text:
The Grimm Forest
Can you outwit your friends and build three houses before anyone else? Seek help from legendary fairy tale characters and avoid the cunning creatures that lurk in the forest to become the greatest builder in the land!
In The Grimm Forest, you are a niece or nephew of one of the 3 Little Pigs of legendary fame, competing to build a set of three houses quickly out of Straw, Wood, or Brick. Players make secret plans to travel to parts of the Grimm Forest to gather limited amounts of resources that are available there.
The Game is played over multiple rounds, split between two main phases : Gather and Build.
During the Gather Phase, you will move to one of the Gather Locations; there you will gather resources to use in your house-building efforts.
If more than one Pig goes to the same location, you must share the resources found there, but if you end up alone, you get all the resources from that site.
Players may choose to secretly play up to one Fable Card from their hand. By accurately deducing the actions of other players the correct Fable Card can be played to enhance the number of resources gathered by you or slow the process of building for others. At different points during the game, allies come out of the Grimm Forest to help players meet their goal through the Friend Cards, which grant them powerful, permanent abilities.
Once everyone has selected the cards they want to play, the cards are revealed and the Pigs are placed on their chosen Location. Fable Cards are then played one by one following the order of activation.
Once all cards have been played, players take or share their resources and place them on their Player Board, ready to be used in the Build Phase of the round.
The first player to build three complete houses wins!
2-Player Play through with Tim Eisner and Late Night Tabletop
We pre-pack The Grimm Forest in a robust mailer box at the factory, and use quality fulfillment companies in each region to keep shipping costs as low as possible! We are subsidizing shipping in the core pledge tier, and backers in some regions will need to pay additional fees as follows:
- Australia/Canada/European Union + $10 USD
- Rest of the World + $20 USD
- We love the journey and what you as a backer bring to a project. Your feedback shapes the project and makes it better than it would have been without it.
- With the support of stretch goal funding, we are able to make a game that has additional content like more Friends, Fables, miniatures, and art! We have some big plans for stretch goals that we would most definitely not be able to pull off without support and pre-funding.
- Early access - Backers will be the first to get their games! It will not be in retail until backer copies have been delivered. (This statement excludes conventions. If we are able to air freight copies for promotional purposes, we will do so.)
- Still want to wait for retail? That's okay too! Please support your FLGS (friendly local gaming store)! We love our retail partners! They are the backbone of this industry!
Risks and challenges
This is not our first Kickstarter here at Druid City Games. We have done our homework, we have vetted many vendors and fulfillment services. We have our manufacturer selected and are already prepping for a successful campaign so that we can deliver to you on time.
We strive to give our customers the very best experience possible and we will do nothing to compromise that trust. We hope you will support our project with confidence! We need your support!
Thank you,
Team Druid City
Funding period
- (24 days)


text:
Although newborns usually have no visible teeth, most have at least a partially developed set of primary, or baby, teeth that begin to appear generally about six months after birth. During the first few years of life, all 20 of the primary teeth will erupt through the gums. Most children have their full set of primary teeth in place by age three.
Teething: Eruption Symptoms
As their teeth erupt, some babies may become fussy, sleepless and irritable, lose their appetite or drool more than usual. Diarrhea, rashes and a fever are not normal for a teething baby. If your infant has a fever or diarrhea while teething or continues to be cranky and uncomfortable, call your physician.
As a tooth erupts an eruption cyst may develop. The tooth will eventually rupture this watery sac as it pushes through the gums. Eruption cysts are usually harmless and should be left alone.
Some babies may have sore or tender gums when teeth begin to erupt. Gently rubbing your child's gum with a clean finger, a small, cool spoon or a wet gauze pad can be soothing. A clean teething ring for your child to chew on may also help. Your dentist or pediatrician may recommend a pacifier, teething ring or a special "numbing" salve for the gums.
When the teeth begin to erupt, brush them with a soft-bristled toothbrush and a little bit of water to prevent tooth decay. Toothpaste is not recommended until a child reaches age two. At that time, supervise brushing to ensure that your child does not swallow the toothpaste.
After your child's first tooth appears, but no later than the first birthday, begin regular dental check-ups for "smile" insurance.© 2018 American Dental Association. All rights reserved. Reproduction or republication is strictly prohibited without the prior written permission from the American Dental Association.

subset: commoncrawl


text: For those of you who have met me (or figured out my caching name) I'm a huge Jimmy Buffett fan and I am going down to see both shows in Mass next week. (Weather be damned). We are heading down with Suitedpair and we have a day off in the middle. We were thinking of caching the Cape. Does anyone have any suggestions for that area? Being from Rumford originally, I have to admit that I have never been there. Germany? Check. Turkey? Check. Japan? Check. Cape Cod, not yet. :eek:


text:
What happens when learning is connected to the Internet?
With the world's knowledge one Internet connection away, students will be active designers of their learning experiences. The new generation will grow up empowered by public educational networks and a multidevice mobile world. The deep, rapid and constant change in technology will transform the way we teach and learn.


text:
Game 1, UMBC vs. Eastern (Pa.) Game Notes
America East Game Notes
BALTIMORE – UMBC women's basketball jump starts the 2013-14 campaign in the first of two UMBC basketball games at the RAC Arena on Monday, Nov. 11. The Retriever women open the night with a 5 p.m. matchup against Eastern (Pa.), followed by the black and gold's men team taking on the Eagles' men's team at 7:30 p.m. inside the RAC Arena. All the live action can be seen on UMBCRetrievers.tv courtesy of the America East digital network.
SCOUTING THE RETRIEVERS: Head coach Phil Stern enters his 12th season at the helm of the Retrievers' program, after leading UMBC to its second highest seeding in the America East Championship a year ago. The Retrievers' leader enters the season 13 victories away from becoming the program's all-time winningest coach, a mark Sue Furnary captured while coaching the black and gold from 1980-1993 and posting a 152-193 record.
The Retrievers own the youngest roster in the America East, as the squad features nine newcomers, while returning one senior and trio of sophomores. UMBC returns eight percent of its scoring from a year ago and have a combined 21 Division I starts, all coming from senior captain Dana Lewis. Lewis averaged career-bests in points (3.0) and rebounds (4.0) a season ago, despite battling injuries. Lewis, who tallied a career-best three blocks after returning from injury to play 14 minutes in the AEC quarterfinal contest, led the team in shooting percentage (.455) in 2012-13. Also returning to the Retrievers' lineup are sophomores Bridget O'Donnell, Liz McNaughton and Katrina Hutzell. The trio each averaged under 10 minutes per game in their rookie campaign a season ago. McNaughton averaged 2.1 rebounds and 1.8 points in her 16 appearances.
UMBC was picked to finish seventh in the America East Coaches' Preseason poll, its lowest preseason pick since voted ninth prior to the 2005-06 season. Albany (64) was unanimously selected as the league favorite, receiving 64 votes after going unbeaten in America East play and winning its second-straight conference title a year ago. Hartford, who made the America East title game last year, came in 10 votes shy of the Great Danes. Stony Brook welcomes back a pair of starters to enjoy its highest selection since 2006-07 with a No. 3 ranking. Standing at a close fourth with 46 points and one first-place vote is New Hampshire. Vermont (30), Maine (27), UMBC (24) and Binghamton (23) all came within seven votes of each other, while newcomer UMass Lowell rounded out the poll in the ninth spot with eight votes.
SCOUTING THE EAGLES: Eastern's fourth-year head coach Nate Davis returns four of his five starters from a year ago. Last year's squad posted a 10-16 overall record, including a 6-8 mark in conference play to finish fourth in the Freedom Conference. Eastern advanced to the league semifinals, before falling to top-seeded FDU-Florham, 67-52. The Eagles return Freedom Conference First Team selection Meghan Nowak for her junior campaign, after leading the squad in scoring and rebounding a year ago. Nowak finished second in the league in rebounding, fifth in scoring and eighth in blocked shots.
INSIDE THE SERIES: UMBC welcomes Eastern to the RAC Arena for the second straight season. The Eagles traveled to the RAC Arena for the first time in program history last season, falling to the Retrievers, 78-40.
LAST TIME OUT AGAINST THE EAGLES:UMBC had three players finish in double-figures, including a game-high 16 points off the bench from Bria White. The Retrievers shot 40.7 percent from the floor and held a 38-2 advantage in points in the paint. The Eagles connected on 10-of-22 (.455) three-point attempts, but were able to score just four two-point field goals in the contest.
ON THE HORIZON FOR THE RETRIEVERS: The Retrievers continue on with a busy first week of the season, traveling to local-rival Coppin State on Wednesday, Nov. 13, followed by a home contest against UMES on Saturday, Nov. 16. Three of UMBC's first four games of the season are played on its home court, but the Retrievers finish out the month with four consecutive games away from the RAC Arena, including a pair of games in the Navy Classic on Nov. 29 and 30.


text:
Gabriela Artigas Compass Bracelet - Rose Gold
No longer available
Gabriela Artigas Compass Bracelet in 14K Rose Gold.
14k Rose Gold Bracelet
Chain Including Compass Charm 6.5" Long
Please see our comprehensive jewellery sizing guide (PDF) — opens in new window.
Note these measurements are not exact and for guidelines only. For exact sizes please contact firstname.lastname@example.com
Read more about measurements and sizes in our Size Guide
Returned items that have been subject to a free shipping offer and are being returned for a monetary refund (not exchanged for goods or a credit note) will have our delivery cost deducted from the amount refunded.
Read more about shipping and returns in our Shopping Guide, Terms & Conditions and Deliveries & Returns
If you have questions you can email us directly at email@example.com


text:
Now you're probably thinking this is some post about a pastor's wife learning to say no to church members who constantly ask her to do this or that. Well it's not.It's about Asher.
Now he mastered the art of saying no a loooong time ago.
But this happened last night, so I just had to blog about it.
Being the youngest preacher's kid & the fact that he is absolutely adorable, as soon as Asher gets out of the car at church, people are vying for his attention. Usually, he makes a bee line to his daddy. And after he sees him, then he begins looking for his other buddy, Jonathon. Jonathon is the teenage son of our music director and he & Asher have developed a very special friendship. Jonathon plays the guitar & since Asher loves music, it works out great! In fact, they have a routine. Jonathon will play this little diddy (can't believe I just used that word) and Asher will dance & play his air guitar. Jonathon then slaps the guitar strings to abruptly end the music & Asher will say one of two things,
"do dat tang." (In Asherian, Do that thang!)
or he will say,
"do gin Jonfin!" (Do again, Jonathon.)
In fact, because of Asher, our family now says "Jonfin" instead of Jonathon, not to his face, of course.
Last night, after Awana, I was trying to round up my kids to head home. Asher, of course was with Jonfin. I finally got all 4 of them headed out the door & when we got outside, Jonfin was behind us headed to his car. He came up behind Asher, pretending like he was going to pick him up & when Asher realized what Jonfin was doing, he firmly said,
"No Jonfin, I goin home!"
And that's when Asher learned to say no. =)
Love y'all dearly!
Thursday, September 22, 2011
Learning to say no...
Now you're probably thinking this is some post about a pastor's wife learning to say no to church members who constantly ask her to do this or that. Well it's not.It's about Asher.
Thoughts from Cheryl at 9:32 PM 1 thoughts from Y*O*U
Labels: Asher
Monday, September 19, 2011
A Whole Hand!
But because my servant Caleb has a different spirit and follows me wholeheartedly, I will bring him into the land he went to, and his descendants will inherit it. Numbers 14:24
Thoughts from Cheryl at 11:08 PM 0 thoughts from Y*O*U
Labels: caleb
Monday, September 12, 2011
That kid....
Thoughts from Cheryl at 3:59 PM 1 thoughts from Y*O*U
Labels: kids


text:
NASA finds itself at the manned space flight drawing board again, a former astronaut from Amarillo said.
"We're back where we were at the beginning of the Apollo program," said Paul Lockhart, who left the NASA program after the 2003 space shuttle Columbia tragedy and now works for a Washington, D.C.-area private contractor for the agency.
Although NASA has put its resources behind a new Orion crew capsule, the future of manned space flight lacks definition, Lockhart said.
"I think there are a lot of folks who believe they know where we're going, and they may," he said. "But there sure is a large gap between the position papers and the PowerPoint slides and reality - meaning hardware and tests and things of that nature."
NASA ended the space shuttle program in 2011, closing an era instrumental in the construction and 24/7 occupation of the International Space Station, as well as in-space research.
The agency flew 22 space shuttle missions in the time between the Columbia tragedy in 2003 and the program's closure, Johnson Space Center Public Affairs Officer Brandi Dean said.
"We had such great support from all over the country for the last three flights," Dean said. "People were really invested in it and keeping an eye on it.
"It was sad to see them go, but the shuttle accomplished all that it intended to and more."
Since the shuttle program shutdown, NASA has sent American astronauts to the space station aboard Russian spaceships, a decision disheartening to several associated with the Columbia crew.
"It would be much better if we were the leaders and not the tagalongs," said Lubbock resident Audrey McCool, the mother of astronaut William C. "Willie" McCool, who died aboard Columbia.
Orion - aptly named for the celestial hunter - is being prepared as the vehicle that will get the U.S. back to the moon, or to an asteroid or Mars, Dean said.
"The ultimate goal, everybody agrees, is definitely Mars," she said, acknowledging politics will play into the destination. "Science-wise, we can find out interesting things wherever we go."
Though Orion resembles its Apollo-era ancestors, their technologies "are light-years apart" so the new craft can support deep-space missions of as long as six months, according to NASA.
The vehicle also is capable of supporting low-Earth orbit missions, such as carrying astronauts and delivering cargo, a NASA report said.
The Orion Project Office at Johnson Space Center is leading development of the Orion crew module, as well as crew training and mock-up facilities, the report said.
Langley Research Center at Hampton, Va., and Marshall Space Flight Center at Huntsville, Ala., are working on the Orion launch abort system, which had a successful in-flight demonstration in a May 2010 flight test at the U.S. Army's White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico, according to NASA.
Orion will be assembled at Florida's Kennedy Space Center, which will handle pre-flight processing and launch operations.
NASA won't launch an unmanned Orion capsule from atop its own rocket propulsion system until 2017, Dean said.
This month, NASA announced it would partner with private company Bigelow Aerospace in a $17.8 million project to send to the International Space Station an inflatable room - a home for astronauts in space - that can be compressed into a 7-foot tube for delivery. If the module proves durable during two years on the space station, it could be used for moon and Mars missions, according to The Associated Press.
The partnership is another step toward outsourcing for NASA, which no longer enjoys the budget and public profile of its heyday, AP said.
Americans need a space goal to grasp, Lockhart said.
"We Americans love races, we love to have contests," he said. "But as soon as we've had that 50-yard dash, we want to say, 'What's next?'
"So until we actually have a clear finish line that the American public can understand and recognize, and until there is something that is going to stir the competitive juices in the American spirit, it may be a while before you find the broad-based support like you saw during the Apollo program and different parts of the shuttle program."


text:
We know wheels. We can help!
(866) 654-7467
Call 9-5 EST Mon-Fri
"Thanks Guys .... Great Price ... Wheel looks real good. I'm very pleased with our transaction.
If I need a wheel in the future you'll be my first choice!"
Wheels and Caps carries an extensive inventory of alloy & steel wheels, hubcaps and chrome trim for your Chevrolet at up to 50% off of dealer prices. In addition to late model wheels and hubcaps, we specialize in hard-to-find alloy wheels, steel wheels, hubcaps and wheel covers for older model Chevrolet's. We also have a large selection of chrome trim for your Chevrolet. Personalize your Chevrolet Monte Carlo with chrome trim adding flair and a feeling of luxury.
Wheels and Caps has one of the largest selections of Chevrolet alloy wheels in the U.S. at very low prices. Our Chevrolet wheels are available in many finishes, painted, machined, polished or chrome. Alloy wheels and rims come in a wide assortment of styles for your Chevrolet Monte Carlo. One type of alloy wheel for your Chevrolet is replica wheels. Replica wheels look like OE wheels except without the part numbers or emblems stamped into the wheel. Alloy wheels with their wide variety of styles and finishes can personalize your Chevrolet and make it truly unique. Alloy rims can give your Chevrolet a sporty, luxurious appearance. Turn your Chevrolet Monte Carlo into something that gets attention. Make a personal statement by choosing the alloy wheels that create the right look for your Chevrolet and make your Monte Carlo an extension of your personality.
Alloy wheels are generally lighter, provide superior strength and are chosen for their size and looks. Many people upgrade from Chevrolet stock wheels to alloy wheels to gain better performance and handling. Because alloy wheels are lighter than steel wheels and often stock wheels, they allow for a quicker response and better handling of your Chevrolet Monte Carlo. For the true auto enthusiast, it is all about the performance and handling and the look of their Chevrolet.
Used wheels are a great "alloy wheel deal" for your Chevrolet Monte Carlo. We have a large selection of used alloy wheels in a variety of finishes & used steel wheels for your Monte Carlo. Our Chevrolet used wheels are usually "take-off wheels" that came off of new vehicles because the owner decided to get different alloy wheels when purchasing the vehicle. These used alloy and steel wheels may have scratches or other minor imperfections but come at a substantially reduced price over new Chevrolet alloy or steel wheels. (Check with Customer Support for warranty information on used wheels and rims.)
Used wheels are a great replacement for your Chevrolet's donut spare. Donut spares are only good for a limited distance while a full-sized spare wheel is good for an indefinite period of time. Rather than having a donut spare, get a used rim for your Chevrolet and drive with confidence knowing that in the event that you have a flat, your spare will get you where you need to go.
Customer Service has comprehensive knowledge of automotive accessories and more for your Chevrolet Monte Carlo, including alloy wheels, steel wheels and chrome trim. They will be able to answer any questions you may have regarding fitment, style, availability or other inquiries regarding parts for your Chevrolet. With over 19 years of knowledge in the automotive industry, our Customer Service team will help ensure you get the right parts for your Chevrolet Monte Carlo. With warehouses located in almost every state in the U.S., we ship throughout the United States and Canada. We also offer one of the best warranties available in the industry. Please note that the used wheels and rims warranty is different than our standard warranty.
All in stock items usually ship the next business day after receiving your order. Orders received before 11 a.m. Eastern Standard Time for in stock items usually ship the same business day. Some items require additional processing that can take up to an additional two business days prior to shipment. If you have concerns as to when you will receive your order, please contact Customer Support at (866) 654-7467 or email them and they will be happy to let you know when your order is scheduled to be delivered.
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All products, companies, trademarks and registered trademarks are properties of their respective owners.
Manufacturer names, symbols, and descriptions that are included in any image or text are used exclusively for identification purposes. It is neither inferred nor implied that products listed are authorized by vehicle manufacturer or is in any way connected with any vehicle manufacturer.


text:
|Apparatus for monitoring chemical reactions and employing moving photometer means
|February, 1983
|Ginsberg et al.
|Automatic analyzing apparatus
|Orimo et al.
|Automated multiple-purpose chemical-analysis apparatus
|Automatic analytical apparatus
|Rotatable detector
|Meltzer et al.
|Sample and stat feeding system and sample tray
|Ginsberg et al.
|Automatic analysis apparatus
|Apparatus for monitoring chemical reactions and employing moving photometer means
|Ginsberg et al.
|Probe and syringe drive apparatus
|Method for measuring ion activity
|Yamamoto et al.
|Immersible probe for optical dual beam-measuring apparatus
|Reaction tube assembly for automatic analyzer
|Drive connection for conveyor roll
|Chemical analyzer
|Allington et al.
|Liquid storage device
|Duff et al.
|Automated sample changer for nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer
|Pipetting system for use in kinetic analysis apparatus and the like
|Atwood et al.
|Automatic clinical analyzer
|Johnson et al.
|Automatic test sample handling system
|Litz et al.
|Dual channel photo-optical clot detection apparatus
|Catarious et al.
|Sample cup holder
|Jones et al.
|Ritchie et al.
|Kassel et al.
|Automatic fraction-collection apparatus
This a division of application Ser. No. 139,469 filed Apr. 11, 1980, now abandoned.
cassette-like means holding a plurality of reagent bottles each containing more respective reagent of said plurality of reagents, said cassette-like means having a base member and upstanding vertical walls with a plurality of reagent containing bottles therein, said base member defining a path along which the bottles are conveyed;
means for detachably supporting said cassette-like means;
means for reciprocally moving the reagent bottles settled in the cassette-like in clockwise and counterclockwise rotation along said given path in order to index a desired reagent bottle to a reagent aspiration position;
means for aspirating into a probe a given amount of a selected reagent contained in the reagent bottle which is situated at the aspiration position and discharging the aspirated reagent into a reaction vessel.
This invention relates to an automatic analyzing apparatus for automatically effecting chemical analyses of various sample fluids such as (but not limited to): cerebrospinal fluid, blood, urine, and the like.
Automatic chemistry analyzers can be roughly divided into two broad categories: continuous flow or discrete systems. Presently the majority of analyzer models employ the discrete approach to automation.
In a discrete system, each test is carried through the analytical process in its own dedicated (discrete) container or compartment. Current discrete analyzers can be further classified into two major sub-categories; sequential and centrifugal analyzers.
In sequential testers, all tests are performed sequentially, one after another, so that at any given point in time all tests in process are in a somewhat different stage of progress. In general, sample and reagent are metered into a vessel which is fed along a given path and the test liquids in each of the vessels are treated to each aspect of the analysis (reagent addition, mixing, quantitating, etc.) in sequence.
Centrifugal analyzers are also discrete but test liquids are processed in parallel to one another. All samples in process are in the same stage of analysis at the same time. In operation, samples and reagent are pre-measured and pre-loaded into appropriate compartments arranged about the circumference of a rotor disc, whereupon it is placed on a centrifuge and rotated at a high speed past a photometer device. Centrifugal force mixes all samples with reagent at the same time and hence each of the test liquids is in the same stage of analysis at any given point in time.
The majority of analyzers, regardless of the above mentioned categories, are capable of performing more than one type of test item. There are three broad categories of methods for providing for multi-test capability.
What shall hereinafter be referred to as Random Access Testers currently require individual test packs which are pre-packaged with the appropriate reagents required to perform one test of a given test type. These test packs are loaded into the instrument system according to the analyst's needs, charged with a sample liquid, and processed in a discrete manner. Random access testers offer great convenience and flexibility but currently available embodiments have low productivities when compared with other means of providing multi-test item capability. In addition, the requirement for pre-packaged test packs makes operating costs much higher than the alternate methods.
Another means of performing a plurality of tests on each of a plurality of samples is sequentially by test-item batch. All samples are analyzed sequentially or centrifugally for a given test item. When all samples have been analyzed for a given test item, the system is changed over, or somehow modified, to perform a different test item and all appropriate samples are re-treated. When all samples have been processed for the required test items, the results of each samples' test items must be collated to allow including all of a given samples analytical results on a single report form for return to a physician, etc. Such systems are usually referred to as `single channel` systems. Single channel systems are usually considered most appropriate for treating a batch or plurality of samples, as the effort required to change-over from one test item to another is generally neither convenient nor cost-effective to treat one sample for a plurality of test items. Additionally, at any given moment in time, only one test item is available for immediate use.
Simultaneous analyzers have a plurality of analytical channels which enable a plurality of test items to be performed simultaneously on each sample. Such systems are commonly referred to as `multi channel` analyzers. Multi-channel analyzers do make more than one test item available at any given point in time, do eliminate the data collating task required of single channel analyzers and in general, do have higher productivities than single-channel analyzers by virtue of the fact that they are constructed as a plurality of single-channel analyzers combined into one device. This last feature is a drawback in that it makes the analyzer system complicated in construction, large in size, and generally, much higher in cost than single-channel discrete, continuous flow or centrifugal analyzers.
In the known analytical systems of the non-centrifugal type, photometric quantitation is carried out after some time period from the initiation of the test reaction, i.e. when the test liquid has traveled along the processing line by some given fixed distance. Therefore, the reaction time is fixed as a function of the length or circumference of the processing line, which may or may not be optimal with respect to a given test item and/or sample.
Additionally, sequntial testers have only one photometer position per channel, severely limiting the amount of photometric data which can be made available. No photometric data can be made avilable until a test liquid reaches the photometer station, typically, 8-10 (often 30) minutes from the time of mixing of sample with reagent. Once a test liquid reaches a photometer station, the amount of time which is devoted to photometric measurement essentially limits the speed of analysis of a given sequential tester, i.e. if 60 seconds is devoted to photometric quantitation, then the processing rate is limited to 60 tests per hour. This feature forces a trade-off between processing rate and photometric quantitation time especially for `kinetic` test (ex. enzyme rate tests) which require photometric measurement over long periods of time in order to provide for best accuracy and precision of analysis.
The present invention has as its object to provide for an automatic analyzing apparatus which is so constructed that the above drawbacks can be avoided while insuring consistently reliable results.
According to the invention, an apparatus for effecting automatic analysis comprises means for successively feeding reaction vessels, each containing a respective test liquid to be analyzed, along a given reaction line;
means for delivering (a) given amount(s) or (a) given reagent(s), corresponding to a test item to be measured, into a reaction vessel on the reaction line to form a test liquid;
a plurality of photometering means arranged at different measuring positions distributed along the reaction line for effecting a plurality of photometric measurements for a respective test liquid in a vessel at different time instances;
means for receiving results of said plurality of photometric measurements and selecting therefrom given quantitative analytical data of a given test item for the test liquid in a reaction vessel; and
means for discharging the test liquid out of the reaction vessel after the quantitative analysis for the given test item has been performed.
FIG. 1 is a schematic view illustrating a principal construction of an automatic analyzing apparatus according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing typical reaction state of a test liquid;
FIGS. 3 and 4 are perspective views illustrating an embodiment of the automatic analyzing apparatus of the invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic plan view showing an arrangement of various portions of the apparatus shown in FIGS. 3 and 4;
FIG. 6 is a plan view showing a photometering section of the apparatus of FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the photometering section;
FIG. 8 is a plan view showing a rotary filter unit illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7;
FIGS. 9A and 9B are graphs showing reaction curves;
FIG. 10 is a chart for explaining an operation of the apparatus according to the invention;
FIG. 11 is a perspective view showing an embodiment of a cuvette for use in the apparatus according to the invention;
FIGS. 12A and 12B are side views illustrating a manner of holding the cuvette of FIG. 11;
FIG. 13 is a plan view showing an embodiment of a reagent cassette;
FIG. 14 is a perspective view illustrating the reagent cassette;
FIG. 15 is a block diagram showing a manner of controlling a reagent feed mechanism for minimizing a total travelling distance of the reagent cassette;
FIG. 16 is a schematic view illustrating an embodiment of the cassette holder comprising separate refrigerator and room temperature portion;
FIG. 17 is a perspective view showing an embodiment of the refrigerator of FIG. 16;
FIG. 18 is a schematic view explaining a delivery operation of the reagent delivery mechanism shown in FIG. 5;
FIG. 19 is a schematic view showing an embodiment of the reagent delivery mechanism;
FIGS. 20A and 20B are a perspective view and a graph, respectively, showing an embodiment of a liquid level detector of the reagent delivery mechanism and a relation between an amount of sucked liquid and a detection output, respectively;
FIGS. 21A and 21B are a cross-sectional view and a graph showing another embodiment of the liquid level detector;
FIGS. 22A and 22B show still another embodiment of the liquid level detector;
FIG. 23 is a perspective view illustrating an embodiment of a liquid level detector for a reagent in a reagent bottle;
FIG. 24 is a perspective view showing another embodiment of the reagent level detector;
FIG. 25 is a schematic view showing an embodiment of a probe washing device;
FIG. 26 is a perspective view depicting another embodiment of the washing device;
FIGS. 27A and 27B are schematic views for explaining the operation of the washing device shown in FIG. 26;
FIG. 28 is a block diagram showing a manner of connecting the automatic analyzing apparatus according to the invention to a computer installed at a hospital;
FIG. 29 is a block diagram illustrating a manner of coupling the apparatus according to the invention with a back-up computer through a communication line;
FIG. 30 is a block diagram showing a manner of controlling or operating a plurality of the analyzing apparatuses according to the invention by means of a single controlling unit;
FIG. 31 is a flow chart showing an embodiment of a patient data system using the apparatus according to the invention;
FIG. 32 is a flow chart showing another embodiment of the patient data system;
FIG. 33 is a plan view showing a format of a patient card for use in the patient data system;
FIG. 34 is a schematic view showing an embodiment of a cuvette and liquid discharging mechanism;
FIG. 35 is a schematic view showing another embodiment of the discharging device;
FIG. 36 is a schematic view showing still another embodiment of the discharging device;
FIG. 37 is a schematic view showing another embodiment of the apparatus according to the invention;
FIG. 38 is a schematic view showing an embodiment of an ion concentration measuring device which may be installed in the apparatus according to the invention;
FIG. 39 is a schematic view showing another embodiment of the ion concentration measuring device;
FIG. 40 is a block diagram showing an embodiment of a signal processing circuit of the ion concentration measuring devices shown in FIGS. 38 and 39;
FIG. 41 is a cross section showing schematically an embodiment of a photometric section of the apparatus according to the invention, which can effect colorimetric, nephelometric and fluorometric analyses;
FIG. 42 is a cross section showing schematically another embodiment of the photometric section;
FIG. 43 is a perspective view showing an embodiment of a shutter mechanism shown in FIG. 42;
FIG. 44 is a side view illustrating an embodiment of the cuvette;
FIGS. 45A and 45B are schematic views illustrating an embodiment of the photometric section in which the transmitted, scattered and fluorescent lights are received by a single light receiving element;
FIG. 46 shows another embodiment of the photometric section;
FIG. 47 illustrates still another embodiment of the photometric section; and
FIGS. 48A and 48B are schematic views illustrating another embodiment of the photometric section in which the scattered, transmitted and fluorescent lights can be received by a single element by using cuvettes having different configurations.
FIG. 1 is a schematic view illustrating a constructional principle of the automatic analyzing apparatus according to the invention. This apparatus can be classified as a discrete system adopting a batch process and belongs to a sequential multi system in which analyses for a plurality of test items can be effected continuously in succession. Sample vessels 1 are supported on a sample feed mechanism 2 and are intermittently fed in a direction shown by an arrow A. A given amount of sample liquid, contained in the successive sample vessels 1 are aspirated by a simple delivery mechanism 3 at a given position in accordance with test items to be analyzed and the given amount of sample liquid is supplied into cuvettes 4 together with a diluent 5 as required. The cuvettes 4 are supported by a curvette feed mechanism 6 and are intermittently fed along a reaction line B in a direction shown by an arrow B at a predetermined period, such as six seconds per step. New cuvettes 4 are successively supplied to the feed mechanism 6 from a cuvette-delivery mechanism 7. The cuvette 4 having the sample liquid delivered therein is advanced by several steps and arrives at a given position at which point a reagent, dependent on the test item to be measured, is delivered in the cuvette 4 together with a diluent 9 by means of a reagent-delivery mechanism 8. Reagents to be used for measurement are contained in reagent bottes 101 -10n which are supported on a reagent feed mechanism 11 movable in a reciprocal manner as shown by a double headed arrow C. A given reagent can be drawn by the delivery mechanism 8 from the bottle which is positioned at the given delivering position. The sample liquid and reagent can be sufficiently mixed by jetting the reagent into the cuvette 4 together with the diluent at a suitable flow rate. The cuvette 4 having had reagent and sample delivered thereto travels along the reaction line B. The test liquid in the cuvette is measured by photometers 12 to 15 each comprising a light source L and a light-receiving element S provided at positions separated from each other by distances equal to multiples of a traveling step of the cuvette. In this manner the reaction state of the test liquid in the cuvette 4 can be monitored as it progresses along the reaction line.
Particularly in a measurement of enzymatic reactions, it is very imprtant to monitor the reaction over some extended period of time. That is to say, in the measurement of enzymatic reactions, it is impossible to obtain an accurate result unless a measurement is effected during the linear portion of an absorbance level-to-time characteristic curve. In FIG. 2, a typical reaction curve is shown and an absorption (O.D.) is plotted on the ordinate and time (t) measured from the addition of reagent, is plotted on the abscissa. In FIG. 2, a left-hand zone (a) represents the lag phase of reaction due to heating time of test liquid, mixing, etc., and a zone (b) denotes the linear phase in which the reaction rate measurement, i.e. kinetic reaction measurement, can be effected positively and accurately. Further a zone (c) represents an end point phase in which the reagent substrate or other given components in the test liquid have been exhausted. Measurement in the end point zone (c) results in erroneously low values when performing kinetic assays. The period of the linear phase (b) may be suitably changed by adjusting the substrate concentration, etc. and total volume of test liquid. This adjustment is effected in such a manner that the end of the lag phase (a) can be detected by the photomesters 12 to 15 (see FIG. 1) for almost all test liquids even if the test liquids have fast or slow reaction rate. Preferably the substrate concentration conditions, and total volume of test liquid are so adjusted that the variation in absorption can be observed after twelve seconds (corresponding to the position of photometer 12) from the mixing of reagent and sample for the test liquid having the slowest reaction rate and the linear phase (b) will last for one or two minutes or more for the normal test liquids. By such a measure, the lag phase of successively fed test liquids can be monitored in a substantially completed state by the photometers 12 to 14. It should be noted that the photometers 12 to 15 can monitor the linear phase (b) as well as the lag phase (a). That is to say, when the end of the lag phase is detected for a test liquid by one of the photometers 12 to 14, the measurement is effected for the relevant test liquid during the linear phase by means of a photometer which are situated beyond the above mentioned photmeter on the reaction line. After the measurement, the test liquid is discharged together with the cuvette 4.
The above mentioned sample feed mechanism 2, sample delivery mechanism 3, cuvette feed mechanism 6, reagent delivery mechanism 8, reagent feed mechanism 11 and the photometering sections can be controlled by a control device 16 including a computer on the basis of patient information introduced by an operator.
As described above, according to one aspect of the invention, the lag phase and linear phase are monitored at a number of positions on the reaction line to obtain a number of photometric data and then useful data are selectively derived from these data. By this measure it is possible to obtain the analytical data of high accuracy and reliability and thus a useful automatic analyzing apparatus having excellent and unique abilities can be realized.
Now, embodiments of the apparatus according to the invention will be explained.
FIGS. 3 and 4 are perspective views illustrating an outer appearance of the automatic analyzing apparatus according to the invention. A main body 25 includes a cover 26 hinged at the rear to provide access to internal components. In the cover 26 are formed openings 27 for dissipating heat produced by light sources of photoelectric colorimeters. A front plate 28 is secured to the main body 25 in such a manner that the front plate can be opened to provide access. A cuvette container 29 for storing waste cuvettes and a waste liquid container 30 for storing waste liquid are detachably secured to the front plate 28. A right-hand side plate 31 is hinged to the main body 25 at the bottom side and a cassette holder 32 for supporting a detachable reagent cassette for holding various reagent bottles necessary for given analyses is provided on the side plate 31. A portion for fitting the cassette holder 32 defined by the right hand side plate 31 forms a refrigerator 33.
A sample liquid feed mechanism 34 is affixed to the main body 25 at its front portion. This mechanism comprises a rotating gear-like turntable which can be detachably installed in the apparatus when the cover 26 is opened. As shown in FIG. 4, a chain may be engaged with the turntable so as to feed the sample cups held by the chain. This chain may be selectively used, depending upon the number of test bodies to be analyzed.
FIG. 5 is a schematic view illustrating an arrangement of various portions of the apparatus with the top cover 26 removed. The sample cups are fed successively by the feed mechanism 34 to a given aspiration position. The cuvettes are fed one by one by a cuvette supply mechanism 35 through a position near the sample aspiration position. A given amount of sample from the sample cup is supplied to the cuvette by a pump 36. While the cuvette is fed to a photo-metric position by a cuvette feed mechanism 37, a given amount of a suitable reagent is supplied to the cuvette from a reagent bottle 38 in the reagent cassette 32 by means of a reagent dispenser 39. A plurality of reagent bottles 38 are arranged in the cassette 32 along an endless path and any desired bottle 38 can be indexed at a position for aspirating the reagent therein by the dispenser 39. As will be explained later in detail, an ion sensor 40 is arranged along the cuvette feed mechanism 37 to measure concentrations of ions in the test liquid. At the end of the cuvette feed mechanism 37 a distributing mechanism 41 is arranged for continuously delivering successive cuvettes into right and left photometering sections 42A and 42b alternately. These photometering sections are communicated with the openings 27A and 27B, respectively formed in the cover 26. After the measurement in the sections 42A, 42B, the cuvette and its container are discharged at stations 43A and 43B.
When two photometering assembles 42 are provided even if the cuvettes are successively fed every six seconds by means of the feed mechanism 37, each test liquid can be measured for twelve seconds at each photometer position by either one of the photometering sections and thus, the time available for measurement can be increased. Further, even if one of the photometering assemblies becomes inoperative, the analyzing operation can be carried out.
Next, a detailed construction of the photometering section will be explained. As illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7 the photometering section 42 comprises a disc-shaped turntable 44 surrounding a chimney 27. A plurality of cuvettes are arranged along the periphery of the turntable 44. These cuvettes can be indexed past a number of photometering positions. The cuvette 45 is made at least partially of transparent material. A single light source 46 is arranged in the chimney 27 and a number of apertures 47 are formed in a cylindrical body defining the chimney 27 at positions corresponding to a number of photometering positions. These apertures are situated at the same vertical level as the light source 46. Around the cylinder forming the chimney 27 is rotatably arranged a drum 49 having formed a pair of slits 48 therein at the same level as the apertures 47. The drum 49 is rotated by a motor 50 at a high speed. There are further arranged a number of optical fibers 51 each having one end secured at a respective photometering position so as to receive a light emitted from the light source 46 through the aperture 47 and the slit 48 and transmitted through the cuvette 45. The other ends of these respective fibers are collected at one or two positions and are faced to photo detectors 52 comprising a photomultiplier tube or similar device. Between the collected ends of the fibers 51 and the photo detector 52 is arranged a rotary filter unit 53. As shown in FIG. 8, the rotary filter unit 53 comprises a plurality of filters λ1 to λ10 having different transmitting wavelengths and is rotated by a motor 54 to index a desired one into the light path between the distal end of the optical fibers 51 and the photomultiplier tube 52 or similar device. Output signals from the photo detectors 52 are supplied through an A/D converter 55 to a computer 56 provided in the control device 16.
In FIG. 6, it is assumed that the turntable 44 supports, for example thirty cuvettes 45 which are advanced at an interval of, for instance ten seconds, and the filter unit 53 is rotated by one revolution during these ten seconds. Then, each of the filter elements λ1 to λ10 passes through the light path reaching the photo detector 52 for about one second. During this one second, the drum 49 having formed the slits 48 therein is rotated by one turn. In this manner, absorption data for all wavelengths can be obtained at each photometering position. From these absorption data are selected desired data corresponding to a given wavelength or wavelengths which are determined by the test item, and the selected data are converted into digital values which are then stored in the computer 56. In this manner, for each test liquid in each cuvette on the turntable, the reaction data can be obtained from all photometering positions every ten seconds. Hence, absorbance data for any given test liquid in any given cuvette can be made available at any or all available wavelengths every ten seconds for as long as the cuvette and test liquid remains on the turntable. In the computer, the linear phase when pertinent, can be determined from this data, and thus the kinetic reaction data, if necessary, can be obtained accurately.
As shown in FIG. 9A, the linear phase can be determined at a section near a trigger addition point and having a small value of │A-B│. In order to obtain a reaction curve shown in FIG. 9B, it is necessary to compensate for differences in outputs from the photometering positions. To this end, prior to the measurement, a calibrating cuvette having highly accurate optical length is set in the apparatus and absorption values of this cuvette for all wavelengths are measured at all photometering positions and are stored in the computer. During the measurement, the stored absorption values are subtracted from detected values. In this manner, the reaction curve illustrated in FIG. 9B can be obtained.
By increasing the rotation speeds of the rotary filter unit 53 and the slit drum 49, a corresponding increase in data may be obtained from each measuring position.
FIG. 10 is a chart showing the operation of the apparatus according to the invention.
While FIGS. 6 and 7 show two sets of the slit, filter assemblies, and photo detectors, any number of such optical channels may be provided.
It should be noted that since in this embodiment use is made of sequential multi-test mode, it is, of course possible to measure continuously a plurality of test items for each sample as desired by the operator, and supplied to the computer-control device via keyboard, cards or other commonly used computer input devices, etc.
It should be noted that this embodiment offers an operator a number of choices which heretofore would require a sacrifice in productivity and/or convenience to obtain the desired combination of data gathering modes and/or capabilities as follows:
A. Monitoring the change in absorbance of a test liquid over time with capabilities for selectively determining the linear phase of the reaction.
B. Performing such monitoring as in `A.` above at two or more wavelengths.
C. Gathering data for test liquids at only one or two points in time (herein referred to as end-point assays) at one more wavelengths when such desired test liquids are randomly interspersed on the turntable with test liquids requiring data gathering modes as in `A.` or `B.` above.
D. Conversely, test liquids requiring data gathering modes as in `A.` or `B.` above can be randomly interspersed on the turntable with end point assays as in `C.` above.
E. It is further possible to effect continuously a single test item for all samples utilizing any or all of data modes `A.` through `C.` above or;
F. To treat a plurality of samples to a plurality of test items utilizing any or all of the data acquisition modes as in `A.` through `C.` above.
The apparatus of this embodiment further includes the ability for automatic calibration. This can be effected by setting a standard sample to the sample feed mechanism 34 during a stand-by condition. Then, the apparatus automatically operates at every constant time period and the standard sample is delivered into the cuvette 45 on the cuvette feed mechanism 37 and the automatic calibration is effected in a usual manner to compensate for drifts of the apparatus such as variation in brightness of the light source 46, etc.
This automatic calibration ability allows the instrument to be used at any time of day or night with complete confidence that the calibration routine is properly performed regardless of the relative expertise or attention of the operator.
The control of operation of various portions, the inputting operation of patient or sample information, and the calculation of the analyzed results can be effected by a control device (not shown) including one or more computers.
FIG. 11 is a perspective view illustrating an embodiment of the cuvette 45. The cuvette 45 of this embodiment comprises a rectangular opening 45a and a supporting flange 45b provided at the periphery of opening. The opening is connected to a bottom portion 45c by a tapered side wall narrowing towards the bottom portion. The bottom portion 45c is formed as a semicylindrical shape and has measuring windows 45d at both ends, when viewed in its axial direction, through which windows the test liquid in the cuvette is optically measured.
According to the above mentioned construction of cuvette 45, since the opening 45a (receiving port) is wide, it is possible to easily deliver the sample and reagent without sputtering them externally. Further, the amount of the test liquid is sufficient to fill the semi-cylindrical bottom portion 45c, and thus the analysis can be effected with very small amounts of the sample and reagent. Moreover, since a measurement axis extends in a longitudinal direction of the cuvette and thus is sufficiently long, it is possible to carry out the analysis with very high sensitivity. Since the side wall is tapered from the opening 45a to the bottom 45c, and the flange 45b is provided around the opening, the cuvette may be simply secured to the cuvette feed mechanism 37 in a manner shown in FIGS. 12A and 12B. That is, the flange 45b may be placed on a holding member 60 as illustrated in FIG. 12A or may be detachably inserted into recesses formed in a holding member 61 as depicted in FIG. 12B. In this manner, the cuvette 45 may be simply supported by the holding member without making the measuring windows 45d in contact with the holding member 60 or 61, and thus the measuring windows can be protected against injury. In FIG. 12A, an arrow E denotes the measuring optical axis. Further, the cuvette 45 may be formed by molding of transparent material, and thus its mechanical strength can be made high.
Next, the sample and reagent delivery mechanisms will be explained. Since these mechanisms can be constructed substantially similarly to each other, only the reagent delivery mechanism will be explained.
As illustrated in FIG. 5 in this embodiment, a plurality of reagent bottles 38 are arranged in the reagent cassette along an endless path. That is to say, as shown in FIGS. 13 and 14, the cassette comprises an elliptic outer frame 80 in which are arranged rotatably a pair of pulleys 81 and 82. An endless belt 83, preferably a timing belt, is arranged between these pulleys 81 and 82. A plurality of partitions 84 are integrally formed with the belt. The reagent bottle 38 is removably inserted into a space formed by adjacent partitions and the outer frame 80. One of the pulleys 81 has formed in its bottom surface, recesses which engage detachably with projections 86 formed on an output shaft of a stepping motor 85 secured to the main body 25. The stepping motor 85 may be driven in either a forward and/or backward direction as determined by means of an externally supplied signal. A handle 87 is secured to stationary shafts of the pulleys 81 and 82 so that the cassette can be easily set into, or taken out of, the holder 32.
In order to maximize the operational efficiency of the analyzing apparatus in which several reagents selected from a number of reagents, are delivered by a single delivery pump, it is preferable to effect the delifery of reagents in such an order that the total traveling distance of the cassette is minimized. For this purpose, the stepping motor 85 for transporting the reagent bottles 38 is of a reversible type.
As illustrated in FIG. 15, information about the order of arrangement of reagent bottles in the cassette has been previously stored in a test item order determining unit. Upon an initiation of measurement for a particular test item, test item data to be effected for the relevant test item is supplied from a memory to the test item order determining unit, to which is also supplied information about a particular reagent bottle which is now in the reagent aspiration position in the reagent bottle transfer device. In the determining unit, the test item order is determined on the basis of these three pieces of information in such a manner that the traveling distance of cassette in the holder can be minimized, and a list for denoting the determined test item order is formed. In accordance with this list the order determining unit controls the successive alignment of reagent bottles with the reagent aspiration station in a sequence so as to insure the optimum economy of movement on the part of the cassette. At the time the list is generated, the list is also supplied to the photometric section, so as to provide the photometric section with test item data relevant to the photometer's responsibilities, for example, the overall sequence of test items and samples on the turntable.
In the above embodiment, all the reagent bottles are arranged in a refrigerator in order to avoid an alternation of deterioration of the reagents. However, some reagents might precipitate under a low temperature and thus should not be stored in the refrigerator. In such a case, as shown in FIG. 16, the cassette holder 32 is divided into two portions, 32A and 32B. One portion (32A) is maintained at room temperature, and reagents which should not be stored at low temperatures are installed in this portion 32A. The other portion (32B) is connected to a refrigeration machine 96 and blower 97, to form a closed loop. The operation of the refrigeration machine 96 is controlled by a temperature-detecting element 98 in holder 32B, and a control circuit 99 which receives the output signal from temperature detector 98. It should be noted that the cassette shown in FIGS. 13 and 14 may be installed in portions 32A and 32B. In order to prevent the escape of cool air from refrigerator portion 32B, portion 32B comprises a lid 100 (illustrated in FIG. 17). A small aperture 101 is formed in the lid at a position corresponding to the aspiration position so that a fluid dispensing probe can be inserted into and retracted from portion 32B. The fluid which is used to calibrate the apparatus is preferably stored in refrigerator portion 32B.
In the reagent delivery mechanism as shown in FIG. 18, only a single pump 105 is able to deliver a plurality of different reagents.
In this embodiment, use is made of reagents of high concentration and the reagents are jetted into the cuvettes from the probes together with appropriate diluent(s). By utilizing this construction, the whole apparatus can be made small in size, and contamination between the different reagents can be avoided because the inside of probe is washed by the diluent(s). Since diluent(s) is/are heated to a temperature near the reaction temperature, the temperature of the test liquid can be rapidly increased, and the reaction time can be shortened even if the refrigerated reagent is used and the reaction is carried out in a temperature-controlled incubation environment having a low thermal efficiency, such as an air bath. Further, if the diluent is the same liquid as any required buffer solutions, it is not necessary to provide separate delivery pumps for these liquids.
To begin a dispensing cycle, the desired reagent bottle 38 in the cassette 80 is transported to a position just below the aspiration position of the probe 106. A preheating device 107 is provided to heat the diluent to a temperature near the desired reaction temperature and comprises a heater, a temperature sensor and a temperature control circuit (not shown). The syringe 105 is connected to the probe 106 and a diluent bottle 108 via valves 109 and 110, respectively. In this embodiment, these valves are denoted as two-way valves, but they may be replaced by a single three-way valve. Since these valves 109 and 110 are kept in contact with the diluent only, they do not require chemical resistance. However, in view of a very small amount of liquid to be delivered it is desired that a volume inside the path be kept within very narrow and precise limits. To this end, it is preferable to construct the valves 109 and 110 by use of a rotary solenoid valve with a tapered cock.
The syringe and piston constructing the pump 105 do not require special chemical resistance properties because like the valves 109 and 110 they contact only diluent liquid. In order to deliver different amounts of reagents by the same pump 105 the piston of the pump can be displaced by strokes of variable length by a pulse motor energized by an external signal. As the diluent use may be made of buffer solution as explained above or in some cases use may be made of de-ionized or distilled water.
Operational steps of the reagent delivery pump will be denoted in the following table.
|Valve 109 Valve 110 Syringe 105 Step Position of probe 106 position position piston motion
Form air bubble at
Stand by position (in air)
Open Closed
Withdraw slightly
probe tip
Probe into reagent
Stand by position ➝
in reagent
Aspirate reagent
In reagent Open Closed
Withdraw to
aspirate reagent
Transport probe
In reagent ➝
above cuvette
above cuvette
Deliver reagent and
Above cuvette
Open Closed
Close to dispense
diluent into cuvette
Aspirate diluent
Above cuvette ➝
Open Withdraw to
stand-by position aspirate diluent
When different diluents are used for different reagents, or when a reagent is delivered at several positions, a plurality of delivery pumps 105A to 105D may be provided for each diluent as shown in FIG. 19. When a cuvette 45 is transported to a delivery position corresponding to any one of the pumps 105A to 105D, for example 105A, and the reagent to be delivered to this cuvette is that which should be diluted by a diluent connected to this pump 105A, the related reagent bottle 38 is fed to a position corresponding to the pump 105A and then a given amount of the desired reagent is delivered into the cuvette 45 by the pump 105A. On the contrary, if the reagent to be delivered to this cuvette is that which should be diluted by a diluent connected to the pump 105C, after the cuvette is further advanced by two steps, the desired reagent is delivered into the cuvette 45 by the pump 105C.
According to the above explained construction of the reagent delivery mechanism, since the diluents or buffer solutions which are optimum for respective diluents can be used, the reagents can be maintained in a stable condition for a longer time, and the number of possible test items can be increased. For some reagents it is preferable to effect delivery thereof by several stages in order to effect storage of the reagents as component parts in such a way as to prolong the useful chemical stability of these reagents or to dispense quantities which may be beyond the useful dynamic range of a given pump 105A to 105D. In such a case, the same reagent or its component part may be delivered into the same cuvette by a succession of pumps 105A to 105D at successive steps.
In such a discrete delivering operation it is quite important to assure whether a given amount of liquid has been aspirated or not. That is to say, if a serum, sample, or reagent is aspirated excessively or insufficiently, erroneous data would be obtained. Therefore, such a situation must be checked by some means.
FIG. 20A is a schematic perspective view illustrating an embodiment of such means for detecting an amount of aspirated liquid. In this embodiment, the probe 106 is made of transparent material and a light emitting element 110 and a light receiving element 111 are arranged on respective sides of the probe 106. In the probe 106 there are liquid 112 such as a reagent or sample, an air layer 113 and a diluent 114, these materials having different absorptions. Therefore, a transmittivity T represented by an output from the light receiving element 111 changes as shown in FIG. 20B, depending upon a volume Q of the aspirated liquid 112. From this output T it is possible to detect whether or not a correct amount of liquid has been drawn in the probe.
In an embodiment shown in FIG. 21A, a pair of electrodes 115 and 116 are arranged in the probe 106 with interposing a given distance therebetween. When a correct amount of the liquid 112 has been aspirated in the probe, these electrodes 115 and 116 are conductively connected to each other via the electrically conductive liquid so as to identify the correct amount of liquid. FIG. 21B illustrates a characteristic curve denoting a relation between the amount of aspirated liquid Q, and a resistance value R, between the electrodes.
In another embodiment illustrated in FIG. 22A, a pair of plate-shaped electrodes 117A and 117B are arranged on either side of the probe 106 so as to form a capacitor. The capacitance between plates 117A and 117B will be a function of the liquid level in the probe 106. The capacitor is connected to a CR oscillator 119 which will change frequency as capacitance changes. Liquid level in probe 106 will now be determined by frequency of CR oscillator. The output frequency of the oscillator f varies as a function of an amount Q of the liquid 112 (see FIG. 22B). The output signal is counted by a counter 120 and an output from the counter is supplied to a discrimination circuit 120 to determine whether the amount Q of the aspirated liquid 112 is correct or not.
When the reagent is aspirated by the reagent delivery probe which is immersed in the reagent as explained above, it is preferable to detect the level of the reagent in the bottle so as to control the depth of that portion of the probe which is immersed in the reagent. FIG. 23 is a perspective view showing schematically an embodiment of such a liquid level detector. In this embodiment, the reagent bottle 38 is made of transparent material and a light-emitting device 125 and a light-receiving device 126 are arranged on respective sides of the bottle 38. These devices comprise a plurality of light-emitting and receiving elements, respectively, arranged side by side in the vertical direction, and the liquid in the bottle 38 can be detected by output signals from these light-receiving elements. With the aid of these signals the immersed depth of the probe 106 of the reagent delivery pump 105 can be controlled in a desired manner.
By the above explained measure, it is possible to draw positively a given amount of reagent with inserting the probe 106 into the reagent by the minimum required depth and thus, an amount of reagent adhering to the outer wall of probe can be minimized. Therefore, the tip of probe can be easily and positively washed, and any contamination between the reagents can be effectively eliminated.
The liquid level detector may be constructed as illustrated in FIG. 24. In this embodiment, a holder 127 is secured to the probe 106 and a light-emitting element 128 and a light-receiving element 129 are provided at respective ends of arms of the holder 127. The reagent bottle 38 is made of transparent material. By lowering the holder 127 together with the probe 106 the liquid level of the reagent in the bottle 38 can be photoelectrically detected.
Next, a device for cleaning the probe of the reagent delivery pump will be explained. FIG. 25 is a schematic cross section illustrating an embodiment of such a cleaning device. In this embodiment, a ring 130 having a plurality of openings in its inner wall is connected through a waste liquid bottle 131 to a vacuum pump 132. The probe is inserted into the ring 130 and the pump 132 is energized to aspirate a liquid adhering to the outer surface of the probe into the bottle 131.
FIG. 26 is a perspective view illustrating another embodiment of the cleaning device. In this embodiment, by piercing the probe through a blotter, a reagent on the outer surface of the probe can be removed. To this end, a supporting plate 133 is arranged above the reaction line of cuvette feed mechanism 37 in parallel with the reaction line. The supporting plate 133 has formed therein an opening 134 for passing the probe, and a blotter 135 is passed through the opening. The blotter 135 is wound onto a roll which is rotatably supported at one end of the plate 133. At the other end of the plate a motor 136 is provided which takes up the blotter 135. It should be noted that a suitable load may be applied to the blotter roll so as to avoid looseness of the blotter. Upon delivering the reagent, the probe 106 is inserted into the cuvette 45 on the reaction line through the blotter 135 and the aperture 134.
In this embodiment, a pair of arms 137a and 137b are rotatably journaled to the supporting plate 133 and the probe 106 is rotatably supported at the free ends of arms by means of pins 138a and 138b. To one of the arms 137b is coupled a motor 139. The probe 106 can move between the arms 137a and 137b into the reagent bottle 38 at the reagent aspirating position as shown in FIG. 27A, as well as into a position above the cuvette 45 through the blotter 135 and the opening 134, as illustrated in FIG. 27B. In this case, it is preferable to use the liquid level detector shown in FIG. 23.
In the above explained probe-washing device, since it is not necessary to use a wash water, the construction becomes simple, and the probe 106 can be completely cleaned in conjunction with the liquid level detector.
The above explained probe-washing device and its transporting mechanism may be also applied to the probe of the sample delivery mechanism 36.
Next, a control device for controlling the actions of each portion of the analyzing apparatus, introducing test body information, treating and displaying analyzed results and the like will be explained. As stated above, in the present embodiment, the control device is arranged apart from the analyzing apparatus itself. When the analyzing apparatus is separated from the control device, (1) when the analyzing apparatus is installed in a laboratory hospital or the like which has a computer of sufficient capacity, the analyzing apparatus can be controlled by supplying appropriate software to this computer, (2) in case a dedicated control device becomes out of order, by selectively connecting the analyzing apparatus with a transmission circuit, the analyzing apparatus can be operated by a back-up computer connected through the transmission circuit, and (3) in case an increase in productivity is necessary, a single control device can operate a plurality of analyzing apparatuses by adding one or more analyzing apparatuses to the analyzing apparatus already in operation.
The constructions for carrying out the above functions (1) to (3) will be explained in order. FIG. 28 is a block diagram showing the construction of an automatic analyzing apparatus according to the present invention, in which control of the automatic analyzing apparatus is switchable between a dedicated control device and some other computer system such as a lab's host computer system. A dedicated control device 140 comprises a computer 141 and an interface 142 and is connected to an analyzing apparatus 25 through a switching device 143. Further, an alternate computer 144 can be connected to the analyzing device 25 through an interface 145 and said switching device 143. In this manner, the switching device 143 is automatically or manually operated, and the analyzing apparatus 25 is connected to either the dedicated control device 140 or the alternate computer 144.
According to such construction, if the dedicated control device 140 is down, the alternate computer 144 can serve as back-up by operating the switching device 143, so that there is no interruption in analyzing operation. Further, the computer 144 can be operated without affecting the dedicated control device 140.
FIG. 29 is a block diagram showing another embodiment of the system, including the automatic analyzing apparatus according to the present invention, in which the automatic analyzing apparatus is connectable with a back-up computer through a communication line. Like numerals indicate like parts as shown in FIG. 28. A back-up computer 144 is connected to a communication line 147 through an interface 145a and a MODEM 146a. This back-up computer 144, interface 145a and MODEM 146a are installed in a service company, maker, or the like. On the side of the provisions provided with the analyzing apparatus 25, is provided a MODEM 146b connected to said communication line 147 and further connected to the switching device 143 through an interface 145b. In this manner, the switching device 143 can be automatically or manually operated, and the analyzing apparatus 25 is then connected to either the back-up computer 144 or the dedicated control device 140.
According to such construction, as described above, even if the dedicated control device 140 becomes out of order, the back-up computer 144 can operate the analyzing apparatus 25 through the communication line 147 until repair is completed so that there is prolonged interruption in analyzing operations.
FIG. 30 is a block diagram showing still another embodiment of the system comprising the automatic analyzing apparatus according to the present invention, in which one control device can operate a plurality of analyzing apparatuses. In this embodiment, like numerals indicate like parts as shown in FIG. 28. In this embodiment, a computer 141 in one dedicated control device 140 can be connected to one analyzing apparatus 25 through an interface 142 as well as to an additional analyzing apparatus 25' through an interface 142'.
According to such construction, a plurality of the analyzing apparatuses 25, 25' can be controlled by the single control device 140 so that productivity can be increased expeditiously and economically.
A patient data system for use with an automatic analyzing apparatus according to the present invention will be explained.
In a conventional automatic analyzing apparatus, a commonly used patient data system begins with a test requisition form which, in a clinical setting, is usally filled out by, or under the direction of, a given patient's attending physician. This filled-in requisition form includes the patient's name and/or an identifying number and the tests for which the sample must be analyzed as minimum information.
The various test requisition forms are used to prepare a loading list. The loading list describes each sample's identification (by name and/or number) and its position on the instrument's sampler and/or its place in the sample queing. Test results are generated in the same sequence as samples are introduced, and the relationship between test results and the corresponding patient can be determined from the loading list. The analytical results can be manually transferred to the requisition slip for use as the report form ultimately returned to the attending physician or; the patient identification information can be manually transferred to the standard instrument report form or; both the analytical results and the patient information can be manually transferred to yet another form to serve as the physician's report.
In such a patient data system, however, it is necessary to copy the analytical results and/or patient information. Further, in case of deleting or adding a sample, or inserting a stat (urgent) sample by squeezing it between samples, the relation between the analyzed results and the loading list changes and the following mistakes can occur.
1. Mistaken match of sample number to patient name.
2. Posting mistake of patient information and/or analytical results.
3. Mistaken match of sample aliquot to identification name and/or number.
4. Proper match of sample and identification number, but mistaken match to patient name.
Another common patient data system involves transferring patient data from the requisition form into a computer memory and printing it out together with analytical results. In this system, however, the patient information must be transferred manually by means of a keyboard, so that it is subject to a loading mistake. In yet another system, test item selection information is automatically loaded into a computer memory from a requisition card, but sample I.D. is manually collated with a patient, so that there is the possibility of a mistake similar to those described above.
Conventional automatic analyzing systems frequently include as part of the instrument report form some means for flagging or highlighting abnormal test results. Usually an expected range of values are predetermined and any test result outside this range of values is somehow flagged as `a abnormal` on the instrument report form. However, patient populations differing by such things as age, sex, or the like, will have different expected ranges. For improved diagnostic information, it would be more appropriate to compare a given patient's results against those of an appropriate population.
The patient data system for the automatic analyzing apparatus according to the present invention eliminates various inconveniences in the above described conventional data systems while improving upon the integrity of data by reducing opportunities for error to occur.
The data system of the present invention utilizes a copy of the physician's original requisition form to obtain pertinent patient data and test selection information. The same form is used to provide an inseparable link between patient name and sample number and to serve as the instrument report form which includes patient identification data, sample number, analytical results, population appropriate expected ranges, and abnormals flagging (when appropriate). As a result of this data system, the possibility for the above mentioned errors has been eliminated. In addition, this system reduces the amount of paper which must be handled and consumed since the present invention uses the original test requisition form as the report form.
FIGS. 31 and 32 are flow charts of a patient data system of the automatic analyzing apparatus according to the present invention. FIG. 33 is a plan view showing a format of a patient card used in such system. The flow chart shown in FIG. 31 indicates that the various expected ranges by test item and population parameters (sex, age, medical prescription, and the like), have been previously stored in the analyzing apparatus and expected values corresponding to the patient's appropriate parameters are printed on the requisition/report form. On the requisition/report form, the analytical results and judgements obtained by comparing the analytical results against appropriate expected range values are also printed out. In the flow chart of FIG. 32, the patient information and the expected range values corresponding to the relevant patient have been previously recorded on the requisition/report form and the analytical results and judgements are subsequently printed on the form. In this case, the requisition/report form is fed through the reader/printer twice. During the first feed, the test item selection information and the patient's expected range population parameters corresponding to an identifying number are read out and appropriate expected ranges are printed on the form. As shown in FIG. 33, use is made of a bar code for the identifying number. When abnormal analytical values are detected, judgements are printed in an AF (Abnormal Flags) column with marks for indicating the direction of deviation from the expected range and an amount of abnormality (for example: the number of standard deviations the analytical result differs from the mean expected value.)
Next, a mechanism for disposing a cuvettes and test liquids after photmetric measurement will be explained. In this embodiment, waste liquids are not discharged from the analyzing apparatus. In the apparatus is provided a waste liquid handling mechanism for pretreating chemical wastes before allowing their removal from the system so as to facilitate their disposal via environmentally responsible means.
FIG. 34 is a schematic diagram showing an embodiment of such a disposal mechanism. The cuvette 45 is held by the supporting mechanism at each photometric position of the photometric measurement section. After measurement, the supporting mechanism is driven and the cuvette 45 is allowed to fall (as shown in FIG. 34 by an arrow). Underneath the cuvette 45 is arranged a duct 500 on which a mesh 501 is in an inclined fashion. The falling cuvette 45 strikes the mesh 501 and the content of cuvette is spilled into a neutralizing tank 502. The cuvette 45 slides downward on the mesh 501 until it is allowed to fall into the cuvette waste tank 29. In the neutralizing tank 502, the pH value of the waste liquids is adjusted and noxious substances are remove. The filtration is then passed to the waste liquid container 30. The neutralizing tank 502 is arranged in such a way as to be conveniently removable and if its treating ability is diminished, it may be regenerated or exchanged.
According to such a disposal mechanism, even if the waste liquid is temporarily stored in the container 30, annoying odors due to noxious substances would not be produced. Additionally, solid and liquid wastes are conveniently separated for disposal.
FIGS. 35 and 36 are schematic views illustrating two other embodiments of disposal mechanism. In FIG. 35, the cuvette 45 falling from the cuvette-supporting mechanism is received by a cuvette container 29' having secured a mesh 29a' at its bottom, and the waste liquid is supplied into the container 30. Since the cuvette 45 has a shape shown in FIG. 11, it rolls easily. Therefore, the liquid in the cuvette can be completely discharged. FIG. 36 shows the construction similar to that shown in FIG. 35, except that the falling cuvette 45 is positively turned on the inner wall of a cuvette container 29". To this end, an inclined side wall 29a" of the container 29" is provided beneath the path of a falling cuvette and discontinuous projections 29b" are formed in the inner surface thereof.
According to such constructions similar to that in FIG. 34, solid and liquid wastes can be automatically separated to facilitate waste treatment and disposal.
It should be noted that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments mentioned above, but many modifications can be conceived within the scope of the invention. For instance, in the above embodiment, the lag phase is monitored before the photometric measurement in the linear phase is effected, but the end point may be monitored by the lag phase monitoring section and after the end point has been detected, the photometric measurement may be carried out. In the embodiment, after the detection of the end of the lag phase by the monitoring section, the test liquid is removed from the reaction line together with the cuvette and the precise measurement is effected. However, as shown in FIG. 37, it is possible to transport the test liquid alone from the reaction line to the precise measuring section. In FIG. 37, a suction nozzle 150 is arranged movably from the cuvette 45 on the reaction line to a washing bottle 151. The nozzle 150 is connected to a syringe 153 through a heat-insulated tube 159 and a flow-type photometric cuvette 152. The syringe 153 is coupled to a suction pump 156 via a valve 154 and a waste liquid tank 155. A precise measuring photometer comprises a light source 157 and a photometric converter 158 arranged on respective sides of the photoelectric cuvette 152. The valve 154 is closed and the nozzle 150 is immersed into the test liquid in the cuvette 45 on the reaction line after the content of the cuvette has been detected to be in the linear phase, and the syringe 153 is operated to draw a given amount of the test liquid. Then, the nozzle 150 is moved into the washing bottle 151 and the syringe 153 is operated again to aspirate a washing water so that the previously aspirated test liquid is fed into the photometric cuvette 152. Then, the aspirating operation of washing water is stopped and the precise measurement is effected by means of the photometer 157 and 158, while the test liquid is in the cuvette 152 stationarily. After measurement, the valve 154 is opened and the pump 156 is energized to discharge the test liquid and washing water aspirated in the cuvette 152 and the tube 159 into the tank 155. During this operation, the syringe 153 is returned in its initial position. Since the suction nozzle 150 and the photometric cuvette 152 are washed with water after measurement, any contamination does not occur. The suction and measurement may be carried out in the manner mentioned below. At first, the valve 154 is closed and the syringe 153 is operated to draw the test liquid into the cuvette 152. Then, the precise measurement is effected. After the measurement, the valve 154 is opened and the pump 156 is driven to suck the washing water. At the same time, the syringe 153 is returned to the initial state. Also in this case, the precise photometric measurement can be effected without any contamination.
To improve upon analytical capabilities of the present invention it is further possible to provide an ion activity measuring device at any position on the reaction line after the reagent delivery so as to measure concentrations of ions of such potential test items as Na, K, Cl, etc. FIG. 38 illustrates an embodiment of such a device. In this embodiment, a plurality of ion selective electrodes 160 are immersed in the cuvette 45 set in the cuvette feed mechanism 37 (reaction line) to measure the ion concentration. These electrodes 160 are secured to one end of an arm 161, to the other end of which is secured a pair of guide rods 162a and 162b, which are inserted to as to allow movement in sleeves 164a and 164b, respectively, provided in a supporting plate 163. At the free end of the guide rod 162a is journaled a roller 165, which is urged against an eccentric cam 167 which is secured to a driving shaft of a motor 166. In order to avoid dust contamination, the ion activity measuring device is protected by a cover 168. As the cam 167 is rotated by the motor 166, the arm 161 moves up and down vertically, while it remains horizontal owing to the sleeves 164a and 164b. When the arm 167 is lowered, the ion selective electrodes 160 are immersed in the test liquid in the cuvette 45 to measure simultaneously various ion activities.
FIG. 39 is a schematic view illustrating another embodiment of the ion activity measuring apparatus. In this embodiment, the test liquid in the cuvette 45 is aspirated by a nozzle 170 into a flow cell 171 in which various kinds of ions can be detected. The nozzle 170 is secured to one end of an arm 172, the other end of which is secured to a guide rod 173. The guide rod 173 is inserted so as to allow movement in a sleeve 174 which is secured to a supportng plate. A roller 175 is secured so as to allow rotation at one end of the guide rod 173, and is urged against an eccentric cam 177 which is secured to the driving shaft of a motor 176. When the cam 177 is rotated by the motor 176, the nozzle 170 is immersed into the test liquid in the cuvette 45. The nozzle 170 is connected to a syringe 179 through a flexible tube 178 and a flow cell 171 and to a suction pump 182 through a valve 180 and a waste liquid tank 171. The ion selective electrodes 183 are arranged in such a manner that their measuring surfaces project into the flow cell 171. In order to protect the apparatus against dust, a cover 184 is provided. At first, the valve 180 is closed and the nozzle 170 is immersed into the test liquid in the cuvette 45 on the reaction line by energizing the motor 176. Then, the syringe 179 is operated to aspirate a desired given amount of the test liquid in the cuvette 45 into the flow cell 171. Under such a condition, concentrations of various ions in the test liquid are quantitated by the ion selective electrodes 170. After measurement, the valve 180 is opened and the pump 182 is energized to discharge the test liquid into the tank 181 and the sryinge 179 is returned to its initial position.
FIG. 40 is a block diagram showing an embodiment of a signal processing circuit of the above mentioned ion activity measuring device. Output signals from the ion selective electrodes 160 (183) are amplified in a preamplifier 185 and then are converted into a digital signal by an analog-digital converter 186. The digital signal thus obtained is supplied to a control device 187 and is processed in a desired manner therein.
In the ion activity measuring device shown in FIGS. 38 and 39, a blotter may be arranged above the reaction line as illustrated in FIG. 26 and the ion selective electrodes 160 and the nozzle 170 may pierce the blotter. Alternatively, a wash bottle may be arranged apart from the reaction line as depicted in FIG. 37 and the ion selective electrodes and the nozzle can be immersed in this bottle. In this manner, the ion selective electrodes and the nozzle can be cleaned so as to avoid any contamination between successive test liquids and thus very accurate measurement can be conducted.
Further, in the above embodiments, the measuring section 42 is so constructed as to analyze test items in a test liquid by means of a standard photometric method, but use may be made of nephelometric and fluorometric methods in addition to the standard photometric method. In such a case, a light-receiving element 52' for receiving scattered and/or fluoroscent light, may be arranged underneath the cuvette 45 in the required measuring position as shown in FIG. 41. The light-receiving element, a photodetector device 52', may be arranged underneath the rotary filter unit 53 shown in FIGS. 7 and 41 and may be effectively opposed to the cuvette 45 by means of optical fibers 51.
Outputs from these photodetectors 52 and 52' are supplied to an analog-digital converter 55 through a multiplexer 190. Further, as shown in FIG. 42, a commmon photodetector 52 for photometric measurement may be used also for nephelometric and/or fluorometric measurements with use of a shutter mechanism shown in FIG. 43 is made. This shutter mechanism comprises a guide plate 191 and a plate 194 which is moved along the guide plate against a force of a spring 193 by actuating a solenoid 192. The plate 194 has formed therein, an aperture 196 for standard photometric measurement, and an aperture 197 for passing the scattered and/or fluorescent light therethrough.
In case of effecting the nephelometric and/or fluorometric analyses by utilizing the scattering and/or fluorescent light from the test liquid, it is preferably to form the bottom portion 45c of the cuvette 45 as a flat surface 45e instead of a semicylindrical bottom surface as illustrated in FIG. 44. In this manner, it is possible to further increase the utility of the current invention by providing for additional measurement techniques, i.e. nephelometryc and/or fluorometry.
In the above embodiment for the nephelometric and fluorometric analyses, use is made of the light-receiving element separated from that of standard photometry, but a single light-receiving element may be commonly used for the transmitted, scattered and fluorescent light. FIGS. 45 to 48 show several embodiments of such capability. In FIG. 45, a cuvette 45' is so arranged that incident light impinges vertically upon a transparent incident surface and the light passing through the cuvette and the test liquid contained therein is received by an element 200 so as to effect the photometric measurement as shown in FIG. 45A. Then, the cuvette 45' is slightly rotated as shown in FIG. 45B, so that the transmitted light deviates from the optical axis of the element 200 and thus, the scattered light and/or the fluorescent light impinges upon the element 200. In this manner, the nephelometric and/or fluorometric analyses can be carried out. In FIGS. 46 and 47, the light-receiving elements 201 and 202 are so arranged that they can receive the scattered and/or fluorescent light, and transmitted light is directed to the element via a rotating mirrors 203 and 204. In FIG. 46, the scattered and/or fluorescent light from a side wall of the cuvette 45' impinges on the element 201 through a scattering element 205. In FIG. 47, the scattered and/or fluorescent light from the bottom of the cuvette 45' impinges on the element 202. When performing standard photometric analysis, the rotating mirrors 203 and 204 are positioned as shown in the drawings and the transmitted light is received by the elements 201 and 202. During the nephelometric and/or fluorometric analyses, the mirrors 203 and 204 are rotated to a position shown by center lines and only the scattered and/or fluorescent light impinges upon the elements 201 and 202. In an embodiment shown in FIG. 48, the cuvette is so shaped that conventional photometric, nephelometric, and fluorometric analyses can be effected by a common light-receiving element 206. As shown in FIG. 48A, when performing conventional photometric measurements, use is made of a cuvette 45' having transparent walls perpendicular to the incident light, whereas when performing nephelometric and/or fluorometric analyses as shown in FIG. 48B, use is made of a cuvette 45" having a transparent wall inclined to the incident light.
As explained above, by effecting conventional photometric, nephelometric and/or fluorometric analyses by means of a common light-receiving element, the construction of the photometer can be much simpler.
Further in the embodiment explained above the wavelengths for particular test items are selected by the rotary filter unit 53 shown in FIGS. 7 and 8. Alternatively the optical fibers for transmitting light passing through the test liquid to the photodetector may have desired different transmission wavelengths and a given one of which may be selectively inserted in the optical path for receiving the light in dependence upon the test item to be analyzed.


text:
Nutrition Facts
Ingredients and Preparation
*To reduce sodium content, rinse beans in a strainer under cool running water.
- Heat oil in a large pot over medium-high heat. Add onions, peppers, and garlic. Cook 3-4 minutes, or until slightly softened.
- Add tomatoes and beans to the pot. Stir in cumin, chili powder, oregano, salt, and water.
- Bring to a boil, then reduce to medium heat and simmer 20 minutes or more, stirring occasionally, until the chili reaches desired thickness.
- Top each bowl of chili with 1 tablespoon sour cream and 1 tablespoon cheese.


text:
Fall protection kit
The Durabilt construction kit features a full body harness with grommeted leg straps and a 6-ft polyester energy-absorbing lanyard with double locking snap hooks. According to the company, the web loop anchor sling allows users to quickly anchor the lanyard. In addition, each kit comes with its own carry bag.
North Safety Products
Circle 301
Inline GFCI
The Tri-Tap inline GFCI features three 15A, 120VAC receptacles. In addition, the product includes a 2-ft SJT 12/33 AWG cable with a molded NEMA 5-15 plug on the line side and an attached power block with the three NEMA 5-15 receptacles on the load side. According to the company, the GFCI can handle a minimum of 3,000 operations, offers a 4mA to 6mA trip level, and has a response time of less than .025 sec if electrical leakage is detected. Manual reset of the indicator prevents unmonitored equipment from being restarted following a GFCI condition or power failure, while an integrated suppressor keeps radio frequency interference from nuisance tripping.
McGill Electrical Product Group
Circle 302
Voltage detector
The SkyRadio system helps detect high-voltage electrical lines overhead. The unit includes one to eight wireless sensors on the high point of the equipment — such as the boom on a boom lift — and corresponding transmitter/receiver modules that communicate with the central processing unit (CPU). The sensors measure the electrical field around a medium- or high-voltage line. If a sensor is inside a risk zone (within 3 m for a medium-voltage line and 5 m for a high-voltage line), an audio and visual signal alerts the operator to which sensor is at risk. In addition, the system is available for smaller machines, such as aerial lifts or scissor lifts.
Made SA
Circle 303
Truck box
The Delta PRO Limited Edition Crossover series features curved lid edges. To ensure the lid is tightly secured, the device features a self-adjusting, dual rotary locking system that is able to withstand 1,000 lb of pulling or prying force. According to the company, a reinforced, high-strength body and full-wide lock console resists cargo damage and protects the locking system. Other product features include adjustable gas spring lid lifts and end-mounted push buttons. Offered in bright aluminum or black, product sizes include standard single lid, mid-size single lid, deep single lid, and gull wing.
Delta Consolidated Industries
Circle 304