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Programme of Work
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Programme of Work
The Programme of Work on Protected Areas includes an introduction and 16 goals, divided across 4 programme elements. Click on an element or goal above to learn more.
Download the full Programme of Work
Element 1:
Direct Actions for Planning, Selecting, Establishing, Strengthening, and Managing, Protected Area Systems and Sites
Element 2:
Governance, Participation, Equity and Benefit Sharing
Element 3:
Enabling Activities
Element 4:
Standards, Assessment, and Monitoring
I. Introduction
In situ
conservation, sustainable use of biological diversity and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources are dependent upon properly maintaining sufficient natural habitat. Protected areas, together with conservation, sustainable use and restoration initiatives in the wider land-and seascape are essential components in national and global biodiversity conservation strategies. They provide a range of goods and ecological services while preserving natural and cultural heritage. They can contribute to poverty alleviation by providing employment opportunities and livelihoods to people living in and around them. In addition, they also provide opportunities for research including for adaptive measures to cope with climate change, environmental education, recreation and tourism. As a result, most countries have developed a system of protected areas. The protected-area network now covers about 11 per cent of Earth's land surface. Less than 1 per cent of the Earth's marine area is covered. The central role of protected areas in implementing the objectives of the Convention has been repeatedly emphasized in decisions of the Conference of Parties. They form a vital element of the various thematic programmes of work, namely, marine and coastal biological diversity, inland water ecosystems biological diversity, dry and sub-humid lands biological diversity, forest biological diversity and mountain biological diversity.
Given their many benefits, protected areas are important instruments for meeting the Convention's targets of significantly reducing the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010. However, according to the best available data on the status and trends on protected areas (see UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/9/5), the current global systems of protected areas are not sufficiently large, sufficiently well-planned, nor sufficiently well-managed to maximize their contribution to biodiversity conservation. Therefore, there is an urgent need to take action to improve the coverage, representativeness and management of protected areas nationally, regionally and globally.
The Convention on Biological Diversity works with many partner organizations, conventions and initiatives in facilitating conservation and sustainable use through protected areas. These include the IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA); the UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC); the International Maritime Organization (IMO); the World Resources Institute (WRI); The Nature Conservancy (TNC); the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF); the UNESCO Man and Biosphere programme (MAB); the UNESCO World Heritage Convention; the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention); the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals and the associated agreements; the Convention on Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES); (EU) the United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF); the Global Environment Facility (GEF), International Convention for Regulation of Whaling (ICRW); Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS); indigenous organizations, other stakeholders and industry; and various regional agreements and programmes.
The present programme of work on protected areas features goals and activities that are specific to protected areas. Some elements of existing programmes of work on forests, inland waters, dry and sub-humid lands, coastal and marine and mountain biological diversity as well as the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation and the Global Taxonomy Initiative also apply to protected areas. The goals and activities contained in these existing programmes of work should also be applied and implemented, as and whenever appropriate for their respective protected areas. Other relevant guidelines developed under cross-cutting issues of the CBD should also be taken into account when implementing the programme of work.
The World Summit on Sustainable Development, in its Plan of Implementation, has stated that the achievement of the 2010 target requires new and additional financial and technical resources for developing countries, and that the progress in establishment and maintenance of a comprehensive, effectively managed, and ecologically representative global system of protected areas is of crucial importance for achieving the 2010 target. The WSSD also called for provision of financial and technical support for activities in this field, recognizing that funding for this purpose generally should consist of a mixture of national and international resources and include the whole range of possible funding instruments such as public funding, debt for nature swaps, private funding, remuneration from services provided by protected areas, and taxes and fees at the national level for the use of ecological services.
II. Overall purpose and scope of the programme of work
The overall purpose of the programme of work on protected areas is to support the establishment and maintenance by 2010 for terrestrial and by 2012 for marine areas of comprehensive, effectively managed, and ecologically representative national and regional systems of protected areas that collectively,
inter alia
through a global network
contribute to achieving the three objectives of the Convention and the 2010 target to significantly reduce the current rate of biodiversity loss at the global, regional, national and sub-national levels and contribute to poverty reduction and the pursuit of sustainable development, thereby supporting the objectives of the Strategic Plan of the Convention, the World Summit on Sustainable Development Plan of Implementation and the Millennium Development Goals.
The programme of work consists of four interlinked elements intended to be mutually reinforcing and cross-cutting in their implementation. It was developed bearing in mind the need to avoid unnecessary duplication with existing thematic work programmes and other ongoing initiatives of the Convention on Biological Diversity, and to promote synergy and coordination with relevant programmes of various international organizations. Parties are encouraged to apply where appropriate the objectives and activities from these thematic work programmes and the work on cross-cutting issues.
The Convention's work on protected areas takes into account the ecosystem approach. The ecosystem approach is the primary framework for action under the Convention, and its application will help reach a balance between the three objectives of the Convention. Multiple-use protected areas applied in an ecosystem approach context can, for example, help meet specific goals relating to conservation, sustainable use and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources. The ecosystem approach provides a framework within which the relationship of protected areas to the wider landscape and seascape can be understood, and the goods and services flowing from protected areas can be valued. In addition, the establishment and management of protected area systems in the context of the ecosystem approach should not simply be considered in national terms, but where the relevant ecosystem extends beyond national boundaries, in ecosystem or bioregional terms as well. This presents a strong argument for and adds complexity to the establishment of transboundary protected areas and protected areas in marine areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. Any work under this programme on marine and coastal protected areas should be consistent with decision VII/5 on Marine and Coastal biodiversity.
The programme of work is intended to assist Parties in establishing national programmes of work with targeted goals, actions, specific actors, time frame, inputs and expected measurable outputs. Parties may select from, adapt, and/or add to the activities suggested in the current programme of work according to particular national and local conditions and their level of development. Implementation of this programme of work should take into account the ecosystem approach of the Convention on Biological Diversity. In implementing the programme of work, Parties are encouraged to pay due regard to the social, economic and environmental costs and benefits of various options. In addition, Parties are encouraged to consider the use of appropriate technologies, source of finance and technical cooperation, and to ensure, through appropriate actions, the means to meet the particular challenges and demands of their protected areas.
The implementation of the programme of work will contribute to achieving the three objectives of the Convention.
/ A global network provides for the connections between Parties, with the collaboration of others, for the exchange of ideas and experiences, scientific and technical cooperation, capacity building and cooperative action that mutually support national and regional systems of protected areas which collectively contribute to the achievement of the programme of work. This network has no authority or mandate over national or regional systems.
Programme Element 1: Direct actions for planning, selecting, establishing, strengthening, and managing, protected area systems and sites
Goal 1.1: To establish and strengthen national and regional systems of protected areas integrated into a global network as a contribution to globally agreed goals
By 2010, terrestrially
/ and 2012 in the marine area, a global network of comprehensive, representative and effectively managed national and regional protected area system is established as a contribution to (i) the goal of the Strategic Plan of the Convention and the World Summit on Sustainable Development of achieving a significant reduction in the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010; (ii) the Millennium Development Goals - particularly goal 7 on ensuring environmental sustainability; and (iii) the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation.
Suggested activities of the Parties
1.1.1 By 2006, establish suitable time-bound and measurable national and regional level protected area targets and indicators.
1.1.2 As a matter of urgency, by 2006, take action to establish or expand protected areas in any large, intact or relatively unfragmented or highly irreplaceable natural areas, or areas under high threat, as well as areas securing the most threatened species in the context of national priorities
, and taking into consideration the conservation needs of migratory species.
1.1.3 As a matter of urgency, by 2006 terrestrially and by 2008 in the marine environment, take action to address the under-representation of marine and inland water ecosystems in existing national and regional systems of protected areas, taking into account marine ecosystems beyond areas of national jurisdiction in accordance with applicable international law, and transboundary inland water ecosystems.
1.1.4 By 2006, conduct, with the full and effective participation of indigenous and local communities and relevant stakeholders, national-level reviews of existing and potential forms of conservation, and their suitability for achieving biodiversity conservation goals, including innovative types of governance for protected areas that need to be recognized and promoted through legal, policy, financial institutional and community mechanisms, such as protected areas run by Government agencies at various levels, co-managed protected areas, private protected areas, indigenous and local community conserved areas.
1.1.5 By 2006 complete protected area system gap analyses at national and regional levels based on the requirements for representative systems of protected areas that adequately conserve terrestrial, marine and inland water biodiversity and ecosystems. National plans should also be developed to provide interim measures to protect highly threatened or highly valued areas wherever this is necessary. Gap analyses should take into account Annex I of the Convention on Biological Diversity and other relevant criteria such as irreplaceability of target biodiversity components, minimum effective size and viability requirements, species migration requirements, integrity, ecological processes and ecosystem services.
1.1.6 By 2009, designate the protected areas as identified through the national or regional gap analysis (including precise maps) and complete by 2010 terrestrially and 2012 in the marine environments the establishment of comprehensive and ecologically representative national and regional systems of protected areas.
1.1.7 Encourage the establishment of protected areas that benefit indigenous and local communities, including by respecting, preserving, and maintaining their traditional knowledge in accordance with article 8(j) and related provisions.
Suggested supporting activities of the Executive Secretary
1.1.8 Identify options for quantitative and qualitative protected areas targets and indicators that should be used at the global level that could contribute to the 2010 target and the Millennium Development Goals.
1.1.9 Invite relevant international and regional organizations to offer their assistance to the Parties in conducting national-level gap analyses.
1.1.10. Compile and disseminate through the clearing-house mechanism and other relevant media relevant approaches, frameworks and tools for system planning and promote and facilitate the exchange of experiences and lessons learned in applying and adapting them to different ecological and social settings.
Goal 1.2: To integrate protected areas into broader land- and seascapes and sectors so as to maintain ecological structure and function
By 2015, all protected areas and protected area systems are integrated into the wider land- and seascape, and relevant sectors, by applying the ecosystem approach and taking into account ecological connectivity
/ and the concept, where appropriate, of ecological networks.
Suggested activities of the Parties
1.2.1. Evaluate by 2006 national and sub-national experiences and lessons learned on specific efforts to integrate protected areas into broader land- and seascapes and sectoral plans and strategies such as poverty reduction strategies. 1.2.2. Identify and implement, by 2008, practical steps for improving the integration of protected areas into broader land- and seascapes, including policy, legal, planning and other measures.
1.2.3. Integrate regional, national and sub-national systems of protected areas into broader land- and seascape,
inter alia
by establishing and managing ecological networks, ecological corridors
and/or buffer zones, where appropriate, to maintain ecological processes and also taking into account the needs of migratory species.
1.2.4. Develop tools of ecological connectivity, such as ecological corridors, linking together protected areas where necessary or beneficial as determined by national priorities for the conservation of biodiversity.
1.2.5.Rehabilitate and restore habitats and degraded ecosystems, as appropriate, as a contribution to building ecological networks, ecological corridors and/or buffer zones.
Suggested supporting activities of the Executive Secretary
1.2.6. Encourage the organization of regional and sub-regional workshops for the exchange of experiences on integration of biodiversity and protected areas into relevant sectoral and spatial plans.
1.2.7. Compile and disseminate, using the CHM and other media, case-studies of best practices and other reports regarding the application of the ecosystem approach in relation to protected areas at the international, regional, national and sub-national levels.
Goal 1.3: To establish and strengthen regional networks, transboundary protected areas (TBPAs) and collaboration between neighbouring protected areas across national boundaries
Establish and strengthen by 2010/2012
/ transboundary protected areas, other forms of collaboration between neighbouring protected areas across national boundaries and regional networks, to enhance the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, implementing the ecosystem approach, and improving international cooperation.
Suggested activities of the Parties
1.3.1 Collaborate with other parties and relevant partners to establish effective regional networks of protected areas, particularly in areas identified as common conservation priorities (e.g. barrier reef systems, large scale river basins, mountain systems, large remaining forest areas and critical habitat for endangered species), and establish multi-country coordination mechanisms as appropriate to support the establishment and effective long term management of such networks.
1.3.2 Collaborate with other Parties and relevant partners through the United Nations Informal Consultative Process on the Law of the Sea (UNICPOLOS) to establish and manage protected areas in marine areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, in accordance with international law, including the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, and based on scientific information.
.3.3 Establish, where appropriate, new TBPAs with adjacent Parties and countries and strengthen effective collaborative management of existing TBPAs.
1.3.4 Promote collaboration between protected areas across national boundaries.
Suggested supporting activities of the Executive Secretary
1.3.5 Collaborate and consult with relevant organizations and bodies for developing guidelines for establishing transboundary protected areas and collaborative management approaches, as appropriate, for dissemination to Parties.
1.3.6 Compile and disseminate information on regional networks of protected areas and transboundary protected areas, including, as far as possible, their geographical distribution, their historical background, their role and the partners involved.
1.3.7 Review the potential for regional cooperation under the Convention on Migratory Species with a view to linking of protected area networks across international boundaries and potentially beyond national jurisdiction through the establishment of migratory corridors for key species.
Goal 1.4: To substantially improve site-based protected area planning and management
All protected areas to have effective management in existence by 2012, using participatory and science-based site planning processes that incorporate clear biodiversity objectives, targets, management strategies and monitoring programmes, drawing upon existing methodologies and a long-term management plan with active stakeholder involvement.
Suggested activities of the Parties
1.4.1 Create a highly participatory process, involving indigenous and local communities and relevant stakeholders, as part of site-based planning in accordance with the ecosystem approach, and use relevant ecological and socio-economic data required to develop effective planning processes.
1.4.2 Identify appropriate measurable biodiversity conservation targets for sites, drawing on criteria laid out in Annex I to the Convention on Biological Diversity and other relevant criteria.
1.4.3 Include in the site-planning process an analysis of opportunities for the protected area to contribute to conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity at local and regional scales as well as an analysis of threats and means of addressing them.
As appropriate, but no later than 2010, develop or update management plans for protected areas, built on the above process, to better achieve the three objectives of the Convention.
1.4.5 Integrate climate change adaptation measures in protected area planning, management strategies, and in the design of protected area systems.
1.4.6 Ensure that protected areas are effectively managed or supervised through staff that are well-trained and skilled, properly and appropriately equipped, and supported, to carry out their fundamental role in the management and conservation of protected areas.
Suggested supporting activities of the Executive Secretary
1.4.7 Compile and disseminate through the clearing-house mechanism current relevant approaches, frameworks and tools for site planning and promote and facilitate the exchange of experiences and lessons learned in applying and adapting them in different ecological and social settings.
1.4.8 Disseminate information on successful management models of protected areas which serve to further the three objective of the Convention and may also contribute to poverty reduction and the pursuit of sustainable development.
Goal 1.5: To prevent and mitigate the negative impacts of key threats to protected areas
By 2008, effective mechanisms for identifying and preventing, and/or mitigating the negative impacts of key threats to protected areas are in place.
Suggested activities of the Parties
1.5.1 Apply, as appropriate, timely environmental impact assessments to any plan or project with the potential to have effects on protected areas, and ensure timely information flow among all concerned parties to that end, taking into account decision VI/7 A of the Conference of the Parties on guidelines for incorporating biodiversity related issues into environmental impact assessment legislation and/or processes and in strategic environmental assessments.
1.5.2 Develop by 2010 national approaches to liability and redress measures, incorporating the polluter pays principle or other appropriate mechanisms in relation to damages to protected areas.
1.5.3 Establish and implement measures for the rehabilitation and restoration of the ecological integrity of protected areas.
1.5.4 Take measures to control risks associated with invasive alien species in protected areas.
1.5.5 Assess key threats to protected areas and develop and implement strategies to prevent and/or mitigate such threats.
1.5.6 Develop policies, improve governance, and ensure enforcement of urgent measures that can halt the illegal exploitation of resources from protected areas, and strengthen international and regional cooperation to eliminate illegal trade in such resources taking into account sustainable customary resource use of indigenous and local communities in accordance with article 10(c) of the Convention.
Suggested supporting activities of the Executive Secretary
1.5.7 Address issues specific to protected areas, in the guidelines for incorporating biodiversity considerations in environmental impact assessment and strategic environmental assessment, procedures and regulations.
1.5.8 Collaborate with the International Association for Impact Assessment and other relevant organizations on further development and refinement of the impact assessment guidelines particularly to incorporate all stages of environmental impact assessment processes in protected areas taking into account the ecosystem approach.
1.5.9 Compile and disseminate through the clearing-house mechanism and other means case studies, best practices and lessons learned in mitigating the negative impacts of key threats and facilitate the exchange of experiences.
/ Terrestrial includes inland water ecosystems
/ Parties may wish to use IUCN Red List of Threatened Species criteria, version 3.1
/ The concept of connectivity may not be applicable to all Parties
/ Ecological corridors may not be applicable to all Parties
/ References to marine protected area networks to be consistent with the target in the WSSD plan of implementation.
Programme Element 2: Governance, Participation, Equity and Benefit Sharing
Goal 2.1: To promote equity and benefit-sharing
Establish by 2008 mechanisms for the equitable sharing of both costs and benefits arising from the establishment and management of protected areas.
Suggested activities of the Parties
2.1.1. Assess the economic and socio-cultural costs, benefits and impacts arising from the establishment and maintenance of protected areas, particularly for indigenous and local communities, and adjust policies to avoid and mitigate negative impacts, and where appropriate compensate costs and equitably share benefits in accordance with the national legislation.
2.1.2. Recognize and promote a broad set of protected area governance types related to their potential for achieving biodiversity conservation goals in accordance with the Convention, which may include areas conserved by indigenous and local communities and private nature reserves. The promotion of these areas should be by legal and/or policy, financial and community mechanisms.
2.1.3. Establish policies and institutional mechanisms with full participation of indigenous and local communities, to facilitate the legal recognition and effective management of indigenous and local community conserved areas in a manner consistent with the goals of conserving both biodiversity and the knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities.
2.1.4. Use social and economic benefits generated by protected areas for poverty reduction, consistent with protected-area management objectives.
2.1.5. Engage indigenous and local communities and relevant stakeholders in participatory planning and governance, recalling the principles of the ecosystem approach.
2.1.6. Establish or strengthen national policies to deal with access to genetic resources within protected areas and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their utilization, drawing upon the Bonn Guidelines on Access to Genetic Resources and Fair and Equitable Sharing of the Benefits Arising out of their Utilization as appropriate,.
Goal 2.2: To enhance and secure involvement of indigenous and local communities and relevant stakeholders
Full and effective participation by 2008, of indigenous and local communities, in full respect of their rights and recognition of their responsibilities, consistent with national law and applicable international obligations, and the participation of relevant stakeholders, in the management of existing, and the establishment and management of new, protected areas
Suggested activities of the Parties
2.2.1. Carry out participatory national reviews of the status, needs and context-specific mechanisms for involving stakeholders, ensuring gender and social equity, in protected areas policy and management, at the level of national policy, protected area systems and individual sites.
2.2.2 Implement specific plans and initiatives to effectively involve indigenous and local communities, with respect for their rights consistent with national legislation and applicable international obligations, and stakeholders at all levels of protected areas planning, establishment, governance and management, with particular emphasis on identifying and removing barriers preventing adequate participation.
2.2.3 Support participatory assessment exercises among stakeholders to identify and harness the wealth of knowledge, skills, resources and institutions of importance for conservation that are available in society.
2.2.4 Promote an enabling environment (legislation, policies, capacities, and resources) for the involvement of indigenous and local communities and relevant stakeholders
/ in decision making, and the development of their capacities and opportunities to establish and manage protected areas, including community-conserved and private protected areas.
2.2.5 Ensure that any resettlement of indigenous communities as a consequence of the establishment or management of protected areas will only take place with their prior informed consent that may be given according to national legislation and applicable international obligations.
Suggested supporting activities of the Executive Secretary
2.2.6 Make available to Parties case-studies, advice on best practices and other sources of information on stakeholder participation in protected areas
2.2.7 Promote, through the CHM, technical publications and other means, the international sharing of experience on effective mechanisms for stakeholder involvement and governance types in conservation in particular with regard to co-managed protected areas, indigenous and local community conserved areas and private protected areas.
Programme Element 3: Enabling Activities
Goal 3.1: To provide an enabling policy, institutional and socio-economic environment for protected areas
By 2008 review and revise policies as appropriate, including use of social and economic valuation and incentives, to provide a supportive enabling environment for more effective establishment and management of protected areas and protected areas systems.
Suggested activities of the Parties
3.1.1 By 2006, identify legislative and institutional gaps and barriers that impede the effective establishment and management of protected areas, and by 2009, effectively address these gaps and barriers.
3.1.2 Conduct national-level assessments of the contributions of protected areas, considering as appropriate environmental services, to the country's economy and culture, and to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals at the national level; and integrate the use of economic valuation and natural resource accounting tools into national planning processes in order to identify the hidden and non-hidden economic benefits provided by protected areas and who appropriates these benefits.
3.1.3 Harmonize sectoral policies and laws to ensure that they support the conservation and effective management of the protected area system.
3.1.4 Consider governance principles, such as the rule of law, decentralization, participatory decision-making mechanisms for accountability and equitable dispute resolution institutions and procedures.
3.1.5 Identify and remove perverse incentives and inconsistencies in sectoral policies that increase pressure on protected areas, or take action to mitigate their perverse effects. Whenever feasible, redirect these to positive incentives for conservation.
3.1.6 Identify and establish positive incentives that support the integrity and maintenance of protected areas and the involvement of indigenous and local communities and stakeholders in conservation.
3.1.7 Adopt legal frameworks to national, regional and sub-national protected areas systems of countries where appropriate.
3.1.8 Develop national incentive mechanisms and institutions and legislative frameworks to support the establishment of the full range of protected areas that achieve biodiversity conservation objectives including on private lands and private reserves where appropriate.
3.1.9 Identify and foster economic opportunities and markets at local, national and international levels for goods and services produced by protected areas and/or reliant on the ecosystem services that protected areas provide, consistent with protected area objectives and promote the equitable sharing of the benefits.
3.1.10 Develop necessary mechanisms for institutions with responsibilities for conservation of biological diversity at the regional, national and local level to achieve institutional and financial sustainability.
3.1.11 Cooperate with neighbouring countries to establish an enabling environment for transboundary protected areas and for neighbouring protected areas across national boundaries and other similar approaches including regional networks.
Suggested supporting activities of the Executive Secretary
3.1.12 In collaboration with key partners such as OECD, IUCN, WWF and the secretariats of other conventions compile information on relevant guidance, resource kits and other information on incentive measures including those relating to the development of incentive options.
3.1.13 Compile and disseminate, through the CHM and other media, case-studies on best practices on the use of incentive measures for the management of protected areas.
3.1.14 Compile and disseminate through the CHM and other media best practices on ways and means to integrate the use of incentive measures into protected area management plans, programmes and policies including opportunities for the removal or mitigation of perverse incentives.
Goal 3.2: To build capacity for the planning, establishment and management of protected areas
By 2010, comprehensive capacity building programmes and initiatives are implemented to develop knowledge and skills at individual, community and institutional levels, and raise professional standards.
Suggested activities of the Parties
3.2.1 By 2006 complete national protected-area capacity needs assessments, and establish capacity building programmes on the basis of these assessments including the creation of curricula, resources and programs for the sustained delivery of protected areas management training.
3.2.2 Establish effective mechanisms to document existing knowledge and experiences on protected area management, including traditional knowledge in accordance with Article 8 (j) and Related Provisions, and identify knowledge and skills gaps.
3.2.3 Exchange lessons learnt, information and capacity-building experiences among countries and relevant organizations, through the Clearing-house Mechanisms and other means.
3.2.4 Strengthen the capacities of institutions to establish cross-sectoral collaboration for protected area management at the regional, national and local levels.
3.2.5 Improve the capacity of protected areas institutions to develop sustainable financing through fiscal incentives, environmental services, and other instruments.
Suggested supporting activities of the Executive Secretary
3.2.6 Cooperate with IUCN and other relevant organizations to compile and disseminate available information.
3.2.7 Cooperate with initiatives such as the Protected Areas Learning Network (PALNet-IUCN) and explore lessons learned from those experiences, in collaboration with relevant organizations.
Goal 3.3: To develop, apply and transfer appropriate technologies for protected areas
By 2010 the development, validation, and transfer of appropriate technologies and innovative approaches for the effective management of protected areas is substantially improved, taking into account decisions of the Conference of the Parties on technology transfer and cooperation.
Suggested activities of the Parties
3.3.1 Document and make available to the Executive Secretary appropriate technologies for conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity of protected areas and management of protected areas.
3.3.2 Assess needs for relevant technologies for protected area management involving indigenous and local communities and stakeholders such as the, research institutions, non-Governmental organizations and the private sector.
3.3.3 Encourage development and use of appropriate technology, including technologies of indigenous and local communities with their participation, approval and involvement in accordance with Article 8(j) and Related Provisions, for habitat rehabilitation and restoration, resource mapping, biological inventory, and rapid assessment of biodiversity, monitoring,
in situ
ex situ
conservation, sustainable use, etc.
3.3.4 Promote an enabling environment for the transfer of technology in accordance with decision VII/29 of the Conference of Parties on technology transfer and cooperation to improve protected area management.
3.3.5 Increase technology transfer and cooperation to improve protected area management.
Suggested supporting activities of the Executive Secretary
3.3.6 Compile and disseminate information provided by Parties and relevant international organizations on appropriate technologies and approaches for efficient management of protected areas and conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity of protected areas.
Goal 3.4: To ensure financial sustainability of protected areas and national and regional systems of protected areas
By 2008, sufficient financial, technical and other resources to meet the costs to effectively implement and manage national and regional systems of protected areas are secured, including both from national and international sources, particularly to support the needs of developing countries and countries with economies in transition and small island developing States.
Suggested activities of the Parties
3.4.1 Conduct a national-level study by 2005 of the effectiveness in using existing financial resources and of financial needs related to the national system of protected areas and identify options for meeting these needs through a mixture of national and international resources and taking into account the whole range of possible funding instruments, such as public funding, debt for nature swaps, elimination of perverse incentives and subsidies, private funding, taxes and fees for ecological services .
3.4.2 By 2008, establish and begin to implement country-level sustainable financing plans that support national systems of protected areas, including necessary regulatory, legislative, policy, institutional and other measures.
3.4.3 Support and further develop international funding programmes to support implementation of national and regional systems of protected areas in developing countries and countries with economies in transition and small island developing States.
3.4.4 Collaborate with other countries to develop and implement sustainable financing programmes for national and regional systems of protected areas.
3.4.5 Provide regular information on protected areas financing to relevant institutions and mechanisms, including through future national reports under the Convention on Biological Diversity, and to the World Database on Protected Areas.
3.4.6 Encourage integration of protected areas needs into national and, where applicable, regional development and financing strategies and development cooperation programmes.
Suggested supporting activities of the Executive Secretary
3.4.7 Convene as soon as possible, but not later than 2005, a meeting of the donor agencies and other relevant organizations to discuss options for mobilizing new and additional funding to developing countries and countries with economies in transition and small island developing States for implementation of the programme of work.
3.4.8 Compile and disseminate case-studies and best practices concerning protected area financing through the clearing-house mechanism and other media.
3.4.9 Review and disseminate by 2006 studies on the value of ecosystem services provided by protected areas.
Goal 3.5: To strengthen communication, education and public awareness
By 2008 public awareness, understanding and appreciation of the importance and benefits of protected areas is significantly increased.
Suggested activities of the Parties
3.5.1 Establish or strengthen strategies and programmes of education and public awareness on the importance of protected areas in terms of their role in biodiversity conservation and sustainable socio-economic development, in close collaboration with the Communication, Education and Public Awareness Initiative (CEPA) under the Convention on Biological Diversity and targeted towards all stakeholders.
3.5.2 Identify core themes for education, awareness and communication programmes relevant to protected areas, including <i>inter alia</i> their contribution to economy and culture to achieve specific end results such as compliance by resource users and other stakeholders or an increased understanding of science-based knowledge by indigenous and local communities and policy makers and an increased understanding of the needs, priorities and value of indigenous and local communities' knowledge, innovations and practices by Governments, non-Governmental organizations and other relevant stakeholders.
3.5.3 Strengthen, and where necessary, establish information mechanisms directed at target groups such as the private sector, policy makers, development institutions, community-based organizations, the youth, the media, and the general public.
3.5.4 Develop mechanisms for constructive dialogue and exchange of information and experiences among protected-area managers, and between protected area managers and indigenous and local communities and their organizations and other environment educators and actors.
3.5.5 Incorporate the subject of protected areas as an integral component of the school curricula as well as in informal education.
3.5.6 Establish mechanism and evaluate the impacts of communication, education and public awareness programmes on biodiversity conservation to ensure that they improve public awareness, change behaviour and support the achievement of protected area objectives.
Suggested supporting activities of the Executive Secretary
3.5.7 Collaborate with IUCN and other relevant organizations to collect and disseminate educational tools and materials for adaptation and use in the promotion of protected areas as an important means of achieving the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.
3.5.8 Establish, in collaboration with the IUCN and other relevant partners, an initiative to engage the global news and entertainment industry (television, film, popular music, internet, etc.) in a global campaign to raise awareness of the consequences of biological diversity loss and the important role of protected areas in biodiversity conservation.
Programme Element 4: Standards, assessment, and monitoring
Goal 4.1 - To develop and adopt minimum standards and best practices for national and regional protected area systems
By 2008, standards, criteria, and best practices for planning, selecting, establishing, managing and governance of national and regional systems of protected areas are developed and adopted.
Suggested activities of the Parties
4.1.1 Collaborate with other Parties and relevant organizations, particularly IUCN, on the development, testing, review and promotion of voluntary protected areas standards and best practices on planning and management, governance and participation.
4.1.2 Develop and implement an efficient, long-term monitoring system of the outcomes being achieved through protected area systems in relation to the goals and targets of this work programme.
4.1.3 Draw upon monitoring results to adapt and improve protected area management based on the ecosystem approach.
Suggested supporting activities of the Executive Secretary
4.1.4 In collaboration with the key partners and based upon the best practices promote available guidance for parties minimum standards for planning, selecting, establishing, managing and governance of protected area sites and systems.
4.1.5 Compile information on best practices and case-studies on effective management of protected areas and disseminate it through clearing-house mechanism and facilitate exchange of information.
Goal 4.2: To evaluate and improve the effectiveness of protected areas management
By 2010, frameworks for monitoring, evaluating and reporting protected areas management effectiveness at sites, national and regional systems, and transboundary protected area levels adopted and implemented by Parties.
Suggested activities of the Parties
4.2.1 Develop and adopt, by 2006, appropriate methods, standards, criteria and indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of protected area management and governance, and set up a related database, taking into account the IUCN-WCPA framework for evaluating management effectiveness, and other relevant methodologies, which should be adapted to local conditions.
4.2.2 Implement management effectiveness evaluations of at least 30 percent of each Party's protected areas by 2010 and of national protected area systems and, as appropriate, ecological networks.
4.2.3 Include information resulting from evaluation of protected areas management effectiveness in national reports under the Convention on Biological Diversity.
4.2.4 Implement key recommendations arising from site- and system-level management effectiveness evaluations, as an integral part of adaptive management strategies.
Suggested supporting activities of the Executive Secretary
4.2.5 Compile and disseminate information on management effectiveness through the clearing-house mechanism and develop a database of experts in evaluation of protected area management effectiveness and consider the possibility of organizing an international workshop on appropriate methods, criteria and indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of protected area management.
4.2.6 In cooperation with IUCN-WCPA and other relevant organizations, compile and disseminate information on best practices in protected area design, establishment and management.
Goal 4.3: To assess and monitor protected area status and trends
By 2010, national and regional systems are established to enable effective monitoring of protected-area coverage, status and trends at national, regional and global scales, and to assist in evaluating progress in meeting global biodiversity targets.
Suggested activities of the Parties
4.3.1 Implement national and regional programmes to monitor and assess the status and trends of biodiversity within protected area systems and sites.
4.3.2 Measure progress towards achieving protected area targets based on periodic monitoring and report on progress towards these targets in future national reports under the Convention on Biological Diversity as well as in a thematic report at COP-9.
4.3.3 Improve and update national and regional databases on protected areas and consolidate the World Database on Protected Areas as key support mechanisms in the assessment and monitoring of protected area status and trends.
4.3.4 Participate in the World Database on Protected Areas maintained by UNEP-WCMC, and the United Nations List of Protected Areas and the State of the World's Protected Areas assessment process.
4.3.5 Encourage the establishment and establishment use of new technologies including geographic information system and remote sensing tools for monitoring protected areas.
Suggested supporting activities of the Executive Secretary
4.3.6 Develop and consolidate working partnerships with appropriate organizations and institutions that have developed and maintained monitoring systems and databases on protected areas, in particular with the UNEP-WCMC and the IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas.
4.3.7 Explore establishment of a harmonized system and time schedule for reporting on sites designated under the Convention on Wetlands, the World Heritage Convention, and UNESCO MAB programme, and other regional systems, as appropriate, taking into account the ongoing work of UNEP-WCMC on harmonization of reporting and the IUCN protected area management category system for reporting purpose.
4.3.8 Prepare an updated format for the thematic report on protected areas covering,
inter alia,
integration of protected areas and national systems of protected areas into relevant sectors and spatial planning taking into account decision VII/25 on national reporting.
Goal 4.4: To ensure that scientific knowledge contributes to the establishment and effectiveness of protected areas and protected area Systems
Scientific knowledge relevant to protected areas is further developed as a contribution to their establishment, effectiveness, and management.
Suggested activities of the Parties
4.4.1 Improve research, scientific and technical cooperation related to protected areas at national, regional and international levels.
4.4.2 Promote interdisciplinary research, to improve understanding of the ecological social and economic aspects of protected areas, including methods and techniques for valuation of goods and services from protected areas
4.4.3 Encourage studies to improve the knowledge of the distribution, status and trends of biological diversity.
4.4.4 Encourage collaborative research between scientists and indigenous and local communities in accordance with Article 8(j) in connection with the establishment and the effective management of protected areas
4.4.5 Promote the dissemination of scientific information from and on protected areas including through the clearing-house mechanism.
4.4.6 Promote the dissemination of, and facilitate access to, scientific and technical information, in particular publications on protected areas, with special attention to the needs of developing countries and countries with economies in transition, in particular least developed countries and small island developing States.
4.4.7 Develop and strengthen working partnerships with appropriate organizations and institutions which undertake research studies leading to an improved understanding of biodiversity in protected areas.
Indicative list of partners and other Collaborators
Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species
Food and Agriculture Organization
Global Environment Facility
InterGovernmental Oceanic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
International Coral Reef Initiative
International Maritime Organization
International Association for Impact Assessment
IUCN - The World Conservation and its World Commission on Protected Areas, Commission on Ecosystem Management, and Species Survival Commission
International Whaling Commission
Man and Biosphere Programme of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
Ramsar Convention
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
United Nations Development Programme
UNEP - World Conservation Monitoring Centre
United Nations Forum on Forests
World Heritage Centre of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
World Bank
Other Collaborators
BirdLife International
Conservation International
Fauna and Flora International
The Nature Conservancy
Wildlife Conservation Society
World Resources Institute
Indigenous and local communities
Private sector
Other relevant national, regional and international non-Governmental organizations and other organizations
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FCM 4646 - Velux Fixed Curb Mount Skylight
Shipping Included!
The patented FCM curb mounted fixed skylight is sized to work with all types of site-built curbs, whether they're slightly out-of-square, pre-existing, or surrounded by unusually thick flashing and roofing material. Heavy-duty materials ensure the FCM skylight is built to withstand the installation process, as well as anything Mother Nature throws its way.
Installation slope
The FCM skylight installs on roofs with slopes between 0° (0:12) and 60° (20:12).
Energy efficient glass options
All VELUX skylight glazings are built using energy efficient, LoE3, Argon gas injected dual glass panes. The FCM skylight comes with your choice of the following glazing options, each designed to meet the needs of specific building situations:
- Miami-dade glass - Special safety glass designed to meet high velocity hurricane codes, including the stringent Miami-Dade code requirements.
- Impact glass - Special safety glass designed to meet code requirements for hurricane prone areas
- Laminated glass - Tempered safety glass with extra laminated pane for added safety and comfort
- Tempered glass - Tempered safety glass
- White laminated glass - Tempered, laminated safety glass with a white coating to provide diffused lighting
Sunscreening options for optimal light control
When combined with the accessory tray the FCM skylight is compatible with the following sunscreening accessories:
- Blackout Blinds – Blocks the light. Available in solar, electric and manual versions.
- Venetian Blinds – Accurate glare and light control. Available in electric and manual versions.
- Light Diffusing Blinds – Diffuse the light and eliminate glare. Available in solar, electric and manual versions.
Weathertight installation
The FCM skylight is designed for simple and weathertight installations on site-built curbs. It features integrated gaskets that provide a thermal break for energy efficiency and seals out water, wind and hassles for years.
Flashing options for a weathertight installation
These flashing systems help ensure a weathertight installation for your FCM skylight:
- VELUX ECL step flashing for curb mounted skylights is available for shingles and other low-profile roofing materials only on roofs with pitches greater than 10°. Site-built flashings are required for other roofing materials and roof pitches less than 10°.
- VELUX ECW tile flashing for curb mounted skylights is available for tile and other high-profile roofing materials only on roofs with pitches greater than 15°. Site-built flashings are required for other roofing materials and roof pitches less than 15°.
Quality construction
The FCM skylight is constructed with maintenance free exterior and interior that insulates and strengthens the unit.
Videos and Literature
Installation Videos
Curb Mount Skylight Installation Instructions
|Rough Opening
|46 1/2" x 46 1/2"
|S - 3 to 5 Business Days

subset: commoncrawl


text:
We are in the last phase of the Christmas Promotions of books in the Cafe. So far I have tried to group books into genres (loose sometimes) and now I am sharing some of the books that are stand alone or are in a non-fiction category.
Such as the first book, published in November, by Sharon Marchisello and reflects her experience within the financial sector. We all would like to reach a state of financial security or independence, and this book is aimed at guiding us to that state. Live Well, Grow Wealth: A Commonsense Guide to Shrinking Your Financial Footprint.
About the book.
Live Well, Grow Wealth is Personal Finance 101, a commonsense guide to shrinking your financial footprint. Sharon Marchisello compares managing your financial life to reaching and maintaining a healthy weight, and in ten easy-to-follow steps, she shows ordinary people how to build wealth by living within their means without compromising their values.
And early review for the book
Sharon's writing is warm and friendly as well as instructive. After a few pages, I felt I was sitting in her kitchen, sharing conversation and a cup of coffee. The clearly defined objectives of each chapter resonate with audiences from teens to us "aging baby boomers." As one of the latter, I appreciated the message that it's never too late – nor too difficult.
Head over and buy the book: https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1986446123
And on Amazon UK: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Live-Well-Grow-Wealth-Commonsense/dp/1986446123
Also by Sharon Marchisello
Read the reviews and buy the book: https://www.amazon.com/Sharon-Marchisello/e/B00NH6N4WK/
and Amazon UK: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Sharon-Marchisello/e/B00NH6N4WK/
Read other reviews and follow Sharon on Goodreads: https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/4297807.Sharon_Marchisello
Connect to Sharon via her blog: https://sharonmarchisello.blogspot.com/
Now time for some short stories… from an author who has also written two books on a subject that is not necessary very festive… Divorce. However, this romantic collection of stories may well help prevent reaching that point in a relationship! Lisa Thomson with Hearts Unbroken.
About the collection
Hearts Unbroken is a short story collection about love, loss and healing our broken hearts.
Marriage, love, divorce, and loss are fascinating subjects that provide a sharp backdrop to the human experience. How we love, have our hearts broken, and rebound, create stories that connect us. This collection touches on a variety of scenarios. Extra-marital affairs, abandonment, single parenting, widowhood, and finding love again, are the themes explored.
In the face of loss, we often rise from the ruins, surprised by our own ability to heal, as the characters show us. Mack is a single father, abandoned by his wife. He views himself as a broken down Chevy of a father—yet his two children love him all the same. Rachel is a young widow, having lost the man she loves, unexpectedly. We see her grief unfold and love grow again. Ava, is a married woman with a dirty secret, can her catholic marriage survive? This collection of short stories offers the reader much to contemplate when it comes to love and loss. Above all, it offers hope. Watching the variety of characters putting their broken hearts back together, will inspire the deepest cynic to love again.
One of the early reviews for Hearts Unbroken.
Hearts Unbroken' by Lisa Thomson is an anthology of short stories that tug at reader's heart, as they talk about human emotions and relationships, some of them so fragile that they need a solo long drive to figure them out. Sarah's marriage is a façade and she discovers it the day she decides to attend her family reunion without her husband who has no respect for her emotions and desires. He shrugs her off with an insensitive remark. No less poignant are the questions of Samantha who is too little to understand why her mommy is not coming home to tuck her in her bed.
Lisa excels in bringing out raw emotions without letting them melt into a melodrama. Her characters move on with their life despite heavy baggage of betrayal and internal strife. If Kora felt imprisoned within her own home, she had the courage to break free from the dazzling world of Jack, if Ava had rebuffed men to avoid an affair, she also knew how to calm her carnal desires. Grief stricken Rachel could rise to the occasion to save Alex. All these persons seem to be so familiar. They could be one of our friends, struggling with an unhappy marriage or a neighbor who doesn't know how to deal with domestic abuse.
Lisa's stories deal with these realistic problems in the most authentic manner, holding the reader's interest till the end. If you wonder what good relationships are and how they can be nurtured, read this book. If men fail to appreciate the role of a woman in their homes and how much work is required to keep it blossoming, they would surely learn from Mack. I devoured this book within hours!
Read the reviews and buy the book: https://www.amazon.com/Hearts-Unbroken-Stories-Lisa-Thomson-ebook/dp/B07CV8D2RH
And on Amazon UK: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Hearts-Unbroken-Stories-Lisa-Thomson-ebook/dp/B07CV8D2RH
Also by Lisa Thomson
Read the reviews and buy the books: https://www.amazon.com/Lisa-Thomson/e/B007HNG4CQ/
And on Amazon UK: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Lisa-Thomson/e/B007HNG4CQ/
Read more reviews and follow Lisa on Goodreads: https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/6692957.Lisa_Thomson
Connect to Lisa via her website: http://www.lisathomsonlive.com/
Another author who has written a book on one of the phases of life that most of us face is Barb Taub with her humorous book published in January of this year. Life Begins When the Kids Leave Home.. and the dog dies.
About the book
Chapter 1. A California girl named Barb met her prince of a guy. He was tall, dark, and handsome. (Actually, he was a Republican. But he was definitely tall.) They fell in love, and got married. Chapter 2. He brought her to his castle in England and they lived happily ever after. THE END** **Luckily, 35+ years of living happened between Chapters 1 and 2, giving Barb plenty of material for this collection (in no particular chronological order) from her newspaper columns, articles, blog posts, and that time she killed Mom. And that's before
Chapter 3 even starts. "I have learned to put down the coffee and place breakable objects at a safe distance when a post from Barb Taub comes up. It is very hard to drink coffee and laugh at the same time without redecorating the desk…"—author Sue Vincent Bio: In halcyon days BC (before children), Barb Taub wrote a humor column for several Midwest newspapers. With the arrival of Child #4, she veered toward the dark side (an HR career).
Following a daring daytime escape to England, she's lived in a medieval castle , a hobbit house, and a Scottish isle with her prince-of-a-guy and the World's Most Spoiled AussieDog. Considering all her days are now Saturdays, Barb is amazed that this is her sixth book.
One of the reviews for the book.
Ritu Hilariously realistic! 18 August 2018
Now, I am not quite at retirement stage, not looking out for grandchildren, as my own kids are still young, thankfully, but I enjoyed reading Barb Taub's collection of essays immensely!
The articles about motherhood resonated deeply, and I have to say I snorted with laughter at many! Barb Taub has a way with words, her humour is brilliant and these short essays keep you turning the pages.
You could dip in and out of this book, but I was so immersed, I read it continually (when my own children would allow) until the very last page! Definitely recommended!
Read the reviews and buy the book: https://www.amazon.com/Life-Begins-When-Kids-Leave/dp/1976934125
And Amazon UK: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Life-Begins-When-Kids-Leave-ebook/dp/B079428DNQ
Also by Barb Taub
Read all the reviews and buy the books: https://www.amazon.com/Barb-Taub/e/B00EZP9BS8/
And Amazon UK: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Barb-Taub/e/B00EZP9BS8
Follow Barb Taub on Goodreads: https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/7267656.Barb_Taub
Connect to Barb via her website: https://barbtaub.com/about/
The the final author today is Molly Stevens whose created a picture book story for those of us of a certain age. Boomer on the Ledge.
Do you believe aging is grim? Something to tolerate while waiting for the reaper? Be prepared to challenge this assumption when you read: Introducing: Boomer on the Ledge.™ Molly Stevens observed her grandsons discovering Christmas magic with an elf who monitored their behavior and reported it to Santa. As invasive as that seemed, she realized no one watches people in her age group unless scanning for signs of dementia. She felt invisible and needed validation. So she created a little doll whose daily surprises reminded her how being a boomer is both harrowing and hilarious. From the mundane to the sublime, let Boomer on the Ledge™ help you transform grim into grins while you explore the antics of an aging boomer.
The most recent review for the book
Who is a boomer ? What does a boomer look like ? Is there a stereotype? Would everyone become a boomer sometime or is it the select few ? The answers to all these questions and more are provided through this short and sweet book, almost as small as a comic book of yore. Yes, the book is short, too short for my like, leaving me with the the wish for more. But it is like cranberry sauce, one always feels like going for a second helping.
Read the reviews and buy the book from Amazon: https://www.amazon.com/Boomer-Ledge-Molly-Stevens-ebook/dp/B075YBHMZ7
and at Amazon UK: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Boomer-Ledge-Molly-Stevens-ebook/dp/B075YBHMZ7
Connect to Molly Stevens via her website: http://www.shallowreflections.com
Thank you for visiting today and I hope you leave with a book or two.. thanks Sally.


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"The Tomorrow People" Grows to Series Highs
The CW's national ratings were adjusted up from this morning's preliminary fast affiliate ratings.
As a result, THE TOMORROW PEOPLE grew to match ITS BEST RATINGS TO DATE in adults 18-34 (0.7/2), women 18-34 (0.6/2) and men 18-34 (0.7/2).
Among adults 18-49, THE TOMORROW PEOPLE tied its best performance since 10/23/13.
With growth from both ARROW and TOMORROW PEOPLE, The CW matched its best Wednesday of the season in adults 18-34 (0.9/3).
Both ARROW and THE TOMORROW PEOPLE were up from last week.
ARROW improved double digits week to week, including +18% total viewers (2.95mil), +25% in A18-34 (1.0/3), +22% in adults 18-49 (1.1/3).
THE TOMORROW PEOPLE grew from last week by 25% in total viewers (1.72M), +75% in A18-34 (0.7/2) and +40% in A18-49 (0.7/2).


text:
GREATER NOIDA, India, March 14 (UPI) -- Chinnarat Phadungsil was 8-under par in his last nine holes Thursday in claiming a five-stroke lead at the European Tour's Avantha Masters in India.
Phadungsil had seven consecutive birdies over Nos. 10-16 and finished the first round at 11-under 61 after a 28 on the back nine at the Jaypee Greens Golf Club.
He's five strokes up on Magnus Carlsson, Abhijit Singh Chadha, Liang Wen-Chong, Chapchai Nirat and Chawalit Plaphol, who turned in scores of 6-under 66.
Chadha and Liang didn't have a bogey in their rounds. Carlson and Nirat each had an eagle, five birdies and one bogey while Plaphol's round included an eagle, six birdies and two bogeys.
Eight players are tied for seventh at 5-under 67.
Phadungsil had three birdies in a four-hole span on the front side before his second-nine onslaught.
He had four birdies over Nos. 10-13 before dropping a 50-foot putt for birdie at 14. He nearly pitched in for eagle at the par-5 15th and tucked his approach within 2 feet of the hole at 16. After a par at No. 17, his second shot at the par-4 closing hole stopped 6 inches from the hole for a tap-in birdie.


text:
A politician for the Congress party in the northeastern Indian state of Assam was arrested Thursday after police registered a case against him for allegedly raping a married woman in the state's Chirang district.
Local authorities registered the case against Bikram Singh Brahma, a regional Congress leader, after the woman's husband accused the politician of "seducing and subsequently raping" his wife, the police official in charge of the case told India Real Time.
According to the police official, Mr. Brahma "maintained friendly relations" with the woman he allegedly raped, and had even promised her a high post in the Congress party. Late Wednesday, Mr. Brahma visited the woman's home in Chirang's Salbari village, at a time when her husband was away, the official alleged.
Investigators are looking into whether their meeting at the woman's home led to Mr. Brahma's raping the woman, as claimed by her husband, "or if this was a case of consensual sex," the official said.
Mr. Brahma, currently in police custody, could not be reached for comment. Police officials declined to provide information on either the husband or the alleged victim.
A representative for the Congress party in Assam said the allegations of rape, if proven against Mr. Brahma, "would not be tolerated by the party." The party rules Assam and leads the coalition in power in New Delhi, the capital.
The arrest comes only a few weeks after a 23-year-old physiotherapy student was gang-raped on a moving bus in New Delhi, unleashing a wave of protests calling for stronger security for women across the country. The protests also have targeted politicians for their perceived lack of interest in ensuring safety for women and for insensitivity toward victims of sexual attacks.
According to the Association for Democratic Reforms, a New Delhi-based think-tank, authorities have charged at least six actively serving members of India's state legislatures with rape and 36 other local politicians for crimes against women including sexual abuse and assault. Two members of India's national Parliament also have been charged with sexual abuse and assault, the association says.
Prior to Mr. Brahma's arrest Thursday, women from nearby villages took to the streets, ridiculing him in public and attempting to strip him, the official added. Television footage Thursday showed Mr. Brahma bare-chested and being slapped by a group of women on what appeared to be a village street. Hours later, police detained him.
Follow India Real Time on Twitter @indiarealtime.


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Peters/PA Photos/Landov; Peters/PA Photos/Retna; KCSPresse/Splash News
While all the stars — Gwyneth, Cate, Natalie — got seriously glam at Cannes, all eyes were on mom-to-be Angelina Jolie, who was beyond radiant on the red carpet. Whether promoting her voice-over role in Kung Fu Panda or her dramatic turn in the Clint Eastwood-directed Changeling, the expectant star turned out in one fabulous look after another. And now we want to know which dress you liked best for Angelina! Do you prefer her floaty jeweled Reem Acra caftan? Or her glamorous green Max Azria gown? Or her summery white floral Thomas Wylde frock? Tell us what you think of the star's style and vote in our poll below. Click here to see all the star style at Cannes, and click here to see more of Angelina's maternity style.
[style-poll http://webcenter.polls.aol.com/modular.jsp?template=1605&view=141304&pollId=141452&channel=aol_us_timepeople5%5D


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share:Remind Me
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Inherit the Wind In the twenties, a... MORE > $14.96 Regularly $19.95 Buy Now
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In the twenties, a schoolteacher creates a national furor when he breaks the law against teaching evolution.
The townsmen of Hillsboro, Tennessee, led by Rev. Jeremiah Brown, arrest high school biology teacher Bertram T. Cates for violating a state law that prohibits the teaching of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. Soon, the landmark case becomes a national cause célèbre , earning the nickname in the newspapers of "The Monkey Trial." The community leaders are at first dismayed that many Northern journalists are painting the townspeople as closed-minded reactionaries, but when they learn that world-famous politician Matthew Harrison Brady has volunteered to prosecute, they welcome the trial as a boon for both Hillsboro's commerce and the cause of Biblical fundamentalism. In the jailhouse, Bert's fiancée, Jeremiah's daughter Rachel, urges him to apologize, but he counters that the mind's freedom is as important as that of the body. By the time Brady and his wife Sarah arrive in Hillsboro, the town has been overrun by vendors, religious zealots and picketers condemning Darwin. After the mayor proclaims Brady an honorary colonel, the orator thrills the crowd by denouncing "evil-ution" and promising to bring the people back to the word of the Lord. Baltimore Herald newspaperman E. K. Hornbeck, an infamously smooth-talking cynic, then angers the crowd by announcing that his paper has hired the brilliant agnostic Henry Drummond to defend Bert. That night, when Rachel informs her father that she will not abandon Bert, the reverend accuses her of betraying him by "spewing atheistic filth" and, ignoring her pleas to stop, prays fervently on the soul of her dead mother. The next day, Drummond arrives without fanfare, greeted only by Bible salesmen, Hornbeck and a few of Bert's students. In the hotel, Drummond, who was once close friends with the Bradys, warmly greets Sarah and tolerates Brady's boisterous welcome. The next day, the trial begins during a record heat wave. Reporters and onlookers crowd the courtroom, where the judge and jury consist of devout Christian locals. The two seasoned attorneys equal each other in cleverness, vigor and passion. When Drummond refuses to accept a jurist after he affirms his belief in "God and Brady," Brady protests, and later Drummond objects to Brady's use of the honorary title "Colonel," after which the court hastily pronounces Drummond a "temporary honorary colonel." Drummond points out other elements that may prejudice the jury, including the in-court announcement of later Bible meetings, prompting Brady to accuse him of trying to dirty the minds of the young. Later, Rachel once again asks Bert to call off the trial, and despite his growing misgivings, Drummond's support convinces him to press her to choose between him and her father. That night, while Brady eats heartily and pontificates to a table of reporters, Drummond eats alone, joined later by Sarah. They all attend Jeremiah's prayer meeting, where the reverend denounces Bert and urges the crowd to curse him. When Rachel begs him to stop, Jeremiah extends the curse to her, alarming even Brady, who exhorts the crowd to practice forgiveness and looks after a distraught Rachel. Upon their return to the hotel, Brady joins Drummond on the porch rockers and questions how the old friends grew so far apart, stating that the poor people of the region need their dream of a beautiful heaven to buoy them. In response, Drummond compares Brady's vision of Paradise to a gilded rocking horse he coveted when he was young, only to discover that it was shoddily made, "all shine and no substance." In court the next morning, Brady interrogates Bert's student on his lessons, including the demeaning principle that man evolved from monkeys. Drummond asks the boy if the lessons corrupted him, and when Brady objects, the two spar heatedly about the preeminence of "right," Brady's moral approach, versus "truth," Drummond's scientific position. Brady then calls Rachel as a witness and demands that she reveal what she told him in confidence the night before about the reason why Bert left her father's church. She recounts how years earlier, when young Tommy Stebbins drowned, Bert was horrified to hear Jeremiah preach that the boy's soul would writhe in Hell because he had never been baptized. Inflamed, Brady rails at Rachel to divulge the questions Bert raised about religion and the existence of God, until the girl collapses in sobs and Sarah implores her husband to stop. Although Drummond can offset some of the damage by cross-examining Rachel and clarifying her statements, Bert, unwilling to distress her further, insists that he excuse her. Next, Drummond begins his defense, but Brady remains vigilant that he focus not on the law, which is not on trial, but on Bert. To that end, the judge dismisses as irrelevant all of Drummond's expert witnesses who plan to testify to the incontrovertible truth of evolution. With a reluctant defendant and no witnesses, Drummond, infuriated, requests permission to quit and accuses the court of bias, stating that there can be no impartial administration of a "wicked" law. The judge holds him in contempt of court and sets a $4,000 bail, for which John Stebbins, Tommy's father, posts bond. That night, as the townspeople burn Bert and Drummond in effigy, Hornbeck asserts to Drummond that man is still an ape and chides him for not standing firm behind Bert. Drummond gleans inspiration from the sight of the hotel Bible, and the next morning apologizes to the judge and, to the shock of the spectators, calls Brady to the witness stand as an expert on the Bible. Brady, confident that his faith and eloquence will protect him from aiding the defense, asserts that every word of the Bible is literally true. Drummond, who plans to prove that Darwin is not irreconcilable with Genesis, questions Brady on how various passages of the book could occur, but Brady counters that God is able to create, destroy or suspend any natural law. When Drummond examines the concept of original sin, the local prosecutor, Tom Davenport, tries to curtail the interrogation, but Drummond insists that he be able to question his only witness. Querying why God would have given man the power to reason if He wanted us to deny science, Drummond moves on to fossilized evidence of life, dated ten million years old. Brady asserts that the fossil is real, but must be six thousand years old, according to the Bible-based calculations of Bishop Usher, who determined that the world began on 4004 BC at nine a.m. Drummond then craftily presses Brady to clarify the exact length of the first day, which occurred before the sun was created. When Brady admits that the day could have been twenty-five hours long, Drummond pushes him to agree that it could have been ten million years long, scoring a critical concession to Drummond's case. Flustered, Brady accuses Drummond of destroying people's faith in the Bible, to which the defense attorney asserts that the Bible is a good book, but not the only book. Brady responds that God spoke to the writers, and when Drummond asks how he knows God did not speak to Darwin, an impassioned Brady answers that God told him. As the spectators gasp in shock, Drummond shouts that Brady considers himself a prophet, and Brady, shaken and silenced, leaves the stand. That night, Rachel visits Sarah, planning to accuse Brady of cruelty, but Sarah responds that he carries the burdens of all his idolizers, and exhorts Rachel to believe in Bert as much as Brady believes in his cause, and as much as Sarah believes in Brady. At the courthouse the next morning, Rachel returns to Bert's side as they await the verdict. The jury unanimously pronounces Bert guilty, but the judge, warned by the mayor that national bias has swung against them, imposes a sentence of a mere $100 fine. Although Brady wants to address the court with a speech, hoping to regain the adoration of the crowd, the judge proclaims the case closed, and the crowd files out noisily. As Brady attempts to make his speech to the backs of his former supporters, he collapses and dies. Soon after, Hornbeck plans Brady's obituary, using the words the orator invoked at the prayer meeting: "He that troubleth his own house shall inherit the wind." When Drummond quotes from the Bible and defends Brady as a once great man, Hornbeck realizes that the "agnostic" is a believer, and decries him as a hypocrite. Drummond replies that Hornbeck's cynicism has stripped him of either feeling or meaning. After Hornbeck leaves, Drummond packs his belongings and takes his leave of Hillsboro, holding his Bible and his Darwin side by side.
Cast & Crew
Additional Details
|MPAA Ratings:
|Premiere Info:
|World premiere at the Berlin Film Festival: 25 Jun 1960; London opening: 7 Jul 1960; American premiere in Dayton, TN: 21 Jul 1960
|Release Date:
|Production Date:
Stanley Kramer presents
UCLA has VHS P-VA1038M plus 16mm;
|Black and White
|Distributions Co:
|United Artists Corp.
|Mono (Westrex Recording System)
|Production Co:
|Lomitas Productions, Inc.
|United States
|not available
|not available
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An admirer
Roberta 2019-09-19
Tracy and March are great actors and here they are together, later in years and in their careers, giving their all. Good movie, and as someone mentioned I... MORE>
Inherit the Wind
Lizfan 2019-09-18
A tremendous treat to watch two of the greatest actors together in a very well-done film. Spencer Tracy and Fredric March were outstanding actors,... MORE>
just as relevant today
my comment 2019-05-25
amazing -- 60 years on, and this movie is as timely as ever MORE>


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Never mind taboo – sex is a matter of health! Beyond diet and exercise, good health includes social connections, spiritual enrichment, and yes, a healthy sex drive!
Sex reduces stress, releases feel-good brain chemicals such as endorphins and oxytocin, brings a sense of intimacy and connection, and let's not forget that it's a great way to burn calories and build muscle! Why do you think that Pfizer's financial filings reported $2.05 billion in Viagra sales in 2012 alone? People want to have a healthy sex drive.
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'Tis the season for coal deliveries
Oh! the joys of Christmas. Twinkling lights. Piles of presents. And interest groups enlisting Jolly Old St. Nick to take aim at political foes.
A young-looking Father Christmas working for Environment Colorado put a coal industry association on his naughty list – literally – in a stunt this afternoon drawing attention to an upcoming Public Utilities Commission decision about coal-fired power plants.
Out of a crowd of kids who'd drawn up wish lists for the event, not one requested an X-Box, Justin Bieber sheets or whatever kids ask Santa for these days.
All they want for Christmas this year is — wait for it — clean air.
The PUC as early as Monday could approve a plan to close down some of the Front Range's older coal-fire power plants and replace them with gas-burning plants as a result of the Clean Air-Clean Jobs Act signed into law earlier this year.
The act aims to cut air pollution to comply with federal clean-air health standards. There is a Dec. 15 deadline for the PUC to approve a plan.
"And hanging in the balance is the air quality and quality of life for three million Coloradans for decades to come," said Dana Hoffman, president of the environmental group that also delivered a lump of coal to the Colorado Mining Association.
While the PUC could announce its decision as early as Monday, a statement from the environmental group reminds everyone that "Santa's decisions are not expected until the 25th of this month."


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For the inaugural virtual issue of American Anthropologist, Editor Tom Boellstorff created "The Anthropology of Language". The theme, deliberately broad, allows readers to track ways in which language has been central to anthropological inquiry from its beginnings but in differing ways over the years and with differing linkages to other domains of anthropological scholarship. The virtual issue includes an impressive 86 articles, including Brinton's "On the Chane-Abal (Four-Language) Tribe and Dialect of Chiapas" from the very first issue of AA in 1888. Boellstorff's goal with this virtual issue is to identify signal contributions to the anthropological conversation on language so as to build interest in that conversation as it continues to flourish into the future.
Enjoy free access to all 86 articles in this virtual issue through September 30, 2011; after that it will be accessible to AAA members, AnthroSource subscribers, and pay-per-view on Wiley Online Library.


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Vow to Stress Less: Wedding Day Tips from Brides
Photo courtesy of Charlotte Milling
Don't Fret Over Fine Details
"Little details are totally irrelevant after the fact," says Charlotte Milling from Olympia, Washington. "Curling ribbon, wrapping tulle, and folding napkins will never be as satisfying as spending an hour decompressing. You will reflect more on how you felt on your wedding day than on how closely your final product matched your mental image, so don't shortchange your body.'
Another realization Charlotte came to was that she was calling the shots! "I found if I wanted to do something, people would indulge me because I was the bride. So when I decided I wanted to go for a run between the rehearsal and rehearsal dinner, both of our families and bridal party did our own Rehearsal Day 5K. My maid of honor even trained for it! It gave us all a moment to step back from the chaos, engage in something fun, and bond in a way that wouldn't have been possible at the wedding alone. It is one of my fondest memories from the entire weekend!"
Photo courtesy of Catherine Charon
Sweat to Stress Less
Catherine Charon from Richmond, Virginia, also used exercise to channel her nerves. "I trained for my first half-marathon in the months leading up to my wedding. Any time I got worried about details or conflicts I went out for a run. It was a great way to clear my head and by the time I got back I felt like I could handle anything. Plus, I was in the best shape of my life when I walked down the aisle 20 days after the race (and I finished in 2:01!)."
Sign up for a race with the help of the FITNESS half-marathon training guide
Photo courtesy of S2Studio
Let People Help You
Type A brides take note. "I am a major control freak and didn't want anyone to help — I was afraid if I gave up power it wouldn't be my wedding anymore," confesses Karinda Hersman from Stevensville, Montana. "I wish I had let my mom and maid of honor help out so I wasn't doing everything by myself. They weren't trying to take over, they just wanted to enjoy the process with me. And don't worry when something goes wrong, because it will. At the end of the day, you will be married to the love of your life, and isn't that the ultimate goal?"
Photo courtesy of Corri Lewellen
Designate a Fireman
Even if the entire planning process is smooth sailing, there can always be a glitch at the last minute. "I had decided early on that I would not get stressed about my wedding," says Corri Lewellen from Jefferson City, Missouri. "I made it until two days before when the bakery called to say they couldn't make the cake I had ordered and paid for. I stayed calm, picked a different style, and moved on. The morning of my wedding, the bakery called my cell phone to tell me they wouldn't be able to deliver the cake to the reception site. I was upset but hate confrontation, so I found someone with a van who could go pick it up. Problem solved? Not in the least. Just before I am getting ready to walk down the aisle (literally), the delivery guy I just hired calls to say the bakery won't release the cake to him because he doesn't have a receipt. Now completely distressed, my mom grabbed the phone, had a heated discussion with the bakery, and handled the situation."
"Looking back, I wish I had designated someone to handle those calls and put out those fires. If you don't have a wedding coordinator, assign your mom, maid of honor, or someone else who can calmly and firmly handle last-minute flare-ups."
Photo courtesy of Ashley Fleming
Make a Fit Kit
Before you embark on creating your dream wedding, remember that your usual schedule may get jostled around a bit. "Since I planned my entire wedding, I wasn't able to work out as much as I used to or stick to a regular eating schedule with all the meetings, phone calls, and bridal showers," says Ashley Fleming from Bloomington, Indiana. "Always carry your gym bag with extra clothes in your car in case you have 30 minutes to work out in between meetings, lunch, calls, etc. You never know when you might have few free minutes and if you are prepared you can work out anywhere. Same with your diet — always carry healthy snacks in your purse. I sliced apples and carried Justin's Nut Butter Organic Honey Peanut Butter packets for on-the-go snacks I could eat when hunger hit."
Photo courtesy of Presley Salmon
Be True to You
"Be yourself!" says Presley Salmon of North Augusta, South Carolina. "Do your own makeup, wear a dress you are comfortable in, and practice dancing in your wedding shoes. If they don't feel right, get another pair. Nothing is more beautiful than a bride who is having fun."
Photo courtesy of Michelle Petrillo
Know When to Save
To avoid money woes, make a list of things you are willing to bargain on and what you want to splurge on before you start planning. "I was really stressed about sticking to a budget for my wedding," says Michelle Petrillo of Florham Park, New Jersey. "I saved so much money by ordering my flowers from my local supermarket instead of a florist. No one could believe my gorgeous centerpieces came from Shop Rite!"
Photo courtesy of Angela Broderick Bell
Buy a Bigger Size
Here's one tip brides-to-be probably don't want to hear, but need to. "Buy your dress one size bigger and get it tailored if need be," says Angela Broderick Bell of Leawood, Kansas. "If you are in between it will not only fit you better, you'll also feel and look better. And if you happen to slim down a few weeks before the wedding you'll have a great time taking it in!"
Photo courtesy of Katie Young
Try It On Before Go Time
This might seem like common knowledge to some, but for panicked planners like Katie Young from Narragansett, Rhode Island, an important reminder. "I picked up my wedding dress and hung it up in the hotel room two days before the wedding. I didn't try it on until it was time to go to the church. When my maid of honor zipped me up, she gasped. Fully zipped, the dress fell to the ground. I looked at the tag to see it was a size 14, and I am a size 2. We called the dress shop and they recognized their mistake. They rushed my dress over but I was 30 minutes late to the ceremony. Lesson learned — make sure it is your dress when you pick it up!"
Photo courtesy of Mary Jo Howell
Exercise Cravings Away
"I got through wedding planning by spending 45 minutes on the elliptical each time I needed to made a difficult decision," says Mary Jo Howell of Fort Worth, Texas. "This kept me from stress eating and got me in shape for my wedding day."
Photo courtesy of Joyce Hanz
Remember to Remember
"Three words," says Joyce Hanz of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. "It's your memory. My hubby and I cancelled our traditional wedding and eloped at a place we adore. We were married at the historic Banff Spring Hotel in the Canadian Rockies. It was just us and absolutely perfect, not to mention stress free! We stayed for a week honeymooning and have nothing but magical memories of our day."
Photo courtesy of Claudia Anel
Worry About Yourself
"I was ridiculously stressed by the idea that our guests wouldn't enjoy our wedding," says Claudia Anel of Jersey City, New Jersey. "I freaked out about details all day long for weeks leading up to the big day, I was so miserable. Finally the day of, I realized that every person at our wedding was there to be happy for us. We had 105-degree temperature and an outdoor ceremony but all of our guests beamed with excitement for us anyway. My advice to any bride-to-be is to trust that the important people in your life want the best for you. Knowing that will take the edge off of everything."
Originally published on FitnessMagazine.com, April 2012.