and radiation therapy versus radiation therapy alone resulted in an improvement in 5-year survival for the combined modality group (27% vs. 0%).[12][Level of evidence: 1iiA] An eight-year follow-up of this trial demonstrated an overall survival (OS) rate of 22% for patients receiving chemoradiation therapy.[12] An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group trial (EST-1282) of 135 patients showed that chemotherapy plus radiation provided a better 2-year survival rate than radiation therapy alone,[13] which was similar to that shown in the Intergroup trial.[12][Level of evidence: 1iiA] In an attempt to improve upon the results of RTOG-8501, Intergroup-0123 (RTOG-9405) randomly assigned 236 patients with localized esophageal tumors to chemoradiation with high-dose radiation therapy (64.8 Gy) and four monthly cycles of fluorouracil (5-FU) and cisplatin versus conventional-dose radiation therapy (50.4 Gy) and the same chemotherapy schedule.[14] Although originally designed to accrue 298 patients, this trial was closed in 1999 after a planned interim analysis showed that it was statistically unlikely that there would be any advantage to using high-dose radiation. At 2 years' median follow-up, no statistical differences were observed between the high-dose and conventional-dose radiation therapy arms in median survival (13 months vs. 18 months), 2-year survival (31% vs. 40%), or local/regional failures (56% vs. 52%).[14][Level of evidence: 1iiA]
Preoperative Chemoradiation Therapy
Chemoradiation followed by surgery is a standard treatment option for patients with stages IB, II, III, and IVA esophageal cancer, based on the results of several randomized trials.
The ongoing CROSS (NCT01498289) study randomly assigned 366 patients with resectable esophageal or junctional cancers to receive either surgery alone or weekly administration of carboplatin (dose titrated to achieve an AUC [area under the curve] of 2 mg/mL/minute) and paclitaxel (50 mg/m2 of BSA [body surface area]) and concurrent radiation therapy (41.4 Gy in 23 fractions) administered over 5 weeks.[15][Level of evidence: 1iiA] The majority of the patients enrolled in the study have adenocarcinoma (75%).
With a median follow-up of 45 months, preoperative chemoradiation was found to improve median OS from 24 months in the surgery-alone group to 49.4 months (hazard ratio [HR], 0.657; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.495–0.871, P = .003). Additionally, preoperative chemoradiation improved the rate of R0 resections (R0 is defined as complete resection with no tumor within 1 mm of resection margins, 92% vs. 69%, P < .001). A complete pathologic response was achieved in 29% of patients who underwent resection after chemoradiation therapy. Postoperative complications and in-hospital mortality were equivalent in both groups. The most common hematologic side effects in the chemoradiation group were leukopenia (6%) and neutropenia (2%). The most common nonhematologic side effects were anorexia (5%) and fatigue (3%).[15]
Other phase III trials have compared preoperative concurrent chemoradiation therapy to surgery alone for patients with esophageal cancer.[15,16,17,18,19][Level of evidence: 1iiA] A multicenter prospective randomized trial in which preoperative combined chemotherapy (i.e., cisplatin) and radiation therapy (37 Gy in 3.7 Gy fractions) followed by surgery was compared to surgery alone in patients with squamous cell carcinoma showed no improvement in OS and a significantly higher postoperative mortality (12% vs. 4%) in the combined modality arm.[16] In patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, a single-institution phase III trial demonstrated a modest survival benefit (16 months vs. 11 months) for patients treated with induction chemoradiation therapy consisting of 5-FU, cisplatin, and 40 Gy (2.67 Gy fractions) plus surgery over resection alone.[17] A subsequent single-institution trial randomly assigned patients (75% with adenocarcinoma) to 5-FU, cisplatin, vinblastine, and radiation therapy (1.5 Gy twice daily to a total of 45 Gy) plus resection versus esophagectomy alone.[18] At a median follow-up of more than 8 years, there was no significant difference between the surgery alone and combined modality therapy with respect to median survival (17.6 months vs. 16.9 months), OS (16% vs. 30% at 3 years), or disease-free survival (16% vs. 28% at 3 years). An Intergroup trial (CALGB-9781) planned to randomly assign 475 patients with resectable squamous cell or adenocarcinoma of the thoracic esophagus to treatment with preoperative chemoradiation therapy (5-FU, cisplatin, and 50.4 Gy) followed by esophagectomy and nodal dissection or surgery alone.[19][Level of evidence: 1iiA] The trial was closed as a result of poor patient accrual; however, the results of the 56 enrolled patients, with a median follow-up of 6 years, were reported. The median survival was 4.48 years (95% CI, 2.4 years to not estimable) for trimodality therapy versus 1.79 years (95% CI, 1.41–2.59 years) for surgery alone (P = .002), with 5-year OS of 39% (95% CI, 21%–57%) versus 16% (95% CI, 5%–33%) for trimodality therapy versus surgery alone.
A phase III German trial also compared induction chemotherapy (three courses of bolus 5-FU, leucovorin, etoposide, and cisplatin) followed by chemoradiation therapy (cisplatin, etoposide, and 40 Gy) followed by surgery (arm A), or the same induction chemotherapy followed by chemoradiation therapy (at least 65 Gy) without surgery (arm B) for patients with T3 or T4 squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus.[20][Level of evidence: 1iiA] OS was the primary outcome. The analysis of 172 eligible, randomly assigned patients showed that OS at 2 years was not statistically significantly different between the two treatment groups (arm A: 39.9%; 95% CI, 29.4%–50.4%; arm B: 35.4%; 95% CI, 25.2%–45.6%; log-rank test for equivalence with 0.15, P < .007). Local progression-free survival (PFS) was higher in the surgery group (2-year PFS, 64.3%; 95% CI, 52.1%–76.5%) than in the chemoradiation therapy group (2-year PFS, 40.7%; 95% CI, 28.9%–52.5%; HR for arm B vs. arm A, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.3–3.5; P < .003). Treatment-related mortality was higher in the surgery group compared with the chemoradiation therapy group (12.8% vs. 3.5%, respectively; P < .03).
Preoperative Chemotherapy Alone
The effects of preoperative chemotherapy are being evaluated in randomized trials, as was done in the NCT00525785 trial.[21,22][Level of evidence: 1iiA]. An Intergroup trial randomly assigned 440 patients with local and operable esophageal cancer of any cell type to three cycles of preoperative 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and cisplatin followed by surgery and two additional cycles of chemotherapy versus surgery alone. After a median follow-up of 55 months, there were no significant differences between the chemotherapy/surgery and surgery-alone groups in median survival (14.9 months and 16.1 months, respectively) or 2-year survival (35% and 37%, respectively). The addition of chemotherapy did not increase the morbidity associated with surgery. The Medical Research Council Oesophageal Cancer Working Party randomly assigned 802 patients with resectable esophageal cancer also of any cell type to two cycles of preoperative 5-FU and cisplatin followed by surgery versus surgery alone. At a median follow-up of 37 months, median survival was significantly improved in the preoperative chemotherapy arm (16.8 months vs. 13.3 months with surgery alone; difference 3.5 months; 95% CI, 1–6.5 months), as was 2-year OS (43% and 34% respectively; difference 9%; 95% CI, 3–14 months). The interpretation of the results from both of these trials is challenging because T or N staging was not reported and prerandomization and radiation could be offered at the discretion of the treating oncologist.
The Japanese Clinical Oncology Group randomly assigned 330 patients with clinical stage II or III, excluding T4, squamous cell carcinomas to receive either two cycles of preoperative cisplatin and 5-FU (fluorouracil) followed by surgery versus surgery followed by postoperative chemotherapy of the same regimen.[23][Level of evidence: 1iiC] A planned interim analysis was conducted after patient accrual, and although the primary endpoint of PFS was not met, there was a significant benefit in OS among patients treated with preoperative chemotherapy (P = .01). As a result of these findings, the Data and Safety Monitoring Committee recommended early publication.
With a median follow-up of 61 months, the 5-year OS was 55% among patients treated with preoperative chemotherapy compared with 43% among patients treated with postoperative chemotherapy (P = .04). However, there was no significant difference between groups with respect to PFS (5-year PFS, 39% vs. 44%; P = .22). Additionally, there were no significant differences between the two groups with respect to postoperative complications or treatment-related toxicities.[23] Based on these results, preoperative chemotherapy without radiation therapy should still be considered under clinical evaluation.
Two randomized trials have shown no significant OS benefit for postoperative radiation therapy over surgery alone.[24,25][Level of evidence: 1iiA] All newly diagnosed patients should be considered candidates for therapies and clinical trials comparing various treatment modalities.
Information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.
Special attention to nutritional support is indicated in any patient undergoing treatment of esophageal cancer. (Refer to the PDQ summary on Nutrition in Cancer Care for more information.)
Stage 0 squamous esophageal cancer is rarely seen in the United States, but surgery has been used for this stage of cancer.[1,2]
Current Clinical Trials
Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's list of cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage 0 esophageal cancer. The list of clinical trials can be further narrowed by location, drug, intervention, and other criteria.
General information about clinical trials is also available from the NCI Web site.
Standard treatment options:
Treatment options under clinical evaluation:
Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's list of cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage I esophageal cancer. The list of clinical trials can be further narrowed by location, drug, intervention, and other criteria.
Standard treatment options:
Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's list of cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage II esophageal cancer. The list of clinical trials can be further narrowed by location, drug, intervention, and other criteria.
Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's list of cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage III esophageal cancer. The list of clinical trials can be further narrowed by location, drug, intervention, and other criteria.
At diagnosis, approximately 50% of patients with esophageal cancer will have metastatic disease and will be candidates for palliative therapy.[1]
Many agents are active in esophageal cancer. Objective response rates of 30% to 60% and median survivals of less than 1 year are commonly reported with platinum-based combination regimens with fluorouracil, taxanes, topoisomerase inhibitors, hydroxyurea, or vinorelbine.[1,8,9]
Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's list of cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage IV esophageal cancer. The list of clinical trials can be further narrowed by location, drug, intervention, and other criteria.
All recurrent esophageal cancer patients present difficult problems in palliation. All patients, whenever possible, should be considered candidates for clinical trials as outlined in treatment overview.
Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's list of cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with recurrent esophageal cancer. The list of clinical trials can be further narrowed by location, drug, intervention, and other criteria.
The PDQ cancer information summaries are reviewed regularly and updated as new information becomes available. This section describes the latest changes made to this summary as of the date above.
Treatment Option Overview
Editorial changes were made to this section.
This summary is written and maintained by the PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board, which is editorially independent of NCI. The summary reflects an independent review of the literature and does not represent a policy statement of NCI or NIH. More information about summary policies and the role of the PDQ Editorial Boards in maintaining the PDQ summaries can be found on the About This PDQ Summary and PDQ NCI's Comprehensive Cancer Database pages.
Purpose of This Summary
This PDQ cancer information summary for health professionals provides comprehensive, peer-reviewed, evidence-based information about the treatment of esophageal cancer. It is intended as a resource to inform and assist clinicians who care for cancer patients. It does not provide formal guidelines or recommendations for making health care decisions.
Reviewers and Updates
This summary is reviewed regularly and updated as necessary by the PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board, which is editorially independent of the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The summary reflects an independent review of the literature and does not represent a policy statement of NCI or the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Board members review recently published articles each month to determine whether an article should:
Changes to the summaries are made through a consensus process in which Board members evaluate the strength of the evidence in the published articles and determine how the article should be included in the summary.
The lead reviewers for Esophageal Cancer Treatment are:
Any comments or questions about the summary content should be submitted to Cancer.gov through the Web site's Contact Form. Do not contact the individual Board Members with questions or comments about the summaries. Board members will not respond to individual inquiries.
Levels of Evidence
Some of the reference citations in this summary are accompanied by a level-of-evidence designation. These designations are intended to help readers assess the strength of the evidence supporting the use of specific interventions or approaches. The PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board uses a formal evidence ranking system in developing its level-of-evidence designations.
Permission to Use This Summary
PDQ is a registered trademark. Although the content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text, it cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless it is presented in its entirety and is regularly updated. However, an author would be permitted to write a sentence such as "NCI's PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks succinctly: [include excerpt from the summary]."
The preferred citation for this PDQ summary is:
National Cancer Institute: PDQ® Esophageal Cancer Treatment. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Date last modified <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/esophageal/HealthProfessional. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>.
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Based on the strength of the available evidence, treatment options may be described as either "standard" or "under clinical evaluation." These classifications should not be used as a basis for insurance reimbursement determinations. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the Coping with Cancer: Financial, Insurance, and Legal Information page.
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Last Revised: 2013-02-01
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