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- Emerging Markets Daily
Emerging Markets AM Roundup: India's Rate Hike; Chinese Stocks Mixed; SK Hynix Ups Chip Output
- Order Reprints
- Print Article
The Communist Party of Chinawill hold a key meeting, known as the Third Plenum, in Beijing from Nov. 9 to Nov. 12, according to a statement from the CPC Central Committee Political Bureau issued on Tuesday.
China's central bank on Tuesday moved for the first time in days to inject cash into the country's financial system,
Chinese stock indexes were mixed as financial stocks outperformed, limiting broader losses amid worries concerns that the country may have reached the peak of its economic recovery, The benchmark Shanghai Composite Index finished down 1.1% to 2111.13. The Shenzhen Composite Index fell 0.8% to 1045.88. But Hong Kong's Hang Seng Index inched higher.
Ping An Bank climbed 7.5%, while Industrial Bank Co. advanced 4.8%. NQ Mobile (NQ) extended its three-day plunge to 62% in local market action after Muddy Waters last week accused it of fabricating revenue. And PetroChina (PTR) the target of a government corruption probe that has ensnared a former chairman, posted a 19% increase in third-quarter profit as retail fuel pricing reforms reduced refining losses.
India's central bank Tuesday raised its key lending rate for the second time in as many months, intensifying its battle against rising prices even as the economy grows at its slowest pace in a decade. TheWSJ's Abheek Bhattacharya weighed in on the matter in today's Heard on the Street column.
Sugar exports from Brazil's busiest port have slowed since a massive fire earlier this month destroyed the country's biggest sugar terminal. Still, sugar prices are retreating from a one-year high as traders judge that record stockpiles in China and accelerating exports from India will more than offset lost supplies.
South Korea's Kospiclosed 0.2% higher.
SK Hynix (000660.Korea) dropped 3.5% as profit-taking emerged after the world's second-largest maker of memory chips reported a sharp increase in its third-quarter net profit. The company also announced it is ramping up chip output due to a shortage of memory chips caused by a fire that broke out in China in September.
Standard Chartered (SCBFF) said its earnings outlook is brightening for the fourth quarter and 2014 after continuing problems in its South Korean business and volatile markets pushed the emerging markets-focused bank's third-quarter revenue lower.
The WSJ explains how gold is fading from the investment picture after Russia's central bank cut its gold holdings for the first time in a year in September. Brazil:
Thailand's SET was the day's biggest gainer among stock indexes in Southeast Asia, up 0.4% in its last hour of trading. Indonesia's JSX, however, fell 0.6% and Malaysia's KLCI lost 0.2%. Singapore's FTSE Straits Times was flat while the Philippines composite was up 0.1%.
Thailand's public prosecutors charged former Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva and his deputy with murder in connection with a crackdown on antigovernment protesters in 2010, a step that could help the ruling Puea Thai party force a controversial amnesty bill through Parliament.


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The Anglican Church in Central & Western covers about a third of NSW, stretching from the Blue Mountains to the Queensland border. The regional
church office is in Bathurst, assisting the region's 33 Parishes.
The Anglican Church is territorially organised, with the diocese usually being the basic unit of administration.
There are seven dioceses in NSW and 23 in Australia. The Diocese of Bathurst was formed in 1870, and covers the region bordered by:
Oberon, Cowra and West Wyalong in the south, west to Cobar and Bourke, across the north-west to Coonamble and Coonabarabran, and in the east by Coolah, Mudgee and Rylstone.
The total population of this area is about 280,000, of whom about 30% are Anglicans. The cities of the region are Bathurst (three parishes), Orange (two parishes) and Dubbo. Major towns are Bourke, Cobar, Cowra, Forbes, Mudgee, Parkes and Wellington.

subset: commoncrawl


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2020 Baker Institute IRONMAN 70.3 Geelong will offer 80 Age Group qualifying slots to the 2020 IRONMAN 70.3 World Championship in Taupo, New Zealand held on the 28 - 29 November 2020.
IRONMAN 70.3 Geelong has been selected as one of 20 races around the world awarding an additional 25 slots to female athletes to race the 2020 IRONMAN 70.3 World Championship in Taupo, New Zealand.
Payment is only accepted by credit card and will be processed in the currencies noted above. All payments will be processed through ACTIVE.com incurring an additional 8% processing fee.
If you are an automatic qualifier and are not present at the IRONMAN 70.3 World Championship Roll Down Ceremony to accept your slot, your slot will be passed to the Roll Down.
Any automatic slots not uplifted will pass to athletes under the Roll Down procedure.
All athletes accepting a slot must sign the WTC Anti-Doping Waiver and pay the event entry fee on site to confirm their slot. Race organisation reserves the right to recall any slots that may have been awarded in error.
Please use the below slow allocation as a guide only. 2019 Slot Allocation will be announced as of Sunday 17 February 2019 prior to the Rolldown ceremony.
2018 IRONMAN 70.3 Geelong Slot Allocation
If you have any further questions regarding the rolldown process, please contact us at [email protected]


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Today I would like to show you two new advertisements, each different yet both very beautiful and inspirational - dramatic 'L'Invitation au Voyage' from Louis Vuitton and imaginary 'Ors & Merveilles' from Dior. What do you think?
30 Nov 2012
Amazing Louis Vuitton and Dior Ads
Today I would like to show you two new advertisements, each different yet both very beautiful and inspirational - dramatic 'L'Invitation au Voyage' from Louis Vuitton and imaginary 'Ors & Merveilles' from Dior. What do you think?
29 Nov 2012
Walking My Louboutins
On the occasion of the first wearing my new pumps from Christian Louboutin, I´ve decided to match them with these cool tights from Viktor & Rolf for H&M which remained unworn in my closet for a pretty long time. Somehow no event was ever good enough for wearing them. For the record, Viktor & Rolf designed their collection for H&M in 2006. :-)
27 Nov 2012
Christmas Dress
As you can see, I´m ready for Christmas. 8-) I´m not in the Christmas mood yet, I don´t have any Christmas decoration ready and I didn´t buy any Christmas presents yet (OK, I´m kidding, I actually have two but that´s all, and I´m starting to be slightly nervous... Not because I don´t have other presents but because I have no idea what to buy!)... Nevertheless, I have a lovely dress that makes me look like a Christmas decoration! :-)))
26 Nov 2012
Brussels Beauty from Shoe on the Cake - Interview
25 Nov 2012
About Dogtooth
On the Czech Original Fashion website you can find lots of fashion inspiration plus an interview with me about dogtooth pattern (in Czech).
And tomorrow you can look forward to an article about Virginie from the Shoe on the Cake!
23 Nov 2012
Brussels Beauty from Shoe on the Cake
I have already mentioned that on my blog I´d like to show you not only my outfits but also styles and outfits of other people that I find inspirational and stylish.
And that´s why I´m happy to introduce you Virginie, a pretty girl from Brussels who is interesting not only for her cool personal style but also for what she does - Virginie is a founder and owner of one of my favourite e-shop called Shoe on the Cake. There you can find amazing shoes, bags and accessories from brands like Hunter, Ash, See by Chloé, House of Harlow, Muks, Sam Edelman, Chiara Ferragni and many others. In other words, Virginie keeps regularly ruining my budget. :-)))You can look forward to an interview with Virginie in the next post.
22 Nov 2012
Pink Details
20 Nov 2012
Woolen Hood
Recently this is my favourite outfit for weekends - layers of wool, jeans and my beloved Muks boots. With these boots I would survive even at the North Pole, so mild rainy Belgian winter is a piece of cake. :-)
19 Nov 2012
Oh My... Louboutin!
My latest pair of shoes makes me smile anytime I just spot the box. :-) I queued for these Louboutins in Paris but they´re worth it!
15 Nov 2012
Christmas Wishlist 2012
Here comes my very first attempt to make a collage with photoshop... :-)
Lot´s of Burberry and Zadig & Voltaire, I know, it´s because recently I´m in love with their collections. And of course, I can´t forget Tiffany, Gucci, Alexander McQueen...
13 Nov 2012
With a Coat
Today nothing new, I´m wearing basically the same outfit as yesterday, just the bag and gloves are different. And the coat, of course. It´s sooo cold these days!
12 Nov 2012
Grey Is the New Black
I´m really into grey this season. Actually it seems that I´m turning into a grey mouse. :-) And after my invasion to Kookai in Paris last weekend (what a shame this store is not in Brussels!), I have a couple of new grey items for the winter - a sweater, a dotted scarf and mainly an amazing hat which you will see very often from now on.
9 Nov 2012
Paris Shop Windows
Last week I spent a couple of days in Paris, a city which amazes me with its beauty anytime I visit it. I´m not going to bother you with photos of sightseeings, I´m sure that you have seen them thousand times and from much better photographers than I am. But as this is a fashion blog, I am going to show you this side of Paris - a parade of fabulous shop windows in Avenue Montaigne and Rue du Faubourg St. Honoré. Which one is your favourite? For me, the winner is Dior.
P.S. Big thanks to my friend Audrey for a wonderful stay! :-*
8 Nov 2012
OK, I admit that there are more flattering patterns than horizontal stripes on a knitted dress. :-) But in case of this cool dress from Karen Millen I´ve decided to take this risk.
6 Nov 2012
L'Odyssée Cartier 2012
Do you have a soft spot for fine jewelry? If so, you will definitely enjoy this fairy-tale video that Cartier released this spring.
5 Nov 2012
Something Else
Here I was a bit experimenting with colours and silhouettes, so my outfit was quite different from what I usually wear. What do you think of the result?
2 Nov 2012
Sequin Dress
Sometimes I would like to take pictures with a serious face expression but when I shoot with a good friend of mine, it´s kind of impossible... :-)
This dress was hanging unworn in my closet for many months, I didn´t really know how to wear it. Finally I tried a combination with black tights and golden sandals.
1 Nov 2012
On World by Bella
For my Czech readers: On World by Bella blog you can find an interview with me about chocolate and life in Belgium.
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It seems I have either a plugged duct (or ducts) and/or mastitis. 🙁 My left breast started hurting last night, and, despite having both Ava and Julian nurse on that side, it wasn't any better this morning. I talked to my midwife today and she gave me a list of things to do to treat it – including WishGarden Mastitis Remedy – 4 droppersful every 2 hours, drinking Emer-gen-C – 3 times a day, and Echinacea tea (to boost my immune system) – 2 times per day, hot compress (with WishGarden Mastitis Poultice – optional) 4 times a day, as well as lots of rest. I took a nap this afternoon, but am still feeling crappy. (Thankfully, my parents are still in town to help out or I can't imagine I'd get any rest at all!) She said if it's not better by the morning, to call her. I'm hoping that since I caught it very early that I can nip it in the bud and not have to go to the doctor for antibiotics and have to deal with the risk of Julian or myself developing thrush after that. So we'll see what the morning brings. I'm trying to think positively.
I've heard that it's more common to develop these issues with second babies than it is with the first, because you get more lax about positioning and latch, etc. I feel very fortunate that I never had any issues in the 2 1/2 years of nursing Ava (pre-Julian), because, quite frankly – this sucks.
Anyway, I wanted to post about it and the treatment options in case it might help anyone else out there dealing with this. There's also lots of good info re: plugged ducts and mastitis on kellymom.com.


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After blown save, Orioles' David Lough hits walk-off single
BALTIMORE (AP) — The Baltimore Orioles had to go into extra innings to earn a victory that seemed assured far earlier in the night.
Working overtime, however, did nothing to temper the enjoyment they derived from a 2-1 win over the Toronto Blue Jays on Saturday.
BOX SCORE:Orioles 2, Blue Jays 1 (12 innings)
Steve Lombardozzi tripled and scored on a single by David Lough in the 12th inning for the Orioles, who also got a key RBI from rookie Jonathan Schoop.
Toronto trailed 1-0 with two outs in the ninth when Colby Rasmus hit a solo homer off Tommy Hunter on a 1-2 pitch. After nearly going around on a check swing one pitch earlier, Rasmus drove a 98 mph fastball into the right-field seats.
"He hit a pretty good fastball," Hunter said. "Sometimes you just tip your cap. He swung at a ball that was up. It was where I wanted. We talked about it afterward. One-run ballgame, you should probably throw the ball down and away instead of up, and he hit it."
In the 12th, Lombardozzi hit a one-out drive to center off Todd Redmond (0-1) before Lough sliced an opposite-field liner to left. As soon as Lombardozzi crossed the plate, the Orioles sprinted from the dugout to embrace Lough, who scored Baltimore's other run five innings earlier.
"It looked like we were going to wrap it up there but unfortunately they got a run," Lough said. "But we just buckled down, stayed in the game, kept our heads up and we were able to come through with the hit."
Zach Britton (2-0) got the win with two hitless innings of relief.
It was the second straight low-scoring affair between two AL East foes known for their offensive prowess. On Friday night, Toronto scored two unearned runs in a 2-0 victory.
In this one, neither starter allowed a run and neither got a victory for the effort. Bud Norris gave up five hits and three walks over seven innings for Baltimore and was poised to earn his first win of the season before Rasmus connected in the ninth.
"It didn't really do nothing for us," Rasmus lamented. "Most of the time when I face a guy who throws 98 (mph), I'm going to look for the fastball hoping that guy's going to challenge."
Drew Hutchison handcuffed the Orioles on four hits over six innings, walking two and striking out five.
"I have all the confidence in the world in our offense, just like the rest of our team does," the right-hander said. "It doesn't change my mindset one bit. My job is to go out and put up zeros."
After Hutchison left, the Orioles struck in the seventh against right-hander Neil Wagner. Lough singled with two outs before Schoop, the No. 9 hitter, lined a 3-2 pitch into the alley in right-center for an RBI double.
Evan Meek protected the lead in the eighth, but Hunter gave it away for his first blown save in four tries this season.
"You hopefully get a chance tomorrow," Hunter said. "The guys pulled it off, the team came through in the 12th. It's not a one-man show. There are a lot of guys, and I got picked up tonight."
The game featured the first replay challenge at Camden Yards. In the fourth inning, Lombardozzi reached on a grounder when umpire Chris Conroy ruled that a throw from Hutchison pulled first baseman Edwin Encarnacion off the bag. Toronto manager John Gibbons challenged the call, and after a delay of 2 minutes, 38 seconds, the decision stood.
Lough followed by hitting into an inning-ending double play.
Both teams threatened in the third. Toronto put runners at the corners with one out before Maicer Izturis hit a short flyball and Jose Bautista struck out.
In the bottom half, Hutchison struck out Chris Davis and Adam Jones after giving up successive one-out singles to Nick Markakis and Nelson Cruz.
NOTES: Ubaldo Jimenez (0-2, 6.75 ERA) seeks his first win with the Orioles on Sunday. Mark Buehrle (2-0, 0.64) will pitch for Toronto, which is 0-3 in series finales. ... Toronto SS Jose Reyes (hamstring) ran the bases, said he felt "very good" and expects to start a rehabilitation assignment with Class-A Dunedin on Monday. If all goes well, he could join the Blue Jays next Friday in Cleveland. Also, closer Casey Janssen (oblique) will pitch in Dunedin on Monday or Tuesday, Gibbons said. ... Orioles SS J.J. Hardy returned from a five-game absence with back spasms. ... Toronto's Melky Cabrera has hit in 12 straight games, tied with Vernon Wells (2006) for the longest streak in franchise history to start a season. ... It was the first time this season that a Blue Jays starter was not involved in the decision.


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BALTIMORE – UMBC wastes no time jumping back into action on Wednesday, April 2 with a midweek doubleheader against Howard. First pitch has been moved to 3:30 p.m. in Ellicott City, Md., at Kiwanis Park.
The Retrievers (20-11) dropped its America East opening doubleheader against Stony Brook on Tuesday afternoon. UMBC combined to strand 19 runners on base in the pair of one-run losses. Junior catcher Taylor Hall (Cosby, Va./Cosby) led the Retrievers offensively, registering a two-run home run for one of her two hits on the day and drawing four walks.
UMBC leads the America East in both batting average (.283) and ERA (2.67). Hall ranks second in the conference, hitting at a .398 clip, with a team-best seven home runs and 31 runs batted in. Freshman Jaclyn Buckley joins Hall and senior Chelsea Bertoglio (Laguna Hills, Calif./Laguna Hills/Saddleback College) in batting above .300 on the season. The rookie is hitting .313 with seven extra base hits and 19 runs batted in.
In the circle, freshmen Jessica Holte (Ashland, Va./Atlee) and Nicole Casagrand (Horsham, Pa./Hatboro-Horsham) each rank in the top-four in the league in earned run average. Holte leads the America East with a 1.87 ERA, in addition to leading the country in walks per seven innings (0.47). Casagrand has posted a 4-2 record in 10 appearances and ranks fourth with her 2.88 ERA.
After winning its season-opener to George Washington, Howard (1-18) has dropped 18 straight games, including Monday's doubleheader to Norfolk State. Senior Anasia Stinson leads the squad with 13 hits, three RBI and a .342 batting average. Freshman Imani Ballard has a team-best five extra base hits and nine runs batted in. In the circle, senior Ashley Turner is posting a team-low 4.05 ERA in five appearances. Freshman Alex Flynn has tossed five complete games and has the team's lone victory.


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This chapter describes how a terminal subsystem is set up and how interrupts are handled. Different protocols are addressed, as well as canonical processing and line discipline substitution.
STREAMS provides a uniform interface for implementing character I/O devices and networking protocols in the kernel. The SunOS 5.6 software implements the terminal subsystem in STREAMS. The STREAMS-based terminal subsystem (Figure C–1) provides many benefits:
Reusable line discipline modules. The same module can be used in many streams where the configuration of these streams may be different.
Line-discipline substitution. Although the Solaris operating environment provides a standard terminal line-discipline module, another one conforming to the interface can be substituted. For example, a remote login feature may use the terminal subsystem line discipline module to provide a terminal interface to the user.
Internationalization. The modularity and flexibility of the STREAMS-based terminal subsystem enables an easy implementation of a system that supports multiple-byte characters for internationalization. This modularity also allows easy addition of new features to the terminal subsystem.
Easy customizing. Users may customize their terminal subsystem environment by adding and removing modules of their choice.
The pseudo-terminal subsystem. The pseudo-terminal subsystem can be easily supported (this is discussed in more detail in the section STREAMS-based Pseudo-Terminal Subsystem).
Merge with networking. By pushing a line discipline module on a network line, you can make the network look like a terminal line.
The initial setup of the STREAMS-based terminal subsystem is handled with the ttymon(1M) command within the framework of the Service Access Facility (autopush feature). See STREAMS Administrative Driver for more information.
The STREAMS-based terminal subsystem supports termio(7I), the termios(3C) specification of the POSIX standard, multiple-byte characters for internationalization, the interface to asynchronous hardware flow control and peripheral controllers for asynchronous terminals. XENIXTM and BSD compatibility can also be provided by pushing the ttcompat module.
To use shl with the STREAMS-based terminal subsystem, the sxt driver is implemented as a STREAMS-based driver. The sxt feature is being discontinued and might not be available, so try to use the job-control mechanism instead of sxt. Note that both shl and job control should not be run simultaneously.
The master driver and slave driver have the following characteristics:
Each master driver has one-to-one relationship with a slave device based on major/minor device numbers.
Only one open is allowed on a master device. Multiple opens are allowed on the slave device according to standard file mode and ownership permissions.
Each slave driver minor device has a node in the file system.
An open on a master device automatically locks out an open on the corresponding slave driver.
A slave cannot be opened unless the corresponding master is open and has unlocked the slave.
To provide a TTY interface to the user, the ldterm and ptem modules are pushed on the slave side.
A close on the master sends a hang up to the slave and renders both streams unusable, after all data have been consumed by the process on the slave side.
The last close on the slave side sends a zero-length message to the master but does not sever the connection between the master and slave drivers.
A STREAMS line-discipline module called ldterm is a key part of the STREAMS-based terminal subsystem. Throughout this chapter, the terms line discipline and ldterm are used interchangeably and refer to the STREAMS version of the standard line discipline and not the traditional character version. ldterm performs the standard terminal I/O processing traditionally done through the linesw mechanism.
The termio(7I) and termios(3C) specifications describe four flags that are used to control the terminal:
c_iflag defines input modes
c_oflag defines output modes
c_cflag defines hardware control modes
c_lflag defines terminal functions used by ldterm(7M)
To process these flags elsewhere (for example, in the firmware or in another process), a mechanism is in place to turn the processing of these flags on and off. When ldterm(7M) is pushed, it sends an M_CTL message downstream that asks the driver which flags the driver will process. The driver sends back that message in response if it needs to change the ldterm default processing. By default, ldterm(7M) assumes that it must process all flags except c_cflag unless it receives a message indicating otherwise.
When ldterm is pushed on the stream, the open routine initializes the settings of the termio flags. The default settings are:
c_iflag = BRKINT|ICRNL|IXON|IMAXBEL c_oflag = OPOST|ONLCR|TAB3 c_cflag = CREAD|CS8|B9600 c_lflag = ISIG|ICANON|ECHO|ECHOK|IEXTEN|ECHOE|ECHOKE | ECHOCTL
In canonical mode (ICANON flag in c_lflag is turned on), read from the terminal file descriptor is in message non-discard (RMSGN) mode (see streamio(7I)). This implies that in canonical mode, read on the terminal file descriptor always returns at most one line, regardless of how many characters have been requested. In non-canonical mode, read is in byte-stream (RNORM) mode. The flag ECHOCTL has been added for SunOS 4.1 compatibility.
For information on user-configurable settings, see termio(7I).
The open routine of the ldterm(7M) module allocates space for holding the TTY structure (see ldtermstd_state_t in ldterm.h) by allocating a buffer from the STREAMS buffer pool. The number of modules that can be pushed on one stream, as well as the number of TTYs in use, is limited. The number of instances of ldterm that have been pushed is limited only by available memory. The open also sends an M_SETOPTS message upstream to set the stream head high-water and low-water marks to 1024 and 200, respectively. These are the current values.
The ldterm module identifies itself as a TTY to the stream head by sending an M_SETOPTS message upstream with the SO_ISTTY bit of so_flags set. The stream head allocates the controlling TTY on the open, if one is not already allocated.
To maintain compatibility with existing applications that use the O_NDELAY flag, the open routine sets the SO_NDELON flag on in the so_flags field of the stroptions(9S) structure in the M_SETOPTS message.
The open routine fails if there are no buffers available (so it cannot allocate the internal state structure) or when an interrupt occurs while waiting for a buffer to become available.
The close routine frees all the outstanding buffers allocated by this stream. It also sends an M_SETOPTS message to the stream head to undo the changes made by the open routine. The ldterm(7M) module also sends M_START messages downstream to undo the effect of any previous M_STOP messages.
The ldterm(7M) module's read-side processing has put and service procedures. High-water and low-water marks for the read queue are 1024 and 200, respectively. These are the current values.
ldterm(7M) can send the following messages upstream:
M_DATA, M_BREAK, M_PCSIG, M_SIG, M_FLUSH, M_ERROR, M_IOCACK, M_IOCNAK, M_HANGUP, M_CTL, M_SETOPTS, M_COPYOUT, and M_COPYIN.
The ldterm(7M) module's read side processes M_BREAK, M_DATA, M_CTL, M_FLUSH, M_HANGUP, M_IOCACK and M_IOCNAK messages. All other messages are sent upstream unchanged.
The put procedure scans the message for flow-control characters (IXON), signal-generating characters, and, after (possible) transformation of the message, queues the message for the service procedure. Echoing is handled completely by the service procedure.
If the ICANON flag is on in c_lflag, canonical processing is performed. If the ICANON flag is off, non-canonical processing is performed (see termio(7I) for more details). Handling of VMIN/VTIME in the STREAMS environment is somewhat complicated, because read needs to activate a timer in the ldterm module in some cases; hence, read notification becomes necessary. When a user issues an ioctl(2) to put ldterm(7M) in non-canonical mode, the module sends an M_SETOPTS message to the stream head to register read notification. Further reads on the terminal file descriptor will cause the stream head to issue an M_READ message downstream and data will be sent upstream in response to the M_READ message. With read notification, buffering of raw data is performed by ldterm(7M). Canonizing the raw data when the user has switched from raw to canonical mode is possible. However, the reverse is not possible.
To summarize, in non-canonical mode, the ldterm(7M) module buffers all data until VMIN or VTIME criteria are met. For example, if VMIN=3 and VTIME=0, and three bytes have been buffered, these characters are sent to the stream head regardless of whether there is a pending M_READ, and no M_READ needs to be sent downstream. If an M_READ message is received, the number of bytes sent upstream is the argument of the M_READ message unless VTIME is satisfied before VMIN (for example. the timer has expired) , in which case whatever characters are available will be sent upstream.
The service procedure of ldterm(7M) handles STREAMS-related flow control. Because the read side high-water and low-water marks are 1024 and 200 respectively, placing 1024 characters or more on the read queue causes the QFULL flag be turned on, indicating that the module below should not send more data upstream.
Input flow control is regulated by the line-discipline module which generates M_STARTI and M_STOPI high priority messages. When sent downstream, receiving drivers or modules take appropriate action to regulate the sending of data upstream. Output flow control is activated when ldterm(7M) receives flow control characters in its data stream. The module then sets an internal flag indicating that output processing is to be restarted/stopped and sends an M_START/M_STOP message downstream.
Write-side processing of the ldterm(7M) module is performed by the write-side put and service procedures.
The ldterm module supports the following ioctls:
TCSETA, TCSETAW, TCSETAF, TCSETS, TCSETSW, TCSETSF, TCGETA, TCGETS, TCXONC, TCFLSH, and TCSBRK.
All ioctls not recognized by the ldterm(7M) module are passed downstream to the neighboring module or driver.
The following messages can be received on the write side:
M_DATA, M_DELAY, M_BREAK, M_FLUSH, M_STOP, M_START, M_STOP, M_START, M_READ, M_IOCDATA, M_CTL, and M_IOCTL.
On the write side, the ldterm module processes M_FLUSH, M_DATA, M_IOCTL, and M_READ messages, and all other messages are passed downstream unchanged.
An M_CTL message is generated by ldterm(7M) as a query to the driver for an intelligent peripheral and to decide on the functional split for termio(7I) processing. If all or part of termio(7I) processing is done by the intelligent peripheral, ldterm(7M) can turn off this processing to avoid computational overhead. This is done by sending an appropriate response to the M_CTL message, as follows:
If all of the termio(7I) processing is done by the peripheral hardware, the driver sends an M_CTL message back to ldterm(7M) with ioc_cmd of the structure iocblk(9S) set to MC_NO_CANON. If ldterm(7M) is to handle all termio(7I) processing, the driver sends an M_CTL message with ioc_cmd set to MC_DO_CANON. The default is MC_DO_CANON.
If the peripheral hardware handles only part of the termio(7I) processing, it informs ldterm(7M) in the following way:
The driver for the peripheral device allocates an M_DATA message large enough to hold atermios(3C) structure. The driver then turns on those c_iflag, c_oflag, and c_lflag fields of the termios(3C) structure that are processed on the peripheral device by executing an OR operation on the flag values. The M_DATA message is then attached to the b_cont field of the M_CTL message it received. The message is sent back to ldterm(7M) with ioc_cmd in the data buffer of the M_CTL message set to MC_PART_CANON.
One difference between AT&T STREAMS and SunOS 5 STREAMS is that AT&T's line discipline module does not check whether write-side flow control is in effect before forwarding data downstream. It expects the downstream module or driver to add the messages to its queue until flow control is lifted. This is not true in SunOS 5 STREAMS.
Post-processing (the o_flags) should not be handled by the host processor unless the board software is prepared to deal with international (EUC) character sets properly because that post-processing must take the EUC information into account. ldterm(7M) allots the appropriate screen width of characters (that is, how many columns are taken by characters from each given code set on the current physical display) and it takes this width into account when calculating tab expansions. When using multi-byte characters or multi-column characters ldterm automatically handles tab expansion (when TAB3 is set) and does not leave this handling to a lower module or driver.
By default, multi-byte handling by ldterm is turned off. When ldterm receives an EUC_WSET ioctl(2), it turns multi-byte processing on if it is essential to properly handle the indicated code set. Thus, if you use single byte 8-bit codes and have no special multi-column requirements, the special multi-column processing is not used at all. This means that multi-byte processing does not reduce the processing speed or efficiency of ldterm unless it is actually used.
The following describes how the EUC handling in ldterm works:
First, the multi-byte and multi-column character handling is only enabled when the EUC_WSET ioctl indicates that one of the following conditions is met:
Code set consists of more than one byte (including the SS2 and/or SS3) of characters
Code set requires more than one column to display on the current device, as indicated in the EUC_WSET structure
Assuming that one or more of the previous conditions exists, EUC handling is enabled. At this point, a parallel array (see ldterm_mod structure) used for other information is allocated and a pointer to it is stored in t_eucp_mp. The parallel array that it holds is pointed to by t_eucp. The t_codeset field holds the flag that indicates which of the code sets is currently being processed on the read side. When a byte with the high bit arrives, ldterm checks to see if it is SS2 or SS3. If yes, it belongs to code set 2 or 3. Otherwise, it is a byte that comes from code set 1.
Once the extended code set flag has been set, the input processor retrieves the subsequent bytes, as they arrive, to build one multi-byte character. The counter field t_eucleft tells the input processor how many bytes remain to be read for the current character. The parallel array t_eucp holds its display width for each logical character in the canonical buffer. During erase processing, positions in the parallel array are consulted to determine how many backspaces need to be send to erase each logical character. (In canonical mode, one backspace of input erases one logical character, no matter how many bytes or columns that character consumes.) This greatly simplifies erase processing for EUC.
The t_maxeuc field holds the maximum length, in memory bytes, of the EUC character mapping currently in use. The eucwioc field is a substructure that holds information about each extended code set.
The t_eucign field aids in output post-processing (tab expansion). When characters are output, ldterm(7M) keeps a column to indicate what the current cursor column is supposed to be. When it sends the first byte of an extended character, it adds the number of columns required for that character to the output column. It then subtracts one from the total width in memory bytes of that character and stores the result in t_eucign. This field tells ldterm(7M) how many subsequent bytes to ignore for the purposes of column calculation. (ldterm(7M) calculates the appropriate number of columns when it sees the first byte of the character.)
The field t_eucwarn is a counter for occurrences of bad extended characters. It is mostly useful for debugging. After receiving a certain number of illegal EUC characters (perhaps because of some problem on the line or with declared values), a warning is given on the system console.
There are two relevant files for handling multi-byte characters: euc.h and eucioctl.h. eucioctl.h contains the structure that is passed with EUC_WSET and EUC_WGET calls. The normal way to use this structure is to get CSWIDTH from the locale using a mechanism such as getwidth(3C) or setlocale(3C), copy the values into the structure in eucioctl.h, and send the structure using an I_STR ioctl(2). The EUC_WSET call informs the ldterm(7M) module about the number of bytes in extended characters and how many columns the extended characters from each set consume on the screen. This enables ldterm(7M) to treat multi-byte characters as single units for the purpose of erase processing and to correctly calculate tab expansions for multi-byte characters.
LC_CTYPE (instead of CSWIDTH) should be used in SunOS 5 systems.
The file euc.h has fields for EUC width, screen width, and wide-character width. The functions in Example C–1 are used to set and get EUC widths (these functions assume the environment where the eucwidth_t structure is needed and available).
#include <eucioctl.h> /* need others,like stropts.h*/ struct eucioc eucw; /*for EUC_WSET/WGET to line disc*/ eucwidth_t width; /* ret struct from _getwidth() */ /* * set_euc Send EUC code widths to line discipline. */ set_euc(struct eucioc *e) { struct strioctl sb; sb.ic_cmd = EUC_WSET; sb.ic_timout = 15; sb.ic_len = sizeof(struct eucioc); sb.ic_dp = (char *) e; if (ioctl(0, I_STR, &sb) < 0) fail(); } /* * euclook. Get current EUC code widths from line discipline. */ euclook(struct eucioc *e) { struct strioctl sb; sb.ic_cmd = EUC_WGET; sb.ic_timout = 15; sb.ic_len = sizeof(struct eucioc); sb.ic_dp = (char *) e; if (ioctl(0, I_STR, &sb) < 0) fail(); printf("CSWIDTH=%d:%d,%d:%d,%d:%d", e->eucw[1], e->scrw[1], e->eucw[2], e->scrw[2], e->eucw[3], e->scrw[3]); }
If a stream supports a terminal interface, a driver or module that understands all ioctls is needed to support terminal semantics (specified by termio(7I) and termiox(7I). If there is no hardware driver that understands all ioctl commands downstream from the ldterm module, a hardware emulation module must be placed downstream from the line-discipline module. The function of the hardware emulation module is to understand and acknowledge the ioctls that may be sent to the process at the stream head and to mediate the passage of control information downstream. Together, the line-discipline module and the hardware emulation module behave as if there was an actual terminal on that stream.
The hardware emulation module is necessary whenever there is no TTY driver at the end of the stream. For example, the module is necessary in a pseudo-TTY situation where there is process-to-process communication on one system (discussed in STREAMS-based Pseudo-Terminal Subsystem), or in a network situation where a termio interface is expected (for example, remote login) but there is no TTY driver on the stream.
Most of the actions taken by the hardware emulation module are the same regardless of the underlying architecture. However, there are some actions that are different, depending on whether the communication is local or remote and whether the underlying transport protocol is used to support the remote connection.
Each hardware emulation module has an open, close, read queue put procedure, and write queue put procedure.
The hardware emulation module does the following:
Processes, if appropriate, and acknowledges receipt of the following ioctls on its write queue by sending an M_IOCACK message back upstream: TCSETA, TCSETAW, TCSETAF, TCSETS, TCSETSW, TCSETSF, TCGETA, TCGETS, and TCSBRK.
Acknowledges the Extended UNIX Code (EUC) ioctl(2).
If the environment supports windowing, it acknowledges the windowing TIOCSWINSZ, TIOCGWINSZ, and JWINSIZE ioctl(2)s. If the environment does not support windowing, an M_IOCNAK message is sent upstream.
If another ioctl(2) is received on its write queue, it sends an M_IOCNAK message upstream. It doesn't pass any unrecognized ioctls to the slave driver.
When the hardware emulation module receives an M_IOCTL message of type TCSBRK on its write queue, it sends an M_IOCACK message upstream and the appropriate message downstream. For example, an M_BREAK message could be sent downstream.
When the hardware emulation module receives an M_IOCTL message on its write queue to set the baud rate to 0 (TCSETAW with CBAUD set to B0), it sends an M_IOCACK message upstream and an appropriate message downstream; for networking situations this will probably be an M_PROTO message, which is a TPI T_DISCON_REQ message requesting the transport provider to disconnect.
All other messages (M_DATA, for instance) not mentioned here are passed to the next module or driver in the stream.
The hardware emulation module processes messages in a way consistent with the driver that exists.
The STREAMS-based pseudo-terminal subsystem provides the user with an interface that is identical to the STREAMS-based terminal subsystem described earlier in this chapter. The pseudo-terminal subsystem (pseudo-TTY) supports a pair of STREAMS-based devices called the master device and slave device. The slave device provides processes with an interface that is identical to the terminal interface. However, where devices that provide the terminal interface have some kind of hardware device behind them, the slave device has another process manipulating it through the master half of the pseudo-terminal. Anything written on the master device is given to the slave as an input, and anything written on the slave device is presented as an input on the master side.
Figure C–2 illustrates the architecture of the STREAMS-based pseudo-terminal subsystem. The master driver (called ptm) is accessed through the clone driver and is the controlling part of the system. The slave driver (called pts) works with the line discipline module and the hardware emulation module to provide a terminal interface to the user process. An optional packetizing module (called pckt) is also provided. It can be pushed on the master side to support packet mode (this is discussed in Packet Mode).
The number of pseudo-TTY devices that can be installed on a system depends on available memory.
In the pseudo-TTY subsystem, the line discipline module is pushed on the slave side to present the user with the terminal interface.
ldterm(7M) can turn off the processing of the c_iflag, c_oflag, and c_lflag fields to allow processing to take place elsewhere. The ldterm(7M) module can also turn off all canonical processing when it receives an M_CTL message with the MC_NO_CANON command to support remote mode. Although ldterm(7M) passes through messages without processing them, the appropriate flags are set when an ioctl(2), such as TCGETA or TCGETS, is issued to indicate that canonical processing is being performed.
Because the pseudo-TTY subsystem has no hardware driver downstream from the ldterm(7M) module to process the terminal ioctl(2) calls, another module that understands the ioctl commands is placed downstream from the ldterm(7M). This module, ptem(7M), processes all of the terminal ioctl(2)calls and mediates the passage of control information downstream.
ldterm(7M) and ptem(7M) together behave like a real terminal. Since there is no real terminal or modem in the pseudo-TTY subsystem, some of the ioctl(2) commands are ignored and cause only an acknowledgment of the command. ptem(7M) keeps track of the terminal parameters set by the various set commands such as TCSETA or TCSETAW but does not usually perform any action. For example, if a "set" ioctl is called, none of the bits in the c_cflag field of termio(7I) has any effect on the pseudo-terminal unless the baud rate is set to 0. Setting the baud rate to 0 has the effect of hanging up the pseudo-terminal.
The pseudo-terminal does not recognize parity, so none of the flags in the c_iflag that control the processing of parity errors have any effect. The delays specified in the c_oflag field are also not supported.
ptem(7M) does the following:
Processes, if appropriate, and acknowledges receipt of the following ioctls on its write queue by sending an M_IOCACK message back upstream: TCSETA, TCSETAW, TCSETAF, TCSETS, TCSETSW, TCSETSF, TCGETA, TCGETS, and TCSBRK.
Keeps track of the window size; information needed for the TIOCSWINSZ, TIOCGWINSZ, and JWINSIZE ioctl.
When it receives an ioctl, other than for TIOCSWINSZ, TIOCGWINSZ, or JWINSIZE on its write queue, it sends an M_IOCNAK message upstream.
It passes downstream the following ioctls after processing them: TCSETA, TCSETAW, TCSETAF, TCSETS, TCSETSW, TCSETSF, TCSBRK, and TIOCSWINSZ.
Frees any M_IOCNAK messages it receives on its read queue in case the pckt module (pckt(7M) (described in the section Packet Mode) is not on the pseudo-terminal subsystem and the TCSETA, TCSETAW, TCSETAF, TCSETS, TCSETSW, TCSETSF, TCSBRK, or TIOCSWINSZioctls get to the master's stream head which then sends an M_IOCNAK message.
In its open routine, ptem sends an M_SETOPTS message upstream requesting allocation of a controlling TTY.
When ptem receives an M_IOCTL message of type TCSBRK on its read queue, it sends an M_IOCACK message downstream and an M_BREAK message upstream.
When ptem receives an ioctl(2) message on its write queue to set the baud rate to 0 (TCSETAW with CBAUD set to B0), it sends an M_IOCACK message upstream and a zero-length message downstream.
When ptem receives an M_IOCTL of type TIOCSIGNAL on its read queue, it sends an M_IOCACK downstream and an M_PCSIG upstream, where the signal number is the same as in the M_IOCTL message.
When ptem receives an M_IOCTL of type TIOCREMOTE on its read queue, it sends an M_IOCACK message downstream and the appropriate M_CTL message upstream to enable or disable canonical processing.
When ptem receives an M_DELAY message on its read or write queue, it discards the message and does not act on it.
When ptem receives an M_IOCTL of type JWINSIZE on its write queue, and if the values in its jwinsize structure are not zero, it sends an M_IOCACK message upstream with the jwinsize structure. If the values are zero, it sends an M_IOCNAK message upstream.
When ptem receives an M_IOCTL message of type TIOCGWINSZ on its write queue and the values in the winsize structure are not zero, it sends an M_IOCACK message upstream with the winsize structure. If the values are zero, it sends an M_IOCNAK message upstream. It also saves the information passed to it in the winsize structure and sends a STREAMS signal message for signal SIGWINCH upstream to the slave process if the size changed.
When ptem(7M) receives an M_IOCTL message with type TIOCGWINSZ on its read queue and the values in the winsize structure are not zero, it sends an M_IOCACK message downstream with the winsize structure. If the values are zero, it sends an M_IOCNAK message downstream. It also saves the information passed to it in the winsize structure and sends a STREAMS signal message for signal SIGWINCH upstream to the slave process if the size changed.
All other messages are passed to the next module or driver.
Each instantiation of ptem(7M) is associated with a local area. These data are held in a structure called ptem that has the following format:
struct ptem { long cflags; /* copy of c_flags */ mblk_t *dack_ptr; /* pointer to preallocated msg blk used to send disconnect */ queue_t *q_ptr; /* pointer to ptem's read queue */ struct winsize wsz; /*struct to hold windowing info*/ unsigned short state; /* state of ptem entry */ };
When ptem(7M) is pushed onto the slave side stream, a search of the ptem structure is made for a free entry (state is not set to INUSE). The c_cflags of the termio(7I) structure and the windowing variables are stored in cflags and wsz respectively. The dack_ptr is a pointer to a message block used to send a zero-length message whenever a hang-up occurs on the slave side.
ptem(7M) internal implementation might change. This structure should be relevant only to people wanting to change the module.
The following information is implementation-dependent.
In the open routine of ptem(7M) a STREAMS message block is allocated for a zero-length message for delivering a hangup message. This allocation of a buffer is done before it is needed to ensure that a buffer is available. An M_SETOPTS message is sent upstream to set the read-side stream head queues, to assign high-water and low-water marks (1024 and 256 respectively), and to establish a controlling terminal.
The same default values as for the line-discipline module are assigned to cflags, and INUSE to the state field.
These default values are currently being examined and may change in the future.
The open routine fails if:
No free entries are found when the ptem(7M) structure is searched
sflag is not set to MODOPEN
A zero-length message cannot be allocated (no buffer is available)
A stroptions(9S) structure cannot be allocated
The close routine is called on the last close of the slave-side stream. Pointers to read and write queues are cleared and the buffer for the zero-length message is freed.
Remote mode available with the pseudo-TTY subsystem, is used for applications that perform the canonical function normally done by ldterm(7M) and the TTY driver. The remote mode enables applications on the master side to turn off the canonical processing. An TIOCREMOTE ioctl(2) with a nonzero parameter (ioctl(fd, TIOCREMOTE, 1)) is issued on the master side to enter the remote mode. When this occurs, an M_CTL message with the command MC_NO_CANON is sent to ldterm(7M), indicating that data should be passed when received on the read side and that no canonical processing is to take place. The remote mode may be disabled by ioctl(fd, TIOCREMOTE, 0).
In the STREAMS-based pseudo-terminal subsystem packet mode is used to inform the process on the master side when state changes have occurred in the pseudo-TTY. Packet mode is enabled by pushing the pckt module on the master side. Data written on the master side is processed normally. When data is written on the slave side, or when other messages are encountered by the pckt module, a header is added to the message so it can be subsequently retrieved by the master side with a getmsg operation.
pckt(7M) does the following:
When a message is passed to this module on its write queue, the module does no processing and passes the message to the next module or driver.
pckt creates an M_PROTO message when one of the following messages is passed to it: M_DATA, M_IOCTL, M_PROTO/M_PCPROTO, M_FLUSH, M_READ, M_START/M_STOP, and M_STARTI/M_STOPI.
All other messages are passed through. The M_PROTO message is passed upstream and retrieved when the user issues getmsg(2).
If the message is an M_FLUSH message, pckt(7M) does the following:
If the flag is FLUSHW, it is changed to FLUSHR (because FLUSHR was the original flag before the pts(7D) driver changed it), changed into an M_PROTO message, and passed upstream. To prevent the stream head's read queue from being flushed, the original M_FLUSH message must not be passed upstream.
If the flag is FLUSHR, it is changed to FLUSHW, packetized into an M_PROTO message, and passed upstream. To flush both of the write queues properly, an M_FLUSH message with the FLUSHW flag set is also sent upstream.
If the flag is FLUSHRW, the message with both flags set is packetized and passed upstream. An M_FLUSH message with the FLUSHW flag set is also sent upstream.
To use the pseudo-TTY subsystem, a node for the master side driver /dev/ptmx and N number of slave drivers must be installed (N is determined at installation). The names of the slave devices are /dev/pts/M where M has the values 0 through N-1. A user accesses a pseudo-TTY device through the master device (called ptm) that in turn is accessed through the clone driver. The master device is set up as a clone device where its major device number is the major for the clone device and its minor device number is the major for the ptm(7D) driver.
The master pseudo driver is opened by calling open(2) with /dev/ptmx as the device to be opened. The clone open finds the next available minor device for that major device. A master device is available only if it, and its corresponding slave device, are not already open. There are no nodes in the file system for master devices.
When the master device is opened, the corresponding slave device is automatically locked out. No user may open that slave device until it is unlocked. A user may invoke a function grantpt to change the owner of the slave device to that of the user who is running this process, change the group ID to TTY, and change the mode of the device to 0620. Once the permissions have been changed, the device may be unlocked by the user. Only the owner or the root user can access the slave device. The user must then invoke the unlockpt function to unlock the slave device. Before opening the slave device, the user must call the ptsname function to obtain the name of the slave device. The functions grantpt, unlockpt, and ptsname are called with the file descriptor of the master device. The user may then invoke the open system call with the name that was returned by the ptsname function to open the slave device.
The following example shows how a user may invoke the pseudo-TTY subsystem:
int fdm fds; char *slavename; extern char *ptsname(); fdm = open("/dev/ptmx", O_RDWR); /* open master */ grantpt(fdm); /* change permission of slave */ unlockpt(fdm); /* unlock slave */ slavename = ptsname(fdm); /* get name of slave */ fds = open(slavename, O_RDWR); /* open slave */ ioctl(fds, I_PUSH, "ptem"); /* push ptem */ ioctl(fds, I_PUSH, "ldterm"); /* push ldterm */
Unrelated processes may open the pseudo device. The initial user may pass the master file descriptor using a STREAMS-based pipe or a slave name to another process to enable it to open the slave. After the slave device is open, the owner is free to change the permissions.
Certain programs such as write and wall are set group ID (setgid(2)) to TTY and are also able to access the slave device.
After both the master and slave have been opened, the user has two file descriptors that provide full-duplex communication using two streams. The two streams are automatically connected. The user may then push modules onto either side of the stream. The user also needs to push the ptem and ldterm modules onto the slave side of the pseudo-terminal subsystem to get terminal semantics.
The master and slave drivers pass all STREAMS messages to their adjacent queues. Only the M_FLUSH needs some processing. Because the read queue of one side is connected to the write queue of the other, the FLUSHR flag is changed to FLUSHW and vice versa.
When the master device is closed, an M_HANGUP message is sent to the slave device to render the device unusable. The process on the slave side gets the errno ENXIO when attempting to write on that stream, but it will be able to read any data remaining on the stream head read queue. When all the data has been read, read(2) returns 0, indicating that the stream can no longer be used.
On the last close of the slave device, a zero-length message is sent to the master device. When the application on the master side issues a read or getmsg and 0 is returned, the user of the master device decides whether to issue a close that dismantles the pseudo-terminal subsystem. If the master device is not closed, the pseudo-TTY subsystem is available to another user to open the slave device.
Since zero-length messages are used to indicate that the process on the slave side has closed (and should be interpreted that way by the process on the master side), applications on the slave side should not write zero-length messages. If that occurs, the write returns 0, and the zero-length message is discarded by the ptem module.
The standard STREAMS system calls can access the pseudo-TTY devices. The slave devices support the O_NDELAY and O_NONBLOCK flags. Because the master side does not act like the terminal, if O_NONBLOCK or O_NDELAY is set, read on the master side returns -1 with errno set to EAGAIN if no data is available, and write(2) returns -1 with errno set to EAGAIN if there is internal flow control.
The master driver supports the ISPTM and UNLKPT ioctl(2) that are used by the functionsgrantpt(3C)unlockpt(3C), , and ptsname(3C). The ISPTM ioctl(2) determines whether the file descriptor is that of an open master device. On success, it returns the major/minor number (type dev_t) of the master device which can be used to determine the name of the corresponding slave device. The UNLKPT ioctl(2) unlocks the master and slave devices. It returns 0 on success. On failure, the errno is set to EINVAL indicating that the master device is not open.
The format of these commands is:
int ioctl (int fd, int command, int arg)
where command is either ISPTM or UNLKPT and arg is 0. On failure, -1 is returned.
When data is written to the master side, the entire block of data written is treated as a single line. The slave-side process reading the terminal receives the entire block of data. Data is not edited by the ldterm module at input, regardless of the terminal mode. The master-side application is responsible for detecting an interrupt character and sending an interrupt signal SIGINT to the process in the slave side. This can be done as follows:
ioctl (fd, TIOCSIGNAL, SIGINT)
where SIGINT is defined in the file signal.h. When a process on the master side issues this ioctl(2), the argument is the number of the signal that should be sent. The specified signal is then sent to the process group on the slave side.
grantpt(3C) changes the mode and the ownership of the slave device that is associated with the given master device. Given a file descriptor fd, grantpt(3C) first checks that the file descriptor is that of the master device. If so, it obtains the name of the associated slave device and sets the user ID to that of the user running the process and the group ID to TTY. The mode of the slave device is set to 0620.
If the process is already running as root, the permission of the slave can be changed directly without invoking this function. grantpt(3C) returns 0 on success and -1 on failure. It fails if one or more of the following occurs: fd is not an open file descriptor, fd is not associated with a master device, the corresponding slave could not be accessed, or a system call failed because no more processes could be created.
unlockpt(3C) clears a lock flag associated with a master/slave device pair. unlockpt(3C) returns 0 on success and -1 on failure. It fails if one or more of the following occurs: fd is not an open file descriptor or fd is not associated with a master device.
ptsname(3C) returns the name of the slave device that is associated with the given master device. It first checks that the file descriptor is that of the master. If it is, it then determines the name of the corresponding slave device /dev/pts/M and returns a pointer to a string containing the null-terminated path name. The return value points to static data whose content is overwritten by each call. ptsname(3C) returns a non-NULL path name upon success and a NULL pointer upon failure. It fails if one or more of the following occurs: fd is not an open file descriptor or fd is not associated with the master device.
Drivers and modules can make the stream head act as a terminal stream by sending an M_SETOPTS message with the SO_ISTTY flag set upstream. This state may be changed by sending an M_SETOPTS message with the SO_ISNTTY flag set upstream.
Controlling terminals are allocated with the open(2) interface. The device must tell the stream head that it is acting as a terminal.
The TOSTOP flag is set on reception of an M_SETOPTS message with the SO_TOSTOP flag set in the so_flags field. It is cleared on reception of an M_SETOPTS message with the SO_TONSTOP flag set.
Stream head processing is isolated from modules and drivers by using several message types, such as M_ERROR, M_HANGUP and M_SETOPS, which only affect the stream in which they are sent.


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TOKYO (Reuters) - Bank of Japan policymakers are divided over whether the central bank can meet its inflation target in two years, underlining concerns it has set an unrealistic goal in its battle to end 15 years of deflation despite plans for a massive burst of monetary stimulus.
The central bank held off on offering any fresh policy initiatives following the April 4 policy meeting, when new Governor Haruhiko Kuroda stunned markets by promising to inject about $1.4 trillion (905 billion pounds) into the economy to hit the 2 percent inflation target in roughly two years.
The BOJ's semi-annual economic report, which is based on forecasts from the BOJ board's nine members, showed the degree to which other policymakers share Kuroda's view.
Their median forecast shows they expect core consumer inflation, the central bank's preferred gauge for price trends, to reach 1.9 percent in the year to March 2016, close to the bank's target. But the forecasts of the board members ranged widely, from 0.8 percent to 2.3 percent.
And while the BOJ officially said it expected to achieve 2 percent inflation towards the latter half of its projection period out to March 2016, board members Takahide Kiuchi and Takehiro Sato dissented against that view, underlining the division in the board.
"The BOJ's inflation forecast is quite ambitious and probably pretty hard to achieve," said Yuichi Kodama, chief economist at Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance in Tokyo.
"There's no guarantee that by expanding base money, the BOJ can heighten inflation expectations," he said. "It would be tough to achieve 2 percent inflation in Japan with monetary easing alone."
A gap in the views of future inflation poses a dilemma for the BOJ because its policy relies so much on shaping market and public expectations, or trying to nudge people into spending more on the belief that prices will finally start to rise in the future.
In a reminder of the task ahead, data on Friday showed core consumer prices fell from a year earlier for the fifth straight month in March, even as the yen's recent fall pushed up import costs. Core prices, which include all items except for volatile food costs, fell 0.5 percent.
Kuroda has vowed to do whatever it takes to achieve its price target in two years, putting the central bank's reputation on the line to restore an inflation level that has rarely been hit since the early 1990s.
The BOJ's median projection is much higher than the forecasts of 10 private-sector economists gathered in a Reuters poll this week. The poll shows a median forecast for core inflation of around 1 percent in 2015/16, almost half the BOJ readout.
A lack of progress in meeting the target may undermine public expectations of future price moves and force the BOJ into taking further monetary action despite unleashing the world's most intense burst of monetary stimulus earlier this month, some analysts say.
"When the BOJ updates these forecasts again, there could be speculation that it will increase debt purchases again because it won't be close to meeting its target," said Hiroaki Muto, senior economist at Sumitomo Mitsui Asset Management Co.
"With yields already so low, this could make banks afraid to buy more government debt."
The BOJ reiterated its pledge to expand base money, its new policy target, at an annual pace of 60 trillion yen ($604 billion) to 70 trillion yen. Base money is the combined amount of cash and deposits parked with the central bank.
"Personally, I think many on the board feel that inflation will reach around 2 percent in the first half of fiscal 2015," Kuroda told reporters, referring to the year to March 2016.
The BOJ report forecast stronger economic growth in the next few years than it had projected in January and higher inflation.
It suggested that the fall in the yen, as Prime Minister Shinzo Abe has pushed through aggressive policies to lift the economy, will boost exports and put upward pressure on nominal wages. Higher wages are critical to getting Japanese consumers spending again after years of deflation.
"Quantitative and qualitative monetary easing is expected not only to work through such transmission channels as long-term interest rates and asset prices, but also to lower real interest rates through a pickup in inflation expectations," the BOJ said in its report.
The BOJ forecasts that core consumer inflation, excluding the impact of an expected hike in the national sales tax, would reach 1.4 percent in 2014/15, higher than its January projection of 0.9 percent.
A Reuters poll this week of 10 analysts showed most of them expect core CPI to rise around 0.5 percent in the year to March 2015, about a third of the pace projected by the BOJ. The poll's forecasts also excluded the expected hike in the sales tax.
($1=99.3750 yen)
Additional reporting by Kaori Kaneko and Tetsushi Kajimoto; Editing by Neil Fullick and Shri Navaratnam


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CAIRO (Reuters) - Egypt's deposed Islamist President Mohamed Mursi, who has been accused of murder and other crimes, is likely to be transferred to the same Cairo prison where former leader Hosni Mubarak is now held, the interior minister said on Saturday.
Mohamed Ibrahim also said pro-Mursi sit-ins would "God willing, soon ... be dealt with" based on a decision by the prosecutor, who has been examining legal complaints by citizens about the protests that have blocked major Cairo thoroughfares.
"God willing, it will be broken up in a way that does not cause losses," he said referring to sit-ins that have lasted about a month. "But, God permitting, it must end. We hope that they come to their senses ... and join their political process."
"With regards to the timing ... to disperse the protesters, there is complete coordination between us and the armed forces," the minister told a news conference.
"There are still meetings going on to set the appropriate time to implement that plan according to the complaints submitted to the prosecutor on transgressions of the law by the protesters."
The minister, who accused the pro-Mursi camp of exaggerating the numbers killed in clashes, said security forces used teargas to disperse demonstrators on a bridge because of concerns they could cause the bridge to collapse by lighting vehicle tires.
But he said the security forces had not used any live ammunition, but had instead suffered buckshot wounds and injuries from live rounds fired by protesters.
A Reuters witness, at a field hospital run by Mursi supporters, saw several demonstrators wounded by buckshot and with injuries medics said were caused by bullets.
The minister also said a decision on where to hold Mursi, whose current location has not been announced, would be up to the investigating judge. When pressed by journalists about where Mursi would be taken, he said "mostly likely to Torah" prison.
Torah, on the edge of Cairo, is the jail where Mubarak, his sons and members of the former president's cabinet have been held after they were detained in the wake of the uprising that erupted in January 2011.
Reporting by Tom Perry and Maggie Fick; Writing by Edmund Blair; Editing by Michael Georgy


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Actress Ashley Judd and her husband, race car driver Dario Franchitti, are getting divorced after 11 years of marriage. We're sure this is sad for both of them, but we're going to jump ahead to the question every bored aide in the Hart Senate Office Building asked themselves Wednesday when they read the news: Does this mean she's going to run for Senate in Kentucky?
[Editor's note: The original version of this story gave the wrong first name for Mr. Franchitti.]
Maybe you didn't know that was a possibility. But it's true: Some Kentucky Democrats are talking up Ms. Judd, an eighth-generation Kentucky native, as an ideal candidate to run against Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell in 2014.
Judd was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention this summer and is something of a political activist, so it's not exactly like this is a wacky idea. Plus she's been noncommittal in an encouraging kind of way when asked if she's interested.
"I am incredibly honored and frankly overwhelmed by the outpouring of support – that the people of Kentucky are interested in having me represent them is the greatest honor of my life so far and I am certainly taking a close look at it," said Judd before the Kentucky Society of Washington's Bluegrass Ball in Washington on Jan. 19, according to a report in Politico.
OK, then. Does her impending divorce indicate she's more likely to do this, or less?
Over at The Atlantic, Michael Catalini thinks it means Judd will take a pass.
"Given this development, there's a chance Judd won't want to jump into a messy political campaign," he writes.
Catalini adds that this is "bad news" for Senator McConnell, since Judd would be politically weaker than other Democrats he might face. After all, Kentucky is a conservative state, and Judd's own grandmother called her a "Hollywood liberal." Plus, while she was a DNC delegate, she didn't represent Kentucky. She represented Tennessee – the state she and Franchitti called home.
For the sake of argument we'll take the other side. We believe the impending divorce means it's more likely she'll try electoral politics, not less. Her husband is Scottish, which might not exactly have won her votes, and the couple also lived part-time in Scotland, which is inconvenient if you've got to campaign in Lexington on Tuesday next. Now she can bill herself as making a clean sweep of things, including her non-Kentucky residencies, and say she's coming home to the place she belongs.
(Yes, that's a John Denver reference. Please keep reading anyway.)
After all, it isn't like McConnell's a steamroller. His recent polls numbers have been so-so, which is either surprising in light of his national status, or the result of it, depending on which expert you ask.
A recent Courier-Journal Bluegrass poll found that 17 percent of voters said they would vote for McConnell, while 34 percent said they would vote against him. Forty-four percent said they would wait to see who McConnell runs against before deciding.
Tea party supporters in the state remain angry over McConnell's role in the recent fiscal agreement with the Obama administration that kept the nation from plunging off the so-called "fiscal cliff." Some Democratic donors have even discussed teaming up with tea party groups to fund a primary challenge to McConnell from the right.
Why? Because Democrats think someone to McConnell's right would be a weaker statewide candidate, that's why.
But Judd is going to have to stop acting coy and make her intentions plain fairly soon is she's really going to run. Some state Democrats think her statements against mountaintop coal mining – a big issue in a state depending on coal jobs – would drag her down in a Senate race. Yet by toying with a run she's blocking other, possibly more viable candidates from getting in themselves.
"Every day that the Democrats don't settle on someone to run against McConnell is a day lost," Nathan Smith, a former Kentucky Democratic Party vice chairman, told The Hill in late January.


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AgnesJohnson12 wrote:Hi, just wanted to know did anyone do IVF and what was the success rate? I am 34 and going to be transferring 2 embryos later this year. Doctors told me it's a 65% success.
FoxieA wrote:Hi Ladies!
My first IVF effort failed. Moreover, doctor said the problem related to my own eggs. So I started thinking about IVF with egg donor.I decided to search for the best and affordable clinics abroad. I was adviced that Ukraine is leading country in the field of infertility treatmnet. Plus there are no age limits for IVF.So I decided to try my luck with Babyboom clinic in Kiev.
The first trial was already a success.
Good luck!
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Kwikset manufactures and markets a complete line of door locks and door hardware including door knobs, door levers, deadbolts, handlesets, pocket door hardware and electronic keyless entry locks for residential and light commercial applications. Millions of families have relied on Kwikset for security and peace of mind.
At Kwikset, we think people shouldn't have to settle when it comes to home security. For over 60 years, we've believed that innovation is our greatest asset. Technology can deliver both quality and convenience. And the strongest insights come from understanding the people who use our products and how they use them. Everything we've learned has led us to one simple premise – the best security is smart security.
Kwikset is part of Hardware and Home Improvement (HHI), a major manufacturer and supplier of residential locksets, residential builders' hardware and faucets with a portfolio of renowned brands, including Kwikset®, Weiser®, Baldwin®, National Hardware®, Stanley®, FANAL®, Pfister™ and EZSET®. HHI is a leader in its key markets with #1 positions in U.S. residential locksets (Kwikset), Canada residential locksets (Weiser), U.S. luxury locksets (Baldwin), and U.S. builders' hardware (Stanley-National Hardware), #2 in Mexico residential hardware (Fanal), and #3 in U.S. retail plumbing (Pfister). Headquartered in Orange County, California, HHI has a global sales force and operates manufacturing and distribution facilities in the U.S., Canada, Mexico and Asia.
HHI is a division of Spectrum Brands Holdings, Inc. (NYSE: SPB). Spectrum Brands is a global, diversified consumer products company and a leading supplier of consumer batteries, residential locksets, residential builders' hardware and faucets, shaving and grooming products, personal care products, small household appliances, specialty pet supplies, lawn and garden and home pest control products, and personal insect repellents. Spectrum Brands employs over 12,500 employees worldwide and sells to the top 25 global retailers with products in more than one million stores.


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Baldassarre Christmas Tree Ornament by Alessi
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Alessi Baldassarre Christmas Tree Ornament
Christmas Figures and Ornaments - Alessi Design
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Baldassarre (Balthazar) Christmas Ball Tree Ornaments made by Alessi Italy (AMJ13 10) from the stylish Presepe Holiday collection at Stardust. Alessi's Balthazar part of the 3 Kings is hand painted on an internally mirrored glass ball to give it an amazing effect of iridescence, luminosity and depth. These brilliant baubles are perfect for decorating trees and will brighten up any Christmas tree. Overall the Alessi Christmas decorations give a welcome and slightly alternate modern European touch on Christmas. As with all ornaments in this collection, these are exceptionally well made and come in an Alessi presentation box suitable for gift giving. They make beautiful gifts for friends, family and loved ones.
Figures and Christmas ornaments by Alessi allow you to decorate your home in style with high quality products. Discover Alessi Figures and Christmas ornaments and buy online from Stardust, the largest official Alessi store! Part of hard-to-find range of Alessi's collectible Italian modern Christmas decorations and accessories for the home. These festive Christmas tree balls ornaments are crafted by hand. From Alessi Italy.
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Latest News
Actor Kevin Spacey's 'selfie' with Mexico's president kicks up a storm of anger
What started as a tweeted "selfie" of President Enrique Pena Nieto with actor Kevin Spacey last week has devolved into a debate about politicians paying for positive coverage on social media.
In the photo (shown below), a relaxed Pena Nieto beams next to the grinning star of the Netflix television drama "House of Cards," in which he plays Francis Underwood, a fictitious politician who moves into the White House.
"One of these Presidents is real. With President Enrique Pena Nieto in Mexico last night," Spacey tweeted May 7 to his nearly 3.4 million followers.
Pena Nieto's office later offered the photo to the news media, saying that the two had run into one another at a tourism expo in Cancun, the Caribbean resort city.
1 President is real. W/Pres Nieto in #Mexico. Good meeting a man also making progress in his 1st year in office. @EPN pic.twitter.com/9NnyLcsZxG— Kevin Spacey (@KevinSpacey) May 7, 2014
But it wasn't long until a blogger for Forbes magazine reported that the meeting between the two was no accident: Spacey had been paid by the Mexican Tourism Board to attend the event _ and appear with Pena Nieto. That's when some Mexicans took to social media to lambaste both the actor and the president.
"How much did the selfie of Pena Nieto with Kevin Spacey cost?" asked the news portal sinembargo.mx in a headline about the photo.
Forbes blogger Dolia Estevez said the head of the tourism board, Rodolfo Lopez Negrete, denied in an email to her a news report that Spacey had been paid $8 million to attend the event, declaring the sum "wrong and without a source."
A spokesman for the tourism board, Eduardo Regules, did not respond to a telephone message and email.
A day after Spacey sent the tweet, he tweeted again saying that in the photo, "I was in character as Francis Underwood in House of Cards! I don't know jack about Mexican politics. I should have made that more clear."
Pena Nieto has 2.6 million followers on Twitter and knows a thing or two about image crafting. On his arm when he came to office in late 2012 was Angelica Rivera, a beloved television soap opera star whom he had married two years earlier.
Mexican fans of Spacey took to his Facebook page Friday to voice their discontent with his choice of "selfie" pals.
"Shame on you. How could you sell yourself to such a corrupt and illiterate president?" wrote Cata Lina on the page Friday afternoon.
"How much did they pay you for taking that picture?" added Jacobo Ricardo Barocio Santos earlier Friday.
One sociologist who studies political imagery, Nicolas Loza Otero, said the nitpicking is mere static to the benefit that Pena Nieto and other Mexican politicians receive by rubbing elbows with Hollywood celebrities.
"People who watch Netflix are middle class or higher," Loza said. Of them, he added, "there are people who criticize this kind of thing, but I think that overall the balance is positive for Pena Nieto."
Pena Nieto's press office has refined the art of releasing seemingly spontaneous photos of the 47-year-old president, such as one of him leaping out of his seat in joy while watching a Mexican soccer match.
On March 14, his office released a selfie-like photo of Pena Nieto leaning toward the camera with Carlos Slim, the telecom tycoon who is one of the world's richest men, surrounded by the stars of the Leon soccer team, which Slim owns. Slim's son-in-law, Arturo Elias Ayub, took the photo.
Another expert on social media, Maria Elena Meneses, said Pena Nieto took a hit last month when some Internet users launched a campaign against framework legislation to a telecom overhaul that would allow authorities to block cellphone signals during protests, censor websites and track cellphone communications.
Legislators backed down, although Meneses, who is the coordinator of the Information Society Program at the Technological Institute of Monterrey, said the campaign against Pena Nieto on the legislation "was devastating" and "caused harm to his reputation globally."
Using public funds to burnish the image of politicians is neither unique to Mexico nor limited to its leaders.
Recent mayors of Mexico City, one of the world's largest metropolises, routinely have spent tax money to bring well-known artists to the mammoth main plaza for concerts free to the citizenry (but costly to the city till).
Last year, Mayor Miguel Angel Mancera sponsored concerts by balladeer Chayanne and salsa singer Marc Anthony in February, and another by Spanish singer Miguel Bose in May. Each of the concerts drew more than 100,000 people.
His predecessor, Marcelo Ebrard, was pondering a run for the presidency in 2012 when he contracted Justin Bieber and Paul McCartney for separate concerts. McCartney drew 200,000 fans and Bieber brought out as many as 300,000 people.


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Qubert is a fun "masonry-style" template that is ideal for showcasing a lot of projects in a relatively compact space. Its Index page accommodates multiple galleries, each with as many images as you want.
Special Features
Dynamic layout
Qubert dynamically and intelligently reflows your galleries based on the size of the browser window. By default, the first image in a gallery will be used as its thumbnail, but you can override that by uploading an image to Thumbnail Image in that gallery's Page Settings. When you click on a thumbnail, the gallery and its description load in from the left.
You can set the width, spacing, and transparency of the gallery thumbnails with the Project Opacity, Project Width, and Project Spacing tweaks in the Style Editor.
You can set the width of the full-size images with Project Detail Width. The Page Width setting is for the Blog and regular pages.
Index Page
The Index Page consists of a series of galleries. All galleries filed under Index will be displayed in the masonry-style layout described above, rather than as individual gallery pages.
Social Icons
If you connect your social accounts (do this in the backend under Settings > Social Accounts > + Add Account), the links will appear as icons under the main site navigation. The size, color, and style of these are editable in the Style Editor under Social Icon Size, Social Icon Color, and Social Icon Style.
How to Use This Template
Qubert works best with a fairly large number of galleries in the Index. To create this, add a new gallery page under the index section rather than the main navigation. Galleries that are added as pages will appear differently to galleries under the index.
Main Navigation
One-off gallery pages, blog pages, links, folders, and empty pages can all be added to the main navigation. These pages will appear in the sidebar under the logo/site title.
Gallery Details
To add a title and description for any gallery (either a standalone gallery or a gallery in the Index), click into Page Settings at the top right corner of the Gallery View. The Navigation Title will appear as a link in the index navigation. The Page Title will appear at the top of the Project Description view. The Description will appear under the images in the Project Description view.


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This version of pea soup turned out quite well, so I am writing it down so I don't forget.
Pea Soup
250g Dried Marrowfat Peas*
1 Piece Smoked Pork Hock
Bouquet Garni
1 onion, chopped
1 carrot, chopped
1 stick celery, chopped
Dried Tarragon
1 Teaspoon Paprika
pinch of Cayenne Pepper
Dry White Wine or Vermouth
Salt and Pepper
Sour Cream
Sift peas for possible debris and rinse. Soak dried peas overnight in twice the amount water as peas. Pour peas and water into a pan and add the pork hock and bouquet garni. Bring to a boil and reduce heat to simmer until tender, (probably about 3 hours, depending on the age of the peas,) adding liquid as necessary.
Heat another large pan and saute the vegetables and spices in butter. Deglaze pan with Wine or Vermouth and remove from heat.
When peas are tender, remove pork hock and bouquet garni. Puree peas in a blender or food processor. Add pureed peas to vegetables and stir to combine. Remove any meat from hock, chop and add to soup. Bring to a simmer, adding more liquid if necessary. Check seasonings and add Salt and Pepper to taste. Garnish with a dollop of sour cream and serve with crusty bread.
Makes about 2 quarts.
*Available at specialty shops catering to expatriates from the UK. Split peas would be OK, too, but not as flavorful.


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The Basler pilot camera family is based on four selected Kodak CCD sensors and one Sony CCD sensor for exceptional image quality. Equipped with a GigE Vision compliant interface, these cameras take maximum advantage of Kodak and Sony sensor technology and can often substitute for more cost-intensive Camera Link cameras and frame grabbers. Because Basler pilot cameras use the same sensors currently used in existing Camera Link cameras, no optics changes are required.
For more flexibility, this series offers additional software features that can be integrated into the image processing software on a remote computer.
Basler pilot cameras are a perfect fit for a variety of vision applications including semiconductor and component inspection, food inspection, manufacturing quality control, intelligent traffic systems, microscopy and medical imaging, biometrics, and many others.
|Sensor Resolution:
|640 (h) x 480 (v) pixels
|Sensor Size:
|5.92 mm
|Sensor Model:
|ON Semi KAI-0340-A
|Frame Rate (full resolution):
|210 frames/second
|Lens Mount:
|Data Interface:
|Ethernet Gig-E Vision
|RJ-45 8P8C Receptacle (Female)
|10/100/1000 Mbps Ethernet
|Qty 1
|Hirose 10 mm 12 Pin Receptacle HR10A-10R-12P (Male)
|Qty 1
Learn about camera specs in our Camera Tech Center.


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Employer Report of Wages Paid (WR-30) and the W-2 reporting forms can be submitted on Secure
File Transfer (SFTP).
form NJ-EFW2,
Specifications for Reporting W-2 Information Via Electronic
Filing can be obtained from the Division of Taxation's web
WR-30 form and the employer's quarterly Report (NJ927) may
also be submitted Online by using the PIN# assigned to each employer.
Beginning with tax year 2012, filers will now have the option to submit the NJ-W3 annual reconciliation electronically, Prior to tax year 2010, filers had the ability to electronically file the W2, but had to mail the paper NJ-W3 form to the Division of Taxation.
payments may be made electronically through the Electronic
Funds Transfer (EFT) Program. Frequently
asked question page (FAQ) is available
to simplify understanding EFT procedures.
Our web site provides overviews
and specifications for creating and/or making transactions in an electronic
format. Data regarding the filing of returns, business and individual,
and making of payments can be found in these pages.
Information about the Fed/State E-File Program for individual
income tax forms (e-file) is also available.