text:
Hawaii residents, Pierre and Pam Omidyar are investing millions to end modern-day slavery with their organization Humanity United. Find out how in this issue of Forbes http://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2012/11/08/inside-ebay-billionaire-pierre-omidyars-battle-to-end-human-trafficking/
…When eBay went public in 1998, Pierre Omidyar "skipped 'regular rich' and went straight to 'ridiculous rich,' " he says. He and Pam, a molecular scientist and his college sweetheart from Tufts, decided immediately that they'd give the vast majority of their wealth away within their lifetimes (they've since signed the Giving Pledge). Both just 31 then and worth more than $7 billion, it was a serious, overwhelming proposition. It took a few early years of earnest, scattershot check-writing across a handful of charities before they focused on trafficking as a target…"
More Here: Inside eBay Billionaire Pierre Omidyar's Battle to End Human Trafficking
Related articles
- Inside eBay Billionaire Pierre Omidyar's Battle To End Human Trafficking (forbes.com)
- How Pierre And Pam Omidyar Invest Their eBay Billions With Impact (forbes.com)
- Billion Dollar Givers: 23 Who Have Given Away $1 Billion Or More (forbes.com)
- eBay – New Logo (freshnessmag.com)
- Woman charged with human trafficking (sunnewsnetwork.ca)
- Stop the slaves on the streets (unicef.org.au)
- UN envoy warns on human trafficking in PH (rappler.com)
- Ypsilanti Man Convicted Of Enslaving 4 African Children (detroit.cbslocal.com)
- More girls from Maine and Portland being forced into $32 billion sex trade (bangordailynews.com)
Filed under: aloha, Announcements, Economy, Education, Health, Kids, Legal, Missing, Newspapers, State Affairs, Unexplained Phenomenon Tagged: | eBay, Forbes, Giving Pledge, Humanity United, Pierre Omidyar


text:
Story highlights
- Shepard Fairey pleaded guilty to criminal contempt of court in February
- He also was ordered on Friday to pay $25,000 in fines in a dispute that dates to 2009
- In his civil complaint, Fairey claimed to have used a photo of Obama and George Clooney
The street artist who created the iconic red, white and blue Obama "Hope" posters in the lead-up to the 2008 presidential election was sentenced Friday to two years' probation after tampering with evidence, prosecutors said.
Shepard Fairey pleaded guilty in February to criminal contempt of court for falsifying and destroying documents and coaching a witness while embroiled in a copyright infringement battle over his use of a now-famous image by The Associated Press that featured then-Sen. Barack Obama.
Fairey was ordered to pay $25,000 in fines in a dispute that dates back to 2009, when he brought a federal lawsuit against AP, claiming that he was entitled to use the image under the fair use doctrine, according to a statement by the U.S. attorney for the Southern District of New York.
The guidelines are a copyright exception allowing reproductions in specific instances of news reporting, commentary, teaching and other situations.
"I accept full responsibility for violating the court's trust by tampering with evidence during my civil case with (The) Associated Press, which, after my admitting to engaging in this conduct, led to this criminal case by the Southern District of New York," Fairey said in a written statement. "I accept the judge's sentence and look forward to finally putting this episode behind me."
Federal prosecutors said Fairey, 42, lied about which AP image of Obama he used as inspiration for the posters, which were stamped with the words "Hope" and "Progress."
"After spending a great amount of time, energy and legal effort, all of us at The Associated Press are glad this matter is finally behind us," said AP President and CEO Gary Pruitt. "We hope this case will serve as a clear reminder to all of the importance of fair compensation for those who gather and produce original news content."
In his civil complaint, Fairey claimed to have used a photo taken of Obama and actor George Clooney by an AP photographer in 2006, though he actually used a different AP image -- a close-up of the current president, prosecutors said.
The federal court found Fairey had both destroyed documents that would prove that he had not used the photo of Obama and Clooney, and created false ones in an attempt to back the claims he made in his complaint.
"My wrong-headed actions, born out of a moment of fear and embarrassment, have not only been financially and psychologically costly to myself and my family, but also helped to obscure what I was fighting for in the first place -- the ability of artists everywhere to be inspired and freely create art without reprisal," Fairey said.
According to court documents, Fairey and AP settled the civil suit in January 2011 for $1.6 million.

subset: commoncrawl


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|Jeni runs a great blog on beauty and skincare called "Savvy Skin" and has contributed several comments on The Women's Hair Loss Project. Now she is sharing her story. Here it is:
I'm 28, and I used to have really thick curly hair up until recently, and now I have probably half as much hair as before. I first started noticing that my part was really thinning back in September and I freaked out. After doing research, I first assumed that it was from the pill (ortho tri-cyclen) and I stopped taking it shortly after. I had been off and on it for over 10 years, but never really noticed any hair thinning before, or even the few times I went off it. I always lose a ton of hair (people always comment about my hair falling out all over the place), and I guess my hair has decreased over the years, but I never saw any baldness before Sept. My dad's hair is thin on top, and my mom's hair is thin now (but she has diabetes, is hypothyroid, takes a lot of medications, and eats terribly, so I don't know if hers is AGA).
I first went to a dermatologist who said it could be AGA but couldn't tell, and he just recommended Nizoral since he saw dandruff. Then I went to a general doctor who had no idea about anything, but she determined I was depressed, and suggested anti-depressants. I actually was really depressed (even before the hair loss), so I started taking anti-depressants, even though I was afraid it could make my hair worse. She claimed my hair loss was probably just because I was depressed and that it would grow back. I asked for all the various blood tests, and everything appeared normal. I started using Nioxin shampoo, Nizoral weekly, started taking a better multi-vitamin, attempted to eat better, including more iron and protein. For several months I've also been taking Evening Primrose Oil, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Iron, & Flaxseed on my food.
Things not getting better, I saw Dermatologist Dr. Richard Strick at UCLA in Los Angeles because he supposedly specializes in hair loss. He looked at my scalp and said I definitely have TE (telogen effluvium) and that things should just get better eventually. He said I could use Rogaine to speed up the regrowth, or just wait it out. He seemed pretty sure of himself and didn't suggest anything else. The cause of the TE remained elusive.
A few months had passed and it was time for a visit to the endocrinologist because now I was sure I had a low thyroid [click to continue…]
{ 53 comments }


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Enterprise PL/I for z/OS®, V5.3 runs on the following IBM Z® servers:
Compilation and optimization technology for IBM AIX and Power Systems
Increase the performance of your business critical applications
Get technical tips and insights from others who use this product.
Find answers quickly in IBM product documentation.
Learn more about product support options.


text:
Glycolic Face Creme 2oz
A lightweight, rich, moisturizing and hydrating cream with 8% Glycolic Acid that provides substantial exfoliation. Also containing a combination of anti-oxidants and humectants, to renew and revitalize the top layers of the skin and encourage a smoother, younger looking complexion. Use twice daily after cleansing. Contains Grape Seed, silky moisturizers, green tea and licorice root. Also contains Vitamin E for calming skin and provides antioxidant benefits, while Vitamin A provides promotes healthy skin cells. Excellent for combination, dry, or mature skin. Other glycolic creams with identical ingredients sell for $49-$69!
As a night creme:
Clients are always fascinated to learn that at night, the skin repairs itself from the days damage. Its an amazing process, but one thats often overlooked and misunderstood.
At night, skin experiences several changes:
Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) increases, causing the skins protective hydrolipid barrier to weaken, allowing for greater penetration of active ingredients.
The skins own natural antioxidant levels increase.
Skin repairs from the days damage from exposure to environmental aggressors, such as UV rays, smog, nicotine, etc. and rejuvenates itself.
Oil production is two times lower at night than during the day.
What are the benefits of a dedicated nighttime skin care plan?
The same routine is followed both morning and night: start with cleanser and end with moisturizer. But when the sun goes down and skin starts to work the night shift, you can take advantage of its physiological changes to maximize visible results--and see skin that looks firmer and younger in the morning.
More Information:
- View Ingredients
- Directions for Use
Works Well With:
- Liquid Silk .5 oz
- Herbal Moisture Creme 2 oz.-New & Improved


text:
Illegal drugs are those that are not prescribed by a doctor or
bought at a drugstore. They are sometimes also called "street drugs."
Some examples of illegal drugs include heroin (a narcotic); cocaine
(a stimulant); LSD, mescaline, PCP, methamphetamine, and psilocybin
(hallucinogens); marijuana and hashish (cannabis); and gamma-hydroxybutyrate
(GHB). Although GHB is legal in Europe for anesthetic uses and in the United
States for government-approved clinical trials for treating narcolepsy, it has
been otherwise illegal in the United States since 1990.
The effects of illegal drugs can be unpredictable because:
Last Revised:
October 13, 2011
Healthwise Staff
Medical Review:
William H. Blahd, Jr., MD, FACEP - Emergency Medicine & Peter Monti, PhD - Alcohol and Addiction
This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise, Incorporated disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use. How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions.
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
© 1995-2012 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.


text:
Houndstooth Yoga Leggings
Alpha Thread |
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Yoga Leggings
Our yoga pants are made from performance Eco-polyester / spandex fabrics, and are hand-stitched in North America, 100% sweatshop free, and super comfortable! Designed to be both stylish and versatile, you'll look and feel great whether you wear them to the gym, yoga class, around the house or around town. Made for optimal compression and stretch, our leggings help you work out in comfort, stretch with you and won't lose their fit.
They come in five standard US sizes and feature a high waistband that comes just under the belly button of most users (that can either be folded down or worn up). We recommend that you size up if you fall in between standard US sizes.
We can ship to virtually any address in the world. Note that there are restrictions on some products, and some products cannot be shipped to international destinations.
When you place an order, we will estimate shipping and delivery dates for you based on the availability of your items and the shipping options you choose. Depending on the shipping provider you choose, shipping date estimates may appear on the shipping quotes page.
Please also note that the shipping rates for many items are a low, flat rate. Detailed shipping rates and time frames can be found here.
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You may return most new, unopened items within 30 days of delivery for a equal value product exchange.
You can expect to receive your exchanged product within two to three weeks of your return package being received by us, however, in many cases you will receive an exchange more quickly. This time period includes the transit time for us to receive your return from the shipper (5 to 10 business days), the time it takes us to process your return once we receive it (3 to 5 business days), and the time it takes us to process your replacement order (5 to 10 business days).
If you need to return an item, simply login to your account, view the order using the 'Complete Orders' link under the My Account menu and click the Return Item(s) button, or shoot us a message if you need assistance. We'll notify you via e-mail of your return status once we've received and processed the returned item.


text:
I might have a spare computer that I can dedicate to math research, so I'm searching for free software and formulae collections (preferebly in pdf, tex, ps...) to put on it. It won't have internet and I want to minimize data transfer back and forth
CAS is taken care of by Axiom under TeXmacs, and Octave. I haven't been able to find a free and decent CAD/CAE program though, I'm thinking one might no exist
As for a formulas, I have basics phyics and dating. I need impression forensics, fire/arson (ok so I just want those ), and engineering (fluid flows, stress handling, vibrations, etc.)
Thanks for the help


text:
The London Olympics are just days away and to help get everyone in the mood for the competition, Google+ will be hosting several Hangouts with some of the game's stars.
The New York Times will kick off a series of Google+ Hangouts with Olympic athletes Wednesday evening when Chris Paul and Carmelo Anthony talk to fans and answer questions.
NBC began hosting Google+ Hangouts with Olympic athletes last month. It has already hosted the like of team USA soccer star Megan Rapinoe.
More sessions will be held in the lead up to the start of the Olympics.


text:
Email Etiquette with Professors/
Email might be the only way to communicate with your professor. Here's some email etiquette tips.
Email might be the only way to communicate with your professor. Here's some email etiquette tips.
Choosing your college can be difficult and confusing. U See It strives to make it less stressful.
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text:
Summary: Photosynthetic reaction centre protein
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Photosynthetic reaction centre protein family Edit Wikipedia article
|Photosynthetic reaction centre protein
Structure of the photosynthetic reaction centre from Rhodopseudomonas viridis.[1]
|OPM superfamily
|OPM protein
|Photosynthetic reaction centre cytochrome C subunit
1.96 a x-ray structure of photosynthetic reaction centre from rhodopseudomonas viridis:crystals grown by microfluidic technique
|Pfam clan
Photosynthetic reaction centre proteins are main protein components of photosynthetic reaction centres of bacteria and plants.
In bacteria
The photosynthetic apparatus in non-oxygenic bacteria consists of light-harvesting protein-pigment complexes LH1 and LH2, which use carotenoid and bacteriochlorophyll as primary donors.[2] LH1 acts as the energy collection hub, temporarily storing it before its transfer to the photosynthetic reaction centre (RC).[3] Electrons are transferred from the primary donor via an intermediate acceptor (bacteriophaeophytin) to the primary acceptor (quinine Qa), and finally to the secondary acceptor (quinone Qb), resulting in the formation of ubiquinol QbH2. RC uses the excitation energy to shuffle electrons across the membrane, transferring them via ubiquinol to the cytochrome bc1 complex in order to establish a proton gradient across the membrane, which is used by ATP synthetase to form ATP.[4][5][6]
The core complex is anchored in the cell membrane, consisting of one unit of RC surrounded by LH1; in some species there may be additional subunits.[7] RC consists of three subunits: L (light), M (medium), and H (heavy). Subunits L and M provide the scaffolding for the chromophore, while subunit H contains a cytoplasmic domain.[8] In Rhodopseudomonas viridis, there is also a non-membranous tetrahaem cytochrome (4Hcyt) subunit on the periplasmic surface.
In viruses
Photosynthetic reaction centre genes from PSII (PsbA, PsbD) have been discovered within marine bacteriophage.[9][10][11] Though it is widely accepted dogma that arbitrary pieces of DNA can be borne by phage between hosts (transduction), one would hardly expect to find transduced DNA within a large number of viruses. Transduction is presumed to be common in general, but for any single piece of DNA to be routinely transduced would be highly unexpected. Instead, conceptually, a gene routinely found in surveys of viral DNA would have to be a functional element of the virus itself (this does not imply that the gene would not be transferred among hosts - which the photosystem within viruses is[12] - but instead that there is a viral function for the gene, that it is not merely hitchhiking with the virus). However, free viruses lack the machinery needed to support metabolism, let alone photosynthesis. As a result, photosystem genes are not likely to be a functional component of the virus like a capsid protein or tail fibre. Instead, it is expressed within an infected host cell.[13][14] Most virus genes that are expressed in the host context are useful for hijacking the host machinery to produce viruses or for replication of the viral genome. These can include reverse transcriptases, integrases, nucleases or other enzymes. Photosystem components do not fit this mould either. The production of an active photosystem during viral infection provides active photosynthesis to dying cells. This is not viral altruism towards the host, however. The problem with viral infections tends to be that they disable the host relatively rapidly. As protein expression is shunted from the host genome to the viral genome, the photosystem degrades relatively rapidly (due in part to the interaction with light, which is highly corrosive), cutting off the supply of nutrients to the replicating virus.[15] A solution to this problem is to add rapidly degraded photosystem genes to the virus, such that the nutrient flow is uninhibited and more viruses are produced. One would expect that this discovery will lead to other discoveries of a similar nature; that elements of the host metabolism key to viral production and easily damaged during infection are actively replaced or supported by the virus during infection.
Indeed, recently, PSI gene cassettes containing whole gene suites [(psaJF, C, A, B, K, E and D) and (psaD, C, A and B)] were also reported to exist in marine cyanophages from the Pacific and Indian Oceans [16][17][18]
In plant photosystems
This entry describes the photosynthetic reaction centre L and M subunits, and the homologous D1 (PsbA) and D2 (PsbD) photosystem II (PSII) reaction centre proteins from cyanobacteria, algae and plants. The D1 and D2 proteins only show approximately 15% sequence homology with the L and M subunits, however the conserved amino acids correspond to the binding sites of the photochemically active cofactors. As a result, the reaction centres (RCs) of purple photosynthetic bacteria and PSII display considerable structural similarity in terms of cofactor organisation.
The D1 and D2 proteins occur as a heterodimer that form the reaction core of PSII, a multisubunit protein-pigment complex containing over forty different cofactors, which are anchored in the cell membrane in cyanobacteria, and in the thylakoid membrane in algae and plants. Upon absorption of light energy, the D1/D2 heterodimer undergoes charge separation, and the electrons are transferred from the primary donor (chlorophyll a) via phaeophytin to the primary acceptor quinone Qa, then to the secondary acceptor Qb, which like the bacterial system, culminates in the production of ATP. However, PSII has an additional function over the bacterial system. At the oxidising side of PSII, a redox-active residue in the D1 protein reduces P680, the oxidised tyrosine then withdrawing electrons from a manganese cluster, which in turn withdraw electrons from water, leading to the splitting of water and the formation of molecular oxygen. PSII thus provides a source of electrons that can be used by photosystem I to produce the reducing power (NADPH) required to convert CO2 to glucose.[19][20]
- Photosynthetic reaction centre, M subunit InterPro: IPR005781
- Photosystem II reaction centre protein PsbA/D1 InterPro: IPR005867
- Photosystem II reaction centre protein PsbD/D2 InterPro: IPR005868
- Photosynthetic reaction centre, L subunit InterPro: IPR005871
- ^ Deisenhofer J, Epp O, Sinning I, Michel H (February 1995). "Crystallographic refinement at 2.3 A resolution and refined model of the photosynthetic reaction centre from Rhodopseudomonas viridis". J. Mol. Biol. 246 (3): 429–57. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1994.0097. PMID 7877166.
- ^ Michel H, Oesterhelt D, Lancaster CR, Bibikova MV, Sabatino P (2000). "Structural basis of the drastically increased initial electron transfer rate in the reaction center from a Rh odopseudomonas viridis mutant described at 2.00-A resolution". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (50): 39364–39368. doi:10.1074/jbc.M008225200. PMID 11005826.
- ^ Hunter CN, Bullough PA, Otto C, Bahatyrova S, Frese RN, Siebert CA, Olsen JD, Van Der Werf KO, Van Grondelle R, Niederman RA (2004). "The native architecture of a photosynthetic membrane". Nature. 430 (7003): 1058–62. doi:10.1038/nature02823. PMID 15329728.
- ^ Scheuring S (2006). "AFM studies of the supramolecular assembly of bacterial photosynthetic core-complexes". Curr Opin Chem Biol. 10 (5): 387–93. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.08.007. PMID 16931113.
- ^ Remy A, GerwertK; Gerwert, K (2003). "Coupling of light-induced electron transfer to proton uptake in photosynthesis". Nat. Struct. Biol. 10 (8): 637–644. doi:10.1038/nsb954. PMID 12872158.
- ^ Michel H, Deisenhofer J (1989). "Nobel lecture. The photosynthetic reaction centre from the purple bacterium Rhodopseudomonas viridis". EMBO J. 8 (8): 2149–2170. PMC 401143 . PMID 2676514.
- ^ Miki K, Kobayashi M, Nogi T, Fathir I, Nozawa T (2000). "Crystal structures of photosynthetic reaction center and high-potential iron-sulfur protein from Thermochromatium tepidum: thermostability and electron transfer". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (25): 13561–13566. doi:10.1073/pnas.240224997. PMC 17615 . PMID 11095707.
- ^ Michel H, Ermler U, Schiffer M (1994). "Structure and function of the photosynthetic reaction center from Rhodobacter sphaeroides". J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 26 (1): 5–15. doi:10.1007/BF00763216. PMID 8027023.
- ^ Sharon I, Tzahor S, Williamson S, Shmoish M, Man-Aharonovich D, Rusch DB, Yooseph S, Zeidner G, Golden SS, Mackey SR, Adir N, Weingart U, Horn D, Venter JC, Mandel-Gutfreund Y, Béjà O (2007). "Viral photosynthetic reaction center genes and transcripts in the marine environment". ISME J. 1 (6): 492–501. doi:10.1038/ismej.2007.67. PMID 18043651.
- ^ Millard A, Clokie MR, Shub DA, Mann NH (2004). "Genetic organization of the psbAD region in phages infecting marine Synechococcus strains". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (30): 11007–12. doi:10.1073/pnas.0401478101. PMC 503734 . PMID 15263091.
- ^ Sullivan MB, Lindell D, Lee JA, Thompson LR, Bielawski JP, Chisholm SW (2006). "Prevalence and evolution of core photosystem II genes in marine cyanobacterial viruses and their hosts". PLoS Biol. 4 (8): e234. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040234. PMC 1484495 . PMID 16802857.
- ^ Lindell D, Sullivan MB, Johnson ZI, Tolonen AC, Rohwer F, Chisholm SW (2004). "Transfer of photosynthesis genes to and from Prochlorococcus viruses". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (30): 11013–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.0401526101. PMC 503735 . PMID 15256601.
- ^ Lindell D, Jaffe JD, Johnson ZI, Church GM, Chisholm SW (2005). "Photosynthesis genes in marine viruses yield proteins during host infection". Nature. 438 (7064): 86–9. doi:10.1038/nature04111. PMID 16222247.
- ^ Clokie MR, Shan J, Bailey S, Jia Y, Krisch HM, West S, Mann NH (2006). "Transcription of a 'photosynthetic' T4-type phage during infection of a marine cyanobacterium". Environ. Microbiol. 8 (5): 827–35. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00969.x. PMID 16623740.
- ^ Bailey S, Clokie MR, Millard A, Mann NH (2004). "Cyanophage infection and photoinhibition in marine cyanobacteria". Res. Microbiol. 155 (9): 720–5. doi:10.1016/j.resmic.2004.06.002. PMID 15501648.
- ^ Sharon I, Alperovitch A, Rohwer F, Haynes M, Glaser F, Atamna-Ismaeel N, Pinter RY, Partensky F, Koonin EV, Wolf YI, Nelson N, Béjà O (2009). "Photosystem-I gene cassettes are present in marine virus genomes". Nature. 461 (7261): 258–262. doi:10.1038/nature08284. PMC 4605144 . PMID 19710652.
- ^ Alperovitch-Lavy A, Sharon I, Rohwer F, Aro EM, Glaser F, Milo R, Nelson N, Béjà O (2011). "Reconstructing a puzzle: existence of cyanophages containing both photosystem-I and photosystem-II gene suites inferred from oceanic metagenomic datasets". Environ. Microbiol. 13 (1): 24–32. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02304.x. PMID 20649642.
- ^ Béjà O, Fridman S, Glaser F (2012). "Viral clones from the GOS expedition with an unusual photosystem-I gene cassette organization". ISME J. 6 (8): 1617–20. doi:10.1038/ismej.2012.23. PMC 3400403 . PMID 22456446.
- ^ Kamiya N, Shen JR (2003). "Crystal structure of oxygen-evolving photosystem II from Thermosynechococcus vulcanus at 3.7-A resolution". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (1): 98–103. doi:10.1073/pnas.0135651100. PMC 140893 . PMID 12518057.
- ^ Schroder WP, Shi LX (2004). "The low molecular mass subunits of the photosynthetic supracomplex, photosystem II". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1608 (2–3): 75–96. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2003.12.004. PMID 14871485.
- Deisenhofer, J.; Epp, O.; Miki, K.; Huber, R.; Michel, H. (1984). "X-ray structure analysis of a membrane protein complex. Electron density map at 3 a resolution and a model of the chromophores of the photosynthetic reaction center from Rhodopseudomonas viridis". Journal of Molecular Biology. 180 (2): 385–398. doi:10.1016/s0022-2836(84)80011-x. PMID 6392571.
This page is based on a Wikipedia article. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
This tab holds the annotation information that is stored in the Pfam database. As we move to using Wikipedia as our main source of annotation, the contents of this tab will be gradually replaced by the Wikipedia tab.
Photosynthetic reaction centre protein Provide feedback
No Pfam abstract.
Literature references
Deisenhofer J, Epp O, Miki K, Huber R, Michel H; , J Mol Biol 1984;180:385-398.: X-ray structure analysis of a membrane protein complex. Electron density map at 3 A resolution and a model of the chromophores of the photosynthetic reaction center from Rhodopseudomonas viridis. PUBMED:6392571 EPMC:6392571
External database links
|Transporter classification:
This tab holds annotation information from the InterPro database.
InterPro entry IPR000484
The photosynthetic apparatus in non-oxygenic bacteria consists of light-harvesting (LH) protein-pigment complexes LH1 and LH2, which use carotenoid and bacteriochlorophyll as primary donors [PUBMED:11005826]. LH1 acts as the energy collection hub, temporarily storing it before its transfer to the photosynthetic reaction centre (RC) [PUBMED:15329728]. Electrons are transferred from the primary donor via an intermediate acceptor (bacteriopheophytin) to the primary acceptor (quinine Qa), and finally to the secondary acceptor (quinone Qb), resulting in the formation of ubiquinol QbH2. RC uses the excitation energy to shuffle electrons across the membrane, transferring them via ubiquinol to the cytochrome bc1 complex in order to establish a proton gradient across the membrane, which is used by ATP synthetase to form ATP [PUBMED:16931113, PUBMED:12872158, PUBMED:2676514].
The core complex is anchored in the cell membrane, consisting of one unit of RC surrounded by LH1; in some species there may be additional subunits [PUBMED:11095707]. RC consists of three subunits: L (light), M (medium), and H (heavy). Subunits L and M provide the scaffolding for the chromophore, while subunit H contains a cytoplasmic domain [PUBMED:8027023]. In Rhodopseudomonas viridis, there is also a non-membranous tetrahaem cytochrome (4Hcyt) subunit on the periplasmic surface.
This entry describes the photosynthetic reaction centre L and M subunits, and the homologous D1 (PsbA) and D2 (PsbD) photosystem II (PSII) reaction centre proteins from cyanobacteria, algae and plants. The D1 and D2 proteins only show approximately 15% sequence homology with the L and M subunits, however the conserved amino acids correspond to the binding sites of the phytochemically active cofactors. As a result, the reaction centres (RCs) of purple photosynthetic bacteria and PSII display considerable structural similarity in terms of cofactor organisation.
The D1 and D2 proteins occur as a heterodimer that form the reaction core of PSII, a multisubunit protein-pigment complex containing over forty different cofactors, which are anchored in the cell membrane in cyanobacteria, and in the thylakoid membrane in algae and plants. Upon absorption of light energy, the D1/D2 heterodimer undergoes charge separation, and the electrons are transferred from the primary donor (chlorophyll a) via pheophytin to the primary acceptor quinone Qa, then to the secondary acceptor Qb, which like the bacterial system, culminates in the production of ATP. However, PSII has an additional function over the bacterial system. At the oxidising side of PSII, a redox-active residue in the D1 protein reduces P680, the oxidised tyrosine then withdrawing electrons from a manganese cluster, which in turn withdraw electrons from water, leading to the splitting of water and the formation of molecular oxygen. PSII thus provides a source of electrons that can be used by photosystem I to produce the reducing power (NADPH) required to convert CO2 to glucose [PUBMED:12518057, PUBMED:14871485].
Also in this entry is the light-dependent chlorophyll f synthase (ChlF) from cyanobacteria such as Chlorogloeopsis fritschii. ChlF synthesizes chlorophyll f or chlorophyllide f, which is able to absorb far red light, probably by oxidation of chlorophyll a or chlorophyllide a and reduction of plastoquinone [PUBMED:27386923].
Gene Ontology
The mapping between Pfam and Gene Ontology is provided by InterPro. If you use this data please cite InterPro.
Domain organisation
Below is a listing of the unique domain organisations or architectures in which this domain is found. More...
The graphic that is shown by default represents the longest sequence with a given architecture. Each row contains the following information:
- the number of sequences which exhibit this architecture
a textual description of the architecture, e.g. Gla, EGF x 2, Trypsin.
This example describes an architecture with one
Gladomain, followed by two consecutive
EGFdomains, and finally a single
- a link to the page in the Pfam site showing information about the sequence that the graphic describes
- the UniProt description of the protein sequence
- the number of residues in the sequence
- the Pfam graphic itself.
Note that you can see the family page for a particular domain by clicking on the graphic. You can also choose to see all sequences which have a given architecture by clicking on the Show link in each row.
Finally, because some families can be found in a very large number of architectures, we load only the first fifty architectures by default. If you want to see more architectures, click the button at the bottom of the page to load the next set.
Loading domain graphics...
We store a range of different sequence alignments for families. As well as the seed alignment from which the family is built, we provide the full alignment, generated by searching the sequence database (reference proteomes) using the family HMM. We also generate alignments using four representative proteomes (RP) sets, the UniProtKB sequence database, the NCBI sequence database, and our metagenomics sequence database. More...
There are various ways to view or download the sequence alignments that we store. We provide several sequence viewers and a plain-text Stockholm-format file for download.
Alignment types
We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family:
- seed
- the curated alignment from which the HMM for the family is built
- full
- the alignment generated by searching the sequence database using the HMM
- Representative Proteomes (RPs) at 15%, 35%, 55% and 75% co-membership thresholds
- UniProt
- alignment generated by searching the UniProtKB sequence database using the family HMM
- alignment generated by searching the NCBI sequence database using the family HMM
- meta
- alignment generated by searching the metagenomics sequence database using the family HMM
You can see the alignments as HTML or in three different sequence viewers:
- jalview
- a Java applet developed at the University of Dundee. You will need Java installed before running jalview
- an HTML page showing the whole alignment.Please note: full Pfam alignments can be very large. These HTML views are extremely large and often cause problems for browsers. Please use either jalview or the Pfam viewer if you have trouble viewing the HTML version
- PP/Heatmap
- an HTML-based representation of the alignment, coloured according to the posterior-probability (PP) values from the HMM. As for the standard HTML view, heatmap alignments can also be very large and slow to render.
You can download (or view in your browser) a text representation of a Pfam alignment in various formats:
- Selex
- Stockholm
You can also change the order in which sequences are listed in the alignment, change how insertions are represented, alter the characters that are used to represent gaps in sequences and, finally, choose whether to download the alignment or to view it in your browser directly.
You may find that large alignments cause problems for the viewers and the reformatting tool, so we also provide all alignments in Stockholm format. You can download either the plain text alignment, or a gzipped version of it.
View options
We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family. You can see a description of each above. You can view these alignments in various ways but please note that some types of alignment are never generated while others may not be available for all families, most commonly because the alignments are too large to handle.
|Representative proteomes
1Cannot generate PP/Heatmap alignments for seeds; no PP data available
Key: available, not generated, — not available.
Format an alignment
Download options
We make all of our alignments available in Stockholm format. You can download them here as raw, plain text files or as gzip-compressed files.
|Representative proteomes
|Raw Stockholm
You can also download a FASTA format file containing the full-length sequences for all sequences in the full alignment.
HMM logo
HMM logos is one way of visualising profile HMMs. Logos provide a quick overview of the properties of an HMM in a graphical form. You can see a more detailed description of HMM logos and find out how you can interpret them here. More...
If you find these logos useful in your own work, please consider citing the following article:
This page displays the phylogenetic tree for this family's seed alignment. We use FastTree to calculate neighbour join trees with a local bootstrap based on 100 resamples (shown next to the tree nodes). FastTree calculates approximately-maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees from our seed alignment.
Note: You can also download the data file for the tree.
Curation and family details
This section shows the detailed information about the Pfam family. You can see the definitions of many of the terms in this section in the glossary and a fuller explanation of the scoring system that we use in the scores section of the help pages.
|Seed source:
|Previous IDs:
|Sequence Ontology:
|Sonnhammer ELL
|Number in seed:
|Number in full:
|Average length of the domain:
|243.00 aa
|Average identity of full alignment:
|38 %
|Average coverage of the sequence by the domain:
|81.82 %
HMM information
|HMM build commands:
build method: hmmbuild -o /dev/null HMM SEED
search method: hmmsearch -Z 45638612 -E 1000 --cpu 4 HMM pfamseq
|Model details:
|Model length:
|Family (HMM) version:
|download the raw HMM for this family
Species distribution
Sunburst controlsHide
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Colour assignments
|Other sequences
|Unclassified sequence
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This visualisation provides a simple graphical representation of the distribution of this family across species. You can find the original interactive tree in the adjacent tab. More...
This chart is a modified "sunburst" visualisation of the species tree for this family. It shows each node in the tree as a separate arc, arranged radially with the superkingdoms at the centre and the species arrayed around the outermost ring.
How the sunburst is generated
The tree is built by considering the taxonomic lineage of each sequence that has a match to this family. For each node in the resulting tree, we draw an arc in the sunburst. The radius of the arc, its distance from the root node at the centre of the sunburst, shows the taxonomic level ("superkingdom", "kingdom", etc). The length of the arc represents either the number of sequences represented at a given level, or the number of species that are found beneath the node in the tree. The weighting scheme can be changed using the sunburst controls.
In order to reduce the complexity of the representation, we reduce the number of taxonomic levels that we show. We consider only the following eight major taxonomic levels:
- superkingdom
- kingdom
- phylum
- class
- order
- family
- genus
- species
Colouring and labels
Segments of the tree are coloured approximately according to their superkingdom. For example, archeal branches are coloured with shades of orange, eukaryotes in shades of purple, etc. The colour assignments are shown under the sunburst controls. Where space allows, the name of the taxonomic level will be written on the arc itself.
As you move your mouse across the sunburst, the current node will be highlighted. In the top section of the controls panel we show a summary of the lineage of the currently highlighed node. If you pause over an arc, a tooltip will be shown, giving the name of the taxonomic level in the title and a summary of the number of sequences and species below that node in the tree.
Anomalies in the taxonomy tree
There are some situations that the sunburst tree cannot easily handle and for which we have work-arounds in place.
Missing taxonomic levels
Some species in the taxonomic tree may not have one or more of the main eight levels that we display. For example, Bos taurus is not assigned an order in the NCBI taxonomic tree. In such cases we mark the omitted level with, for example, "No order", in both the tooltip and the lineage summary.
Unmapped species names
The tree is built by looking at each sequence in the full alignment for the family. We take the name of the species given by UniProt and try to map that to the full taxonomic tree from NCBI. In some cases, the name chosen by UniProt does not map to any node in the NCBI tree, perhaps because the chosen name is listed as a synonym or a misspelling in the NCBI taxonomy.
So that these nodes are not simply omitted from the sunburst tree, we group them together in a separate branch (or segment of the sunburst tree). Since we cannot determine the lineage for these unmapped species, we show all levels between the superkingdom and the species as "uncategorised".
Since we reduce the species tree to only the eight main taxonomic levels, sequences that are mapped to the sub-species level in the tree would not normally be shown. Rather than leave out these species, we map them instead to their parent species. So, for example, for sequences belonging to one of the Vibrio cholerae sub-species in the NCBI taxonomy, we show them instead as belonging to the species Vibrio cholerae.
Too many species/sequences
For large species trees, you may see blank regions in the outer layers of the sunburst. These occur when there are large numbers of arcs to be drawn in a small space. If an arc is less than approximately one pixel wide, it will not be drawn and the space will be left blank. You may still be able to get some information about the species in that region by moving your mouse across the area, but since each arc will be very small, it will be difficult to accurately locate a particular species.
Tree controlsHide
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- graphically
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The tree shows the occurrence of this domain across different species. More...
Species trees
We show the species tree in one of two ways. For smaller trees we try to show an interactive representation, which allows you to select specific nodes in the tree and view them as an alignment or as a set of Pfam domain graphics.
Unfortunately we have found that there are problems viewing the interactive tree when the it becomes larger than a certain limit. Furthermore, we have found that Internet Explorer can become unresponsive when viewing some trees, regardless of their size. We therefore show a text representation of the species tree when the size is above a certain limit or if you are using Internet Explorer to view the site.
If you are using IE you can still load the interactive tree by clicking the "Generate interactive tree" button, but please be aware of the potential problems that the interactive species tree can cause.
Interactive tree
For all of the domain matches in a full alignment, we count the number that are found on all sequences in the alignment. This total is shown in the purple box.
We also count the number of unique sequences on which each domain is found, which is shown in green. Note that a domain may appear multiple times on the same sequence, leading to the difference between these two numbers.
Finally, we group sequences from the same organism according to the NCBI code that is assigned by UniProt, allowing us to count the number of distinct sequences on which the domain is found. This value is shown in the pink boxes.
We use the NCBI species tree to group organisms according to their taxonomy and this forms the structure of the displayed tree. Note that in some cases the trees are too large (have too many nodes) to allow us to build an interactive tree, but in most cases you can still view the tree in a plain text, non-interactive representation. Those species which are represented in the seed alignment for this domain are highlighted.
You can use the tree controls to manipulate how the interactive tree is displayed:
- show/hide the summary boxes
- highlight species that are represented in the seed alignment
- expand/collapse the tree or expand it to a given depth
- select a sub-tree or a set of species within the tree and view them graphically or as an alignment
- save a plain text representation of the tree
Please note: for large trees this can take some time. While the tree is loading, you can safely switch away from this tab but if you browse away from the family page entirely, the tree will not be loaded.
There are 23 interactions for this family. More...
We determine these interactions using iPfam, which considers the interactions between residues in three-dimensional protein structures and maps those interactions back to Pfam families. You can find more information about the iPfam algorithm in the journal article that accompanies the website.
For those sequences which have a structure in the Protein DataBank, we use the mapping between UniProt, PDB and Pfam coordinate systems from the PDBe group, to allow us to map Pfam domains onto UniProt sequences and three-dimensional protein structures. The table below shows the structures on which the Photo_RC domain has been found. There are 456 instances of this domain found in the PDB. Note that there may be multiple copies of the domain in a single PDB structure, since many structures contain multiple copies of the same protein sequence.
Loading structure mapping...


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Scientists put brakes on dinosaur stampede
Queensland paleontologists have discovered the world's only recorded dinosaur stampede is largely made up of the tracks of swimming, not running, animals.
A University of Queensland PhD candidate, Anthony Romilio, led the study of thousands of small dinosaur tracks at Lark Quarry Conservation Park in Queensland's central west.
The tracks, which are 95 million to 98 million years old, are preserved in beds of siltstone and sandstone deposited in a shallow river when the area was part of a vast, forested floodplain.
''Many of the tracks are nothing more than elongated grooves, and probably formed when the claws of swimming dinosaurs scratched the river bottom,'' Mr Romilio said on Wednesday.
''Some of the more unusual tracks include 'tippy-toe' traces - this is where fully buoyed dinosaurs made deep, near vertical scratch marks with their toes as they propelled themselves through the water.
''It's difficult to see how tracks such as these could have been made by running or walking animals. If that was the case we would expect to see a much flatter impression of the foot.''
Mr Romilio said the swimming dinosaur tracks at Lark Quarry belonged to small, two-legged herbivorous dinosaurs known as ornithopods.
Previous research had identified two types of small dinosaur tracks at Lark Quarry: long-toed tracks, called Skartopus, and short-toed tracks, called Wintonopus.
The new research about the nature of the Lark Quarry tracks was published in this month's Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.


text:
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lux wrote:Does NASA offer an explanation for how to recharge them on Mars?
A problem with all manned space travel, be it a week/ten days to the Moon or a 10 monts trip to far away Mars, is that you must provide energy (fuel) to heat the vehicle and electricity for various services so the astronauts aboard will survive. As far as I am concerned NASA has not resolved that problem ... ever.


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Welcome to Ichnology.ca
This website shares information on the ichnological
and related studies conducted by the MUN ichnology group.
Our research focuses on the theme of reservoir ichnology. We are interested in the application of ichnology to study of paleoenvironmental/facies analysis and the impact of burrowing on all types of hydrocarbon reservoirs from conventional sandstones to shale gas.
Latest News
Can of Worms / 27.07.2012A very interesting news published on Science website about Prosellodrilus amplisetosus - an invasive worm from Southern Europe which consume soil to extract some of… Read More
AAPG 2013 Annual Convention & ExhibitionAAPG 2013 Annual Convention & Exhibition to be held 19-22 May 2013 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Industry professionals and students are… Read More
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Latest Ichno Articles
A Trichophycus hunt
Another grand day out on Bell Island, though a little on the nippy side at -10oC.
Stimulated by Dario wanting to collect a bentonite (to help with stratigraphic correlations), and me feeling the need to initiate Tiff into the department with some fieldwork, we had a grand day out.
Bell Island was doing a good impression of Spitzbergen today with icy winds off the ocean, rocks glazed in rime and icicles hanging off the cliffs, but somehow you don't notice so much when there are trace fossils to see (well I don't anyways).
Sampling of a thin bentonite, the weapon of choice being a key according to Dario, went smoothly enough. It appears to be a mafic bentonite, so there are a couple of possible local sources. Greg Dunning is going to help us with the fingerprinting if there are no datable zircons apatites etc.
Then on to one of my favourite places to show off ichnology, Grebes Nest. We had a happy couple of hours poking about, discovering in the process a hybrid Rosselia/Asterosoma/Zoophycos trace which has me scratching my head. I added to my growing collection of Trichichnus/Polykladichnus (I think I might need some help with kicking that particular foible). Perhaps when Adirenne Noftall has finished with her reconstructions I will be happier to leave them in the field.Read more...
Ichnology of the Winterhouse Formation
Highlights of a short ichnological exploration of the Winterhouse Formation at Long Point on the Port au Port Peninsula, western Newfoundland.
Read more...
The Winterhouse Formation is of Late Ordovician age, sitting in the Long Point Group between the Lourdes and Misty Point Formations. We have been interested in the unit as it sits around the oil window, and there has been some prior work on the palaeontology Bergstrom 1974 and palynology Gillespie 1998 (unpublished MSc thesis Memorial University- helen still works here in the CREAIT facility). I saw my first Receptaculites which was a suprise. I am kind of intrigued by them- it is ages since I came across a type of fossil I have never even heard of.
Alfie the accidental ichnologist
This is a story about the short but productive period that Alfie the alpheid shrimp (Alpheus bellulus) spent as a member of our group.
Alfie, as he was named by Michael Garton, came to us in a plastic bag on a flight from Vancouver from an aquarium to be our startunnel building shrimp. It was only once he arrived that we discovered that Alpheus bellulus is not a burrowing species. Many species of Alpheus are, but this one is not. This was to be one of the centrepieces of Chris Phillip's thesis, but it was not to be (Chris subsequently moved on to thalassinid shrimps with better success).
Alfie came with a number of buddies in the bag, but they proved to be somewhat feisty with one another when released into the lab mesocosms so I adopted him and moved him into the tank in my office. At about this time Michael Garton was visiting in the midst of thesis submission and he shared my office with me and Alfie.Read more...
Discovery of the oldest trace fossils?
One of our own, Alex Liu, has hit the headlines this week with the publication of his discovery of trace fossils in the Mistaken Point Formation at Mistaken Point itself (which is near Cape Race, Portugal Cove South, on the southern tip of the Avalon Peninsula, about 2.5 hrs drive from MUN). Alex has a real eye for discovering fossils, which-when combined with his dedication to fieldwork-has led him to unearth new finds from localities thoughout the Avalon and Bonavista areas in localities that have been considered to be "done to death".
Alex made the discovery in the summer of 2008 while he was a visiting student with us at MUN (he is co-supervised by Martin Brasier at Oxford University and myself).Read more...
Bradore and Hawke Bay fieldwork
Congratulations to Dr. Richard Callow on being appointed as postdoc to a short project supported by the Petroleum Exploration Enhancement Program.
Rich has been in the field this month studying the type sections of the Bradore Formation in Labrador and on the Northern Peninsula of Newfoundland.


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Man convicted of deadly attack on sleeping kids
CAMDEN, N.J. (AP) — A New Jersey man has been convicted of killing a 6-year-old boy who was trying to protect his sister from a sexual assault.
Osvaldo Rivera, of Camden, was found guilty Friday of felony murder and numerous other charges by a jury that reached its verdict after deliberating for less than three hours. He faces life in prison when he's sentenced Oct. 23.
Authorities said Rivera, 33, broke into the children's home in September 2012 while they were asleep and their mother was in the hospital recovering from a surgical procedure. Rivera was trying to assault a 12-year-old girl when her little brother intervened to protect her, investigators said.
Rivera slashed the children's throats, authorities said. The girl ran to a neighbor's house for help.
Two other girls, ages 9 and 14, were inside the home but weren't injured.
At the time of Rivera's arrest, there was speculation that he had been smoking "wet," or marijuana laced with PCP. But authorities said that has never been confirmed, and the issue wasn't raised during the trial.
Claims were made at trial that Rivera was drunk when the assault occurred, but prosecutors said there was no evidence Rivera had consumed alcohol around the time of the attacks.
They also noted his winding escape route, which they said showed a clear awareness of having committed an offense, and his physical actions — such as leaping fences — that demonstrated balance and coordination unlikely in a person so intoxicated they would be unaware of their actions.
Besides the felony murder count, Rivera was also found guilty of murder, attempted murder, aggravated sexual assault, burglary, making terroristic threats, weapons offenses and two counts of child endangerment.


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Kevin Ellis and Yale Fan, two Catlin Gabel students, won the second highest honors available to individual projects at the 2010 Intel ISEF in San Jose, California, this May. Ellis, with a project in computer science, and Fan, with a project in physics, each won the Intel Foundation Young Scientist Award of $50,000.
Team Oregon included 41 students presenting 27 projects at Intel ISEF. They were selected from the 891 high school students who participated in the Northwest Science Expo System.
Team Oregon won 22 Grand Awards and 28 Special Awards. Eighteen out of 27, or 67% of Team OR projects received Special Awards or Grand Awards. No state did better! Team OR brought home an accumulated total of $498,350.
Award winners represent every fair in the Northwest Science Expo System that sent participants to Intel ISEF. Five fairs in the system sent projects that received First Place Grand Awards.
Visit http://nwse.org for more information.


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Debt is hard to ignore. When you're staring down a ballooning credit card balance and fending off insistent phone calls from angry creditors, it can be an all-consuming enemy. You can't simply wish, smile or shrug it away.
What would you give to be free of the worry that comes with long-term debt?
When you enroll in our proven debt consolidation program, you may have to give less than you think. Nothing's free, of course, and our program does take some time and commitment to complete. We can't promise that you can enroll with us today and be debt free tomorrow.
However, we can promise to do everything in our power to significantly reduce your existing burden of unsecured debts. We work tirelessly on behalf of every client who qualifies for our program, and the results that we've achieved speak for themselves.
We are National Debt Relief a BBB-accredited, New York-based business with a host of awards and accolades. We specialize in reducing the balances on credit card debts, medical bills, repossessions, certain business debts and other unsecured obligations. We also work to ensure that your creditors don't harass you at your home or place of business.
We'll talk more about what we do - and what we've done to become a leader in our industry - in a moment. First, let's take a closer look at the nature of debt and some common options for fighting it.
Rising Prices, Falling Wages
These days, American consumers are struggling just to keep pace with rising prices for basic staples. No matter what the news tells you, regular folks are beset by falling wages, shrinking 401(k)s and an apparent lack of economic opportunity.
For many consumers, debt - from credit card bills and hospital financing to personal credit lines and business loans - offers an apparent escape from day-to-day financial pressures.
Not all forms of credit are actively bad, and many folks are able to use debt as a responsible means of augmenting their purchasing power. When you're dealing with a million competing priorities, however, it can be tough to keep your finances straight. If your expenses are rising faster than your income, you can only keep up this dance for so long.
Recognizing that you need to do something about your debts is an important first step on your road back to solvency. Whether your credit problems have become a pressing emergency or you're merely looking to shore up your finances before its too late, you have several plausible options at your disposal.
Thinking About Squeaking By on the Minimum Payment Plan? Think Again.
When it comes to paying off credit card debt, many consumers take the path of least resistance: the so-called "minimum payment plan." By law, credit card issuers are required to set a minimum monthly payment amount for each cardholder. These payments are calculated on the basis of the cardholder's total balance, interest rate and certain other factors.
Minimum monthly payments can be shockingly low. If you're carrying a balance of $10,000 on a single credit card, your monthly payment could be just $200 per month. Depending on your income, that could be perfectly manageable for you and your family.
Of course, credit card companies want something in return for your trouble, and they get it in the form of sky-high interest rates.
Here's an example:
If you make the minimum payment on a $10,000 balance with an 18 percent interest rate, it'll take 46 years to pay off your balance and cost you an extra $28,000 in interest payments. With an interest rate of 21 percent, the same balance will take 87 years to pay off and accrue more than $64,000 in additional interest charges.
Worse, these figures only apply to folks who stop using their credit cards. If you keep making charges, you'll find yourself even deeper in the hole.
Happily, consumer protection laws now require credit card issuers to disclose the precise length of time that the "minimum payment plan" takes to work for each customer. When you get your next credit card bill, look for the box that says something like "If you make only the minimum payment on this balance, you will pay a total of 'X' dollars and take 'Y' years to pay off your balance."
Those 'X' and 'Y' values might just shock you.
Looking for a Debt Consolidation Loan? Look Harder.
Debt consolidation loans are a well-known, well-advertised option for consumers who struggle with debt. These credit facilities exist for the express purpose of paying off outstanding unsecured debts and do their job quite well. When you take out a debt consolidation loan, your lender immediately pays off your existing creditors and starts billing you for the balance.
A debt consolidation loan works like any other unsecured debt. As long as you make your payments in full and on time, you'll eventually pay off the loan. For consumers with good credit and sizable debts, this may be an attractive option.
There's a catch. While debt consolidation lenders are happy to lend to low-risk consumers at market rates, they're loath to work with people who have poor or mediocre credit. In fact, most banks won't offer a debt consolidation loan with bad credit.
This isn't good news for the millions of American consumers who struggle with mounting debts and less-than-perfect credit scores. Since carrying long-term debts increases your chances of missing a payment, running up excessive balances or damaging your credit in either ways, debt consolidation lenders don't have a very big pool of potential applicants at their disposal. Unless you've been fortunate enough to maintain a stellar credit score during your debt struggles, you might have to look elsewhere for help.
Mulling Bankruptcy? Mull the Consequences.
Declaring bankruptcy is advisable only as a last resort. While Chapter 13 bankruptcy can dramatically reduce your unsecured debt load, it can have plenty of undesirable consequences. Meanwhile, declaring Chapter 7 bankruptcy may mean saying goodbye to most of the assets that you've accumulated over the course of your life.
We have plenty of literature about the bankruptcy process on this site, so we won't go into all the details here.
It's important to remember, however, that bankruptcy is a very public matter. Once you begin the process, it'll be a long time before you can hide the fact that it happened.
Declaring bankruptcy results in an immediate hit to your credit score. As you work through the process, you run the risk of losing important assets like your car, home, family heirlooms and more.
Over time, bankruptcy might come back to bite you in unexpected ways. If your employer requires you to carry a security clearance, there's a chance that it could be rescinded. If you're applying for a mortgage or rental property, your brush with insolvency could disqualify you from consideration. Depending on your area of expertise, you might even find it difficult to find or keep a job.
National Debt Relief: Debt Consolidation with a Difference
We offer a positive alternative to these debt reduction options: debt settlement.
Unlike credit card companies that offer the "minimum payment plan," we're not interested in bleeding you for every last penny. Unlike debt consolidation lenders, we don't only deal with folks who have great credit. Compared to bankruptcy, our program has a manageable effect on your credit score and won't cause long-lasting secondary problems.
Our debt settlement plans are available to anyone who qualifies. When you come on-board, you'll be connected with an experienced team of debt reduction professionals who negotiate directly with each of your creditors.
We deal with these credit card companies, hospitals, banks and other creditors so that you don't have to. During the entire process, you'll be protected from harassing phone calls, insistent emails, in-person visits and other high-pressure tactics that creditors and collections agencies use to force payment.
The ultimate goal of these negotiations is a single, lump-sum payment that eliminates all included debts once and for all. Unlike other forms of managed debt reduction, most of our debt settlement cases can be settled in 24 to 48 months.
To help you save up for your eventual payoff, we offer an FDIC-insured trust account into which you may make monthly deposits. While no case is typical, we've consistently reduced our customers' total debt loads by as much as 50 percent.
What Does Our Program Cover?
Our debt settlement program covers the vast majority of unsecured debts and some secured debts as well. Many of our clients carry significant credit card balances, and we're particularly adept at negotiating with major credit card issuers and banks. We're also able to settle:
We're also able to settle:
- Credit Cards
- Personal Loans and Lines of Credit
- Medical Bills
- Collections and Repossessions
- Business Debts
- Certain Student Debts
We're not able to settle:
- Lawsuits
- IRS Debt and Back Taxes
- Utility Bills
- Auto Loans, Government Loans
- Mortgage or Home Loans
- Other Secured Debts
If you qualify, we may be able to lower your monthly credit card payments by a significant margin all the while getting you out of debt in approximately 24-48 months. We work hard to reduce your debt as quickly as possible.
Over time, the debt reductions that we're able to secure could enable you to begin building up a store of savings or adding to your existing retirement account. For many past clients, our program was a turning point: Before enrolling, they lived paycheck to paycheck and could still barely afford to make ends meet. After successfully completing our debt settlement plan, they finally had the means to prepare and save for the future. It's the least we can do to help.
What does National Debt Relief Cost?
Of course, one of the most common questions you will have is what is National Debt Relief's fee? You want to know how much you have to pay for a company to negotiate your debts for you and get a creditor to forgive a significant portion of your debt.
First of all, National Debt Relief does not charge any upfront fees. There are no fees to get started. Then, NDR does not receive any fees unless your debt is settled. You read that correctly, we do not receive any payment unless we can successfully settle with your creditors and get your debt reduced.
Having said that, the fees for our services vary by state and the amount of your debt. The fee varies between 18-25% of your enrolled debt. Compared to the $1000s in interest you will pay on your credit cards while you struggle to pay them off, you can see that this fee is quite reasonable. Especially when you take into account the fact that you can become debt free in 24-48 months with our debt consolidation program.
National Debt Relief Awards, Recognition and Accreditation
At National Debt Relief, we think our results speak for themselves. Of course, we're not shy about accepting recognition when it's due. Here are just a few of the awards we've received from trusted authorities in the field.
- Top Ten Reviews' 2018 Gold Award for Best Overall Debt Relief Company
- Top Consumer Reviews' Five-Star Rating for 2018
- Top Consumer Reviews' Best Overall Debt Relief Company
- 'A+' Rating from the Better Business Bureau
- U.S. Chamber of Commerce Member
- International Association of Professional Debt Arbitrators Platinum Member
- American Fair Credit Council Accredited Member
We're also proud of what we can accomplish for individual consumers. Just look at what we were able to do for this young lady:
"The staff was understanding, not judging, and helped guide me through my options of becoming debt free. They helped me to understand my position and seek a remedy that would be long-lasting. I would recommend National Debt Relief to anyone who wants to take control of their financial situation."
– Chelsey H. (Trust Pilot Review)
No debt problems are too big for our debt settlement experts. We were able to help this customer escape from a seemingly endless spiral of debt and regret:
"I have been completely satisfied with my decision to contact National Debt Relief. I felt like there was no end to the tunnel of debt, but every representative I spoke to has been so great and understanding. I'm moving in the right direction now and am glad I made this choice. Thank you to all those at National Debt Relief for helping me."
– Brianne M. (Trust Pilot Review)
Proven Results
You don't have to take our awards, accreditations or clients' words at face value. We're immensely proud of our results as well. Take a look at some debt settlement letters. Check out these "Proven Results" for a look at what we've been able to accomplish for consumers just like you. Here's a small sampling of our achievements:
- Reducing a Bank of America credit card debt from more than $15,000 to about $3,000
- Slashing a Citi credit card debt from $22,500 to less than $8,000
- Lowering a Discover credit card balance from nearly $11,000 to just $2,000
Remember, no case is typical. Many factors will influence the size of your final settlement.
That said, your success is our success. Since we don't charge monthly maintenance or setup fees, we only make money when we successfully reduce our clients' total debt loads.
Without a proven track record of success, we simply wouldn't be in business. In fact, National Debt Relief only enrolls clients who have a strong chance of benefiting from our debt settlement program. We predicate our reputation on our ability to help consumers move past their debts and begin rebuilding their financial lives - not on our ability to enroll as many clients as possible or charge unnecessary fees.
Qualification Standards
If we don't accept every single potential client who passes through our doors, what exactly do we look for?
For starters, we agree to work with clients who have at least $7,500 in qualifying debts. Remember, the vast majority of unsecured debts, including credit card bills, qualify for debt settlement. Most secured debts, including auto loans and mortgages, don't qualify.
If you have less than $7,500 in qualifying debts or are facing a debt load that's largely made up of secured debts, we'll happily refer you to an organization that can help.
While we generally can't settle student loans, there may be exceptions. If you're dealing with significant student loan debts, we invite you to call us for a one-on-one evaluation with a debt settlement expert.
Our clients come from all walks of life and face all manner of debt-related situations, but many face similar challenges.
If you've already fallen behind on your monthly payments or can no longer afford your minimum payments, we want to talk to you. If can't see any way to improve your financial situation without taking a drastic step like declaring bankruptcy, we may be able to help. What's more, we have years of experience with clients who face exacerbating circumstances like divorce, death in the family, unemployment, long-term medical issues and other problems.
National Debt Relief We're Here For You
No matter what's going on in your financial life, National Debt Relief is here to help. We're not interested in giving you the hard sell or steering you into a program that you don't want or need.
Please take some time to look through our site and learn more about what we do, where we've been and where we're going. You'll hear from many satisfied customers and learn more than you ever thought possible about credit card debt, personal finance and the debt consolidation process itself.
If our proven debt relief program seems like a good fit, give us a call at 800-300-9550 during extended business hours or fill out the free, no-obligation debt relief quote form on this page. Our seasoned debt relief specialists look forward to speaking with you.


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A Ramona High School student died Wednesday after being hit in the chest with a softball during a P. E. class, officials confirmed.
The teen -- identified as Taylor Dorman by friends, fellow students and Ramona High School principal Tony Newman -- collapsed on a school field after being struck by a ball just before 11:30 a.m.
Dorman developed shortness of breath, then became unresponsive and had seizure-type activity according to the county's medical examiner's office.
Dorman was airlifted to Palomar Hospital where he was admitted to the ICU with an an irregular heartbeat. Officials say doctors discontinued lifesaving measures due to his grim prognosis.
Newman confirmed that Wednesday was the 10th grader's birthday.
"We will definitely review the sport and how that game is, the elements of that and discuss the safety. The safety of our students is our number one priority," said Newman.
On Wednesday night some students gathered at Ramona High School to mourn the sudden loss of their classmate. Students signed a memorial poster for Dorman and placed flowers near the poster.
"We felt it was right to celebrate his birthday the way he would want to. And I just wish he could be here for it," Alex Flynn said.
Friends brought "Happy Birthday" balloons, sang the song and remembered the young man who friends called "an "all-around good guy."
"I gave him a hug this morning. I was walking to class and saw him and said 'Hey Happy Birthday,'" Kaylene Stehlik said.
Principal Newton said losing a student is beyond anything anyone wants to go through.
"He was a fine young man, very well-liked by students on our campus," said Newton. "It was very tragic and our hearts go out to the family and his friends and his classmates. Our thoughts and our hearts will be with them."
On Thursday, Ramona High School students tried to get through the school day while coping with the sudden, sad loss of Dorman.
His best friend, Navar Findley, told NBC 7 he will never forget Dorman or the important life lesson they 16-year-old taught him.
"[Taylor told me] 'Enjoy what you're doing while you're doing it, and don't let anybody put you down because it's better that you be happy than be worried about what other people think about you,'" said Findley.
A memorial fund has been established for Dorman and his family. Those who wish to donate can do so at the Bank of Southern California Ramona branch located at 1315 Main Street by mentioning Sue Kohler, who is Dorman's mother.
Students, friends and family will gather at Ramona High School Thursday night for a candlelight vigil in honor of Dorman. On Friday, a 16th birthday party will be held for the teen at Collier Park.
Last May, an 18-year-old student at Mission Hills High School in San Marcos died suddenly after collapsing in the school gym.
In that instance, senior football star Anthony Vaeao was playing basketball with friends when he fell to the ground. He was rushed to hospital and was pronounced dead a short time later.
In August 2012, a report released by the medical examiner's office determined Vaeao's cause of death stemmed from a heart problem with other contributing factors.


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Rich Froning Jr. - 2011 & 2012 & 2013 & 2014 Crossfit Champion using MiR Weighted Vest
Video - Jason Khalipa, Crossfit Game 2008 Winner, 2013 2nd Place.
The vest is very durable, don't have to worry about the vest breaking at all. Compact and doesn't restrict you in any way. Different straps to adjust so they can better form and fit to your body. Overall it's just the best product on the market for weighted vest.
~ Rich Froning, 2011 & 2012 & 2013 & 2014 Crossfit Champion
The new MIR weighted vest is really nice, I have used the one in the past. They have the nylon ones including different material. But the new vest I wore today is really really good quality, and is very comfortable. So I talked to the guys and told them if you wanted me to wear the vest, I would need it to be smaller, because in crossfit we do alot of multi turn movements, so they made them smaller for us, and all the guys wore them today and it was very successful. It is very easy to use. Much easier with movement over the head. So I am very happy with the MIR weighted vest.
~ Jason Khalipa, Crossfit Game 2008 Winner, 2013 2nd Place.
The women's weighted vest makes it easy to up the ante in workouts. The shoulder straps are narrow enough that overhead movements are still possible while wearing the vest. the adjustability of all the straps and the main waist belt allows for an easy fit on all but the tiniest of our girls. overall the vest is a great product. thanks!
~ Kristan Clever


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For years I commuted to downtown Chicago's Loop, riding the "L" train through the west side of the city. Now I ride only occasionally and at off peak hours, which gives me a chance to sketch some of the riders unobserved. With an endless supply of faces and poses to serve as inspiration, it's fun to experiment with a different styles. Here I've composited a few of these sketches digitally with some of the amazing photos my wife, Lynn, has taken during her commute.
And I couldn't resist posting a few more of Lynn's pictures on their own:
I hope to continue this series from time to time, so Green Line riders be forewarned!


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I have installed Maple 16 (computer algebra system) to the directory /opt/maple16/ and the installation and registration progress is finished succesfully. I am running Arch Linux.
The terminal version of the program (maple) works fine, but when I start the GUI version (xmaple), the actual interface doesn't show up, however it does display the 'hint of day' window and it is possible to use, for instance, Ctrl + S for saving.
The program also opens two windows, the actual empty maple document and an empty java window.
I have tried runing it as both a normal user and as root, but that does not seem to change anything. I am using Awesome WM, but I'm not sure if that might be part of the problem.
What might the problem be and have anyone experienced the same problems? How can I debug a problem like this?


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New All-in-One
*nix executables are in
confdiris Now
codedirholds all modules/manifests/data
- Some other directories have moved
In Puppet 4, we changed the locations of a lot of important config files and directories. We also changed Puppet's packaging to install different things in different places.
This page is a summary, to quickly orient users arriving from Puppet 3.
If you want full details, we've written a specification of the directories used by all of Puppet's tools.
New All-in-One
puppet-agent package
On managed *nix systems, you'll now install
puppet-agent instead of
puppet. (This package also provides
puppet apply, suitable for standalone Puppet systems.)
This is a new name for a new thing. Instead of using package dependencies to bring in tools like Facter, Hiera, and Ruby, it includes private versions of all of them.
It also includes MCollective.
On Windows, you'll use the same package as before, but the open source package now includes MCollective.
*nix executables are in
On *nix platforms, the main executables moved to
/opt/puppetlabs/bin. This means Puppet and related tools aren't included in your PATH by default. You'll need to either:
- Add
/opt/puppetlabs/binto your PATH
- Symlink Puppet's tools to somewhere else in your PATH
- Use the full path (like
/opt/puppetlabs/bin/puppet applywhen running Puppet commands
On Windows, executables stayed in the same location, and the MSI package still adds Puppet's tools to the PATH.
bin directories
The executables in
/opt/puppetlabs/bin are just the "public" applications that make up Puppet. Private supporting commands like
ruby and
gem are in
/opt/puppetlabs/puppet/bin, to keep them from accidentally overriding system tools if you add the public bin dir to your PATH.
confdir is Now
Puppet's system
confdir (used by
root and the
puppet user) is now
/etc/puppetlabs/puppet, instead of
/etc/puppet. Open source Puppet now uses the same
confdir as Puppet Enterprise.
confdir is the directory that holds config files like
puppet.conf and
On Windows, this stayed the same. It's still in the
COMMON_APPDATA folder, defaulting to
C:\ProgramData\PuppetLabs\puppet\etc on modern Windows versions.
ssldir is inside
On some Linux distros, our default config used to set Puppet's
ssldir as
$vardir/ssl rather than
$confdir/ssl. Now we're not doing that; the default location is in the
confdir on all platforms.
Other stuff in
We're also moving other related configs into the
/etc/puppetlabs directory. Puppet Server now uses
/etc/puppetlabs/puppetserver, and MCollective uses
codedir holds all modules/manifests/data
All of the content used to configure nodes has moved into a new directory, named
codedir. (This stuff used to be in the
The default
codedir location is:
/etc/puppetlabs/codeon *nix
C:\ProgramData\PuppetLabs\codeon Windows
<USER DIRECTORY>/.puppetlabs/etc/codeif you're running as a non-root user
The main contents of the
codedir are:
- The
- The global
- Note: This is only for module versions you specifically want in all environments.
- The
hiera.yamlconfig file
Directory environments are always on
Directory environments are always enabled now.
The default
environmentpath is
$codedir/environments. On install, we create a directory for the default
production environment.
This means that if you're starting from scratch, you should:
- Put modules in
- Put your main manifest in
You can still put global modules in
$codedir/modules, and can configure a global main manifest with the
default_manifest setting.
Hiera data goes in environments by default
Hiera's default settings now use an environment-specific datadir for the YAML and JSON backends. So the
production environment's default Hiera data directory would be
Some other directories have moved
- The system
puppet agenthas moved, and is now separate from Puppet Server's
- On *nix:
- On Windows:
- On *nix:
- The
rundir, where the service PID files go, has moved:
- On *nix:
/var/run/puppetlabs. (Puppet Server has a
puppetserverdirectory in this directory.)
- On Windows:
C:\ProgramData\PuppetLabs\puppet\var\run— this is the same as before, but it's now outside the main
- On *nix:


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Cooper Magic Carry Folio with Shoulder Strap for LG G Pad 8.0
Cooper Cases
Having a shoulder strap on your tablet case is an upgrade you won't want to live without once you've tried it. For many it may be the missing link between using the tablet at home and taking it outdoors. Carrying a bag just to put the tablet in is a bit of overkill (and an extra few pounds your purse & shoulder could do without). The Magic Carry has many faces, it can be your lifesaver in the office, around the home or even on a road trip. Simply secure the velcro strap around the headrest and enjoy the silence as your kids tune in to an episode of Spongebob in the backseat. The helpful hand strap is great for when you're going to be using the tablet in-hand a lot and a nice PU leather finish gives it an impressive skin you'll want to show proudly.
- Universally designed to fit tablets in the 7-8" range, including LG G Pad (Tab) 8.0 (V480, V490)
- Detachable shoulder strap with adjustable length takes a load off carrying your tablet
- Two position shoulder strap can be used in either portrait or landscape mode
- Elastic hand strap helps make activities like reading, watching or entering data much more comfortable while securing it from drops and fumbles
- You can strap it to the back of your car's headrest for some on-the-go backseat entertainment
- Comes with Velcro cradle "lock" to stop it from dangling while the tablet is in use
- Stands at 3 angles convenient for every type of activity: sitting, standing, typing or viewing at a distance
- Stretchy elastic claws hold tablet tightly in place to make sure your device is cared for
- Lovely PU leather finish for premium feel and texture
- 7 - 8" size
- Claws expand from min. 3.9" to max 6.3" inches in width
- Claws expand from min. 7.1" to max 8.7" inches in height
Stretch plastic claws over each corner of the tablet to install device. Fold cover over and slide left or right hand into elastic strap to carry around while using. Clip in the strap for portrait or landscape mode by selecting links on the top or the side of the case.
|Model Name
|Magic Carry
|LG G Pad (Tab) 8.0 (V480, V490)
|Cooper Cases
|Business, Mens, School, Travel, Womens
|Budget $1 - $39
|7-8" version: 6.6 x 0.79 x 8.8 in (WDH)
|Exterior Material
|Button cutouts, Hand Strap, Adjustable Shoulder Strap, Integrated Stand, Stylus Holder, Universal
Shipping Rates
- Free Shipping for orders over $40
- Air Mail from China is $3.95 (6-30 days)
- Standard shipping from local warehouse is $6.95 (3-7 days; only available in USA, Canada & W. Europe excl. UK)
- Express shipping with DHL / UPS is $18.95 (+$8 for every additional item)
Simple Shipping
Customer service shouldn't stop at checkout. When you order from Tablet2Cases you get the total package. That means from A to Z, start to finish, either you feel good or we failed. Shipping is no exception. If you have any questions about your package, just contact us any time day or night and we'll get the answers you need.
Orders process in less than 24 business hours. If you order $40 or more, it's free. That's right, free shipping on all orders over $40! Orders over $40 automatically ship from the nearest warehouse to you.
Air Mail is our cheapest shipping method. In USA, Canada & W. Europe (excl. UK) you can also upgrade to local shipping (ie USPS, Canada Post, etc). It's slightly more expensive than Air Mail, but faster because it's dispatched from a local warehouse. It's only available for select countries and while stocks last. For super fast delivery, use shipping with DHL / UPS for guaranteed delivery within 1-3 days.
365-Day Free Returns
We asked customers what they thought of our 365-Day Free Returns process. Know what the top response was? "It's easy."
That's because it really is. There's no hassling over whose fault it is, and no question about who pays for shipping. We'll cover return shipping and process your refund as soon as we get it. No questions asked.
If within 365 days of purchase you're not totally satisfied, just send the unused product back in its original package. Return within 60 days of purchase for full refund or return after 60 days of purchase for store credit.