text:
The sultry, verdant isles of Samoa, two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand, lie in the very heart of the South Pacific. Independent since 1962 and called Western Samoa until 1997, this is the larger portion of an archipelago split apart by colonialism in 1899. Although both Samoa and American Samoa sprang from the same roots, differing patterns of development are reflected in contrasting lifestyles—this highlights the impact of westernization on a Pacific people. Yet on both sides of the 100-km strait separating Upolu from Tutuila, Samoans have retained their ancient customs as nowhere else in Polynesia, and the fa'a Samoa, or Samoan way, continues to flourish.
In fact, travelers inbound from a dreary industrial world may be forgiven if they imagine they've arrived in the Garden of Eden, but there's more to it. In a series of provocative novels, Samoan author Albert Wendt has portrayed the conflicting pressures of palagi (foreign) life on his people. The protagonist in Sons for the Return Home finds he can no longer accept the fa'a-sanctioned authority of his mother, while Leaves of the Banyan Tree explores the universal themes of a changing Samoan society. In Pouliuli, the complex social relationships of village life unravel in a drama of compelling force. Wendt's books bring us closer to the complexity of a third-world Samoa shaken by corruption and searching desperately for a formula to reconcile timeworn traditions and contemporary consumer needs. "Gauguin is dead! There is no paradise!" shouts a character in Sia Figiel's novel Where We Once Belonged.
Paradoxically, although your status as a foreign tourist will never be in doubt, you'll find the Samoans to be among the South Pacific's most approachable peoples. You'll sight some really striking physical types and meet a few unforgettable characters. Some visitors find it too intense, but almost everyone will leave with a story to tell about Samoa. Alongside the human element, an outstanding variety of landscapes and attractions are packed into a small area made all the more accessible because this is one of the less expensive countries in the region. Everything is vividly colorful and well-groomed, and it's still undiscovered by mass tourism. Add it all up and you'll recognize Samoa as one of the world's top travel destinations and an essential stop on any South Pacific trip. Samoa is special!
Samoa sits between the Cook Islands and Fiji, considerably to the north of both. Tonga is to the south.
Samoa keeps exactly the same hour and day as Tonga (GMT plus 13 hours).
The unspoiled environment and intact Polynesian culture are the main reasons to come. It's inexpensive and the public services are good.
Air New Zealand, Fiji Airways, and Virgin Samoa fly to Samoa.
About 185,000 people live in Samoa, three-quarters on Upolu and another quarter on Savaii.
Cape Mulinu'u, Savai'i:
beach, westernmost point in the world
Piula Cave Pools, Upolu:
natural swimming cave below a church
Pulemelei stone pyramid, Savai'i:
largest ancient Polynesian structure, waterfall
Robert Louis Stevenson Museum, Apia:
colonial mansion, garden, hiking, tomb
Lalomanu and Saleapaga, Upolu:
beach fale, Samoan lifestyle


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text:
Archived | Building your own memory manager for C/C++ projects
Demystifying memory management concepts
Archived date: 2019-10-25This content is no longer being updated or maintained. The content is provided "as is." Given the rapid evolution of technology, some content, steps, or illustrations may have changed.
Before you start
Learn what to expect from this tutorial and how to get the most out of it.
About this tutorial
This tutorial takes a basic approach to building a memory manager for any application. It explains why a memory manager is needed and provides a few ways in which you can write customized memory managers for an application, catering to its specific needs.
In this tutorial, you'll learn what considerations you need to take before designing a memory manager, the specific techniques available for creating such a memory manager, and, finally, the method for creating it. You'll also learn about the advantages and disadvantages of various types of memory manager designs.
This tutorial is written for Linux® or UNIX® programmers whose skills and experience are at a beginning to intermediate level. You should have a general familiarity with using a UNIX command-line shell and a working knowledge of the C/C++ language. Any additional knowledge of internal workings of routines such
memcpy, and
memset (that is, routines that deal with memory allocation, deallocation, and content modification) is a plus.
System requirements
To run the examples in this tutorial, you need a Linux or UNIX box that has the g++ compiler toolchain installed on it. A sufficiently large amount of RAM (approximately 256 MB) is also required.
Why create a custom memory manager?
To appreciate how the control over memory allocation helps your code run faster, first recollect the basics of memory management in C/C++. The standard library functions
calloc, and
realloc in C and the
new [ ],
delete, and
delete [ ] operators in C++ form the crux of the memory management in these two languages. With this in mind, there are several things worth your attention here.
Functions such as
malloc and
new are general-purpose memory allocators. Your code may be single-threaded, but the
malloc function it is linked to can handle multithreaded paradigms just as well. It is this extra functionality that degrades the performance of these routines.
In their turn,
malloc and
new make calls to the operating system kernel requesting memory, while
free and
delete make requests to release memory. This means that the operating system has to switch between user-space code and kernel code every time a request for memory is made. Programs making repeated calls to
malloc or
new eventually run slowly because of the repeated context switching.
Memory that is allocated in a program and subsequently not needed is often unintentionally left undeleted, and C/C++ don't provide for automatic garbage collection. This causes the memory footprint of the program to increase. In the case of really big programs, performance takes a severe hit because available memory becomes increasingly scarce and hard-disk accesses are time intensive.
Design goals
Your memory manager should satisfy the following design goals:
- Speed
- Robustness
- User convenience
- Portability
The memory manager must be faster than the compiler-provided allocators. Repeated allocations and deallocations should not slow down the code. If possible, the memory manager should be optimized for handling certain allocation patterns that occur frequently in the code.
The memory manager must return all the memory it requested to the system before the program terminates. That is, there should be no memory leaks. It should also be able to handle erroneous cases (for example, requesting too large a size) and bail out gracefully.
User convenience
Users should need to change only a minimal amount of code when integrating the memory manager into their code.
The memory manager should be easily portable across systems and not use platform-dependant memory management features.
Useful strategies for creating a memory manager
The following strategies are useful when creating a memory manager:
- Request large memory chunks.
- Optimize for common request sizes.
- Pool deleted memory in containers.
Request large memory chunks
One of the most popular memory management strategies is to request for large memory chunks during program startup and then intermittently during code execution. Memory allocation requests for individual data structures are carved out from these chunks. This results in far fewer system calls and boosts the performance time.
Optimize for common request sizes
In any program, certain specific request sizes are more common than others. Your memory manager will do well if it's optimized to handle these requests better.
Pool deleted memory in containers
Deleted memory during program execution should be pooled in containers. Further requests from memory should then be served from these containers. If a call fails, memory access should be delegated to any one of the large chunks allocated during program start. While memory management is primarily meant to speed up program execution and prevent memory leaks, this technique can potentially result in a lower memory footprint of the program because deleted memory is being reused. Yet another reason to write your own memory allocator!
Timing C++ new/delete operators
We'll start with a simple example. Say your code uses a class called
Complex that is meant to represent complex numbers, and it uses the language provided by the
new and
delete operators, as shown in Listing 1.
Listing 1. C code for the Complex class
class Complex
Complex (double a, double b): r (a), c (b) {}
double r; // Real Part
double c; // Complex Part
int main(int argc, char∗ argv[])
Complex∗ array[1000];
for (int i = 0;i < 5000; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 1000; j++) {
array[j] = new Complex (i, j);
for (int j = 0; j < 1000; j++) {
delete array[j];
return 0;
Each iteration of the outermost loop causes 1000 allocations and deallocations. 5000 such iterations result in 10 million switches between user and kernel code. Compiling this test on a gcc-3.4.6 in a Solaris 10 machine took an average of 3.5 seconds. This is the baseline performance metric for the compiler-provided implementation of the global
new and
delete operators. To create a custom memory manager for the
Complex class that improves the compiler implementation, you need to override the
Complex class-specific
new and
delete operators.
New/Delete: A detailed look
In C++, organized memory management is all about overloading the
new or
delete operator. Different classes in the code might be candidates for different memory allocation policies, which implies that a class-specific
new is required. Otherwise, the
new or
delete global operator must be overridden. Operator overloading can be done in either of the forms, as shown in Listing 2.
Listing 2. Overloading the new or delete operator
void∗ operator new(size_t size);
void operator delete(void∗ pointerToDelete);
void∗ operator new(size_t size, MemoryManager& memMgr);
void operator delete(void∗ pointerToDelete, MemoryManager& memMgr);
The overridden
new operator is responsible for allocating raw memory of the size specified in the first argument, and the
delete operator frees this memory. Note that these routines are meant only to allocate or deallocate memory; they don't call constructors or destructors, respectively. A constructor is invoked on the memory allocated by the
new operator, while the
delete operator is called only after the destructor is called on an object.
The second variant of
new is the
placement new operator, which accepts a
MemoryManager argument — basically a data structure to allocate raw memory on which the constructor of an object is finally called. For the purposes of this tutorial, we recommend using the first variant of
new or
delete because the placement variation results in a massive proliferation of
MemoryManager& arguments in the user code, violating the design goal of user convenience.
We use the
MemoryManager class to do the actual allocation or deallocation with the
new and
delete operator routines serving as wrappers for the following
MemoryManager routines, as shown in Listing 3:
MemoryManager gMemoryManager; // Memory Manager, global variable.
Listing 3. The new, new[ ], delete, and delete[ ] operators as wrappers
MemoryManager gMemoryManager; // Memory Manager, global variable
void∗ operator new (size_t size)
return gMemoryManager.allocate(size);
void∗ operator new[ ] (size_t size)
return gMemoryManager.allocate(size);
void operator delete (void∗ pointerToDelete)
void operator delete[ ] (void∗ arrayToDelete)
- The size passed to the
new[ ]operator is the size of each individual element of the array multiplied by the number of elements of the array.
- This pointer is not available in any
new[ ], or
delete[ ]class-specific operator. In effect, all four of these routines serve as static methods. You must always keep this in mind for your design.
- Instead of a using a global variable to declare the memory manager, you could, of course, use a singleton.
Based on the discussion so far, Listing 4 is the basic interface of the memory manager class
Listing 4. Memory manager interface
class IMemoryManager
virtual void∗ allocate(size_t) = 0;
virtual void free(void∗) = 0;
class MemoryManager : public IMemoryManager
MemoryManager( );
virtual ~MemoryManager( );
virtual void∗ allocate(size_t);
virtual void free(void∗);
We also like to make the
allocate and
free routines inline for quicker dispatch.
Our first memory manager in a single-threaded environment for the Complex type
We designed our first memory manager for this tutorial keeping in mind the principles we've discussed so far. To keep matters simple, this memory manager is customized specifically for objects of type
Complex and works only in single-threaded environments. The basic idea is to keep a pool of
Complex objects inside the memory manager available and have future allocations happen from this pool. If the number of
Complex objects that need to be created exceeds the number of objects in the pool, the pool is expanded. Deleted objects are returned to this pool. Figure 1 is a good illustration of things to come.
Figure 1. Creating a pool of Complex objects
Each block in the pool serves a dual purpose:
- It stores a
- It must be able to connect itself to the next block in the pool.
Storing a pointer inside the
Complex data structure is not an option because that increases the overall memory footprint of the design. A better option is to wrap the private variables of the
Complex data structure into a structure and create a union with the
Complex pointer. When used as part of the pool, the pointer is used to point to the next free element in the pool. When used as standalone
Complex object, the structure holding the real and complex part is utilized. Listing 5 shows the modified data structure.
Listing 5. Modified data structure to store Complex* with no extra overhead
class Complex
Complex (double a, double b): r (a), c (b) {}
union {
struct {
double r; // Real Part
double c; // Complex Part
Complex∗ next;
However, this strategy violates the design goal of user convenience because we expect to make minimal changes in the original data structure while integrating the memory manager. Improving on this, we designed a new
FreeStore data structure that is a wrapper data structure meant to serve as a pointer when kept as part of the pool and as a
Complex object otherwise. Listing 6 shows the data structure for the
FreeStore object.
Listing 6. Data structure for FreeStore object
struct FreeStore
FreeStore∗ next;
The pool is then a linked list of
FreeStore objects, each of which can point to the next element in the pool and be used as a
Complex object. The
MemoryManager class must keep a pointer to the head of the first element of the free pool. It should have private methods to expand the size of the pool when needed and a method to clean up the memory when the program terminates. Listing 7 contains the modified data structure for a
Complex class with
FreeStore functionality.
Listing 7. Modified data structure for a Complex class with FreeStore functionality
#include <sys/types.h>
class MemoryManager: public IMemoryManager
struct FreeStore
FreeStore ∗next;
void expandPoolSize ();
void cleanUp ();
FreeStore∗ freeStoreHead;
MemoryManager () {
freeStoreHead = 0;
expandPoolSize ();
virtual ~MemoryManager () {
cleanUp ();
virtual void∗ allocate(size_t);
virtual void free(void∗);
MemoryManager gMemoryManager;
class Complex
Complex (double a, double b): r (a), c (b) {}
inline void∗ operator new(size_t);
inline void operator delete(void∗);
double r; // Real Part
double c; // Complex Part
The following is the pseudocode for the memory allocation:
- If the free-store hasn't been created yet, create the free-store, and then go to step 3.
- If the free-store has been exhausted, create a new free-store.
- Return the first element of the free-store and mark the next element of the free-store as the free-store head.
The following is the pseudocode for the memory deletion:
- Make the next field in the deleted pointer point to the current free-store head.
- Mark the deleted pointer as the free-store head
Listing 8 contains the sources for the
new and
delete operators for the
Complexclass. Listing 9 shows the expand and cleanup methods of the free-store. A problem still remains though. Can you spot it?
Listing 8. Custom memory allocation or deallocation for the Complex class
inline void∗ MemoryManager::allocate(size_t size)
if (0 == freeStoreHead)
expandPoolSize ();
FreeStore∗ head = freeStoreHead;
freeStoreHead = head‑>next;
return head;
inline void MemoryManager::free(void∗ deleted)
FreeStore∗ head = static_cast <FreeStore∗> (deleted);
head‑>next = freeStoreHead;
freeStoreHead = head;
void∗ Complex::operator new (size_t size)
return gMemoryManager.allocate(size);
void Complex::operator delete (void∗ pointerToDelete)
The creation of the free-store is not trivial. The trick lies in understanding that the same
FreeStore* pointer is used as a
Complexobject. Therefore, the size requested for individual
FreeStore pointers must be the size of whichever is greater, the
FreeStore* or the
Complex, as shown in Listing 9.
Listing 9. Code for expanding and cleaning up the free-store
#define POOLSIZE 32
void MemoryManager::expandPoolSize ()
size_t size = (sizeof(Complex) > sizeof(FreeStore∗)) ?
sizeof(Complex) : sizeof(FreeStore∗);
FreeStore∗ head = reinterpret_cast <FreeStore∗> (new char[size]);
freeStoreHead = head;
for (int i = 0; i < POOLSIZE; i++) {
head‑>next = reinterpret_cast <FreeStore∗> (new char [size]);
head = head‑>next;
head‑>next = 0;
void MemoryManager::cleanUp()
FreeStore∗ nextPtr = freeStoreHead;
for (; nextPtr; nextPtr = freeStoreHead) {
freeStoreHead = freeStoreHead‑>next;
delete [] nextPtr; // remember this was a char array
That's it! You've created your customized memory manager for the
Complex class. Recall that the baseline test took 3.5 seconds. Compiling and running that same test (no need to make any changes to the client code in the main routine) now shows that the program execution takes a stunning 0.67 seconds! Why is there such a dramatic performance improvement? Primarily for two reasons:
- The number of switches between the user and kernel code has been reduced markedly because it reuses the deleted memory by pooling it back to the free-store.
- This memory manager is a single-threaded allocator that suits the purposes of the execution. We don't intend to run the code in a multithreaded environment, yet.
Earlier we asked you to spot a problem in the design. The issue is that if a
Complex object created using
new is not deleted, then there's no way to reclaim the lost memory in this design. This is, of course, the same if the developer uses the compiler-provided
new and
delete global operators. However, a memory manager is not just about performance improvement, it should also be able to remove memory leaks from the design. The
cleanUp routine is only meant to return memory back to the operating system for cases in which the
Complex object created using
new has been explicitly deleted. This problem can only be resolved by requesting bigger memory blocks from the operating system during program initialization and storing them. Requests for memory using
new operator should be carved out from these blocks. The
cleanUp routine should work on freeing up these blocks as a whole, not individual objects that are created from these memory blocks.
Bitmapped memory manager
An interesting refinement over the original fixed-size memory allocation scheme is the bitmapped memory manager. In this scheme, memory is requested from the operating system in relatively big chunks and memory allocation is achieved by carving out from these chunks. Deallocation is done by freeing the entire block at a single go, thus sealing off any potential leaks. Yet another advantage of this approach is that it can support array versions of the
new and
delete operations.
In this approach, a large chunk of memory is requested by the memory manager. This chunk is further subdivided into smaller fixed-size blocks. In this case, the size of each of these blocks is equal to the size of the
Complex object. Based on the number of blocks in the chunk, a bitmap is maintained separately to indicate the status (free or allocated) of each block, with the number of bits equal to the number of blocks. When the program requests a new
Complex object, the memory manager consults the bitmap to obtain a free block. All free blocks have their corresponding bit set to 1. Occupied blocks have their bits reset to 0. To provide for the
new[ ] and
delete[ ] operators, you need to maintain an auxiliary data structure to help keep track of how many bits in the bitmap need to set or reset when a
Complex array object is created or destroyed.
Creating a bitmapped memory manager
The memory manager requests a sufficiently large chunk of memory from the operating system. Future allocations are carved out from this block. If this request fails, then the memory manager bails out and passes an appropriate message to the user signaling its exit. All entries in the bitmap at this stage are set to 1.
If the memory manager runs out of free blocks, it makes further requests to the operating system for large memory chunks. Every bitmap in the
MemoryManager data structure is meant to augment the corresponding memory chunk. However, when a delete is called, the corresponding block is made available to the user. Thus non-sequential delete calls create what is known as fragmented memory and blocks of suitable size can be provided from this memory.
The basic structure of the
MemoryManager class is given in Listing 10. It contains the
MemoryPoolList, which holds the start addresses of memory chunks requested from the operating system. For each chunk, there is an entry in the
FreeMapEntries is a data structure to facilitate quick searching of next available free blocks for non-array versions of
new calls.
Listing 10. MemoryManager class definition
class MemoryManager : public IMemoryManager
std::vector<void∗> MemoryPoolList;
std::vector<BitMapEntry> BitMapEntryList;
//the above two lists will maintain one‑to‑one correspondence and hence
//should be of same size.
std::set<BitMapEntry∗> FreeMapEntries;
std::map<void∗, ArrayMemoryInfo> ArrayMemoryList;
void∗ AllocateArrayMemory(size_t size);
void∗ AllocateChunkAndInitBitMap();
void SetBlockBit(void∗ object, bool flag);
void SetMultipleBlockBits(ArrayMemoryInfo∗ info, bool flag);
MemoryManager( ) {}
~MemoryManager( ) {}
void∗ allocate(size_t);
void free(void∗);
std::vector<void∗> GetMemoryPoolList();
ArrayMemoryList holds information about memory allocated for arrays of
Complex objects. It is basically a mapping of the start address of an array to a structure maintaining the
MemPoolListIndex, the
StartPosition of the array in the bitmap, and the size of the array, as shown in Listing 11.
Listing 11. ArrayInfo structure definition
typedef struct ArrayInfo
int MemPoolListIndex;
int StartPosition;
int Size;
To facilitate easy manipulation of the bitmap, it is maintained as a
BitMapEntry object that stores some extra metadata information, as shown in Listing 12. Provisions for setting single or multiple bits in the bitmap are provided via the
SetBit and
SetMultipleBits application program interfaces (APIs). The
FirstFreeBlock() API retrieves the first free block pointed by the bitmap.
Listing 12. BitMapEntry class definition
typedef struct BitMapEntry
int Index;
int BlocksAvailable;
int BitMap[BIT_MAP_SIZE];
memset(BitMap,0xff,BIT_MAP_SIZE / sizeof(char));
// initially all blocks are free and bit value 1 in the map denotes
// available block
void SetBit(int position, bool flag);
void SetMultipleBits(int position, bool flag, int count);
void SetRangeOfInt(int∗ element, int msb, int lsb, bool flag);
Complex∗ FirstFreeBlock(size_t size);
Complex∗ ComplexObjectAddress(int pos);
void∗ Head();
The memory manager initializes an 'n' bit array (which acts as the bitmap) such that each bit of this array corresponds to a block of the requested memory. All entries are set to 1. This is done in the constructor for the
On a call to the non-arrayed version of
new or
malloc for the
Complex class, the memory manager checks whether a block is available in the
FreeMapEntries data structure. If any such block is found there it is returned, otherwise a new chunk of memory is requested from the operating system and its corresponding
BitMapEntry is set. The block of memory to be returned to the user is carved out from this chunk, its availability bit is set to 0 to indicate it is no longer free, and the pointer is returned to the user as evident from the relevant code shown in Listing 13.
Listing 13. MemoryManager::allocate definition
void∗ MemoryManager::allocate(size_t size)
if(size == sizeof(Complex)) // mon‑array version
std::set<BitMapEntry∗>::iterator freeMapI = FreeMapEntries.begin();
if(freeMapI != FreeMapEntries.end())
BitMapEntry∗ mapEntry = ∗freeMapI;
return mapEntry‑>FirstFreeBlock(size);
FreeMapEntries.insert(&(BitMapEntryList[BitMapEntryList.size() ‑ 1]));
return BitMapEntryList[BitMapEntryList.size() ‑ 1].FirstFreeBlock(size);
else // array version
return AllocateArrayMemory(size);
std::map<void∗, ArrayMemoryInfo>::iterator infoI =ArrayMemoryList.begin();
std::map<void∗, ArrayMemoryInfo>::iterator infoEndI =
while(infoI != infoEndI)
ArrayMemoryInfo info = (∗infoI).second;
if(info.StartPosition != 0) // search only in those mem blocks
continue; // where allocation is done from first byte
BitMapEntry∗ entry = &BitMapEntryList[info.MemPoolListIndex];
if(entry‑>BlocksAvailable < (size / sizeof(Complex)))
return AllocateArrayMemory(size);
info.StartPosition = BIT_MAP_SIZE ‑ entry‑>BlocksAvailable;
info.Size = size / sizeof(Complex);
Complex∗ baseAddress = static_cast<Complex∗>(
MemoryPoolList[info.MemPoolListIndex]) + info.StartPosition;
ArrayMemoryList[baseAddress] = info;
SetMultipleBlockBits(&info, false);
return baseAddress;
Code to set or reset the bit for a single block is in Listing 14.
Listing 14. MemoryManager::SetBlockBit definition
void MemoryManager::SetBlockBit(void∗ object, bool flag)
int i = BitMapEntryList.size() ‑ 1;
for (; i >= 0 ; i‑‑)
BitMapEntry∗ bitMap = &BitMapEntryList[i];
if((bitMap‑>Head <= object )&&
(&(static_cast<Complex∗>(bitMap‑>Head))[BIT_MAP_SIZE‑1] >= object))
int position = static_cast<Complex∗>(object) ‑
bitMap‑>SetBit(position, flag);
flag ? bitMap‑>BlocksAvailable++ : bitMap‑>BlocksAvailable‑‑;
Code to set or reset the bits for multiple blocks is in Listing 15.
Listing 15. MemoryManager::SetMultipleBlockBits definition
void MemoryManager::SetMultipleBlockBits(ArrayMemoryInfo∗ info, bool flag)
BitMapEntry∗ mapEntry = &BitMapEntryList[info‑>MemPoolListIndex];
mapEntry‑>SetMultipleBits(info‑>StartPosition, flag, info‑>Size);
For the array version, the handling is a bit different. Memory blocks for arrays are allocated from different memory chunks than those used for single-object memory allocations. This reduces the overhead of searching for the next free available memory in both types of calls to
new. The memory manager looks up the
ArrayMemoryList data structure to obtain information regarding a chunk that provides memories for arrays. When found, it retrieves a suitable subsection in this chunk and provides its address to the user and the representing bits are set to 0. If for any reason there is a failure, a new chunk is requested from the operating system and the memory is carved out. Memory chunks for both types of new calls are stored as part of
MemPoolList in the
MemoryManager class.
On a call to the non-arrayed version of
delete or
free for a pointer to an object of type
Complex, the memory chunk containing this pointer is determined first (see Listing 16. The
BitMapEntry for this chunk is then consulted to set the corresponding bit back to 1, thereby marking it as available. The whole operation takes O(1) time. For
delete [], the associated information is retrieved from
ArrayMemoryList, and when the start position and the size of the bitmap is known, those many bits are marked available.
Listing 16. MemoryManager::free definition
void MemoryManager::free(void∗ object)
if(ArrayMemoryList.find(object) == ArrayMemoryList.end())
SetBlockBit(object, true); // simple block deletion
{//memory block deletion
ArrayMemoryInfo ∗info = &ArrayMemoryList[object];
SetMultipleBlockBits(info, true);
The full listing of the bitmapped memory manager code is in the Downloadable resources section. It is a working example of the memory manager discussed in this section, and it includes all the listings we discussed in this section.
Problem with inheritance
The size of a derived class is quite likely to be different from that of its base class. For example, consider a derived variant of the
Complex class, called
ComplexT, meant for tracking the value of a complex number versus time, which contains an additional
unsigned long to store time. The
new or
delete operator that was overridden earlier is not going to work now, unless we define them again specifically for the derived variant as well. There are three possible solutions to this problem:
- Let the
MemoryManagermaintain two different pools for these two different classes. This, in effect, means two variants of the allocation/deallocation routines and two pointers to store the two pool heads. This works, but the scalability is limited.
- Maintain a single pool based on the size of the largest derived class. The
allocateroutine always returns the size of the largest derived class, irrespective of which object in the base-derived hierarchy is requesting memory. This works fine but is not a very useful approach because the memory footprint of the program would increase.
- Create a general-purpose memory manager for variable-size allocation.
Free-lists based memory manager
In a typical program, the majority of the requested memory blocks are of certain specific sizes. This memory manager takes advantage of this heuristic. To implement it, you maintain lists that contain addresses of the free blocks of those sizes. These lists are known as free-lists in technical jargon. For example, consider a program where memory requests are made for sizes of 8, 16, 24, 32, 48, and 64 bytes. For such purposes, the memory manager contains six different free-lists and requests for a specific memory size are provided from the corresponding list. Similar to the bitmapped memory manager, memory is requested from the operating system on startup, and the memory manager internally partitions this requested block from the operating system into lists. Whenever a user requests memory for an object of, say, 'm' bytes, the size of object is converted to the nearest block size 'n', for which there is a free-list that stores blocks of size 'n'.
A brief introduction of guard bytes
The 'n' byte block not only stores the object but also stores some metadata information. Each block contains four extra bytes towards its end that contain what are known as guard bytes in the heap memory operations paradigm. Typically,
memcpy and
memset functions are capable of intruding into bytes of memory that are logically out of bounds for the allocated memory. This causes heap memory corruption. Many compilers add special characters around an allocated
mem block that act as sentinels (or guard bytes) for the block. Any accesses to such blocks of allocated memory check for these special characters around the allocated block. If such characters are not found, then it is assumed that somehow their value was changed during program execution in an intrusive way, which implies that the heap memory is no longer in an ordered state and is, hence, corrupted. It is a good mechanism for catching some of those nasty memory bugs that programmers are aware of. In the following example, two out of four bytes act as the guard bytes, the next byte stores the size of this object, and the last byte stores a flag indicating whether this object is available or already occupied.
Creating a free-lists memory manager
The memory manager maintains lists of pointers to blocks of variable sizes, as described earlier. It also maintains the chunks of memory requested from the operating system as a
memoryPool. This pool can be used to free the entire chunks of memory when
MemoryManager invokes its destructor. Listing 17 shows the data structure.
Listing 17. MemoryManager class definition for free-lists based implementation
class MemoryManager : public IMemoryManager
VoidPtrList Byte8PtrList;
VoidPtrList Byte16PtrList;
VoidPtrList Byte24PtrList;
VoidPtrList Byte32PtrList;
VoidPtrList Byte40PtrList;
std::vector<void∗> MemoryPoolList;
. . . . . . . . . //helper routines may go in here
MemoryManager( ) {}
~MemoryManager( ) {}
void∗ allocate(size_t);
void free(void∗);
Our example uses three classes of 16, 28, and 32 bytes and, thus, requires blocks of 24, 32, and 40 bytes to hold them with guard bytes. Hence,
Byte32PtrList, and
Byte40PtrList are the ones used most frequently, and the code is centered on them. However, the design is flexible enough to also add lists of other sizes that you desire.
new and
delete are overloaded for these classes, which delegate the calls to
allocate and
free routines that take care of memory allocation and deallocation. These routines are discussed in detail here. We work with a chunk size of 1024 as the initial count of objects. Also, the size of each class used in the example is stored as a predefined constant, as shown in Listing 18.
Listing 18. Predefined constants used in this implementation
const int JOB_SCHEDULER_SIZE = sizeof(JobScheduler);
const int COMPLEX_SIZE = sizeof(Complex);
const int COORDINATE_SIZE = sizeof(Coordinate);
const int POOL_SIZE = 1024; //number of elements in a single pool
//can be chosen based on application requirements
const int MAX_BLOCK_SIZE = 36; //depending on the application it may change
//In above case it came as 36
These constants are used in the
allocate and
free routines.
Allocate routine
For a given size of the block, the
allocate routine determines which list to work on in the memory manager. It consults the requisite list to see if any blocks are available. Note that this list stores only the pointer to the block and not the block itself (the block is part of the
If the free list is empty, an additional chunk of memory is requested from the operating system and organized as partitioned blocks by the
InitialiseByte32List and
InitialiseByte40List routines.
When a free block address is available, the corresponding block is marked as unavailable, its guard bytes are set, and the address of the block is returned. Consider the implementation as shown in Listing 19.
Listing 19. MemoryManager::allocate definition
void∗ MemoryManager::allocate(size_t size)
void∗ base = 0;
case JOB_SCHEDULER_SIZE :
base = new char [32 ∗ POOL_SIZE];
void∗ blockPtr = Byte32PtrList.front();
∗((static_cast<char∗>(blockPtr)) + 30) = 32; //size of block set
∗((static_cast<char∗>(blockPtr)) + 31) = 0; //block is no longer free
return blockPtr;
case COORDINATE_SIZE :
base = new char [40 ∗ POOL_SIZE];
void∗ blockPtr = Byte40PtrList.front();
∗((static_cast<char∗>(blockPtr)) + 38) = 40; //size of block set
∗((static_cast<char∗>(blockPtr)) + 39) = 0; //block is no longer free
return blockPtr;
case COMPLEX_SIZE :
base = new char [24 ∗ POOL_SIZE];
void∗ blockPtr = Byte24PtrList.front();
∗((static_cast<char∗>(blockPtr)) + 22) = 24; //size of block set
∗((static_cast<char∗>(blockPtr)) + 23) = 0; //block is no longer free
return blockPtr;
default : break;
return 0;
Free routine
free routine takes the address of the block and searches for the byte containing size information (in the guard bytes) that resides at the end of the block. It's the second-to-last byte in the block. After the size is obtained, the object is marked as available (last byte set to 1) and the corresponding list is fetched. The object is then pushed into this free list marking the end of the deletion phase. Consider the implementation in Listing 20.
Listing 20. MemoryManager::free definition
void MemoryManager::free(void∗ object)
char∗ init = static_cast<char∗>(object);
int count = 0;
while(∗init != static_cast<char>(0xde))
//this loop shall never iterate more than
{ // MAX_BLOCK_SIZE times and hence is O(1)
if(count > MAX_BLOCK_SIZE)
printf ("runtime heap memory corruption near %d", object);
if(∗(++init) == static_cast<char>(0xad)) // we have hit the guard bytes
break; // from the outer while
int blockSize = static_cast<int>(∗init);
case 24: Byte24PtrList.push_front(object); break;
case 32: Byte32PtrList.push_front(object); break;
case 40: Byte40PtrList.push_front(object); break;
default: break;
∗init = 1; // set free/available byte
The full listing of the free-lists memory manager code is in the Downloadable resources section. It is a working example of a free-lists memory manager implementation, and it includes all the listings we discussed in this section.
Advantages and disadvantages
There are several advantages to this design:
- Variable size memory allocation is handled gracefully.
- The design is flexible and can be extended by determining the size of lists per the software requirements.
- The ability to add guard bytes allows a lot of metadata information that can be stored for an object. We already used it to determine runtime heap memory corruption.
While there are gains in performance, the disadvantage of this design is that it is memory intensive.
Multithreaded memory manager
So far, the memory managers we've created don't take into account a concurrent environment. In a multithreaded environment, memory allocation and deallocation could potentially be attempted by multiple threads at the same time. This means we must ensure that the allocation and free operations in our memory manager are atomic. That is, we must provide for a mechanism that guarantees mutual exclusion among two threads when they attempt these operations simultaneously. The standard way to ensure that the allocation and free methods are atomic is to put a lock-based mechanism in place. Whenever a thread calls either of these two methods, it must get ownership to a single exclusive lock before it can actually get access to or free memory. If the lock is owned by another thread, then the current thread is blocked until it owns this lock. Listing 21 denotes the signatures of functions used as locking mechanisms.
Listing 21. pthread mutex methods
#include <pthread.h>
int pthread_mutex_init(pthread_mutex_t ∗mutex,
const pthread_mutexattr_t ∗attr);
int pthread_mutex_destroy(pthread_mutex_t ∗mutex);
pthread_mutex_t mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
int pthread_mutex_lock(pthread_mutex_t ∗mutex);
int pthread_mutex_trylock(pthread_mutex_t ∗mutex);
int pthread_mutex_unlock(pthread_mutex_t ∗mutex);
For our purposes, we use pthread mutexes defined in the standard header,
pthread.h, that comes with the GNU compiler collection installation to simulate the locking or unlocking mechanism. The code in the
allocation and
free routines is put between the
pthread_mutex_lock and
pthread_mutex_unlock methods. If a second thread calls either of these routines when a thread is already accessing the memory pool, it is made to wait till the lock is available. Listing 22 is a modified snippet of the methods.
Listing 22. Concurrent versions of the allocation and free methods
void∗ MemoryManager::allocate(size_t size)
pthread_mutex_lock (&lock);
... // usual memory allocation code
pthread_mutex_unlock (&lock);
void∗ MemoryManager::free(size_t size)
pthread_mutex_lock (&lock);
... // usual memory deallocation code
pthread_mutex_unlock (&lock);
The memory manager class now needs to include a
pthread_mutex_lock object. The class constructor needs to be adequately modified to call
pthread_mutex_init to initialize the lock, and the class destructor must call
pthread_mutex_destroy to destroy the mutex object. Listing 23 is the revised code for the
MemoryManager class.
Listing 23. MemoryManager class modified to handle threaded allocation and deallocation
class MemoryManager : public IMemoryManager
pthread_mutex_t lock;
... // usual MemoryManager code follows
MemoryManager::MemoryManager ()
pthread_mutex_init (&lock, NULL);
... // usual constructor code
MemoryManager:: ~MemoryManager ()
... // usual destructor code
pthread_mutex_destroy (&lock);
Now run the multithreaded version of the memory manager. In our tests, it showed that it is a lot slower than the single-threaded version, which demonstrates why it often pays to have a specialized custom-coded memory manager.
This tutorial explained the following concepts:
- The need to have a memory manager in user code.
- The design requirements for a memory manager.
- How to create a fixed-size allocator or memory manager.
- How to create a variable-sized allocator.
- Memory allocation in a multi-threaded environment.
For more information about this subject, see the resources section on the right.
Downloadable resources
- Source files for bitmapped memory manager (bitmapped_memory_manager.zip | 4KB)
- Source files for free-lists based memory manager (free_list_mem_mgr.zip | 3KB)


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|Home >> Course Descriptions >> College of Arts and Sciences
|Classical and Medieval Political Philosophy
|Three semester hours.
A survey and analysis of political thought, theory, and political philosophy from Greek antiquity to the present. Prerequisite: Six hours of political science.
Home - General Information - Student Services -
Academic Undergraduate Regulations -
Undergraduate Degrees - Academic Graduate Regulations -
Graduate Degrees - Course Descriptions - Faculty -
Appendix A - Appendix B - Appendix C - Appendix D


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South University, Tampa (View Other Campuses)
Established in 1899, South University is a private, nonprofit institution with a long history of driving student success.
We make the application process as smooth as possible so you can start earning your degree right away. Our admissions representatives will guide you through our three-step process.
To get started, call 800.846.1472, to speak with an Admissions Representative or fill out our request information form here.
An assistant director of admissions will review our degree programs with you, give you an overview of the admissions process, and help you complete the application process. You can take a guided tour of our campus or a virtual tour online.
A financial aid officer will work with you to discuss options and qualifications and to develop a payment plan that works for you.
Programs with alternative application procedures
The following South University programs have separate and specific application processes. Please review the program's admission and application procedures prior to submitting an application. Applications submitted directly through the online application system will not be processed.
Doctor of Pharmacy Program
Admission to the South University School of Pharmacy's Doctor of Pharmacy accelerated three-year Doctor of Pharmacy degree program, offered in Columbia, South Carolina and Savannah, Georgia, is extremely competitive. This past year, the University had more than 900 applications for approximately 165 available slots.
South University utilizes the PharmCAS system for applications. All transcripts, letters of recommendation, and PCAT scores should be sent directly to PharmCAS. Direct applications to South University will not be processed.
Applications will not be reviewed until these are received.
For more information, please review the School of Pharmacy Application Process prior to submitting an application.
Anesthesiologist Assistant Program
Admission to the South University Anesthesiologist Assistant Program that leads to a Master of Medical Science in Anesthesia Science is competitive. Applicants are encouraged to carefully review the Anesthesiologist Assistant Program Application Process on the admission page prior to completing any application.
Physician Assistant Program
South University's Physician Assistant program offered in Savannah, Georgia and Tampa, Florida participates with the Central Application Service for Physician Assistants (CASPA). The CASPA application process requires submission of scores from the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) and transcripts. A completed application must be submitted through the Centralized Application Service for Physician Assistants (CASPA). Please review the Physician Assistant Application Process page.


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Bawarchi Indian Cuisine, A wide range of aromatic spices come together to create a beautiful pot of Biryani. Its heavenly and one of the most loved delicacies. For all those craving for authentic Indian spicy food and other delights, we are happy to inform that Bawarchi Indian Cuisine is here to serve you. We promise to make your dining experience memorable with personalized customization and also our signature touch to each dish. At United States, Bawarchi Indian Cuisine wish to create a sense of home away from home with our offerings. Drop in at your nearest Bawarchi outlet to get a flavour of our food and hospitality.That's why Bawarchi Indian Cuisine always believe in one saying "The Food you love and the Tradition we follow"
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When you visit Kenya's capital of Nairobi you are likely to experience a lively city. Cranes and scaffolding dominate most parts of the city's skyline, as commercial buildings are starting to take shape. But this should not come as a surprise.
After all, Nairobi is entrenching its position as a front-runner in East Africa's real estate sector due to the large capital inflows it has attracted in recent years. And now Nairobi is believed to be the gateway into East Africa.
These were some of the views shared by delegates at the 2016 East Africa Property Investment Summit (EAPI), the biggest conference of its kind in the region. The conference is a good indicator of investor sentiment towards East Africa as it draws a wide mix of real estate professionals and investors.
Judging from the various discussions that were held at EAPI, it's clear that real estate players are upbeat about East Africa's prospects. Firstly, the good news story about the region is that economic growth is expected to be on the upside.
Unlike its counterpart West Africa, which is reliant on China as a trading partner, East Africa's economy is diversified and less reliant on export commodities. This has made its economy more resilient to headwinds. Underscoring this is that the economic growth rate of many East Africa countries like Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia, and Rwanda, is expected to accelerate by 6% to 7% in 2016/17. While China's economy is feeling the pinch due to declining manufacturing activity, weak demand and low commodity prices, African economies reliant on the county for trade will likely be under pressure.
There is no doubt that East Africa's strong economic growth is having a positive spin-off for the region's real estate sector. In Nairobi, for example, a number of office, retail, and residential real estate projects are underway and largely driven by private developers. Real estate seems to be in vogue: with corporates demanding office space; retailers are looking to roll out more stores in a market already seeing a glut of shopping malls; and people are seeking residential housing as they move to the middle and upper class.
Despite the solid real estate opportunities in East Africa, there is an equal amount of risk in the region. Questions are now emerging about whether people will buy the residential product delivered to the market due to affordability issues. Also, the industrial sector is still finding its feet in East Africa and has not grown as expected. The biggest challenge undermining the sector's potential growth is the poor infrastructure of road and electricity networks. Industry players need to deliver the infrastructure that is desperately needed, as it will unlock many real estate opportunities.
Historically, real estate wasn't seen as a tradable asset class, but more African countries beyond South Africa, are adopting the globally accepted Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) structure, which creates a uniform tax dispensation for listed property stocks. There is progress on this front, with investment bank Stanlib launching East Africa's first REIT on the Nairobi Securities Exchange in 2015, giving global investors indirect exposure to Kenya's property market. If the rest of the continent fast-tracks the adoption of the REIT structure, then this may allow more investors to be exposed to real estate and new capital can be raised by listed property companies to fund projects.
Another big challenge East Africa needs to overcome is the reluctance of property developers and investors in using the services of real estate consultants before and during the planning phase of a development project. There are many examples of buildings that have failed because developers didn't properly plan a development. It's quite challenging to convince real estate professionals that there is a need to bring in consultants for property management, maintenance and creating efficiencies in buildings.
Nonetheless, these challenges do not take away from East Africa's prospects, which are definitely promising.


text:
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VMware today opened the third chapter in its evolving Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) story with the beta release of Micro Cloud Foundry, a complete version of its Cloud Foundry PaaS designed to run on developers' PCs or Macs.
"We're really focused on the developer with this release," said VMware product marketing director Dave McJannet. "We want to make it as simple as possible for them to build complete cloud apps locally, without having to install and configure databases or other middleware components. We think this will of great interest to the developer community as a simple way of building applications and embracing that PaaS experience on their own laptops."
The Palo Alto, Calif.-based virtualization vendor announced the initial Cloud Foundry release in April, billing it as the industry's first open PaaS offering and a "new generation of application platform, architected specifically for cloud computing environments." IDC analyst Al Hilwa saw the Cloud Foundry release as an important strategic move that positioned VMware as "another emerging pole for Java developers."
The Micro Cloud Foundry is supporting what VMware calls "high-productivity frameworks," including its own Spring for Java, but also Scala, Grails, and other JVM-based frameworks; Ruby on Rails; the Node.js JavaScript engine; and the MongoDB, MySQL, and Redis application services. The company plans to provide additional support for VMware's vFabric cloud app platform in future releases, McJannet said.
Java developers write code for the Micro Cloud Foundry in the Eclipse-based SpringSource Tool Suite (STS). Rails and Node.js developers use a command-line version with VMware's VMC client for scripting routine procedures.
All the frameworks supported on Micro Cloud are also supported on Cloud Foundry, McJannet said. "Which means that, say, a Java developer using the SpringSource Tool Suite can deploy his or her app to a local Micro Cloud Foundry instance or to CloudFoundry.com, all within the STS."
This release comes on the heels of VMware's announcement of CloudFoundry.com, a public cloud PaaS environment, and CloudFoundry.org, an open source PaaS project. In the three-plus months since its launch, the open source project has received approximately 80 different pull requests from its budding community to add support for languages such as Erlang, JRuby, PHP and Python, as well as data services such as the Neo4J. (Erlang and Neo4J are now supported; JRuby, PHP, and Python are in process, McJannet said.)
The free beta of VMware's Micro Cloud Foundry is available for download here.
About the Author
John K. Waters is a freelance author and journalist based in Silicon Valley. His latest book is The Everything Guide to Social Media. Follow John on Twitter, read his blog on ADTmag.com, check out his author page on Amazon, or e-mail him at firstname.lastname@example.com.
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Find YOUR Local Branch
There are over 3,000 different types of cockroaches — some are considered pests while others are beneficial in their natural environment.
The three main types of cockroaches commonly found in homes in the US include the German cockroach, Oriental cockroach and American cockroach.
Find more detailed information below about these common species.
(Blatta orientalis)
(Periplaneta americana)
The American cockroach is one of the largest pest cockroaches to invade homes and commercial properties.
(Supella longipalpa)
(Periplaneta australasiae)
(Periplaneta fuliginosa)
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text:
|1. What is the minimum age for entry to the casino on the Aegean Paradise?
The minimum age is 18 years old.
2. What is the dress code needed to get on the Aegean Paradise?
3. What is the currency used onboard the Aegean Paradise?
4. How do I book a cabin on Aegean Paradise?
Cabins can be directly book at New Century Tours Counter at Tanah Merah Ferry Terminal or on board Aegean Paradise. (subject to availability).
5. What types of cabins are available on the Aegean Paradise and how much do they cost?
Inside Cabin - SGD80
Porthole Cabin - SGD100
Balcony Cabin - SGD120
You will also be able to purchase cabins on board in SGD.
6. Are there any rebates available on my ferry ticket?
Not at present. There is a promotion where Purchasing SGD300 or SGD500 worth of NN chips on board entitles you to a ferry ticket rebate of SGD15 and SGD20 respectively.
7. Are meals onboard provided free?
Meals are included. There are 4 meals provided everyday: Breakfast (5.30am - 930am), Lunch (11am - 230pm), Dinner (530pm - 9pm) and Supper (10pm -130am).
8. What are the facilities available on the Aegean Paradise?
Visit http://apcruisebooking.com/ for more information.
9. Are there ATM machines available on Amusement World?
No. However you can withdraw money using ATM cards, Visa and Master Card at the cage counter in the Casino. Transaction fees apply.
10. Where will the tournaments be held?
It will be held at The Jubilee, located on the 3rd floor.
11. Are there any additional charges?
An extension fee of SGD20 applies if you stay on board past 2pm the following day.
12. Are there currency changing services on board?
Yes there are, but usually 2-300 points above prevailing rates.
13. Are there places to rest if I do not wish to book a a cabin?
Unfortunately not, so it is imperative to book your cabins early.
Travel from Singapore
1. Where do I purchase the ferry ticket?
Ferry tickets can be purchase at the New Century Tours Counter which is located Tanah Merah Ferry Terminal.
2. How much is a ferry ticket?
Return ferry ticket is SGD45/pax.
3. Can I do an advanced booking for ferry tickets?
Yes. Advanced booking can be made through New Century Tours hotline @ 62142822. Do provide correct details of: Passport No., Full Name (as it appears in your passport), Date of Birth, Passport Expiry Date and Handphone No.
4. What time must we collect or purchase the ferry tickets?
For walk-ins, you must at least be at the counter 1hour earlier before the departure time to purchase the ferry tickets, allocated on a first come first served basis. For advance bookings, you must at least be at the counter at least 40mins earlier before the departure time to collect your ferry tickets. You must start entering the boarding gate at least 25mins earlier before the departure time.
5. How long is the journey from the ferry terminal to Aegean Paradise?
You will need to take a ferry to Batam which is 45mins and transit the next ferry to Aegean Paradise which takes around 15-20mins. Total journey is around 1hr 15mins+/-.
6. If I stay more than 24hrs on the cruise, are there extra charges?
Yes, if you stay past 230pm the following day. There will be an extension charge of SGD20.
7. What travel documents do I need for embarkation from Singapore?
Just bring along your SG IC & passport. For other nationalities, kindly bring your passport+work permit/social visit pass/student pass etc.
Travel from Malaysia
1. Where do I board the ferry to the Aegean Paradise?
Pasir Gudang Ferry Terminal, Lot 21, Jalan Feri, Pelabuhan Johor, 81700-Pasir Gudang Johor
2. Which counter should I approach?
New Century Cruise Lines (M) Sdn Bhd, Tel :607-254 3990
3. How much is a ferry ticket?
Ferry ticket is @ RM45/pax daily, including the eve of Public Holidays & Public Holidays.
4. How long is the journey from the ferry terminal to the Aegean Paradise?
Total time taken for the journey is 1 hour & 15mins. There is no transit from the jetty to Aegean Paradise.
5. What are the ferry timings?
The schedule is available here
6. What travel documents do I need for embarkation from Malaysia?
Just bring along your Malaysia Identification Card(IC). For other nationalities, kindly bring your passport.


text:
Merely owning an iPhone used to be the epitome of cool, but these days it's hard to find someone who doesn't have the gadget.
Now trendsetters can set themselves apart from the crowd of geeky technophiles with this iPhone case from Louis Vuitton. Made from Epi leather and microfiber, the case is strong enough to protect the phone but slim enough to slip into a pocket or handbag. The notch in the top creates an easy way to slip things in and out of the case, an action that is made even easier by the sleek lining.
Our favorite is the red one shown here, but the designer also offers the iPhone case in black, black-and-gray checker, and yes, the designer's signature brown-and-gold monogram.
3G users may prefer the case known simply as The Monogram, which is designed specifically to fit the newest iPhone model.
iPhone case, $290.00 in red, $250.00 other styles, www.louisvuitton.com


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The Best Singers of All Time
List Rules Individual singers in any genre. Not bands
Who are the best singers of all time? That's a tough question to ask. This list includes many of the greatest vocalists ever, from all genres of music. Whether it's the incomparable, late, great Whitney Houston with her extraordinary pop and R&B tones or rock icons like Freddie Mercury from Queen, Jim Morrison from The Doors or John Lennon and/or Paul McCartney from The Beatles, this list spans decades of incredible musicians. What singers do you feel are the greatest of all time? What are some of the greatest voices in music? Vote for your favorites, vote down any you don't like and feel free to rerank this list your way.
Vote: The Best Rock Vocalists
Putting together the top singers in music history is a tall order. Everyone has an opinion. Some might lean more toward rock vocalists as their personal favorite (think Ann Wilson, Stevie Nicks and Mick Jagger), while others might prefer excellent pop or R&B vocalists like the late Michael Jackson, Ray Charles, or even Stevie Wonder, James Brown or Aretha Franklin.
Rank: The Top Female Vocalists of the Last Decade
Country musicians could also easily be included on this list. Musicians like Johnny Cash and Keith Whitley gave new meaning to great vocals with outstanding country songs. Female country artists, including modern era vocalists like Carrie Underwood could also be included. If country's your thing, vote and add away! Now, help decide who are the greatest singers of all time.


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Related Links
The first volume in this series of obituaries was published in 1861. It was compiled by the Harveian Librarian, William Munk. He researched and complied entries for all fellows (voting members) and licentiates (non-voting members), from the RCP's foundation in 1518to 1825. Subsequent Harveian Librarians have continued this work, commonly called Munk's Roll in honour of its original compiler. Volumes from 1825 onwards only include past fellows due to rising numbers of fellows, licentiates and later, members.
The RCP now has a near-complete collection of obituaries for past fellows, from 1518 to the present (and licentiates from 1518 to 1825), making it an invaluable biographical resource for those interested in medical and social history, and family historians.
Eleven printed volumes were published covering 1518 to 2004. Entries for 2005 onwards are published online as Volume XII.
All entries from volume I (1518-1700) to volume XI (1998-2004) have been published online.
There is a searchable index to all entries.
The majority of modern entries are written by colleagues, peers or family members. The RCP welcomes assistance in finding authors for entries. If you see a name which has only a minimal entry, please contact us if you think you can help
Messenger Monsey, 1693-1788
Monsey left Pembroke College, Cambridge in 1714 with a Bachelor of Arts degree and studied medicine in Norwich for several years, becoming an extra licentiate of the RCP in 1723. He was originally a country doctor and would have stayed that way. But the grandson of the Duke of Marlborough had an attack of apoplexy on his way to Newmarket and Monsey treated him so successfully that his new patron persuaded him to move to London and practice there.
He became the physician to Chelsea Hospital and had a host of famous patients with whom he had a reputation for plain speaking. Monsey never became a fellow but remained an extra licentiate (license for physicians practicing outside of London), with the respect of his patients and peers. He died, aged 93, leaving his body for dissection by the anatomist Mr Cruikshanks, as his surgeon, Mr Forster, was out of town during his last days.
If you are researching family history and your relative was a fellow, FRCP or physician, we are likely to have published a biographical entry for them. If your relative was an apothecary, GP, LMSSA, LRCP(since 1825), MRCP, MRCS or surgeon, we are unlikely to have an entry on them. (For more information on abbreviations, see the common abbreviation glossary below) But we may hold other resources, such as papers or correspondence in the archive collections.
Portrait of Messenger Monsey


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A tribute to Arthur Eric Rowton Gill
Rowton Sans FY digs its roots in Eric Gill's views on typography in his book "An essay on Typography". This typeface has the very British feel of the 20th century. Taking as inspiration the calligraphic illustrations of the book, Julien Priez, Hugo Dumont, Jérémie Hornus, and Alisa Nowak, shaped up a new design. This sans-serif is tuned for text setting (with small capitals) but can also be efficient at larger sizes, specially with its lighter weights, and does a perfect job for signage or logos.
Rowton Sans FY has six weights (from Hairline to Bold), with gently sloped italics companions that have details of cursive handwriting. ExtraBold and Black weights are also part of the project and will be released later.
Taking the same source of inspiration a stencil display typeface for bold and bespoke titling is also in the making.
Rowton Sans FY was co-created by Julien Priez, Hugo Dumont, Jérémie Hornus & Alisa Nowak
on co-create.fontyou.com, the first collaborative type foundry.


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Leo Sayer
Top SongsSee All
Thunder in My Heart Again (Miami Calling) [feat. Leo Sayer]Meck 1996
You Make Me Feel Like DancingEndless Journey – The Essential Leo Sayer 1976
When I Need YouEndless Journey – The Essential Leo Sayer 1977
AlbumsSee All
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Singles & EPsSee All
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Appears OnSee All
About Leo Sayer
Leo Sayer (born Gerard Sayer) had a string of highly polished mainstream pop hits in the late '70s. Sayer began his musical career as the leader of the London-based Terraplane Blues Band in the late '60s. He formed Patches with drummer Dave Courtney in 1971; Courtney used to play with British pop star Adam Faith. Faith was beginning a management career in the early '70s, so Courtney brought Patches to his former employer in hopes of securing a contract. Patches failed to impress Faith, yet he liked Sayer and chose to promote him as a solo artist. Sayer began recording some solo material written with David Courtney at Roger Daltrey's studio; the Who's lead singer liked the Sayer/Courtney originals enough to record a handful himself, including the hit "Giving It All Away." Sayer's debut single, "Why Is Everybody Going Home," failed to make any impact, yet 1973's "The Show Must Go On" hit number one in the U.K.; a cover by Three Dog Night stopped Sayer's version from charting in the U.S. The following year he released his first album, Silver Bird.
Silver Bird was followed quickly by Just a Boy, which included two more British hit singles, "One Man Band" and "Long Tall Glasses (I Can Dance)"; "Long Tall Glasses" managed to break Sayer into the American Top Ten in early 1975. Sayer's working relationship with Courtney was severed during the recording of his third album, Another Year (1975). The following year, he released Endless Flight, which was co-written with former Supertramp member Frank Furrell; featuring the number one singles "You Make Me Feel like Dancing" and "When I Need You," the record became his biggest hit in both the U.S. and the U.K., selling over a million copies in America. Following Endless Flight, Sayer became a fixture in the American Top 40, yet his hits began to dry up in England.
Sayer began the '80s with the American number two hit, "More Than I Can Say," yet it was his last big single in the U.S. His last chart entry in America was the early 1981 hit "Living in a Fantasy"; the U.K. hits didn't stop until 1983, after "Till You Come Back to Me" scraped the charts. After laying low for the rest of the decade, he attempted a comeback in 1990 with Cool Touch, yet it fell on deaf ears. ~ Stephen Thomas Erlewine
- Shoreham-by-Sea, Sussex, England
- Pop
- 21 May 1948
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BISD's Thomas front and center at White House speech
Beaumont Independent School District Superintendent Carrol Thomas had to leave a parents luncheon early Thursday in order too make a flight that would bring him to Washington D.C. where he was a guest of the White House as it announced major changes to the current No Child Left Behind Act.
The legislation, put into place during the George Bush administration, will now be changed to allow school districts across the country to opt-out of certain aspects if school district develop a plan to help low-performing schools.
"The president is right on target in what school districts across America need," Thomas said in a press release sent out by the school district. "More flexibility will help all of us in meeting and exceeding accountability standards. Public education here in Beaumont, throughout Texas and across our nation can do a better job of educating all children, including those who are poor, in special education programs, or with other challenges if we had flexibility in NCLB (No Child Left Behind). While Beaumont is doing well on most fronts, many school districts with similar student populations such as 70 percent or higher of economically disadvantaged students can't say the same. However, just think, in Beaumont, if 95 percent of our students or our schools achieve at the top levels, as NCLB is now, we could be punished for what the five percent is doing instead of being rewarded for what the 95 percent achieved. Moving to a less punitive accountability program to one that helps us to be more diagnostic and individually prescriptive for students will help us in truly leaving no child behind and at the same time continue the improvements in academic achievement of all students."
President Obama told the crowd and those listening in that he needed to take action because Congress couldn't reach an agreement or get changes to the law passed.
"Congress hasn't been able to do it. So I will," Obama said during the press conference.
No Child Left Behind has been a thorn in the side of many school district's since its passage in 2001 and the changes being made are seen as a positive move by some. But there has been some criticism from congressional members, who said they were the only ones who could change the Act and doing so undermines Congressional authority.


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User talk:Jenny Levine
From NationalLibraryAgenda
Revision as of 12:24, 6 December 2006 by Jenny Levine (Talk | contribs)
Hi Jenny! EdwardVielmetti 21:41, 13 November 2006 (CST)
Hi, Ed!
I should have known you'd get in here so quickly! Good to see you :-) Jenny Levine 08:34, 15 November 2006 (CST)
Jenny - is there a delicious or flickr tag we're using for this event? I have some bookmarks to bring with me & want to be sure there's some common ground.
(suggest something like nla?)
- How about if we use nla2006 since they might hold another one someday? Amazingly, that doesn't seem to be taken in delicious, flickr, or technorati! Let me know if you add the wiki as a bookmark, as I'll do it if you don't. Thanks!


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Home | About Shari | Shari's Blog | Contact Me
Cruise Holidays Land and Sea
firstname.lastname@example.com | (919) 747-9996
Whether you're an introvert, extrovert, adrenaline seeker or laid-back observer, the vacations you take are usually closely aligned with your personality. When it comes to cruise vacations, sometimes determining what kind of cruise ship is best for you can be confusing. At one end of the spectrum are the sleek mega-liners, at the other, the small vessels, but which will best match your personality?
If you like the festivity of being among plenty of people and fast-paced entertainment, you'll find it aboard one of the 12-15 story mega-liner behemoths. Multiple pool areas, kid and teen venues, energizing activities from surf-simulators to nightclubs, and expansive dining options, are all designed to keep two to three thousand passengers buzzing well into the evening. Group activities cover a wide spectrum of interests, including culinary and athletic classes, games, to pool-side activities. Attire is usually relaxed, and depending on cruise line, evening wear stretches from casual to formal.
Catering to roughly 100 to 500 passengers, smaller ships can glide into more quaint and unique ports around the world resulting in experiences not attainable by those aboard the big ships. But the difference doesn't end there.
Smaller ships usually offer enhanced ambiance such as meals on fine china, entertainment by classical musicians and upgraded stateroom amenities. Notable guest speakers, frequently experts in culinary, cultural or nature-related subjects of the region, will leave you with a heightened appreciation for the cities you'll be visiting. Dress codes are often country-club casual by day, elegant by night.
To add another figure into the equation, there are also mid-sized liners which are a variation between big and small, however attitude and service generally side with the smaller ship approach.
A cruise vacation should compliment your personality, but with so many options out there, there's no better resource than Shari Marsh to help translate a cruise line's personality with yours.


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10 Things to Know for Tuesday
Photo: AP
Army Pfc. Bradley Manning, center, is escorted to a security vehicle outside of a courthouse in Fort Meade, Md., Monday, July 29, 2013, after the third day of deliberations in his court martial. Manning faces charges including aiding the enemy, espionage, computer fraud and theft for admittedly sending hundreds of thousands of classified documents and some battlefield video to the anti-secrecy website WikiLeaks while working as an intelligence analyst in Iraq. (AP Photo/Patrick Semansky)


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The Ultimate in Health Massage and Pain Relief - Smooth lymphatic flow - Tighter skin to relieve lines - Relaxed muscles, relieve tension and pain - Promote circulation and reduce swelling
Comfortable compression pants that reduce fatigue and strain on the Quads, hamstrings, calf, ankles and lower back.
Comfortable compression pants that reduce fatigue and strain on the quads, hamstrings and lower back.
Limited Supply of Authentic MLB Tornado Necklaces. Why risk buying off offshore websites or pay for international shipping?
Phiten Warm Up Blanket for racing is impregnated with Aqua Titanium to help relieve stress and tension and improve muscle-tendon function
Delivery time 3-4 weeks
High-powered X30 Tape is impregnated with AquaTitanium at 30 times concentration supporting superior performance and pain relief
Extra strong Power Tape Discs to help relieve tension and pain in joints and muscle. You can leave on for several days
PHITEN METAX LOTION - All in one lotion for muscles, joints and all over body and skin care, with Gold, Palladium, Magnesium and Tourmaline. Simply apply and immediately feel the benefit!!
A must for anyone who experiences muscular aches and joint pain. Use daily as required or after vigorous exercise to help improve recovery time.
Our ultimate Sports and Health Bracelet combining attractive design with Phiten X50 Aqua Titan technology. Supports the optimum operation of the muscle tendon in the forearm which can help relieve tension and pain and boost the flow of body fluids in surrounding area.
A more powerful way to target pain!
Our most powerful tape supporting immediate benefit, intensive care and enhanced mobility.


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You can distribute your Android apps to Google Chrome OS devices, such as Chromebooks, through Google Play Store. The following pages teach you how to build, optimize, and distribute Android apps for Chrome OS devices.
Watch this video for more information about how to bring your Android apps to Chrome OS devices.
- Start building apps for Chrome OS
- Optimize apps for Chrome OS
- Screen size compatibility for Chromebooks
- App manifest compatibility for Chromebooks
- Load apps on Chromebooks
- Chrome OS device support for apps
- App rendering differences on Chromebooks
- Window management
- Input compatibility for Chromebooks
- Preview Android Studio on Chromebooks
- Preview virtual Chrome OS devices on the Android Emulator
- Test cases for Android apps on Chrome OS


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About us
ITALIAN EXHIBITION GROUP (IEG) is the Joint-Stock Company created on 1 November 2016 through the merger of Rimini Fiera and Fiera di Vicenza Spa, two outstanding businesses in the Italian trade fair sector, which in more than 60 years of activity have proved capable of making their exhibitions points of reference in major sectors of production, many of which leaders at an international level.
IEG is the leader in Italy in terms of exhibitions organised directly, with 61 products in its portfolio (90% owned) and 160 events/conferences.
The Group also operates as national leader in the conference-congress segment, with two locations in Rimini (Palacongressi) and Vicenza (Vicenza Convention Centre) in strategic areas for the Italian economy.
The exhibitions concern major Italian sectors of production, such as: Food & Beverage, Green, Technology, Entertainment, Tourism, Transport, Wellness, Jewellery and Fashion, Lifestyle & Innovation.
The aim of the Company is to be a hub for the country's most representative industrial sectors and promote them internationally, in the role of ambassador for the Beautiful and Well Made in Italy worldwide.
To this end, IEG makes a priority asset of internationalisation, attracting foreign buyers and exhibitors to Italy and developing business in strategic foreign markets.
IEG acts a driver in the economic development of Italy, supporting the process of internationalising companies and providing a successful example of coordinating resources to relaunch Italian industry internationally.
A development plan is in action to optimise use of the two exhibition centres in Rimini and Vicenza, already top-flight international Business Centres, featuring modern infrastructure, technologically advanced and with a refined aesthetic standard.
Investments also concern the portfolio of products, with growth in external lines.


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Program outline
This inspiring introduction to the rudiments of Karate is an ideal energiser, a short cardiovascular work out that's been tailored specifically for corporate audiences. Karate improves general well being whilst encouraging assertiveness and self-confidence. The We Can Do workout activates the senses helping to improve focus and concentration; it's the perfect tonic to keep delegates on their toes!
Under the careful guidance of the facilitator, your group will learn kihon - the basic techniques of Karate, and key to mastering one's attitude and mindset.
The introduction includes a unique breathing exercise to get mind and body in sync. This is followed by series of stretches to release stress and help flexibility, all useful self help tools that participants can take back to their desks.
From here on participants are taught easy stances and hand movement – a form of self-preparation. These kihon moves emphasise the importance staying focused, agile whilst enjoying the impact of unified performance.
Cool down
The activity concludes with a brief meditation, bringing the heart rate down leaving participants refreshed and ready for the session ahead.
Learning and development outcomes
With the help of breathing techniques, physical forms and mental exercises, We Can Do helps participants to improve their focus, energise their bodies and shake off the stresses and distractions of the day. We Can Do is ideal for any age group and almost any group size. Unique, uplifting and memorable kick-off (or interruption) to your conference day!


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Sign In / Sign Out
Navigation for Entire University
- ASU Home
- My ASU
- Colleges and Schools
- Map and Locations
- Directory
All documents linked below are in PDF format. In order to view them you will need Adobe's free Acrobat Viewer.
London's transport system is unable to keep up with demands and other transport options such as cycles are necessary. Crime data reveals 23,317 cycles were reported stolen during 2009/10. Analysis identified a number of contributory factors including failure to lock bikes, poor records of ownership, easy resale via websites. In partnership with London's policing agencies formed a Cycle Taskforce (CTF), made up of 30 officers dedicated to tacking the theft problem. A situational crime prevention approach included target hardening bikes against potential theft, increasing risks to offenders and enforcement at theft hotspots. In 2010/11, following months of targeted activity, there were 22,064 reported cycle thefts resulting in a decrease of 5.4% (1253 fewer offences) than the previous year. Efforts to properly mark 13,000 bikes and positive media stories are believed to have contributed to the reduction as well.
Following several youth murders in 2008 in the district of Enfield, three of which were arguably gang-related, widespread media attention drew inferences with a burgeoning gang culture locally. Over 50% of residents identified weapon and gang crime as a local priority. This was coupled with a 12% increase in serious youth violence. Early enforcement to target gangs had little impact on their longevity whilst there was also difficulty in disaggregating individual offences from those carried out collectively due to an overuse of "gang related". Analysis revealed that criminality levels varied significantly and therefore we began to focus on prominent individuals, locally defined and selected, rather than collectives. Information from multiple agencies was made available through enhanced information sharing procedures. Furthermore, responsibility for the management of offenders was shared across suitable agencies, as oppose to law enforcement alone. Supplementary works such as raising awareness and understanding, delivering prevention programmes and interventions were also coordinated through a multi-agency working group named the 'Gangs Action Group'. The group manages locally defined and identified gang members or affiliates deemed as high-risk. Offences committed by the top 15 nominals decreased by 44% in 2010.
Between 2009 and 2010, the City of Alexandria experienced a dramatic 214% increase in moped larcenies primarily in an area of the city where residents rely heavily on mopeds as their main source of transportation. In 2010, Officers Matthew Kramarik and Nicholas Ruggiero adopted the departments Strategic Response System (SRS) to combat moped thefts. Using data provided by the crime analysis unit to pinpoint specific trends and other factors associated with moped thefts, a comprehensive response to the problem including target hardening and registration was implemented. Significant reductions in moped thefts resulted from these efforts.
In town and gown communities, shifting composition of neighborhoods from full-time homeowner residents to part-time student renters can be a recipe for cross-cultural conflict and tension, particularly with noise and disturbances from loud parties late at night. Late night noise adversely affects the quality of life in neighborhoods, reduces property values, and makes neighborhoods less appealing places to live. Because traditional enforcement efforts to curb noisy gatherings resulted in no significant improvements, and because students felt they were being treated unfairly, the police became trapped between conflicting community expectations regarding enforcement policies. Exercising the SARA model of problem solving, police gained a new understanding of neighborhood dynamics, redesigned their response to noise complaints, and decreased enforcement efforts while significantly reducing the number of complaints regarding loud noise in neighborhoods.
Bar Safe is a program designed to teach Liquor Permit holders how to better manage their environment to reduce incidents of assault and disorder by utilizing CPTED, Situational Crime Prevention, and other Problem Oriented Policing strategies. A task force was created and responses included inter-agency coordination and streamlining of inspection protocols, review of city and state ordinances to clarify regulations, regular meetings with community stakeholders to address concerns, site inspections and enforcement of violations and meetings with nightclub staff regarding security training and other operational issues. Operation Safe Clubs resulted in a decrease in crimes related to nightlife economy, marked decrease in resident sound and disturbance complaints, and increased quality of life for residents and patrons alike.
In Enfield during 2008/09 there was an increase of 24% in domestic burglary. The district had the highest volume of all London districts (1 in 20 offences) and had the 8th highest rate of offending nationally. Analysis revealed that a small number of neighborhoods had suffered enduringly high levels of offending for many years almost 1 in 5 offences occurred in just 4.6% of the districts geographical area. Exploiting a good level of information on geography of offending, and most prevalent targets, a response was designed to control access (in areas of rear entry offending aided by alleyways) and to harden targets (by offering locksmith and home security services). Work was exclusive to long term persistent hotspots. Over 3,000 households were targeted for intervention (2.5% of district housing stock) whilst 88 alleyway gating schemes were implemented. There was a 29% reduction in the intervention area throughout 2010. The change in level of offending within this area contributed to over 40% of the districts overall burglary reduction in 2009/10 and over 70% in 2010/11. A total of 231k was allocated to the scheme whilst money saved from reduced burglary within the intervention area currently equates to 934k.
Belmont High School is located in an urban area in the City of Dayton. The school is 85% economically disadvantaged, 20% limited English proficient (12 languages) and 28.1% students with disabilities. For the past 10 years, it was the number one violent crime location in the city and diminished Dayton PD's capacity to answer calls for service in other areas of the district. Negative network and print media coverage highlighted problems. As a result, the Dayton Police Department created a partnership with Dayton Public Schools and the Montgomery County Juvenile Court to focus on high-rate offenders. Police worked in collaboration with Belmont High School staff and as a result of their efforts reduced crimes significantly at the school and surrounding neighborhoods. Neither extra staffing nor overtime was utilized by the Dayton Police Department for this project.


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Clinical Rehabilitation and Mental Health Counseling
Certifications and Licensure
Students who graduate from our program are eligible to become a Certified Rehabilitation Counselor (CRC) by passing the National Certified Rehabilitation Counseling Exam. Today, there are more than 35,000 Certified Rehabilitation Counselors practicing in the US, and employers look for this certification to insure a quality rehabilitation-counseling workforce. Students are encouraged to take the CRC exam immediately upon graduation. Information about the CRC application process can be found at the Commission on Rehabilitation Counselor Certification (CRCC) website located at http://www.crccertification.com/.
Our students are also eligible to become Licensed Professional Clinical Counselors and Licensed Mental Health Counselors depending on state of practice. Our fully online curriculum is designed to provide all rehabilitation and mental health counseling students with the opportunity to take the courses needed to be able to accrue post-graduate hours towards LPCC or LMHC, as well as the required exams.
Resources and Professional Organizations:
American Rehabilitation Counseling Association
National Rehabilitation Association
National Rehabilitation Counseling Association
National Council for Rehabilitation Educators
Careers in Vocational Rehabilitation
National Clearing House for Rehabilitation Training Material
World Institute on Disability
National Council on Disability
Rehabilitation Services Administration


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Children and the Law: The Essential Readings
Children and the Law: The Essential Readings
ISBN: 978-0-631-22683-3 August 2001 Wiley-Blackwell 448 Pages
Download Product Flyer
Table of contents
Part I: Child Victimization:.
1. Victimization of Children: David Finkelhor and Jennifer Dzuiba-Leatherman.
2. Impact of Sexual Abuse on Children: A Review and Sysnthesis of Recent Empirical Studies: Kathleen A. Kendall-Tachett, Linda Meyer Williams and David Finkelhor.
3. Community-Level Factors and Child Maltreatment Rates: Beth Paterson..
Part II: Reliability of Children's Accounts:.
4. Reliability and Credibility of Young Children's Reports: From Research to Polity and Practice: Maggie Bruck, Stephen J. Ceci and Helene Hembrooke.
5. Emotion and Memory: Children's Long-Term Remembering, Forgetting and Suggestibility: Jodi A. Quas, Ggail S. Goodman, Ssue Bidrose, Margaret-Ellen Pipe, Susan Craw and Deborah S. Ablin.
6. Assessing the Accuracy of Young Children's Reports: Debra Poole and D. Stephen Lindsay.
7. Eyewitness Identification Accuracy of Children: A Summary: Joanna D. Pozzulo and Rod Lindsay..
Part III: Truth and Lies:.
8. Breaking the Mould: A Fresh Look at Children's Understanding of Questions about Lies and Mistakes: Michael Siegal and Candida C. Peterson.
9. Discussing Truth and Lies in Interviews with Children: Whether, Why, and How?: Mary Lyn Huffman, Amye R. Warren and Susan M. Larson..
Part IV: Children and the Legal System:.
10. Face-to-Face Confrontation: Effects of Closed-Circuit Technology on Children's Eyewitness Testimony and Jurors' Decisions: Gail S. Goodman, Ann E. Tobey, Jennifer M. Batterman-Faunce, Holly Orcutt, Sherry Thomas, Cheryl Shapiro and Toby Sachsenmaier.
11. When Lawyers Question Children: Is Justice Served?: Nancy W. Perry, Bradley D. McAuliff, Paulette Tam, Linda Claycomb, Colleen Dostal and Cameron Flanagan..
Part V: Children as Perpetrators:.
12. The Development of Male Offending: Key Findings from the First Decade of the Pittsburgh Youth Study: Rolf Leober, DavidP. Farrington, Magda Stouthamer-Loeber, Terrie E. Moffitt and Avshalom Caspi.
13. Child and Adolescent Sex Abuse Perpetrators: A Review of the Research Literature: Eileen Vizared, Elizabeth Monck and Peter Misch.
Children and the Law: The Essential Readings is edited by Ray Bull, one of the United Kingdom's foremost and pioneering forensic psychologists. This book offers a thought provoking collection of papers to illustrate the difficulties and misunderstandings that can easily arise when children's lives and experiences collide with the requirements of the law. The five parts of the book cover the victimization of children, child witnesses' reliability and credibility, children's understanding of deception, their performance in the legal system, and their position as perpetrators of crimes. Children and the Law contains an outstanding collection of original papers and summary articles by internationally recognised contributors which will challenge students and researchers in both law and the social sciences to consider their own perspectives and methodologies. Those left eager for more are given suggested further readings and reflections by the editor rooted in his personal experiences. Helen Westcott, Open University
"An ideal teaching and study resource. The papers should be of value to anyone who wants to learn more about children and the courts; practising professionals and laypersons alike. It goes without saying that the volume would be of value to students of psychology, child welfare, and law." Bob Duckett, Reference Reviews, Vol 16, 2002
"An enlightening read and one to be commended." Peggy Ray, Family Law, March 2002.
- Brings together key papers on child development and the law.
- Helps readers understand how to assist children to give truthful accounts.
- Examines how children can best be accommodated in our legal systems.
- Makes the link between child victimisation and children who go on to commit crime.


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The snack maker, which was recently acquired by German firm Intersnack, has shortlisted a number of agencies for the PR work as part of a wider review of its marketing activity.
There is no incumbent consumer PR agency for the brands.
KP Snacks is also reviewing its digital and advertising accounts, and is expected to spend in excess of £10m on brand marketing in the year ahead, according to Campaign.
A KP Snacks spokesperson said the firm is open to PR agencies pitching for digital aspects of the brief, commenting: 'Our view is that "digital" is not a silo, but a thread that runs through pretty much all aspects of marketing communications. Therefore, we would be surprised if the PR proposals did not include digital elements.'
Intersnack, the maker of Pom-Bear and Penn State pretzels, snapped up KP Snacks' business from United Biscuits at the end of 2012 in a deal reported to be worth more than £500m.


text: Feb 26, 2009 · i have extensive knowledge on trailer light hookups, trans coolers, and brake controllers. any questions will be answered to the best of my knowledge. just letting people know out there because everyone runs into these problems and sometimes you pull your hair out trying to fix it.. Sparky said. Hi Dave, First turn your ignition switch on and place your hand on the blower motor. Next turn your a/c on with the fan switch adjusted to low blower check to see if you can feel the blower motor turning. If you can adjust the speed up slowly and see if you can feel and increase in the blower speed.. Description Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. (Volkswagen) is recalling certain model year 2009-2011 Tiguan vehicles manufactured July 2007 through June 2011. Due to a problem with the fuse for. mid 90s grand am seats fit well with little modification. all we had to do was redrill the mounting holes and use stock corvair slides. my dad bought a pair of power/heated leather seats out of a 07 pontiac G6 we will soon be mounting.. Car Talk from NPR. Car advice, tips, troubleshooting, and answers to your car questions. Find a mechanic, hear past shows, play the puzzler, join our discussion boards, and learn safe driving tips.. Auto Parts and Repairs Questions including "How do you take a halfshaft off a 1995 Integra" and "Why does the floor on the passenger side get wet when it rains". The DENALI D4 2.0 TriOptic™ LED light kit with DataDim technology is among the most powerful auxiliary lights on the market, thanks to a stingingly strong quartet of LEDs that help you identify trouble as far as 800ft down the road yet still shines brightly to the edges of the road and beyond.. All you need to do is open up your hood. Then on the left sideshould be your air intake. Take off the cover and there should besome clips around the outside of the box that you unclip.. Started January 1, 2017. The link to the previous forum is Forum 2016 MTFCA Home Classifieds Forum 2018 Posts should be related to the Model T. Post for the. So, you want to be a Hooligan Racer? (many asked me how to become one) or you just want to look like one? Jason Paul Michael from Standard Motorcycle Co. in Orlando. asked for some advice to Roland sands and built his own kit to turn his Triumph Street Twin in an Hooligan tracker. "Yeah Breh, go fast, turn left and count to three.. Description General Motors LLC (GM) is recalling certain model year 2015 Chevrolet Silverado HD, and GMC Sierra HD vehicles manufactured February 11, 2014, through February 19, 2014, and equipped. Since 1986, Mattel replaced the 6-Pack with the 5-Pack or 4-Pack. Notice the spelling change. This page is dedicated to the 5-Pack. Notes: Cars the same as 1986 may have tampo or color variations.. What would cause the mass air flow sensor constantly put out low input - Ok so just put in a brand new mass air flow sensor and it still coding out po1. INDEX to All Tech Items On This Site The links below expand into over 3000 pages on site, plus hundreds of off site links, with picture tours of many of the special operations. If you would like to see additional tech information on this site, let me know..