text:
Next: Declare Form, Previous: Obsolete Functions, Up: Functions
An inline function is a function that works just like an
ordinary function, except for one thing: when you byte-compile a call
to the function (see Byte Compilation), the function's definition
is expanded into the caller. To define an inline function, use
defsubst instead of
This macro defines an inline function. Its syntax is exactly the same as
defun(see Defining Functions).
Making a function inline often makes its function calls run faster. But it also has disadvantages. For one thing, it reduces flexibility; if you change the definition of the function, calls already inlined still use the old definition until you recompile them.
Another disadvantage is that making a large function inline can increase the size of compiled code both in files and in memory. Since the speed advantage of inline functions is greatest for small functions, you generally should not make large functions inline.
Also, inline functions do not behave well with respect to debugging,
tracing, and advising (see Advising Functions). Since ease of
debugging and the flexibility of redefining functions are important
features of Emacs, you should not make a function inline, even if it's
small, unless its speed is really crucial, and you've timed the code
to verify that using
defun actually has performance problems.
After an inline function is defined, its inline expansion can be performed later on in the same file, just like macros.
It's possible to use
defmacro to define a macro to expand
into the same code that an inline function would execute
(see Macros). But the macro would be limited to direct use in
expressions—a macro cannot be called with
mapcar and so on. Also, it takes some work to convert an
ordinary function into a macro. To convert it into an inline function
is easy; just replace
defun with
defsubst. Since each
argument of an inline function is evaluated exactly once, you needn't
worry about how many times the body uses the arguments, as you do for
As an alternative to
defsubst, you can use
define-inline to define functions via their exhaustive compiler
macro. See define-inline.


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Bipartisan Bill Addresses Energy Costs
WASHINGTON — Sen. Jeanne Shaheen (D-NH) and Sen. Rob Portman (R-Ohio) unveiled a bipartisan bill in the Senate that aims to help the country regain its economic footing and global leadership by deploying energy efficiency widely across the United States.
The bill, called the Energy Savings and Industrial Competitiveness Act of 2011, provides energy efficiency financing options for manufacturers, strengthens building energy codes, requires the federal government to improve its energy management and establishes a wide range of new appliance standards.
The bill was created with the help of the Alliance to Save Energy and other businesses, advocacy groups and associations, in conjunction with the senators and their staff.
The goal of the bill is to drive job creation and lower energy demand and costs for buildings, utilities, appliances, manufacturing, industrial and the federal government. It could potential save consumers and businesses tens of billions of dollars and bolster global competitiveness and energy independence, according to a statement from the alliance.
The U.S. buildings sector consumes 72 percent of electricity, 55 percent of natural gas and 40 percent of U.S. primary energy, according to the bill.
The Alliance estimates that American households will spend about $5,700 this year on energy for their homes and vehicles, up nearly 25 percent over the past two years, officials said.
"These rising costs threaten the fragile economic recovery under way," according to an alliance statement. "The Shaheen-Portman bill, if enacted, can take a big bite out of these costs by cutting energy waste in buildings, in the industrial sectors and in the appliances and equipment we use every day."

subset: commoncrawl


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Summit County police blotter: Masked bandit
Editor's note: The police blotter is written from incident reports provided by local police departments and the Summit County Sheriff's Office. All individuals named are presumed innocent until proven guilty.
A man in a ski mask reportedly stole a tool used to remove security devices on retail products from a local business earlier this month.
Employees reported the man entered the store wearing a mask, grabbed the tool from the behind the counter and ran from the business, jumping into a truck which then drove away, according to a report from the Silverthorne Police Department.
Although there was money in the store, nothing else was taken, the report states.
Other stores in the county that use the security device have been notified of the theft.
A thief who stole a car from the Silverthorne Recreation Center apparently returned the vehicle to the exact same location the next day, leaving some cash and beer inside.
The owner of the car reported it stolen after the keys were taken while the owner was inside the rec center, a Silverthorne police report states. But the vehicle turned up the following day in the same parking space from which it had been taken, the report states.
When they searched the vehicle, officers found a $20 bill and three beers from a 12 pack that had been left inside the car, according to the report. Officers are still reviewing tapes and working to locate suspects.
A friend of the owner of a $2,000 black Necromancer bicycle apparently took the bike from in front of a Main Street business in Breckenridge and posted it for sale on Craigslist as a prank on its owner.
The owner reported the bike stolen at approximately 12:40 a.m. Feb. 9, an hour after he had last seen it, according to a Breckenridge police report.
No bicycle tracks were visible in the area due to heavy snowfall at the time.
Breckenridge detectives spotted an ad for the same bike on Craigslist the following day, and contacted the owner, who said a friend had posted the ad as a joke because he, "didn't lock up his bike and should have known better," the report states.
The bike owner told authorities the matter did not need to be investigated further.
A man accused of threatening to slit the throat of a bouncer at a bar in Breckenridge was arrested Feb. 10 for disorderly conduct and disobeying an order of a police officer.
The man had reportedly been kicked out of the bar for causing problems with other patrons, but refused to leave the area and was allegedly holding a beer bottle out on the street, according to a report from the Breckenridge Police Department.
The staff contacted authorities who reportedly told the man to go home multiple times. He refused, allegedly saying he was going to wait until the police left and slit the bouncer's throat, according to the report.
Authorities reportedly found a razor blade inside a pack of gum in the man's possession, the report states. He told officers he uses it for cutting carpet, according to the report.
The man was transported to the Summit County Jail on the charges.
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We have breakfast first, followed by readings from Scriptures and then a story, an Orthodox story involving saints or important feast days. There is so very much to learn about our Faith, and they are old enough, I believe, to start moving past the "hows" and onto the "whys." For it's the reasons behind the actions that fill empty gestures with meaning. It's Her past, Her heroes, Her Tradition and theology that make the Church such a strong and sturdy refuge from the wily entrapments of sin and distorted "truths."
Ideally, before I embarked each morning on this monumental task of ingraining within my children a love for the teachings of Christ, the house would be in order; I'd sit in our living room rocking chair with the four of them at my feet, listening attentively and interrupting only every so often to ask a clarifying and completely applicable question. We'd end in prayer, of course. I'd have no need to bite my lip in order to keep from speaking harshly. And the kids would be enthralled, so utterly moved by the sacrifices and bravery of the martyrs who spilled their blood for the sake of the cross. But ideals, it turns out, can be the bane of my existence as a mom.
There is something about bored expressions, a screaming preschooler, and piles of unwashed dishes in the kitchen sink that can dampen a mother's mood and negate the significance of a family devotional. As hard as I try to muffle all of the paralyzing and negative self-conjecturing, suggesting I'm not spiritually mature or disciplined enough to make these concepts penetrate through our thick and impermeable obsession with ourselves, I can't help but think repeatedly, "Why, why, why, why bother?"
We had moved into the living room, where I cleared a spot on the love seat and grumbled at the kids about the mess, their bickering, and their antsy-ness, before opening to Chapter 6 in the book, Grandmother's Spiritual Stories: An Orthodox Treasury of Stories for Young and Old, written by Georgia Hronas. "The Miraculous Light of the Tomb of Christ," I began. "Benjamin, are you listening? Keep your hands away from your sister, please!" And I went on, with a downcast and tired demeanor, to share with my sons and daughters about the Church of the Resurrection in Jerusalem where every Holy Saturday a miracle occurs drawing thousands of pilgrims annually who wish to witness for themselves, "The Sacred Light."
Also known as the Holy Sepulchre, The Church of the Resurrection has a courtyard, the Golgotha, which is the area where the Holy Cross and tomb of Christ were found by Saint Helen, the mother of the Emperor Constantine. The Patriarch arrives at the tomb at 11:00 am, I read. He performs a Litany around the Tomb chanting special prayers and Psalms. And then he pauses before the entrance of the Holy Tomb. There, in the presence of the pilgrims, the Patriarch is searched to insure that he has nothing with which to start a fire.
I had heard of this event. I know someone who traveled many, many miles to take part in that holiest of celebrations. But on this day, just an ordinary Tuesday with a long and tedious week ahead of me, this detailed account describing how at midnight, while the Patriarch prays with earnestness in pitch blackness, a bluish colored light appears suddenly, turning white, then into a red flame before igniting the Patriarch's candles and the vigil lamp on the Holy Tomb, gave me chills and even piqued my children's interest. It's shocking, isn't it? Especially if what you're used to is complete and total access to a domesticated version of God, whom this nation has no qualms about mocking or defining or limiting the role of to but a mild mannered wish granter who is ours for the reconfiguring when the changing tastes of society demand it. A true display of sacredness, in all of its terrifying glory, rarely leaves one feeling comfortable or unchallenged.
What I personally experienced was an overwhelming sense of unworthiness. I imagined the fasting, the waiting for hours upon hours, all the sacrificing of time, convenience and personal space made by the Christ-hungry parishioners packed shoulder to shoulder in nervous anticipation of something bigger and so much brighter than their day-to-day disappointments and frustrations. I saw my own distracted soul, so easily put out by the mundane-ness of my chores, by children being children, and by the intensity of the life I was created to live but so often water down because it's hard, good gracious is it hard, to deny yourself.
I looked over at Elijah, Priscilla, Ben and Mary; I took in the sight of my cluttered and un-swept home; I remembered how often I forget to put salvation at the forefront of my goals, thoughts, and decisions; I questioned my capabilities as an Orthodox Christian parent called to pass on my convictions and exemplify a Trinitarian inspired love of God and my neighbors. It became obvious that I was failing, that I was flailing and drowning because I'd ceased depending on Christ and was now swimming upstream on my own. "We're almost finished," I assured them, "after this page we'll take a break. I promise." When they were quiet again, I continued, picking up near the end of the chapter with a testimony from a middle-aged man who had journeyed from Greece to Jerusalem to take part in the Paschal Divine Liturgy and receive for himself a small portion of the extraordinary and Spirit-filled fire spread from candle to candle among the faithful.
I went to church early, he explained, so I could get a good seat close to the tomb of Christ. As people began to arrive, the church was filled with thousands of people and I couldn't breathe. I had to leave and went to the courtyard where I sat on a bench. When the light came and everybody was rejoicing, I cried, praying and saying, 'O Lord, I traveled so far to see your Holy Light, and because of my sins and weakness I was unable to see it.' Oh how I felt for that man! It was as if I were seated next to him, also looking back from a distance on the obedience and steadfastness of my spiritual brothers and sisters whom I'd unsuccessfully tried to emulate only to be left feeling isolated by and quite ashamed of my limitations. We were together there, on the bench outside the church, asking God for mercy and coming to terms with our own inadequacies. As I was praying, he continued (and I continued, vicariously through him), I held my thirty-three candles with both hands on my knees. Suddenly, out of nowhere, came a flicker of light like a small lightening bolt and lit my candles. My eyes were filled with tears, and my heart with great joy. My joy was so great that I stood up and shouted as loud as I could with the others, 'I have seen your Holy Light, Oh Lord, Glory be to You!!!"
Although nothing changed outwardly; although my life was no less stressful; although we had not one more penny in the bank or one less bill to pay; although my kids were still feisty and my house still a wreck, I took comfort, an enormous amount of comfort in being treasured undeservedly by a God who is bigger and so much brighter than my own day-to-day trials and let downs. "I can't do this!" I cried, and He blessed my newfound wisdom not with material prosperity or by releasing me from my obligations and the weight of my uncertainties, but rather by revealing to me that He is more than enough. I carry this hope like a divinely lit candle and the closer I remain to the Source of that illumination, the less I stumble around in confusion, tripping over the same old hindrances to my peace of mind.
What good are my words if my heart isn't in them? How can I speak to my family about serenity and meekness and forgiveness, about the completeness of a life lived for Christ, while still enslaved to my fears and aggravations? What greater gift can I give to my children and husband, to you, or to myself than moving nearer, and nearer still, towards God through prayer, almsgiving, and the sacraments of His Church? What else, I daresay, even matters?
Photo by Tanjica Perovic on Flickr.


text:
Obama Slams Citizens United
Yesterday, President Obama issued a first-ever statement in support of a constitutional amendment to overturn the U.S. Supreme Court's Citizens United ruling. During an "Ask Me Anything" conversation with the general public on the website Reddit (a session that has garnered a record-breaking 4 million views for the social news website and inspired 25,000 people to register to vote, according to the Los Angeles Times), participant Suzanne Merkelson asked: "What are you going to do to end the corrupting influence of money in politics during your second term?" The president responded:
Money has always been a factor in politics, but we are seeing something new in the no-holds barred flow of seven and eight figure checks, most undisclosed, into super-PACs; they fundamentally threaten to overwhelm the political process over the long run and drown out the voices of ordinary citizens ... Over the longer term, I think we need to seriously consider mobilizing a constitutional amendment process to overturn Citizens United (assuming the Supreme Court doesn't revisit it). Even if the amendment process falls short, it can shine a spotlight on the super-PAC phenomenon and help apply pressure for change.
President Obama's statement marks an important new milestone in the growing movement to reclaim our democracy. In just two and a half years, this movement has defied the skeptics who said Washington would never pay attention to a call for a constitutional amendment to overrule the Supreme Court. Millions of Americans across the political spectrum have demonstrated that their voices will be heard on this critical question of our time.
Why a Supreme Court amendment? Find out more about Citizens United and the growing movement to end it for good.
Our democracy is in crisis. We will either continue down the road toward a plutocracy or we will restore the fundamental promise of government of, for, and by the people. We should all look forward to the president taking further action in support of the call for this constitutional amendment. We should also urge all presidential and congressional candidates in this election to join this call. At this crucial moment in our history, we must use the power we have to preserve our republic.
Corporate power is behind the politics of climate denial, Wall Street bailouts, union busting, and media consolidation, to name just a few. But real people have power, too. Here are some of our most successful strategies.
Sarah van Gelder on a record season of corporate-funded political advertising and what it means for the 99 percent.
- : Widespread, multi-sector activism is exactly what is needed to amend the constitution.


text:
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The so-called Cambrian Explosion - a critical juncture in the history of life on Earth when a dizzying array of animals first burst onto the scene half a billion years ago - may have been even more explosive than previously known.
Scientists on Wednesday identified a weird sea creature dating from 520 million year ago that, like today's baleen whales and whale sharks, evolved from an apex predator to become a filter feeder - sifting the tiniest animals from the water.
The creature, called Tamisiocaris borealis, was a primitive relative of the arthropods - the group that includes crustaceans, insects and spiders. Nothing like it exists today.
Its fossilized remains were unearthed in 2009 at the northern-most tip of Greenland, the researchers said.
They recognized that it belonged to a group typified by the famous Cambrian Period creature Anomalocaris, known from a rich Canadian fossil site called the Burgess Shale, that were the first large predators ever to appear on Earth. They also were among the most bizarre-looking creatures on record.
While the size of Tamisiocaris - roughly 28 inches (70 cm) long - may not sound impressive, it was among the biggest animals alive at the time, said paleontologist Jakob Vinther of the University of Bristol in Britain, who led the study.
"It was a gentle giant," said Vinther, whose findings were published in the journal Nature. "Even though this thing was not a whale or a whale shark, it evolved to become the equivalent."
Like its predatory cousin Anomalocaris, Tamisiocaris possessed a pair of spiny, grasping appendages up front to catch food, a pair of insect-like compound eyes on stalks and a circular mouth. Its body boasted a series of flaps down the sides that could be used for swimming, but it had no legs.
Spines on the grasping appendages of Anomalocaris were developed to spear or grab sizable prey. But in Tamisiocaris, these two appendages had a comb of long, slender, finely spaced spines that could be swept through the water to trap tiny creatures in the water like zooplankton, the researchers said.
"It would sweep its net-like appendages through the water, and then suck up whatever it caught," said University of Bath paleontologist Nicholas Longrich, another of the researchers.
It lived alongside primitive jawless fish that were the earliest vertebrates, horseshoe crab-like trilobites, primitive shellfish, relatives of starfish, jellyfish, sponges and others.
The Cambrian Period, from about 542 to 488 million years ago, was a pivotal point in the history of life when many major animal groups first appeared. The relatively short span of time in which this unfolded inspired the term Cambrian Explosion.
"It was a very active period of evolution. We were seeing the appearance of complex animals for the first time - things with eyes, brains, jaws, legs and fins," Longrich said.
"Animals were trying out new modes of life - burrowing, swimming and crawling. Previously, before the Cambrian Explosion, there were probably animals but they would have been minute, simple little worm-like things," Longrich added.
The presence of a large, free-swimming filter feeder like Tamisiocaris indicates the Cambrian oceans were rich with life and, in particular, loaded with plankton, the researchers said.
Several times in Earth's history, large marine predators have given up active predation - attacking sizable prey - in favor of the more passive approach of filter feeding.
Baleen whales like today's enormous blue whale - which have plates of material called baleen on the upper jaw that act like a sieve to filter plankton, small fish and crustaceans - evolved from toothed whales that were active predators. Filter-feeding sharks like today's whale shark, basking shark and megamouth shark arose from sharks that were fearsome hunters.
The newly identified creature's genus name, Tamisiocaris, means "sifter shrimp," and its species name, borealis, means "northern," for the northerly locale where it was found.
(Reporting by Will Dunham)
This story has not been edited by Firstpost staff and is generated by auto-feed.
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February 12, 2006
Fans of jazz, photography, or both should check out Jazzlife, a lavish coffee table book that collects the 1959-60 work of William Claxton in nearly 700 large-format pages. The Taschen site lists this 17lb. bad boy for $200, but Amazon's got it for $126. WNYC's site features a brief slideshow from the book, though the scale of the book brings out the real power of the images.
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Montezuma residents may be stuck after road washes out
To learn more about high water and how to prepare for spring runoff, you can download the county's High Water Preparedness Information brochure at co.summit.co.us.
Residents of Montezuma were evacuated Tuesday, June 3, after parts of the only road into town flooded.
According to the Summit County Sheriff's Office, high water levels on the Snake River and Peru Creek caused a half mile of serious damage on Montezuma Road. By early Tuesday afternoon, county officials closed the road about 1.5 miles west of the Peru Creek Trailhead where part of the road 45 feet long and 15 feet deep washed out.
About 10 to 12 residents evacuated from the town, and about 20 people chose to stay in Montezuma.
Lesley Davis, the town's mayor, said she was part of a group of residents that officials helped evacuate late Tuesday afternoon. They rode in a large van right behind a road grader that pushed running water, standing water, rocks, boulders, mud and dirt out of the way.
"It was pretty intense," she said. "It was pretty crazy."
In her 13 years living in Montezuma, Davis said she had never seen anything like it.
The county road and bridge department will bring back a temporary bridge Wednesday from Jackson County to help restore vehicle access to the road. Other department employees are onsite working on other solutions if the bridge doesn't work.
For now, the only access to and from the town of Montezuma is by foot on a hike that takes about 30 minutes.
The town still has power and limited Internet access but no phone service. Xcel Energy is onsite monitoring the situation.
Davis, who acted as a liaison between first responders, county officials and residents, said people who stayed behind said they had supplies and were ready to hunker down for a few days.
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Zenescope Entertainment has announced its plans for Wizard World Sacramento 2014 at the Sacramento Convention Center from March 7th through the 9th. The company will be exhibiting at the show at Booth #605. There will be a limited edition exclusive available at the show; GFT Code Red #4 – Cover E – Artwork by Michael Dooney and is limited to 350 copies. Inside these exclusives is a coupon for the chance to win a print of the cover of this exclusive.
The company will also be holding the Grimm Fairy Tales Animated panel on Saturday March 8th at 5:00pm in panel room 104. The panel will feature Zenescope's Editor and writer Pat Shand as the Grimm Fairy Tales Animated pilot is screened followed by a question and answer with Pat Shand himself. He will also be available at the Zenescope booth the entire weekend for signings.
Zenescope Entertainment will also continue the countdown to the landmark 100th issue of the company's flagship hit title, GRIMM FAIRY TALES.
For more information about the exclusives, signing schedule, or even anything else regarding Zenescope's plans at Wizard World Sacramento, be sure to check the official Zenescope blog, or follow the updates on the Zenescope Facebook page, or Twitter feed by searching #ZeneWWSac2014.


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These games teach valuable skills and have a high fun and educational rating.
Your child gains familiarity with literary reference sources by alphabetizing words and finding synonyms.
Your child gains stronger qualitative research skills by assessing and finding various pieces of information in a mystery.
Zoodles 11.8.7 Copyright (c) 2014 Inquisitive Minds, Inc. All rights reserved.


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"Thank" the Recession?
I just read a blog from one of my favorite sites – Crowdspring. The blog was titled "558,000 startups and small businesses. Why we should thank the recession."
My first impression was – they were using this title to get eyeballs on their site. I couldn't imagine any of us – especially startups and small businesses – would be "thanking" the recession any time soon. Well, I was in for a big surprise.
The idea behind this article (but you should read it yourself HERE) is that the recession has forced people out of their comfort zones – and secure corporate jobs. In their desperation, many turned to looking for a way to turn their passion into revenue.
As the author or that blog says:
You have a computer, right? A cell phone? A table at Starbucks? That minimal infrastructure is adequate for a huge number of new businesses and allows entrepreneurs to hang out their shingle quickly and cheaply, and to compete powerfully.
The end result being tons more small businesses (558,000 a day to be exact) entering the marketplace. Ultimately, the writer feels this will actually result in more job growth and stimulus to the economy.
See, 50% of all new businesses do fail in the first 5 years. However, those that do succeed often become solid and successful enough that they begin to hire others. My personal belief – based on the facts put forth by the author of this article – is that because many of these "new" business owners have lived through the pain and desperation of being jobless, and because many of them are coming from the hardest hit demographics (the "supposed to be retired" and African Americans), the ones that do succeed and are able to hire eventually will probably hire from their own demographic group. New businesses also need the services of other businesses (designers, accountants, web developers, printers, office supply providers, etc.l) and that further encourages economic growth as well.
Thus, this means we probably can "thank the recession" at some point down the line. It's hard right now. But it's always hard to be thankful for any "lesson" while you are in the throes of learning it.
So, what about you? Are you living your life ticked-off about the recession? Or are you looking for other opportunities and ways you can expand your business or knowledge into areas that are making money right now?
One idea…
If you own a business based on a specialty area, have you thought about writing a book to tell others how to "do it themselves"? This might seem counter-intuitive but I guarantee you, the people you help to save money now, will be your best customers in the future. When they come across something they can't do, they'll come to you because you were the one that helped them.
By writing a book, you also set yourself up as an expert, You become the authority on the subject – getting your name "out there" – so that when other people have the chance to recommend someone with your knowledge or expterise to someone else who can't "do it themeselves", your name will be the one they come up with immediately. Not to mention, writing a book using print on demand services is cheap and easy! But we can help you with this too and it's one of our favorite services we offer. We can even assist you with writing and editing the book if you need us. We have "ghostwritten" several books and have edited many as well.
Ultimately, once we get the title set up with the printer, we can also design a simple web page for you to sell your book or even add the sales page to your current site so that everything is automated! Imagine that! You just write the book and never have to carry inventory, pay for stock, or ship a single item. YES…that is REALLY how print-on-demand works!
That is just one idea for "surviving" during this recession! Contact us for a free consultation and we will give you many more based on your specific business or area of expertise!
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This really is the Year of the Woman.
We know, you've heard this all before. But consider these numbers: More women are running for Congress than in any previous year - 16 for the Senate and 163 for the House, according to the Center for American Women and Politics at Rutgers. And this year, women voters almost certainly will determine the outcome of the election.
The latest ABC News/Washington Post poll in swing states makes this abundantly clear. In Ohio, Mitt Romney holds a slim lead among men, but President Obama enjoys a 17-point margin among women and an eight-point advantage overall. In Florida, men strongly favor Romney, but women are even more enthusiastic about Obama, putting the president ahead by four points.
Another sign that this is truly the Year of the Woman: On a busy day in New York, where he was addressing the United Nations General Assembly, Obama (and his wife, Michelle) made time to tape "The View," the popular morning show hosted by five women and watched mainly by stay-at-home moms. He arrived with a basket of birthday gifts for co-host Barbara Walters and proclaimed his role was to provide "eye candy" for the audience.
Romney was caught on tape at a private fundraiser saying he'd never do the show because four of the hosts were "sharp-tongued and not conservative," but he's now agreed to appear next month. Clearly, he was afraid of a rising wimp factor. Co-host Sherri Shepherd got it right when she cracked, "If you can't handle four sharp-tongued women, how are you going to handle the country?"
Women as candidates and as voters are tied together by an important theme - what women want out of politics. Sure, there are plenty of female ideologues on both sides, but on balance, women tend to be more practical, realistic and conciliatory.
"Women are pretty frustrated with what they're seeing in terms of the way Congress operates," Karen Middleton of Emerge America, a group that trains Democratic women to run for office, told The New York Times. "We tend to be problem solvers." And there are plenty of problems to solve, starting with a dismally dysfunctional legislative process.
The last Year of the Woman occurred 20 years ago, when the female caucus in the Senate tripled from two to six. The numbers have grown since then - 17 women now sit in the Senate, 73 in the House - but America still lags far behind many other countries, ranking 78th when it comes to female representation in the national legislature. That makes us tied with Turkmenistan, and that's not nearly good enough.
This is not a question of quotas or correctness. As legislators, women make a difference. They are far more likely to identify problems of gender bias, and we know this firsthand. Cokie's mom, Lindy Boggs, served 18 years in Congress and authored legislation banning discrimination against women in bank lending practices. No man would have made that issue a top priority.
Women are also more likely to work across party lines. One example: Sens. Olympia Snowe, a Maine Republican, and Barbara Boxer, a California Democrat, co-sponsored an airline passenger bill of rights after a series of torturous flight delays. "Our constituents," explained Boxer, "were getting stuck on aircraft hour after hour ... with no food, kids screaming, nightmare scenarios."
In perhaps the last bastion of bipartisanship left on Capitol Hill, the female senators from both parties gather regularly to share meals, stories and concerns. Speaking recently at the Rotary Club of Kalamazoo, Michigan Democrat Debbie Stabenow explained that these personal connections go "a long way" toward softening partisan hostilities. "I absolutely believe that building relationships and creating trust is critical," she said, according to the Kalamazoo Gazette.
Women make a difference as voters, too. Since 1980, two trends have emerged: Women vote in greater numbers than men, and women are more likely to back Democrats. In 2008, the female vote exceeded the male vote by 10 million, and that gap is almost certain to expand this year. Obama barely beat John McCain among men but trounced him by 13 points among women. In 1996, Bill Clinton actually trailed among men but was rescued by women, who favored him by 16 points.
So that's why Obama is happy to be "eye candy" on "The View," and why Romney is willing to brave "sharp-tongued" questioning on the same show. This is the Year of the Woman, and both candidates know it.
Steve and Cokie Roberts can be contacted by email at firstname.lastname@example.com.
This really is the Year of the Woman.


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Welcome to Karen's Genealogy Oasis blog. I have been thinking about blogs since I attended the Blog Panel at the 2010 SCGS Jamboree in Burbank. It's taken me a year to get up the courage to start. I would really like to thank Amy Coffin of WeTree blog for her encouragement and guidance during the 2011 Jamboree.
I have always loved mysteries and my family history is really a mystery. Unfortunately the solution will not be revealed by page 423 or even page 1051. I have a gggrandfather who was supposedly bushwacked. I have ggrandfather who didn't seem to marry, even though he had two wives. And he didn't seem to die (at least no death records have been found) but I do have lengthy obituaries that were published in 1915 in two different states.
I have numerous goals for this blog. (Of course, these may change as I continue my detective work.)
1) I want to share family information including photographs and other documents. I have small books and booklets which have biographies and photographs of residents of some Indiana, Kansas, Missouri and Arkansas towns. Very few of these entries are my ancestors. Perhaps they will help others.
2) I hope this blog will help cousins in their detective work as well as encourage them to contact me and share their discoveries. Two, three, or many, heads have to be better than one.
3) I would like to share techniques, web sites, books, and any other thing that I find that may help other researchers. I appreciate learning techniques that other genealogists/family historians have used to discover ancestors. And I have a lot of discovery to do. In fact my "brick walls" begin at generation 3. Yes, that soon!
4) I plan to use this blog as a tool to organize my thoughts and plan for further searches. This will essentially be talking to myself. I just wish that when I ask questions I could be guaranteed good answers.
5) I hope that writing this blog will help me become more organized and guide me with the other writing that I know must be started. After all, my descendants deserve more than miscellaneous folders, notebooks and stacks of papers.
6) And lastly, I will try to keep readers updated on conferences, seminars and other activities, particularly in Arizona, that may help them with their research and encourage them to meet with other genealogists.
So, I hope you will join me in the Genealogy Oasis and that you will visit often. Together we can work on finding clues that may lead us to solving at least some of these amazing mysteries.


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Pocotte: Emily Boyd vital component of Peak A Boo Toys too
Re: "When Santa outsources, he looks to Summit County shops," by Jessica Smith, Dec. 18
After reading an article regarding local toy stores, it came to our attention that a vital component of Peak A Boo Toys was devastatingly left out of the story. Emily Boyd is equally as an important factor to our wonderful emporium as Jeff. There is a lot of work involved with running a toy store. As Jeff manages the office, Emily handles the ordering, and they both offer exceptionally customer service.
Emily was the primary baker at Mountain Java where locals devoured her cookies and pastries. Now at that the Boyds own Peak A Boo Toys, Emily still offers the same hardworking devotion. Even the kids, Ruthie and Henry, help out. Emily spends hours after hours with reps looking through piles of catalogs hunting down the hottest new toys. Once the abundance of shipments arrive, Emily and her crew work to make room for all the merchandise, which can be a very tricky task. With a lot of hard work, knowledge of the items, and an eye for symmetry and balance of displays, Emily does a wonderful job of keeping an organized and inviting store. Peak A Boo Toys is like any other crazy family. Everyone does their part, no matter how big or how small, every member matters and are all integral parts of what makes up the Peak A Boo Toys Family.
Start a dialogue, stay on topic and be civil.
If you don't follow the rules, your comment may be deleted.


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Six tips to winterize your home
Cooler temperatures signal the need to winterize your home to prevent being left out in the cold and save money on heating.
Connecticut Better Business Bureau recommends property owners take the following steps to keep their home safe and warm during the cold months:
1. Furnace checkup and cleaning: Clean or replace your furnace's air filters. Have a professional check the furnace and ensure the thermostat and other parts are working properly. A typical home furnace reaches the end of its useful life after 15 years and may need repair or replacement. A computerized thermostat can save energy and money by reducing the temperature at night or when you're away from home.
2. Consider insulating heating ducts: The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) estimates that a centrally-heated home can lose as much as 60 percent of warmed air before it reaches vents if the ductwork is poorly connected, not insulated, or if it travels through unheated spaces. Use a vacuum cleaner to remove dust and dirt from vents.
3. Get a chimney checkup: Before lighting the first fire of the season, your chimney should be checked for animals, nests, leaves and other debris, as well as for any necessary repairs.
4. Check smoke and carbon monoxide detectors: Homeowners should routinely test these devices to make sure they work and install fresh batteries as needed. Detector units should be replaced every 10 years.
5. Clear gutters and ridge vents: Clean gutters to prevent or remove any debris that could cause rainwater to clog, freeze and damage gutters. Ridge vents should be cleared to allow the house to "breathe" properly to eliminate stagnant inside air. Close any attic vents or windows that would allow heated air to escape and cold air to seep in.
6. Plug holes: The average American home may have many small air leaks. Though they may not be large, they have a cumulative effect on home heating costs. Make sure windows close tightly. Check for leaks around them and use caulking to plug the leaks. Inspect all weather stripping for cracks and peeling. In addition, consider applying insulating film to drafty windows, and install a tight-fitting fireplace door or cover to stop day-long loss of heat through the chimney.
Test your snow blower to find out whether there is a problem now rather than waiting until another storm hits. Prepare your snow-clearing equipment, such as shovels, salt or other ice-melting products. Finally, don't forget to drain outside faucets and remove hoses to prevent the pipes from freezing.
Don't forget about winterizing your car. Do your windshield wipers need to be replaced? Are defrosters and heaters working? Is there enough tread left on the tires for safe driving? Are they inflated properly?
Make sure you have ice scrapers, blankets and other cold-weather gear in your car, and have a mechanic check fluid levels, including the coolant, to be sure reservoirs are full and able to withstand freezing temperatures.
You will find other helpful consumer tips at http://ct.bbb.org/consumers.


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I always knew Alex James was the best one in Blur. As a hormone-fueled teenage girl, when all my friends were lusting after Damon, it was Alex that got my attention.
Standing there, strumming away on his bass, his face half obscured by that gorgeous mop of dark hair I thought he was the epitome of cool.
When he turned his hand to cheesemaking I adored him even more. What's not to love about a cheesemaking rock star?
Now, Alex has joined forces with Jamie Oliver to host the Big Feastival, an extravaganza of music and food on his Oxfordshire farm – I'm convinced he might actually be the perfect man.
Needless to say I was almost beside myself with excitement when I was given the chance to actually speak to him to talk all about this year's Feastival, which is taking place from August 31 to September 1.
When Alex come on to the phone he starts chatting away immediately.
"I've just come in from the strawberry patch," he enthuses. "I'm going to get back out there after this. The strawberries taste like a completely different fruit when the sun shines. Happy days."I can almost feel his excitement and enthusiasm rushing down the phone lines and feel a bit guilty for dragging him inside on such a sunny day."Actually, before I can get back out there I have a man with a digger coming and I have to show him where to build the new road," he says. He sounds a bit disappointed, like a child who has been told they have to do their homework before they can go out and play. It's very charming and my heart melts a bit more. "But after that I can get back out there again." His voice brightens.
The new road is part of the preparations for the Feastival.
It will be the second year Jamie and Alex have come together to hold the event and 15,000 people a day are expected to descend on the farm to see a top line-up of chefs and music acts, including Basement Jaxx, Rizzle Kicks, K T Tunstall, Mark Owen, The Feeling, Gennaro Contaldo, Tom Kitchin, Gizzi Erskine and of course, Jamie himself."I can't wait," said Alex. "Last year was such a great weekend and I was completely bowled over by people's reactions."Alex and Jamie's friendship began back in 2001 during a performance on Comic Relief."We were the rhythm section for Uptown Girl with Baddiel and Skinner," Alex laughs. "We hit it off and kept in touch. When I knew he was looking for somewhere for The Big Feastival I really wanted to get involved. I love Jamie. The more I get to know him the more I like him. He is really passionate and driven and brilliant. He is a major force for the good. I'd never really cooked with him, or seen him cook up close until the other day. It was just jaw dropping."
It may seem like an unlikely pairing. While Jamie has built his career around his wholesome, cheeky chappy persona, Alex spent years living the rock star lifestyle, admitting spending more than a million pounds on cocaine and champagne.But since then Alex has swapped the drugs for dairy, and now makes award-winning cheese on the farm which he shares with his wife of 10 years, Claire, and their five children, Geronimo, Artemis, Galileo, Sable and Beatrix.
When Alex talks about his children there's a real warmth in his voice and I get the feeling that his family really is the centre of his world. "Cooking with the kids is my favourite thing.
"We have this book of ice cream recipes and we made something from it.
"Since then they've all been reading it and when they find something they want to make they turn down the corner of the page.
"I went to it the other day and found that all the pages had been turned down.
"I can't think of a better way to spend the next five years."
The Big Feastival is very much a family event, with plenty of activities for kids, including cookery workshops, games, an appearance by CBeebies' Justin Fletcher, and cheeky hip-hop duo Rizzle Kicks adding to the star-studded line-up.
"If the kids are happy, then the parents are happy," says Alex. "The Big Feastival is very genteel. It's a nice, natural sort of family event.
"My kids are incandescent with joy over Rizzle Kicks. But Claire's more excited about Mark Owen."
For Alex though, it's the food that has the most appeal.
"The chef I'm really pleased we have managed to book is Ashley Palmer-Watts who heads up Dinner by Heston Blumenthal at the Mandarin Oriental in London.
"He is really brilliant. I love Val Warner too.
"There's going to be 200 local producers here too. The Cotswolds are a hotbed of production and farming.
"People who are discerning about music tend to be discerning about food as well so the two work really well together.
"When Blur first started doing festivals it was quite a new thing really and it was all the promoters could do to get us anything to eat at all.
"Now there's a realisation that you can add an extra layer of sophistication and give people great food as well."
Naturally, Alex's cheese will also be making an appearance and he has developed a special Blue Monday Martini, featuring his Blue Monday cheese.
"It took lots of passionate research," he says. I get the sense that tasting variations of the cocktail wasn't much of a hardship for him.
"Because I am a food writer I read cookery books by yard. I'm always looking for recipes and this one works really well.
"You just stuff your olive with the blue cheese."
At just 15,000 people a day, The Big Feastival is small in festival terms, but Alex and Jamie have had no trouble in attracting the big names.
"Because we are trying to build something cool people want to get involved," said Alex. "They know they will have a nice time and they know they will get looked after.
"When Blur first started doing festival there were just two really. Now there are hundreds all over the world. I think if you want to compete then you have to really stand for something and it has to be something you really believe in.
"Michael Eavis has got that right with Glastonbury. It is the greatest show on earth and a wonderful thing.
"I don't think The Big Feastival needs to be that big to be great though.
"I like it as a little boutiquey festival. Maybe we'll make it a bit bigger next year, maybe 20,000. That's quite a sweet number for a festival.
"The hardest things about organising it all are the mundane things, like car parking.
"Car parking takes up a huge amount of space. There's nothing that's insurmountable though and there's a great team who are all working really hard."
I ask Alex if he has any plans to take to the stage during the event.
"All Jamie's mates are coming, and all my mates are coming," he says. "I think there will be some impromptu things going on.
"There's lots of stuff that is not on the posters but is just waiting to happen.
"I am really, properly excited. I can't wait.
"Claire and I bought the farm on our honeymoon and I remember the day we got the keys.
"The place was almost derelict and it was utterly silent as we walked around. It was beautiful, but silent.
"I have spent the last 10 years heaving and sighing and transforming it into a cheese paradise. The idea of having it filled with 15,000 smiling faces is the realisation of a dream."
Jamie Oliver and Alex James present The Big Feastival, a feel good festival of food and music for all the family on August 31 – September 1. For more info and tickets, visit www.thebigfeastival.com
Tags: Alex James, Blur, celebrity chef, cheesemaking, food festival, Gennaro Contaldo, Jamie Oliver, Mark Owen, Rizzle Kicks, The Big Feastival


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Voluntary counseling and testing among post-partum women in Botswana
Thior, I.
Gabaitiri, L.
Grimes, J.
Shapiro, R.
Lockman, S.
Kim, S.
Kebaabetswe, P.
Garmey, E.
Montano, M.
Peter, T.
Chang, S.
Marlink, R.
Essex, M.
PublisherElsevier www.elsevier.com/locate/pateducou
TypePublished Article
MetadataShow full item record
Objective: To determine uptake and socio-demographics predictors of acceptance of voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) among postpartum women in Botswana. Methods: Women attending maternal and child health clinics for their first post-partum or well baby visit in three sites in Botswana were offered VCTafter a written informed consent. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic characteristics and reasons for declining VCT. Results: From March 1999 to November 2000, we approached 1735 post-partum women. Only 937 (54%) of those approached accepted VCT. In multiple logistic regression analysis, younger maternal age, not being married, and less formal education were significant predictors of acceptance of VCT. Thirty percent of women who accepted VCT were HIV-positive. Conclusion: Our results indicated that in Botswana prior to the initiation of a government Mother to Child Transmission (MTCT) prevention program, younger, unmarried, and less educated post-partum women were more likely to undergo VCT. Practice implications: Our results have shown that interventions to improve VCT among post-partum women and more generally among women of reproductive age are warranted in Botswana. These interventions should account for differences such age, marital status, education, and partner involvement to maximize VCT uptake.


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The patch is a .zip archive that contains several files. These files provide support for Mozilla Firefox version 46.
The support for this version was not included in TestComplete version 11.31.2420 and it is provided as a patch now.
The archive contains the following files:
To install the patch, follow these steps:
Unpack the files and folders from the archive to a temporary folder.
Close TestComplete if it is running.
Create a backup copy of the files mentioned in the Archive Structure section.
To back up the files, copy the original files from the <TestComplete 11> folders to some other folder or folders.
Replace the files in the <TestComplete 11> folder with the files from the temporary folder.
Now, you can run TestComplete and test web pages shown in Mozilla Firefox version 46.
The present patch is cumulative. It contains features that were available in earlier TestComplete patches for Firefox.
You can install the patch over earlier patches (you can simply overwrite the files). The functionality provided by the earlier patch installed on your computer will still be available.
To restore the Firefox modules that are provided by the original TestComplete installation, re-install TestComplete or replace the current files that are located in the <TestComplete> folder with their backup copies.
© 2016 SmartBear Software. All rights reserved.


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Opinion: Virginia's Anti-Tax Reform
Editorial board member Steve Moore on Republican Gov. Bob McDonnell's plan to surreptitiously raise taxes. Photos: Getty Images
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
... I ... saying I want reform watch right now we are not being proposed by the White House ... what about when we look at the state's now we've ... heard about some ... reform governors around the country or looking to ... tame the entitlement monster in their states us be more here with ... a joining us from washing on the phone now to talk about what's happening in Virginia ... it's a welcome ... change ... so I understand that others some exciting reform efforts ... taking place in the state level ... so my governors are doing so much ... exciting things on taxes and spending of Virginia Governor Bob McDonnell is not one of them now at their disappointing in now ... I've known about for a long time I've lived in Virginia ... and she had ... not taken a ... formal pledge not to raise taxes for the three point lead over and over during his campaign ... that he without refashion impacted criticized opponents on the patches ... I he agreed to a six billion dollar ... tax increase to over five years to fund road and transit projects temperatures and other ... transportation projects he had the ... support of a lot of the business community especially the construction industry at the Chambers of Commerce ... the real estate lobby ... as really in my opinion I'm just in the weeks and that to happen ... really split the Republican party right now the middle ... of their work ... a little more about ... what this actually gets spent on right now we're looking at a graphic in what you're saying is ... tax increases ... and in several categories I car tax hotel tax going out what appears to be ... made the against Mr McDonald said the saving grace is what appears to be a gas tax cut ... but as we look down the road ... this ... it doesn't work out that way doesn't ... it and attach a very bad square footage on is ... the guy is ... or eliminated ... the state ... gasoline tax to pay at the pump ... and engine placed put in place they have ... a three and a half percent ... sales tax I guess we now ... all that those changes reduced the sky is the actual people we all live at the pump but we're not can see it anymore and ... I've always believed that Ronald Reagan used to say that when you pay taxes they should preventable nation to inform people should help ... to bring it turns out that this ... sales tax is only slightly lower than the gasoline tax wise and over time because of increased with inflation ... that the fact that Virginia and yet when will actually be somewhat higher ... than it does today ... he's also is part of this deal ... he's created a commission that could eventually ... trade ... and Medicaid expansion in Virginia as part of Obamacare ... a lot of the soul back into a please explain for us because of fees the governor of the of the liberal northeastern time understand the sky the deals happen you don't like them ... here he is he doesn't ... he's not facing reelection because there ... is limited to one term in Virginia Beach election this fall why is he doing this what you want to like to see I actually believe that that that spending billions and billions of dollars of roads and ... transportation projects would be like a Dalek I live in Virginia we do have a lot of ... traffic problems interconnect road have been very about much maple out that ... in this that in the state and that's because with Democrats to come for ten years is that refuse to fund transportation ... delegates are a factor and that's exactly what the governor stopped by but ... a lot of money with the most money is not going to the ... roads and bridges that are needed the sign onto a killer allotments killing the ... green transit projects that's right ... it out to the one statistic in elk ... about forty percent of the money ... here goes for these yet therein efficient and effective track the project but only five percent of commuters use transit ... what began wrote a short short changed in the transportation Bell ... okay now I think what was it on the one the one that I was since there is an election gubernatorial election in Virginia this will tend to chameleon now the Agera attorney general the state of the Lee of ... running as a Republican against Terry McAuliffe on the Democratic side readers will remember him as the Mahajan fundraiser from way back when ... um what is this do that race unintentionally is opposing the tax deal but to ... the tube you can have a lot of happy campers The Republican party right now yet it's really tough in again to tally may be the victim of the Republic of the trial but when it wasn't just bought atop a lot of the legislators' Republic of slickers ... voted for this pic actually increase to show you of an demoralize conservative base and can cushion now I have a tough job but putting the party back together again because as you know were due to the state that went for out ... for Brock Obama in November ... thanks and thanks for the update you ...


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Film Trailer: Countdown to Zero
An estimated 23,000 nuclear weapons exist in the world. Why that number needs to be zero.
"We estimate that there are about 23,000 nuclear weapons in the world. And we don't even know where they all are."
Countdown to Zero examines the global arms race, tracing the history of nuclear weapons and advocating for a world without them. The film features appearances by key figures in international relations, including Jimmy Carter, Mikhail Gorbachev, Pervez Musharraf, and Tony Blair.
- Visit the Countdown to Zero .
- from YES! about nuclear abolition.
With support from across the political spectrum—and historic leadership from President Obama—we are at a tipping point in the struggle for nuclear abolition.
The U.S. reveals the size of its nuclear arsenal for the first time. Are we any closer to disarmament?


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How to Buy a Home and not a Headache
We want to help you make your house a home and save you the pain, agony and headaches that can be associated with home ownership. We want to help you avoid buyer's remorse altogether. Read on and this as your guide to buying a perfect home, not a headache!
Get your ducks in a row
The number one cause of home-related headaches is finances. It's most important to get all your financial ducks in a row and really know where your finances stand before you even start the house hunting process. Meet with mortgage and financial specialists to figure out just what you can afford. Buying a house is not a straight-forward process. You'll need to know how much to have on hand first for your deposit, and then what percentage of your mortgage you will need to put down in cash. You will also need to know how much cash to set aside for renovations and home improvements. You will also need to have a safe amount of emergency money in the bank for potential problems and disasters. In home-ownership, there is always something that needs to be fixed or replaced.
Consider your lifestyle
Your home will reflect your lifestyle in many ways. Are you single? Married? Do you have, or do you plan on starting a family in the near future? Are you athletic and outdoorsy, preferring to be near running trails and open fields or are you more culture-oriented, preferring museums, galleries and restaurants?
Know what you're getting into
Hire a home inspector or engineer to take a thorough look at the property you intend on buying. A home inspection will be so thorough that it will inspect every element from foundation to the roof and everything in between like plumbing and electrical work, light switches and faucets. With this incredibly detailed report in hand you will have some idea of the issues you will be facing. You can determine at that point whether you want to go on with the purchase of the home or whether you would prefer to walk away. Things break in the home. Things break often. Be prepared to run to the hardware store often. Also be prepared to call the professionals and do not be caught off-guard by the unexpected.
House or condo
The key to home ownership is deciding what it is that you want – and making a decision that will not leave you feeling with regret. Perhaps you love the idea of owning a house but are daunted by the size, expense and maintenance. If this is the case you may well want to consider an apartment or condominium. When you purchase a condo or apartment there will be other factors to think about. While you'll not be responsible for lawn management you will have dues that will cover the costs of all grounds and property management. You will have association fees as well and possibly certain rules to adhere by. If you plan on remodeling your condo, you will need to run it by the association for approval.
Location, location, location
Scout of the neighborhood and the lay of the land before you put any offers on your home. Just as important as what's inside your home is what is outside the home. While you can remodel and repaint the inside, you cannot change the outside – I do not mean your home's facade, I mean the location of your home. Before you start house hunting you ought to scout out several neighborhoods. Do this in the evening and do this during the weekends. Will you be commuting? Will you need to be near a train station or highways? For commuters, it might behoove you to try out the commute from the possible new location. Are you better off living in or near a city? Or do you prefer the quiet of the countryside. If you have children you will want to put much thought into your neighborhood and school systems.
The heart is in the home
It's what inside that matters. You should absolutely make a list of what it is that you must have in your home, include items that are important to you even though they may not necessarily be on the must have list. You may see a home and decide that your priorities have shifted. Certain things like flooring and appliances are easily changed. Other things, like porches, fireplaces, number of bedrooms and bathrooms can always be added, but at a great expense. Look at as many homes as you can. The right one will speak to you!
Go Outside
Equally important is the outside of your home. Do you wish to have a lot of land or a small piece of property? The more property your home sits on, the more maintenance that will be required. You'll need to take care of lawns, shrubs, trees and at least once a year, removal of the leaves that have been shed by the trees. Outside maintenance is very can be very time consuming, depending on the size of your property, could take up a greater part of your weekend. If you'd rather not be bound to your yard, you will need to factor in the additional costs of property maintenance.
Size Matters
Last but not least in the case of home ownership, size does matter. Do not buy more house than you can afford. In addition to higher taxes, your utility costs – lighting, cooling and heating will go up dramatically. If you buy more home than you can handle it could end up swallowing you whole, consuming your life. You don't want to be so house-poor that you have no money left over to enjoy the other things in life. You'll also need to pay attention that you don't buy too small. If you have a growing, or plan on growing your family in the near future, you will want to be sure there's plenty of room to accommodate this growth.


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The BMW 5-Series (E39 chassis) was introduced in the United States as a 1997 model year car and lasted until the 2004 when the E60 chassis was released. The United States saw several variations including the 525i, 528i, 530i and 540i. -- View the E39 Wiki
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BMW E39 failed radiator & failed expansion tank pictorial autopsy, new questions aske
Below I describe an OEM Behr radiator autopsy (verified by date code); and an OEM Behr expansion tank autopsy in a 2002 BMW 525i, with 91K miles on the odometer.
- The plastic side panels are held on merely by crimps & a rubber gasket.
- The aluminum of the radiator was in pristine condition.
- There was only a very slight amount of gray gunk in the radiator.
- It was very difficult to find any failure in the plastic side panels.
- An enterprising person could become rich by perfecting a radiator rebuilding procedure that replaces just the two side panels, either with plastic, or aluminum.
- The expansion tank failed at the nipple during removal.
- The Nissens radiator nipple bulb was much larger in diameter than the original Behr (and BMW replacement) radiator nipple (necessitating a larger hose clamp than expected).
- The radiator failed at the nipple during removal (the nipple didn't fail, the radiator tabs failed).
- The expansion tank failed long ago at the bobbing stick rod.
- Cutting the expansion tank in a lengthwise direction revealed inner workings.
- The expansion tank works off of a small disk magnet in the float.
- The float connection to the stick is a very weak point that breaks easily.
As I was pulling into a parking lot at the mall last week, I noticed a few puffs of steam coming out of the drivers side of my hood. Glancing at the temperature gauge as I idled, I saw the needle shoot to the right from midpoint to about a quarter of an inch to the right of midpoint before I shut the engine down and opened the hood.
I do not remember seeing a "low coolant" warning or any other warning.
I saw liquid spurting from the drivers side, seemingly below the upper hose by a couple of inches, and of to the side, as if a seam split. When it cooled I filled the radiator with tap water and bought a few jugs of water at the mall to keep in the front seat, just in case.
I unlocked the cluster, by memory, with a few mis-attempts. The procedure was basically the following:
- Press the right cluster button for about ten seconds
- When the first test showed, press the left cluster button
- This shows the VIN last seven digits (IIRC)
- Add up the last five digits of my VIN (e.g., 30)
- Press the right cluster button until it showed the last test (LOCK ON)
- Press the left cluster button until it showed the VIN sum (30)
- Press the right cluster button
- This should unlock the cluster
- Now press the right cluster button to go to test number 07.
- This reads out the coolant in degrees centigrade.
At no point in the 15 miles home did the temperature go above 93°C.
Once home, I proceeded to replace the entire cooling system, using parts previously stockpiled from OemBimmerparts' web site after my previous alternator and belt drive system emergency overhaul.
- One users' example of alternator failure (AAA emergency tow) (1) (2)
Below I will describe, pictorially, the radiator and expansion tank (aka surge tank) autopsy.
One observation worthy of note is that it should be possible to "rebuild" a radiator at vastly less expense merely by perfecting a method of re-crimping the side plastic panels.
Even better would be a method of crimping on stamped aluminum panels in place of the side plastic panels!
Last edited by bluebee; 11-29-2010 at 02:12 AM.
Radiator autopsy
I first looked closely at the entire radiator in order to find where it had failed.
It was not easy to see any flaws, which was surprising to me since I had seen water leak out of the driver's side, below the hose, about midway or just above midway on the plastic side. (In hindsight, I should have looked harder while the engine was running; but I just assumed a major leak based on the volume of spray coming out.)
To help me find the flaws, I rubbed chalk over any imperfection I could find.
About the only place on the radiator I could find a flaw was this apparently slight crack on the PASSENGER side (note that it appeared that the driver side was where the leak lay, although there was some liquid at the expansion tank side of the radiator but it could have been thrown there by the fan).
I noticed the only thing holding the plastic side panels in place were an evenly spaced series of crimps. With a pry bar, I easily pushed up the soft aluminum crimps to free the passenger-side panel containing the alleged crack.
Soon the passenger-side plastic panel popped free, along with a rubber gasket along the edge.
I repeated the effort on the drivers side aluminum crimps, which, with experience, came off easier than I had expected.
Soon I had both plastic side panels in my hand. Amazingly, the purported crack I saw from the outside did not appear to extend to the inside of the radiator. I was perplexed. In fact, there were NO CRACKS apparent looking at the inside of the radiator.
At this point I wondered if the failure was on the driver side hose itself, or in the expansion tank. However, I re-used the hose (that hose had been recently replaced with the alternator only a month ago due to my clumsy destruction of the plastic bleed screw during bleeding); and a later post will show no apparent cracks in the expansion tank.
Looking closely at the bottom of the drivers side panel, near the drain screw, I noticed a bit of gray clayish gunk. Not much. But a little gritty stuff around the screw itself.
I noticed the same very thin fine gray paste on the corresponding passenger side panel. (Any idea what this is? Is it aluminum dust?)
After looking the two panels over for fifteen minutes, I finally gave up trying to identify the flaw that caused the coolant leak. Whatever it was, it was minute if it existed in the radiator at all.
As it's important to be able to remove the nipple from the drivers side of the radiator, I took a look at how that nipple socket is constructed. This, in the future, may be useful because we don't yet have a cn90-patented technique for removing the nipple intact, so as to make a radiator shroud removal a dry affair, without the need to replace the expansion tank overflow hose radiator nipple hose clamp in the future.
It's hard to tell here, but it is worthy of note that this radiator nipple was "saved" during removal. This is a Behr nipple bought at the BMW dealership because the original nipple broke when it was removed during an alternator repair a few months back. While the new Behr nipple went in place at that time without problem, it was nearly impossible to remove that radiator nipple without destroying the two tabs on the radiator holding that nipple in place.
What we need is a better mechanism for removing this nipple intact, to facilitate shroud removals that do not require cutting off the original BMW hose clamps.
- WANTED: An ingenious method of removing radiator nipple
It is also important to note that the new Nissens nipple, which came with the new radiator, was much larger in diameter at the bulb end, necessitating a larger hose clamp than was initially expected, and further necessitating a trip to the auto parts store to find a larger solid hose clamp. The initial replacement hose clamp for the Behr replacement nipple was 11-13 mm solid band. The parts store was missing the size in between; they only had the 14-16mm size. The Nissens bulb end needed something in between (lesson learned). I had to grease and tug and pull and coerce the smaller clamp onto the larger Nissens bulb.
I also took a look at how the drain screw works. It appears to snap into place to lock in the closed position. If leverage is required, a small Phillips screwdriver can be inserted into the hole to turn the drain 90 degrees to open it up to the flow of coolant. This appeared to be working correctly.
Lastly, I took a long hard look at the radiator metal itself. I was shocked at how clean and pristine looking the inner flat tubes appeared to the naked eye. They were amazingly clean, considering the car was built in late 2001 and 91K miles had been driven on this OEM radiator (date code verified).
In the future, an enterprising individual who comes up with a method for re-crimping new plastic (or better yet, aluminum) side panels, will be a very rich person!
Last edited by bluebee; 11-30-2010 at 05:15 AM.
Expansion tank autopsy
Moving on to the expansion tank (aka surge tank) autopsy, it should be noted that I opted for a longitudinal autopsy because the only prior BMW E39 expansion tank autopsy I know of employed horizontal cuts. As such, that prior horizontal autopsy sliced directly into the level measurement pieces, complicating the analysis of the possible failure modes.
Vowing to not make the same mistake, and to further our knowledge, I bought a dremel tool and 200 dremel bits so that I could slice into the expansion tank without destroying the delicate level-sensing mechanism inside.
As luck would have it, I broke the only bits that cut into the expansion tank and had to return to the store to pick up just a set of the desired cutting tool.
Note: The "D" and the "M" are the markings for the distal and medial tubes respectively (the hoses are similarly marked so as to avoid confusion in replacement).
I carefully measured by eye a longitudinal slit that would bisect the expansion tank without damaging the coolant level sensing mechanism within. The second set of dremel tool bits easily cut into the expansion tank along that desired line.
At some points the plastic was thicker than others and melting occurred, but that was of no major consequence. Notice, by the way, that the level sensing bobber stick is outside the expansion tank. This is due to a failure previously noted about six months ago in this thread:
- My radiator floating level indicator seems to be MIA (where does it go?)
Soon I had the expansion tank longitudinally girdled. Notice the broken expansion tank nipple. Even though this Behr expansion tank nipple is reinforced with a tube of metal, this broke off when I removed the hose clamp from it in order to remove it from the car.
Once girdled, the expansion tank easily cracked open, revealing that I had cut it at the perfect junction of the inner bulkhead between the level-sensing compartment and the overflow relief compartment.
Placing the electrical sensor at approximately the position it would lie, I moved the float to the "full" position, with the broken-off bobber stick also placed in the correct OEM position on the side of the float.
It is important to notice the steel band of metal which I used to prove that the disc in the center of the float is slightly magnetic. It is clearly magnetic, but only slightly so. The white part of the float itself is made of a light plastic material and which is not magnetic.
Here I placed the float and bobber stick in approximately the coolant "empty" position. Notice that the magnetic disc now encircles the electrical sensor at the bottom of the expansion tank.
Here I've placed the float in the "too full" position. Notice also that there is an incomplete bulkhead on the other half of the expansion tank (much as was seen in the Titanic's six front watertight bulkheads which were only watertight horizontally, not vertically). At the moment, I surmise this thin plastic bulkhead (incomplete at the top) apparently separates the overflow operation of the expansion tank with the level-sensing operation.
In my tentative summary, I assume the following operational explanation (which I invite others to help flesh out in detail).
Surmised operation:
- The expansion tank has at least three different operations, namely visual level sensing, electrical level sensing, and overflow operation (if there are more, let me know).
- The electrical level sensing is apparently triggered when a float containing a slightly magnetic disc with a hole in the center, envelopes the tip of the electrical sensor. This apparently triggers the "low coolant" warning.
- That same float also contains a loosely glued on bobber stick, which indicates visually the coolant level. A typical failure is for that stick to disengage from its float. This disables visual level sensing; but it does not seem to have any effect on electrical sensing unless the stick itself causes the float to hang up in operation.
- In practice, it is very difficult to remove an old expansion tank overflow hose clamp without breaking the nipple, even though that expansion tank nipple is metal reinforced against that happenstance. If you're going to remove the expansion tank hose, you may as well assume you're going to replace the expansion tank.
Last edited by bluebee; 11-30-2010 at 05:17 AM.
great post(s)!
You are an e39 CSI!
I no longer own an E39 but I really do enjoy reading your threads! Keep up the good work bluebee!
When are you going to buy an E61?
Needless to say I had to replace the expansion tank. Having not purchased one (or the cap or the bleed screw - sold separately!) before the day I had set aside for service (a Saturday) and needing to get it done that day, I had to make the trip and pay stealer prices for what I needed - easily more than double what I could have sourced the parts for elsewhere. Ouch.
So yes, definitely assume you're going to have to replace the expansion tank. I think ordering one and sending it back if it isn't needed beats the alternative I had to use.
Because of that, and because people may wish to re-use an expansion tank if it's fairly new, it behooves us to come up with an OEM-hose-clamp-removal process that is the least forceful we can devise.
At first, I tried to "chop" off the crimped nub of the OEM hose clamp with snub-nosed wire cutters.
Almost instantly, as soon as a modicum of side force was applied, the nipple simply "twisted" off (it twisted because the plastic broke but the metal sleeve was still intact).
At this point, I realized I should have either dremeled off the hose clamp (so as to exert zero sidewise force) or I should have lifted up on the end of the hose clamp wrapped and locked end.
Here you see the pliers used to lift up on the end freeing successive lock pins in the OEM clamp. In hindsight, even this would have exerted too much sidewise force on the nipple, dooming it to failure.
Finally the OEM hose clamp was "peeled off". In the future, I would dremel off the hose clamp. I welcome a BETTER method from the peanut gallery if you can propose one.
BTW, I do realize that it's almost futile to try to "save" the expansion tank if the nipple is as brittle as mine was. However, I can imagine a situation where you have to "go back in" after doing recent work - and then, you would have a less-brittle nipple (my assumption anyway) and you'd want to "save" the expansion tank if you could.
So, if anyone has a less damaging way to remove the hose clamp, let us know!
I'm not sure you can buy the radiator tanks separately, but, even if you could, the repair may not save you much money over the cost of a new rad.
The only lasting solution is the Zionsville rad, an expensive alternate. Some on these forums have opted for it.
Ed in San Jose '97 540i 6 speed aspensilber over aubergine leather. Build date 3/97. Golden Gate Chapter BMW CCA Nr 62319.
Great post Blue. Steel band is likely a 400 series stainles steel. 300 series stainless, which is used for flatware, knives, pots and pans, etc. is austenetic stainless and is much more corrosion resistant, but is not magnetic at all. 400 series which is ferritic has some iron and therefore will corrode over time. Alloys like 409 (mufflers, tail pipes, Cats, etc.
430, 439, et al) are "slightly magnetic" and have decent magnetic properties for use as a sensor trigger. My plastic bobber must have separated from the float and possibly a re-bleed is necessary-why I'm not sure after all this time, but hey-if it works- who cares!
That would be the combo that explains my behavior. Sensor is still working. Bobber is just useless as an indicator. Must use sight and watch for DIC msgs.
Great post Blubee, as always. I look forward to reading your posts. BMW should comp you a donor car just to drive around and do post mortems on their engineering flaws. Keep up the great work!
Just like with the headlight adjusters and abs control module, a little bit of non-BMW American ingenuity could outsmart the inherent built-in BMW material flaws.
So, I'm "suggesting" that a "fabricator" out there, might consider making the end plates out of aluminum, and they can then do a booming business "rebuilding" radiators by swapping out the plastic plates with aluminum ones.
Here's a picture of the side of the radiator core with the side plastic removed. There's only the crimp and a rubber gasket. That's it.
Blubee you are very adamant and meticulous in learning E39
94 530i sold (That was difficult for me)
01 530i >144,500+ miles SOLD
06 330XI winter's especially fun drive (SOLD)
10 M3 Sedan (sweet)
13 Nissan GT-R Black Edition (SOLD)
16 Porsche Cayenne Diesel
15 Porsche GT3
16 Porsche GT4
18 Porsche GT3
I think I may have confused the description a bit.
The copper-colored bent "steel band" that I picked up off a cardboard box (it was a steel staple in a refrigerator box) was just a piece of steel that I used to prove that the circular disc in the center of the white float was slightly magnetic.
Here's a picture of the float mechanism showing the magnetic disc about in the center of that float. That magnetic disc, when it settles over the tip of the coolant level sensor, magnetically triggers "something" somehow.
How do you think the level sensor works when triggered magnetically?
- Check Coolant warning-float 2" above filler neck???
- Check coolant light, coolant is tad low, but "bobber is full up
By way of post mortem, below are some pictures which show exactly the weak point in the coolant level visual indicator stick.
Many say it 'disintegrates' but it's pretty tough material. Everything inside the expansion tank is tough material. I doubt anything disintegrates.
I think the weak point is where the stick attaches to the float. You can see in these pictures that it snapped clean off exactly at the top of the float.
In hind sight, I recommend folks be very gentle when they pour fluids into the expansion tank when the bobber stick is up so as not to tilt it. Notice the float itself doesn't have much (any?) side-to-side degrees of freedom.
NOTE: This picture above is re-used from a previous thread.
So, if you tilt the bobber stick, but if the float can't correspondingly tilt (because it's confined to a vertical track), then it seems to me that will break the bobber stick off at the weak connection point - which is exactly on top of the float.
One other thing to note is there are different styles of bobber sticks. I wonder if we can characterize them to tell whether an expansion tank has been replaced in lieu of date codes?
Of course, I use a rather obvious "date code" method when I replace parts:
Last edited by bluebee; 11-30-2010 at 06:04 AM.
There's another oddity which can 'pinpoint' (intended) an OEM radiator, which I remember someone mentioning before but I couldn't find the thread.
Notice the OEM radiator has this white "pin" on about the 10th row from the bottom.
In the prior discussions (which I can't find), folks surmised this is some sort of 'date code' to the manufacturer.
What do you think its purpose is?
Great write up and a great explanation thanks for sharing.
Can you make any sense of this?
To further dig into the inner complexities of the expansion tank, I cut into that incomplete plastic bulkhead separating the expansion chamber from the measurement chamber.
What was revealed confuses me.
Inside was a small rectangular fixed-in-place structure, directly above the distal bottom hose opening, whose purpose eludes me.
This box-like open structure over the distal hose is "pinned" down by a post coming down from the top of the surge tank; and this box has a hole in the top corner of it.
BTW, above all this, there is another hole in the upper neck of the expansion tank. This is where I see water flowing when the auxiliary water pump is running.
Can you make any sense of what the purpose and operation of these structures is?
I found another failure mode for the expansion tank!
I can see the failure; but I do not know the implication.
It's a mystery to me, that can be resolved if someone helps us understand how this other half of the expansion tank actually works.
Please help explain what this does!
In this picture, you can see the thin incomplete bulkhead which hides the second failure point in my expansion tank.
Notice, behind the bulkhead, is an apparently MOVING part, which seems (perhaps) to slide up and down the incomplete stalk through a rather large hole in the apparatus' corner.
Mine was fixed in place, locked down, by the stalk being in the center and not at the hole. But what is the hole for, if not for the stalk.
And, why would this 'box' slide if it wasn't meant to slide, fitting perfectly in the inside contour of the expansion tank???
Also notice this chamber is fed by the auxiliary water pump ... which may hint at its purpose.
But, the main question, is what is the purpose of this chamber?
And, did it fail?
Notice, for example, the stalk is blocking upward motion of this box.
I think we'd need a third expansion tank autopsy to confirm or deny my hypothesis that this chamber failed in my expansion tank because the stalk moved out of the corner hole and blocked upward motion.
Please, the next person to replace their expansion tank, please cut it open and take care to note the position of the stalk and box in the hidden chamber behind the thin incomplete bulkhead.
Do YOU have an idea about what this chamber is for and how it might work?
Also, nobody has outlined what that failure mode could be indicating, now that my floating box was pinned stuck by the post.
Even with those unanswered enigmas, here's another challenge for our combined tribal knowledge of the cooling system.
How do you think this electrical level sensor works anyway? Of course, the magnetic disc, when it surrounds the tip of the electrical level sensor, somehow triggers the low coolant warning; but how does it actually work?
Here's a closeup. I wonder what's in that tiny bulb on the stalk of the electrical level sensor.
I don't know how this triggers the low coolant light. Do you?
After having uncrimped the radiator side panels, and having seen how pristine looking the inner tubes are, I'm positive the radiator could be rather easily rebuilt with the right equipment and side panels.
- You un-crimp
- You put on two new side panels with new rubber gaskets
- You re-crimp
- You test for leakage
As an xref, Spokane540ia who installed a Bosch radiator, will look up for us what the scoop is on rebuilding BMW E39 radiators.
I haven't done the autopsy of the thermostat yet, but this reference from Rajaie of Beisan Systems details one way to test the thermostat operation:
"P1619 is a thermostat electrical code. Make sure the electrical cable connector is connected. You can try cleaning the connectors with electrical contact cleaner. There is a common problem with the thermostat where the heater circuit fails. You need to replace the thermoset for this. This failure can cause the heater circuit resistance to drop to 3 ohm and cause a 4A current to run through the cable wires. This can melt the wire insulation and cause the wires to short. Check the thermostat electrical cable wires just below the connector. Check ~3" of wire."
For more information on that ferstugenuh electric cable connected to the thermostat, see this mistakes-in-DIY thread:
- How bad is this mistake in putting my cooling system back together?
BLUEBEE, you should consider writting repair manuals, you have alot of knowledge on BMW's and a great ability to write in a manner easy to comprehend!
anyway, reading this one, i saw your
im always looking for ways to make a dollar, but wanted to give you the link 1st,
you have to call to order, but they do have a look up feature to get your parts numbers of any part you need,
I'm willing to make their site the best on the planet for BMW DIYs if they only supply the car (if it's not my E39) and pay me by the article!
However, the NEXT person on a budget who needs to replace their radiator should look 'em up! Thanks for the pointer!
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