text:
Next: External links, Previous: Link format, Up: Hyperlinks [Contents][Index]
If the link does not look like a URL, it is considered to be internal in the
current file. The most important case is a link like
'[[#my-custom-id]]' which will link to the entry with the
CUSTOM_ID property 'my-custom-id'. You are responsible yourself
to make sure these custom IDs are unique in a file.
Links such as '[[My Target]]' or '[[My Target][Find my target]]' lead to a text search in the current file.
The link can be followed with C-c C-o when the cursor is on the link, or with a mouse click (see Handling links). Links to custom IDs will point to the corresponding headline. The preferred match for a text link is a dedicated target: the same string in double angular brackets, like '<<My Target>>'.
If no dedicated target exists, the link will then try to match the exact name
of an element within the buffer. Naming is done with the
keyword, which has to be put in the line before the element it refers to, as
in the following example
#+NAME: My Target | a | table | |----+------------| | of | four cells |
If none of the above succeeds, Org will search for a headline that is exactly the link text but may also include a TODO keyword and tags29.
During export, internal links will be used to mark objects and assign them a number. Marked objects will then be referenced by links pointing to them. In particular, links without a description will appear as the number assigned to the marked object30. In the following excerpt from an Org buffer
- one item - <<target>>another item Here we refer to item [[target]].
The last sentence will appear as 'Here we refer to item 2' when exported.
In non-Org files, the search will look for the words in the link text. In the above example the search would be for 'my target'.
Following a link pushes a mark onto Org's own mark ring. You can return to the previous position with C-c &. Using this command several times in direct succession goes back to positions recorded earlier.
|• Radio targets:
|Make targets trigger links in plain text
To insert a link targeting a headline, in-buffer completion can be used. Just type a star followed by a few optional letters into the buffer and press M-TAB. All headlines in the current buffer will be offered as completions.
When targeting a
#+NAME keyword,
#+CAPTION keyword is mandatory in order to get proper numbering
(see Images and tables).
Next: External links, Previous: Link format, Up: Hyperlinks [Contents][Index]


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WASHINGTON, November 22, 2013 (AFNS) – Offering a glimpse at what commissary and military exchange services could become in light of smaller and unpredictable budgets, the Defense Commissary Agency director and CEO described to Congress yesterday the consequences sequestration and the government shutdown have already imposed.
Customers packed commissaries Oct. 1, the first day of the government shutdown, Joseph H. Jeu told the House Armed Service Committee's Military Personnel Subcommittee.
Not knowing what was ahead, shoppers stocked up on food and supplies, racking up twice the typical day's sales, at $30.5 million.
"That was our highest sale day ever," Jeu told the House panel.
But as the furlough dragged on, its effects increasingly became evident.
The department-wide hiring freeze had already put a dent in the customer service that been the pride of the Defense Commissary Agency. Because turnover tends to be high among the commissaries' lower-grade employees, manning levels quickly dropped, Jeu explained. Two-thirds of all commissaries fell below the manning levels required to run the stores effectively.
Even when DOD gave some relief and authorized personnel hiring, the results came slowly due to time lags in employee vetting.
Exacerbating the situation, civilian furloughs forced most commissaries to close one day a week for six weeks.
"Customer complaints rose by over 50 percent and hit an all-time high during the furlough," Jeu reported. "While our employees struggled to provide our goal of excellent customer service, they could not always overcome the challenges."
Customers were often confronted with long checkout lines, closed registers and empty shelves, he said. Sometimes waits for checkouts dragged on for 20 to 30 minutes.
Meanwhile, sales figures that had been on an upward trajectory dropped. "Commissaries experienced a sales loss totally over $99 million driven by sequestration closures in fiscal year 2013 and government shutdown closures in October of fiscal year 2014," Jeu reported.
Distributors who supply the commissaries felt the impact, too, he said. They faced sporadic delays in offloading their deliveries, and orders were frequently held up or delayed. In some cases, the wrong products were shipped, damages weren't processed in a timely manner, and orders were delayed due to closures that made scheduling a logistical nightmare.
All this followed what Jue told the congressional panel had been "an impressive year" in fiscal 2012, before sequestration.
"Sales were up, topping the $6 billion level for the first time since 1992," he reported. The cost of delivering commissary services came in under budget. Customer satisfaction surveys that were independently verified ranked commissaries above all but one commercial grocery chain.
"The commissary continues to be one of the most valued non-pay compensation benefits our military members, past and present, and their families enjoy," Jeu said. Calling the commissary benefit an "integral element of the total compensation package," he said it saves patrons about 30 percent compared to commercial supermarkets.
That equates to about $1,500 a year for a single service member who consistently uses the commissary and as much as $4,500 for an average family of four, he said.
This quality-of-life enhancement comes at a rate of $2 in patron savings for every taxpayer dollar invested, Jue reported.
"However, this two-for-one return on investment is insufficient to shield the commissary from scrutiny as it faces the same fiscal challenges as other government agencies," he lamented.
Jue noted the Defense Commissary Agency's "proven history of taking cost out of the system," and progress in reducing operating costs and overhead and introducing efficiencies and innovation. Warehouses and associated inventory has been eliminated, manpower has been reduced, accounting functions have been centralized and automated and headquarters and regional offices consolidated.
"Over the past 20 years, we have picked the long-hanging fruit by seeking innovative initiatives to achieve operating efficiencies, and through good stewardship of taxpayer dollars, we made the commissary system significantly less costly to operate," Jeu said. "With this history, any further reduction resulting from sequestration will diminish the commissary benefit."
Even with commissaries to receive full funding in the proposed fiscal 2014 budget, Jeu warned that the impact of sequestration "is likely to be considerable" as the department establishes priorities and balances resources.
"Even with the budget uncertainty due to sequestration, as we move into this net era, the (Defense Commissary Agency) is excited about its ongoing initiatives to seek innovative and efficient methods of benefit delivery," he said.
Jue testified yesterday with other senior defense officials who urged Congress to preserve military exchange and commissary services they call key to the morale and quality of life of service members and their families.
Joining him in the House chamber were Rosemary Williams, deputy assistant secretary of defense for Military Community and Family Policy; retired Navy Rear Adm. Robert Bianchi, CEO of Navy Exchange Service Command; Thomas Shull, director and CEO of the Army and Air Force Exchange Service; William Dillon, director of the Marine Corps Semper Fit and Exchange Services; Thomas Gordy, president of the Armed Forces Marketing Council; and Patrick Nixon, president of the American Logistics Association.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
2019 F-150 SuperCrew Cab 4x4, Pickup (Stock #69272)
More PhotosPhotos may be library images.
Vehicle Notes
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text:
Welcome to Karen's Kitchen!
You'll find epicurean delights here at Colonial Gardens Bed & Breakfast in Williamsburg, Virginia. Owner/innkeeper Karen takes pride and delight in her recipes and strives to provide a morning meal made with ingredients from right here on the farm.
It was once said that nothing brings people together like a common enemy, which is true but not exactly the best way to bring people together. Now food, on the other hand, really can bring many different kinds of people together. If you sit a few people down who don't know each other and tell them that the only thing they can talk about is food, you will have a conversation in seconds. Memories will start to be shared, then stories, and soon laughs. You can really tell a lot about a person when you start to talk about food. So next time you don't know what to talk about, share a story about food. Everyone has to eat, so everyone has to relate to food in some way.
Karen has a love of both food and bringing people together. So it is easy to see why our B&B has been such a success.
Many of our breakfast dishes are created right here by Karen, and some are even demonstrated in our "In the Kitchen with Karen" video series.
Our gourmet cooking classes are designed to teach the classic techniques along with many simple, but essential, tricks of the trade. You will learn scrumptious dishes using some of the season's freshest ingredients and homegrown herbs. So check back every few months for new cooking classes where you can learn how to make fabulously decadent and impressive breakfast fare.
Our Bed and Breakfast Menu Items
When you stay at Colonial Gardens Bed & Breakfast, a full gourmet breakfast is included with your room rate.
Please note that breakfast is served at 9 a.m. As with most B&Bs, breakfast is served in one seating. If you would like to sleep late and miss our gourmet breakfast, please let us know the night before and we will make sure to have coffee, juice, and fruit available for you when you do rise.
The innkeeper is a gourmet cook and can accommodate Vegan, Vegetarian, Low Fat, and gluten/dairy-free diets. Be sure to let us know in advance if you have special dietary requirements!
All breakfast dishes served with coffee, tea, juice, and water.
Our signature dish is Cream Cheese-stuffed French Toast with Grand Marnier Orange Sauce. Other dishes you may find at the breakfast table include:
Apple Pie Pancakes – served with apple pie syrup, bacon and cheddar cheese scrambled eggs alongside fresh-cut apple wedges with sliced cheddar.
Blueberry and Ricotta-stuffed French Toast – served with real blueberry syrup, baked cheese-stuffed eggs, link sausage alongside fresh blueberries and cantaloupe covered with a crumbled blueberry white English stilton cheese.
French Crepes – served with a chocolate spread, fresh strawberries, and bananas topped with strawberry sauce, a hint of fudge sauce, and whipped cream with baked cream eggs and sausage patties alongside a chocolate-dipped strawberry.
Eggs Benedict – served with homemade hollandaise with homegrown tarragon served with seasonal fruit.
Strawberry and Cream Cheese-stuffed Croissant – drizzled with strawberry sauce and then baked for just enough time to melt the cream cheese and strawberries together… of course, it's served with an egg and meat, but many just can't see past those croissants!
Lemon Pancake Rolls – these delicate lemon-flavored pancakes are rolled with a mascarpone cheese in the middle and served with fresh blueberries and blueberry syrup on top. Tarragon-laced scrambled egg and link sausage are served on the side for a perfect pairing.
Chocolate French Toast with Raspberry Sauce – It really does not get much better than this. Layers of French toast are lightly browned before a fair amount of bittersweet Godiva chocolate is sandwiched between two of them. Once French toast is brought to a perfect golden brown, a homemade raspberry sauce is drizzled over them and large fresh raspberries are placed on top. Eggs for this dish are baked in cream in the oven to a delicate finish that keeps the egg whole and moist, yet completely cooked. This dish is served with triple-thick Smithfield bacon.
Our Favorite Recipes | Go To Main Dining Information
Good Mornings Start at Our B&B in Williamsburg
One of the highlights of a Colonial Gardens Bed & Breakfast getaway is undoubtedly our full, gourmet breakfast, which is lovingly prepared by innkeepers Karen and/or Jennifer. Because our guests are so delighted by our culinary creations, we'd like to offer just one of the delicious recipes you may experience during your stay with us. Enjoy!
Raspberry and Lemon Curd Filled Croissants
We always suggest that you use only the freshest ingredients. You will need:
Fresh-from-the-bakery, buttery croissants
Bright red raspberries
Fresh homemade lemon curd or a very good store-bought version
Freshly made raspberry syrup
After you have made the lemon curd, slice open a pocket in the croissants and fill with about 1 tablespoon of lemon curd. Add fresh raspberries and fill to your desired taste. Place on parchment paper and slide into a 325-degree oven for about 10 minutes; just long enough to warm everything up. Once out of the oven simply drizzle the raspberry syrup over the croissants and serve with eggs and meat of choice. Enjoy!


text:
The Second Sophistic has recently enjoyed considerably more interest among classical scholars than in decades before, and this interest has manifested itself in a number of substantial studies published in the last few years. To name just a few: In 1993, Graham Anderson's Second Sophistic appeared; its superficiality in many aspects,1 however, served only to whet appetites and not to satisfy them. In 1996, Simon Swain's much more thorough and solid Hellenism and Empire most of all looked into the question how the enormous literary activity on the Greek side between 50 and 250 AD grappled with the all-pervasive effects of Roman domination in Greek affairs; now, the study written by Schmitz (henceforth S.) approaches the second Sophistic from yet another angle: It tries to show how the cultural activities of the elites of the Greek East of the Roman Empire fitted into a bigger system one of the main functions of which was to uphold the workings of an aristocratic power establishment, in which the exhibition of literary (mainly, rhetoric) culture was to "symbolically" mirror and thus justify the real power structure. To prove this, S. combines an impressive range of ancient sources with interesting modern theories; these, however, may take one too far when the sources are lacking, as the present review will try to show.
The book is divided into seven chapters of substantial length and a short conclusion. The first section of the introductory chapter (9-18) discusses some general features of Imperial Greek (Prose) Literature: the (probably still lingering) disdain with which it was treated in classical studies for a very long time, its most important and prominent genre (the rhetorical declamation or melete), the declaimers and their historian, Philostratus, who coined the term "Second Sophistic"; some good pages are devoted to show that this term, artificial though it may be, nevertheless has a good claim to reflect a real literary-historical phenomenon (14-17). A second section (18-26) deals with a question that has been hotly debated before: whether this Second Sophistic is a remote ivory-tower phenomenon with little or no connections to the real world, or whether those connections existed after all. S. discusses several attempts to prove that there really were such connections, but he -- quite correctly -- concludes that these attempts account only for a limited amount of Second Sophistic literary production; the biggest part of it really is "weltabgewandt" (detached from the world).
Still, S. does not want to follow E. L. Bowie's argument that there is simply a kind of resigned escapism and wishful longing for a better past behind all of this, but looks for another explanation, the first outline of which he presents in the important third section of this chapter (26-31: "Symbolic power and its reproduction"). Following the thoughts of the so-called "new historicists" and of the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, who stress that cultural phenomena and sociopolitical reality do not exist independently of each other, but constantly influence one another -- surely not a very new and revolutionary insight; already Aristotle and the Peripatetics were very much aware of this --, S. insists that Imperial Greek Rhetoric (being the expression of a kind of "symbolic power") was intimately connected with the political power-structure of the society to which it belonged. Up to this point, things look reasonably straightforward, but then S. goes further and remarks that the culturally dominating stratum of society was very much interested in keeping these connections hidden and developed "strategies" to present its culture as autonomous and independent from the power-structure (28). Immediately afterwards, however, S. hastens to add that the people involved in fact did not employ these "strategies" consciously or as if belonging to a deep-reaching conspiracy; if so, however, it might be better not to use the term "strategy" at all, as that always evokes the presence of a planning master mind (at other places, S. talks of "mechanisms", a word less prone to misunderstandings). S. adopts Bourdieu's notion of "habitus" to describe a complex whole of interrelated actions which -- though totally unplanned by someone -- mysteriously work towards establishing a system of conservatively stabilizing values and attitudes. Isn't, however, this "habitus" just a convenient term to explain what is really inexplicable and thus does not really explain very much? Unless we want to introduce a metaphysical puller-of-strings, which S. clearly isn't inclined to do. On this -- somewhat shaky -- theoretical basis, then, S. wants to present the Second Sophistic within its historical context as a system of interconnected phenomena. Before doing so, he briefly outlines the scope of his study in the last section of the introductory chapter (31-38) and gives good reasons why it will exclude later Antiquity (i.e. the fourth century and beyond) and forms of literature destined for "private consumption" such as the Greek Romance, and why it will concentrate on rhetorical prose exhibited on public occasions.2
The second chapter (39-66) deals with the leading class in the Greek cities of the East and with its relationship to Greek paideia. A first section (38-44) describes the oligarchic governing structures within these cities: A group of (not very numerous) leading families, usually supported by the imperial government, determined the direction of local affairs and welcomed this system as both natural and beneficial for everyone. The next section (44-50) looks at the role education had in the eyes of those leading citizens: Apparently, paideia was regarded by them as a natural complement to the other virtues and values they prided themselves on, and even as a useful legitimization of their dominant position; a leading citizen simply had to have the reputation of being highly educated as well. S. cites a few exceptions of this (47-9)3 as rather proving the rule. The third section (50-63) takes up the important question whether education might also have been a determining factor for upward mobility. In this regard, Bowersock4 has given an affirmative, Bowie5 a negative answer; S. comes very much down on Bowie's side, stressing that excellent education by itself was not (apart from a few exceptions) sufficient to attain a leading position within imperial society (54f.). Further down the social ladder, however, S. is willing to see some potential for upward movement by education: There is evidence that money was to be made by professional teaching (55-58), and S. even envisages a higher social ascent by education over several generations that might eventually bring a family into the leading circles (59, 63). On the other hand, S. well documents that sophists who already belonged to the leading circles took some pains to stress their difference from those moneymaking upstarts (59-61).
Though on the whole this picture seems sound, in some cases the evidence may be more complex than S. makes it appear to be, e.g. in the case of Lucian: S. cites Rhet. praec. 2 as a serious admonition to a young man to get rich by acquiring a rhetorical education (56); he misses, however, the strong ironic undercurrent which undercuts most statements of this essay. Again, from Apologia ch. 15 is cited for the huge wages professional rhetoric might bring; however, S. should also have discussed Apol. 12, where Lucian claims to have reached an extremely high position in the provincial administration of Egypt6 and moreover, to harbor hopes for getting the governorship of a whole province. Lucian, then, actually seems to portray himself as a selfmade-man who made it from way below to the very top just by paideia.
The concluding section of this chapter (63-66) adds a problematical touch to the picture that has been developed so far: Taking up the question why leading men chose to become sophists at all, S. rejects the answer given by Bowie that this resulted from a strictly personal preference, and argues instead that those members of the leading class who became sophists were somehow "delegated" by their class to legitimize the class's ruling position by displaying their education. S. even talks of an "act of delegation" (64) and a "contract" (65) between the various members of the upper class, but adds (in a subsequent footnote on p. 65) that we must not understand this as a conscious (even conspiracy-like) decision-making process by this class. But why then use terms which imply exactly this (compare the similarly misleading word "strategies" in the first chapter) ? When trying to explain how people really decided to become sophists, S. actually has to take "persönliche Entscheidung" (64), "persönliche Neigungen" (65) into account, i.e. personal preferences, and that is just what Bowie argued; the new historicists and Bourdieu, again, are not much help.
The third chapter tackles the importance of linguistic purity for the Second Sophistic (67-96). A first section ("Artificial Archaizing", 67-75) establishes -- against the already somewhat dated efforts of Higgins7 and the lukewarm support given to them by Reardon8 -- that there really was a far-reaching classicizing linguistic re-orientation backwards, i.e. towards the main Attic authors of the 5th and 4th century B.C.; S. is not the first to say so, but he probably provides the most comprehensive and convincing arguments yet for refuting Higgins. The second section ("An artificial language", 75-83) looks more closely at the linguistic situation that existed in the Greek-speaking half of the Empire in the first centuries A.D. and draws attention to the deep divide between uneducated speakers (evidence for them is mostly provided by private letters preserved on papyri, with additional light shed by the Greek lexicographers of the time) and educated ones who had to strive for the highest Atticist standards on formal occasions, but even in more relaxed situations there were plenty of blunders to avoid; the material illustrating this is wide-ranging and well-chosen. The third section ("Language as a sign of education", 83-91) stresses the fact that a full command of correct Atticist speech was regarded as an indispensable condition for education and that everyone who made blunders in that respect ran the risk of being dismissed as an uneducated bloke who was not entitled to participate in the elite's cultural discourse. Again, S. displays a well-chosen range of examples of epigraphic and literary texts to illustrate this point; again, one might quarrel only with the statement on p. 85 that the ruling elite was fully able to dictate the norms of linguistic correctness while in fact it had inherited it from earlier times.9 The last section of this chapter ("The silence of the masses", 91-96) looks at the other side of the coin, showing that the vast and uneducated majority of population simply lacked the means to acquire the linguistic refinement of the rich and therefore could raise no voice of its own; S. rightly adds that -- as far as we know -- those masses never really experienced a sense of deprivation regarding this situation and were quite content with the state of things.
The first section of the fourth chapter ("The quest for distinction as an abiding characteristic of Imperial society", 97-135) establishes that the urban elites lived and moved in a constant spirit of competition among their members, well defined by the terms FILOTIMI/A and FILOPRWTI/A (97-101); in the second section ("Education as a means of competition", 101-110) S. demonstrates -- again using a welter of inscriptional and literary evidence -- that this incessant competition was carried out not only by providing ever new euergesiai for the local community but also by stressing the preeminent degree of education one had attained; especially for the young competition by education was an important factor already in their schooling (108f.). The third section ("Situations of competition", 110-127) describes a number of typical settings in which competition by education took concrete shape: 1. during festivals of the various cities, which included not only sports competitions, but also A)GW=NES of prose encomia (110-112); 2. situations of what S. calls "implicit" competition, i.e. single rhetorical performances of sophists that (because of the great similarities in style and subject matter) could be -- and were -- compared with other performances of other sophists. Frequently, this might actually approach a kind of open rivalry in the debates that usually erupted after such performances about matters of content, of style, and not least of the command of the required Atticist idiom (112-127). From a wide range of sources (lexicographers, rhetoric handbooks, Athenaeus, Lucian, Plutarch, Epictetus, Sextus Empiricus), S. constructs a vivid picture of where the many pitfalls of these debates lay and how sophists tried to avoid them; how they -- in order to appear as the most competent extempore speakers -- sometimes used rather questionable means (which, when detected, might bring ridicule and opprobrium onto them). S. rightly points out that the many different opinions extant about what constituted the right Atticistic usage imported into such debates a high amount of arbitrariness; not rarely an admixture of brazenness might help to hold one's own in tense situations. S. then ventures the idea (125) that the many differences and contradictions in Atticist prescriptions might not only derive from the fact that a language norm that was by now half a millennium old could never be revived in full accuracy (so Swain 52f.), but that the resulting uncertainties might actually be intentional ("funktional" he calls it in German). But intentioned by whom? Again, the specter of a far-reaching conspiracy lurks behind this suggestion and makes it sound rather improbable. More convincing is his opinion that these debates not only highlighted the differences between the well-educated participants, but also served to make them feel as members of a more or less homogeneous group that was, after all, able to communicate on such subtle matters. S. discerns a similar aspect in the social situation which he discusses in the next section ("Playful competition", 127-133): the dinner and symposium which also provided a frame for discussion of language matters among the educated, as various sources (most conspicuously Athenaeus) show. Here the debates might sometimes approach the characteristics of an exam, when a new member of this educated high society had to prove his credentials; more often, however, the symposiasts simply enjoyed their discussion as it assured them of their belonging to the same elite group. A last section of this chapter ("Education as a centripetal force") draws the conclusion that the paideia displayed during these more or less public occasions not only channeled the rivalries between the single members of this elite into acceptable (and controllable) situations, but also provided a uniting medium which held their centrifugal tendencies in check.
The fifth chapter (136-159) tries to bring out the basically aristocratic nature of the education that was at the heart of the representatives of the Second Sophistic: S. again assembles an impressive array of sources (inscriptional as well as literary) to show that it was very much regarded as an integral part of a noble character and much less as something which could be learned at schools (136-146); again, however, I would question the wisdom of calling this attitude a "strategy" (146) of the elite, as the notion of e.g. KALOKA)GAQI/A as the ideal of a virtuous personality in all respects, including that of education, is already present in classical times and is therefore of such long standing that it transcends every conscious and planned (even conspiratorial) activity which the word "strategy" implies. A second section (146-152) plausibly argues that this educational ideal was additionally defined by creating the counter-image of the pedant (often denoted by the word O)YIMAQH/S) who flaunts his merely acquired skills at all (and mainly inappropriate) times. In a third section (152-156), S. tries to determine whether this counter-image corresponded to a real phenomenon (i.e. educational "upstarts" trying to push into higher society) or whether it was a more or less fictional creation by the "real" pepaideumenoi just affirming their own identity. With well-advised caution, S. finally settles for the latter: There are just not enough sources to establish that members of the educated elite really had to defend themselves against droves of upstarts. (Lucian might be an interesting case of such an upstart -- but he would in no way fit the cliché of a pedant!). In the final section of this chapter (156-159), S, briefly develops the interesting idea that the ideal of an "aristocratic" (i.e. innate and not acquired) education might be mirrored in the ideal of extempore speech-making (AU)TOSXEDIA/ZEIN) which was so highly praised during the Second Sophistic -- but where would that leave an Aelius Aristides who was notorious for not being able of extemporizing?
Chapter 6 (160-196) turns to the public of Second Sophistic displays and first (160-168) tries to determine what it may have looked like. S. holds sophists were able to attract huge numbers of listeners (on p. 163, he talks of the "urban masses" being enthralled by those speakers), but do we really have to accept the claims of the speakers themselves in this regard? Are we really to believe that the elaborate productions of an Aristides were easily intelligible (and even enjoyable) for people not thoroughly acquainted with the minutiae of classicizing style? S. himself concedes that only a minority of urban populations had even a general schooling (p. 164) and that fewer children received it than in Hellenistic times (p. 165); still, he argues the innumerable performances and public displays enabled a very large number of people to acquire a wide-ranging knowledge of cultural and mythical traditions. One may, however, have to differentiate between the various kinds of performances: Already in Terence's days a tightrope-walker drew much larger crowds than a comedy based on a Greek model, and in imperial times the bawdy entertainment of mime players was probably much more frequented than a linguistically-demanding rhetorical display. The size of the crowds sophists were able to draw may be indicated by their favorite places of performance: buleuteria and lecture halls. In Athens, the Odeion of Agrippa (originally designed for about 1000 people), which according to Philostratus was in use for sophistical performances, was refurbished after the collapse of the roof in the middle of the 2nd century, and its capacity was reduced to about 500;10 this may give us an idea about the maximum numbers expected to attend a sophist's lectures even in such a center as Athens. In the following sections (168-175) S. uses examples taken mainly from Dio and Lucian to argue that sophists consciously employed the best-known items of cultural knowledge (hackneyed myths, for example) to appeal to the largest possible audience, but one might in fact ask whether Dio and Lucian really are the most typical examples of 2nd century sophists. Would the same audience that enjoyed Dio's and Lucian's reworkings of rather common myths (and even for those at least some elementary schooling would have been needed) have taken pleasure in the sometimes over-subtle rephrasing of more out-of-the-way declamation themes which Philostratus reports (VS 572f.)?
Apart from these reservations about the possible size of the sophists' audiences S. rightly stresses some basic strategies (and in these cases that term seems justified) by which sophists tried to capture their audiences' interest and goodwill: ingenious reworkings of items taken from the common educational background of both speaker and listeners (171-175); emphasizing the "true Greek" lineage of the listeners and stressing the great Hellenic cultural traditions as a unifying bond, but without (usually, at least) trying to evoke anti-Roman sentiments (175-181). In a further section ("Language and local traditions as factors of identity-building", 181-193), S. looks into the numerous efforts to revive (and sometimes even invent) local myths and family genealogies to (re)establish links with the great Greek past;11 he draws interesting parallels between these efforts and the striving for a revival of the Attic language of classical times; to call this an "invented tradition" (p. 190), however, seems to go too far, for even if a man like Phrynichus sometimes was quite arbitrary in decreeing "right" and "wrong" usages, he still justifies his choices with real and not "invented" source material.
The chapter concludes with a section ("The past under the control of the educational elite", 193-196) that contains some rather sweeping conclusions which one should not accept without qualifications: S. argues here that the sophists' insistence on a Greek culture and a Greek language which both stressed the link with a great and heroic past not only served to establish a group identity of the leading elite vis-à-vis the ruling Romans, but also to stress and justify the elite's superiority over the great masses of the Greek East; these masses, S.'s reasoning goes, on one hand felt themselves superior to Non-Greeks (and Romans in particular) when they heard their educated leaders praise the Greek values of the past in a classicizing language, and on the other hand happily acquiesced in their own inferiority vis-à-vis their educated and well-spoken leaders. But how in fact can we know this, when we have no real evidence which might enlighten us about the thinking of those uneducated people? No modern theory will help us overcome the gaps in our evidence. It may be just as possible that the really uneducated people (just as today) didn't give a damn about all those busy cultural activities going on so far above their heads, because they had enough to do just to cope with their own lives. Moreover, S. too much stresses the alleged ability of the educated elite to manipulate just about everything around them: themselves, their underlings, and even the whole Greek past. S. states that in the 2nd century the writing of history was perceived as nothing more than a special form of rhetorical panegyric and that history itself was demoted to providing material for oratorical virtuosity (p. 192); but what about Lucian affirming in his How to write history that historiography's foremost task is to tell about things "as they happened" (ch. 7-9, 38-9) ? Rhetoric certainly used history as material for its productions and performances, but rhetoric's powers to "manipulate" the telling of history were not unlimited; meletai in fact would try to evoke and revive historical situations as plausibly as possible, and downright denials of "certain" facts (like Dio's Troicus emphatically insisting on Troy's never having been captured by the Greeks) were of course not taken seriously, but taken as the clever jeux d'esprit which they were intended to be. Thus it is too one-sided -- to say the least -- to regard the educated elite as a sinister group of conspiring manipulators; rather they themselves were in the grip of an overmighty past which on one hand dictated their every thought and feeling, but which on the other helped them (and here S. is very right) to preserve their identity within the Empire.
The seventh chapter ("Typical situations of communication", 197-209) tries to elucidate the typical situations, in which sophists communicated with their audience, and what these situations meant (or symbolized) for their participants. A first section (198-209) graphically describes the pomp and circumstance of a travelling sophist's appearance in public and the usual way in which his performance proceeded:12 After the captatio benevolentiae by means of a well-devised prolalia, the "main course" was provided by an ample melete on a mythical or historical theme (preferably improvised and selected by the audience itself). The typical ingredients and characteristics of such a melete are then convincingly demonstrated by S. in well-chosen examples: Polemon's pair of speeches ostensibly given by the fathers of the two greatest Athenian heroes in the battle of Marathon and debating which father might be worthier to give the public funeral speech for the fallen Athenians. S. well shows how these speeches presupposed a certain (and for the pepaideumenoi of the 2nd century AD typical) degree of cultural and literary knowledge, which the supposed "original" listeners of those speeches (the Athenians of the early 5th century BC) could not possibly have had. Two inscriptional examples then illustrate how specialists in mythical and local traditions in a similar way presented their "findings" in public speeches to (re-)establish connections between verious cities of allegedly long standing. In all this, S. concludes (209), the well-educated and also politically dominant persons in the Greek cities of the East demonstrated their intellectual superiority over the other members of their society.
So far this is very good; the next section (The Sophist as embodiment of power", 209-214), however, moves beyond this and tries to argue that these performance situations were also manifestations of political power, i.e. the single sophist exhibiting his vast superiority in cultural and linguistic knowledge versus an amorphous and ill-educated mass of listeners and by his very skill of rhetorical presentation cowing this audience into submissive and subservient silence. Again, however, one might ask, whether all facets of this picture really hold up to closer scrutiny. First of all, the very existence of such a "mass" coming to listen to a rather artificial performance may well be doubted (in the just preceding section, S. himself at several places presupposes that listeners possessed a certain amount of education and culture in order to be able to follow Polemon's arguments, and this would surely not have been the case in a mass audience). Secondly, it is by no means certain that the audience always kept mum in the course of a performance: Lucian's tale in his Pseudologista how his enemy ran afoul of a considerable number of literary connoisseurs in the course of an allegedly "improvised" melete (S. himself mentions this incident earlier on in his book, p. 122) clearly shows audiences at such performances were knowledgeable and also quick to react when the performer somehow failed to meet their expectations (again see S.'s own hints on p. 199). That, in fact, performing sophists were not all-powerful individuals, but laboring themselves under a number of constraints, is shown by S. in the last two sections of this chapter ("The sophist under the pressure of expectations", 214-220; "The sophist under the control of tradition", 220-231). S. persuasively enumerates three sorts of constraints which held imperial sophists in check: the expectations of his audience (which, however, probably was not as big and amorphous as S. tends to think), the ethics of his own group and the resulting "peer pressure", and the all-too-dominating influence of a cultural and educational tradition that every member of the elite unquestioningly accepted as his guide and controller. Taking the rather dull lectures of Maximus of Tyrus and showing some of their characteristics (p. 220-224), S. provides an interesting example of how much an overpowering tradition could control every thought (and even turn of phrase); but are we entitled to generalize on the basis of Maximus' mediocre performances? That the authors and orators of the Second Sophistic looked back toward their classical models at every turn, has long been known; it is, in fact, a characteristic of long standing in Greek culture (regarding, e.g., classical drama, already Aristophanes complained in his Frogs [72] that the good authors were already dead and that the extant ones were bad) and not an invention of the cultural elite of imperial times. On the other hand, there were at least some efforts not to let oneself be stifled by tradition but to improve on it and to use it creatively (as far as that was possible): Aelius Aristides dreamed not only of approaching, but actually surpassing Demosthenes, and Lucian cleverly combined old literary forms to create new ones. Moreover, S. himself draws attention to the fact that teachers of rhetoric in the 2nd century actually dared to criticize what they thought were wrong usages in the Classics (p. 123f. 227). Thus the picture of a politically dominant elite that on one hand was totally conditioned by its traditional rhetorical education and on the other used this education to project its superiority by flaunting its culture in public (and, as S. would have it, even "delegated" its ablest performers to do this for the whole of its group) seems -- even with its paradoxical traits -- to be simply to neat and, yes, one-sided to catch all the facets of the Second Sophistic.
A short concluding chapter (232-4) once more stresses the systemic character of all the phenomena treated by the author, and -- interestingly -- it also takes note of remaining uncertainties: The theoretical models here brought to bear on the Greek culture of the 2nd century, S. states (233), may be fruitful as heuristic means, but lack of adequate sources prevents them from being proved empirically right. This is a very important statement; it should, in fact, have been made several times before in places where S. draws sweeping pictures which are greatly indebted to modern theory but much less bolstered by ancient evidence.
All in all, this is a very readable and important, at times even brilliant book (with very few factual mistakes and misprints13). S. admirably masters the whole range of ancient sources which must be used to elucidate the Second Sophistic, and his style of writing is fluent and vivid and in most cases avoids the obscurities of jargon. At times, however, he seems to forget that theories without sufficient evidence are not enough (a fact he shows himself very much aware of in his conclusion), and then his generalizations about the system of symbolic power held up by imperial sophists acquire the sometimes rather annoying ring of unmasking an almost machiavellian conspiracy by a scheming elite that used its culture only to bully its underlings into submission. Apart from that, the book is to be recommended for anyone interested in Greek culture of imperial times.
1. See the reviews by the very author reviewed here (Gnomon 68, 1996, 545f.) and by the present reviewer (Göttingische Gelehrte Anzeigen 247, 1995, 217-233). 2. As reason for his exclusion of poetry S. cites the "Zufall der Überlieferung" (36); one might do well, however, to remember that of almost all the once leading mainstream exponents of the Second Sophistic and their declamations only very little -- compared with their original output -- has survived, mainly in the form of small extracts preserved solely by the grace of Philostratus. The two big exceptions are Dio of Prusa and Aelius Aristides, and of those two, Dio was reckoned very early (i.e., already by Philostratus) as a rhetorician with strong philosophical leanings. 3. Some of these are perhaps not wholly to the point: The addressee of Dio Chrysostom's or. 18 may be a Roman (P. Desideri, Dione di Prusa, Messina 1978, 137-141 thinks of the future emperor Titus), and Lucian's strictures against boorish patrons (who still want to maintain a cultured appearance) in De mercede conductis again is directed against Romans. Things may have been different in the Greek East. 4. In: Greek Sophists in the Roman Empire, Oxford 1969. 5. In: "The Importance of Sophists", YCS 27, 1982, 29-59. 6. On this, see Jennifer Hall, Lucian's Satire, New York 1981, 7, 41-3; C. P. Jones, Culture and Society in Lucian, Cambridge, MA 1986, 20f. 7. M. J. Higgins, "The Renaissance of the First Century and the Origin of Standard Late Greek", Traditio 3, 1945, 49-100. 8. B. P. Reardon, Courants littéraires grecs des IIe et IIIe siècles après J.-C., Paris 1971, 87f. 9. There is also a slight inconsistency between S.'s well-illustrated demonstration (86-88) that philosophers put up a least some resistance against the rhetoricians' all-encompassing claim to dominate education and the statement on p. 90 that there were no rivalling concepts of education apart from the rhetorical one. 10. See, e.g., The Athenian Agora: A Guide to the Excavation and Museum, American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1990 (4th Edn), 123. 11. Regarding cities re-creating a mythical past, S. might have taken note of a book which describes the interesting case of Ephesus in great detail: G. M. Rogers, The Sacred Identity of Ephesus: Fundation Myths of a Roman City, London 1991. 12. Here S. might have cited G. Anderson, "The pepaideumenos in Action: Sophists and their Outlook in the Early Roman Empire", in ANRW II 33,1, Berlin 1989, 89-104 for another detailed and well-documented description of the sophists' public displays of their art. 13. Most of the misprints do not cause difficulties (I mention only the following: on p. 10, 2nd paragraph, 2nd line from bottom, I would add "von" before "der zeitgenoessischen Welt"; on p. 92, 2nd paragraph, line 2 from bottom, delete the comma after "haben"; on p. 128, line 8 and p. 130, 3rd paragraph, line 3 Plutarch's Table-talk should be cited as quaestiones conviv[i]ales; on p. 138, 2nd paragraph, line 2, read "Tugen<d>vollkommenheit"; on p. 199 n. 6, line 1 and p. 216, line 1, stress PROLALIA/, not -LI/A; on p. 216, 3rd paragraph, line 2, put a comma after TRO/PON instead of a colon, similarly on p. 228, 2nd paragraph, line 5 after PEISQW=SIN). On p. 41, a substantial citation in English is without a reference; on p. 55, n. 50 Vivian Nutton should get his masculinity back. Some omissions or errors: On p. 67 n. 2, S. should not have overlooked Th. Hidber, Das klassizistische Manifest des Dionys von Halikarnass: Die Praefatio zu De oratoribus veteribus, Stuttgart/Leipzig 1996 about the role of Dionysius of Halicarnassus concerning the beginnings of Atticism; p. 185: or. 64 in the corpus of Dio of Prusa was probably written not by Dio but by Favorinus. The indices at the end of book are useful, but on p. 256 the entry "Dionysios von Halikarnass" is rather misleading: Of six references, only two actually concern Dionysius (67, 179), the other four Ps.-Dionysius' Art of Rhetoric. S. translates all Greek citations into German, and these translations are usually both elegant and accurate, though in a few places some changes might be welcome: On p. 42, I would have translated the "historical" present not as present tense in Paus. 1,20,5; on p. 60, regarding Aristid. 32,16 I would not say "Tausenden Tausende", but "Unzähligen Unzählige"; on p. 87 (translation of Lexicon Vindobonense p. 294f.) instead of "... kann ein Kind zur Vollkommenheit aufziehen, durch kunstvolle Erfahrung zur fehlerlosen Erfahrung der Sprache führen", I would suggest "kann die Leistungsfähigkeit eines Kindes zur Entfaltung bringen, indem sie es durch erfahrene Beherrschung der Kunstregeln zu einer fehlerlos-erfahrenen Beherrschung der Sprache ausbildet"; on p. 122 (translation of Luc. Pseud. 5f., line 5 from bottom) "während der ganzen Vorstellung" should be transposed after "machten sich"; on p. 147 (second passage from Ps.-Dionysius' ars, line 3-2 from bottom) "umgangssprachlich in Bezug auf ihre Wörter" would be clearer than "in Bezug auf ihre Wörter gewöhnlich"; on p. 191 n. 94 the final cola of the famous Thucydides sentence (1.22.4) are in my opinion not satisfactorily rendered into German (see, e.g., Erbse's translation on p. 131 of the work cited by S. himself in this note). P. 206, last line: "sondern wir haben sie auch" is not in the quoted text of TAM 2.1.174 D a 7-13. Translating ISestos 1,2-7 (p. 217), S. starts with a causal clause ("Da Menas ..."), without supporting it with a main clause; instead, he starts with a wholly new sentence ("Dies alles ..."), while in the Greek text the long E)PEIDH/-clause simply runs on (finally leading to the main clause which initiates the decree).


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Columbia University Libraries is pleased to announce the gift of science fiction and fantasy publications from Dr. Fred Lerner. Lerner is a Columbia College alumnus and doctoral graduate of Columbia's former School of Library Service. He founded the University Science Fantasy Society in the late 1960s and wrote his 1981 dissertation on "Modern science fiction and its reception by the American literary and educational communities, 1926-1970."
This collection, the first of its kind to come to Columbia, includes substantial runs of the following titles: Amazing Stories, Asimov's, Astounding Science Fiction, Fantastic, Galaxy Science Fiction, If: Worlds of Science Fiction, Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, Magazine of Horror, as well as various issues of several other titles.
"As both the former president of the Columbia University Science Fiction Society (CUSFS) and an American Studies major, it's difficult to describe in words how exciting and important this addition to the Columbia Libraries is. CUSFS's independent library has been focusing on adding more current science fiction to our collection, but it's equally important to learn and read about the stories that came before and in many ways created the foundation for the genres we know today. This gift will allow future generations to continue to explore the rich history of science fiction and fantasy, and it's incredible to know that such a large part of that history will be made available to the Columbia community," Suzanne Walker, BC '12, said.
Columbia University's location in New York City, a hub of the science fiction publishing world, and legacy in graduating some of science fiction's preeminent writers, from Isaac Asimov to Roger Zelazny, makes it a natural fit as a place for the academic study of and home for sci-fi and fantasy collections.
"Dreams of the future provide one of the most illuminating methods of investigating our cultural past. Among the pages of the magazines that comprise Dr. Lerner's gifts, scholars can find allegories of the struggle for civil rights, searching critiques of sexism, polemics for and against internationalism, environmentalist jeremiads - all wrapped in tales of alien encounters and future dystopias. These magazines are an invaluable resource for unpacking the dreams of the American century," Jeremy Dauber, Atran Associate Professor of Yiddish Language, Literature and Culture at Columbia University, said.
Columbia University Libraries/Information Services is one of the top five academic research library systems in North America. The collections include over 11 million volumes, over 150,000 journals and serials, as well as extensive electronic resources, manuscripts, rare books, microforms, maps, and graphic and audio-visual materials. The services and collections are organized into 22 libraries and various academic technology centers. The Libraries employs more than 500 professional and support staff. The website of the Libraries is the gateway to its services and resources: library.columbia.edu.


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Should you make a child try something new at meal time?
My five year old refuses to try new food at meal time. Tonight we made her try one small bite of shrimp scampi and you'd think we were making her try a dead rat. In the past,...
Started by Debbie on 08/20/2010 in School-Age Kids
Last update on 03/06/2013 by â« Shawnn âªâ«â«


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The universe is trying to kill us. In Death From the Skies! by our own Bad Astronomer, Phil Plait, counts the ways the world will end. Start worrying in a few million years about a cosmic dust collision, when the sun hits the closest spiral arm of our galaxy. Take your chances with an exploding star. Or manage to escape these threats, and you just get an extra 1035 years before all matter decays anyway.
* Fatalities are very unlikely from a solar event, but they can still cause extensive damage.
† These events all take billions of years (at least!) to unfold, so the chances of them happening during your lifetime are zero, but are inevitable over longer times.
Table reprinted by arrangement with Viking, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc., from DEATH FROM THE SKIES! © Philip Plait, Ph.D., 2008
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secure a GROUP PASS to forest spa
A limited number of Group Passes for Forest Spa are released every year. Bookings are now open and there are 104 available booking days for the year.
These will be offered between March-October. Friday's, Saturday's and Sunday's. For minimum groups of 10 or more.
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Earlier Event: July 12Twilight Package
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The book of Jobs: the lasting legacy of Apple's founder
Issued on: Modified:
While Jeff Jarvis puts Steve Jobs on a par with Guttenberg, differences abound over the lasting legacy of the Apple co-founder. Dean Hovey, who worked on the inception of the mouse for Apple, recalls a man who could take an invention and turn it into an innovation.
- Jeff JARVIS, Author of "Public Parts" - from New York
- Aude BARON, Deputy Editor-in-Chief, nouvelobs.com
- Eric OLANDER, France 24 Digital media editor
- Philippe AIGRAIN, Co-founder, "La Quadrature du Net" (citizen group defending internet freedoms)
- Dean HOVEY, President and CEO, Digifit - from Santa Barbara, California, USA.


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Syrian Prime Minister Riad Hijab is joining the rebels in protest at the "genocide" President Bashar al-Assad is carrying out against his own people, his spokesman said, while state television reports Mr Hijab was sacked.
"I announce my defection today (Monday) from the regime of killing and terror, and I join the ranks of the revolt," he said in statement read by his spokesman Mohammed al-Otri on Al-Jazeera news channel from Amman.
He said his defection comes at a time "when Syria is passing through the most difficult war crimes, genocide, and barbaric killings and massacres against unarmed citizens."
Otri said the premier was in a "safe haven" with his family.
State television reported that Deputy Prime Minister and Local Government Minister Omar Ghalawanji had been appointed caretaker premier.
"Prime Minister Riad Hijab has been dismissed," it said in a terse report.
According to the state-owned Tishrin newspaper, Hijab presided over two meetings at the local government ministry on Sunday to discuss "measures to redevelop areas that have been cleansed of armed terrorists."
If confirmed, Hijab's defection would be the highest-ranking of the 17-month uprising, and a new blow to President Bashar al-Assad, who has already seen no fewer than 31 of his generals cross the border into Turkey to join the rebellion and a growing number of his ambassadors break ranks.
Hijab was a leading Sunni Muslim in Assad's minority Alawite-dominated government. His home province of Deir Ezzor in the northeast has been one of the key battlegrounds of the conflict and seen a mounting death toll from operations by the army in recent weeks.
The 46-year-old was only appointed on June 6 following a widely boycotted May 7 parliamentary election that was hailed as a centrepiece of reform by the Assad regime but dismissed as a farce by Arab and Western governments.
An agricultural engineer by training, Mr Hijab was agriculture minister under his predecessor government Adel Safar who was appointed in April 2011, shortly after the outbreak of the uprising.
"Riad Hijab has defected from the regime," the director of the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, Rami Abdel Rahman, told AFP.
Abdel Rahman said there were conflicting reports on Hijab's current whereabouts.
"Some sources say he has arrived in Jordan, others say he was arrested before making his escape," said Abdel Rahman.
Reports of his defection emerged as the army readied a major ground assault against rebels in commercial capital Aleppo, who say they control half of the city of some 2.7 million people.
They also came as a bomb blast rocked Syrian state television headquarters in the heart of Damascus wounding several people just two days after the army said it had seized the last rebel-held area of the capital.
The morning bombing struck management offices on the third floor of the television building in the heavily protected Omayyad district of the capital.
"It is clear that the blast was caused by an explosive device," said Information Minister Omran al-Zoabi. "Several of our colleagues were injured, but there were no serious injuries, and no dead."
Pro-government television channel Al-Ikhbariya, which was itself the target of a deadly attack claimed by the rebel Free Syrian Army in June, broadcast footage of Zoabi inspecting the building's third floor.
The walls were visibly damaged, water pipes broken, and electric cables hung down from the ceiling. Blood could also be seen on some of the furniture. The broadcaster showed volunteers evacuating a wounded man.
"Syria's television is being targeted because of its bravery," Zoabi said. "But nothing will stop the voice of Syria."
On June 27, gunmen armed with explosives attacked the Al-Ikhbariya offices outside Damascus killing three journalists and four security guards.
On Saturday, rebel fighters attacked the state television building in Syria's second city, Aleppo.
The same day, the Syrian Observatory reported that state television presenter Mohammed al-Saeed had been executed following an abduction claimed by the Al-Qaeda-linked Al-Nusra Front.
Posted on a forum featuring the Al-Qaeda flag, Al-Nusra's statement showed a photograph of Saeed looking frightened with his back against a wall in an unknown location.
"May this be a lesson to all those who support the regime," it said.
In Aleppo, the army bombarded a string of rebel neighbourhoods after government security officials said that troops had completed their build-up and that a 20,000-strong force was poised for a ground assault.
A rebel commander was killed in the Salaheddin district in the southwest, and troops shelled the Palace of Justice, as well as the Marjeh and Shaar districts, the Syrian Observatory said.
A total of nine people were killed in Aleppo early on Monday, among them eight civilians, the watchdog.
A senior security official said on Sunday that the army had completed its deployment of reinforcements to Aleppo, ready for a decisive showdown.
"All the reinforcements have arrived and they are surrounding the city," the official said. "The army is ready to launch its offensive, but is awaiting orders."
Elsewhere in Syria, the Observatory reported another 19 deaths early Monday — 13 civilians and six rebels.


text:
Pumpkin Spice Latte
What's the cure for a chilly Fall afternoon? A pumpkin spice latte. I decided to make some today because the girls have the week off from school and they really wanted to cook. They wanted to make a pumpkin pie, but I thought it would be fun to take our pumpkin pie recipe and turn it into a drink.
I've had pumpkin spice lattes in the past that really only have nutmeg and cinnamon. I made ours with real pumpkin purée, and I sweetened the latte with condensed milk, as I do for cà phê sữa nóng (Vietnamese-style coffee).
It was such a hit. I served the latte in tall glasses, and as quickly as I poured it, the girls drank it. Sunny actually took to drinking it directly from the saucepan!
There's definitely going to be a big pot of pumpkin spice latte on the table for Thanksgiving. If you try it, I bet it'll be on your table as well.
Yields: 6 servings1 quart whole milk
1/2 cup espresso coffee
1/3 cup condensed milk
3/4 teaspoon pure vanilla extract (or almond extract)
1/2 cup pumpkin purée
3/4 teaspoon cinnamon powder, + extra for dusting
1/4 teaspoon ground ginger
1/8 teaspoon nutmeg, freshly grated
1 clove, finely ground
For the pumpkin spice mix: In a bowl, combine the cinnamon powder, ground ginger, nutmeg and clove.
For the coffee: Brew your espresso coffee.
For the cappuccino frothing: Add vanilla extract to 1-1/2 cups of milk if you like. Froth the milk. If you don't own a cappuccino maker or frothing attachment to your espresso maker, check out the tip section .
For the pumpkin spice milk: In another non-stick saucepan, combine the remaining milk, pumpkin purée, condensed milk and the pumpkin spice mix. Warm the dairy mixture over medium-low heat. Do not bring to a boil. Once it's hot, add the coffee. Stir well.
Assembly time: Pour into 6 cups (I used clear glasses for the picture). Make sure to fill up the cups 3/4 of the way up with the drink. Top with the milk foam. Dust with a little cinnamon powder using a fine mesh shaker or a strainer.
Serve with tea cakes or cookies.
Sip slowly, it's time to relax!
I used canned pumpkin purée. You can find it in any supermarket during the holiday season or online.
For kids, you can substitute milk for coffee or you can use decaffeinated coffee.
I only mixed 4 spices that are Fall spice flavors. You can add any other typical Thanksgiving flavors that you like, such as allspice, mace or finely-powdered star anise.
I used a fine Microplane (spice grater) to grate the nutmeg.
I ground the clove using a mortar and pestle in a fine powder.
If you don't have an espresso machine, instant coffee works fine as well. Count about 1/4 cup of coffee per espresso shot.
You can froth the milk by hand. Just place 1-1/2 cups of milk in a non-stick saucepan. It's preferable to use whole milk because the higher fat content, the foamier the milk will get. Constantly whisk the milk until it's hot. After 1-2 minutes, a generous amount of froth will form with a very small amount of hot milk at the bottom. While waiting for the milk to boil, you have to be very careful. Don't go anywhere else. If the phone rings or someone's at the door, let it go. You really have to focus on frothing the milk otherwise you'll be cleaning your stove and scraping the burnt milk all night long! As soon as some bubbles come up, remove from the stove and continue whisking the hot milk.
Another speedy method to froth milk is to warm it in the microwave and foam it in a blender. This works but I think it doesn't create as much foam as the whisking version.
If you don't have a non-stick saucepan, my trick is to add a little water, wait until the water gets bubbly (not until it's evaporated though) and add milk. The cleaning of the saucepan will be much easier.
I sweetened the latte with condensed milk but you can use any other sweetener you prefer, such as agave nectar, honey or granulated sugar.
To make the pumpkin latte extra decadent, add a little crème chantilly (whipped cream) before dusting the cinnamon powder. We didn't because we're still trying to get in shape for our anniversary trip at the end of the month .
For a vegan version, you can use almond, soy or rice milk.Published By: on October 22, 2009.


text:
Can anyone help me understand why I am getting negative absorbance values in both assays for some of my protein samples?
By the way I am looking at the relative activity of the enzymes, I am not using a standard to measure their activity.
Thanks for all
Edited by Fluffy, 08 November 2012 - 09:47 AM.


text:
Suarez leaves Rangers reeling
QPR's survival hopes were dealt a major blow as Luis Suarez inspired Liverpool to a comprehensive 3-0 victory despite the absence of manager Brendan Rodgers.
It was a dreadful end to a roller coaster 2012 for the west Londoners in which there have been plenty more troughs than peaks.
Liverpool dominated from the outset and coasted to victory even without Rodgers, who was unwell and too sick to be on the touchline.
Assistant manager Colin Pascoe and coach Mike Marsh deputised at Loftus Road, which witnessed two Suarez goals inside the opening 16 minutes.
Daniel Agger nodded the visitors further ahead in the 28th minute and, despite an improved second-half performance from the hosts, Liverpool were never in any real danger of losing grip of proceedings.
The defeat leaves QPR bottom and eight points adrift of safety heading into a tough January, which starts with a trip to rivals Chelsea.
Harry Redknapp's side had an important day given their current predicament, with fans calling for the spirit shown when Liverpool last visited back in March.
QPR came back from behind to secure a 3-2 win that day, with the result proving a catalyst in their successful battle against the drop.
The west Londoners needed a similar result today but started poorly, with returning goalkeeper Julio Cesar tested inside three minutes.
Suarez jinked past Clint Hill and unleashed a fierce strike that the Brazilian, recalled in place of Robert Green, could only parry.
Cesar may have wished he had stayed on the bench given the pressure he was under from the outset, with Suarez netting his first of the afternoon in the 10th minute.
The Uruguayan collected a pass from Jordan Henderson and ghosted past Hill with worrying ease, before striking low past the goalkeeper.
It was the 14th time this season that QPR had conceded the opening goal and in the 16th minute Liverpool doubled their advantage.
Suarez was again both scorer and creator, bursting along the byline from the right to produce a cross that Nedum Onuoha could only block straight into the striker's path, allowing him to net again.
Adel Taarabt and Djibril Cisse tried and failed with audacious efforts in a bid to reduce the deficit, although it was Liverpool still in the ascendancy.
Ryan Nelsen did superbly to stop Suarez connecting with a low Glen Johnson cross, before an unmarked Steven Gerrard tested Cesar from the resulting corner.
Liverpool did not have to wait long for their third goal, as Gerrard collected a short corner and sent in a right-wing cross for Agger to nod home.
Taarabt called Jose Reina into action for the first time shortly afterwards, although most of the action was still at the other end.
Jordan Henderson was inches away from Liverpool's fourth with a drilled 20-yard strike, before a Gerrard effort was cleared off the line by a combination of Armand Traore and Nelsen.
Taarabt struck a number of shots from distance as he tried to single-handedly claw QPR back, but the home team's efforts were met by boos at the half-time whistle.
The Hoops emerged for the second half with Shaun Derry on in place of Cisse as Redknapp switched to a 3-5-2 formation.
The move to make the home side sturdier worked for the most part, but the Reds were still creating chances.
Suarez saw a goalbound effort superbly tipped over by Cesar, before Gerrard and Henderson threatened.
QPR proved more of a threat in the second half and, after Traore flashed a cross-shot across goal, Stephane Mbia had two strikes from distances.
Jose Enrique limped off and was replaced by Suso as the game entered the final 20 minutes in which Liverpool shut up shop.
Mbia saw two further strikes as QPR searched for a consolation that never came as the 3,288 visiting supporters went home happy. Their QPR counterparts, though, were left to wonder where they go next.
Source: PA
Source: PA


text:
Naomi Ityi
Canadian, 1928–2003
Untitled, c. 1973
Wool felt, embroidery floss on wool duffle
70.5 x 73 cm
Collection of the Winnipeg Art Gallery; Gift of the Women's Committee
In 1970 Naomi Ityi was one of the first women in Baker Lake to create small pictures from wool scraps left over from earlier clothing projects. These were referred to as wall hangings and, with the establishment of the Baker Lake Sewing Shop in the spring of 1971, they soon became recognized as fine art creations. Ityi's works are characterized by a number of stitching types that give varying textures to her figures. Blanket stitches create regular rows of rectangular shapes on some of her animals, while V-shaped herringbone stitches emulate scales on a fish. Satin and chain stitches create a riot of non-naturalistic colour on other creatures. The animals swirl around static human figures in an infectious chaos of colour and form.
Gallery Hours
- Tuesday 11am-5pm
- Wednesday 11am-5pm
- Thursday 11am-5pm
- Friday 11am-9pm
- Saturday 11am-5pm
- Sunday 11am-5pm
- Closed Monday


text:
Pedometer, Step Counter & Weight Loss Tracker App download page
Downloadingcc.pacer.androidapp_vp2.13.0_sameapk.com.apk (10.10 MB)
If the download doesn't start, click here
You may like
Reach your fitness goals & boost your running training with the free
Whether you want to lose weight, tone up, get healthy, change your habits, or
Everyone. Every run. Join the community that helps people get out the door and
See how much you move on a daily basis with the Runtastic Steps activity and


text:
The page that you are looking for is not accessible. There may be a spelling
error in the web addresss (URL) at the top of the page.
It is possible that the page has been moved. The menu at the top
of the screen can help you find the correct page.
The purpose of this website is to connect students, parents, and
teachers will powerful content that is aligned with the Common Core
Standards for Mathematics in Kindergarten through 5th Grade.
Mr. Maffesoli has been teaching in the Melvindale-Northern Allen
Park Public Schools since 1998. His site has existed since 2007. His
experiences include teaching 3rd Grade, 5th Grade, Math Specialist,
projects at the county level, and presentations for professional organizations.
Copyright © 2019 Michael A. Maffesoli. All Rights


text:
Courtesy & Quiet Hours
All tenants shall comply with QUIET HOURS as posted, and shall comply with all rules and regulations as posted from time to time for use of the recreational areas. No guest or visitors shall be authorized in the recreational areas except when accompanied by Tenant.
(Quiet Hours: 11 p.m. to 11:00 a.m.)


text:
President Obama declares Operation Iraqi Freedom over in a Oval Office address last night. Nobody seemed to like it.
The fed says NM paid $100 million in unemployment benefits to people who didn't qualify.
Albuquerque bus rider stabbed over a crying baby.
Hurricane Earl to soak the east coast this weekend.
Eleven year-old girl dies from an asthma attack after jackass cop blocks the family's way to the hospital.
One of Mexico's most brutal drug lords know as The Barbie has been captured.
A woman in California was tortured for four days over a Facebook post.
What happens when you lend homeless people your credit card?
Some of the states suing to stop President Obama's new health care law are also accepting its subsidies.
Fancy math shows when to book for the cheapest flights.
A woman in Vancouver was attacked with acid.
Don't get on Google's shit list.
No state fair for Michigan this year.
See some good design from Tokyo's Good Design Expo here.
Have you visited the Mystery Stone in Los Lunas?
New York's water is full of tiny shrimp.
A new dinosaur nicknamed the stocky dragon is discovered in Transylvania.
This writer thinks cephalopods possess consciousness.
Denny's is selling a fried cheese grilled cheese sandwich.
I hate The Jersey Shore and Family Circus, but I love Jersey Circus.


text:
Our Hero continues the battle with more missions, more enemies and bigger artillery.
Grab gold nuggets!
On Miniclip, iPhone & Android
MiniRoyale.io is a browser FPS with battle royale gameplay!
It's a Short Life! With so many dumb ways to die!
Are you a man...or a monster?
Make your way through the adrenaline fuelled levels in this dynamic futuristic shooter.
Headshot! Take out the bad guys, stealth-style!
A mighty struggle of masked men!
Defy gravity and risk virtual life and limb!
Build your starship to defend your team's base and fight the War In Space against players from across the galaxy!
Challenging motocross racing at its best!
Take aim from the shadows
Can Commando free the world from the looming threat of world war 3?
Commando is back! Rank up to unlock awesome weapons and all new quick fire missions.
Show off your speed and clever use of physics!
Show off your best BMX freestyle tricks before time runs out!
Use your ninja skills to take out everyone in your way.
Bandits have taken over and it is your job to sort it out.
Knock knights from their horses in a jousting tournament.
Flying with a propeller hat is not as easy as it looks.
Hunt wisps for Halloween!
Drift downhill and speed past the other trikes!
Blast robotic enemies, reach the teleporters and save Earth!
Explosive helicopter warfare!
No-holds-barred rally racing for speed demons!
Join the Wild West brawl and be the last one standing!
Crash your way through a demolition derby!
Race through the mines at breakneck speeds!
Put them back in the ground!
Assault Course 2 is serious about teaching you the basics.
Escape the criminal headquarters using hi-tech gadgets.
Complete action-packed missions on the Western Front!
Devastate your enemies in Guns of Anarchy!
Shoot until the militia has been destroyed in this intense battle on the river.
Engage in an epic space battle against galactic pirates!
Join in the saloon brawl and knock out the other cowboys!
Jump, grab and climb walls in this funky free-running game.
Zombies are everywhere. Make your way to the chopper and get out of here!
Protect the town from the zombies with your meat cleaver!
Trap, shoot, beat and blow up zombies in Zombie Trapper 2!
Use your sword and defeat all the stickmen attacking you.
It's not easy being the new recruit.
Survive this crazy house full of evil, dangerous and clever zombies. Escape the damned house of Zombality!
Pick up massive guns as you pile up defeated robots in your mission to build the tallest Kill Hill.
Use your ninja skills to defeat the criminals!
Fight Monsters on the island. Also available on iPhone!
Take on the evil creatures of the night.
Your mission is to attack the enemy bases. Use the rivers to your advantage!
Help the robot hero to win the war against the evil robots!
Three, two, one...Jump! Get to the bottom in the quickest possible time.
Help Dale get his chickens back from the coyotes!
Sabotage their defense and destroy the enemy!
Time to take the copter to war!
Defend the streets and free the bionic dinosaurs!
Help the Egyptian princess take the throne and get her revenge.
Extreme Snowboard tricks!
Become the team's Ice Hockey Hero!
Defend the city from the invading zombies!
Don't let the zombies breach your defenses!
Zombie kart racing at its best!
Battle all the knights in the kingdom.
President Obama defends the world from an alien invasion!
A true ninja never hides, they aim for the sky!
How far can you get in this mad minecart game?
You must defend your village with advanced war equipment!
Pick up passengers and follow the arrow to their destination.
Annihilate the alien infestation before it's too late!
Get rid of the cybertrash!
Our hero is on the defensive, take control of Commando's towers!
Pirates ahoy! Hunt them down!
Use magic to defeat the evil darkness.
Commando joins forces with his Allies to hold off the waves of enemies!
Disable the threat to the world in this action packed FPS game.
Bring home the Bacon, Hambo!
Use your jetski to escape the henchmen!
Fight enemies in the much awaited sequel to Canyon Shooter.
Destroy all opponents within the time limit!
Help Joe to tear down buildings and evict the criminals.
Do crazy stunts and jumps, and use the Nitro for an extra boost!
Guide Panik through the factory collecting all the bombs.
Patrol the town and pursue the criminals before the time's up.
Use your bionic arm to protect your robot from troublesome bubbles.
Race your Skyboard over the city rooftops, pulling extreme stunts.
Navigate the obstacles in the quickest time possible!
Ride the waves and show off your wakeboarding skills!
Perform stunts to earn points!
Become the ultimate Karate King.
Pick your fighter and battle all the way to the top!
Collect all the bananas and land safely before your fuel runs out.
Drive massive Monster trucks over crazy cool tracks
The scene is World War II. Help to win the war with individual battles.
The missions of your H.A.D.E is to destroy all threatening life forms!
Defend against the Zombies migrating into your town!
Fragger is back with 10 exciting new levels!
Be the best to reach the top!
Learn how to fight like a true Gladiator!
Kick the ball as far as you can!
Perform awesome stunts and race your motorcycle to victory.
Take part in the Celebrity Ice Bucket Challenge and soak top celebrities with ice cold water!
Take the wheel and make your getaway! The cops are on your tail - get to the next checkpoint before time runs out!
Only your skill and bravery can bring peace to the Kingdom of Avantia - it's time to become a hero in BEAST QUEST!
Free the people of Asheton with the help of your loyal dragon!
Show off your free kick skills in Euro Soccer Forever!
The Official Web game of the Rio 2016 Olympic Games!
In Splix.io you must conquer as much land as possible and try to become biggest Splix.io of all!
Tanx is multiplayer tank battling like no other!
The latest multi-player .io sensation, can you become King of the brutal.io Arena?
CarJack.io - Boost fast, race hard in 60 seconds ... High-speed drag car racing with loot rewards & customizable cars!
Who knows what can you find in the depths of a gold mine?


text:
Drawing more than 16,000 visitors to the Las Vegas Convention Center, the 12th annual LightFair International 2001 conference, May 29-June 1, offered a parade of products suitable for every type of facility. Around the floor were many examples of equipment that can squeeze the most light out of every energy dollar without sacrificing looks, and ever-more intelligent dimming systems. At the same time, the power shortage woes will boost business for those electrical contractors who can apply the new technologies emerging in the lighting industry.
Several manufacturers promoted new programmable dimming systems that offer contractors' customers better control over their lighting and potential energy savings. For instance, the LCD-based Viseo display lighting control unit by Lutron Electronics Co. Inc., Coopersburg, Pa., can program the firm's lighting control systems without the need for computers or other plug-in devices. It's ideal for applications that require multi-room lighting control such as ballrooms or conference centers. The unit has large buttons for ease of use.
Lutron also introduced the Digital microWATT system, which provides automated on/off light switching, full-range dimming capabilities, precise real-time monitoring of a building's entire lighting system and load shedding for peak demand reduction. The system can also enhance life safety concerns by integrating building lighting with the fire-alarm system.
Lightolier, Fall River, Mass., also added to its lighting controls offering with the introduction of its Addressable Track Module System (ATOM), which allows individual dimming and switching of track luminaires on the same or multiple circuits with incandescent lamps or the switching of fixtures with compact fluorescent or high-intensity discharge lamps. The ATOM module is installed between the track and track head and is activated with a laser or by remote control. The system provides up to seven programmable scenes, time delays, fading effects or cycle effects. (For more information on ATOM, see Product of the Month, page 1.)
Color Kinetics, Boston, has attracted lots of attention at the show in recent years for its innovative LED lighting products. At this year's LightFair, along with announcing a new LED that produces white light, the company rolled out its iPlayer 2, a lighting control that can store up to eight custom light shows. The device can be controlled by an optional controller keypad, Lutron's Grafik Eye, Homeworks Interactive or Radio RA products and standard contact-closure keypads.
Manufacturers of these dimming products now want a universal language that will allow products made by different manufacturers to speak with each other more easily. Osram Sylvania Inc., Danvers, Mass., is spearheading a new control language, DALI, or Digital Addressable Lighting Interface, which was first developed by lighting equipment manufacturers in Europe. The digital protocol (an open protocol) allows simplified control wiring that provides greater flexibility than traditional 0-10V analog systems. Additionally, two-way communication over a pair of low voltage wires provides opportunities for monitoring lighting systems with direct input from both ballasts and lamps. The company also introduced DALI dimming ballasts for its T8 32W and T5 28W and T5 HO 54W lamps.
For example, electronic circuitry allows the "soft start" of incandescent, fluorescent and HID lamps, thus extending the life of the filament or cathode. New electronic circuitry and material processing (quartz-pinching technology) and improved infrared reflection coatings that turn heat into light, offer the potential of nearly 40 lumens per watt efficacy for an incandescent lamp.
Osram Sylvania showed the G9 Capsylite, a 2-in. by 0.5-in., 120V halogen incandescent lamp, with a snap-in base, suitable for unshielded fixtures. Using quartz pinching in the manufacturing process, the new lamp opens up a wide variety of new fixture possibilities that could replace MR-16 lamps.
GE Lighting, Cleveland, presented the Integral Electrical MR-16 lamp, which combines the advantages of low-voltage MR-16 lamps and the convenience of a screw-base by using a built-in transformer to convert from line voltage to 12V.
Continuous improvements in fluorescent lamps — barrier coatings, improvements in electrode design and electrode depletion and better management of mercury consumption — reap a higher color-rendering index and reduce the wattage of the popular 32W T8 linear lamp to 30W. At the same time, new ballast designs work as a system with specific lamps for optimum efficiencies. Examples are GE's T-8 Watt-Miser ULTRA System and Sylvania's Xtreme System. The T-8 linear lamp life, at three hours per start, is also stretched to 20,000 hours, and, in some cases, even to 30,000 hours.
Philips Lighting, Somerset, N.J., has the Alto Universal T-8 lamp that offers full-rated life on all T-8 ballast systems, and 33% longer life on instant-start ballasts than standard T-8 lamps. Another version, the Universal Advantage, includes a special phosphor for 95% lumen maintenance and 86 CRI.
Osram Sylvania's high-output OCTRON lamps, with 3,200 initial lumens, and an 86 CRI, offers 18,000-hour to 30,000-hour rated average life, depending on ballast used.
Similarly, improvements in layout and lead forming, higher quality parts, better managing of ripple currents and control of preheating allow compact fluorescent (CFL) lamps to come in a high-lumen package, such as GE's 57W (4,300 lumens) and 70W (5,100 lumens) triple-tube CFL that can be applied in high-bay industrial areas, retail ceiling, outdoor general lighting or arenas. Another notable example is the Philips PL-L 80W lamp, which offers 6,000 lumens and a CRI of 82.
Metal-halide lamps also boast design improvements. Ceramic arc tubes and smaller arc tube shapes provide better control of the metallic salts to deliver longer life and better color.
GE's Hi-Watt Ceramic metal-halide lamp has a CRI of up to 94 in 250W and 400W ratings for use in higher ceiling applications. Sylvania's True-Color Metalarc Ceramic pulse-start metal-halide lamp features a "bulgy" ceramic arc tube design for improved reliability and performance.
Philips' Master Color HPS-RetroWhite metal-halide lamp, in 250W and 400W ratings, operates on a high-pressure sodium ballast, so a simple lamp replacement brings improved color rendition.
Venture Lighting, Solon, Ohio, has the 125W Uni-form pulse start, a metal-halide lamp ballast system that offers 12,000 initial lumens, a rated life of 15,000 hours and a color temperature of 4,000K. Also available in a coated version, the system is designed for new and retrofit applications where energy consumption and lumen output are important considerations.
Attendees showed interest in light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and lamp makers are working hard to find the best way of producing high-output white light. Philips has the Lumeon Power Light Source, and Osram Sylvania offers complete modular solutions for this type of lighting, including SMD-mounted LEDs, secondary and tertiary optics and power supplies.
GELcore LLC, Valley View, Ohio, a joint venture of GE and Emcore Corp., showed a replacement for a 35W halogen lamp and a replacement for a low-wattage MR-16 lamp.
Control schemes received a lot of attention on the show floor, since they allow a facility to turn off lighting when not needed and to optimize the light level for various activities in a space.
Lightfair International has announced the New Product Showcase Awards, Image Awards and best Booth awards winners. Lightfair's panel of judges picked the winnning products from the show's featured 526 exhibitors, which occupied more than 1,274 booths.
Winners of the New Product Showcase Awards
Best New Product of the Year Award and Best of Category Award for Components Category: Meso Optics by Ledalite Architectural Products
Design Excellence Award and Best of Category Award for Flood and Facade Lighting Category: Oculus by Architectural Area Lighting
Technical Innovation Award and Best of Category Award for Specialty Innovations Category: cl-200 Color Temp Meter by Minolta Corp.
Energy Award and Best of Category Award for Systems Category: Ergolight-Discus by Ledalite Architectural Products
Best of Category Award for Incandescent Lamps Category: Capsylite G9 120VHalogen Capsule Lamp by Osram Sylvania
Best of Category Award for Fluorescent Lamps Category: Octron XPS by Osram Sylvania
Best of Category Award for HID Lamps Category: MasterColor HPS Retro-White by Philips Lighting Co.
Best of Category Award for Specialty Lamps Category: The Luxeon line of Power Light Sources by Lumileds/Philips Lighting Co.
Best of Category Award for Downlights, Wallwashers & Accent Lights Category: Pro-Optic Firebox by Progress Lighting
Best of Category Award for Tracklighting, Low Voltage Cable and Rail Systems Category: Jilly Spotlight by ERCO Luechten GMBH
Best of Category Award for Troffers, Commercial Recessed and Surface Fixtures Category: Cubetto by Zaneen Lighting
Best of Category Award for Suspended Direct and Indirect Pendants Category: Eins Collection Pendant by Transnational Enterprises
Best of Category Award for Decorative Sconces, Chandeliers, Ceiling, Table and Task Lamps Category: Link by Zaneen Lighting
Best of Category Award for Site and Roadway Lighting Category: LCD Series by Teka Illuminination Inc.
Best of Category Award for Landscape and Fountain Lighting Category: "Stealth" Steplight by Lucifer Lighting Co.
Best of Category Award for Fiber-Optic and Remote Source Lighting Category: Fiberstars Underground by Fiberstars Inc.
Best of Category Award for Vandal Resistant and Industrial Specialty Lighting Category: Occu-Smart Stair Safe by LaMar Lighting
Best of Category Award for Exit Signs and Emergency Lighting Category: Orientation Luminaires with High Protection Mode by ERCO Leuchten GMBH
Best of Category Award for Controls Category: Handshake Portable Lighting Control by High End Systems Inc.
Best of Category Award for Research, Publications and Software Category: AGI32 version 1.4 by Lighting Analysts Inc.
Best of Category Award for Ballast and Transformers Category: Power-Select Electronic Metal Halide Ballast by Reliable Ballast Inc.
Winners of the Image Awards
Attendance Promotion/Direct Mail (single piece): Lucifer Lighting, booth size: 300-400 sq ft
Attendance Promotion Campaign (single piece): Electronic Theater Controls Inc., booth size: 700 sq ft and larger.
Attendance Promotion Campaign (multiple pieces): Color Kinetics, booth size: 300-400 sq ft
The two award winners for the On-site Promotional Giveaway were: Philips Lighting Co., booth size: 700 sq ft and larger and Prescolite, booth size: 500-600 sq ft
Winners of the Best Booth Awards
600 sq ft and larger: Louis Poulsen Lighting
400 to 600 sq ft: ERCO Leuchten GmBH
300 to 400 sq ft: Intrepid Lighting
100 to 200 sq ft: Stonelight Works
Next year's Lightfair Show is scheduled for June 2 through June 5 at the Moscone Center in San Francisco. For more information, see the Lightfair Web site at www.lightfair.com or call (404) 220-2217.


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Deposizione di Gesù (The Deposition of Christ) - Antonio Ciseri - WikiGallery.org, the largest gallery in the world
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