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This is a collection guide. It is a description of archival material held in the Special Collections Division,
J.Y. Joyner Library, East Carolina University. The materials described here are physically available in our
reading room. To see what's been digitized in this collection, click on the thumbnail at the top right of this page
or look for hyperlinks in the container list and/or the preliminary inventory.
The following chronology summarizes Waynick's career as journalist, legislator, administrator, diplomat, and arbiter:
1911-1913 - Reporter,
Greensboro Record1913-1914 - Reporter,
Charlotte Observer1915-1917 - Editor,
Greensboro Record1920-1922 - Publisher,
Greensboro Record1923-1935 - Editor,
High Point Enterprise1931 - Member, N.C. House of Representatives1933 - Member, N.C. Senate1933-1934 - Director, National Re-employment Service1934-1937 - Chairman, N.C. State Highway and Public Works Commission1937 - Chairman, State Planning Board Director, N.C. Division of Purchase and Contract1937-1942 - Editor,
High Point Enterprise1942-1949 - Director, Venereal Disease Education Institute and N.C. Social Hygiene Society1946-1948 - Arbiter, American Arbitration Association1948-1949 - Chairman, State Democratic Executive Committee1948 - Manager, W. Kerr Scott Gubernatorial Campaign1949-1951 - Ambassador to Nicaragua1950 - Acting Director, Point IV Program (Office for Technical Cooperation and Development)1951-1953 - Ambassador to Colombia1955-1956 - Director, Business Development Corporation1957-1961 - Adjutant General, North Carolina National Guard1957-1961 - Director, Richardson Foundation1961-1962 - Executive Vice President, Richardson Foundation1963-1964 - Race Relations "Troubleshooter" for Governor Terry SanfordMost of these activities, as well as a variety of additional interests, are reflected in the Capus Miller Waynick Papers. The collection is particularly strong in these areas: North Carolina politics, international affairs, public health, business and labor, and race relations. To the extent possible, the original order of the papers has been maintained. With a few exceptions (speech files, scrapbooks, miscellaneous photographs, oversize material, for example) all of the physical types of material pertaining to each activity have been arranged as a separate subgroup. It should be noted, however, that additional subgroups might contain items pertaining to aspects of Waynick's career chiefly reflected in one subgroup. Correspondence comprises the largest component of the collection. A significant portion of the correspondence in most of the subgroups is of a personal nature. Understandably, official files were usually deposited with the agency with which Waynick was associated. The correspondence consists largely of letters to and from old friends, political or institutional colleagues, and relatives.
Because of the largely personal nature of many of the files, the various subgroups and series have been arranged roughly in chronological order. However, some related series are arranged together as an aid to researchers interested in particular subjects.
Although some of the correspondence files are described in detail because of the diversity of topics reflected in them, those files, series, or subgroups that reflect a single topic are perfunctorily described. Folder labels should be consulted for a more complete explanation of the content of these portions of the collection.
The following outline summarizes the description of the Capus Miller Waynick Papers. The papers for each subgroup series may be found in the boxes/folders indicated (right).
SUBGROUP/SERIESI. N.C. Senate Subgroup, 1933-1934 (421.1-4.f)II. Welfare-Labor SubgroupA. Guilford Co. Board of Charities and Public Welfare Series, 1933-1934 (421.4.g)B. Director, National Re-employment Service Series, 1933-1934 (421.4.h-5.e)C. Unemployment Compensation Commission Series, 1935-1946 (421.5.f)D. Employment Security Commission Series, 1948-1949 (421.5.g)E. State Labor Commission Series, 1940-1941 (421.5.h)III.
High Point EnterpriseSubgroup (421.5.i-6.b)IV. State Planning Board Subgroup, 1935-1937, 1945-1946 (421.6.c-d)V. Highways and Public Works SubgroupA. State Highway and Public Works Commission Series, 1934-1966 (421.6.e-f; 40-42)B.
North Carolina Roads and Their BuildersSeries, 1948-1953 (421.6.g-7.a)C. Governor's Committee on Roadside Control and Development Series, 1938-1940 (421.7.b)VI. Venereal Disease SubgroupA. Director, Venereal Disease Education Institute Series, 1942-1946 (421.7.c-g)B. Director, N.C. Social Hygiene Society Series, 1946-1949 (421.7.h-.8.a)C. American Social Hygiene Association Series, 1950-1965 (421.8.b-c)D. National Jaycee Venereal Disease Education Program Series, 1965 (421.8.d)VII. Scott For Governor Subgroup, 1948 (421.8.e-h)VIII. Chairman, State Democratic Executive Committee Subgroup, 1948-1949 (421.8.i-9.d)IX. Supporters of Waynick for U.S. Senate Subgroup, 1949 (421.9.e-g)X. Ambassador to Nicaragua Subgroup, (421.9.h-13.a; 43-47)XI. Point IV Subgroup (421.13.b-14.d)XII. Ambassador to Colombia Subgroup, 1951-1953 (421.14.e-17.j; 47-54)XIII. Business Development Corporation Subgroup, 1955-1958 (421.18.a-b)XIV. Adjutant General Subgroup, 1957-1970 (421.18.c-21.i)XV. Richardson Foundation Subgroup, 1957-1968 (421.22.a-24.m)XVI. Buenos Aires Trade Fair Subgroup, 1962 (421.25.a-c)XVII. Race Relations SubgroupA. " Troubleshooter" for Governor Sanford Series, 1963-1965 (421.25.d-28.f; 55-56)B. Citizens Advisory Committee on Civil Rights Series, 1964-1967 (421.28.g-i)C. National Citizens' Committee for Community Relations Series, 1964-1966 (421.29.a-b)XVIII. Arbitration Subgroup, 1932-1957A. Thomasville and High Point Series, 1932 (421.29.c)B. American Arbitration Association Series, 1946-1948 (421.29.d-k)C. State Labor Arbitration Series, 1945-1949 (421.19.l-n)D. Dayton Robber Series, 1956-1957 (421.29.o)E. J. A. Jones Construction Company Series, 1950-1956 (421.29.p-31.c)XIX. North Carolina College for Negroes Subgroup, 1942-1949 (421.31.d-g)XX. High Point Housing Authority Subgroup, 1939-1942 (421.31.h-i)XXI. Concerned Citizens of High Point Subgroup, 1968 (421.32.a)XXII. Miscellaneous SubgroupA. Subject Files, A-Z (421.32.b-.33.q)B. Speeches, 1930s-1960s (421.34.a-g)C. Essays, 1930s-1960s (421.34.h-i)D. Personal Correspondence, 1944-1980, n.d. (421.35-37.h)E. Memoir (421.38.a-c)F. Newspaper Clippings (421.38.d-e)G. Photographs (421.38.f)H. Miscellany (421.39)
SUBGROUP I: N.C. Senate, 1933-1934
Waynick served in the North Carolina Senate during the session of 1993, where he chaired the Senate Committee on Constitutional Amendments. Consequently, he dealt with recommendations for amendments to the North Carolina Constitution that had been submitted by the Constitution Commission established in 1931. The Committee on Constitutional Amendments Series reflects efforts by the committee to mold a new document and the reasoning offered by proponents of a new constitution. Correspondence pertaining to legislation reflects constituents' views on a variety of issues, many of them concerning Guilford County. A considerable quantity of the correspondence pertains to the extremely controversial sales tax bill that narrowly was adopted. Waynick's membership on the Senate Finance Committee likely caused much of the correspondence. Such topics as public and private utilities, municipal courts, street assessments, the State Library, prohibition, health affairs, public school terms, labor, insurance companies, the Corporation Commission, the effect of inmate-produced furniture on the furniture industry, aid to Negro colleges in N.C., and unemployment compensation are discussed in the constituent correspondence. Publications include House and Senate rules and Waynick's Your Tax Bill (n.d.). Also included are series pertaining to the Senate Finance Committee, a petition to ban the sale of beer and wine near Muir's Chapel in the vicinity of Greensboro, and Waynick's unsuccessful bid for reelection in 1934.
SUBGROUP II: Welfare-Labor
Guilford County Board of Charities and Public Welfare, 1933-1934
Waynick served as chairman of the board during this period. This single file contains routine correspondence and other material concerning meetings and budgets.
Director, National Re-employment Service, 1933-1934
In this capacity, Waynick assisted unemployed workers find work through the Civil Works Administration. Most of the correspondence in the series is personal and political in nature, although some of it reflects the attempts of Waynick's acquaintances to find employment. Scattered letters invite Waynick to make speeches. Others discuss problems of individual re-employment offices in N.C. and of the CWA. Additional correspondence reflecting Waynick's work pertains to the alarming discontent of unemployed workers in Charlotte (Jan., 1934), promotional activities of the Iowa re-employment service (Apr., 1934), and procedures for registering veterans who were emerging from service in the Civilian Conservation Corps (May, 1934). Waynick resigned his position on Oct. 15, 1934. His letter of resignation appraises the work of three key members of the state organization and makes recommendations for the future. Other topics addressed in the correspondence include the construction of a beach cottage at Nag's Head, N.C., using historical materials (July, Aug., Oct., 1933) and the efficacy of repealing prohibition (Nov., 1933; Mar., 1934).
A file of miscellany contains speech-related material and clippings concerning North Carolina's efforts to address the problem of unemployment.
Unemployment Compensation Commission, 1935-1946
This single file contains chiefly correspondence (1938-1946) reflecting the nature of the commission's programs and future directions. Topics addressed in the correspondence include plans for a quarterly publication of the Employment Service Division (July, 1942), the effect of World War II on the unemployment (Sept., 1943), and the role of the commission in labor disputes (Nov., 1945). Also included in the file is a resolution of the Council of State (1935?) discussing guidelines and policies for the commission.
Employment Security Commission, 1948-1949
Included in this file are a few pieces of correspondence and a speech pertaining to the work of the Employment Security Commission and the Unemployment Compensation Commission. Benefit formulas and the composition of the ESC are discussed.
State Labor Commission, 1940-1941
This commission had the responsibility of studying conditions that might affect a wage and hour law in N.C. Included is a letter of John Gold, editor of the Wilson Daily Times (Dec., 1940) that discusses wage and hour legislation in general and his paper's experiences with labor-related issues during the depression. A letter of H. P. Taylor (Dec., 1940) expresses concern about the final report of the commission, which recommended the adoption of a fair labor standards act.
SUBGROUP III: High Point Enterprise, 1934, 1937-1942
Miscellaneous correspondence (1937-1942) and subject files comprise this subgroup. Much of the correspondence is personal in nature and deals with such matters as politics and patronage. Other topics include Josephus Daniel's love of newspaper editing and his reasons for abandoning it for public offices (Dec., 1937) and the failure of the State Highway Commission to agree to an overpass for High Point (June, 1940). A letter of Aug. 9, 1939, encloses Waynick's speech before the Regional Conference of Democratic Women concerning successful publicity approaches. Subject files pertain to Waynick's role in securing Assistant Secretary of Commerce John Dickinson as a speaker for the N.C. Press Association meeting (1934) and Waynick's exposure of the involvement of N. O. "Dutch" Smith and Wade Renfrow of High Point in illegal lotteries (1940-1942).
SUBGROUP IV: State Planning Board, 1935-1937, 1945-1946
The file pertaining to this board, of which Waynick was chairman (1935-1937), contains chiefly routine correspondence and minutes pertaining to meetings, the Commission on Interstate Cooperation, planning efforts in N.C., and cooperation with the National Resources Committee. One letter (May, 1946) discusses the development of a Committee to Promote Rural Industries. An article by Waynick (1945) pertains to the need for better planning in Raleigh. A file of publications contains three copies of State Government (Mar., Apr., June, 1933).
SUBGROUP V: Highways and Public Works
State Highway and Public Works Commission, 1934-1966
Waynick served as chairman of the commission from 1934 to 1937 and maintained an interest in highway-related matters for many years. This series contains the commission's printed annual report for 1935-1936 and three scrapbooks (1934-1937) containing newspaper clippings that provide a complete picture of Waynick's tenure as chairman. Correspondence (1935-1966) is of a routine nature. Of particular interest is a letter (Dec., 1937) of Raleigh physician Kemp D. Neal describing the poor medical facilities at Central Prison and his firm's years of service there under adverse conditions. A letter of 1966 encloses "State Highway Commission Data, 1915-1965."
North Carolina Roads and their Builders, 1948-1953
This series documents Waynick's role as compiler of North Carolina Roads and Their Builders (1952), a book dealing with the history of the Highway Commission and public employees and contractors who played a significant role in the development of roads and other public transportation facilities. The book was sponsored by the Superior Stone Company of Raleigh as a promotional device. Correspondence of Waynick, research assistants, the publisher, and persons discussed in the book (1948-1953) reflects the book's metamorphosis and reaction to it. Some of the letters, as well as a variety of research material, reflects aspects of the history of highway development in the state.
Much of the correspondence is to and from T. C. Johnson, commissioner of paroles during the administration of W. Kerr Scott, who assisted Waynick during the final stages of the project. Letters of Johnson and Waynick (1952) discuss Democratic politics during the gubernatorial campaign of 1952 and Johnson's dismissal as commissioner of paroles because of his support of William B. Umstead. Several of these interesting, detailed letters deal with Scott's attitudes and actions during the campaign. Other topics include Scott's method of financing his 1948 gubernatorial campaign (June 18, 1952) and Waynick's fear that the national Democratic party might do poorly in 1952 because of its failure to respond effectively to Republican charges concerning corruption and socialism in the U.S. government (Oct. 13, 1952).
Governor's Committee on Roadside Control and Development, 1938-1940
Included in this single file, which contains correspondence and minutes, are letters (Apr., June, Nov., 1938) discussing the possibility of passing a law instituting roadside zoning in N.C.
SUBGROUP VI: Venereal Disease
Director, Venereal Disease Education Institute, 1942-1946
The institute, though affiliated with the U.S. Public Health Service, was funded in part by R. J. Reynolds, Jr. Although much of the correspondence pertains to politics and Waynick's personal affairs, a significant portion of it discusses problems associated with venereal disease and the institute's program of public education concerning it. Some of the correspondence pertains to educational efforts in several localities in N.C. Waynick's letter of May 31, 1946, gives his views concerning the assets of the organization. A file of miscellany includes a speech by Waynick, reports, and other material concerning the institute and venereal disease.
Some correspondence in this series discusses topics unrelated to venereal disease: the important of improving race relations (Dec., 1943); the future of capitalism and democracy in post-war American (Dec., 1944); the use of movies in promoting health in rural areas (Oct., 1945); and an attempt by A. J. Fletcher to obtain a radio franchise at Greensboro to prevent a monopoly of the news in eastern N.C. by the News and Observer (Feb., Mar., 1946).
Director, N.C. Social Hygiene Society, 1946-1949
This organization worked to accomplish many of the same goals of the Venereal Disease Education Institute. Correspondence discusses direct mailing campaigns (Jan., 1947) and fund-raising approaches (Mar., 1947). Miscellaneous material includes a list of "VD graphic" posters (1944-1946) and a budget for the North Carolina Health League (1946). Personal letters discuss Waightstill Avery and his descendants (Feb., 1947) and the role of Governor O. Max Gardner in settling the High Point strikes of 1932 (June, 1949, attachment to Apr. 18, 1949).
American Social Hygiene Association, 1950-1965
This series contains correspondence and minutes reflecting the affairs of the organization. Of particular interest is Waynick's letter (1950) used by the association to garner support.
National Jaycee Venereal Disease Education Program, 1965
In this single file is correspondence reflecting Waynick's effort to gain financial support for this national anti-venereal disease campaign.
SUBGROUP VII: Scott for Governor, 1948
Included in this subgroup are correspondence, vote totals by county for the second Democratic primary, financial records, and miscellaneous materials that pertain to W. Kerr Scott's campaign against Charles Johnson for the Democratic gubernatorial nomination in 1948. Some of the letters and financial records reflect the active campaign work of H. G. Gulley in behalf of "Friend" Scott. Of particular interest are a letter (1953) from Waynick to Scott describing Waynick's role in the campaign and photographs of Waynick, Scott, Johnson, and others.
SUBGROUP VIII: Chairman, State Democratic Executive Committee, 1948-1949
Correspondence (Oct., 1948-June, 1949) in this subgroup reflects Waynick's pivotal role in the state Democratic party's activities. Many of the letters discuss the gubernatorial and presidential elections of 1948 and congratulate Waynick on his leadership in providing Democratic victories. Other topics of interest include recalcitrant, incompetent Republicans in the military government in Germany who were opposing policies of the Democratic party (Nov., Dec., 1948); the need for a Reconstruction Finance Corporation loan for the stabilization of pecan prices in Georgia (Dec., 1948); activities of the Young Democratic Clubs in North Carolina during the fall of 1948 (Feb., 1949); the advantages of voting machines and the need for an improved system of voter registration (Feb., 1949); the strength of anti-Scott forces in the N.C. General Assembly (Feb., 1949); Scott's offensive mannerisms and ill-advised road program (Mar., 1949); and Harry S. Truman's coarse public statements (Mar., 1949).
The subgroup also contains photographs of Waynick, the committee, and President Truman; a typescript article describing the role of the Young Democratic Clubs in the election of 1948; job applications (1948-1949); newspaper clippings, and miscellaneous material.
SUBGROUP IX: Supporters of Waynick for U.S. Senate, 1949
This subgroup contains correspondence (Mar. 16-Apr. 19, 1949) expressing support for Waynick as a successor to deceased U.S. Senator Joseph Melville Broughton. Some of the letters state the writer's sentiments concerning Governor Scott's choice of Frank Graham. One letter (Mar. 16, 1949) discusses the rumor that Waynick had been paid for his campaign work in behalf of Scott in 1948. The subgroup also includes a list of Waynick's supporters by county.
SUBGROUP X: Ambassador to Nicaragua, 1949-1951, 1955
President Truman appointed Waynick Ambassador to Nicaragua in recognition of his important assistance in the 1948 campaigns. Waynick arrived in Nicaragua in July, 1949, and remained at his post until 1951, excepting a few months in 1950 when he returned to the United States to organize President Truman's Point IV program. During his stay in Nicaragua he developed a close friendship with Anastasio Somoza.
Of particular interest is Waynick's brief diary (July-Nov., 1949) that records his thoughts and activities following his appointment. In it he describes official and social events in Washington prior to his departure, including an interview with President Truman; the trip to Panama and Nicaragua; the residence; official and social activities; impressions of the country, its government, and foreigners living there; and his doubts about the correctness of his decision to accept the position. General Anastasio Somoza is discussed throughout the diary.
The subgroup contains extensive correspondence, but most of it pertains to politics in North Carolina or Waynick's personal affairs. Considerable correspondence of T. C. Johnson, Waynick, Bedford Black, John Marshall, and others discusses the administration of Governor W. Kerr Scott, Waynick's potential as a candidate for the U.S. Senate or for the governorship in 1952, and developments in the campaign between Senator Frank Porter Graham and Willis Smith in 1950. Other topics include Waynick's perception of Nicaragua (July 25, 1949), a controversy within the N.C. Department of Conservation concerning the director of advertising (Aug.-Sept., 1949); the efficacy of state support of a cement plant in N.C. (attachment to Sept. 19, 1949); Bill Sharpe's criticism of a speech by Governor Scott at the dedication of a Carolina Power and Light Company power plant (Oct. 20, 1949); the authority of the Highway Commission to purchase heavy roadbuilding equipment (Oct., 1949); the process for awarding state advertising contracts (Dec. 27, 1949); affairs of the Young Democratic Clubs in N.C. (Jan. 5, 1950); prospects for an arms race between Russia and the U.S. (Jan. 12, 1950); problems associated with Nicaragua's educational system (Sept. 27, 1950); the personal qualities of Frances Renfrow Doak (Mar. 26, 1951); the exploitative appearance of the Technical Cooperation Administration's foreign aid programs (Mar. 28, 1951); the office of commissioner of paroles and the need for a system of probation in N.C. (Apr. 11, 1951); the Scott administration's emphasis on decentralized development through better roads (May 21, 1951 and attachment); a Technical Cooperation Administration official's views concerning development in Africa and Arab states (June 4, 1951); and the career of artist George Van Saake (June 22, 1951).
Also in the subgroup are numerous photographs, publications, newspaper clippings, and miscellaneous materials pertaining to Waynick's ambassadorship, Nicaragua, Somoza, and other notable political figures. Five scrapbooks filled with hundreds of photographs, clippings, and miscellaneous items provide a thorough view of Waynick's official and social activities as ambassador. Of particular importance are photographs of Somoza and other material pertaining to him.
A file of photographs, correspondence, and newspaper clippings pertains to Nicaragua's bestowal on Waynick of the Order of Reuben Dario (1955).
The Point IV and Ambassador to Colombia subgroups (see below) also contain material pertaining to Nicaragua.
SUBGROUP XI: Point IV, 1950-1965
During 1950 Waynick served as acting director of Harry S. Truman's Technical Cooperation Administration--the Point IV Program. Among the official files are scattered correspondence pertaining to the program (1950-1965), Waynick's speeches, newspaper clippings, and printed material, including a publication describing the work of the program in Colombia.
Waynick's personal correspondence of the period (Apr.-Dec., 1950) contains scattered letters pertaining to affairs at the American embassy in Nicaragua. Letters of Irving Augustus Lindberg discuss his views on the corruption, backwardness, and other problems in Nicaragua (May 19) and Nicaraguan affairs as they related to his former position of inspector-general of customs (Aug. 7). Allen Langston informed Waynick of the reaction to the Senatorial campaign of Willis Smith and Smith's potential weakness against a Republican challenger (July 13), as well as the distasteful ties between Smith and William B. Umstead (Nov. 3). Additional correspondence pertains to the importance of Point IV aid to countries in the Middle East (May 18) and Frances Renfrow Doak's criticism of Point IV aid as an "investment" rather than Christian charity (Oct. 18). Also of interest are letters discussing plans for a cement plant in eastern N.C. (Aug. 17, Nov. 10).
SUBGROUP XII: Ambassador to Colombia, 1951-1953
Waynick served as ambassador to Colombia from 1951 until he was replaced by President Eisenhower in 1953. Correspondence in the subgroup is arranged in two series--alphabetical and chronological. Much of it reflects Waynick's personal affairs. A significant portion of the correspondence is from members of the diplomatic service and pertains to work in various countries, including Colombia. Of particular interest in the alphabetical series are T. C. Johnson's comments concerning contenders for the 1952 Democratic gubernatorial nomination in N.C. (Jan., 1952) and the financial difficulties and liquidation of the Health Publications Institute Corporation (June, 1953); and John Marshall's views on public reaction to Governor W. Kerr Scott during the final months of his administration (Aug., 1952; Jan., 1953). In the "R" file are letters reflecting Waynick's criticism of a report of the Advisory Board of the Technical Cooperation Administration (enclosure to Aug. 27, 1951) and his opinion that Point IV aid should be separated from military aid (Apr., 1952); and Thaxton Richardson's description of an American military base at Heilbrom, Germany (Feb., 1952). A letter of Nelson Rockefeller (Apr., 1952) encloses his speech, "Problems of the Underdeveloped Areas from the United States Point of View," and the letter of a Presbyterian minister in Coyoacán, Mexico (Apr., 1953) discusses a seminary there, activities of Protestants in Mexico, and their relationship with the Mexican government. Letters of Stanly Wohl (Feb., 1952) discuss politics in N.C. and W. Kerr Scott's amazing public support at the end of his governorship.
The series of chronological correspondence contains references to routine diplomatic affairs in Nicaragua and Colombia and Waynick's personal life. Of particular interest are references to the role of the Point IV program and the need for greater cooperation in Latin America (Aug., 1951), arrangements for a lend-lease agreement between the U.S. and Nicaragua (Aug., 1951), Harry S. Truman's leadership and policies as president (Mar., 1952), and young male orphans attending the Escuela Integral Municipal in Bogotá (May, 1953).
A variety of subject files pertain to special events and conditions in Colombia during Waynick's tenure as ambassador.
Photographs depict victims of an unidentified massacre and numerous official and social events.
Also included in the subgroup are embassy financial records, clippings and other printed material pertaining to Colombia and Waynick's tenure, and eight scrapbooks containing hundreds of photographs, clippings, and miscellaneous items reflecting many official and social events.
SUBGROUP XIII: Business Development Corporation , 1955-1963
At the request of Governor Luther H. Hodges, Waynick in 1955-1956 directed the work of the corporation, which grew from the "Governor's Small Industries Plan." Funded by the Richardson Foundation, the corporation addressed ways of dispersing economic development and raising the per capita income of North Carolinians. The subgroup contains correspondence; reports, including the final report of the North Carolina Handicraft Study (1956); a speech by Waynick; newspaper clippings; and miscellaneous material.
SUBGROUP XIV: Adjutant General, 1957-1970
Governor Luther H. Hodges appointed Waynick adjutant general in 1957 amid considerable controversy owing to Waynick's status as a military outsider. Nevertheless, Waynick remained in office until 1961. The subgroup reflects a wide variety of Waynick's duties as adjutant general, including many appearances and speeches given at the request of Governor Hodges. A large series of material--correspondence, photographs, reports, minutes, printed material, and miscellany (1958-1962)--pertain to the Youth Fitness Commission and "Operation Sparta," a project funded by the Richardson Foundation. The commission stimulated interest in greater physical fitness within the National Guard and among the youth of North Carolina. Subject files containing correspondence, photographs, and other materials document some of Waynick's many appearances and activities while in office. Miscellaneous photographs depict him and other officials, including Governor Hodges.
The subgroup also contains miscellaneous correspondence. Many of the letters concern Waynick's speaking engagements before local guard units and at other events. Significant guard-related topics include the importance of the National Guard in the event of a nuclear war (Aug., 1959); proposed federal reductions in the size of the guard forces (1962); and the transfer of all organized units of the Army Reserve into the Army National Guard (1964).
Also included are letters reflecting on Waynick's 1930s proposal to Governor Ehringhaus for a new complex of government buildings in Raleigh (Oct., 1957); Waynick's collaboration with H. Pat Taylor, Sr., on Taylor's keynote address at the state Democratic convention (May, 1958); improvements that could be made in the N.C. constitution (May, 1958); early newspaper columnists in N.C., including Isaac Irwin Avery (July, 1958); socialism in Europe and Asia (July, 1958); facts and myth concerning Albion Tourgee (Sept., 1958); plans for Pan American Day in Raleigh (Mar., 1959); Waynick's service in the Diplomatic Corps (May, 1959); a race riot that occurred in Washington, D.C., on July 4, 1910 (June, 1959); the presidential campaign of 1960; Haldore Hanson's work in the Point IV program and his general abilities (Aug., 1959); poor relations between the U.S. and Cuba (Oct., 1959); John F. Kennedy's assessment of the role of the president in America (Jan., 1960); Waynick's work as director of the Venereal Disease Education Institute (Jan., 1960); the origin of the Governor's Small Industries Plan (Feb., 1960); the candidacy of Malcolm B. Seawell for governor of N.C. (May, 1960); Lamar Caudle's legal problems and political activities (Dec., 1960); and the nature of John F. Kennedy and Grace Kelly as children (Jan., 1961).
Also included in the subgroup are newspaper clippings, publications and miscellaneous materials pertaining to Waynick and the National Guard. A reel to reel tape which has been digitized contains a speech by Capus Waynick given at the presentation in Forest City (Rutherford County, N.C.) of the 1957 Voice of Democracy Awards to the North Carolina recipients.
SUBGROUP XV: Richardson Foundation, 1957-1968
After many years of friendship with H. Smith Richardson, Sr., president of the Vick Chemical Company (later Richardson-Merrell Co.) and founder of the Richardson Foundation, a philanthropic organization, Waynick served the foundation in several capacities: board member during the 1950s and early 1960s; executive vice president, 1961-1962; and informal adviser.
Voluminous miscellaneous correspondence and minutes in the subgroup (1957-1967) pertain to the projects considered by the foundation, many of which originated in North Carolina. Some of these files contain quarterly indexes of the correspondents. Topics of particular interest concern educational efforts of the American Bar Association's Standing Committee on Education Against Communism (May, 1964) and financial aspects of the Governor's Small Industries Plan (July, 1964).
Also included in the subgroup are subject files pertaining to specific projects, documents describing the history and philosophy of the Richardson-Merrell Co. (1966-1967), and miscellaneous material (1956-1968).
SUBGROUP XVI: Buenos Aires Trade Fair, 1962
Secretary of Commerce Luther H. Hodges called on Waynick in 1962 to represent the United States at the Buenos Aires Trade Fair, where U.S. goods were exhibited. The subgroup contains correspondence, Waynick's official report, photographs, and printed material pertaining to the fair and to the political and economic aspects of Argentina, including "Peronism."
SUBGROUP XVII: Race Relations
"Troubleshooter" for Governor Sanford, 1963-1965
Governor Terry Sanford called Waynick out of retirement in 1963 to travel the state in an effort to defuse racial tensions. This subgroup reflects the nature of racial problems throughout North Carolina (and, to an extent, elsewhere in the South) and efforts of Waynick, the statewide Mayors' Co-operating Committee, local bi-racial committees, and the North Carolina Good Neighbor Council to ease tensions and solve fundamental conflicts between blacks and whites. Included in the subgroup are subject files primarily pertaining to activities or problems in many communities throughout the state. Also among these files are records generated by John Brooks and Bill Johnson (Mayors' Co-operating Committee) and David Coltrane (North Carolina Good Neighbor Council). The files contain a variety of material, including correspondence, memorandums, photographs, and printed materials.
The general correspondence and memorandums (1963-1964) reflect similar themes. Of particular importance are a memorandum concerning the "Legal Status" of Segregation in North Carolina . . ." and Waynick's "after-action" report (Dec. 20, 1964).
Among the files pertaining to the Mayors' Co-operating Committee is correspondence revealing the evolution and response to a book, North Carolina and the Negro, edited by Waynick and others.
Also in the series are newspaper clippings and publications about race relations in North Carolina and elsewhere; a file on the North Carolina Film Board (1964), which pertains to a four-film series, "Minority Report"; and two scrapbooks filled with newspaper clippings.
Citizens Advisory Committee on Civil Rights, 1964-1967
An agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the committee concentrated on desegregating the department. The subgroup contains correspondence, minutes, newspaper articles, and miscellaneous documents, including remarks of Hubert H. Humphrey at the National Conference on Title VI, 1965.
National Citizens' Committee for Community Relations, 1964-1966
Waynick served also on this committee, which was organized by President Lyndon Johnson to encourage and assist affirmative voluntary efforts to preserve order and achieve equal treatment and opportunity for all Americans. Among the correspondence and miscellany in this series is a letter of Hubert Humphrey (Jan., 1966) concerning a program designed to find permanent employment for graduates of the Jobs Corps and Neighborhood Youth Corps.
SUBGROUP XVIII: Arbitration, 1932-1957
During his long career in public life, Waynick served as an arbiter on numerous occasions.
Thomasville and High Point, 1932
This series contains scattered correspondence and other material concerning strikes at the Thomasville Chair Company and at hosiery mills in High Point. Included is a file of copies of the High Point Enterprise (July-Aug., 1932) pertaining to the hosiery mills strike and a letter placing Waynick in nomination for the Pulitzer Prize for his coverage of the strike and settlement.
American Arbitration Association, 1946-1948
Through his affiliation with the American Arbitration Association, Waynick assisted other arbiters in hearing workers' grievances and judging the merits of their cases. A file of general correspondence contains a letter of Douglas B. Maggs concerning provisions for arbitration in the laws of North Carolina and the preference for service provided by the American Arbitration Association. Subject files contain correspondence, printed agreements, and arbiters' awards pertaining to labor disputes at companies throughout North Carolina.
State Labor Arbitration, 1945-1949
Waynick worked in a similar capacity as an arbiter as provided for by the N.C. General Assembly and the Commissioner of Labor. The series consists of general correspondence pertaining to the role of the state in arbitration (1945-1948) and disputes of two companies in the state.
Dayton Rubber, 1956-1957
Correspondence, briefs, and printed agreements pertain to an unresolved dispute between Dayton Rubber Company and Local 277, United Rubber Workers in Waynesville, N.C.
J. A. Jones Construction Company, 1950-1956
This extensive series pertains to a lengthy dispute between the J. A. Jones Construction Company of Charlotte and the Comision Ejecutiva Hidroelectrica (CEL) of El Salvador, which contracted with J. A. Jones for the construction of the Fifth of November Dam on the Lempa River as part of the country's electrification program. The work was known as the "Guayabo Project." Cost overruns caused by inflation and scarcity of materials, particularly cement, during the Korean War were in dispute. The company claimed that reimbursement for such overruns was provided for in the contract; CEL denied the requests. Plans for arbitration developed during the 1950s, but an agreement was not reached until 1956. Included in the series are reference files (1950-1952), arbitration files (1951-1954) and Waynick's files (1954-1956). They contain documents, and newspaper clippings. Of interest among Waynick's files is a letter concerning the positive economic picture in Nicaragua and the possibility of mining sulfur from Nicaragua's volcanoes and trapping their sulfuric acid (Jan., 1955).
SUBGROUP XIX: North Carolina College for Negroes, 1942-1949
Waynick served as a member of the college's board of trustees and actively promoted the progress of the institution. Correspondence (1942-1949) chiefly pertains to meetings of the board and the institution's need for greater financial support from the state of North Carolina. Waynick corresponded frequently with President James Edward Shepard. Other topics addressed in the correspondence include the need to provide for Negroes who desired to attend medical school (May, June, 1947) and the status of the college's law school (Feb., 1948). Files of miscellany contain printed material pertaining to Shepard, the inauguration of Alfonso Elder as president (1948), and the history of the college. Also included are speeches of Shepard (1946) and Waynick (1955).
SUBGROUP XX: High Point Housing Authority, 1939-1942
Waynick's tenure as chairman of the High Point Housing Authority resulted in his involvement in the city's effort to clear slum areas and build new housing with aid from the U.S. Housing Authority. Correspondence (1939-1942) includes applications from architects for the project; discussion of a grant of $1,500,000 from the U.S. government; and a report (Oct., 1941) discussing publicity for the project, office staff, and various aspects of the white and Negro applicants for housing. Also included are the authority's annual reports (1941, 1943) and the agreement for architectural services for housing projects funded by the U.S. Housing Authority.
SUBGROUP XXI: Concerned Citizens of High Point, 1968
This single file reflects the group's effort to obtain fifty units of mobile (low rent) housing for High Point.
SUBGROUP XXII: Miscellaneous
Subject Files, A-Z
Among the records of this subgroup are subject files that reflect many of Waynick's personal friendships, interests, and activities. Waynick's file names have been retained, and most of them adequately reveal the nature of the files' contents. Other topics of interest are Howard Odum's assistance to Waynick in acquiring and raising dairy cattle (Cattle, 1937); attempts to free an American imprisoned for his pro-Nazi radio work in Berlin (Douglas Chandler, 1946-1963); the nature of fire insurance laws (Marsh Furniture Company, 1961-1965); the status of women in Latin America (Gladys Tillett); the role of Inglis Fletcher, Waynick, and others in an annual celebration at "The Lost Colony" (Virginia Dare Celebration, 1950); the living conditions and activities of the Waynicks in Nicaragua and Colombia (Elizabeth Waynick); the landholdings and descendants of Vardry McBee of Greenville, S.C. (Elizabeth Waynick); and the activities of the Braden Copper Company and the Anglo-Lautero Nitrate Company in Chile and the latter's relationship with the Chilean government (Lester Ziffren, 1955-1956).
Speeches, 1930s-1960s
An extensive file of speeches reflects Waynick's views on most of the topics represented in other subgroups of the collection. Such topics as public education, highway funding, politics, foreign relations, business and free enterprise system in America, venereal disease, the National Guard and defense, and race relations are discussed.
Essays, 1930s-1960s
Among the topics reflected in Waynick's essays are work opportunities in the Public Works Administration (1934?); conditions in Nicaragua and Central America (1960); race as an issue in the gubernatorial campaign of 1964; and national security, the cold war, and Communism. Also included are essays Waynick wrote for publication in the High Point Enterprise.
Personal Correspondence, 1944-1980, n.d.
The correspondence in this series was generated chiefly during periods when Waynick was not engaged in the work discussed in this description. The correspondence largely consists of letters from friends, relatives, and former colleagues. Many of the letters pertain to Waynick's personal affairs, the management of Fieldstone Farm in High Point, and international affairs. Some of the correspondence is addressed to Mrs. Waynick. Topics discussed in the correspondence include Clarence Poe's fiftieth anniversary as editor of the Progressive Farmer (Feb., 1954); conditions in Nicaragua and Anastasio Somoza's growing unpopularity (Nov., 1955); a plan for improving the administration of justice in North Carolina (May, 1956); the need for a student center at North Carolina College at Durham (Feb., 1961); O'Henry's days as a clerk in Greensboro (May, 1962); the need for a student center at North Carolina College at Durham (Feb., 1961); O'Henry's days as a clerk in Greensboro (May, 1962); interesting incidents pertaining to the courts in N.C., including William Alexander Hoke's effort to avoid passing on the constitutionality of black disfranchisement (June, 1962); ceremonies held for the 175th anniversary of the adoption of the U.S. constitution (Sept., 1962); conditions in South America and the relationship of the United States to that continent (Mar., July, 1963; Mar., 1964); the report of the Institute on Constitutional Democracy and Totalitarianism at East Carolina College (Dec., 1963); indebtedness of Shaw University and the ineptitude of its board of directors (Jan., 1964); the controversy surrounding the replacement of the director of the state's advertising agency (Jan., Feb., 1964); the meaning of the Monroe Doctrine and the need to rid South America of Communism (Apr. 6, 24, 1964); W. Kerr Scott's stand on the issue of road bonds before and after the 1948 election (June, 1964); negative aspects of President Duvalier of Haiti (July, 1964); the Z. Smith Reynolds Foundation's contribution to the Venereal Disease Education Institute (Nov., 1964); criticism and defense of Harry Truman for involving the United States in the Korean War (Nov., 1964); a replacement for the Panama Canal (Jan., 1965); a proposal for letter the Vietnamese people decide whether United States troops should remain there (Mar., 1966); aspects of Pakistan, including Ford Foundation work there and the war with India (Apr., 1966); food, sights, artists, and other aspects of Moscow (Apr., 1966); Congressman C. B. Deane's proposal to write a memoir and his recollection of Democratic party politics in N.C. in 1948 (Sept., 1966); and Waynick's receipt of the North Carolina and UNC Distinguished Alumnus awards (May, 1971; May, 1972).
Waynick's typescript memoir, "Some Things I Remember," and shorthand pads from which it was typed discuss most aspects of his life prior to the 1960s, although some portions of the memoir appear to be missing. Topics of particular interest include Greensboro at the turn of the century; life at the University of North Carolina (c. 1908-1909); politics; the General Assembly of 1933 and tax legislation; the Venereal Disease Education Institute; the National Re-employment Service; the State Highway Commission; Nicaragua and Anastasio Somoza; Colombia; Point IV; the Governor's Small Industries Plan; J. L. Jones Company arbitration; and Waynick's tenure as adjutant general.
Newspaper Clippings
In addition to clippings of Waynick's column in the High Point Enterprise, "Waynick's Wayside View" (1960s), this series contains newspaper clippings from throughout Waynick's career.
A file of miscellaneous photographs includes views of Waynick during young manhood and throughout his career. Also in the file are photographs of Joseph Melville Broughton and Josiah William Bailey.
Miscellaneous material in the collection includes a catalogue of the Waynicks' library, biographical sketches of Waynick, a List and Directory of the 81st Division, U.S. Army (1923); Waynick's appointment calendar for 1964; a poem and article by May Thompson Evans; a speech by Adlai Stevenson (Dec., 1952); a speech by A. J. Maxwell, "Governmental Re-Organization" (1933); and a copy of the yearbook of the Woman's Club of Raleigh (1932-1933) dedicated to Frances Renfrow Doak.
The oversize file contains photographs of Charles Manly Stedman and "Piedrecitas," the U.S. Ambassador's home near Managua; a series of issues of the High Point Enterprise (1932) reflecting the hosiery mills strike and settlement (July 18-31; Aug. 7); and a newspaper article discussing the agreement between the J. L. Jones Construction Company and CEL (Sept., 1956).
The map file contains a reprint of Mouzon's map of North and South Carolina (1775); Johnson's Central America (1863?); and a plate from the 1779 edition of Antonio Zatta's Atlante Novissimo . . . Geografi . . . , "Il Maryland, il Jersey Meridionale, la Delaware, e la Parte Orientale della Virginia, e Carolina Settentrionale."
Capus Miller Waynick (1889-1986), the son of Joshua James Newton and Anna (Moore) Waynick, was born in the Monroeton community of Rockingham County. His father, a Presbyterian, worked as a farmer, blacksmith, and building contractor. Capus Waynick received his early education at the Cross Keys School near Monroeton and, after the family moved to Greensboro in 1902, at the practice school of the State Normal and Industrial College for Women there. He enrolled at the University of North Carolina in 1907, but left the university in 1909. He married Elizabeth McBee in 1915.
Capus M. Waynick Oral History Interview
October 9, 1980, ca. 14,500 items and 16 volumes; Papers (1932-1967), including correspondence, reports, speeches, articles, clippings, photographs, scrapbooks, pamphlets, and miscellaneous materials. Gift of Capus M. Waynick, High Point, N.C.
December 12, 1985, ca. 1250 items; Papers (1931-1940), including correspondence and speeches concerning labor arbitration, the N.C. State Senate, tax reform, N.C. Highway Commission, employment and a variety of other topics. Donor: Mr. Capus M. Waynick.
Gift of Capus M. Waynick
No restrictions
Literary rights to specific documents are retained by the authors or their descendants in accordance with U.S. copyright law.
Capus Miller Waynick Papers (#421), East Carolina Manuscript Collection, J. Y. Joyner Library, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA.
Processed by M. York, January 1983
Cheryl Funderburk 2008
Encoded by Apex Data Services
This page is only for requesting materials that you wish to view in person in the Reading Room at Joyner Library.
It does not permit you to view the materials online or to request their photoduplication. If you would like to request
materials for photoduplication, please visit our Copying and Permissions page.
Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, the North Carolina Public Records Act (N.C.G.S. § 132 1 et seq.), and Article 7 of the North Carolina State Personnel Act (Privacy of State Employee Personnel Records, N.C.G.S. § 126-22 et seq.). Researchers are advised that the disclosure of certain information pertaining to identifiable living individuals represented in this collection, without the consent of those individuals, may have legal ramifications (e.g., a cause of action under common law for invasion of privacy may arise if facts concerning an individual's private life are published that would be deemed highly offensive to a reasonable person) for which East Carolina University assumes no responsibility.


text:
Here's proof Coors Field/MLB's Rockies are seeking outdoor Avalanche game
Coors Field and the Colorado Rockies are working on hosting an Avalanche game for the NHL Winter Classic/Stadium Series, an event that likely would include a NCAA game featuring the University of Denver and/or Colorado College and Air Force. Heck, I bet the event might include a Central Hockey League game featuring the Denver Cutthroats, or perhaps an exhibition between the Cutthroats and the Loveland-based Colorado Eagles of the ECHL. Why not throw in a bantam/midget game between the Colorado Thunderbirds and Rocky Mountain RoughRiders?
.@maciolek1s We have been in discussions with the NHL and the Avalanche and hopefully we will have an outdoor hockey game at Coors Field.
— Colorado Rockies (@Rockies) February 11, 2014

subset: commoncrawl


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text:
Greenwich Mean Time
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) originally referred to the mean solar time at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London, which later became adopted as a global time standard. It is for the most part the same as Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) (but some people think GMT is affected by summer time),[1] and when this is viewed as a time zone, the name Greenwich Mean Time is especially used by bodies connected with the United Kingdom, such as the BBC World Service,[2] the Royal Navy, the Met Office and others particularly in Arab countries, such as the Middle East Broadcasting Center and OSN. It is a term commonly used in the United Kingdom and countries of the Commonwealth, including Australia, South Africa, India, Pakistan and Malaysia, and many other countries in the Eastern Hemisphere.
Before the introduction of UTC on 1 January 1972, Greenwich Mean Time (also known as Zulu time) was the same as Universal Time (UT), a standard astronomical concept used in many technical fields.
In the United Kingdom, GMT is the official time during winter; during summer British Summer Time (BST) is used. GMT is the same as Western European Time.[3]
Noon Greenwich Mean Time is rarely the exact moment when the sun crosses the Greenwich meridian and reaches its highest point in the sky there, because of Earth's uneven speed in its elliptic orbit and its axial tilt. This event may be up to 16 minutes away from noon GMT, a discrepancy calculated by the equation of time. Noon is the annual average (i.e. mean) time of this event, prompting the inclusion of "mean" in "Greenwich Mean Time".
Historically the term GMT has been used with two different conventions, sometimes numbering hours starting at midnight and sometimes starting at noon. The more specific terms UT and UTC do not share this ambiguity, always referring to midnight as zero hours. Astronomers preferred the latter GMT convention to simplify their observational data so that each night was logged under a single calendar date.
- History 1
Ambiguity in the definition of GMT 2
- Summer time 2.1
- Greenwich Mean Time in legislation 3
- Time zone 4
- Discrepancies between legal GMT and geographical GMT 5
- See also 6
- Notes 7
- References 8
- External links 9
As the United Kingdom grew into an advanced maritime nation, British mariners kept at least one chronometer on GMT to calculate their longitude from the Greenwich meridian, which was by convention considered to have longitude zero degrees, internationally adopted in the International Meridian Conference of 1884. Synchronisation of the chronometer on GMT did not affect shipboard time, which was still solar time. But this practice, combined with mariners from other nations drawing from Nevil Maskelyne's method of lunar distances based on observations at Greenwich, led to GMT being used worldwide as a reference time independent of location. Most time zones were based upon this reference as a number of hours and half-hours "ahead of GMT" or "behind GMT".
Greenwich Mean Time was adopted across the island of Great Britain by the Railway Clearing House in 1847, and by almost all railway companies by the following year, from which the term "railway time" is derived. It was gradually adopted for other purposes, but a legal case in 1858 held "local mean time" to be the official time. This changed in 1880, when Greenwich Mean Time was legally adopted throughout the island of Great Britain. GMT was adopted on the Isle of Man in 1883, Jersey in 1898 and Guernsey in 1913. Ireland adopted GMT in 1916, supplanting Dublin Mean Time.[4] Hourly time signals from Greenwich Observatory were first broadcast on 5 February 1924, rendering the time ball at the observatory obsolete in the process.
The daily rotation of the Earth is somewhat irregular (see ΔT) and is slowing down slightly; atomic clocks constitute a much more stable timebase. On 1 January 1972, GMT was replaced as the international time reference by Coordinated Universal Time, maintained by an ensemble of atomic clocks around the world. Universal Time (UT), a term introduced in 1928, initially represented mean time at Greenwich determined in the traditional way to accord with the originally defined universal day; from 1 January 1956 (as decided by the IAU at Dublin, 1955, at the initiative of William Markowitz) this "raw" form of UT was re-labeled UT0 and effectively superseded by refined forms UT1 (UT0 equalised for the effects of polar wandering[5]) and UT2 (UT1 further equalised for annual seasonal variations in earth rotation rate). Leap seconds are nowadays added to or subtracted from UTC to keep it within 0.9 seconds of UT1.
Indeed, even the Greenwich meridian itself is not quite what it used to be—defined by "the centre of the transit instrument at the Observatory at Greenwich". Although that instrument still survives in working order, it is no longer in use and now the meridian of origin of the world's longitude and time is not strictly defined in material form but from a statistical solution resulting from observations of all time-determination stations which the BIPM takes into account when co-ordinating the world's time signals. Nevertheless, the line in the old observatory's courtyard today differs no more than a few metres from that imaginary line which is now the prime meridian of the world.[6]
Ambiguity in the definition of GMT
Historically GMT has been used with two different conventions for numbering hours. The long-standing astronomical convention dating from the work of Ptolemy, was to refer to noon as zero hours (see Julian day). This contrasted with the civil convention of referring to midnight as zero hours dating from the Romans. The latter convention was adopted on and after 1 January 1925 for astronomical purposes, resulting in a discontinuity of 12 hours, or half a day earlier. The instant that was designated 'December 31.5 GMT' in 1924 almanacs became 'January 1.0 GMT' in 1925 almanacs. The term Greenwich Mean Astronomical Time (GMAT) was introduced to unambiguously refer to the previous noon-based astronomical convention for GMT.[7] The more specific terms UT and UTC do not share this ambiguity, always referring to midnight as zero hours.
Summer time
Some authors, such as Howse, assert there are different names for the civil time when summer time (also known as daylight saving time) is not in effect (GMT) versus when it is in effect (summer time, British Summer Time, or BST). Others, such as McCarthy and Seidelmann, assert that GMT can be used as a name for the civil time in the United Kingdom both summer and winter.[8][9]
Greenwich Mean Time in legislation
Several countries define their local time by reference to Greenwich Mean Time.[10][11] Some examples are:
- United Kingdom: The Interpretation Act 1978, section 9 provides that whenever an expression of time occurs in an Act, the time referred to shall (unless otherwise specifically stated) be held to be Greenwich mean time. Under subsection 23(3), the same rule applies to deeds and other instruments.[4][12]
- Belgium: Decrees of 1946 and 1947 set legal time as one hour ahead of GMT.[10]
- Republic of Ireland: Standard Time (Amendment) Act, 1971, section 1,[13] and Interpretation Act 2005, section 18(i).[14]
- Canada: Interpretation Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. I-21, section 35(1).[15]
Time zone
Those countries marked in dark blue on the map above use Western European Summer Time and advance their clock one hour in summer. In the United Kingdom, this is known as British Summer Time (BST); in the Republic of Ireland it is called Irish Standard Time (IST)[16]—officially changing to GMT in winter. Those countries marked in light blue keep their clocks on UTC/GMT/WET year round.
Discrepancies between legal GMT and geographical GMT
|Legal time vs local mean time
|1 h ± 30 m behind
|0 h ± 30 m
|1 h ± 30 m ahead
|2 h ± 30 m ahead
|3 h ± 30 m ahead
Since legal, political, social and economic criteria in addition to physical or geographical criteria are used in the drawing of time zones, actual time zones do not precisely adhere to meridian lines. The 'GMT' time zone, were it drawn by purely geographical terms, would consist of the area between meridians 7°30'W and 7°30'E. As a result, there are European locales that despite lying in an area with a 'physical' UTC time use another time zone (UTC+1 in particular); conversely, there are European areas that use UTC, even though their 'physical' time zone is UTC−1 (e.g., most of Portugal), or UTC−2 (the westernmost part of Iceland). Because the UTC time zone in Europe is 'shifted' to the west, Lowestoft in Suffolk, East Anglia, England at only 1°45'E is the easternmost settlement in Europe in which UTC is applied. Following is a list of the 'incongruencies':
- Countries (or parts thereof) west of 22°30'W ("physical" UTC−2) that use UTC
- The westernmost part of Iceland, including the northwest peninsula and its main town of Ísafjörður, which is west of 22°30'W, uses UTC. Bjargtangar, Iceland is the westernmost point in which UTC is applied.
- Countries (or parts thereof) west of 7°30'W ("physical" UTC−1) that use UTC
- Canary Islands (Spain)
- Most of Portugal, including Lisbon, Porto, Braga, Aveiro, and Coimbra. (Only the easternmost part, including cities such as Bragança and Guarda, lies east of 7°30'W.) Since the Treaty of Windsor in 1386 (the world's oldest diplomatic alliance), Portugal has maintained close ties to Britain, which possibly explains its choice of UTC. Madeira, even further to the west, also employs UTC. A more likely explanation is that during the mid-1970s, when Portugal was on Central European Time all year round, it did not begin to get light in Lisbon in winter until 08:30.
- Western part of Ireland, including the cities of Cork, Limerick, and Galway.
- Westernmost tip of Northern Ireland, including the county town of County Fermanagh, Enniskillen
- Extreme westerly portion of the Outer Hebrides, west of Scotland; for instance, Vatersay, an inhabited island and the westernmost settlement in Great Britain, lies at 7°54'W. If uninhabited islands or rocks are taken into account St Kilda, west of the Outer Hebrides, at 8°58'W, and Rockall, at 13°41'W, should be included.
- Westernmost island of the Faroe Islands (autonomous region of the Danish Kingdom), Mykines
- Iceland, including Reykjavík
- Northeastern part of Greenland, including Danmarkshavn
- Countries (mostly) between meridians 7°30'W and 7°30'E ("physical" UTC) that use UTC+1
- Spain (except for the Canary Islands, which use UTC). Parts of Galicia lie west of 7°30'W ('physical' UTC−1), whereas there is no Spanish territory east of 7°30'E ('physical' UTC+1). Spain's time is the direct result of Franco's Presidential Order (published in Boletín Oficial del Estado of 8 March 1940)[17] abandoning Greenwich UTC time in favour of UTC+1 effective 23:00 16 March 1940. This is an excellent example of political criteria used in the drawing of time zones: the time change was passed "in consideration of the convenience from the national time marching in step according to that of other European countries".[18][19] The Presidential Order (most likely enacted to be in synchrony with Germany and Italy, with which the Franco regime was unofficially allied) included in its 5th article a provision for its future phase out,[19] which never took place. Due to this political decision Spain is two hours ahead of its local mean time during the summer, one hour ahead in winter, which possibly explains the notoriously late schedule for which the country is known.[20] In Portugal, which is a mere one hour behind Spain, the timetable is quite different.
- Most of France, including the cities of Paris, Marseilles and Lyon. Only small parts of Alsace, Lorraine and Provence are east of 7°30'E ("physical" UTC+1).
- Monaco
- Andorra
- Belgium
- Netherlands
- Luxembourg
See also
- 24-hour watch—24-hour wristwatch
- Radio clock
- Marine chronometer—synchronised with GMT, and used by ships to calculate their longitude
- Sandringham Time
- Swatch Internet Time—alternative, decimal measure of time
- Western European Summer Time
- ^ This article is written from the point of view that GMT is not affected by summer time to avoid referring to the controversy repeatedly; the controversy is treated in the Summer time section.
- ^ What is GMT? at the BBC Radio World Service.
- ^ Legal time in the UK is still "Greenwich mean time" (without capitalisation), according to the Interpretation Act 1978 (with an exception made for those periods when the Summer Time Act 1972 orders an hour's shift for daylight saving), see also the legal section in this article. Mean time at Greenwich was the prototype of Universal Time, as from the late 19th century, see the terms of the International Meridian Conference. UT1 is a form of UT equalized for polar motion. The widely used time signals based on UTC are kept within 0.9 seconds of UT1, see "History" section of this article). UTC+0 is explained elsewhere in this article (links from map caption) as equal to Western European Time (WET).
- ^ a b Myers (2007).
- ^ UT1 as explained on IERS page
- ^ Howse 1997, p. 178
- ^ Astronomical Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac. University Science Books. 1992. p. 76.
- ^ Howse 1997, p. 157
- ^ McCarthy & Seidelmann 2009, p. 17
- ^ a b Dumortier, Hannelore, & Loncke (n.d.)
- ^ Seago & Seidelmann (c. 2001)
- ^ Interpretation Act 1978
- ^ Standard Time (Amendment) Act, 1971 (Ireland)
- ^ Interpretation Act 2005, part iv sec. 18
- ^ Interpretation Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. I-21 – this refers to 'standard time' for the several provinces, defining each in relation to 'Greenwich time', but does not use the expression 'Greenwich mean time'. Several provinces, such as Nova Scotia (Time Definition Act. R.S., c. 469, s. 1), have their own legislation which specifically mentions either "Greenwich Mean Time" or "Greenwich mean solar time".
- ^ Standard Time Act, 1968.
- ^ "BOE Orden sobre adelanto de la hora legal en 60 minutos". Retrieved 2 December 2008.
- ^ "B.O.E. #68 03/08/1940 p.1675". Retrieved 2 December 2008.
- ^ a b "B.O.E. #68 03/08/1940 p.1676". Retrieved 2 December 2008.
- ^ "Hábitos y horarios españoles". Retrieved 27 November 2008.
- Dumortier, J, Hannelore, D, & Loncke, M. (n.d.). "Legal Aspects of Trusted Time services in Europe". AMANO. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
- Howse, D. (1997). Greenwich time and the longitude. London: Philip Wilson.
- Interpretation Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. I-21. (2005). CanLII. (Canadian statute)
- Interpretation Act 1978. UK Law Statute Database. (UK statute)
- Interpretation Act 2005. British and Irish Legal Information Institute. (Irish statute)
- McCarthy, D., and Seidelmann, P. K. (2009). TIME—From Earth Rotation to Atomic Physics. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
- Myers, J. (2007). History of legal time in Britain. Retrieved 4 January 2008.
- Seago, J.H., & Seidelmann, P. K. (c. 2001). National Legal Requirements for Coordinating with Universal Time. Steve Allen of University of California Observatories. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
- "Six pip salute". BBC News. Retrieved 9 July 2009.
- Standard Time Act, 1968. Irish Statute Book. Office of the Attorney General. (Irish statute)
- Standard Time (Amendment) Act, 1971. British and Irish Legal Information Institute. (Irish statute)
External links
- Greenwich Mean Time
- World Time Zone Map with current time
- International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service
- Royal Observatory, Greenwich
- The original BBC World Service GMT time signal in mp3 format
- Rodgers, Lucy (20 October 2009). "At the centre of time".
- EngvarB from July 2014
- WorldHeritage pages with incorrect protection templates
- All articles with dead external links
- Articles with dead external links from May 2013
- Articles with dead external links from January 2013
- Use dmy dates from July 2012
- Geography of Greenwich
- Time zones
- Time in the United Kingdom


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Exposure to lead paint (lead-based paint), which was widely
used in many homes and apartments before 1978, can damage the body's organ
systems, especially the brain, nervous system, kidneys, and blood.
Small children often like to chew on objects. These objects may have lead paint. When
crushed or broken down, lead paint may contaminate dust and dirt in the
surroundings. Children who live and play in these areas may absorb or ingest
lead. This increases their risk for learning disabilities,
behavior disorders, slowed growth, and impaired hearing. Some toys and jewelry
made in other countries have been found to contain lead paint.
In adults also, lead poisoning can cause serious health problems, including high
blood pressure and damage to the brain, nervous system, stomach, and
A blood test can measure the amount of lead in the blood.
This test can be done for people who are concerned about their exposure to lead
or who show signs of lead poisoning.
Last Revised:
July 26, 2012
Healthwise Staff
Medical Review:
John Pope, MD - Pediatrics & R. Steven Tharratt, MD, MPVM, FACP, FCCP - Pulmonology, Critical Care Medicine, Medical Toxicology
This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise, Incorporated disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use. How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions.
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MT washi masking tapes are perfect for decorating your scrapbooks, gift cards, calendars and journals. They feature a variety of cute and stylish patterns and quality Japanese paper (washi paper). The tape is removable so that you can easily stick it on, unpeel it, and then reuse it to another place. Use scissors to cut it cleanly or use your hands to tear it.
MT tapes are produced by a specialized Japanese manufacturer named Kamoi Kakoshi who manufacture masking tapes used in a variety of applications including industrial and decorative.
The Mt Masking Tape Ex Series is full of masking tapes with numerous stylish patterns. Mt masking tape will release a line-up with new patterns every two seasons.
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City vs. Country: How Where We Live Deepens the Nation's Political Divide
Differences Between Rural and Urban America Are Underappreciated Factor in Political Split
EL DORADO SPRINGS, Mo.—The owner of the nicest restaurant in town doesn't serve alcohol, worried that his pastor would be disappointed if he did. Public schools try to avoid scheduling events on Wednesday evenings, when churches hold Bible study. And Democrats here are a rare and lonely breed.
Older, nearly 100% white and overwhelmingly Republican, El Dorado Springs is typical of what is now small-town America. Coffee costs 90 cents at the diner, with free refills. Two hours north and a world away in Kansas City, Starbucks...


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Hello, posting for a friend. Young guy, T3 para that's around a year post and he's been hospitalized almost since his accident due to a pressure sore in tailbone area and hasn't been able to do rehab yet because of this. He's admitted on the Internal Medicine floor and I'm really concerned with how they're treating him (I've been admitted on the same floor, that's how we met and most patients there are 70+ with dementia taking up a bed awaiting a spot in a care home if you get the idea). There's a long list of issues that make me question his care. But this morning I got a phone call, he was mumbling, saying he was twitching, spazzing, could barely hold his phone, I couldn't make anything over the phone so I went to see him this afternoon. He is a disaster, confused, drowsy, can barely push his chair, drops everything, he almost face planted 3 times just slightly leaning over (how did they even let him leave his room like that I'm not sure). Come to find out they upped his gabapentin dose yesterday, I really hope that's the issue? Apparently docs and nurses were all scratching their heads this morning not knowing why he was having these symptoms. I guess they finally realized he needs more specialized care? He's being assigned an entire new care team tonight - I really hope so because so far:
- He's had his pain and severe spasms ignored for months, his feet are bloodied from it. He can no longer transfer on his own. He then got accused of seeking pain meds, was cut off all pain medication and put on methadone. This is when he took a dive, could barely push his chair or sit up but they never bothered to find out why. Rehab came by to assess him finally a few weeks ago and they discovered that he had fluid in his spine and that may have been causing the spasms and other issues. Fluid was drained and he says it helped a bit but he wasn't told what the fluid was or why. I'm not sure he's assigned a permanent rehab doctor following him though. Shouldn't he have one? How do you go about getting one assigned when in hospital?
- His Dr. put him on Flexeril when Baclofen wasn't working - as I understand it, Flexeril is more indicated for muscle injuries/sprains and not to be used long term no? He says it doesn't help.
- He went from functional and alert to confused, drowsy, sleeps all day, isn't sure what dose of what meds he's on etc. It's a little scary to watch.
- They cycle him on and off different antibiotics, IV, intramuscular, etc. (for the pressure sore?) and some weeks he's too weak to get up out of bed, sweating, feverish and according to him no one knows why.
- They say he's allowed to sit up in his chair 2 hrs a day, I'm not so sure that's a great idea if he's got fluid in his spine and on this many antibiotics (maybe from the sore? again, he's too out of it to really know or care at this point, I've asked).
- He may be on other meds but I'm not sure, again, he has no idea at this point.
This guy has been doing this alone now, his family lives away, doesn't have many friends around. I'm not sure who can advocate for him cause he's a disaster at this point. I try to visit a few times a week. I think he's given up and he's just hoping he can leave the hospital soon and go back to his family doctor and start rehab. He was really looking forward to rehab but I doubt it's happening soon. He's aware his care is questionable but I'm not sure he knows how to advocate for himself or perhaps he's so drugged up at this point he can't? Patient advocacy isn't especially helpful either, I've dealt with them before. I've also tried hospital social workers and I'm not sure they're helpful, they mainly assess people to make sure they're able to get home from the hospital/able to function at home. I'm really hoping his new care team overhauls his care and changes things. Otherwise, can local SCI associations assist him? At this point he'd almost need a family member but that's not an option. What do people do in this situation?


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Islamic States Announce Own Media Channel (REPORT)
(HN, April 18, 2012) - Today, Information Ministers of the member States of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) started the 9th Islamic Conference of Information Ministers (ICIM); a three-day meeting in the capital of Gabon, Libreville hosted by President Ali Bongo Ondimba.
The group is focusing its attention on "Information Technologies in the service of peace and development" at the Conference Palace in Democracy City and is being attended by a group of ministers and delegates representing 57 member countries.
Morocco who is Chair of the 9th session, and other member representatives, made speeches in which they stressed the importance of the meeting being held during a time characterized by "a multitude of challenges in the world in general, and in the Muslim Ummah world in particular.
Speakers urged broadcasters to counter stereotypes about Islam and Muslims in the Western media and asked that the adoption by the Seventh Islamic Conference of Culture Ministers held in Algeria in December of a resolution to create a new Islam media channel, be implemented as soon as possible.
Already the organization has been working on a comprehensive plan to combat prejudice against Islam and Muslim communities with a view to developing campaigns to foster respect for cultural and religious pluralism and diversity, while raising awareness of the positive contributions of Muslims to promote tolerance and understanding.
The OIC Secretary General Ekmelddin Ihsanoglu said, "We are keen to have an OIC outlet to present to the world the true picture of both the Islamic civilization and religion."
The Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ISESCO) is also taking part in the conference and Dr. El Mahjoub Bensaid, presented how the organization can support the new OIC media efforts by offering training to journalists.
Concern by the Ministers centered on information programs which would support, in particular, the Palestinian cause and the issues of the sovereignty of Jerusalem, (Jerusalem is known in Arabic as Al-Quds) and Al Aqsa mosque, as well as highlighting the role of the African continent in Islam. A high priority for the group is in restructuring the process of the International Islamic News Agency (IINA) and the Islamic Broadcasting Union (IBU), opening of OIC media offices in member countries and activating cooperation between the OIC and the Global Digital Solidarity Fund. The group is entertaining proposals for the establishment of an OIC Muslim journalists union, and the launching of an Islamic TV satellite channel to be called "OIC".
Malaysia is among 10 countries which have been selected to study the proposed establishment of an Islamic television station that will act as an important platform for highlighting Islamic issues and which will discuss Muslim issues globally, countering coverage that discredits Islam.
Besides Malaysia, the committee will be represented by Egypt, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Gabon, Senegal, Nigeria, Morocco and Mauritania.
The first meeting of the committee is scheduled to take place at the OIC headquarters in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia in the middle of June.
The Gabon resolution says negative news in some Western media has resulted in stigmatized stereotyping, racial discrimination and victimization directed against Muslims. Stressing that the Islamic faith is based on the core values of peace, tolerance, moderation and peaceful co-habitation with all other religions and beliefs, the OIC labeled the emergence of Islamophobia as a "contemporary form of racism and xenophobia motivated by unfounded fear, mistrust and hatred of Muslims and Islam which manifests itself through intolerance and hostility in adverse public discourse."
"As such, Islamophobia is an affront to the human rights and dignity of Muslims," the resolution claimed.
The Gabon conference has short, medium and long term goals for putting in place an action plan to fight Islamophobia it said. It is asking member states to create funding for media campaigns, and discourage using expressions such as "Islamic" fascists or "Islamic" extremists for criminal terrorists. The OIC underlines the importance of developing Muslim's own narrative on daily issues such as the environment, climate change, social justice, development, poverty, etc.
For the medium term, the resolution asks member states to implement media literacy programs in schools to combat misperceptions, prejudices and hate speech. It aims to utilize success stories in the Muslim world "as a means to show that the interests of Muslims are similar to the rest of the world when it comes to democracy, good governance and human rights." The resolution even plans to create awards for excellence in unbiased journalism, reporting, photography and publishing.
According to the long term goals of the OIC media resolution, professional media people in member states are called to "develop, articulate and implement voluntary codes of conduct." It sets up scholarship programs for Westerners to study in the Muslim world and encourage reporter-exchange programs between the Muslim world and the West in order to disseminate this information throughout media outlets.


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Mourinho to leave Real Madrid after season
MADRID (AP) — Jose Mourinho will leave Real Madrid after three years as coach, paving the path for his return to England and a second stint as Chelsea's manager.
Real Madrid President Florentino Perez announced at a news conference following a board meeting Monday that a mutual agreement was reached for Mourinho's departure.
The 50-year-old Portuguese coach has two matches remaining in a season that will end on June 1 without Madrid winning a major trophy.
Mourinho will leave having won only two major titles, the 2011 Copa del Rey and the 2012 league championship, and he failed to deliver the club's much-desired 10th European Cup. He was ejected from Friday's 2-1 loss to Atletico Madrid in the Copa del Rey final.
"This has been an insufficient season for us and also for Mourinho himself," Perez said.
Mourinho's locker room appeared to splinter this season as he benched goalkeeper Iker Casillas, the captain of Madrid and Spain's world and European championship teams.
"To spend three years in a first-division Spanish club is not easy — I share his reasons for wanting to leave,"
Perez said. "The level of pressure has increased, so much that this is what has happened now. ... He may have made some mistakes and asked for forgiveness, but the level of pressure Mourinho has been under has been unusual."
After becoming the third coach to win the European Cup with two teams (Porto in 2004 and Inter Milan in 2010), Mourinho replaced Manuel Pellegrini at Real for the 2010-11 season.
"With Mourinho, we made a big leap competitively and sporting-wise," Perez said. "Today Madrid is where it ought to be. We had not reached that level prior to his arrival, so the balance of his stay here was positive."
The agreement indicates the colorful and outspoken coach can return to Chelsea after a six-year absence without any compensation from the London club to Madrid. It was at Chelsea where Mourinho became the self-dubbed "Special One."
"I know in England I am loved," he told a news conference last month after Real was eliminated from the Champions League. "I'm loved by the fans. I'm loved by the media, which treats me in a fair way. ... I know I'm loved by some clubs, especially one."
He added that "in Spain the situation is a bit different because some people hate me. And many of you are in this room."
Rafa Benitez's stint as Chelsea's interim manager will end following a postseason tour of the U.S. that includes exhibitions against Manchester City in St. Louis on Thursday and in New York on Saturday. After winning the Champions League last year under Roberto Di Matteo, Chelsea was eliminated in the group stage but went on to win the second-tier Europa League.
Mourinho helped transform Chelsea under owner Roman Abramovich, winning the Premier League in 2005 — its first in a half-century. He added another league title in 2006, the FA Cup in 2007 and won the League Cup in 2005 and 2007.
"He galvanizes people," Chelsea midfielder Frank Lampard told Talk Sport radio Monday. "His own self-confidence reflects back on his teams. ... what he does is he gets the best out of players and gets this togetherness that I'd never known until he came to the club and I haven't seen it again since then."
Popular with fans and media alike in England — in stark contrasted to his many fraught relationships in Spain — Mourinho appears to have repaired his relationship with Abramovich, who has had nine managers since 2000.
"He might rub people up the wrong way but, as a manager, he's brilliant with his team. Tactically, he's brilliant with individuals and I think he's brilliant with the press," Lampard said. "I know it creates a storm, but he does protect his players."
AP Sports Writer Rob Harris in London contributed to this report.
Copyright 2013 Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.


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Door #11
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I've been thinking a lot lately about doors. Doors can mean so many things. Safety, imprisonment, hiding, mystery, escape.... The photos in this series are the result of asking people what they think about when they think about being alone in a room with a closed door, and then asking them to pose and trying to capture a little of the moods and thoughts they describe.
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Andy Pellatt gave props (16 May 2014):
tres cool
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Recent News
August 26, 2013
Dove Chocolate Discoveries Recalls Dark Chocolate Covered Fruit Collection Box
The Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services received information regarding a recall of Dark Chocolate-Covered Fruit Collection boxes marked Item #3265D, lot code #317DAIDS01 because some boxes may contain undeclared nuts.
The product, which is unique to Dove Chocolate Discoveries home party business and not available in stores, was distributed through home party sales in the United States.
The full recall can be found at www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm366291.htm.


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It seems to me that frequently when discussing stack conditions and descent, people consider only singleton covering families, i.e. there is some single covering map $U\to X$, for which one constructs a category of descent data out of $U$ and $U\times_X U$, and so on. But many sites have non-singleton covering families $(U_i \to X)_{i\in I}$; why are those ignored? Is there some deep reason why it suffices to consider singleton families?
My efforts to understand this so far have led me to think about "superextensive sites", which are sites whose covering families are generated by singleton covers together with inclusions into coproducts (the "extensive topology"). In particular, a fibered category is a stack on a superextensive site iff it is a stack for the singleton covers and also for the extensive topology. But while stack conditions for the extensive topology have an exceptionally simple form (the compatibility conditions being mostly vacuous), they are still not automatic. So why are they often not mentioned?


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Humane Society International
Time is running out for England's badgers -- 7 out of 10 are slated to be shot in two trail areas; if the full policy is then rolled out up to 130,000 badgers in England could be killed. Not only is the government's policy misguided, HSI is greatly concerned that many thousands of badgers could be injured and left to suffer a slow and painful death. Live in the UK?
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Decopatch Paper transforms old to new with just a dab of glue! This extremely thin, patterned paper is designed for fitting sharp corners effortlessly. Although developed with mache surfaces in mind, this paper can also be used on plastic, wood and metal to create unique effects!
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