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Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is common in patients with chronic heart failure secondary to non-valvular heart disease; however, the prevalence and characteristics of SDB in patients with rheumatic valvular heart disease (RVHD) are unclear. This study was designed to determine the prevalence, characteristics, and risk factors for SDB in RVHD patients.
A cross-sectional study was conducted in 260 RVHD patients. The following data were recorded: types of heart valve lesions, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, arterial blood gas analysis findings, baseline medication, 6-minute walk test (6MWT) distance, and sleep parameters.
Compared to patients with single leftsided valve lesions, patients with left- and right-sided valve lesions had a higher prevalence of SDB (46.2% vs. 31.2%, p = 0.013); the increased prevalence of SDB only involved central sleep apnea (CSA) (31.1% vs. 14.1%, p = 0.001). Patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) or CSA were older and had a shorter 6MWT distance, lower left ventricle ejection fraction and PaO2, a longer lung-to-finger circulation time, and a higher prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) and hypertension (all p < 0.05) as compared with patients without SDB. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that PaO2 ≤ 85 mm Hg was the only risk factor for OSA. Male gender, AF, 6MWT distance ≤ 300 m, PaO2 ≤ 85 mmHg, and PaCO2 ≤ 40 mm Hg were risk factors for CSA.
Patients with RVHD had a high prevalence of SDB (predominantly CSA). RVHD patients with SDB, particularly those who had CSA, manifested more severe symptoms and greater impairment of cardiac function. Assessments of clinical manifestations of cardiac dysfunction may be important for predicting the risk factors for SDB.
Ding N; Ni BQ; Zhang XL; Huang HP; Su M; Zhang SL; Wang H. Prevalence and risk factors of sleep disordered breathing in patients with rheumatic valvular heart disease. J Clin Sleep Med 2013;9(8):781-787.
Chronic heart failure (CHF) and sleep disordered breathing (SDB) are major public health problems in many countries. Studies have shown a high prevalence of SDB in CHF patients. Specifically, Sin1 observed that 38% of 450 CHF patients had obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), while 33% had central sleep apnea (CSA). Another study showed that SDB was present in 76% of patients with symptomatic CHF (40% CSA, 36% OSA).2 Several studies have demonstrated increased mortality in CHF patients with SDB in contrast to those without SDB.3–5 Other studies have also revealed that OSA is a cardiovascular risk factor and that CSA is a potential marker of the severity of CHF.3,6–8
Valvular heart disease is an important comorbidity factor for CHF. The prevalence of valvular heart disease is estimated at 2.5% in the US population and sharply increases beyond the age of 65 years because of the prevalence of degenerative etiologies.9 Although a decreased incidence of rheumatic valvular heart disease (RVHD) has been observed in the past 50 years, RVHD remains common in developing countries, where the prevalence is underestimated by clinical examination. The prevalence of RVHD is estimated at 2% to 3% when using systematic echocardiographic screening.9
Previous studies have mainly focused on the prevalence of SDB in patients with non-valvular diseases, such as coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, dilated cardiomyopathy, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.2,10,11 Several studies have suggested the SDB and valvular heart disease are associated12–16; however, instead of RHVD, most of the studies involved patients with degenerative valvular heart disease. In addition, the relationship between the types of heart valve lesions and SDB has not been elucidated. We hypothesized that in RVHD patients, the types of SDB were related to types of heart valve lesions and that some clinical characteristics might be predictive factors for SDB. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate the epidemic characteristics of SDB in RVHD patients.
Current Knowledge/Study Rationale: Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is common in patients with chronic heart failure caused by non-valvular heart disease. However, no data are available for the prevalence and nature of SDB in patients with rheumatic valvular heart disease (RVHD).
Study Impact: This study showed that patients with RVHD have a high prevalence of SDB, in which central sleep apnea (CSA) predominates. In addition, this study demonstrates that the risk factors for CSA are significantly different from obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). CSA has more risk factors than OSA.
Between April 2010 and October 2011, patients with RVHD admitted to the Cardiothoracic Surgery Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University for heart valve replacement surgery were screened for the presence of various types of SDB. Among these patients, 275 underwent fullnight polysomnography (PSG). Two hundred sixty patients were enrolled, but 15 were excluded because they lacked an adequate PSG record or underwent a short PSG (< 3 h; Figure 1). None of the patients had been screened for SDB prior to the study period.
Flowchart of participation
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The following inclusion criteria were used: (1) age between 18 to 70 years; (2) symptomatic stable heart failure, New York Heart Association (NYHA) class ≥ II despite optimal drug therapy; (3) primary episode of rheumatic fever and current rheumatic heart disease based on 2004 WHO criteria for the diagnosis of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease17; and (4) clinical features at presentation and typical rheumatic valvular lesions examined by Doppler echocardiography. Exclusion criteria were: (1) history of stroke or clinical signs of peripheral or central nervous system disorders; (2) previously known congenital heart disease, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, dilated cardiomyopathy, or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; (3) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or history of asthma; and (4) enrollment in another clinical study.
To obtain a stable clinical status for all patients, optimal drug therapy was used. The baseline medications included digoxin, diuretics, nitrates, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), and β-blockers.
Written informed consent was obtained from all patients. This study was approved by the Clinical Study Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University.
NYHA classification was assessed immediately after the patients were enrolled. Atrial fibrillation (AF) was detected by 12-lead electrocardiography. Two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography was performed to assess the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). On the second morning of hospitalization, an arterial blood gas was evaluated when patients discontinued oxygen therapy for at least 1 hour.
The 6-minute walk test (6MWT) was performed within 3 days after hospital admission according to the guidelines issued by the American Thoracic Society.18 For those whose lower limb joints were damaged by rheumatic fever, 6MWT was not conducted.
To reduce the potential bias as much as possible, the following steps were taken: (1) patients were randomly selected and according to inclusion and exclusion criteria; (2) clinical data were collected fully to avoid any possible data loss bias; (3) the same medical instrument was used for all patients for echocardiography, electrocardiography, blood gas analysis, and polysomnography; (4) all examiners and persons who analyzed the data were blinded to this study and patients enrolled in this study.
An evaluation of daytime sleepiness based on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) was performed prior to sleep study. The sleep study was performed by unattended overnight PSG (Embla S4500 System, USA). Sleep was monitored using 5 electroencephalographic channels (EEG; F4-M1, C4-M1, O2-M1, E12-M2, and E2-M2) and a submental electromyogram. Nasal airflow was measured by continuously recording the nasal pressure, snoring, pulse oximetry, and body position, as well as chest and abdominal effort. For each participant, ≥ 80% of the total recording was considered of good quality. Analyses were performed by 2 physicians who specialized in SDB but were not directly involved in this study.
The following standard definitions were used to describe and score SDB: obstructive apnea—complete cessation of airflow with continued paradoxical chest and abdominal excursion for ≥ 10 s; mixed apnea—cessation of airflow for ≥ 10 s with complete cessation of both abdominal and chest movement in at least the first half of the apnea (first 5 s), followed by paradoxical chest and abdominal excursion in the latter half (mixed apnea was classified as part of the obstructive apnea group because both had the same pathogenesis); central apnea—complete cessation of airflow as well as complete cessation of chest and abdominal excursion ≥ 10 s; and hypopnea—reduction of airflow > 50% from the baseline ≥ 10 s and associated with 4% desaturation or an increase in EEG.
SDB was further classified as either CSA or OSA based on the predominance (> 50%) of the type of sleep apnea to ensure consistency with the criteria used in other studies.2,19,20 The apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) is used as a marker of SDB severity and graded as "mild" (5-15/h), "moderate" (15-30/h), or "severe" (> 30/h) according to AASM guidelines.21 Patients with an AHI < 5/h were considered to have no SDB.
The circulation time was measured by lung-to-finger circulation time (LFCT) instead of lung-to-ear circulation time, be cause the SpO2 in our patients was assessed by a finger rather than an ear.
Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS statistical software (version 13.0; IBM, USA). Continuous data were expressed as mean (95% confidence interval for mean). Differences among the 3 groups (No SDB, CSA, and OSA) were compared using oneway ANOVA. Student-Newman-Keuls method was used for post hoc multiple comparisons. The χ2 test was used to analyze the frequency of each parameter. Multinomial logistic regression was used to model the association between various baseline variables and the risk of CSA and/ or OSA, for which the patients without SBD were used as the reference group. The candidate independent variables that were used to analyze the following risk factors for CSA and OSA: gender, age, history of symptomatic heart failure, body mass index (BMI), NYHA class, LVEF, and 6MWT, as well as the pH, PaO2, and PaCO2 during wakefulness. The presence of hypertension, AF, and left- and right-sided valve lesions was used to evaluate the risk factors for CSA and OSA. A pvalue < 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.
The average age of the 260 patients was 51.3 years (95% CI: 50.1-52.5). Of these patients, 125 (48.1%) were males and 135 (51.9%) were females. Digoxin, diuretics, nitrates, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), and β-blockers were used by 90.4%, 89.6%, 35.4%, 61.9%, and 59.6% of the patients, respectively. Based on the NYHA classification, 12.6%, 61.9%, and 25.4% of the patients were in NYHA classes II, III, and IV, respectively. Of the patients, 49.2% (128) had leftsided valve lesions (mitral valve lesions [23.5%], or aortic valve lesions [11.2%], or mitral valve + aortic valve lesions [14.6%]) and 50.8% (132) had left- and right-sided valve lesions (mitral valve + tricuspid valve lesions [25.0%] or mitral valve + aortic valve + tricuspid valve lesions [25.8%]). The detailed baseline characteristics of the patients are presented in Table 1.
Baseline clinical and sleep characteristics
Clinical and sleep characteristics were compared between the patients with single leftsided valve lesions and left- and right-sided valve lesions. There were no differences between the 2 groups with respect to age (p = 0.872), BMI (p = 0.525), or LVEF (p = 0.859). Patients with left- and right-sided valve lesions had a remarkably shorter 6MWT distance (p = 0.001) and LFCT (p = 0.002), and a higher percentage of symptomatic heart failure ≥ 5 years (p < 0.001), CSA (p = 0.001) and AF (p < 0.001) compared to single leftsided valve lesions patients (Table 1).
The prevalence of SDB in our population was 38.8%; 16.2% had predominant OSA and 22.7% had predominant CSA (Figure 2).
Among all patients, 61.2% did not have SDB, 16.2% had OSA, and 22.7% had CSA.
Histograms show the prevalence of OSA and CSA in patients with RVHDAmong all patients, 61.2% did not have SDB, 16.2% had OSA, and 22.7% had CSA.
The prevalence of OSA and CSA in males was significantly higher than females (p = 0.001). Patients with OSA or CSA were older and had shorter 6MWT distances (p < 0.001) and a lower PaCO2 (p < 0.001) than patients without SDB. Compared with patients without SDB or patients with OSA only, patients with CSA exhibited a significantly higher prevalence of AF (p < 0.001), higher NYHA class (p < 0.001), and longer LFCT (p < 0.001). Decreased LVEF (p = 0.001) and worse sleep respiratory parameters (AHI, ODI, and mean and minimal SpO2) were likewise observed (Table 2).
Comparisons of clinical and polysomnography parameters in No SDB, OSA, and CSA patients
The risk factors for OSA are shown in Table 3. The decreasing PaO2 level was the dominant risk factor in the entire population and females, which was defined by a PaO2 ≤ 85 mm Hg, with adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of 3.27 (95% CI, 1.52-7.01) and 9.24 (95% CI, 2.28-37.45), respectively. PaCO2 ≤ 40 mm Hg was a protective factor for OSA in the entire population (OR = 0.40; 95% CI, 0.19-0.85) and males (OR = 0.20; 95% CI, 0.07-0.56).
Risk factors for OSA
However, more risk factors were found in CSA patients than in OSA patients (both males and females). For the entire group, the risk factors for CSA were male gender, AF, 6MWT distance ≤ 300 m, PaCO2 ≤ 40 mm Hg, and PaO2 ≤ 85 mm Hg, in which the adjusted ORs were 4.55 (95% CI, 1.92-10.8), 3.536 (95% CI, 1.54-8.13), 12.2 (95% CI, 5.10-29.1), 3.04 (95% CI, 1.36-6.84), and 2.64 (95% CI, 1.22-5.75), respectively. Patients with a 6MWT distance ≤ 300 m had greater than a 15-fold increased risk for males and females. However, other risk factors for CSA differed between males and females. For males, AF, PaCO2 ≤ 40 mm Hg, PaO2 ≤ 85 mm Hg, and pH ≥ 7.45 were risk factors (OR = 5.46, 95% CI, 1.68-17.8; OR = 5.25, 95% CI, 1.53-18.1; OR = 5.13, 95% CI, 1.50-17.6; OR = 3.70, 95% CI, 1.02-13.4; respectively), whereas age (≥ 50 years) was a dependent risk factor for females (OR = 5.07, 95% CI, 1.31-19.6; Table 4). A LVEF ≤ 60% was not considered a risk factor for OSA or CSA.
Risk factors for CSA
In patients with CHF caused by non-valvular disease, a high prevalence of SDB has been reported1,2,10,22–24; however, data on the prevalence of SDB in patients with RVHD are not available because RVHD is not the main etiology for heart failure in developed countries. Nevertheless, RVHD remains common in developing countries and is one of the top three leading common causes of heart failure in Chinese hospitals.25
As compared with patients with single leftsided valve lesions, patients with left- and right-sided valve lesions had a remarkably higher prevalence of SDB (CSA only) and AF. The major reason might be a longer history of symptomatic heart failure and more severe degree of heart failure. In the early stages of rheumatic fever, the mitral and aortic valves are often involved. With progression of rheumatic heart disease, the tricuspid valve and right heart also become involved. Right heart failure leads to systemic congestion, delayed circulation, and PCO2 fluctuation, which might cause CSA. Because peripheral edema is more severe in right heart failure patients, nocturnal rostral fluid displaced from the legs to the neck might be a significant contributor to the pathogenesis of OSA and CSA.20 Furthermore, a long history of rheumatic disease causes the anatomic and functional alterations and electrophysiological modifications, which result in AF. CSA is predisposed to AF because of alterations in sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system activity occurring in SDB patients, and is associated with hypoxemia, acidosis, apneas, and arousal.
A relatively lower prevalence of SDB in the study population was found. Approximately 40% of the population had OSA (16.2%) or CSA (22.7%), which was almost 50% lower than the results in previous studies.1,2,10 In addition, the mean LVEF in our study was 61.0% (62.0%, 62.2%, and 57.5% for No SDB, OSA, and CSA, respectively), which was 2-fold higher than previous studies.1,2,10 The severity and type of SDB are related to LVEF,1,2,12 which could be used as a predictor of heart systolic function. Therefore, the reduced systolic left ventricular function may lead to an increased prevalence and severity of SDB.
The patients in our study had a lower prevalence of OSA than CSA (Figure 2). Patients with OSA often have a significantly higher BMI.19 In our patients, BMI was significantly lower than previous studies,1,10,26 which may explain the lower percentage of OSA.
OSA patients had hypoxia and CO2 retention because of upper airway obstruction. However, CSA patients usually suffer from hyperventilation and hypocapnia, which occur because the background PaCO2 is closer to the apneic threshold during sleep in CSA patients than in heathy individuals. Thus, slight increases in ventilation or reductions in PaCO2 can lead to respiratory instability.27 CSA patients had a notably higher arterial blood pH and lower PaCO2 as compared with OSA patients (Table 2), which is consistent with a previous study,20,27 suggesting that the arterial blood gas differs significantly between OSA and CSA patients. Multinomial logistic regression analysis results that a PaCO2 ≤ 40 mm Hg was a risk factor for CSA, but a protective factor for OSA also agreed with these results (Tables 3 and 4, respectively).
The lung-to-ear circulation time, an estimate of the lungtocarotid chemoreceptor circulation time, is always increased in patients with CSA.28,29 Circulation delay may affect not only blood flow distribution, but also the degree of increase in minute ventilation and decrease in the PaCO2, which directly caused CSA. Our finding that the patients with CSA had a significantly longer LFCT was similar to previous studies.28,29
This study showed that the risk factors for CSA significantly differed from those for OSA, but were similar to the findings of a previous study.1 The previous study showed that risk factors for CSA were male gender, AF, age > 60 years, and hypocapnia. Two additional risk factors for CSA were demonstrated in the current study (a 6MWT distance ≤ 300 m and a PaO2 ≤ 85 mm Hg; Table 4). Moreover, the risk factors for CSA in males differed from those in females. Specifically, AF, a PaCO2 ≤ 40 mm Hg and a PaO2 ≤ 85 mm Hg were risk factors for CSA in the entire population and males, but not females; however, age (≥ 50 years) was a risk factor for CSA in females only. Sforza30 showed that hypertension was significantly associated with the OSA risk in females (OR = 1.52; p = 0.04), whereas Poletti31 reported that the risk factors for CSA included old age and a higher aminoterminal fragment of probrain natriuretic hormone levels. These results are significantly different from those in our study. Furthermore, Sin1 demonstrated that a BMI > 35 kg/m2 was the only risk factor for OSA in males and age > 60 years was the only significant risk factor for OSA in females. However, our results indicated that PaO2 ≤ 85 mm Hg was a risk factor for OSA in the entire population and females, and neither OSA nor CSA was related to BMI. These significant differences may be associated with the different etiology of CHF.
Some potential limitations are existed in the current study. First, although an AHI threshold of 10/h has been used to define the presence of SDB in several studies,1,24 we used a cutoff AHI of 5/h according to previously described recommendations,21 which may account for differences in the reported prevalence of SDB. Second, for this singlecenter study, the prevalence and risk factors of our population may not be representative of all RVHD patients. Although some important risk factors for OSA and CSA were examined in the current study, the possibility of unmeasured risk factors cannot be excluded. Third, previous studies have shown that heart valvular repair or heart transplantation improves CSA in CHF patients.15,32 Thus, further study is needed to observe the effects of the cardiac valve replacement in patients with RVHD on SDB.
This was not an industry supported study. The authors have indicated no financial conflicts of interest.
chronic heart failure
sleep disordered breathing
obstructive sleep apnea
central sleep apnea
rheumatic valvular heart disease
New York Heart Association
left ventricle ejection fraction
6-minute walk test
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
Epworth Sleepiness Scale
apnea/hypopnea index
body mass index
arterial oxygen tension
arterial carbon dioxide tension
atrial fibrillation
pulse oxygen saturation
oxygen desaturation index
lung-to-finger circulation time
This study was supported by Jiangsu Provincial Department of Education [Grants CXZZ11_0726]; and the Priority Academic Program of Jiangsu Higher Education In-stitutions [Grants JX10231801]. In this study, Drs Ding and Ni contributed equally.
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text:
Danbury wrestlers regain State Open title
NEW HAVEN -- When the earliest round of scores at the State Open wrestling tournament surfaced Friday, Danbury, the wire-to-wire No. 1 team in the state coaches poll which many expected would end its two-year Open "drought," was running fourth.
Anyone and everyone packed into the Floyd Little Athletic Center for the two-day tournament wanted Danbury coach Ricky Shook's take on this. The Hatters' 13th-year coach wasn't feeling very chatty.
"I was not in a good mood," said Shook. "I just said, `I don't know, I don't know.'"
On Saturday night, the talk was silenced by a determined Danbury team powered by six medalists, two finalists and one individual champion, captain Kevin Jack. Relying on what Shook said was the "mental toughness" that comes from keeping the most demanding schedule in the state, the Hatters seized their wrestle-back opportunities to claim team gold, their 130 points besting South Windsor and Windham (121). New Milford, the Class L champions, finished fourth with 93.5 points.
Two years removed from a run of 10 straight Open crowns, the blue, orange and bleached-blond -- the Hatters' signature state-tournament hair color -- is back on top.
"Over the past couple years, we've always had something go wrong," Shook said. "You kind of forget how it feels. This year's team was a hard-working team."
"We definitely wanted to get those banners back," said Jack, who won the 120-pound title, adding, about his platinum locks, "24 or 25 years ago, they tried to dye it orange and it came out blond, so we've just been doing it ever since."
In a matchup of unbeatens, Jack, who won the 2012 Open title at 106 pounds, wrangled his opponent, Newington senior Brian Amato, all over the mat in a pivotal second round, finally allowing an escape in the closing seconds of a 5-1 decision.
The Hatters' other finalist, sophomore Paulo Freitas, dropped a 4-2 decision in the 106-pound final against Glastonbury freshman Joey Rossetti, to whom he also fell in the Class LL semifinals.
The key to the team victory, however, was the Hatters' performance in the wrestle-backs. Three came back to take third place -- Chris Bryant (126), Shane Jennings (145) and Johnny Garcia (160) -- and Zach Tepper finished fourth at 138. The Hatters' six participants in next weekend's New England championships might be a program-best, according to Shook.
"All the tough matches we've had this year paid off in the wrestle-backs," Shook said. "Wrestle-backs is a strange round. My seniors and all the other guys who wrestled back hard, it was impressive. We got some revenge matches on guys that had beat us earlier, either today, yesterday or earlier in the year. It's a testament to our schedule. Our kids showed some mental toughness."
Additional regional finalists included Foran teammates C.J. Luth and Clay Callahan. Luth won the 138-pound title with a 9-4 decision over Westbrook-Old Saybrook's David Colvin. Wrestling in the 152-pound final, Callahan lost a 3-2 decision to South Windsor's Sam Odell.
"It feels awesome," said Luth, a senior. "All my hard work has finally paid off. (The key) was to never stop attacking, to never quit."
In a 160-pound final that required three 30-second overtime periods, New Fairfield senior Mikey Amorando dropped a 2-1 decision to Windsor Locks' Khamri Thomas on a last-second escape.
Amorando, a two-time Class M champion, captained the surprising Rebels to a runner-up regular-season finish in the South-West Conference (the tournament wasn't contested), one year after a 5-18 campaign.
"It's just fantastic knowing I can leave them something," said Amorando, who hadn't wrestled Thomas previously. "I would hope that I gave these guys some leadership, but really I'm just happy to go and have them be a brute force. That's something we weren't my freshman year that the next group will be."
For the Green Wave, Niko Stefanatos finished third at 126 pounds, Kyle Lindner took fourth at 113 pounds, Kameron Bradshaw was fourth at 152 pounds, Robert Tozzi took fifth at 220 pounds, and Halim Bourjeli took sixth at 106 pounds.
For Immaculate/Barlow, Steven Ghossaini took fourth place at 195 pounds and Emmet Lacastri took sixth at 126 pounds.
at Floyd Little Athletic Center
Team scores
1. Danbury 130, 2. (tie) Windham and South Windsor 121, 4. New Milford 93.5, 5. Fairfield Warde 78, 6. Ledyard 76, 7. Newington 75.5, 8. Glastonbury 74, 9. Bacon Academy 72, 10. Southington 65, 11. Foran 59.5, 12. Hand 59, 13. Manchester 55, 14. Trumbull 53, 15. Avon 52, 16. (tie) New Fairfield and Xavier 50, 18. (tie) Lyman Memorial/Windham Tech, MIddletown and Farmington 18, 21. New Britain 29.5, 22. East Lyme 28.5, 23. (tie) Greenwich, Conard and Somers 28, 26. (tie) Montville and Fairfield Ludlowe 27, 28. (tie) Wethersfield and Immaculate/Barlow 26, 30. Windsor Locks 25, 31. Hall 24.5, 32. Nonnewaug 23, 33. (Tie) Waterford and Simsbury 21, 35. (tie) Maloney, Berlin and Westbrook/Old Saybrook 20, 38. Oxford 19, 39. Bristol Central 18, 40. (tie) Portland and Classical Magnet/Capital Prep 16, 42. (tie) Platt, NFA and Weaver/Hartford PUblic 15, 45. Guilford 14.5, 46. (tie) Law and RIdgefield 14, 48. (tie) Westhill, Holy Cross and Pomperaug 13, 51. Canton 12, 52. (tie) Terryville, RHAM and Suffield 11, 55. (tie) Griswold, Bethel, Norwalk, Fairfield Prep, Shelton and Newtown 10, 61. (tie) SMSA/University and Bristol Eastern 9, 63. (tie) Cheshire, Derby and Windsor 8, 66. (tie) New Canaan, Rocky HIll and St. Bernard/Norwich Tech/Wheeler 7, 69. Fitch 6.5, 70. (tie) Old Lyme, Staples and Haddam-Killingworth 6, 73. (tie) Branford and Vinal Tech 5, 75. (tie) Lyman Hall, Wolcott Tech and Goodwin Tech 4, 78. (tie) Stamford, Thomaston, Morgan and Killingly 3, 82. (tie) East Catholic, New London, East Haven and Stafford 2, 86. Brookfield 1, 87. (tie) Housatonic Regional, Seymour, East Windsor, Masuk, Plainville, Wilton, Gilbert, Hale Ray, Stratford and Woodstock Academy 0.
Individual results
Championship match results and regional finishers among top six
106: championship: Joseph Rossetti (Glastonbury) dec. Paulo Freitas (Danbury) 4-2; third: Matthew Elias (Hand) dec. Mark Chien (Greenwich) 5-2; fifth: George Wales (Fairfield Ludlowe) dec. Halim Bourjeli (New Milford) 13-8; 113: championship: Kareem Small (East Lyme) dec. Michael Ruffino (Windham) 3-2; third: Chris Bryant (Danbury) dec. Kyle Lindner (New Milford) 6-0; fifth: Brentt Smith (Waterford) dec. Benjamin Batulanon (Fairfield Ludlowe) 3-0; 120: championship: Kevin Jack (Danbury) dec. Brian Amato (Newington) 5-1; third: Taylor Shay (New Fairfield) dec. Devon MarcAurele (Ledyard) 5-1; fifth: Benjamin Durst (Simsbury) dec. Daniel Ebert (Fairfield Warde) 5-2; 126: championship: Matt McAllister (Bacon Academy) dec. Conor Caffrey (South Windsor) 7-2; third: Niko Stefanatos (New Milford) won by forfeit over Brandon Liscinsky (Trumbull); fifth: Nathan Solomon (Southington) dec. Emmet Lacastri (Immaculate/Barlow) 1-0; 132: championship: Howard Kilpatrick (Bacon Academy) dec. Geovanni Medina (New Britain) 7-4; third: Max Odell (South Windsor) pinned Pharoah Eaton (Fairfield Warde) 28 seconds; fifth: Ryan Bannon (Law) dec. Jacob Caskey (Montville) 3-2; 138: championship: C.J. Luth (Foran) dec. David Colvin (Westbrook/Old Saybrook) 9-4; third: Christian Zotti (Newington) dec. Zach Tepper (Danbury) 4-2; fifth: Favion Williams (Weaver/Hartford Public) dec. Dylan Bender (Fairfield Warde) 10-5; 145: championship: Casey Mitchell (South Windsor) dec. Jimmy Murphy (Avon) 6-4; third: Shane Jennings (Danbury) dec. Josh Fontanez (Portland) 8-3; 152: championship: Sam Odell (South Windsor) dec. Clay Callahan (Foran) 3-2; third: Lucas Muntz (Conard) pinned Kameron Bradshaw (New Milford) 54 seconds; 160: championship: Khamri Thomas (Windsor Locks) dec. Mikey Amorando (New Fairfield) 2-1; third: Juan Garcia (Danbury) pinned Brandon Fulco (Trumbull) 1:59; fifth: John D'Agostino (Nonnewaug) dec. Benjamin Onofrio (Hand) 3-0; 170: championship: Elliot Antler (Xavier) dec. Christopher Chorzepa (Newington) 6-5; fifth: Dante Futia (Middletown) dec. Thomas Anania (Fairfield Warde) 8-5; 182: championshp: Colin Grim (Ledyard) dec. Jimmy McDunnah (Wethersfield) 5-3; 195: championship: Zachary Maxwell (Southington) dec. Kyle Foster (Somers) 6-4; third: Christopher Joel Samboy (Classical Magnet/Capital Prep) dec. Steven Ghossaini (Immaculate/Barlow) 5-2; fifth: Thomas Anderson (South Windsor) pinned Erik Mercado (Trumbull) 4:51; 220: championship: Andrew Cavanna (Glastonbury) dec. Patrick Sawicki (Bacon Academy) 5-3; fifth: Robert Tozzi (New Milford) pinned Michael Fisher (Conard) 2:16; 285: championship: Wolfgang Fiasconaro (Windham) dec. Tobias Lichtenstein (Hall) 4-1; third: Amed Hourani (Fairfield Warde) pinned Darick Orange (Lyman Memorial/Windham Tech) 3:25.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
From ConsumerWiki
Revision as of 22:19, 14 March 2011 by Cicjscribner (Talk | contribs)
Individual nannies and baby-sitters do not require a license. Nanny and baby-sitter placement agencies are required to be licensed with the Department of Social Services.
No bond is required by any agency. Complaints may be filed with the Better Business Bureau or consumer may seek civil resolution.
California Department of Social Services
Community Care Licensing Division
8745 Folsom, Suite 200
Sacramento, CA 95826
(916) 229-4530
Consumer Resource & Referral Guide
Directory of State Agencies
Directory of Federal Agencies
Return to DCA Home Page


text:
Please initiate your ad by putting your state abbreviation (location of the litter) at the beginning of your subject line.
NO Labrador litter ads may be placed here without full names of both sire and dam, as well as a minimum of a final hip clearance OFA, (and/or PENN HIP and/or OVC) and an eye clearance (CERF, OFA or other DVM certified method) on both parents in the body of the ad. Pre-liminary ratings are not acceptable. No exceptions will be made.
Any Labrador Retriever puppy listed, devoid of full registered names, hip and eye clearance assurances in the body of the ad, will be deleted.
The Classifieds for Labrador Retriever Puppies will no longer show any ads older than 60 days. During the 60 day period that ads are listed, all ads may be edited by the advertiser an unlimited number of times.
You may not delete your own ad. If your litter sells out during the 60 day period, please EDIT YOUR AD to indicate this. (Go to your ad, click the "edit" button, type in new text and hit "submit")
During the 60 day time period, all advertisers are asked to edit their ads to keep them current and up-to-date.
Ads will be deleted on or about 60 days. Duplication of any litter ad before the original ad has been deleted on or about 60 days will be grounds for ad deletion and RTF account deactivation....
Thanks for your cooperation. We hope you find the RTF classifieds to be of benefit!


text:
Download the IRONMAN tracking app today!
Whether you want to receive notifications about your splits post-race to analyze your performance, or you want to follow your favorite athlete on race day, the IRONMAN Tracking App is your go-to source for athlete tracking. You can also view the race-week event schedule, easily connect to IRONMAN on social media, and get important notifications on race-day.
Download the app of your choice for free today at one of the links below.
IRONMAN Tracking App:
Event-Specific Apps:
IRONMAN Oceania App (iOS or Android)


text:
S k a t e L o g F o r u m
Inline Skating and Quad Roller Skating
Forum Hosts: Jessica Wright | Kathie Fry
FOLLOW US: Our Blog | Facebook | Twitter | Email
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Forum Administrators: Jessica Wright and Kathie Fry | Email Us
Access code for buying and selling subforums: "skates"
How To Get a User Account and Posting Privileges in the SkateLog Forum
Use Google to Search the SkateLog Forum
|Roller Dance and Session Skating Forum Discussions about roller dancing, jamskating, rexing, rink session skating, dance circle skating, and similar types of recreational indoor and outdoor skate dancing .
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|September 9th, 2015, 04:47 PM
Junior Member
Join Date: Aug 2015
Location: In the good 'ole U S of A
Posts: 10
Taller Wheels?
Okay, I know everyone has a different opinion about wheels. But, I'm trying to get some input.
I started skating again about a year ago, first time on quads. I am really getting into the dance/shuffle/jam aspect of skating. So much fun!!
But I wanted to know, do you prefer taller wheels 64mm; 65mm, or do you prefer shorter, low profile wheels for shuffle and dance?
I am in the process of trying out several pairs to see what I like.
Thank you!!
- "Never underestimate the power of a woman on wheels."
|September 9th, 2015, 09:15 PM
Senior Member
Join Date: Jul 2015
Posts: 110
I prefer the standard 62mm wheels personally. But I am thinking about getting some new Fo-macs for sliding/dance and they are 55mm. For shuffle and dance I would recommend narrower, harder and maybe shorter wheels.
It depends on what you like and where you skate.
The rink that I skate at has a VERY nice concrete floor that is really sticky and I can run 97-101a wheels very easy with no slide.
Then there is another rink that I used to skate at that has a HORRIBLE floor with tons of bumps, patches, and just rough concrete and on that floor I have to run softer wheels so I don't feel every patch and bump and not slide out on every turn.
|September 10th, 2015, 04:32 PM
Senior Member
Join Date: Mar 2015
Location: Indiana
Posts: 192
I run 62mm tall and 40mm wide with a 92A durometer. My jam skating friend runs the same wheels I do, except his are a 95A durometer, and he's a great jam skater. My other friend (more of a shuffle and artistic skater) runs 62mm tall/42mm wide with a 95A durometer and is easily the best skater at the rink (with the exception being the guard that volunteers there a few days a week that's skated for 40+ years). So... I'd say that's it's a matter of your own personal preference and what the floor at your home rink is like. The floor at my rink is slicker than snot and so I have to run a softer wheel to compensate... I'm barely 135 lbs. and when I ran a 95A/96A combo, it kept putting me into the wall because they were too slick so YMMV :-)
|September 11th, 2015, 02:46 AM
Senior Member
Join Date: Apr 2008
Location: Chicago, Near the Lake
Posts: 6,537
Wheel height (and width) will give you more leverage for working the action when they go taller and wider.
This can be important if your suspension is set firm, to allow you to get up on the two wheel edges of either side of the skate, because this extra leverage can have the skate be turning too much before you get leaned up on the wheel edges as as much as you want to be.
Also when landing jumps, when an error in the focus of your weight as you land happens, this can end up being amplified more when the axle turning leverage is higher.
This could turn you further off track and take you down, compared to a shorter and narrower wheel which would have less turning leverage and would not steer you as much off track far, thus allowing for path correction without falling.
Rollin' on AIR
|September 12th, 2015, 08:01 PM
Skating = Tear RIFF ic
Join Date: Mar 2007
Location: Massachusetts: N. Central & NE
Posts: 4,654
What Skate Set Up?
or Flat Heel Boots?
For me I would probably use the Bones 103A on Artistic
^ Just don't try to Hockey Stop on them..
^ The All American Plus kind of works for rougher skating.
and I do use the Bones Turbo on a Flat Heel Boot.
^ Flat heels are harder to do fancy stuff, yet I am lazy in buying them.
Yours in Skating, MA/NY Skating Dave
InDoor Quads: Witch Doctor Wheels, Bones Swiss/Qube-Gold Bearings, Older RollerBlade Wrist Guards -| InDoor Clothes: Cargo Shorts, Sweat Towel
|August 26th, 2017, 06:20 PM
Junior Member
Join Date: Aug 2015
Location: In the good 'ole U S of A
Posts: 10
It's been awhile since I started this thread, but thank you for your input. I skate on flat heel boots, started using bones turbo 98 and bones elite 101a for my local rink. Smooth hardwood floors and excellent grip/slide.
I mostly skate outside now due to my schedule, but I've been using krypto impulse wheels for dance/shuffle and Rex skating outdoors. I went through a bunch of different wheels before I decided on these. My other go tos for outdoor are the bones dotd 82mm
- "Never underestimate the power of a woman on wheels."
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text:
The Cameron Herald. (Cameron, Tex.), Vol. 34, No. 39, Ed. 1 Thursday, January 30, 1913
Description: Weekly newspaper from Cameron, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with some advertising.
Date: January 30, 1913
Creator: Kennon, R. W. H.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Newspaper
Partner: The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History


text:
I haven't had time to progress the Outlook Contact Export, so here is a minor digression.
Suppose that I have two Access tables each containing records that represent the same entities – Orders, say. These two sets of equivalent records come from different sources: maybe Orders as received, and Orders as dispatched. I want to cross-check certain fields for equivalent records – say, that order-quantity received and order-quantity dispatched are the same – and flag any mismatches.
Here are two tables:
I want to check the equivalence of columns B and C. There are differences in B/C for the second and fourth records, and an extra record in the second table.
Note that the IDs are counters, but are not necessarily the same, so I can not do a Join of the two tables. The tables are assumed to represent equivalent sets of records – maybe for the same period – so they could be queries on underlying cumulative tables.
It's not apparent to me how you could do this using queries. If we could join the tables together, then for numerical values I suppose that we could subtract one field from the other, and check for non-zero differences.
However, a more generic solution is to suck the relevant columns into two Recordsets, using a simple SELECT query as the Source, and then iterate through records and fields, comparing values. Differences can be logged in some way:
- If we expect only rare differences, then we could build up a log String, and display this at the end of the check:
- If we expect substantial differences, we could base an output Recordset on a temporary table, and write message-records into it.
I've adopted the first approach, for simplicity.
Here's a code module, and the database (2003 .mdb) with test tables. There's no user interface: RunDiff is run directly from within VBA.


text:
Don't Be a Lipstick Flipper
A version of this article appears in the January/February 2014 issue of Home Energy Magazine.
December 29, 2013
We hear in the news about all the foreclosed, abandoned, vacant, or otherwise lost homes. We hear about the army of house flippers and people buying and fixing these homes to make an income from them, whether it's by reselling them or renting them out. Now we're also hearing about rising sales prices and lack of inventory. How does an energy-conscious person fit into this arena? Why should one even bother?
To read complete online articles, you need to sign up for an Online Subscription.
Once an order has been placed there is an automatic $10 processing fee that will be deducted with any cancellation.
The Home Energy Online articles are for personal use only and may not be printed for distribution. For permission to reprint, please send an e-mail to email@example.com.


text:
Home > Prescription Glasses > Timberland > TB1352 (092)
TB 1352 is available in 1 additional attractive style
Size and availability
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As a customer of Edel-Optics, you are totally aware that eyewear can crown your style. This accessory makes you look very smart when you are out and about and convincing in the office and in your leisure time. Would another colour not be a better match for your favourite outfit? Check also the other styles of TB1352in our 2018, and 2019 Timberland range.
The frame is specially designed for men. Sporting clear lines, New School Cool meets traditional quality. Eyewear is in. Full rim is extremely popular, because you feel that you get more eyeglass for your money. It is not just about their resilience, but also about the visibility of material and design, which are of the highest quality. The square frame is a classical shape, highlighting the straightforwardness of the personality. Plastic frames like these combine durability and are comfortable to wear. The TB1352 is a very snug fit on the ears and nose. The colour blue is fresh and modern. Having the courage to choose such an exciting colour offers a new approach.
Moreover, we can also provide you with the correct prescription lenses at an incredibly low price. The only thing you need to provide us with are your current dioptre values determined by your ophthalmologist. Together with our digital dispensing optician, you can choose between reasonably priced brand lenses from Germany or premium brands such as Seiko, Hoya and Rodenstock. Edel-Optics' plastic lenses have many features such as anti-reflection coating, lotus effect, cleaning coating, antistatic and hard coating at no extra charge.
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text:
How to Secure Your Wireless Access Point
After connecting the wireless access point (WAP) for your home network to the Internet, it's time to configure the wireless settings so your wireless network devices (such as your computer and printer) can connect to your wireless network.
These are the steps to secure a NETGEAR WGR614v7 wireless router. Your steps may be a little different depending on the wireless device you're using.
1Under Setup on the left side of the window, click Wireless Settings.
The Wireless Settings window appears.
2Under Wireless Network, enter a name (also known as an SSID) for your home network.
Your SSID can be up to 32 characters in length and is case sensitive. For example, HOME1234 is not the same as Home1234 because they use different case (capitalization).
3Leave the Channel and Mode settings at their default values (most likely 11 and g and b, respectively).
If you are installing multiple access points in your home with overlapping coverage and you are experiencing interference or poor signal strength, you can change your channel settings to one of the other options. The actual channel value does not matter. You just need to select one that minimizes interference with other access points.
4Under Security Options, select one of the available settings. (For WEP, continue with Step 5. For all others, go to Step 8.)
You should choose the strongest security option available on your wireless access point — WPA-PSK [TKIP] + WPA2-PSK [AES] in this example.
5Under Security Encryption (WEP), set the Authentication Type to Automatic and the Encryption Strength to either 64bit or 128bit. (128bit is better.)
If you have network devices that fail to connect to your wireless network, you may need to set the Authentication Type to either Open System or Shared Key. This is sometimes necessary for older wireless cards or operating systems.
6Under Security Encryption (WEP) Key, you can enter a passphrase and click the Generate button to automatically configure the WEP keys.
If you chose 64bit encryption strength, four keys consisting of 10 hexadecimal digits (0-9, A-F) will be generated. If you chose 128bit encryption strength, one key consisting of 26 hexadecimal digits will be generated. Alternatively, you can manually enter a single hexadecimal key for WEP (10 hexadecimal digits for 64bit, 26 hexadecimal digits for 128bit).
7Click Apply.
You're done. If configuring WEP seems overly complex, it is! Choose one of the other security options (such as WPA-PSK [TKIP] or WPA2-PSK [AES]). They're exponentially more secure than WEP and exponentially easier to configure.
8If you decide to set up WPA-PSK [TKIP] or WPA2-PSK [AES] (or both), select the appropriate option under Security Options.
For more details on the differences between these security options, refer to the CD or instructions provided with your wireless access point.
9Enter a passphrase between 8 and 63 characters and click Apply.
That's it! Just because something is difficult, it isn't necessarily better. For example, configuring WEP is extremely complex, particularly compared to WPA or WPA2. WEP security is more of a misnomer, and is in no way comparable to the strength of WPA and WPA2.


text:
Pollsters: 'Everything is terrible'
Polls from major networks, researchers and newspapers agree: America's in a bad mood.
In just one week, polls found politicians of all stripes are hitting approval numbers with record lows. The president finds himself roughly as popular as a trip to the dentist. The entire Democratic Party gets the thumbs down. Oh, and so does the Republican Party.
Story Continued Below
But it doesn't stop there. Americans are also bummed out about the future in general, especially the economy. Things are so low that even an old favorite, sugar, polled poorly.
Pollsters say it all adds up to a country that feels "everything is terrible," as one put it, a mood that campaigns should consider as they head into the midterm homestretch, when turnout should be all about enthusiasm — not pessimism.
( See the latest congressional polls from POLITICO's Polling Center)
"With an 'everything is terrible' mindset, I'm mostly thinking about how after several years of cantankerous and unproductive lawmaking in Washington, there are very few political figures or institutions who the public trusts anymore," Scott Clement, The Washington Post's polling analyst, said in an interview.
When it comes to candidates, voters are also less than thrilled with both incumbents and their challengers.
"What we're really seeing in an unprecedented way, especially in the key Senate races, is that voters don't like either of the major candidates," said Tom Jensen, the director of the left-leaning Public Policy Polling.
Jensen pointed to Arkansas, Louisiana, Alaska and North Carolina, where Democratic Sen. Kay Hagan remains ahead. However, Jensen said it's not because of high approval ratings.
( Also on POLITICO: Poll: Party favorability falls near record low)
"Hagan has a -10 approval rating, and usually if you have a -10 approval rating it means you're doomed," Jensen said. But, he added, Hagan's Republican challenger, Thom Tillis, "has a -23 favorability rating, so that race remains very competitive despite Hagan being an unpopular incumbent, because voters really don't care for her opponent, either."
The pollster added, "to a much greater extent than usual this year, with voters being so unhappy, 'so-and-so' has a negative approval rating, but they still lead for reelection because people like the alternative even less."
Not even hometown political heroes are spared.
Members of Congress "are no longer at the point where they get the benefit of the doubt from the public," Clement said. "And the public has seen more and more issues where they're just not happy about where things are going, and the place they often look to blame is Washington."
( Also on POLITICO: The most popular guy in Washington)
In a Washington Post-ABC News poll released Tuesday, the paper found, for the first time in 25 years, that a majority of people disapprove of the job their own Congress member is doing. Clement said while people might have said Congress as a whole is doing a poor job, voters are "not willing to let their own Congress member off the hook anymore."
But the ill will toward Congress and President Barack Obama is nothing new, said Sarah Dutton, director of surveys for CBS News, which found near-historic lows for each party's approval rating in its poll last week.
"It's been low for quite some time," Dutton said of Congress' approval rating. "However, it's now lower than it was in previous midterm elections."
So what does this mean come November? Across the board, pollsters note that it throws turnout levels into question. Jensen said anger toward their own candidates coupled with anger for the opposition leaves little for voters to get particularly excited about. Two groups that could see an impact, however, are independent voters and third-party candidates.
( Also on POLITICO: Poll: Obama sinks on foreign policy)
Jensen said the GOP in particular is seeing growing levels of disenchantment. However, while more Republican voters may be seeing red, Jensen says, that doesn't mean they'll vote that way this midterm cycle.
"What Republicans do have to be worried about is [voters] turning to a more conservative, third-party candidate," the pollster said, pointing to Montana's 2012 Senate race, which saw a victory for Democrat Sen. Jon Tester. Jensen attributed Tester's win to a split among GOP voters between the Republican and Libertarian candidates.
Jensen added that the GOP shouldn't expect to see a gap against Democrats in the 2014 midterms similar to that in the 2010 wave, nor tea party enthusiasm.


text:
Top charts: Productivity Apps category: Productivity × version: 11.0 ×
Top Apps View all
New Apps View all
Year and month selection and display, support multi-languauge, custom display format
Year and month picker
88.00 €
With the Odoo Reminder module, you can send reminder emails to the Odoo users.Set the Odoo reminder and it is sent to the user email address on the scheduled date.
Odoo Reminder Mail
45.00 €
Most Downloaded View all
odoo debrand, odoo debranding, customize my odoo. Quick customize and debranding. Quick debug, Language Switcher, Online Documentation Access,data clearing,Delete data.reset account chart.
12 Ready!! App Odoo Customize(Backend Debranding Title,Language,Documentation,Quick Debug,Clear Data)
Open PDF Reports and PDF Attachments in Browser
Open PDF Reports and PDF Attachments in Browser


text:
To be fair, when I was a Christian I was also very concerned with social justice, and just in helping people in need. But in a lot of cases, there isn't much you can do to help people. I've never had a lot of money or anything to give to people. So I gave them kind words, friendliness, sometimes friendship, and I prayed for them. Or I prayed for situations in the world that I had no control over. I wanted to do *something*, when there was nothing practical or physical that I could do. Now that I don't believe in God, I feel so much more helpless. I can't even pray for people. I can still be involved in my community, still do what I can for social justice, still be kind to homeless people, etc. I'm studying and eventually going into a field of work where I will be helping families in transition. But there are a lot of times when there really is just nothing I can do. And sometimes I wish that I could at least pray for them. I hate this feeling of helplessness.
Anyway, I know that a lot of religious people use prayer as an excuse to be lazy, but I just wanted to give another perspective. Also, laziness and indifference to the suffering of others is not just reserved for the religious, either.
Yesterday, a man approached me at a gas station and asked for a donation in exchange for washing my windows. He had his right arm amputated and I was convinced that he was, as he claimed, doing what he could to support his wife and children. After he cleaned my windshield, I thanked him. He said "God bless you!" I didn't respond to that; but I wanted to say, "While you're at it, why don't you ask God to regrow your arm?" But I'm not that big of an asshole, so I said nothing and drove on.
It is interesting that the religious believe in fervent prayer and that they can actually influence their god to help someone in need as if the god was unaware of their plight. But they consider it entirely unreasonable to expect the same god to regrow a lost limb for them.
Why? After all this is supposed to be a being that has unlimited capabilities and fathomless love for it's worshipers.
Yet another of the many inconsistencies in the dogma of sky fairies.


text:
SQL Server Agent Mail
SQL Server Agent includes the ability to send e-mail. You can configure SQL Server Agent Mail to send e-mail messages to predefined operators when:
An alert is triggered. Alerts can be configured to send e-mail notification of specific events that occur. For example, alerts can be configured to notify an operator of a particular database event or operating system condition that may need immediate action. For more information about configuring alerts, see Defining Alerts.
A scheduled task, such as a database backup or replication event, succeeds or fails. For example, you can use SQL Server Agent Mail to notify operators if an error occurs during processing at the end of a month.
E-mail messages can be sent to a list of recipients informing them of the status of scheduled jobs for possible user action. For example, you can configure SQL Server Agent to send e-mail when a backup job completes.
SQL Server Agent Mail is off by default. To configure it, use the Alert System pane of the SQL Server Agent Properties dialog. Notice that SQL Server Agent Mail is only required for alert notifications and automatic notification when a job completes. Individual job steps within a job can also send e-mail, regardless of whether SQL Server Agent Mail is on. For example, a Transact-SQL job step can use Database Mail to send the results of a query to a list of recipients.
SQL Server Agent Mail supports two e-mail systems. When you configure SQL Server Agent Mail, you choose the mail system to use:
When you choose Database Mail, SQL Server Agent uses Database Mail to send e-mail.
When you choose SQL Mail, SQL Server Agent uses the Extended MAPI interface to send e-mail.
SQL Mail will be removed in a future version of SQL Server. Therefore, avoid using this feature in new development work, and plan to modify applications that currently use SQL Mail. To send mail from Microsoft SQL Server, use Database Mail.
After changing the e-mail system, you must restart the SQL Server Agent service for the change to take effect.
See Also


text:
Follow RFF News on your cell phone. Text follow rff to 40404 you will receive txt messages with RFF News
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He seems kinda arrogant to me, but I guess we'll have to see.
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text:
Melissa Dailey
Serving SeaTac Airport, All of Seattle, Tacoma and All Surrounding Areas including Bellevue, Kirkland and Redmond.
Joined December, 2017
92 successful reservations
- Offers Delivery, Setup & Pickup ($0 - $55)
High Quality Equipment, Excellent Service! Airport Delivery Available.Read more
Joined December, 2017
92 successful reservations
Melissa Dailey
Serving SeaTac Airport, All of Seattle, Tacoma and All Surrounding Areas including Bellevue, Kirkland and Redmond.
- Offers Delivery, Setup & Pickup ($0 - $55)
High Quality Equipment, Excellent Service! Airport Delivery Available.Read more
Beach and Outdoors
Reserving now for the holidays!
Meet Melissa Dailey
My family loves to travel and we have many years of experience traveling as a large family of 7. We know how exhausting it can be packing, loading and carrying around all the things children require, even just for a short trip. We have learned it is so much easier and less stressful for us to leave things like pack n plays, strollers, car seats and even toys at home when we travel and rent them at our destination instead. We did this for the first time on a trip to Maui and enjoyed the convenience of having everything we needed delivered to our condo before we arrived. It truly change the way we travel with our kids!
Our desire is for you to have the same experience we did and to ENJOY traveling with your children. Our goal is to make your trip comfortable for your kids and as stress-free and convenient for you as we can! We will provide you with everything you need to keep your kids safe and comfortable, as well as some things to keep them entertained during your trip. Take a look at the wide variety of rentals we offer and please let us know if there is something else that you would like that you don't see. We will do our best to accommodate you.
Delivery, Setup & Pickup Fees
- Motif Seattle, A Destination Hotel $55 (USD)
- Pick up/Drop off $0 (USD)
- Ballard, North Seattle & Downtown (98101, 98103, 98105, 98107, 98109, 98115, 98117, 98125) $55 (USD)
- SeaTac Airport (at Rental Car Facility or Cell Phone Waiting Lot) $45 (USD)
- South Seattle (98106, 98108, 98116, 98118, 98126,98134, 98144) $50 (USD)
- Tacoma, University Place, Lakewood $40 (USD)
- Tukwila, Burien, Renton, Kent, Des Moines $40 (USD)
- Bonney Lake, Sumner $30 (USD)
- Enumclaw, Buckley $35 (USD)
- Covington, Maple Valley $40 (USD)
- Milton, Edgewood, Fife $40 (USD)
- Puyallup, Graham, Spanaway $45 (USD)
- Lacey, Dupont $50 (USD)
- Bellevue, Kirkland, Redmond $50 (USD)
- Lynnwood, Edmonds $55 (USD)
- Olympia $50 (USD)
- Federal Way, Auburn $40 (USD)
- Gig Harbor $55 (USD)
- Before/After hours delivery fee (before 8am, after 6pm). This fee is in ADDITION to your normal delivery fee. $20 (USD)
- Same Day/Rush Delivery (includes orders placed after 8pm for next day) will be charged an ADDITIONAL delivery fee. $20 (USD)
Daily rate for days 1-8
Rental of 9-16 days: 10% off
Rental of 17-24 days: 20% off
Rental of 24+ days: 30% off


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Dear Readers,
Recently, my partner escorted me to a TV interview that I was giving about Body Positive. Before the interview began, David and I had a chance to talk with the host of the show whom we took to immediately. The host was witty, smart, and good-looking -- well built and well spoken. The last thing he said to us before he started his show was "you're so lucky that you found each other, I can't even get laid much less find a boyfriend."
David and I chuckled over that comment. The perfect man that so many are looking for is standing in front of us, and he can't get a date to save his life. He also somehow got the impression that we're the quintessential "perfect" couple. If the first part elicited a chuckle from us, the second part had us bent over with gales of laughter.
David and I are polar opposites in almost every way: He's obsessed with the arts, I play ice hockey; I love action flicks, he prefers incomprehensible foreign films with subtitles; he's Jewish, I'm Christian; he's a post-modern minimalist with Art-Deco leanings, while I can't find enough space in our new apartment to display my Pillsbury Doughboy collection; I'm HIV-positive and he's HIV-negative. The list seems to go on forever. And yet it still seems to work for the two of us.
Are we perfect? Well I am, but he has a ways to go. Do we work at our relationship? Absolutely. Four years ago, however, David was the first "date" to whom I ever disclosed my serostatus to, and his simple response was our very first kiss. Stuff like that makes David a "keeper" -- regardless of the fact that he's a Scorpio and I'm an Aquarius. Will we end up like Paul Newman and Joanne Woodward or Liza Minelli and David Gest? Who knows, but I definitely intend to enjoy him to the fullest for as long as he's willing to put up with me.
It's ironic how many people (gay, bi or straight) who do not currently have a "special friend" are always pining for one, and how people who are in a relationship so often look outside of it for more. Everyone else's love life -- whether it's with the same person for 25 years, with no one for the past ten months, or with 10 different people last weekend -- always seems a bit more glamorous, more enticing, somehow better than our own.
As you read through this issue of Body Positive Magazine about the many different facets of relationships and HIV, just keep in mind some of my mother's trite bits of wisdom, your dating and relationships will turn out just fine: "There's a lid for every pot" and "the grass is always greener on the other side."


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This week in portfolio products news, Neuberger Berman filed with the SEC for the introduction of two new mutual funds and J.P. Morgan added a new wrinkle to a bond fund. Also, Gemini Fund Services assisted in the launch of seven new alternative funds by independent advisors.
Neuberger Berman Files to Launch Two Funds
Neuberger Berman on Thursday said that it had filed to introduce two new funds, Global Equity and Global Thematic Opportunities. Both funds seek long-term growth of capital.
The Global Equity Fund will be managed by Benjamin Segal, managing director of Neuberger Berman Management and Neuberger Berman LLC. It seeks to reduce risk through diversification across many industries, and invests mainly in large-capitalization companies located anywhere in the world, including companies in both developed and emerging markets. Under normal market circumstances, the fund will invest at least 80% of its assets in equity securities.
The Global Thematic Opportunities Fund will be managed by Anthony Gleason, Alexandra (Sandy) Pomeroy, William Hunter, and Richard Levine. The portfolio managers identify companies through a two-step process that they believe to be attractively priced and that benefit from significant and underappreciated global trends. The first step involves identifying global themes through proprietary research, and the second identifies companies they believe will benefit from these themes. The portfolio managers believe this helps them choose companies whose stocks trade at a discount to their intrinsic value, thus presenting attractive long-term investment opportunities. The portfolio managers also model future cash flows to identify companies attractively priced relative to current cash flows.
J.P. Morgan Asset Management Reconfigures Bond Fund
A new twist marks a month-old mutual bond fund from J.P. Morgan Asset Management. The Tax Aware Income Opportunities Fund (JTAAX), co-managed by William Eigen and Rick Taormina, does some of the usual: it focuses 80% of its capital on tax-exempt municipal bonds. The twist comes in the other 20%, which is allocated for taxable bonds, credit derivatives and a suite of idiosyncratic hedges aimed at insulating the portfolio and juicing returns.
According to Eigen, head of absolute return and opportunistic fixed-income strategies for J.P. Morgan Asset Management, such a mix had not been tried earlier because yields on municipal bonds had been falling steadily for several years, pushing up the value of those assets. "[Muni] mutual funds haven't evolved because they haven't had to; you had to do nothing over the last 30 years but put your feet up and watch the returns roll in," he said.
Taormina, manager of municipal bonds at the firm, pointed out that now yields are at unprecedented low levels and risk premiums on many of the securities don't provide enough cushioning to withstand inflation and interest-rate increases. That 20% difference in this fund allows the flexibility to change exposure and evade volatility.
Gemini Fund Services Helps Launch Seven New Alternative Funds
As a partner to independent advisors who want to launch alternative investment funds to cater to that interest among their high-net-worth clients, Gemini Fund Services, LLC announced Tuesday that in the first quarter of 2011, it has overseen the launch of seven such new funds.
"Gemini partners with advisors to develop the investment product that meets their specific vision and needs, drawing on years of industry knowledge and insight to find creative solutions at the best cost," said Andrew Rogers, president of Gemini Fund Services. "We are very pleased to help launch these funds and enable more advisors to compete in an increasingly costly and regulated environment."
Gemini works with advisors to deliver investment solutions such as mutual funds, hedge funds, and alternative investments, including collective investment trusts. Then it helps advisors bring products to market with turnkey services, including comprehensive fund servicing, variable annuities, retail and variable trusts, shared compliance services, EDGAR filing and printing services.
The new funds are:
- Arrow Commodity Strategy Fund (CSFFX)
- Bandon Isolated Alpha Fixed Income Fund (BANIX)
- Equinox Market Neutral Commodity Strategy Fund (EQCIX)
- FX Strategy Fund (FXFIX)
- Grant Park Managed Futures Strategy Fund (GPFNX)
- James Alpha Global Enhanced Real Return (GRRAX)
- Navigator Equity Hedged Fund (NAVCX)
Merk Hard Currency Fund Tops $500 Million in AUM
On Tuesday, Merk Investments LLC announced that its flagship fund, the Merk Hard Currency Fund (MERKX), has surpassed $500 million in assets under management. The fund was launched in May of 2005, and is a no-load, open-end currency mutual fund that
seeks to protect against the decline of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies.
Axel Merk, president and CIO of Merk Investments, said in a statement, "Concerns about the U.S. dollar, inflationary pressures and mounting U.S. debt have helped to highlight the need for investors to diversify outside of the greenback. Beyond the woes of the U.S. dollar, currencies in general have historically exhibited low correlations with traditional asset classes, and as such, may provide diversification benefits and an attractive risk/return profile for investors' portfolios."
Merk Investments is the largest mutual fund company focusing exclusively on currencies, and has $650 million in assets under management. The Merk Funds are a suite of transparent no-load currency mutual funds that do not typically employ leverage; they consist of the Merk Hard Currency Fund (MERKX), the Merk Asian Currency Fund (MEAFX), and the Merk Absolute Return Currency Fund (MABFX). The goal of the Merk Funds is to provide investors with the opportunity to add managed currency exposure to their portfolios, which may provide valuable diversification benefits.
Van Eck Global Says Rare Earth/Strategic Metals ETF Clears $500 Million
Tuesday was also the day that Van Eck Global announced that Market Vectors Rare Earth/Strategic Metals ETF (REMX), which it distributes, cleared the half-billion mark in AUM. REMX, the company said, is the first U.S.-listed ETF that seeks to give investors pure play exposure to the equities of companies primarily engaged in the production, refining, and recycling of rare earth/strategic metals.
REMX seeks to replicate as closely as possible, before fees and expenses, the price and yield performance of the Market Vectors Rare Earth/Strategic Metals Index (MVREMXTR). Jan van Eck, Principal of Van Eck Global, said in a statement, "We believe REMX offers investors balanced exposure to the sector first by including strategic metals as well as rare earths and second by including processors and recyclers, not just mining companies. An additional advantage is that the underlying index caps exposure to any company at 8%; this limit prevents any particular company from having an undue effect on the ETF."
Rare earth/strategic metals are industrial metals that are typically mined as byproducts in operations focused on precious metals and base metals. Compared to base metals, they have more specialized uses and are often more difficult to extract.
As of March 31, 2011, the Index included 25 constituents from nine different countries. Canada has the largest country weighting, at approximately 23%, followed by Australia, at 22%, and the United States and China, with 19% and 11%, respectively. While China controls the vast majority of all rare earths production, the Index is limited to equities that are currently available to foreign investors; therefore only offshore China equities, or H-Shares, are included in the investable universe.


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10 states will sue over health care bill passagePosted On Mon, March 22, 2010
Florida Attorney General Bill McCollum, a Republican, will file a lawsuit on behalf of 10 states against the U.S. government over passage of the health care reform bill. The lawsuit will challenge if the passage of the bill is constitutional.
"The health care reform legislation passed by the U.S. House of Representatives last night clearly violates the U.S. Constitution and infringes on each state's soveriegnty," McCollum said during a news conference. McCollum views mandatory health insurance as a penalty on living, according to CNN.
The 10 states joining Florida in this proposed lawsuit are Alabama, Texas, South Carolina, Utah, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, Washington, North Dakota and South Dakota.
The lawsuit will be filed once President Barack Obama signs the health care reform bill into law. McCollum expects the lawsuit to end up in the Supreme Court's hands.
Massachusetts is the only state in the nation to currently require mandatory health insurance for its residents - 97 percent of whom are now insured under the state's health care law.
Feedback or questions? Email the editor here.


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Constructed and opened in 2011, the Birmingham CrossPlex is a world-class facility featuring an aquatic center with an Olympic-sized pool, and a state-of-the-art indoor track stadium.
Located just two miles from the Birmingham-Southern campus, the CrossPlex will play host to BSC swimming and diving meets, as well as and indoor track meets.
The pool is 50- by 25-yards and 10 by 20 lanes. The track facility features a 200-meter hydraulically banked Mondo Super X track, eight-lane sprint track, and four-lane warm-up track. There is a double apparatus for all field events -- shot put, long jump, triple jump, pole vault, high jump. The track surface can also be converted to hold nine volleyball courts.
The CrossPlex also holds training, hospitality and meeting rooms, a broadcast-ready press box and studio, a 54-foot jumbo screen with split-screen video/replay/scoring, and seating for 4,000, plus a 500-seat multi-purpose auditorium with full kitchen.
The Crossplex is located at 2337 Bessemer Road, Birmingham, AL 35208. Phone number - 205.279.8900.


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At the dedication of the Lincoln Memorial, in Washington, D.C., on May 30, 1922, remarks by Robert Moton, the principal of the Tuskegee Institute, received special attention from the "colored" section of the audience. The federal commission responsible for the memorial's construction were loath to have Moton participate at all, let alone emphasize how Lincoln had given "freedom to a race and vindicated the honor of a Nation conceived in liberty." The commissioners preferred to concentrate on Lincoln as the Savior of the Union, rather than as its Great Emancipator.
William Howard Taft, the Chief Justice and former President, who headed the memorial commission, spoke of sectional reunion and "the restoration of . . . brotherly love" between North and South, as if the two were now morally equivalent entities in a long-ago blue-and-gray pageant. One foray by Taft into the hypothetical went beyond standard historical supposition and amounted to an apology to the nation's white Southerners: had Lincoln not been killed, Taft declared, "the consequences of the war would not have been as hard for them to bear, the wounds would have been more easily healed, the trying days of reconstruction would have been softened."
Taft presented the memorial to Warren Harding, the sitting President, and both Republicans took proprietary pleasure in the presence at the ceremony of Lincoln's only surviving child, the seventy-eight-year-old Robert Todd Lincoln. Robert had spent his early life seeking, and never truly winning, his father's approval; after his father's murder, six decades of mass sympathy and deference left him equally unsatisfied. He knew that he would never have been made Secretary of War or Ambassador to Great Britain without the Lincoln name, and his weird accidental presence at the assassinations of Garfield and McKinley, in 1881 and 1901, must have seemed a fateful punishment for refusing his father's invitation to Ford's Theatre on April 14, 1865. That night, Robert stayed home to study Spanish, just as he had chosen to remain upstairs in the White House the day his parents took lowbrow delight in an East Room reception for the newly wed Mr. and Mrs. Tom Thumb.
After the assassination, Robert was left to regulate the grief-driven hysterics of his mother and the swift mythologizing of his father, a man who had thought him no more than "very well, considering." He pursued both tasks with rigor, committing Mary Lincoln to an insane asylum in 1875 and strictly limiting historians' access to Abraham Lincoln's papers, whose shipment back to Illinois he was arranging even before the capture of John Wilkes Booth. Over the course of a half century, Robert fastidiously sought to prove his father's legitimate birth against contrary suggestions; protested the commercialization of Lincoln's Springfield home by the relic-collecting Osborn Oldroyd; rejected the log cabin as a symbol of "degradation and uncleanliness"; and helped prevent George Barnard's statue of a scruffy-looking Lincoln from being displayed in London.
Between 1898 and 1911, again because of the Lincoln name, Robert served as president of the Pullman Company, the biggest employer of African-Americans in the United States. But he was hardly a progressive force, going so far as to refuse a meeting that Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois sought in order to discuss bias in the company's policies. In the spring of 1922, as he sat on the platform before the segregated audience, Lincoln's son felt satisfied with both the new memorial's grandeur and the way its architecture set in stone the secondary nature of Lincoln's racial revolution. Like the structure's thirty-six columns (the number of states, including those of the Confederacy, in 1865), the inscription above a statue by Daniel Chester French and the engravings of the Second Inaugural Address and the Gettysburg Address all emphasize the reconnection of North and South. The massive seated Lincoln is even made from Georgia marble. One painted mural above the Gettysburg Address shows the Angel of Truth unshackling a slave, but it is scarcely noticed by most visitors.
The memorial's designers were at odds with the man they were enshrining. For all his mystical, even bloody-minded, devotion to the Union's preservation, Lincoln, the reluctant and strategic abolitionist, came to understand emancipation as his chief claim to immortality. A mental breakdown, in 1841, witnessed by his friend Joshua Speed, might have ended in suicide but for Lincoln's realization, confided to Speed at the time, that if he were to die now he "had done nothing to make any human being remember that he had lived." When Speed visited the White House in 1863, Lincoln went out of his way to recall this confidence and to declare, "with earnest emphasis," according to his reliable friend, that the Emancipation Proclamation had fulfilled his long-ago self-willed resurrection from depression.
It is Lincoln the liberator, not the conqueror or conciliator, that has turned the memorial into anything but the stately place envisioned by its planners. The memorial has been the most volatile symbolic locale in Washington, the only one that will do as a backdrop for sea-changing dissent. Marian Anderson's 1939 concert and Martin Luther King, Jr.,'s 1963 speech would have lost considerable voltage had they been carried out beneath, say, the blandly indifferent obelisk honoring George Washington. Filmmakers and writers from Frank Capra to Philip Roth have sent their characters to the memorial at crucial moments, and it was to the memorial's steps that Richard Nixon travelled in the middle of the night, thinking that he might find a way of connecting with Vietnam protesters who had already connected with Lincoln. The temple dedicated by Taft and Harding is not a foursquare symbol of unity; it is the seat of every American government in exile.
Robert Lincoln is the unhappy central presence in "Looking for Lincoln: The Making of an American Icon" (Knopf; $50), a highly particularized inquiry that travels from the weekend of the President's assassination past the dedication of his memorial. The book's authors—Philip B. Kunhardt III, Peter W. Kunhardt, and Peter W. Kunhardt, Jr., members of a family involved in Lincoln collecting and scholarship for five generations—proceed here along two chronological tracks, examining the progress of Lincoln biography and the corresponding betrayal of Lincoln's moral legacy. Among the nearly fifteen thousand books published on Lincoln since his death, this one, which will appear next month, is an oddly magnificent downer, lavish and pictorial, but more wince-inducing than anything else, covering a post-Reconstruction era that prompted Frederick Douglass to pronounce emancipation, in its actual practice, "a stupendous fraud" against Southern blacks and Lincoln himself.
Lincoln's name was invoked by each side of nearly every national debate in the half century after his death, beginning with the impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson, the hapless successor who continued to carry Lincoln's anointment amid dark whisperings, taken seriously by Mary, that he had also been part of the conspiracy to shed Lincoln's blood. Less than a decade later, as Grant's corrupt Presidency oozed into its second term, Harper's Weekly marvelled, "How strong is [Lincoln's] hold on the American people. Everybody feels that he understands him and has property in him."
The property's value seemed ever-increasing and transferrable. The Cold Water men of the temperance movement claimed that Lincoln had taken the pledge; the opposing Wets produced the liquor license that he had applied for as a storekeeper in New Salem, Illinois. President William McKinley publicly argued in October, 1898, that freeing Cuba from Spain was an effort comparable to the emancipation of the slaves, even as the Spanish-American War was chiefly celebrated as one more triumph of reunion, with Southern soldiers donning the blue uniform their fathers had shot at. Theodore Roosevelt, who as a boy had watched Lincoln's New York funeral procession, pronounced the sixteenth President a "tempered radical" who would have embraced the progressive reforms of the Square Deal. While employing Lincoln's secretary John Hay as his own Secretary of State, Roosevelt wore a ring with a lock of Lincoln's hair inside, and insisted he'd had multiple sightings of Lincoln's ghost in the halls and rooms of the White House.
As the Kunhardts make clear, the more Lincoln's presumed approval became the political gold standard the worse race relations in America got. In 1908, a year before the centennial of Lincoln's birth, a black bootmaker he had known named William Donnegan was lynched in the course of an especially grisly race riot in Springfield, Illinois. No blacks were invited to attend the town's birthday-dinner celebration the following year. During the centennial, Woodrow Wilson, soon to become the nation's first Southern President since Reconstruction, described the characters of Abraham Lincoln and Robert E. Lee as equally sterling. In his first term, Wilson ordered the Treasury Department to segregate its employee bathrooms and chose the Klan-hymning "Birth of a Nation" to be the first movie ever screened at the White House. His Administration later used Lincoln's image to sell the Liberty Bonds that financed a war on behalf of global democracy. Out of office and still suffering the effects of the stroke he had had during his second term, Wilson did not attend the dedication of the memorial in 1922, an altogether less democratic ceremony than the one in which the Freedmen's Memorial—a statue of Lincoln urging a kneeling slave to stand—had been dedicated, near the Capitol, in 1876.
What the authors call the "safeguarding" of Lincoln's emancipation legacy fell to African-Americans themselves. If any figure rivals Robert for centrality in "Looking for Lincoln," it is Frederick Douglass, who until his death, in 1895, continued to tell the story of how Lincoln had sought his reaction to the Second Inaugural Address during a White House reception from which policemen had tried to hustle him away. More significant, Douglass offered active rhetorical resistance to the chess-set version of the Civil War that was becoming ever more favored by sentimentalists and reënactors. "There was a right side and a wrong side," Douglass insisted, a plain truth that could not be smothered by placing flowers "alike and lovingly, on rebel and on loyal graves."
The authors draw attention to W. E. B. Du Bois as Douglass's even more aggressive heir, but they don't seem fully to recognize the way in which Du Bois's controversial assessment of Lincoln in 1922 is a kind of linchpin for their own enterprise: "I revere him the more because up out of his contradictions and inconsistencies he fought his way to the pinnacle of earth," Du Bois wrote. "I care more for Lincoln's great toe than for the whole body of the perfect George Washington, of spotless ancestry, who 'never told a lie' and never did anything else interesting." Du Bois grasped the instinctive appeal of Lincoln's wounded interior, entry to which seemed visible in the crags of his much photographed face. If Andrew Jackson was the first President with a personality, one that was recognizable to the electorate of his own day, Lincoln can be considered the first with a psychology, a delicate mental makeup that suggested itself to anyone who saw his picture in a newspaper, let alone heard him on a platform. (His sometimes high, even squeaky, voice is the one physical attribute our modern imagination still wants to deny.) Jackson may have been ready to fight any number of duels defending his wife's honor, but, in the long run, how much more compelling is Lincoln's patient handling of his wife's mental fluctuations.
"It is a great relief to get away from Washington and the politicians," Lincoln told his journalist friend Noah Brooks while reviewing troops before the battle of Chancellorsville, in May of 1863. "But nothing touches the tired spot." It's this elusive place that the student of Lincoln is always seeking to reach, attempting to understand and even somehow minister to it. The effort seems, even now, condoned and encouraged by Lincoln, who willingly sat for an array of painters and sculptors and photographers before and during his time in the White House. He is said to have remarked that Mathew Brady's 1860 picture, taken at the time of the Cooper Union speech, had helped make him President. His steady coöperation with visual artists sprang from the same immortal longings he had once expressed to Joshua Speed.
The authors' six-decade time line occasionally turns into a necrological grind. Along with the appearance of every major book, they note the passing of each Lincoln intimate and associate, whether it's William Florville, Lincoln's Springfield barber, in 1868, or, five years later, Salmon P. Chase, "the sixth of Lincoln's thirteen cabinet members to join him in death." The prose in "Looking for Lincoln" often has this kind of pedantic fortissimo, but the sustained raking and display of anecdotes and artifacts—an effort that feels almost archeological—has a peculiar cumulative force. As we witness the suppression of Lincoln's largest political meaning, we watch, on alternating pages, the gradual reassembly of him as a creature.
The first significant Lincoln biographies were memoirs, amalgamations of research and reminiscence produced by, among others, his law partner, William Herndon, and his secretaries John Hay and John Nicolay. In lectures about his work in progress, Herndon mixed in crowd-pleasing half-truths—an early tragic romance with Ann Rutledge seemed to explain so much of Lincoln's evident sorrow—but he also gathered up an enormous amount of recollection (not all of it reliable) that would otherwise have perished with Lincoln's earliest Illinois acquaintances. Judge David Davis, for instance, gave Herndon evidence of an impersonal magnetism that makes Lincoln sound oddly like Franklin Roosevelt or Ronald Reagan, decidedly remote for all the apparent warmth: "His Stories—jokes &c. which were done to whistle off sadness are no evidences of sociality. . . . His was a peculiar nature . . . no Strong Emotional feelings for any person—Mankind or thing." Herndon himself recalled that "the whole man—body & mind worked slowly—creekingly, as if it wanted oiling."
Beset with financial problems, as well as competition and counterattack from Lincoln loyalists and family, Herndon did not get his book out until 1889, and then only with the aid of a ghostwriter who at the last insisted on credit. In the interim, Hay and Nicolay serialized their dry and overlong opus, eventually dedicated to Robert; and Ward Hill Lamon, Lincoln's lawyer-confidant and bodyguard—who had bought up Herndon's research—surprised the public with a biography so unflattering that it was well reviewed in the South. But in the end victory was Herndon's: "No biography of Lincoln did more to shape how Americans came to see him," the Kunhardts accurately argue.
The American craving for Lincoln soon led to the use of his likeness and name to sell life insurance, cholera remedies, and lead ("By Its Purity & Excellent Qualities This Lead Deserves The Name Bestowed Upon It"). Children began playing with Lincoln Logs, invented by Frank Lloyd Wright's son, and, in a telling trivialization, during the 1909 centennial the Waterman Company's new no-dip Lincoln Fountain Pen guaranteed "the emancipation of millions of slaves to the ink bottle." If the likeness of any other President had been chosen for the penny, another token of the centennial, it seems probable that that annoying denomination would have been abolished by now.
Authentic Lincoln relics acquired ever-greater imaginative and monetary power. On Election Night in 1876, robbers attempting to make off with Lincoln's body were thwarted inside his tomb. In 1901, at Robert's strenuous urging, the remains were reburied under concrete. Visitors to the Springfield home and to the Petersen House, where Lincoln died, across the street from Ford's Theatre, felt the temptation to nick bits of furniture and wallpaper. The contents of the President's pockets on the night of the assassination—favorable press clippings, eyeglasses repaired with string—came to repose in a container made for them at the Library of Congress; the blood-soaked pillow on which Lincoln died, displayed at the Petersen House into the nineteen-nineties, has since been taken away for conservation.
The assassination, perpetrated on Good Friday, took on religious dimensions within forty-eight hours, when Easter Sunday sermons made explicit parallels to the Crucifixion. Even before that, the authors tell us, Lincoln may have become "the first non-Jew over whom Kaddish prayers were chanted in the synagogue." Before long, the survivors and biographers were warring over the degree to which Lincoln himself had, or had not, been a believer. Mary Lincoln came to insist that he was; Herndon felt certain of the opposite, and the son of Lincoln's friend Samuel Hill went so far as to claim that his father had burned a short, politically inexpedient book in which the young Lincoln had questioned the authority of the Bible and the existence of a hereafter. Even so, Frederick Douglass saw both saintliness and prophecy in Lincoln, and Theodore Roosevelt, Lincoln's florid opposite, was given to ask himself—in something like the current, braceleted evangelical way—"what Lincoln would have done."
Hay, who worked for both Presidents, wrote that Lincoln had moved "in a flash of blinding light . . . full panoplied into the religion of the people." The process was slower than that, a gradual and disorderly canonization, furthered by the biographers' presentation of a hundred little mercies and miracles performed by Lincoln. All of them eventually made his earthly existence seem, even to Southerners, less a life than an incarnation. As the memorial itself took on an unexpected vitality, Lincoln became fully and mystically available to the citizenry, a figure beyond ownership by any faction.
In the nineteen-twenties, despite the crush of Republicans on the speakers' platform at the memorial, Lincoln was slipping from the grasp of the party he had helped to establish. New Dealers, thirties radicals (the Abraham Lincoln Brigade), and marchers in the postwar civil-rights movement all soon had their time with him, but while specific moments of counterintuitive convenience have permitted, say, Reagan to appropriate Franklin Roosevelt—or even Bill Clinton to praise Reagan—Lincoln now presides over the Republic inside such a diffuse and deified glow that political invocations of him usually feel meaningless. Even as Americans annex the memorial to big causes, they seem mostly to need Lincoln—and respond to him—in a psychological and spiritual way. If we are indeed a Christian nation, he is the Christ, and politicians risk looking silly when they mention him in connection with their little quadrennial concerns.
In 1909, the Reverend L. H. Magee, the pastor of the African Methodist Episcopal Church in Springfield, Illinois, voiced his disgust at the exclusion of blacks from the town's centennial dinner, but he imagined that by the time of the bicentennial, in 2009, racial prejudice would be "relegated to the dark days of 'Salem witchcraft.' " Next year's Lincoln commemorations in Washington will include the reopening of Ford's Theatre, restored for performances for the second time since 1893, when its interior collapsed, killing twenty-two people. Congress will convene in a joint session on February 12th, and on May 30th the still new President will rededicate the Lincoln Memorial. The look and the emphasis of the occasion will have changed—measurably, for certain; astoundingly, perhaps—in the fourscore and seven years since 1922. ♦