text:
The novel procedure comprises sequential stages as follows:
Stage A: The coronal assemblies of the Orthodontic Study Model are provided with the stone models of the crowns of the upper and lower teeth of the patient;
Stage B: The completed coronal assemblies of Stage A are coupled to my new bite registration guide in the Orthodontic Study Model to form a triad of upper and lower models with the bite registration guide; and,
Stage C: The triad obtained in Stage B, consisting of coronal assemblies coupled to a bite registration and mounted on the Orthodontic Study Model, is now mounted in my new geared articulator. In the mounted position the triad assembly is an accurate reproduction of the orthodontic parameters of the patient's dentition and serves as a basis for charting future movements of each of the teeth in x, y and i z directions to provide reproducable and highly accurate monitoring of orthodontic treatment.
|Apparatus for and method of forming tooth positioning appliances
|Dental articulator
a. providing a flat mass of self curing plastic as an oval shaped body of approximately the same dimensions as the inner oval arch of the stone model of the patient, said flat plastic mass being in the soft gel condition;
b. painting the lingual surfaces of the crown models and of the stone model with a separating medium;
c. positioning the gel mass and pressing against the lingual surfaces of the crowns of the model and stone model at a medium part thereof to take an impression;
d. permitting the gel mass to harden whereby sockets corresponding to the stone model of the patient are formed in the gel mass and are hardened, the sockets representing the inner lingual surfaces of the patient's set of teeth;
e. shaping the opposite side of the mass in the form of the ideal arch for the dimensions of the stone model of the patient and affixing a wire arch at opposite sides thereto; and,
f. forming an opening in the center of the bite registration guide for mounting the bite registration guide at its center to permit rotation of the guide to show in one position the ideal arch and in the other position the actual arch of the patient.
This invention is in the field of Dentistry study appliances and study methods for correcting irregularities in the position and alignment of teeth in the mouth of the patient and also deals with the combination of such appliances with mounting apparatus for mounting an artificial model of the teeth simulating those of the patient in order to study the occulsion and the articulation of the model and to reproducably monitor the orthodontic treatment.
1. Prior Apparatus
Williams, U.S. Pat. No. 1,485,657, granted Mar. 4, 1924 discloses a dental articulator in which upper and lower model supporting members are relatively adjustable to obtain, in the practice of prosthesis, the proper position of the teeth on one model in the occlusal plane relative to the other model. Comparison may be made with the one model, the upper has been moved, after those in the other model have been arranged according to given measurements and calculations, thus the Williams device can serve for movement of the lower teeth to give measurements and calculations after the movement has been accomplished. Alternatively, the Williams device may be used to plan movement in order to reach the desired positioning of teeth in the upper and lower set.
The purpose of the Williams dental articulator is to provide certain movements and adjustments of the cooperating upper and lower tooth model parts which greatly facilitate its use in positioning these uppers and lowers before treatment is started or to monitor while it is going on or after it is finished. Because the position of the teeth in the x and y planes can be accurately controlled and charted with the Williams device, the use of this device will promote the accuracy of the dental work in which it is employed.
It is, however, ackward to use the Williams geared articulator with stone models based upon impressions of the teeth and a very high degree of skill is required for the Orthodontist to painstakingly chart the movements in the x and y plane for the present intermediate and desired tooth positions in each of the upper and lower sets.
In my U.S. Pat. No. 3,787,979, an Orthodontic Study device is provided wherein the position of each tooth may be universally adjusted. The tooth, in for form of a crown, is connected by a ball and socket joint to one end of a post which is secured at its other end to a supporting base plate. The post is in the form of elongated telescopic members whereby the height thereof may be adjusted. The post is secured to the base plate by a ball and socket joint whereby its position may be adjusted.
My Orthodontic Study device will serve to provide a precise replica of each tooth in each set, upper and lower, of the patient and will also serve to monitor positions of each tooth in intermediate and finished stages of orthodontic treatment. However, the mechanism for locating and moving the assemblies of upper and lower models in the x, y and z directions is required in order to provide the full scale utilization of my three dimensional study device in my aforesaid patent.
Wollney et al, U.S. Pat. No. 3,646,680, granted Mar. 7, 1972, presents an Orthodontic Force Model for demonstrating the direction of tooth displacement in response to externally applied forces. The Wollney apparatus is a system of springs which maintain a tooth model suspended in space. Forces are applied to this model and the direction in which the tooth is displaced as well as the amount of displacement are recorded and measured.
These forces based upon springs in Wollney can be estimated from positions in my own Orthodontic Study Model if there were available a mechanism to achieve x and y movements as in Williams, U.S. Pat. No. 1,485,657, but there would still be the requirement to achieve a tilting movement in the z direction (vertical) absent in the Williams construction.
The panoramic tripod head of the Leitz Company, known as the Tiltall Tripod and that of Peterson, U.S. Pat. No. 2,461,175, granted Feb. 8, 1949, are swiveling mechanisms which provide the free rotations and tilting movements required for panning in photography.
If the Williams articulator in U.S. Pat. No. 1,485,657 were to be combined with my prior U.S. Pat. No. 3,787,979, one would have an adjusting mechanism for bringing the lower and upper dental arch into position in respect to the x, y and z axes, but one would not have the ability to adjust the angle of tilt required by the jaw bone structure so that one would make calculations and measurements for planning treatment and for establishing the diagnosis without having the unique tilt of the jaw structure and the positioning of the teeth relative to the jaw bone structure as the factor which will permit achieving the desired bite.
Accordingly, the requirement for a proper and true understanding of the geometry of each of the teeth goes beyond the combination of my prior study model with the aforesaid Williams patent, particularly since the jaw structure is tilted and the relationships of the teeth and the upper and lower dental arches must be defined in precise relation to the existing jaw structure, the bite, the head structure, etc., all of these determined by X-ray. The deficiencies of a simple mounting of my three-dimensional of Stereodont Model of my aforesaid patent in the Williams articulator will be overcome by utilizing a triad of my new bit registration guide and complete coronal assemblies, this triad mount in my new geared articulator is characterized by a swiveling mechanism for free tilting movement in an entirely new relationship which permits extremely accurate measurement and charting as good as or better than the most accurate micrometric measurements using an accurate measuring microscope.
The process associated with routine orthodontics consists of the following steps:
Step 1: It is routine for the Orthodontist to send to the laboratory the usual standard Alignate Impressions of the teeth of the patient. In the routine prior art practice, the laboratory pours its impression in white stone, trims, polishes, labels it and sends it back to the Orthodontist as the "Stone Model" of that patient. This is a routine procedure familiar to all who have been fitted in prosthetic dentistry.
Step 2: The stone model of the patient for the uppers and the lowers is placed in an articulator and a record is made of the position of each of the teeth.
Step 3: A dental arch representing the ideal arch for the patient's dimensions is superposed over each of the stone models in order to estimate the displacements of the teeth which require movement.
Step 4: A plan for the treatment is set forth based upon Steps 1, 2 and 3 above reflecting the condition of the patient and best judgement of the Orthodontist.
Laborious hand measurements of each of the teeth and detailed charting for planning tooth movement are essential aspects of the careful examination of the stone models and the charting procedures in Steps 2, 3 and 4 above in the prior art.
In carrying out a basic alteration of the above conventional orthodontic procedures, my invention contemplates the creation of a bite registration guide which starts with the stone models but which adds the following steps:
a. From the stone impressions of the patient in Step 1, the laboratory pours a second stone model, but this time the model is made of the crowns of the teeth only. Thus the first model is the complete repleca while the second is a crown model.
b. While the stone is still soft and before it sets, a coronal sphere is embedded in each crown with the post held uprights until the stone sets, to provide support for the stereodont mountings. c. The individual crowns are now removed from the alginate impression and are trimmed. The laboratory man selects one Stereodont base containing the apical ball and sockets and their posts (apical assemblies) to mount these in the crown model prepared in (b) above.
d. The laboratory man inserts each coronal assembly into its corresponding apical assembly to produce the upper and lower stereodont assembly mounted on the crown model.
e. The Bite Registration Guide. A bite registration blank comprising a piece of laminar acrylic ester or vinyl chloride paste polymer plastic 1/8 inch thick having the general parabolic contour of the dental arch, but smaller in width, is provided in at least three different sizes for corresponding different sizes of dental arch encountered in practice.
f. After the proper size of bite registration blank is selected and fits loosely along the lingual aspects of the teeth in the original model of the patient's malocclusion, the blank is now converted into the guide by the following steps:
1. Paint the lingual surfaces of the teeth in the model with separating medium.
2. Pour a thin layer of self-curing acrylic (mixed monomer and polymer) on the lingual surfaces of the teeth.
3. Bring the bite block blank into alignment and contacting the poured acrylic.
4. Hold the blank in position until the acrylic sets.
5. Remove the bite registration blank and trim it. This plate how now impressed on its periphery, the lingual surfaces of the teeth as they are in the original malocclusion. This plate is called the bite registration guide and is now clamped to the post of the rack and pinion assembly of the stereodont.
The bite registration guide prepared in accordance with the above steps is provided with a mounting slot or opening in a center portion thereof and provides two aspects of a dental arch of the patient, the first aspect representing actual lingual aspects of the teeth in the original model of the patient's "malocclusion) (see for instance paragraph f above) and in another aspect the bit registration guide provides the ideal dental arch which conforms to and is related to the specific malocclusion.
Adapting Mounting
An important feature of the invention is the mounting of the bite registration guide and the teeth which are removable teeth of the stereodont to reconstruct the original malocclusion to thereby provide a model of the upper and of the lower of the patient, the upper having its own bite registration guide for the lingual surfaces of the upper arch and the lower having the bite registration guide for the lingual surfaces of the lower to thereby provide actual and ideal arches in the guide for upper and lower in a mounting in microscope like mounting for geared articulator with hinged portion adapting mounting.
In short the microscope like mount differs from the ordinary microscope in being mounted with a hing which permits the entire mounted construction to be opened, the elongating elements of the stereodont each precisely placed, each bite registration guide being mounted through its mounting slot on a pin and the assembly of microscope mounting and enumerated components closed to produce an exact replica of the teeth in the X, Y, Z measurement space which is contributed by the articulator.
The simple mounting steps place each element for orthodontic treatment in a precise relationship for actual to ideal arch in X, Y, Z space and thereby permit, for the first time, measurements using the bite registration guide as template for monitoring planning and concluding orthodontic treatment.
An important aspect of the invention is the tilting table which is part of the microscope like mounting because only by control of the tilt of the table on which the bite registration guide is mounted can the movement of each tooth in the direction of angular tilt corresponding to jaw angle be correlated for all of the teeth in the lower arch and for all the teeth in the upper arch. This tilting table has its most important advantage achieved in practice as a result of reversal mounting for bite registration guide.
A single post mounting served for positioning the bite registration guide in relation to the separately mounted teeth of the stereodont. Reversal of the bite registration guide effects a change in the positioning of the teeth from the actual malocclusion to new positions for each of the teeth corresponding to the ideal arch; one side of the bite registration guide corresponds in form to the lingual surfaces of the malocclusion while the other side is the outer boundary of the ideal arch.
All of the foregoing steps may be carried out by the laboratory technician who can carry out the following steps with the plate which is called the bite registration guide, step a, is positioned and is now clamped to the post of the Rack and Pinion assembly of the Stereodont. Thus positioned on the stereodont, the bite-registration serves as a guide to position the movable teeth of the stereodont, thus reconstructing in the stereodont the original malocclusion.
Step b: The laboratory man positions the bite registration and arranges the teeth accordingly. This assembled and organized reproduction of the malocclusion is sent to the Orthodontist.
Step c: The Orthodontist simply attaches the received stereodont to his geared articulator and proceeds with the diagnosis and treatment planning.
The process invention as illustrated in the drawings herein comprises the following steps of instruction and operation to the orthodontist or his assistant:
1. send alginate impression to laboratory;
2. pour white stone into alginate impression to produce only the tooth crowns;
3. embed coronal spheres which supports upright in white stone until set;
4. remove crowns with embedded coronal spheres and supports from alginate impression and trim;
5. assemble coronal and apical units on model base;
6. make bit registration template;
7. assemble completed registration template to model;
8. align crowns on model withcompleted bite registration template according to patient's malocclusion;
9. send model to orthodontist; and,
10. orthodontist assembles completed model on articulator and proceeds with diagnosis and treatment planning.
As shown in the drawings the assembly of the coronal and apical units on the model base bring together the Stereodont Orthondontic Study Model of my U.S. Pat. No. 3,787,979, granted on Jan. 29, 1973 into x, y and z space for very accurate positioning of each of the units in respect to the dental arch of the patient. At this stage a full jaw X-ray will serve to monitor and verify the x, y and z locations.
As the pre-assembly step for the manufacture of the bite registration template, the following additional steps under Step 6 are taken:
a. select correct bite registration template;
b. paint lingual surfaces of crowns with separating medium and add a thin layer of self curing acrylic;
c. position bite registration template contacting the lingual surfaces of the crowns until acrylic layer sets; and,
d. withdraw bite registration template and trim.
The bite registration guide comprises two arches and a central mounting bore, the mounting bore permitting one arch which is the ideal arch of the size of an idal arcuate form and the other arch being the result of the lingual positioning of the teeth in precise conformity to the model of the patient.
The invention will now be more fully described with the aid of the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of the steps for assembling an orthodontic dental model;
FIG. 2 is a side elevation of the articulator of the present invention showing an upper and lower orthondontic study model mounted thereon;
FIG. 3 is a horizontal sectional view, taken on the line 3--3 of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a fragmentary end elevational view of the articulator of FIG. 2 as seen from the right thereof;
FIG. 5 is an enlarged fragmentary vertical sectional view, taken on the line 5--5 of FIG. 2; and
FIG. 6 is an enlarged, plan view, partially in section showing the one-way ratchet of the bite registration template and also the crown lingual impressions thereon.
FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic view, before treatment, of a Class III, Division I malocclusion showing by legends and accepted by symbols a few of the cephalometric relations of the original condition;
FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic view, with legends of the original condition of the teeth, after extraction of the first four premolars and showing the axis of the teeth before treatment;
FIG. 9 is a view similar to FIG. 8 of a partial stage of treatment in which the canines are upright;
FIG. 10 is a view similar to FIGS. 8 and 9 of a later stage with legends in which the canines are retracted by tilting into the extraction space;
FIG. 11 is a view similar to FIGS. 8, 9 and 10 of a still later stage showing the anterior teeth retracted into the "extraction" space by means of reciprocal forces which cause a relative shift of the molars (Class II mechanics);
FIG. 12 is a view similar to FIGS. 8, 9, 10 and 11 of a final stage just before the residual spaces are closed and the stirring of the occlusion for optimum intercuspation is attended to, wherein the closing of the spaces is identified by the legend CONSOLIDATION;
FIG. 13 shows, in diagrammatic form, the origianl condition but after extraction, as in FIG. 8, with the teeth mounted on the cephalometric Stereodont;
FIG. 14 shows, in diagrammatic form, with legends, similar to FIG. 8, the cephalometric changes resulting from treatment (extraction, uprighting retraction, and tilting of canines, retraction and tilting of anterior teeth, setting the occulsion and consolidation);
FIG. 15 shows the original condition set up on the bite registration guide corresponding to FIG. 8; and,
FIG. 16 shows the condition after treatment on the bite registration guide corresponding to FIGS. 12 and 14.
The preferred method steps are set out in FIG. 1, starting with the taking of the impression, (step 1), pouring the stone in the tray (step 2), embedding coronal spheres with supports provided by telescoping rod means 136 and ball 140 as shown in step 3, thereafter removing the tooth crowns 130 from the alginate impression with its associated telescoping supporting means 134, to provide the assembly illustrated in step 5. The front portion of the assembly illustrated to the right at step 5 is representative of my Orthodontic Study Model in my U.S. Pat. No. 3,787,979 granted on Jan. 29, 1973, and reproduces very accurately the orthodontic parameters of the patient's dentition.
Thus, the tooth crown 130 mounted on the telescoping support means 134 and the preparation of additional stone crowns 130 provides basis for the complete upper and lower assemblies.
The bite registration template is shown in its final form in FIG. 3 in top plan view and the crowns 130 are at the forward edge, the lingual crowns 117 lying in advance of the molar crowns 130 on the right and left side respectively. The bite registration template has a rear smooth area 115 which is bounded by the arcuate perimeter constituting the idealized dimensions of the arch, these dimensions including the distance between the rear molar positions or the base, the distance between the central bore or socket 119 and the forward edge of the front surface. If one were to take the socket as the point of origin at the center focus of the parabola constituting the smooth arch of the template 113, the y axis from the socket to the edge of the arcuate arch represents the base and the x axis represents the height dimension of the parabola constituting the arch.
As is seen in FIG. 1, step 6 , the selection of the correct bite registration template requires the measurement of the dimension between the rear molars in order to get the x axis measurement and the measurement at the center line to the front teeth. The dental arches are formed of wire and are commercially available in these measurements. These wire parts constitute the smooth surface of the bite registration template 113. The preparation of the template is from a mass of self curing acrylic resin of the conventional type used and the steps for preparing this template are set out under step 6 in the blocks at the right of this step as shown in FIG. 1, these steps consisting of:
1. selecting the wire arch for the left side and the general outline of the acrylic mass;
2. painting the lingual surfaces of the crowns of the model in step 5 with a separating medium;
3. positioning the soft gel mass of self curing acrylic material into contact with the lingual surfaces of the crowns in the model;
4. permitting the acrylic mass to harden whereby the finished forward sockets of 117 (FIG. 6) as shown in top plan view in FIG. 3 are formed while the rear smooth arcuate wire bounded portion 115 forms the other side of the template, the post for the template being formed as a hexagonal post (not shown) to produce thereby a socket 119 for mounting the template.
After the bite registration template 113 has been prepared, it is checked against the positions in the Orthodontic Study Model to verify that the placement of the crowns correspond exactly to the positions that these have in the patient's mouth. To assist in this original assembling of the Orthodontic Study Model and the verification, the Orthodontic Study Model 80 itself is adapted to be mounted by mounting post 111 on to the stage of the mounting and for the purpose of positioning the Study Model on the mounting, a mounting knob 101 serves to immobilize the model 80 in a pre-set position of the track, the rear end of the base of the model 80 occupying the same relative position to the rear of the crowns on the model as the ideal arch position at the rear of the template 113 occupies in the mounting of the template shown in FIG. 3.
At this point the bite registration template is assembled and checked against the model as shown in step 7, the crowns in the model are aligned with the complete bite registration template to account for malocclusion and the bite registration model is ready for the Orthodontist's assembly which will now be described in detail in connection with FIG. 3.
As shown in FIG. 3, wheel 101 moves only the bite registration template 113 and does not move the model 80. This wheel 101 is the knob of pinion 107 shown in FIGS. 2, 3, and 5 which moves the rack and which couples the rack 88 and pinion 89 in FIG. 2 and couples rack 88, pinion 89 and slide 86 in FIG. 5.
Wheel 101 moves the bite registration forward and backward which is towards and away from the operator or that is to and from the crowns 130 of the teeth of the model. This wheel is the means for anterior and posterior movement or in the direction referred to as the z axis.
Wheel 101 does not and cannot move the model 80 or the crowns 130 of the teeth with posts as shown in FIG. 1, and referred to in step 5 of FIG. 1.
Wheel 101, which is the knob of pinion 107, is held within frame 84 shown in FIG. 2 and this frame 84 is rigidly attached to the base of the model 80 as is also shown in FIG. 2.
The movements brought about by wheel 101 are large movements of at least 50 mm. This is the approximate minimum distance that the anterior edge of the bite registration must be retracted away from contact with the anterior crowns so that there will be enough free space for the fingers to manipulate the crowns.
It is seen in FIG. 1 that the bite registration may be turned around to bring the opposite edge to the front, and also that once this bite registration has been used, it may be lifted up and replaced with a totally different one.
The rack and pinion mounting and adjustment was chosen instead of a simple slide because once the bite registration is brought close to the teeth, the bite registration must be held there with a high degree of rigidity while the finer movements of the crowns are being effected so as to couple or oppose each crown to its impression on the border of the bite registration. The friction provided by a good rack and pinion assembly is satisfactory for the staying power required here, while a simple slide would not be satisfactory and would lead to serious othodontic error.
The lower model 80 of the stereodont shown in FIGS. 2 - 5 can be moved in all three directions by four different wheels as follows:
a. wheel 30 provides up and down movements referred to as the y axis of base 20 in FIG. 2 and pari-passu, of everything on top of it;
b. wheel 76 provides different inclinations as required by the different Mandibular Angles;
c. the two wheels, which are marked in x and z, are the x and z plane wheels which belong to the standard-stage of the microscope. In the microscope they move the glass-slide laterally on the x axis and also anteriorly or posteriorly on the z axis.
In this particular stage, shown in FIG. 5, knob x moves the base of the model 80 in FIG. 2 along the x axis which is laterally from right to left and vice-versa, while knob z is for the z axis or for anterior and posterior movements. The x-range is approximately 40 mm. while the z-range is approximately 60 mm. Their combined movements cover a wide expanse which is not required in the usual clinical practice of Orthodontics, but which welcomes in the research on the Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Dention through its evolutionary history and also as a means of framing problems for students during the teaching of the Dynamics of Occlusion; and although wide ranging, these x and z movements are nevertheless very fine and accurately calibrated to a fraction of a millimeter because they are used in determining the so-called "occlusal contacts," "working points," "balancing points," "overjet" and other factors in Occlusal Equilibration which is an important facet of Orthondontic Treatment. It is at this stage also that the "fine adjustment" of wheel 30 comes into play.
While the lower model has movements along the three axis, the upper model has only a hinge movement on hinge 93 in FIG. 2. This hinge provides movement over a 90° angle, from flat horizontal to straight vertical. This hinge action is equivalent to lifting the upper model away from the lower model so that:
the operator can get his hands and fingers into the space to manipulate the crowns;
the bite registration can be rotated or lifted up and out of its post 111; and,
access can be had into the innerspace of the instrument for cleaning, repair and lubrication.
The bite registration and their rack and pinion assemblies for the upper and lower models are similar and are therefore almost exact mirror-images of each other.
The rotary function of 85 in FIG. 2 is also calibrated in fractions of millimeter because it participates in the study of the fine points of occlusion above described. It also establishes saggital deviations of the incisal midlines, of the buccal segments and of the mandibular condyles.
The curvature of the handle is dictated mainly by the excursion of the rack 89 as shown in FIG. 2. When this rack is in its most retracted position, the concavity of the handle must provide sufficient space for the grabbing fingers.
Summarizing the x, y and z movements, the z axis movements are effected by three different wheels:
in the upper member, wheel 101, moves the upper bite registration only and not the model anteriorly and posteriorly;
in the lower member, wheel 101, moves the lower bite registration only and not the model along the z axis, which is anteriorly and posteriorly;
un-numbered wheel z moves the lower model along the z axis.
The y axis movements which are up and down: only wheel 30 does this, but it has both coarse and fine adjustments.
The x axis movement which are laterally: only un-numbered wheel x moves the lower model laterally.
Rotation on the horizontal plane is by stage 85 only.
Rotations on the vertical plane, which is a hinge-like movement, occurs at two places:
at simple hinge 93 for the upper model; and,
at worm-gear assembly 76, 68 and 62 for the lower member.
It should be noted that the present detailed construction of the new dental articulator illustrated in FIGS. 2 - 5 and in particular the detailed showing of the gearing therein includes certain common mechanical movements with a conventional microscope, especially for the vertical movements which brings table 85 into the proper relationship to the base 80 of the model. The x and y movements in the present drawings are similar to the x and y movements of the Williams articulator in U.S. Pat. No. 1,485,657, acknowledged as the prior art herein, and details of the movements of the control knobs for the x and y movements for the rack and pinion are evident from the drawings herein, especially FIGS. 2 - 5.
The support 32 for the circular or rotary stage 85 is anchored by means of screw 33, and the operation of this circular or rotary stage is the same as in the circular stage of a microscope. The tilting operation for the pan head in FIG. 2 under the control of shaft 68 fitted in recesses 74 to engage gear 34 is comparable to that of a pan head used in photography, but the operation has been uniquely simplified in the present construction, which permits centering on indicating mark 40 at the middle of the scale provided by the setting at the index 46. This tilt housing 42 is a wholly new feature in the art of dental articulators.
The rack and pinion tables for the study model 80 are comparable to those in the Williams patent just mentioned. The coarse and fine vertical adjustments for the articulator are provided by adjustment means 30 and the movement of the assembly is similar to adjustments in a microscope as shown by the up and down arrow for vertical flange 18 but there are no optics. Assembly and disassembly of the tilt mechanism is facilitated by virtue of recesses which accommodates shaft 34 and recess 74 for plate 54, the bight portion of 74 fitting in the relationship shown in FIG. 2. The curved handle 21 has a portion 16 which facilitates easy back and forth movement of each of the models within any limits for comparing the crowns or elements of upper to lower. The curve at the lower portion 14 is such that the placement of the tilt mechanism and the up and down coarse and fine adjustment 24 permits compactness in construction. The hinge 93 at the top of the handle support 12 is a unique structural feature which provides a parallel relation between the upper model and lower model, and thumb screws 142 can be aligned in this parallel relationship in accordance with proper procedure.
The three major axis, the x axis, the y axis, and the z axis in relation to the lower and upper models are shown in FIG. 3 wherein adjusting wheel 101 moves the model and bite registration guide forward and backward from the lips of the X-ray, and this is identified as the z direction. The movements are large movements in comparison with the other movements in the x direction. The control means for the x axis (sidewise) movement of the model is wheel 79 which has been identified earlier as the wheel from the mechanical stage for x and y movements. This x and y movement is now eliminated, because the vertical or y axis is controlled by the coarse and fine adjustment 30.
Wheel 79 may give adjustments as little as a tenth of a millimeter. The total displacement required will be very small, perhaps a maximum of 1 to 2 centimeters. The movement up and down (y axis) by control 30 is relatively large, perhaps 10 to 15 centimeters, but nevertheless, a very fine adjustment of a tenth of a millimeter must be measured with the fine adjustment. The movement in the z direction (forward and backward on the jaw) must be made to a very fine accuracy, 0.1 millimeter, and is made by wheel 101. This distance traveled by the bite registration guide and model in the z direction may be from 1 to 10 centimeters but is a lesser distance than the distance traveled by adjustment 30. The numerical value of these dimensions are important in teaching the uses of the machine.
The details of the operating stages are now disclosed in outline form.
Stage A
Preparation of Coronal Assemblies on Model Base
Step 1 (See FIG. 1)
Step 2 (See FIG. 1)
Step 3 (See FIG. 1)
Step 4 (See FIG. 1)
Step 5 (See FIG. 1)
Step 6 (See FIG. 1)
Step 7 (See FIG. 1)
Stage B
Preparation of the Assembled Stereodont
Step 1: Making the bite registration template (FIG. 1)
a: Selection of the bite registration Blank (See substeps under Step 6)
Step 2: Positioning the bite registration on the guide and confirming to model
a: The upper guide consists of a simple rack 88 and pinion 89 with a hexagonal post 111 which exactly fits the center opening of the bite registration guide 113 at socket 119
b: By means of the knob 101, the rack 185 is moved to its extreme outward position.
c: The bite registration template 113 is now affixed to the post 111 and turned so that the edge with the impressions of the teeth is nearest to the upper coronal assembly of teeth crowns 130.
d: By means of the knob 101 the rack is moved forward until the bite registration contacts the coronal assembly of teeth crowns 130
e: The individual crowns are now moved into close contact with their corresponding impressions in the bite registration. This results in an arrangement of the crowns similar to that in the patient
Stage C
Mounting the Assembled Stereodont on the Geared Articulator
The geared articulator is a mechanical frame to position the assembled Stereodont in the equivalent orthodontic parameters of the patients dentition. These parameters ae obtained from the cephalometric analysis of the standard head-plate which the orthodontist has already studied. The parameters relate certain planes and angles of the dentition to the profile, this providing an evaluation of the esthetics of the case.
The geared articulator consists of six elements, which are shown in FIGS. 2, 4 and 5.
Handle 10 is a C-shaped piece of plastic or metal. The lower half has a square configuration to provide a stable attachment to base 22 and for attachment of the coaxial microscope type vertical adjustment 30.
Base 22 is a rectangular flat rigid plastic or metal.
Coaxial vertical adjustment 30 is the standard coaxial mechanism with control gear 62 and adjustable stops as used in the conventional Nikon Microscope.
Tilt-table support 32 is a pan-head which is modified by incorporation of a worm-gear control 62 on shaft 68 and the housing 42 has a scale 46 graduated in degrees with index pointer 40 to provide rotation in the vertical plane. Turning the knob 76 causes the gear 62 to rotate. This rotation is transmitted directly to the stem 33 attached to the shaft of the gear 62.
Rotary Stage 85 is a standard graduated, rotary stage as used in the Nikon Microscope which provides rotation in the horizontal plane.
Linear-mechanical stages 80 and 81 (upper and lower) are each standard mechanical stages as used in the Nikon Microscope and provide linear movements in the x and y directions.
Hinge 93 serves to attach the upper assembled Stereodont and provides rotation through 90° from a straight vertical to a straight horizontal position (latter shown in FIG. 2).
Stage D
Assembly to Articulator
Step 1: Clamp lower member of the assembled Stereodont on mechanical stage 81
Step 2: Clamp the upper member of Stereodont to the hinged stage 80 below ring 91
Step 3: By turning tilt knob 76, tilt the lower assembly to the angular value of the Mandibular Plane. (A cephalometric value)
Step 4: By means of the coaxial adjustment 30 raise the lower member until it contacts the upper member
Step 5: By adjustments of the rotary stage 85 the midlines of the upper and lower assemblies are brought into alignment
Step 6: By adjustment of one or both mechanical stages 80 and 81, the upper and lower first molars are brought into their correct occlusal relation
Step 7: The instrument is now ready for the orthodontist who will analyze and explain diagnosis and treatment planning
The arch wire portion of the bite registration guide is formed to an ideal shape which represents the natural curve which the teeth of the patient will take for the most desirable movement to accomplish the objective of the orthodontic treatment.
The ideal arch in the natural curve obviously matches the span of the molars, the forward ideal arch of the incisors and canine teeth, and effectively serves as a short stiff beam spring against which the basic movements of the teeth can be measured and can be related directly to a standard Cephalometric Tracing Analysis and to the entries by the Tweed and Steiners procedures which is common practice in copyrighted orthodontic charts such as those put out by the Dental Corporation of America.
The basic movements which are carried out against the arch are the same as those with the arch appliance:
labiolingual movement;
rootmovement in a mesiodistal direction;
depression and elevation of teeth;
buccolingual and labiolingual root movement (edgewise arch only);
space closure and opening; and
the correction of arch relation by means of intermaxillary and extra-oral traction.
It should be kept in mind that the ideal arch as an essential component of the present bite registration guide provides an additional guide to orthodontic procedures because it permits the Orthodontist to evaluate the nature of the pressures which are required to move single teeth and the nature of the forces where imbricated teeth are ligatured to the arch so that the pressure is dispersed through pressure of the teeth against each other.
The ideal arch provides another important advantage especially when the arch is mounted on the new dental articulator of the invention and is used to evaluate the depression and elevation of individual teeth. The usual twin wire arch orthodontic appliance used for depression and elevation of individual teeth requires great care, especially with incisors to exert a very gentle force at the ligature of an arch wire into the channel since the apical vessels and nerves are particularly susceptible to injury by excessive elongating forces. In this case the planning for the movement of the neighboring teeth can be part of the diagnosis planning which is suggested and indeed graphically presented because of the two sides of the bite registration guide. The imbricated teeth may require movement as a group on order to accommodate the gentle forces for the incisors. The tipping of the apices of the teeth can likewise be controlled in a new manner because of the single "split-field" representation, actual bite on one side and ideal on the other, which, together with the Cephalometric Tracing Analysis, introduces the tilt displacement in the vertical or z direction. Rotations can be duplicated with the Stereodont Orthodontic Study Model and each of the seven basic movements can be charted by the Tweed and Steiners procedures in order to create a plurality of alternate orthodontic treatment plans, these being carried out by model movements with the Stereodont Orthodontic Study Model of my U.S. Pat. No. 3,787,979.
An especially valuable advantage of the bite registration guide can be achieved with the planning mesiodistal root movement can be effected in the buccal segments either with the "round arch" or with the edgewise arch with the use of second order bends. These movements tip the teeth in the buccal segment en masse at the crowns or at the apices as the operator desires.
The importance of these plan movements is based upon the fact that all of the fixed orthodontic appliances give rise to complicated anchorage problems. The reactions from the stressed sections of the arches are applied directly to the adjoining teeth and, on account of the continuity of the dental arch, to the teeth immediately beyond. The effect of these forces of reaction have to be carefully assessed and appropriate steps taken to make sure that no unwanted tooth movements take place.
Intermaxillary and extra-oral traction are frequently used with all these appliances for the purpose of correcting arch relationships and for securing adequate anchorage in some cases. There is an extensive literature dealing with these fixed appliances. These appliances introduce such a complexity of pressures and reactions into the dental arch that it is sometimes difficult or impossible to assess exactly how much pressure is being applied to any one spot. Furthermore, root form influences the movement of the teeth mechanically and the small alterations in occlusal relation and the relation of the teeth in the same arch affects the distribution of stress from day to day. Lastly, the alveolar bone is a living tissue and it does not always react in a purely mechanical way to mechanical stresses.
When an arch type of appliance has been planned and put into position, it must be carefully watched and accurate assessments made of changes that occur and particular care taken that relative movements are not mistaken for the particular movements that are the objectives aimed at.
Cephalometrics comprises measurement, description and appraisal of the configuration and growth changes in the skull by ascertaining the dimensions of lines, angles, and planes between anthropometric landmarks established by physical anthropologists, and between points selected by orthodontists.
The quantification of the faciodental complex by means of roentgenographic cephalometrics is a principal concern of orthodontists.
Anthropometry furnishes the dimensions of the teeth and jaws in various stages of human development, and in different races. It supplies reliable data on changes in the jaws during growth. It shows the dentist the normal variability in all the structures that concern him, and the progression of changes under changing conditions.
Downs' cephalometric analysis in 1948 was the first and most successful contribution which made of cephalometrics a valuable semantic, diagnostic and research medium in orthodontics.
The Tweed method is based on Tweed's contention that the great majority of malocclusions are characterized by a deficiency between teeth and "basal bone," which shows itself in an abnormal forward relationship of the teeth to the bodies of the maxillary and mandibular jaws.
The Tweed evaluation as described in the Practice of Orthodontics*, Volume II, at page 868 is actually a cephalometric evaluation of the need for extraction and is used most directly in determining the amount of space available or required for correction of malocclusion. FNT *Salzmann, J. B. Lippincott Company, 1966,
The mandible usually is characterized by excessive irregularity of the teeth, alveolodental protrusion of incisors, and frequent impaction of third molars. The forward relationship of the dental arches and forward axial inclination of the incisor teeth are responsible in large measure for malrelation of the dental arches, crowding and imbalance of the facial profile.
When the teeth in a dental arch cannot be put into regular alignment without increasing the axial procumbency of the incisors, it becomes necessary to reduce the number of teeth to be accommodated in the arch. This procedure avoids displacing the teeth in relation to the basal bone (basal arch) of the jaws which otherwise would result in an unstable dentition followed by "relapse" when the use of orthodontic appliances, including retainers, is discontinued.
Tweed conceived the diagnostic facial triangle as a basis for diagnosis and treatment planning. The facial triangle consists of tracing the following angles on the X-ray:
1. FMA -- the Frankfort Mandibular Plane Angle.
2. IMA -- the Incisor Mandibular Plane Angle.
3. FMIA -- the Frankfort Mandibular Incisor Angle.
The above are defined in the Practice of Orthodontics, Volume II, page 869.
In addition consideration is given to:
A-N-B -- the A-point-Nasion-B-point Angle, and
S-N -- the sella-nasion line.
The above lines are also defined in the Practice of Orthodontics, Volume II, page 869.
Tweed established 25° as the norm for the frankfort-mandibular plane angle (FMA), and 90° as the norm for the mandibular incisor-mandibular plane angle (IMA). By extending the line through the axial plane of the mandibular incisor to the Frankfort-horizontal plane the third angle, the Frankfort-mandibular incisor angle (FMIA) of 65°, is obtained.
After the Tweed diagnostic triangle is traced on the profile roentgenogram and a template may be used in locating the apex of the mandibular incisor tooth.
The A-N-B angle indicates the mesiodistal relation of the anterior limits of the maxillary and mandibular basal arches. The normal range is from -5° to 0°, with 65 per cent of cases examined ranging from -3° to 0°.
S-N line is used for superimposing cephalometric tracings in order to obtain the facial growth changes in patients under observation. The Bolton construction also may be used.
As a result of the Tweed procedure and based upon hundreds of studies, the angles are related to each other by means of a FMIA formula. Tweed adopted an FMA range of 16° to 35° with an average norm of 25°. If the FMA is 16° to 25° less extraction is necessary than when the FMA is upward of 30°. When FMA is 30° the mandibular incisor must be tipped to 85° to maintain 65° for the FMIA.
The A-N-B angle is reduced by the following method:
1. Distal movement of the A-point
2. Mesial movement of the B-point
3. Combination of the above.
The above very brief summary of the Tweed method illustrates recommendation for extraction and the specific use of orthodontic appliances.
It will be seen that by the Tweed method available dental arch space is recorded by measuring the mesiodistal dimensions of all teeth present or that should be present in the mouth mesial to the 1st molars on both sides. Also by the Tweed method a profile roentgenogram correction is planned and carried out.
The diagnostic facial triangle is drawn on the profile roentgenogram. A dotted line is drawn from the apex of the most forward mandibular incisor to the Frankfort horizontal at the desired FMIA of 65°. The mandibular incisor teeth will then have to be moved labially or lingually to this newly established FMIA. If 10° have to be subtracted from the existing FMIA to obtain the desired FMIA of 65° it is necessary to move the incisors inward approximately 5 mm. on each side of the mandibular dental arch.
The present articulating device correlates the precise position with both roentgenograms, the profile and the full face.
Similarly, the Steiners' procedure can be correlated to the present articulator to follow the initial placement and final placements under the treatment goal and treatment plan. The Steiner analysis compares a specific case of malocclusion to a set of norm measurements. This is used then as a basis for planning treatment in the individual patient. Variations from the norms presented depend on certain factors that occur in individual patients. Steiner's method of cephalometrics can be divided into the following three steps:
1. Diagnosis. Determine the nature of the dentofacial abnormality.
2. Treatment Goal. What can be done to correct the anomaly.
3. Treatment Plan. The treatment indicated to accomplish the treatment goal.
Under the Steiner treatment a profile analysis is made for the varying stages of treatment and a very accurate evaluation of the success of the treatment can be made in difficulty cases where the mandibular arch and its anchorage are to be changed for permanent improvement.
It is recognized that the Tweed and Steiner procedures are only a few of the large number of procedures which utilize cephalometric analysis to change the facial appearance and the dentition of the patient. For each of these, there is a need for accurately positioning nodels of the patients dentition against standard roentgenograms to add an additional quantitative dimension to orthodontics.
The method of using the Stereodont adds to the known cephalometric analysis procedures a precise quantitative measurement in absolute units applicable to each tooth which can be visually displayed as well as manipulated by hand. These measurements are x, y and z displacements in relation to the Frankfort plane.
In the textbooks Practice of Orthodontics, Salzmann, J. B. Lippincott Company, 1966, Volumes I and II, there are listed 10 different procedures on cephalometric analysis and the three different procedures on tooth ratio analysis. A brief summary of Downs, Tweed and Steiner's procedures shows the typical application of the invention.
The articulator movement of special teeth anticipates extraction or movement in a particular mode, e.g., laterially, vertically, canting, or the like. Specifically utilizing the Stereodont assembly with the full complement, we can identify the location of a particular tooth in a space available for correcting malocclusion.
In the Tweed method we are dealing with the tooth and the bone and a forward relationship in respect to the ideal lingual arch. If the arch of the bite registration guide is placed over the Stereodont replica, one can simultaneously overlay the roentgenogram to determine the movement of the tooth relative to the bone, the movement of the tooth relative to the arch on the bite registration guide, and the absolute value in millimeters in the x, y and z directions together with the angle of cant or tilt. These relationships permit the identification, by diagram, of a sector of the bite registration guide in the area of specific tooth movement or extraction. The sector of the bite registration guide defines an area, the matching of the Stereodont assembly moved against the ideal arch provides a depth relationship for this same sector, and the roentgenogram provides a delimiting dimension at the bone interface with the tooth to precisely define the depth of the sector. In short, the sector area and depth can be directly measured on the articulator with the full assembly of Stereodont and bite registration guide.
Obviously, templates may be used which would be definitive of each of the three methods of cephalometrics identified herein.
Utilizing the views of the drawings in FIGS. 2 and 3, one selects a particular tooth and describes a specific area in a sector between the bordering teeth identified in the drawing. Manipulation of the tilting table by handle 76, worm 68 and gear 34 would provide a measure of the jaw angle.
The steps are as follows:
a. extraction and relocation to provide the ideal bite;
b. improvement in facial features for plastic surgery where teeth and jaw are lost and damaged by accident; and,
c. correction of malformation in a young growing child where limitations are placed upon degree of movement or correction due to growth factors.
All three procedures, Downs, Tweed and Steiner, provide a systematic recording for diagnosis and treatment planning in which an overlay over the X-ray can be diagrammed in relation to the mandibular plane, the Frankfort plane and the facial planes. By making the plane of the bite registration guide as the Frankfort plane, the Stereodont and bite registration guide will automatically be lined up and the treatment diagnosis chart may be made on a projection screen with the aligned bite registration guide, Stereodont, and profile roentgenogram.
All of the measurements may be posted on the treatment diagnosis draft.
The present method expresses the concept of adjusting the plane of the bite registration guide in the Frankfort plane relative to the roentgenogram, and measuring the displacement of any selected tooth in millimeters along the x, y and z directions and further adjusting the angle of tilt in order to properly rotate the tooth.
We will now focus on a particular tooth and define its sector depth, sector area, and bone interface, as its critical parameters. To this effect, reference is made to FIGS. 7 - 16 for disclosing the capacities of the instrument. There is selected the most typical malocclusion: Class II, Division, requiring the extraction of the four first premolars.
FIG. 7: Shows a few of the cephalometric relations of the original condition:
1. teeth protrude considerably beyond the Facial Plane; and,
2. the molar relation is incorrect.
FIG. 8: The teeth have been abstracted so that we may follow the treatment procedure and remedy. Note that tooth No. 4 (1st premolar) is missing due to extraction. This provides a space which is called "a deleted neighborhood."
FIG. 9: The canines (No. 3) have been retracted by tilting them into the extraction space.
FIG. 10: The canines are now upright. The "deleted neighborhood" or space has now shifted to the other side (mesial) of the canines.
FIG. 11: The anterior teeth are now retracted into the space. The reciprocal forces utilized (called Class II mechanics) causes a relative shift of the molars also, which is desirable.
FIG. 12: Residual spaces are closed (consolidation) and the details of occlusion (setting the occlusion for optimum intercuspation) attended to.
FIG. 14: This shows the cephalometric changes. These are best appreciated by superposing FIG. 13 on the Frankfort plane and/or the Facial plane.
FIG. 13: Shows how the original condition is setup on the Stereodont and the full treatment procedures carried out there so as to confirm or correct the proposed Treatment Plan. The outline of the bite registration guide is shown.


text:
Pam Lins
Adjunct Professor
Pam Lins refers to her work primarily as sculpture. Through it she contemplates the social and psychological with regard to material, process and approach. In addition to sculpture, her range of adoptive methods includes painting, gardening and fiction writing. Lins' work has been shown in Europe, Canada and the US. In New York her work has been exhibited at the Brooklyn Museum of Art, White Columns, Artists Space, Momenta Art, Art in General, Sculpture Center and Socrates Sculpture Park.
Lins has taught 3D Design, Sculpture and Drawing at the Cooper Union School of Art. She has also taught at Princeton, the Fashion Institute of Technology and numerous other institutions. Lins was an Artist in Residence in the Downtown Studio Program, a division of the New School University.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Norfolk Pat-TestingElectrical Testing Specialists
In Norfolk we provide PAT testing in Norwich, King's Lynn, Hunstanton, Thetford, Downham Market and all other surrounding areas.
Pure-PAT is a Portable Appliance Testing company based in Cambridgeshire with numerous skilled technicians located across the country. We offer an unbeatable service that's guided by our five main principles:
Pure-PAT has multiple skilled engineers, all of our skilled technicians have undergone a security check and thorough training to ensure they're qualified to the City & Guild Standard.
The local nature of our technicians means we can deploy someone to your door within hours, while our high standard of training means that from the moment an engineer enters your premises, you can expect nothing but the absolute best in efficiency and safety.
Every one of our engineers meet our rigorous high standard of quality; we offer both electrical testing AND electrical training, so we know exactly what skills a PAT testing technician should have before entering service, and provide additional training and refreshers for any engineer that requires them.
We believe that every employee should be a PAT Tester first, with many of our non-technician workers having received a PAT Testing qualification. By training as many people as possible, from our customer advisors to our website administrator, we can ensure that every person you speak to at Pure-PAT will know exactly what they're talking about!
We offer PAT testing to everyone, no matter the size or complexity of the job – from small charities and home visits to large-scale industrial complexes and government buildings, if you require a PAT testing job, you can guarantee we'll be there!
We've an impressive back history of successful assignments, having performed job for groups and businesses ranging from Mishcon De Reya and Universal to the Samaritans and GKN Aerospace, with a plethora of small offices, factories, schools, community centers and businesses along the way. Our ability to deliver has impressed over 5,000 clients nationwide and resulted in Pure-PAT being nominated for TWO different customer service awards!
Every single person that operates with Pure-PAT is hired by and works for us, we DON'T sub-contract out to lesser companies, so when you take us on for a job you can rely on our engineers to get the job done every time.
We cover many major commercial hot-spots and we here at Pure-PAT understand that any unnecessary distractions or interruptions to your business or home life could have a significant impact upon your earning potential, therefore, we've made sure to train everyone from our customer advisors to our technicians to be kind, courteous and, most important of all, as efficient as possible, ensuring that at every point of interaction – from scheduling a visit to signing off an engineer, things go as quick and smoothly as possible, limiting any negative impact.
Some companies have been known to discriminate against you based purely on location, with certain jobs costing far more simply because you happen to be located in a high-value area – not us! Here at Pure-PAT, our prices for PAT testing are no different than anywhere else! We don't inflate our prices simply because of your location – Once more, we don't add on any hidden charges and our Customer Support Staff are more than happy to go through each and every part of a quotation or invoice with you, allowing you to see exactly what you're getting for your money.
If you need PAT testing done, or simply have a question you'd want to ask, then please feel free to contact us! we can be reached by phone, fax or email. For a fast quotation request, you can also contact us via this online form. You can even visit us at our main office and arrange a test in person!


text:
Personal Trainers in Carmichael, CA
Carmichael Active - View club info
5114 Arden Way
Carmichael, CA 95608
Browse the profiles below to learn more about our Personal Trainers in Carmichael, CA. Once you've found your trainer, you can purchase personal training sessions online. We'll do our best to match you up with the personal trainer that you choose but availability may vary.*
Not ready to choose a trainer?
Purchase a Personal Training package and choose a trainer in club.
Install 24GO App to Request a Free Fit Appointment


text:
Re: Boba Fett Potato Head
how did i not think of that???? Good Idea
[url=http://lfgcomic.com/page/1]Interrogations are hard...[/url]
Message Boards - Boba Fett Fan Club → Collecting → Boba Fett Potato Head
how did i not think of that???? Good Idea
Lets see that in toy story!
ya its kool but why why could they have not given the potato any armour...like all the other figures in that series humph but still its freakin awsome with a capitol A OOOooooh YAH
Last I heard they were exclusive to the Disney Theme parks... stay tuned...
eBay is a Fett Collector's best friend.
eBay is a Fett Collector's best friend.
...and a credit cards worst enemy...
I'd gotten Darth Tatter for a Christmas gift when it came out. Otherwise I'd never had bought it. Since I had it I bought the Stormtrooper one and will get the R2-D2 also. I'll be getting the set of these to go along with them.
Yes, it is a Disney exclusive. I got it for 8 bucks and change. (Thank God for the 35% off cast member discount) It's also pretty funny looking with the eyes sticking out of the helmet.
Thats great. I like it. He has Visor eyes
So they're already out. Very cool. Have to keep an eye out for them now. Thanks for the update, guys.
I can get you one if you want it.
Message Boards - Boba Fett Fan Club → Collecting → Boba Fett Potato Head
Generated in 0.072 seconds (89% PHP - 11% DB) with 10 queries


text:
World 1: The Mines
Spelunky opens in The Mines, a subterranean series of trapped corridors and chambers.
The Mines are host to a number of foul creatures, the persistent Ghost, and the Key.
While adventuring through the mines your objective should be to collect all of the damsels and stack up on as much gold and bombs as possible. The items you collect in the mines makes or breaks the rest of the game.
Don't be a frivolous spender at the store. Buy every useful item you can. With that being said there are many items that you should avoid. For example: The Web Gun and the Camera. These items are not worth your money. Bombs, ropes, kisses, and any item you dont have to carry is worth the purchase.
The most hazardous obstacles in the mines are the Arrow Traps. Always look down before you drop. Carry a rock or pot in your hand to set off the arrow traps. Also, keep in mind you can use the Damsel for protection against an arrow trap.
Giant Spiders are relatively easy to deal with if you have bombs. You can throw a bomb into the web beneath them for an automatic kill. If you are unable to spare any bombs to kill them, you may want to avoid confrontation. They take way too many hits and you are likely to be ill equipped to handle them. If you do happen to kill one they drop a handy item, Paste.
Be patient with the Bats. Do not run at bats with reckless abandon. They often come at you diagonally, which is problematic for your whip attack.
Keep an eye on the roof for falling Spiders.
Always jump or whip piles of bones just in case they decide to spring to life.
Remember you can walk on Spikes; you just can't fall on them. You can also jump up to them if you are a square below the spikes.
The mines contain a locked chest and key, which is required to reach The Black Market, The City of Gold, and World 5: Hell. All of these can unlock Achievements.


text:
Roosebeck Sheesham Cajon. The top, bottom, sides and back of this box shaped drum are made of a light weight plywood with an attractive sheesham veneer. The front is thin Baltic Birch Plywood which acts as the striking surface. The thin metal snares are about 6 inches long and are attached to 2 anchors on a tuning rod. The adjusting knob can make the snares touch the front or be free to sway. The circular soundhole on the back is a 5 inch opening. The playing surface is not restricted to the 19.25" X 12.25" front; it can be played on multiple sides. Play with your hands and fingers, or with mallets and beaters. There are 4 rubber feet on the bottom.
Roosebeck Sheesham Cajon


text:
BACKGROUND IMAGE: iSTOCK/GETTY IMAGES
- FeatureRFID May Strain Storage
- FeatureiSCSI Waters Getting Warmer
- FeatureAttachStor reclaims e-mail storage
- FeatureInfiniBand Storage in Limbo
- FeatureOracle RAC, the Easy Way
- FeatureAre full backups dead?
- FeatureRein in e-mail storage
- FeatureRemote DR: faster, farther and cheaper
- Feature4 Gb Fibre Channel: Everyone's On Board
- FeatureHome is Where the Storage Is
- FeaturePut Your Data on Ice
- FeatureThe great divide: mainframe and open-systems storage
- FeatureIs storage certification worth it?
- FeatureSnapshot: How is Your SAN Architected?
- FeatureHow to get the best service for the least amount of money
- FeatureGeeks and spies are running storage security
- FeatureLost world or lost opportunity?
- FeatureHot data storage startups
- FeatureImplementing new data storage technologies
iSTOCK/GETTY IMAGES
AttachStor reclaims e-mail storage
We review the AttachStor Suite, a new tool that promises to save money in Exchange and Domino environments by reducing the number of servers and the amount of storage that attachments use.
- W. Curtis Preston, Druva
|How Attachstor works for internal e-mail
When asked why, the storage admin replied: "very long backup and very long recovery times."
That client--like a lot of other Exchange users--found that if an Exchange database gets to more than 25GB to 30GB, it takes too long to back it up and even longer to restore. This is especially true if you aren't using a mailbox-level backup and recovery system. In that case, the only solution for recovering a single mailbox is to recover the entire information store to another server, then move the desired mailbox using standard Exchange tools.
Therefore, every time my client's Exchange information stores gets larger than 25GB to 30GB, they make another Exchange server. The result is an incredible waste of money, as each one of these servers requires its own hardware and software, including licenses for Windows, Exchange, backup software, antivirus and firewall software and all of the maintenance fees that go along with software packages.
There's a clichÉ that says someone's problem is someone else's opportunity. The AttachStor Suite from AttachStor Inc. in Scottsdale, AZ, solves the problem of overgrown Exchange and Domino information stores by limiting the number of e-mail attachments.
Everyone knows that attachments consume a lot of storage. According to AttachStor, 21% of e-mail messages have attachments which consume 94% of a typical organization's e-mail resources, and 60% to 65% of those attachments are either duplicates or revisions of existing attachments. The company says this is the case even if your mail product is using single instance store where each attachment is supposed to be stored only once.
Single instance store
Exchange and Domino have single instance store, but apparently it doesn't work the way we think it should. It works from the message level. This means that if a single attachment is sent to 100 users on the same server, that attachment will only be stored once. However, if someone replies "to all," and attaches the same message again, it will again get stored once. Think of the number of times an attachment floats around your organization; compound that by the number of times that attachment is modified and you'll begin to see why single instance store in Exchange and Domino doesn't live up to the hype.
Attachments cause other problems, too--especially for remote users. Who hasn't received an e-mail with a multimegabyte attachment and waited several minutes for it to download? Then, what happens if you need to modify the attached file and send it back? Upload speeds are even worse than download speeds with many Internet connections.
|Attachstor at a glance
The AttachStor solution
These are the problems that AttachStor sets out to solve, and its solution is relatively simple. It pulls the attachments out of the Exchange or Notes information store, and stores them in a separate database that supports true single instance store and delta-level incremental storage for all attachments. There's an Outlook and Notes client that integrates with AttachStor to provide more functionality to remote users.
Then there's the AttachStor server, which is typically installed on a dedicated server. It uses a Messaging Application Program Interface (MAPI), a Microsoft program interface that enables you to send e-mail from a Windows application, attach a document to the e-mail to communicate with Exchange or Domino and extract the attachments from the information store. This means that if it's installed on a separate server--which is how it is normally done--no software needs to be installed on the Exchange server.
AttachStor extracts, compresses and encrypts each attachment, stores them in its own file system, then replaces it with a 1K HTML file, or what AttachStor calls a Storfile. A Storfile is a special file that is used as a pointer to the real attachments in the AttachStor file system. Attachments with the same name are compared to verify that they are indeed the same file. If they are, then only one instance of that file will be stored in the AttachStor file system, regardless of how many messages or information stores it was used in. So, if you have multiple information stores on a server or multiple Exchange or Domino servers, it will provide true single instance store for a given file across all of those servers.
If AttachStor finds that a given attachment is a modified version of another attachment, it will store the bit-level differences between the two files. For example, suppose you had a 10MB attachment that is actually a revision of another 10MB file stored in the information store, but only 1MB of that file has changed. In that case, the 1MB differences would be stored in the AttachStor file system, significantly reducing the space required for versions of other attachments.
However, there's a slight downside to extracting all attachments. Once an attachment is extracted, an Outlook or Domino client user that doesn't have the AttachStor plug-in will have to click twice to receive that attachment. That is, they will receive an attachment they will have to open containing an HTML link to the real attachment in the AttachStor file system. While this minor issue doesn't apply to Outlook/Domino users that have the plug-in, some organizations won't deploy the plug-in on every desktop/laptop because of the additional cost.
Some companies say this inconvenience is worth it, compared to the amount of space they save by extracting all attachments. Other companies extract only attachments older than 30 days, leaving their most recent attachments in the information store. The AttachStor analysis tool breaks down attachments by age, so storage admins can decide what's the best policy for their organization.
If a user is running the AttachStor client, the movement of these files is invisible. When a user requests an attachment that would normally be in the information store, AttachStor automatically retrieves that attachment from the AttachStor database, without having to click twice. If the file that the user requested is a revision of another file, AttachStor merges the original file stored in the AttachStor database with the changes found in the Storfile, thereby presenting to the client the complete, revised file.
The user's desktop/laptop running the client has its own local cache of received attachments. If the user receives an attachment that is a duplicate of another attachment, the AttachStor client tells the AttachStor server that it has it, and the second attachment would not need to be downloaded to the user again. Even better, if the user receives a later revision of an attachment that's already in a local cache, the AttachStor server knows that and will send the user a Storfile that contains only the bit-level differences between the two versions. Then, when the user opens the attachment, the AttachStor client automatically merges the differences with the original that is in the client cache.
Imagine being able to send a 20MB PowerPoint file back and forth between remote users who are connected to the Internet via dial-up. If users are doing a POP3 or IMAP session, all they're downloading in their initial session is the message with the Storfile attached, and the Storfile is small.
|Corporate e-mail traffic, 2002 and 2006
Will Microsoft add this functionality?
At first, I wondered if this wonderful functionality might be something that Microsoft might add to its product at a future date, making an investment in AttachStor a waste. However, I doubt that will ever happen. Using this functionality allows a storage admin to significantly reduce the number of information stores, reducing licensing costs for both the operating system and Exchange.
There are areas for improvement, of course. One of the other issues with mail is remote PST files. Think about all of the intellectual property that resides in attachments embedded in files. Wouldn't it be wonderful if AttachStor could use its software to solve this problem?
I also wonder about those companies who don't use Exchange or Domino, and use all kinds of products that make mail accessible via IMAP. Consider my company's anti-spam system. Because installing an inline spam filter was a problem, we used a free tool called IMAP Spam Begone to open our IMAP in boxes, checked them for spam using SpamAssassin and then moved those messages to a spam folder--all from about 600 lines of Python code. Surely AttachStor could apply its technology in the same way.
Areas for improvement aside, it looks like the AttachStor Suite is a great tool that could save Exchange and Domino environments lots of money by reducing the number of servers they have, and reducing the storage that attachments use, making things much easier for remote users. AttachStor does this for about $20 per user. If you're using Exchange or Domino, I'd be giving these guys a call.
Related Resources
- Filling the Gaps in Office 365 Data Protection –Druva Software


text:
The weather has been truly awful this winter, with all most non-stop rain. However this has not deterred Jez and I (mostly Jez!!) from carrying out some major work on the swims. The platforms in some of the swims were rotting and needed to be replaced so we decided to use the most natural resource we had, the sweet chestnut coppice in the woods. We felled a number of twenty year old coppice trees to their original coppice stools (and we hope we can harvest these in the years to come for fence posts) we then cut the sections to length and flattened each side to use as swim fronts.
Redmill Bait is supplied by http://www.shorelinebaits.com
The Depot, Pixham LaneDorking, Surrey RH4 1PHUK - England & Wales
Tel: 01483 727535 / Mob: 07967 321115
Tel (France): 0033 297 933 890
Identifiant SIRET 801 020 769 00015


text:
Thanks to Priceless Joy for hosting FFftAW. Apologies this is a longer piece than should be but sometimes pieces develop into much more and there is also a second part to this prompt.
Part 1:
Evangeline was a child prodigy playing songs on the piano from the radio, by ear, at age six. Her mother, Ruth, had dreams of her daughter being a classical music concert pianist.
Grudgingly, Evangeline passed all her Royal Conserveratory piano exams up to the tenth grade when she was only nine-years-old. Although forbidden from playing popular music, when she was home alone, she sang along to her Ipod and wrote her own songs with vocals.
Then, Ruth forced her daughter to travel the world playing classical music concerts. Evangeline's classical piano arrangements were powerful and exhilarating to hear because of her resentment and hatred blended into every composition.
After graduating with an honours BA in music while touring, Evangaline refused to do more university degrees in music or to tour playing concerts. She had never been given a choice about how she wanted to use her talents or live her life. Her mother calling her 'selfish,' pushed her over the edge.
She left home and didn't look back.
©Mandibelle16. (2017) All Rights Reserved.


text:
Two weeks down
Can't believe it's Friday already. This week flew. Wednesday was a perfect day: high 50s, sunny, windy. We finished up our bags yesterday and have a new guy joining our crew today. Berg is out of town so A2, Claudio, and I are on our own today.
The shot above is our shop (well, Cory's shop, really). It's the garage at Island Creek Headquarters and until we get our float in the water, it's where we're doing all of our processing (counting, washing, bagging). Those are the famous orange Grunden's and orange crates. Our bags are stacked up on the palettes, getting ready to go into the walk-in cooler. We harvested those Tuesday and they were probably in restaurants by Thursday morning.
Last night I met up with friends for dinner at Toro and it was my first experience eating our oysters since I've been on the farm. There's a strong chance that the ones we ate went through my hands at one point during the process (and they were fantastic: marinated, served on the half shell, then sprinkled with grains of paradise and a hit of Tabasco saffron emulsion - really bright and tasty). That's why this whole thing just keeps getting better.


text:
Human blood genetics are quite complex because at each point there are a number of possible characteristics. Nevertheless, understanding blood types, and the genetics of human blood is far easier than that of any other human tissue. To make things a little easier to understand, here are some guidelines for understanding how both the ABO blood types and the Rh system work.
The ABO Blood Types
- Each person receives an A, a B, or an O gene from each parent.
- The A and B genes are co-dominant, and the O gene is recessive.
- A person whose genetic type is either AA or AO will have blood type A, those with genetic type BB or BO will have blood type B, and only those with genetic type OO will have blood type O.
- A child with type O blood can have parents with type A, type B, or type O blood, but not type AB. Conversely, if two parents both have type O blood, all their children will have type O blood.
The Rh System
The Rh system is actually far more complex than the ABO system in that there are 35 different possibilities that one could inherit from each parent. These, however, are roughly grouped into positive and negative types. In this system the positive are dominant over the negative.
- If your genetic type is ++ or +-, your blood type will be Rh positive.
- Only if your genetic type is — will you be Rh negative.
- If both parents have Rh+ blood with the +- genes, they could have children who are ++, +-, or –. In other words, their children could be either Rh positive or Rh negative.
- Most children who are O negative have parents who are positive, since the +- combination is so much more common than the — combination.


text:
This section is dedicated to meaningful miscellaneous site and automotive topics that do not really belong in off-topic.
Use this control to limit the display of threads to those newer than the specified time frame.
Allows you to choose the data by which the thread list will be sorted.
Order threads in...
Note: when sorting by date, 'descending order' will show the newest results first.
Forum Rules


text:
Sign up at Alt Personals and see for yourself why we're the UK's number one website for meeting men and women who revel in being different. Join now and surf the personals of people who live and love their lives outside of society's boundaries.
Independant, curious, inquisitive, listening, aloof.
50 Dominatrix Leicester
Sensual but Dominant Mistress seeks a slave to kneal before her to enjoy BDSM, role play, fetish...
41 Dominatrix Leicester
Dominant female looking for a submissive Male/female. Must be willing to fulfill my every need....
i'm just me...take it or leave it. adventerous & willing


text:
Interested in Advertising on 780Tuners? Please contact us
If you are contacted by any business other than the below listed by PM or email, please report that to a moderator. 780Tuners does not moderate or take any Responsibility of the business conducted with a sponsor and their forum.
We specialize In Automotive Window Tinting, That Is What We Do Best, A Jack Of All Trades Is A Master Of None.
July 9th, 2018, 12:30 PM
April 7th, 2018, 11:43 AM
October 16th, 2017, 01:40 PM
|Super low rates for good drivers! Your Alberta Auto, Home, Business and Travel Insurance Broker
March 15th, 2017, 09:17 PM
May 9th, 2013, 04:08 PM
Car Audio Olympics Sale and...
August 11th, 2018, 09:22 AM


text:
Pearce dominates for Big V
It was the Daisy Pearce show. The Victorian captain put on a master class in Saturday night's inaugural AFLW State of Origin match with 37 possessions to steer the Big V to a big victory in a best-on-ground performance.
Her efforts in the midfield were capitalised on by the Victorian forwards who kicked 17 goals to the Allies' two, to win the game by a whopping 97 points.
Presented with the best on ground award after the match, Pearce channelled the great Ted Whitten: "We stuck it right up 'em'".
What started off as an evenly contested match quickly opened up into a Victorian whitewash, with the skill and class of the Victorian midfielders outshining their opposition in front of a crowd of AFLW fans at Etihad Stadium.
The Allies had the upper hand in the first quarter, scoring the opening goal of the match. However, their forwards failed to capitalise on forward entries, scoring only the one goal for the quarter.
On the other hand, Victoria's small forwards Ellie Blackburn and Jamie Lambert made the most of their opportunities resulting in their side going into the quarter-time break leading by seven points.
From the opening bounce of the second quarter it was clear the Victorians were looking to break away from their opponents.
Pearce continued her dominance through the midfield, assisted closely by teammates Kara Donnellan and Karen Paxman. In an enormous team effort, the Victorians had six individual goalkickers, sending their team into the half-time break with a 39-point lead.
Davey was pivotal down back, acting as an anchor and ensuring that any opportunities forward for the Allies were quickly combated.
It was clear that Allies coach Bec Goddard has asked her players to lift in the second half with her side coming out with greater intensity, led by Katie Brennan who had been moved into the midfield. But their solid start to the half was short-lived, with three of their key players going down with injuries.
Emma Zielke copped some friendly fire from a teammate who kneed her in the ribs, captain Chelsea Randall got a badly corked leg and Kirby Bentley went down with what seemed a serious knee injury. The Victorians capitalised and took their lead out to 59 points, with Jamie Lambert and Garner continuing their dominance inside 50.
The misery continued in the final quarter, with the Victorians adding an extra six goals to their tally.
Garner finished the game with five goals and Blackburn with three. The Allies remained goalless for the entire second half despite a number of forward entries.
Victoria: Pearce, Donnellan, Paxman, Garner, Davey
Allies: Jakobsson, Cramey, Antonio, Brennan
Phoebe McWilliams plays in the AFLW for GWS


text:
Monday, December 13, 2010
Penelope's Top 20 List for 2010
28 comments:
- Mandi said...
*nods* Mind Games is the awesome. Great list Penny!!!
- December 13, 2010 at 7:29 AM
- Penelope said...
Hi Mandi! Mind Games was out-of-the-ballpark good. Thanks for the review of Beauty and the Feast..I am so glad I discovered Julia!
- December 13, 2010 at 8:39 AM
- D.L. said...
I really need to go get Mind Games! I have yet to read one bad word about it.
If you do get back on the J.R. Ward bandwagon, hopefully Lover Mine won't disappoint. I loved it. I'm totally in love with John Matthew :)
- December 13, 2010 at 8:42 AM
- Penelope said...
Hey DL....I already bought Lover Mine (in hardcover, no less!) so I am sure at some point I will give in and read it. I didn't love how the relationship between Xhex and JM was panning out in Lover Avenged, but from what I heard about LM, it sounds like their story is pretty intense and good. It's on the TBR pile!
- December 13, 2010 at 9:56 AM
- D.L. said...
I did not like Lover Avenged very much, so IMHO, it gets better.
- December 13, 2010 at 10:00 AM
- Carolyn Crane said...
Penelope!!! It is such a huge honor that you put Mind Games up for not only best debut but best book! You can't imagine what it is to wake up and see this! I just don't know what to say, I'm so thankful and happy. Thank you!!! *tear trails down cheek* Seriously.
Oh, also, fabulous - Malkom from Demon from the Dark, a perfect tortured pick. Wow! And clearly I need to pull Skin Game off my shelf.
Fictional beard. LOL.
- December 13, 2010 at 10:20 AM
- Penelope said...
Carolyn...You so deserve it. Mind Games is stellar. And you totally have to read Skin Game. You will LOVE it. Read it this week. You will not be sorry!
- December 13, 2010 at 10:30 AM
- KB/KT Grant said...
Most heroic ferret. lmao.
Awesome list!
- December 13, 2010 at 10:40 AM
- Penelope said...
KT--I can't actually think of any other books with a ferret, but I'm sure there are some out there. But probably not as heroic as Dodger. :)
- December 13, 2010 at 11:06 AM
- Natascha said...
I have to agree with you Pen, Dodger is the very bestest ferret in all of romance fiction. I'm not kidding, I felt horrible when he got his ass slammed against the wall. The valiant ferret rises!
- December 13, 2010 at 12:57 PM
- Annette Blair said...
Penelope, I was thrilled to find your note about Death by Diamonds as best mystery on your Top 20 list. I'm honored and thrilled to have made the cut. Merry Merry & ho, ho, ho!
- December 13, 2010 at 1:16 PM
- Penelope said...
Hi Natascha....I really loved that book. Lisa Kleypas creates the most amazing characters. And ferrets!
- December 13, 2010 at 1:33 PM
- Penelope said...
Hi Annette...thanks so much for stopping by....can't wait to read the next one! Go, Team Wiener! hee hee....
- December 13, 2010 at 1:34 PM
- Julia Rachel Barrett said...
Amazing list! Cannot believe I'm on it! Thanks, Penny! You've thrown me in with some incredible authors/books. And your post is pretty funny too! Soap me up Malkom...
- December 13, 2010 at 3:49 PM
- Penelope said...
Hi Julia! I just loved your book, and I'm so glad I got to meet you "online" this year. Merry Christmas!
- December 13, 2010 at 7:08 PM
- Vannetta Chapman said...
Thanks, Penelope. I'm so glad you liked A Simple Amish Christmas and that you like the genre! Falling to Pieces is up next, girlfriend ... an Amish murder mystery. How does that sound? : )
- December 13, 2010 at 7:37 PM
- Penelope said...
Vanetta...that sounds great! I can't wait!
- December 13, 2010 at 8:13 PM
- GABY said...
Thanks for the recommendations. I will go and check some of them ;)
- December 13, 2010 at 9:07 PM
- GABY said...
Thanks for the recommendations. I will go and check some of them ;)
- December 13, 2010 at 9:07 PM
- Penelope said...
Hi Gaby! Thanks for stopping by!
- December 13, 2010 at 9:48 PM
- AnimeJune said...
I must disagree about the heroic ferret! But then, you'd have to read Judith Ivory's THE PROPOSITION to meet Freddy the Ferret and find out! :)
- December 13, 2010 at 11:34 PM
- Penelope said...
AnimeJune....are you kidding me???? There is another heroic ferret? Awesome! Thanks for telling me!!!
- December 14, 2010 at 6:26 AM
- Juju at Tales of Whimsy.com said...
I'm with you on 1 & and need to check 11 :)
Great list :)
- December 14, 2010 at 9:03 AM
- Lindsay Kiernan said...
I love that you made up a category for Dodger! How does she do that? Pets are usually props at best and at other times annoying. Kleypas made him into a character that I wanted to follow down dark passageways to see what mischief he'd lead me to!
I also have to agree with the marshmallow term. I recently read my first Quinn and loved the style. I've read a few more, all recent releases, and I have to admit that it feels like eating marshmallows; fluffy but not quite filling. I will have to check out her earlier books I guess.
Great list! Thanks for the recommends!
- December 15, 2010 at 6:28 AM
- Hannah said...
That's such a great list! I agree, Dodger was unforgettable.
- December 15, 2010 at 10:31 AM
- Penelope said...
Hi Juju! Thanks so much for recommending A Simple Amish Christmas. Loved that book! And you should definitely read Annette's mystery...it's right up your alley. You'll really enjoy it!
- December 15, 2010 at 12:55 PM
- Penelope said...
Hi Lindsay! I loved all the Hathaway books. You should read Julia Quinn's older stuff, in particular the Bridgerton series. They are wonderful.
- December 15, 2010 at 12:56 PM
- Penelope said...
Hi Hannah! I just loved that book!
- December 15, 2010 at 12:57 PM


text:
Immerse yourself in the iconic wonders of the UAE with a unique seaplane tour. From desert mirages to architectural marvels, our scenic tours provide the finest views of the country's renowned wonders.
Enjoy sweeping views of Dubai's skyscrapers, beaches and architectural marvels on a thrilling 45-minute seaplane flight.
You'll enjoy stunning vistas of Dubai's essential attractions on this short, action-packed 20-minute seaplane flight.
A journey to Abu Dhabi's attractions in just one scenic flight. An experience that's heightened by the take-off and landing on the waters of Yas Marina
Ras Al Khaimh is the northern most Emirate of UAE and famous for its natural beauty and rich cultural heritage
Experience the magic and splendour of the UAE with the Seawings Urban Experience.
Looking for more than a scenic flight ? Add a specially curated experience to your Seawings seaplane tour.
Go back in time with a blend of picturesque aerial sightseeing and a charming cultural exploration on the ground. A perfect ode to a perfect destination
Capture two incredible cityscapes with a 45-minute sightseeing flight. Travel from Dubai to Abu Dhabi on board our luxurious seaplane and enjoy entry to
Scenic aerial sightseeing and cultural exploration on the ground come together in an incredible private city tour which explores all the enchantments that Abu Dhabi has to offer.
Experience a unique take-off over the glistening waters at Yas Marina, Abu Dhabi, on our comfortable Cessna seaplane flight to Dubai. Stumble into the city's past with this Private Heritage Tour of..
Enjoy the height of exclusivity with a Seawings seaplane all to yourself as you look upon breathtaking views of Dubai.
Following the same route as Abu Dhabi Classic tour, this private scenic tour offers a relaxed thirty minute tour over the spectacular skyline of Abu Dhabi.
Sir Bani Yas Island, located 170km from Abu Dhabi is the perfect destination for a daytrip, a weekend stretch or to celebrate a special occasion in style.
Save 30% (AED 500) on the original price by booking your Seawings Signature Tour more than 21 days in advance
A stopover shouldn't be seen as an inconvenience. It's an opportunity to explore and discover.
Abu Dhabi presents an elegant fusion, blurring the boundaries between Arabian heritage and futuristic innovation.


text:
Bamboo is a great kitchen flooring material, especially if you like eco–friendly products. Bamboo grows so quickly it's a good, sustainable source for flooring. Besides the eco–friendly aspect, bamboo's strength is one of the highest of the natural materials on the market. Cork is a good kitchen flooring idea for a unique texture and a padded feel underfoot. Cork is a natural insulator against both temperature change and noise, making it a good choice if you're worried about either issues. It's naturally anti–microbial, thanks to a waxy substance in the cork, which repels insects and pests.
Keep it simple while adding value by using an island to significantly increase the amount of counter space in your kitchen. Having more counter space adds obvious benefits: more room for meal prep, multiple chefs and can serve as an eating area. Create contrast by using a different material or color for the island counters than you did in the rest of the room. If your regular countertops are white quartz, try black or a dark stained wood for the island. Whether your space lacks a proper dining table or you're looking to create a more casual bar–seating option, adding low–profile seating to the island is an easy way to increase functionality and make the environment more social for both guests and the cook. Create a breakfast bar or dining table, and leave a counter overhang that offers enough room to tuck the chairs or stools underneath when not in use.
All trademarks mentioned belong to their owners, third party brands, product names, trade names, corporate names and company names mentioned may be trademarks of their respective owners or registered trademarks of other companies and are used for purposes of explanation and to the owner's benefit, without implying a violation of copyright law.
Copyright © 2005 - 2019 neographer. All sponsored products, company names, brand names, trademarks and logos arethe property of their respective owners.
I try to design rooms around their architecture or to create - architecture where none exists. Eleanor McMillen Brown


text:
Product Description
This is an opportunity to acquire a true Collector's Item, a genuine U.S. $2 Bill that is enhanced with a special colorization process by The Merrick Mint. Never before has a $2 bill been enhanced with colorization, making it the most ornate and historically attractive piece of U.S. currency. Only genuine Legal Tender $2 United States Bills are used for this unique colorization process. Each $2 Bill is in FRESH, CRISP, UNCIRCULATED condition, and was directly removed from untouched wrapped Federal Reserve sealed packs. Former U.S. President Thomas Jefferson is featured on the obverse of the note, along with the special colorization overlay. The Signing of the Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull is featured on the reverse. It is the only U.S. Currency note that features two Presidents, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, and it is one of the most rarely seen BILLS in circulation and actual use. The colorization is of the highest quality, which is made possible only through new colorized technology developed by The Merrick Mint.


text:
Select the text below and copy the link.
You are here:
About us
For media
Media releases
Fundraising and the Canadian Cancer Society
08 July 2011
Toronto -
At the Canadian Cancer Society, we undertake our fundraising activities for one reason and one reason only – to raise critical funds to fulfill our mission of eradicating cancer and improving the quality of life for people with cancer and their families. Our fundraising efforts last year allowed us to invest more than $127 million in our mission work.
When looking at our most recent financials, our fundraising expenses (excluding lotteries) are 32.1%. If you include lotteries, they are 39.1% of total expense. Our administration costs are 4.3% of total expense.
Our fundraising costs have increased over the years, but there are good reasons for this. We have expanded and diversified our fundraising activities across the country so we can continue to be as effective as possible in raising money to support the full breadth of our mission work. It is through these fundraising initiatives that we reach more Canadians and attract more donors so we can ensure our fight against cancer remains strong and helps as many Canadians as possible.
Ten years ago we invested $82 million for our mission work, this year we invested more than $127 million, a 55% increase in dollars directly invested in the fight against cancer. We are proud that we've been able to provide more funds each year to support our work across Canada.
Of the funds directed to our mission work, research receives the largest amount – it is our single largest investment each and every year. Last year, we directed almost 40% of these funds – $48 million – to fund impactful cancer research across Canada last year. In the last ten years, the Society has invested more than $450 million to fund cancer research projects that have made a difference to Canadians.
For an external analysis of the Canadian Cancer Society's spending, transparency and fundraising costs, please see the following article from Mark Blumberg, a lawyer who specializes in charitable issues and who was interviewed as an independent expert by the CBC.
The Canadian Cancer Society is a national community-based organization of volunteers whose mission is the eradication of cancer and the enhancement of the quality of life of people living with cancer. When you want to know more about cancer, visit our website www.cancer.ca or call our toll-free, bilingual Cancer Information Service at 1 888 939-3333.
For more information, please contact:
Christine Harminc
Senior Manager, Communications & Media Relations
Canadian Cancer Society
Phone: 416 934-5340