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10 Best Apps and Gadgets for Keeping Children Entertained While Traveling
You're packed and ready to load your family in the van to take the 6+ hour drive to Grandma's house for Thanksgiving. You'll be spending a long time in the car and that can lead to shouting matches when the kids get restless. There is nothing more agonizing than a 6-hour car ride with bored kids. Here is a list of the 10 best things to pack for your holiday traveling:
1. MP3 Players
Not everyone has the same taste in music, so let your family create their own playlists and take turns listening. Make sure to include earphones so not everyone has to listen to the music. The Kidz Gear Wired Headphones for Kids are made especially to fit kids 2 years and older without slipping and provide great sound as well as comfort.
2. Educational Gadgets
If you are not comfortable handing over your tablet to your preschooler, opt for something a little more durable and age appropriate. LeapFrog makes a variety of kid-proof educational devices. These include the LeapPad, LeapFrog Tag (reading system) and LeapFrog Explorer.
3. Portable DVD Player
While tablets have the ability to stream movies and play digital copies, a portable DVD player can be attached to the back of the front seat for all of your little eyes to see. Don't forget your DVD case of movies too.
4. Tablets
Your older kids can stay occupied with their own tablets. They can play apps on their iPad or read an Ebook with their Kindle Fire.
5. Charging Station or Car Chargers
Never let your gadgets run out of juice. Make sure to bring all of your car chargers for your electronics. You can invest in a portable charger or opt for a 4-port USB car adaptor if you just don't have enough plugs for all.
6. Road Trip Scavenger Hunt ($.99 for iPad and iOS)
This app is great for road trips. Similar to I Spy, this app tells you what to look for and keeps track of point the whole ride. Keep your eyes peeled while you search for words and objects.
7. Family Car Games (iOS) and Fun Family Car & Travel Games! (Android for $2)
Packed with tons of games that will entertain everyone in the car.
8. Geography Drive USA ($2.99 for iPad and iOS)
Customize your own car and hit the road with this traveling trivia game packed with 800 important facts.
9. Go Sum (iPad and iOS)
A mathematical Scrabble board everyone will love.
10. Whispersync from Amazon and Audible (Android)
Download audio books (some are free) from your smartphone or listen/read along on your Kindle Fire.
Now you can pick the right gadgets to arm your family against boredom and keep the peace while you travel this holiday season.
– By Jennifer Thayer


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by Prof Barry Dwolatzky
How good is South Africa at software development? Where would we be placed in a league table of software developing nations? I guess the answer would depend on what one means by "good" and what such a "world ranking" would be based on.Without doubt South Africa has a lot to be proud of and a great deal to show in terms of its achievements in software development. South African companies, teams and individuals have made significant contributions to the world of software development over many decades.
Let me therefore re-phrase my question as follows: In terms of important performance measures such as quality and predictability, how good is South African software development?
Let me expand a bit on this. Software applications are usually developed to meet some specific business requirement. Government may, for example, require a new system to securely manage the issuing of identity documents and passports. A bank may wish to offer a new internet-based service to its customers. In such cases (when a solution can't be bought off-the-shelf) a development team is given the task of producing the required application. The customer specifies what is required (not always an easy task) and the team makes a commitment to deliver the application within a certain time and for an agreed cost. The customer also expects the application, once it's delivered, to operate without "bugs" and errors.
It is therefore clear that in the field of software development delivery time, cost and quality are important measures for the customer. Over many years the performance of software development teams around the world has been studied and benchmarks have been determined. The "average" picture that emerges is the following:
- Projects are typically delivered late: between 27% and 112% over scheduled date
- Projects cost more than expected: between 17% and 85% over allocated budget
- Applications are delivered with many defects: between 1 and 7 defects per 1,000 lines-of-code [KLOC]
- About 50% of the time and cost of a project is taken up doing system testing and re-work to correct errors.
Although this picture of software development around the world is not very encouraging, customers have come to accept the fact that acquiring a software solution is a risky and expensive undertaking.
Coming back to my question: In terms of the performance benchmarks listed above, how good is South African software development? Where do we rank in the world?
Unfortunately I don't have an answer. As far as I know there has been no authoritative research done to collect the necessary data on software development projects in South Africa. Maybe I'm wrong? Does anyone have such data? My gut-feel – based on many years of engagement with companies and individuals involved in software development in South Africa – is that we rank at the "bad" end of the performance benchmarks listed above.
Should we be concerned about the fact that we are (probably) not very good in world terms at delivering software projects on time, within budget and of good quality? I definitely think that we should be very concerned as the software industry becomes incresinglycompetitive!
I've just arrived in Pittsburgh, USA, to attend the annual "TSP Symposium" organised by the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) at Carnegie Mellon University. TSP is the "Team Software Process". Since 2007 I've been tracking adoption of TSP in various countries around the world. In 2009, through the JCSE, I launched a TSP Pilot programme involving two South African companies – Nedbank and Dariel Solutions. Later today (Tuesday 21st Sept) the three of us – JCSE, Nedbank and Dariel – will be presenting a paper on the results of this pilot programme to the TSP Symposium. Our paper is entitled: "Will TSP shape the future of software development in South Africa?"
Over the next few days I'll do a daily blog posting from the TSP Symposium. Watch this space if you're interested. And please comment if you have any thoughts on anything I say!

subset: commoncrawl


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The brand new Christmas costume range has arrived! Santas, nativity costumes and more, our latest range also includes funny Christmas costumes, Christmas skinsuits and & even Christmas hats.All Christmas costumes
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Ladies' Plus Size Sexy Scream Fancy Dress Costume
What's Your Favourite Scary Movie? We all remember the first time we watched slasher movie Scream starring Courtney Cox, Neve Campbell and David Arquette as a sexy policeman.
If you want to recreate the look of Ghostface but would rather have a sexy twist to your Halloween fancy dress costume then our Ladies' Plus Size Sexy Scream Costume will get you looking spookier than the Woodsboro murdered in moments! Included in the officially licensed Scream fancy dress costume is a frighteningly fashionable short black dress styled with a scoop neckline, drape sleeves with jagged edge detailing to the arms and hemline. To make the most of your masquerade ball or Halloween party you will need a mask and this officially licensed costume comes complete with a handheld 'Ghostface' mask.
An ideal iconic plus size Halloween fancy dress costume.
Short black dress with jagged edge detailing
White Handheld Scream mask.
One size only fits UK 16 -22
Here at www.megafancydress.co.uk we offer following easy to use delivery options in order to meet your desired delivery date at the lowest cost option to suit.
Standard Delivery Option First Class Recorded 1- 3 working days - UK only. First Class Recorded Delivery offers up to £30 insurance cover
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International Signed For offers upto £30 cover. If you require more cover please e-mail us.
The delivery cost is dependent upon the weight of your order and the destination country. Delivery outside the EU may be subject to local import taxes, which are your responsibility where they apply. Unfortunately we cannot advise you what these charges will be and Magic Toyz is not responsible for them.
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Yes we do please use Royal Mail delivery options at checkout.
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All items paid before 4pm will be dispatched the same working day Monday - Friday.
Here at Mega Fancy Dress we aim to get your goods delivered to you Mega Fast! Most of our customers do receive their items the next working day when they choose 1st class postage however this is not guaranteed unless you opt for next day delivery at checkout. 1st class post generally takes 1-2 working days and 2nd class post generally takes 2-4 working days.
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Please choose the Special Delivery by 1PM service at the checkout before 4PM on a Friday.
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Covington Community Park Star Party
Open to Public
Type: Outreach
Keywords: Public Outreach Star Party
Held on: Jul 28, 2017 (Fri) at 10:00 PM to Jul 29, 2017 (Sat) at 12:55 AM
Location: Covington Community Park
Event Coordinator: David W. Ingram
Covington Parks & Recreation are sponsoring monthly evenings of observing interesting astronomical objects and learning about the universe. Astronomers from the Seattle Astronomical Society, Boeing Employees' Astronomical Society, and Tacoma Astronomical Society will share telescope views of planets, stars, clusters, galaxies, and other celestial objects of the season.
Print and bring your own copy of the current month star chart at <www.skymaps.com>
Covington Community Park:
17649 SE 240th Street
Covington, WA 98042
Number of Supporters: 0
Number of Attendees: 0
Number of Telescopes: 0
Duration (hours):
Please sign up to see member comments.


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Welcome to my Daily Inspiration - Daily Quote. See today's daily inspirational quotes below.
May the world be kind to you, and may your own thoughts be gentle upon yourself. - Jonathan Lockwood Huie
May the world be kind to you, and may your own thoughts be gentle upon yourself. - Jonathan Lockwood Huie
Next step: Click link in confirmation email.
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Please see our Frequently Asked Questions page for Help.
Sunday, January 4, 2015
We Belong to Each Other
If we have no peace,
it is because we have forgotten
that we belong to each other.
- Mother Teresa
For I was an hungred, and ye gave me meat: I was thirsty, and ye gave me drink:
I was a stranger, and ye took me in: Naked, and ye clothed me:
I was sick, and ye visited me: I was in prison, and ye came unto me.
Verily I say unto you, Inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of these
my brethren, ye have done it unto me.
Matthew 25:35-40
If you are healthy, support those who are sick.
If you have a job, support those who have lost theirs.
If you are strong, support those who are feeble of body or mind.
- Jonathan Lockwood Huie
Our prime purpose in this life is to help others.
- Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama
Further reading: The Good Samaritan
How Helping Others Helps You
Commitment To Service
Feed Just One
Helping Others
Encourage Others
Posted by Jonathan Lockwood Huie
Labels: Bible, charity, compassion, Dalai Lama, generosity, giving, good samaritan, good works, helping others, kindness, least of these, life purpose, Mother Teresa, oneness, purpose, service
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While some Catholic churches might offer a Sunday school for preschoolers during some Masses, often there isn't such an option. Moreover, some parents believe that the entire family should be together during a Mass -- and want their children to learn about, and participate in, the service from a young age. However, getting young children to stay quiet and behave for an entire Mass can present a challenge. If you're faced with this dilemma, it's helpful to plan ahead -- and to be considerate of other parishioners who are participating in the service.
Attend the children's Mass if your church offers one. Depending on the church, it might hold a special Mass for young families in a space like the school auditorium, which can accommodate strollers, as well as offer enough space for young children to color or engage in another quiet activity to keep them busy. Some churches might offer a Children's Liturgy of the Word Mass, which might involve having the school-aged kids head off to another area to learn about the scripture on a child-oriented level before the first reading -- and then returning for the offertory procession.
Communicate your expectations. Let your kids know that it is important that they behave during mass so that you and other parishioners can concentrate on the service.
Prepare your children mentally and physically. Choose a Mass that works for your family's schedule. For example, don't attend an early Sunday Mass if you have to wake the kids earlier than usual. Most churches offer Saturday and Sunday evening Masses, as well as afternoon Masses. Also, make sure the kids eat a good meal before Mass. Keep in mind that hungry or sleepy kids are more likely to get cranky and act out.
Prepare a church bag with some small, quiet toys that you only allow your kids to use during church time, making the toys seem special and novel. You might want to pack a quiet snack as well.
Model good church behavior. Your kids emulate your behavior, so be sure that you don't talk or show disrespect during the service if you expect your children to behave appropriately.
Sit in a strategic place. For example, if your kids are distracted by looking at other parishioners, or want to see what's going on at the altar, head to the front pew. Placing parents or other relatives in between siblings that tend to squabble can help squash problems before they arise. Having your toddler sit on your lap can help prevent him from trying to wander. Sitting at the end of the pew can provide you with an easy exit -- just in case.
Compliment your children after church on good behavior during Mass. Positive reinforcement can help kids perform better each time to get the same compliments.
Check if your church offers a baby room. Some more modern churches offer free babysitting services for infants who are too young to fully understand what is going on during the service.
Most churches do have a crying room, which is controversial as some families want to keep their kids by their sides in the pew. However, other parishioners might feel that noisy children are too much of a distraction during Mass. It is up to the parents as to whether or not they want to utilize the crying room.
Some Catholic churches or parishioners might disapprove of bringing toys or food into the church.


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Web Developers (WordPress & Drupal)
|Date Posted
|20th June 2017
|Job Type
|Never Expire
|Never Expire
Torpedo is an award winning creative agency based near Oxford with an impressive list of clients. Digital is at the core of everything we do and we're looking for an experienced Web Developer to join our established development team.
This is a fantastic opportunity to join a highly talented, creative and friendly team working within a converted barn on a varied range of exciting websites and digital projects.
You will have a passion for coding and new technologies with a portfolio of sites / projects that clearly demonstrate your skills and capabilities.
Role & Responsibilities
- Website and web application development, optimised across multiple browsers and device platforms
- Work across a broad range of exciting projects for different clients and big brands
- Help to recommend, plan and develop dynamic web and digital projects
- Be involved at all stages of the design and development process
- Work closely with the UX, design, SEO and project management teams
- Testing and support of new and existing solutions
- Stay up-to-date with current web trends and new technologies and have a desire to push the boundaries.
- Work in a variety of development processes, including Agile
Technical Skills & Experience
- Advanced knowledge of WordPress and/or Drupal, PHP and MySQL including modern PHP frameworks such as Symfony, Zend and Laravel
- Excellent HTML5 / CSS3 hand-coding skills combined with Ajax, JQuery and Javascript libraries and tools (Angular, React, D3)
- Extensive experience of developing and testing responsive websites for multiple browsers, platforms and devices
- Skilled in Object Oriented Programming and Design Patterns
- Experience of using version control systems – ideally Subversion or Git
- Experience of automated testing (for example PhpUnit, Behat or PhpSpec) and automated deployment and continuous integration (Travis, Jenkins) is desirable
- Good working knowledge of web and mobile UX/UI best practices
- Possess good understanding of accessibility standards
- Good understanding of in-depth testing methodologies and procedures
- An organised approach with excellent attention to detail and a pride in your work
- The ability to work to tight deadlines whilst providing clients and colleagues with exceptional service at all times
Company description
Apart from us being a really fun and friendly bunch, here's some other nice things we do for our team:
- Modern agency environment with high-spec Macs, dual-screens and the latest tech.
- Excellent location with free parking.
- 25 days holiday (Increasing to 28 days after 5 years).
- Private healthcare.
- Dental insurance.
- Pension scheme.
- Conferences and training.
- Regular social events.
- Free fruit in the office every week.
- Copious amounts of tea and coffee.
- Tasty snacks and pick 'n' mix sweets.
- Cakes on your birthday.
- Breakout area with large TV and games.
- Sonos sound system with shared playlist.
- Use of on-site swimming pool and tennis court.
- Discounted gym membership.
- Childcare vouchers.
- Cycle to work bike scheme.
- Free annual flu vaccination.


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Net Health loves to see its employees healthy and happy. From soccer and flag-football teams, local hikes, pedometer challenges, nutritious snacks, and healthy potluck lunches, we've stayed on our toes making wellness a priority!
Archives for October 2014
Arrested Development, Net Health Style
Our software and interface teams participated in the second annual Arrested Development—two full days to devote on a unique and innovative project of their choice. The freedom to explore their own ideas always leads to exciting results. Some of this year's projects will be appearing in the 2015 software product roadmaps!
Net Health Named one of the Best Places to Work in Healthcare at Modern Healthcare Magazine's Awards Gala
Net Health, the leader in software solutions for specialized outpatient care, was honored yesterday at Modern Healthcare magazine's Best Places to Work 2014 awards gala. Net Health was ranked among the top 100 healthcare providers, insurers, vendors, and suppliers recognized by the magazine at a celebratory event following their seventh annual Best Places to Work […]
Net Health Teams with Second Harvest Food Bank
Net Health Nashville's teams battled to raise the most food for local Second Harvest Food Bank of Tennessee. With their generosity and competitiveness combined, over 3,000 pounds of food was donated to the organization that's been helping to feed the homeless since 1978!
Net Health Named to Pittsburgh's 2014 Tech 50
Net Health, the leader in software solutions for specialized outpatient care, was named as a finalist in the Pittsburgh Tech Council's 2014 Tech 50 awards program. The annual award honors southwestern Pennsylvania's most successful and innovative technology companies. This is Net Health's ninth consecutive year to be named among the Tech 50. Net Health CEO, […]
Workflow Optimization at Tri-State
WoundExpert user Tri-State Memorial Hospital Wound Healing & Hyperbaric Center worked with Net Health VP and CCO, Cathy Thomas Hess to optimize their workflow. By reviewing their current processes and data flows, they worked together to understand how to use WoundExpert to its fullest potential, helping to streamline their facility's operations and improve performance. […]
Cytomedix Introduces Newly-branded Aurix to WoundExpert Clients at SAWC Fall 2014
Cytomedix (OTCQX:CMXI), a pioneer in biodynamic therapies, today announced that it will introduce its chronic wound care system, AurixTM, during the Symposium on Advanced Wound Care (SAWC) Fall Meeting, being held October 16-18, 2014 in Las Vegas, Nevada. Cytomedix will be presenting the Aurix System™ at the Company's exhibition booth (#511). In addition to introducing […]
Black Tie Bowling
For Net Health's most recent Formal Friday, we let the good times roll at local bowling alleys in Pittsburgh and Nashville. Our bow ties and dresses didn't stop us (well, didn't stop most of us) from pitching spares and strikes!
Net Health CEO Sanzo Defines Tactics for Optimizing Facility Revenue at NAOHP 2014
At the Ryan Associates 28th National Conference, "Adapting to the New Healthcare Environment", Net Health's CEO Anthony Sanzo will lead a discussion focused on revenue cycle management in occupational medicine and urgent care facilities. This annual conference serves the National Association of Occupational Health Professionals (NAOHP) membership. During his feature interview with subject matter expert […]
Practice Point: Focus on Clinical Decision Support Functionality – A CMS Update
Clinical Decision Support Is a Key Functionality Clinical decision support is a key functionality of health information technology that, when effectively applied, contributes to increased quality of care and enhanced health outcomes, error and adverse event avoidance, improved efficiency, reduced costs, and enhanced provider and patient satisfaction. Recognizing this potential to improve care, the US […]


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I'm fairly well read in the benefits and processes of Scrum. I get the ideas on the backlog, burndown charts, iterations, using user stories, and other various concepts of the Scrum "framework".
With that said... I work for a web development firm that manages multiple projects at one time, with six team members that make up the "production team".
How does Scrum work with having multiple projects? Do you still just schedule an iteration for a single project in a certain amount of time and the entire team works on it, and then you move on to the next project with a new iteration when that iteration is completed? Or is there an "agile" way in managing multiple projects with their own iterations with only one team at the same time?


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If you searching for Facebook covers and banners then check out these 11 cool websites where you can get it for free for your Facebook Timeline profiles.
Facebook Cover is the image banner that you see on your profile at the top, you can add any image that you want to make it attractive. Facebook Timeline was introduced in September 2011 with a host of new features and an attractive layout. Though it was initially not received positively by the users it has been part of the whole FB experience worldwide.
FB Timeline is the first thing that appears when someone views your profile, so it is a very good idea for you to choose the best Facebook Cover that describes your feeling or something about yourself.
Below are some of the cool websites that I have compiled where you can get free Facebook Covers that you can use it on your profile easily. Facebook Cover or the banner size is exactly 851px by 315px and this is the exact dimension of images that you will find on these sites which requires no modification from you.
Many of the these Facebook Cover/Banner websites are easy to use, all you need to do is pick the right cover that you want and give permission (authorization) for the site to automatically add the cover to your profile. It's as easy clicking your mouse button thrice and get yourself a new cover.
Note: If you still do not have Facebook Timeline for your profile for some strange reason then do check out this post about – How To Enable and Activate Facebook Timeline
1) First Covers – http://www.firstcovers.com/
First Covers has over 583k likes from fans all over the world and for the right reason. From Actors and Actresses to Funny, Quotes, Zodiac signs based covers can be obtained from this site. On the left hand side of the webpage you will find all the categories listed. Choose any of them or simply search for a desired Facebook banner from the search box at the top of the screen.
The website quote is "We did it first, We do it best" does suggest that it was one of the first websites to provide Facebook Covers on the Internet I suppose.
2) FB Profile Covers – http://fbprofilecovers.com/
With a layout similar to that of Facebook, FB Profile Covers website does give you the same feeling as if you were on your Facebook account. It has over 383k fans and also they have got some good collection of covers ranging from Love, Abstract, Anime to Cars, Bikes, Movies and much more. They have featured a category that many of you will like, a Welcome Cover based collection which can bring in a smile to your Facebook friends.
3) 99 Covers – http://99covers.com/
99 Covers website has about 178k likes and the first thing that I notice on this site was the cool way they have categorized the content. You can choose the Popular and the Newest covers to enhance your Facebook profiles look before any of your friend does or check out the cool categories they have. They have neatly organized FB covers for guys, for girls and even according to your mood. You can also check out the number of views a cover has received on this site and decide if you want to use it or not.
4) Trendy Covers – http://www.trendycovers.com/
This website has some cool HQ Facebook covers for your Timeline that might interest you. At least about 90k fans from Facebook think it is a cool site. If you are looking out for covers related to Emo, Broken Hearts, Games, TV Shows then I would suggest you to check out this website now.
5) Cover My FB – http://covermyfb.com/
They have almost 10k fans from Facebook and what is even bigger is their number of categories that is on display. They have been classified the Music Covers based on Genres like Rock, Pop, Metal, Electronic and much more. Among the sports cover that you will find on this site ranges from Baseball, Basketball, Soccer, Wrestling and others. Other cool Facebook covers that you will find are of Quotes (Girly, Love etc), Religious (Christian, Hindu), College universities, Graffiti and lots more.
Interesting: Want to have some fun? The try Facebook Upside Down now or try to Facebook Search for People Without logging in!
These are some of the other Interesting websites that can help you add cool Facebook covers to your Timeline:
6) Cover Junction – http://coverjunction.com/
7) My Banners – http://www.get-covers.com/
8) Profile Gen – http://profilegen.com/
9) Get Covers – http://www.get-covers.com/
10) Cover Photoz – http://www.coverphotoz.com/
Bonus – Her Covers – http://www.hercovers.com/
This site is exclusively for Girls looking out for cute and girly covers, that is what the website says!
I really hope that you guys and girls out there like this list of cool websites that offer Facebook Covers on the Internet. There are many more sites that we can add to this list but it would be great to see you people suggesting to us by commenting below.
If you liked this post then we are glad but you can also make us really happy by sharing this on your Facebook profile so your friends can get to know about it as well!


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Reno, Nev., Chosen as Host City for 4th Annual TSNN Awards Nov. 1-3
Trade Show News Network, a division of U.K.-based Tarsus Group, is pleased to announce Reno, Nev., has been chosen as the host for the 4th Annual TSNN Awards: Celebrating Trade Show Excellence Nov. 1-3.
"We are very excited and honored to bring the TSNN Awards to Reno and have no doubt the award winners will be impressed with what the city has to offer as a first-class trade show destination," said Rachel Wimberly, TSNN's president.
"Reno Tahoe USA is delighted to host the 2013 Trade Show News Network (TSNN) Awards," said RSCVA President and CEO Christopher Baum.
He added, "This is a phenomenal opportunity to provide the esteemed TSNN award winners - and event attendees - with a memorable, rewarding experience befitting their achievements. Additionally, this is a great opportunity to showcase Reno Tahoe's world-class convention center, upscale hotels, beautiful Lake Tahoe and our spectacular high desert setting as an excellent tradeshow option that can drive more successful events."
The TSNN Awards honor the top 50 fastest-growing trade shows, as well as other awards categories.
The three-day weekend celebration will kick off Friday night with a cocktail reception that will welcome the winning show organizers to Reno, followed by a Saturday C-level executive conference and a Saturday evening gala celebrating the winners, capped off by a Sunday brunch.
"This is THE original and definitive awards event in the industry. I am thrilled and honored to remain so deeply involved with this important celebration that we began way back in 2003," said Adam Schaffer, vice president, tradeshows and exhibitions at HelmsBriscoe, as well as former publisher of Tradeshow Week and founder of TSW Fastest 50.
Schaffer, who also will emcee this year's event, added, "We will learn, network and celebrate in Reno, and I look forward to congratulating all of our winners and welcoming our guests. The Reno-Sparks Convention and Visitors Authority has put together a stellar weekend!"
The TSNN Awards were created to celebrate the growth, innovation and achievement that exist in our industry. Every day, show organizers are working to promote their events, launch new ones, and better serve their attendees and exhibitors by creating amazing marketplaces for commerce.
TSNN will celebrate growth in this fourth year by awarding success in many categories, including fastest-growing attendance and net square footage, TSNN's prestigious "Best of Show" award, the Industry Icon Honoree and more.
The TSNN Awards' founding sponsor, The Expo Group, also will honor five show organizers from different-sized events for Show Manager of the Year (SMOTY) Awards.
"As the Founding Sponsor of the TSNN Awards, we are excited about teaming up with Reno and rolling out the red carpet in recognizing the 2013 industry leaders and their shows," said Ray Pekowski, The Expo Group president and CEO.
This weekend-long celebration is where the best and the brightest in the business will gather to network, connect and celebrate working in an industry like no other – and acknowledging and embracing the success that they have mutually achieved.
Here are some highlights of the Reno Tahoe area:
· Reno's largest tradeshow facility, the Reno Sparks Convention Center, has 381,000 of contiguous exhibit space and 53 meeting rooms that total another 113,600 square feet all on one level.
· Reno Tahoe USA boasts 50 challenging golf courses all within 90 minutes of the Reno-Tahoe International Airport and was named one of Golf Digest's Top 50 Golf Destinations.
· Reno has plenty of opportunities to relax in a luxury spa experience at one of the city's tranquil and healing spa environments that feature preventative and holistic therapies such as massage, body wraps, facials, yoga and meditation.
· Lake Tahoe is a short 45 minute scenic ride up Mount Rose at which people take part in biking, hiking, snow skiing, boating, jet skiing, paddle boarding, rafting, fishing and more.
For sponsorship information, please contact John Rice, email@example.com (617) 207-7088.
For general information about the TSNN Awards, please contact TSNN President Rachel Wimberly, firstname.lastname@example.com


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Back when I was a homeschool student, there was no such thing as worldview class. Parents were consumed with academics, testing, and legal battles. There was no talk of worldview.
But ironically, worldview was top priority to first generation homeschoolers (as those families in the first wave of homeschooling's revival in the 1970s-1980s are often called. We know they were hardly the first parents to ever teach their own children). I would even go so far as to say they all did teach worldview. It was their very reason for pulling their children out of public and private schools in the first place.
But no one used the word worldview then. At least, not enough for it to become fashionable. We all talked about religious reasons, or morality, or values, or priorities. And that is what parents – mine, yours, your homeschool grad friends – were consumed with passing on to their children.
Parents simply want to instill in their children both the values, beliefs, and priorities unique to their family and the ability to, in turn, pass those same values to their own descendants.
In other words, we simply want to "pass it on."
And even though the number of homeschoolers who home educate for religious reasons is currently at an all-time low, I would still like to point out that these secular, gifted, special-needs, and other new demographics of home educators are still leaving institutions for the same reasons.
They want to "pass it on." The only difference is the "it" is different. Different values and priorities. But that is what constitutes the parents' worldview.
And here is your encouragement for today:
You are teaching worldview. Already. You always have been.
Your choice of read-alouds, your math examples, your instructions in how to do chores, your history lessons … they all communicate to your child your worldview, your priorities, your values.
Continue on! You can do it!


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text:
After several days of fluctuating moods and anxiety, I thought I would write a blog called "What Is Right and What Is Wrong." But as soon as I started thinking of things that are "right" about me at this moment, they were all "nots." Things like:
- I am not huddled in bed all day.
- I am not living in filth.
- I am not crippled by anxiety.
As you see, my mind immediately picked "right" things that were negative wrongs.
I can't say:
- I have a positive outlook all day.
- My home is clean.
- I am free of anxiety.
Instead, the initial "rights" all have a "wrong" associated with them:
- I'm not huddled in bed all day, but my moods are switching frequently between depressed and decent.
- I'm not living in filth, but my house is messy and badly needs a thorough cleaning.
- I'm not crippled by anxiety, but I'm definitely having problems with it.
It's really easy to think of "wrongs":
- I drink way too much Frappuccino, often to the exclusion of any solid food all day.
- I smoke WAY too much (up to 3 packs a day).
- I am 70+ pounds overweight and am doing nothing about it.
- I make no effort to exercise.
- I still don't open and deal with mail regularly.
- I can get things clean, but I can't keep them clean (like my desk. It took me two days to trash it from being completely cleared off).
- My diet is very, very bad for a diabetic.
It's very hard to think of "rights" that aren't negatives:
- I take good care of my cats.
- I've kept my closets pretty well-organized the way the professional organizers did them.
- I take my meds on time.
- Ummmmm….
Things that are right about a person should be better than just "not wrong." And while a little more thinking does yield things that are really right, like "I love my children and they love me," what springs to mind first is always the most revealing.
Tomorrow my mood may be worse. Or better. I've been cycling every day or two. Depending on the day's mood, my responses to this exercise might be different. It's scary to think that they might be the same.


text:
Register now for our classes at your school! If we're not at your school, invite us!
Grades K-5. Students are grouped by age and ability.
Acing Math Cards. In this class, our students have so much fun playing card games that they don't realize they are actually improving their math skills. Games cover addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, patterns, positive and negative integers and more. Children will play appropriate games for their math levels, exploring new games each week.
Seven meetings, once a week, 90 minutes per meeting.
Minimum 11 students, maximum 14, for a student-instructor ratio of 7:1.
After school tuition: $115 per student. Eves: $120.
Scholarships: Yes, we offer them when your PTA organizes our class. Complete details here.
Get together a group of at five students, and we can send an instructor to teach this class in your home during school hours, in the evening, or on the weekend! Seven 60-min classes, min 5/max 8 students, $145 per student, 1 instructor, no aide; free tuition for host with minimum of five paying students.
We handle registration and payment, all you have to do is enjoy the class! Contact us for more info!
After school classes are only open to students who attend the hosting school. Register through your school /PTA.
Form a private class in your home with as few as five students! Seven 60-min classes, min 5/max 8 students, $145 per student, free tuition for host with minimum of five paying students. Contact us for more info!
If your school/ PTA does not offer our classes, invite us!
For the first scoop on our science summer camps, birthday parties, and new after school science programs, please join our mailing list!


text:
NEW YORK — Hello again, all-time highs.
U.S. stocks soared back into record territory Thursday, as investors welcomed comments from Federal Reserve chairman Ben Bernanke.
The Dow Jones industrial average rallied nearly 170 points, or 1.1%, to end at a record high of 15,460, breaking its previous record set May 28.
The S&P 500 rose more than 1.3% to 1,675 — also topping its May record. The Nasdaq jumped 1.6% to end at its highest level since September 2000.
The Bernanke market: The gains came after Bernanke said late Wednesday that monetary policy would remain "highly accommodative" for the foreseeable future.
Investors were spooked in May when Bernanke suggested the Fed could begin to scale back its $85 billion-per-month bond buying program this year. But top central bankers, including the chairman, have taken great pains to reassure investors that any tapering would depend on continued improvement in the economy.
View original post 440 more words


text: 17-untitled 2, from Fig Trees Fig Trees 2, from the series Fig Trees Fig Trees, is a series of photographs of dried leaves on bare fig tree branches, along the Rubí stream outside of Barcelona. It is my first project in black and white; the tonalities reinforce the elegiac undercurrent in the work. The Rubí Stream was the site of a monumental flood in 1962, which killed nearly one thousand people. The images in Fig Trees simultaneously evoke a sensation of loss while suggesting a notion of togetherness. In some photographs a lone leaf hangs amidst bare branches. Other images show leaves curled together, as if clinging to the tree. Fig Trees is part of Janelle Lynch: Barcelona (Radius Books, Fall 2013). The works in Barcelona are metaphors for remembrance and invitations to consider what prevails in absence.


text: On Tue, Feb 2, 2010 at 15:00, Lukáš Duběda <loocas at duber.cz> wrote: > Hi there everybody, > > I'd really appretiate if anyone could share their experience > with any good dotNET GUI designer. I'd love to have such > functionality I can get out of QtDesigner, where I visually > design my forms and buttons and what not and then just save > that GUI into a file or generate a usable Python code > out of it for my scripts. > > And another question, is there any good integration of IronPython > into Visual Studio 2008? Or newer? I'm not a VS user, but since > we can get the VS Express for free, this'd be a valuable tool > for my IronPython programming. > > Thanks a lot in advnace, cheers, > > I don't have a lot of experience with it, but Sharp Develop ( http://www.icsharpcode.net/OpenSource/SD/) supports IronPython, and may be worth a look. Others have reported success. If you do look into Visual Studio, you can write GUI code in C# using the Visual Studio designer, then subclass it from Python code. You can even, with a little modification, design GUIs in C# in Visual Studio and copy/paste the C# code into a Python file and run with it. You'll need to convert things like true/false to True/False, null to None, etc...but with a little effort it works :) -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: <http://mail.python.org/pipermail/ironpython-users/attachments/20100202/4faf8654/attachment.html>


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Politics & Government
Voters Guide | Introduction
For more information: Contact the county Board of Elections at 355-6703 or visit http://centrecountypa.gov/index.aspx?NID=238. The League of Women Voters of Pennsylvania Citizen Information Center also provides election information. Call toll free: 800-692-7281.
The material in this guide was compiled by the League of Women Voters of Pennsylvania-Citizen Education Fund. This material may not be altered or reprinted without the permission of the league. Each candidate's reply has been printed as submitted, except to use standard abbreviations and by editing from the bottom when a candidate's reply exceeded the word limit. The candidates listed are those whose names appear on the ballot as of Sept. 26. They are listed according to their ballot order. Additional information about judicial candidates and voter information, including "Polling Place Lookup," can be found by going to www.smartvoter.org and typing in your address and ZIP code.
The purpose of the League of Women Voters of Pennsylvania-Citizen Education Fund is to promote political responsibility through informed and active participation of citizens in government. The league is nonpartisan: It does not support or oppose any political parties or candidates. Nothing in this guide should be construed as an endorsement of any candidate by the League of Women Voters of Pennsylvania-Citizen Education Fund.
Information for write-in voting will be available at the polling place.
If your right to vote is challenged at the polls on Election Day and the problem cannot be resolved at the polling place, the judge of elections at the polling place should telephone the county Board of Elections. The problem could be resolved by phone if your name appears on the county records. If it does not and you want to try to resolve the problem, then you can go in person to the county Board of Elections where a judge from the Court of Common Pleas will be on duty to resolve election problems. Alternatively, you can ask for and vote by provisional ballot. If it is later determined that you were eligible to vote, your ballot will be counted. You will be given instructions on how to determine if your vote was counted. Problems at the polls can be reported to the Department of State at www.votespa.com and to the Election Protection Hotline, 866-OurVote or www.866ourvote.org.
Forms for voter absentee ballots, emergency absentee ballots and alternative ballots can be downloaded from the Resource Center at www.votespa.com.
If you're voting for the first time, the information below can help you ensure you're prepared once you arrive at the polls. All voters who appear at a polling place for the first time must show proof of identification. Approved forms of photo identification include Pennsylvania driver's license or PennDOT ID card, ID issued by any commonwealth agency, ID issued by the U.S. government, U.S. passport, U.S. armed forces ID, student ID and employee ID.
If you do not have a photo ID, you can use a non-photo identification that includes your name and address. Approved forms of non-photo identification include confirmation issued by the county Voter Registration Office, non-photo ID issued by the commonwealth, non-photo ID issued by the U.S. government, firearm permit, current utility bill; current bank statement; current paycheck; and government check.
If you do not have any acceptable ID then you must be allowed to vote by provisional ballot. If you are a registered, longtime voter, you do not have to show an ID.
The Voters Guide and other useful information for voters can be found on the League of Women Voters of Pennsylvania home page: www.palwv.org
As of the publication date of this guide, the slate of candidates listed is accurate based upon the Pennsylvania Department of State's Bureau of Elections unofficial ballot.


text: I have been setting up my Motorola Atrix HD Titanium. When i press the home button twice, it always takes me to the leftmost page. If I reorder the screens and change the leftmost screen,that one becomes the new main home screen. Any ideas how I can set the main screen to be the middle screen? Thanks.


text:
Finalize Mounting Design and Structure
Finalize Rooftop Drawings Completed Upon Final Contract
Rooftop Drawing with Final Placement of Panels (See Final Drawing PDF)
Roof Load Data (See Final Load Data and Placement PDF)
Wind Load Calculation (See PDF Attached)
Ballast Placement Drawing (See PDF Attached)
Finalize One Line Drawing with System Design
One Line Drawing (See PDF sample drawing for 200kW Project)
File Utility Interconnection Documentation
Utility Interconnection Application and Filing (See Spreadsheet Filing)
See Approved Interconnection Application (See PDF Version)
Local Rebate and Grant Filings
Grant Application (See PDF Document)
Design and Build Headquarters Project:
SMA Solar Academy schedule:
Here are SMA recorded session lists:
Understanding SMA's Sunny Design (SPC)-20111007 1603-1
Sunny Island-20110920 1602-1
September 20, 2011, 1:45 pm San Francisco Time
3 hours 51 mins
Recorded Sunny Central 2
Grosolar Ondemand Webinar Training
Canadian Solar Webcast: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aBBIkVJ7Rbg
IronRidge Solar Webcast: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lmZ89xtiafo&feature=youtu.be
Compensation Plan
Clean Power Design reps are 1099 Independent Contractors and are paid within 30 days of collection of balance on major system components (panels, inverters).
CPD invoices the electrical contractor direct upon final design of the system and the balance is due when the equipment hits their warehouse. CPD can usually get most of the equipment to their warehouse within 2 weeks of their placing the purchase order.
CPD pays our 1099 reps a performance based commission as follows:
Most projects from the early lead is a 3-6 month sales cycle but we have sold projects with new contractors within a month. We offer a solid training to ramp up our reps to present the plan to Electrical Contractors and a base knowledge to know how to present solar economics and paybacks. We are working with a variety of 1099 reps right now that range from an architect with 30 years experience, trained engineers with 20+ years of construction experience, and pure entrepreneurial salespeople with 5 years sales experience and no construction experience.


text:
Without going into tedious detailed accounts of all the phone calls,
I have had to tell vodafone my address and correct contact phone numbers 3 times, and sky directly, 2 times.
Vodafone seem unable to efficiently or even effectively communicate to sky.
Sky on their part won't talk to me as a customer, although sometimes they do but lie (fail to act on anything after telling me they will).
From hearing a vodafone csr moan about them too, sky seem to be obstructive and slow to act on anything vodafone want them to do for their customers.
I originally asked vodafone for the move 2 weeks before moving.
I was annoyed enough with chorus taking 5 days to install. (Not doing installations on weekends and public holidays, the days people usually move house, is just rubbish).
But that aside, I was ringing daily about sky. After various plausible explanations but a whole lot of stress and time on my behalf, I decided to hand off to my wife because it was stressing me out every day.
Her approach of demanding a result and not listening to excuses probably worked better. She is certainly claiming it! Though I suspect the process might have just finally wound its way through the maze and was in the home stretch when she rang.
We finally got it installed yesterday, 13 days after we moved.
I'm now looking forward to the bill when it comes (not)! I did already get a $50 credit on day 3 when Vodafone screwed up my address, but I that seems like a standard credit (4th internet move/change in 3 yrs, and not just vodafone) when something takes a bit long.
So thats that.
But on another note, what's the phone jack that the installer strung off our demarc and put by my TV?
I would love to use it for my router, I never have or will order pay per view stuff from sky.
I tested it, but it must be some other 'sky' line? It didn't give me adsl.


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Lozada Park
Lozada Park, fills a 2.80 acre square city block, it is located in Clay Hill one of Hartford's historically immigrant neighborhoods. It was added to the park system on August 8th, 1979 in memory of the death of 12-year-old Julio Lozada, a victim of the city's decay. The park's open space is fairly level, and a spray pool and playscape can be found in the southeast corner.
Traces of the reactionary Clay Hill Puerto Rican population can still be appreciated. Clay Hill may still contain much of the city's deteriorated abandoned buildings, but it is a vibrant close-knit community bustling with energy. People walk in and out of the bodegas, mothers on their way to appointments wait at the bus stop with their children, men fix cars in the street, and musicblares from the windows, restaurants emanate the smells of home.
The mixed architectural style of the district is composed of Italianate, Queen Anne, and Neo-Classical Revival has placed this community on the register of historic neighborhoods. Clay Hill/Arsenal is culturally rich but economically deprived, as progress seems to have largely passed the Lozada Park neighborhood by, and it appears to be frozen in time.
The cause of death of 12-year-old Julio Lozada marked an extremely important era in the quality of life and politics for the Puerto Rican community in Hartford. The Lozada Park space is an important statement made by the Puerto Rican population: we are here to stay and the city will have to deal with us. Lozada Park reflects a small victory that emerged from a horrific and senseless tragedy.


text:
Giant Slayer
Deep in the Mindspin Mountains, a storm giant warlord known as the Storm Tyrant has seized control of a cloud castle and an Orb of Dragonkind, and is gathering an army of giants from across western Avistan—first to bring the orc hordes of Belkzen under his banner, then to conquer the neighboring realms. Heroes defending the human town of Trunau from an orc raid discover that the attack is just a precursor to the Storm Tyrant's larger plans. Working their way through an abandoned border fort, an ancient giant temple, the tomb of an undead frost giant, and an elite fire giant training facility beneath a dormant volcano, the heroes eventually take the fight to the Storm Tyrant himself inside his flying fortress. Can the giant army be defeated before it can conquer the human lands of the Inner Sea, or will all of Avistan bow down in fealty to the Storm Tyrant?


text:
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Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology
Print version ISSN 1516-8913
Braz. arch. biol. technol. vol.55 no.1 Curitiba Jan./Feb. 2012
Use of food wastes for the production of lactic silage
Ricardo Murray Martínez*; Pedro Cerezal Mezquita; Paulina Bermúdez; Richard Bugueño Muñoz
Departamento de Alimentos; Facultad de Recursos Del Mar; Universidad de Antofagasta; Av. Universidad de Antofagasta 02800; Casilla 170; Antofagasta-Chile
The goal of the present work was to produce lactic silage from food wastes. A factorial 23 experimental design was applied using the following factors and levels: yogurt inoculum concentration (1 and 15%), sucrose (2 and 15%) and temperature (22 and 35 ºC) and as response variable, the soluble nitrogen content (SNC) at the end of the fermentation was considered. The best SNC output was for the treatment with 1 % of inoculum, 2 % of sucrose and temperature of 22ºC. The increase of SNC with regards to its initial content, from 0.17 % to 1.67 % for protein contents (PC) < 5 % corresponded to 882 % and from 0.65 % to 2.36 % for PC > 5 % represented 263 %. It was possible to produce a lactic silage and keep it stable for up to 30 days, which was enough storage time before being sent to a drying process for future use in animal feeding or compost.
Key words: food waste, lactic silage, lactic fermentation, institutional feeding
In recent times, there has been great emphasis on the recovery, recycling and reconditioning of food waste, particularly from the fresh and processed food. Efforts have been made to use their wastes, effluents, residues and byproducts for the production of value added products (Laufenberg et al. 2003).
Organic wastes include animal manure, crop reminders and food processing wastes, municipal biosolids and wastes from some industries. They are typically byproducts of the field as well as of municipalities enterprises or industrial activities. They are called "wastes" for not being the primary products. These can be used for fertilizer, ground restorer, energy resource (heat, liquid fuels, electricity) and the production of chemicals (organic volatile acids, ammonium products, alcohols) (Westerman and Bicudo 2005).
Ensilage is defined as a semi-liquid or paste product, obtained from the residues of "eating waste" or ready-to-serve meals, or food waste (fishery industry, complete fishes or crustaceans or its ineligible parts for human consumption: head, tails, bones, skin, scales or viscera) by the action of the proteolytic enzymes that they contain.
Its production is very easy; costs are quite low and it could be an ingredient of alimentary rations for the animals (González and Marín 2005; Ferraz de Arruda et al. 2007). There are two methods of ensiling: the chemical, which uses inorganic and/or organic acids, and the biological, which could be microbiological (use of microbial cultivations) or enzymatic (use of proteolytic enzymes) (Cira et al. 2002a, b; González and Marín 2005). The lactic fermentation has been proposed as one alternative for the stabilization of wastes since it offers advantages, mainly related to the low cost of investment, important in places where there is no good infrastructure and an integral use of wastes is required, separating the products of high commercial value as chitin, pigments, proteins and lipids (Cira et al. 2002a, b). Ensiling is characterized as primarily a lactic acid fermentation process. During the initial stage of fermentation, excess oxygen is consumed, producing an anaerobic environment. During the second stage, from one day to three weeks, soluble carbohydrates are converted to lactic and acetic acid, ethanol, mannitol, acetaldehyde, and carbon dioxide by anaerobic bacteria (Roberts 1995). This period is characterized by a significant decrease in pH. After three weeks, significant acetic and lactic acid accumulation result in pH declining to a level which inhibits further microbiological growth (pH<4.5) and the ensilage is considered to be stable (Murphy et al. 2007).
Food waste originating from the kitchens of the collective food service, contain a high concentration of biodegradable organic compounds and are predominant renewable sources in the municipal solid wastes (Wang and Nie 2001). Institutional canteens generate a significant amount of food waste which is disposed in the municipal sanitary landfills. This practice is carried out in the camps of mining companies workers, located far from the urban areas and usually established in the areas of Andean High Plain of II Region of Chile (Gobierno de Chile 2008). There is requirement to use these wastes for useful applications. An experiment about the use of catering waste, intended for cattle, was successfully carried out in four student residences at the University of Illinois (Hoelting 1994).
Food wastes, rich in nutrients, could be used in the compost for the cultivation of fast growing plants, mainly vegetables (Moravcová et al. 2004; Okine et al. 2005), food production for the animals or fish (Faid et al. 1997; Cira et al. 2002a, b; Plascencia et al. 2002; Vidoiti et al. 2002; Goddard and Perret 2005; Yang et al. 2006; Ferraz de Arruda et al. 2007), and generation of biodiesel (Canakci 2007). For the above reasons, it is necessary to develop an ensilage from of ready meals residues, by using the lactic fermentation (Bo et al. 2007) until obtaining the acidification that allows its conservation, with minimum losses of nutrients and small variability in its chemical composition (Díaz 2004), similar to the processes carried out to obtain the silage from of agricultural products (Aksu et al. 2004; Moravcová et al. 2004; Okine et al. 2005).
During the anaerobic treatment of lactic fermentation, some changes in the wastes take place caused by the decomposition of polymerized structures of the organic substances to simpler configurations, which could be immediately metabolized by the microorganisms, and used directly by the plants (Fassbender 1975; Winters et al. 2000). The main purpose of using the additives when making silage is to maintain a lactic acid fermentation that results in a well-preserved silage (McDonald et al. 1991) preventing the secondary fermentation and to decrease butyric acid production. The effectiveness of additives depends on the degree of preventing such fermentation in the silages (Aksu et al. 2004).
The objective of this work was to establish a technological process for obtaining an ensilage in paste form, inoculated with lactic strains, from the food waste of an institutional canteen.
Raw material used in preparation the silage
The sample of food waste (ready meals waste) was obtained from the canteen in the city of Antofagasta. The waste was held in a plastic container of 60 L capacity with screw cap, previously conditioned for the incorporation of organic waste, and then shipped to the Industrial Processes Laboratory of Antofagasta University's Food Department, where foreign materials were separated, including the plastics, glass, paper, and cardboard, among others. Ready meals wastes (always with a time less than 24 h) were drained, weighed and wet-milled using the warring blender for 3 min at the lowest speed, then pasteurized at 92 ± 3 ºC during 30 minutes and left to cool at room temperature (T = 22 ± 3 ºC) for later use.
Inspections carried out during fermentation
The physical, chemical and microbiological analysis performed on the raw material, pasteurized paste of the organic waste, silage at different stages and the final product (final silage) were included the determination of moisture, protein, fat, fiber and ash; non-nitrogenous extract was calculated by difference (NNE), the latter being considered as an indirect measure of total carbohydrates present in the sample (AOAC 2000; ISP 1998a). The determination of chlorides was performed according to the procedure described by ISP (1998a), expressing the results in % NaCl, pH was measured by using a pH-meter model HI 8424 (Hanna Instrument), by means of the method described in AOAC (2000). The acidity was determined by acid-base titration using standard sodium hydroxide solution (0.1 N) and phenolphthalein indicator and the results were expressed as % of lactic acid (ISP 1998 a). The soluble nitrogen was measured by protein precipitation with trichloroacetic acid and subsequent determination of protein (Kjeldahl method) of the filtrate by AOAC (2000). Reducing sugars were measured by using the Lane-Eynon General Volumetric Method (Pearson 1998).
Microbiological Analysis: For this, decimal dilutions were made and duplicate Petri dishes were used for Plate Count for the total mesophilic aerobics of the samples; MRS (Man Rogosa Sharpe) medium was used for counting the lactobacilli.
Inoculum preparation
The inoculums was prepared by adding 2% stock culture of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus in pasteurized fluid milk and incubating at 42 ± 2 ºC for 4h.
The yeast solution used as source of vitamin B, was prepared by adding dried yeast (10%) in distilled water with acetic acid (pH 3.0). The solution was heated at 80 ± 5 ºC for 4 minutes.
Standardization of organic waste and flowchart of the silage process
Fish silage was prepared following the report of Parin and Zugarramurdi (1997) and the concentrations of bacterial inoculum, sucrose and temperature were evaluated, taking increase of soluble nitrogen present in the organic waste as response variable. As first step, the organic paste was standardized with a pH range of 5.5 to 6.0 using CaCO3. The moisture was corrected to 76 ± 1.0 % for the tests under the same conditions. Samples of organic waste in the paste had variable protein levels, between 4.1 to 8.6 %, which led to the need of separating the wastes according to its protein content, taking as central point a 5 % of protein, giving two sample types: those for which protein content was less than or equal to 5 % (PC < 5) and when the protein content was about 5 % or higher (PC > 5), thereby developing a design of silage in the paste (Fig. 1).
Preliminary test to obtain silage
In the preliminary tests, different concentrations of inoculum (5-14 %) and sucrose (4-12 %) and different temperatures (22-35 ºC) were used according to the percentages used in investigations held in fish silage (Berenz 1997; Fredes 1996; Hervas 1992;). For each test, 2 kg of organic waste (paste) were weighed and also a 0.25 % of potassium sorbate and 0.25 % of yeast was added, and the fermentation was carried out as shown in the Figure 1, for organic wastes PC < 5 and PC > 5.
Statistical design in the formulation of the silage
The results obtained on the ranges of concentrations and temperature used in the preliminary tests resulted in a mathematical model about the impact of the factors under study and the appropriate proportions for each of them.
The factorial design of three factors at 2 levels each (23) was chosen (Gutiérrez and de la Vara 2003). Factor 1 was the inoculum concentration of a lactic strain (X1) to be added (1 and 15 %), Factor 2 was the sucrose concentration (X2) in the silage (2 and 15 %), and Factor 3, was the incubation temperature (X3) (22 and 35ºC). The response variable was the content of soluble nitrogen developed in the silage () when it reached the pH value of 4.0, regardless of the time. For each of the different treatments, the experimental plan (9 kg food waste paste with its additives, distributed in six plastic containers of 2 L capacity with screw cap) was implemented at random and the total design was done in duplicate.
Fermentation of the best formulation obtained from the mathematical model
After obtaining the result of the test with greater significance through the statistical analysis, both for PC < 5 and PC > 5, fermentation was carried out at a larger scale (20 kg) of those experimental runs, which consisted in the preparation of silage, keeping the same processing conditions as shown in Figure 1.
Parameters control in the fermentation process
For the study on the fermentation progress of the silage for each test it was necessary to place the sealed containers designated as F1, F2, F3, F4 at 22 ± 3 ºC and the rest of the treatments, F5, F6, F7, F8 in incubator with thermoregulation (Memmert incubator model BE-300, Schwabach, Germany) at 35 ± 3 ºC. The treatments were performed both for PC < 5and PC > 5.
All the samples were monitored on a daily basis for pH index, and the end of fermentation was assumed when each of them reached pH = 4.0, and the response variable referred to the content of soluble nitrogen was evaluated.
Obtaining the silage
Table 1 shows the chemical composition of the two groups of residues used in the study before the fermentation process. The wastes PC < 5% and PC > 5% showed moisture contents in a range of 74 to 76% which was reported by Titterton (2000) from 65 to 75%. Such percentages have been identified as suitable for obtaining a silage in optimal conditions from the plants and animal products.
Protein content in the wastes was an important factor to be considered and the contents agreed with those reported by Chedly and Lee (2000), Gutiérrez et al. (2003) and Juan et al. (2003).
Although no specific information on the physicochemical characteristics of organic wastes was found, studies conducted with fish scrap, Ottati et al. (1990) and Hervas (1992) obtained good results without interference of the lactic acid, with protein content up to around 19 to 20%.
Therefore, having organic wastes containing protein not exceeding 7% (on wet basis), 4.4% for PC < 5% (18.26% on dry basis) and 6.8% for PC > 5% (26.98% on dry basis) resulted a good fermentation process.
The carbohydrate content of 8.5% and 7.8% in PC < 5% and PC > 5%, expressed as NNE on wet basis, respectively were acceptable percentages for silage processing, either as a fermentable substrate of immediate consumption or as insoluble carbohydrates by the lactic acid bacteria, which helped to preserve the silage (Oude 2000; Machin 2000).
Lipid content in the organic wastes PC < 5% and PC > 5% with 9.5 and 9.1%, respectively on wet basis, were four times higher than those reported by Bello (1997) who pointed out 2 % as adequate, and above this value could be a risk of secondary processes such as oxidative rancidity in the fermentation and consequent loss of quality of the silage. Although the rancidity of ensilage was not measured, no signs of lipid damage were seen during the fermentation of 30 days.
Dry matter in the organic waste was 24.1 and 25.2% similar to the lower limit reported by Titterton (2000) who found that dry matter should be about 25 to 35% for producing good quality silage.
Chlorides content, expressed as sodium chloride of 1.35 and 1.62% for PC < 5% and PC >5%, respectively, were within the range of values established, since the incorporation of common salt (sodium chloride) as well as Ca and Mg sources were always needed.
The best silage (for both groups of residues) according to the highest concentration of soluble nitrogen produced was as follows: 2.0% of sucrose, 1.0% of inoculums (w/w) of lactic acid bacteria strain and, an incubation temperature 22 ± 3 º C. This experimental design yielded significant differences of the factors under study related to the response variable, soluble nitrogen. This formulation and fermentation temperature allowed obtaining the stable silage without any alterations up to 30 days of storage.
Table 2 presents the proximate chemical composition (moisture, proteins, fats, ashes, fibers and non-nitrogenous extract by difference) of the paste silage obtained from the final formulation (larger scale experiment), at the beginning and end of the 30 days of storage.
Evolution of soluble nitrogen content in the factorial design study at the pilot scale
Table 3 shows the values of soluble nitrogen at the end of the fermentation of the two groups of study, PC < 5% and PC > 5%. F8 runs in each experimental group exhibited the highest increase in the soluble nitrogen, 1.67% and 2.36% respectively, and F3 experimental runs showed the lowest percentages of soluble nitrogen, 0.57 and 1.20%. The results of F8 experimental runs of PC < 5% and PC > 5% were the same as reported by Bello (1997) who found that maintaining the silage fermentation process with an increased incubation time and temperatures below the optimum for the bacterial growth resulted in the increased production of nitrogen compounds of low molecular weight such as peptides and amino acids due to the unfolding of the protein by the lactic acid bacteria.
The increase in the content of soluble nitrogen increase from initial content of 0.17 to 1.67% for PC < 5 corresponded to 882% and for PC > 5% from 0.65 to 2.36% which represented an increase of 263%. The soluble nitrogen increases in the fermentation process were higher when the initial content in the organic waste was low. The residues with a high initial percentage of soluble nitrogen have a strong buffering capacity in the medium, causing the neutralization of acid production by the lactic acid bacteria in an efficient manner and the subsequent inhibition of the proteolytic capacity. The experimental runs with a higher increase of soluble nitrogen after the F8 for PC < 5% and PC > 5% were the F7 with 2.11% and 1.4% respectively, and corresponded to a increase of 724 and 225%, respectively.
Mathematical model to maximize the response variable (soluble nitrogen) (Y)
According to the analysis of variance (Tables 4 and 5) and the interpretations of the Pareto charts (Fig. 2a and 2b), the X1, X2, and X3 showed no significant differences (p <0.05) on the response variable, Y, in both the models for the X1 and X2 factors and X2X3 interactions, suggesting that the mathematical model represented only a function of X3 factor and the X1X2 and X1X3 interactions.
These equations are shown in each of the response surface plots using the experimental design (Fig. 3a and 3b). Both the equations were similar in their structures (coefficients and factors), regardless of protein content and the temperature range.
pH Evolution during the experiment
The pH results obtained in the fermentation control of organic wastes classified as PC < 5 are shown in Figure 4a. Evidently the formulations F2, F3, F4 reached pH 4.0 two days after incubation at 35 ºC, while the F1 formulation achieved the pH 4.0 after three days of incubation at the same temperature.
On the other hand, formulations incubated at T = 22 ± 3 º C (Fig. 4b), F7 and F8, showed a slower pH decrease, falling to reach pH 4.0 in six days and formulations F5 and F6 in five days, respectively.
Therefore, the end of the fermentative process was faster in the formulations incubated at 35 ºC lasting from 2 to 3 days (F1, F2, F3, F4), compared with those incubated at 22 ºC which ended the fermentation process in six days (F5, F6, F7, F8).
Figure 4c showed the results obtained on organic waste with a percentage of 5% protein (PC > 5%), pointing the end of the fermentation process for the formulations incubated at T = 35 ± 3 ºC (F2, F3 and F4) after three days and for formulation F1 after four days, while the formulations incubated at T = 22 ± 3 ºC (Fig. 4d), F5, F6, F7, reached pH 4.0 after six days and formulation F8 after eight days. The end of the fermentative process reached in more time for this type of waste (PC > 5 %) being around 3 to 4 days for the formulations incubated at T = 35 ± 3 º C and eight days for the formulations at T = 22 ± 3 ºC. Figures 4a to 4d showed that in spite of showing the same trend, the difference was of two days for T = 22 ± 3 º C andonedayforT =35±3º C,whichwasdueto the buffering capacity present in the medium, compared to low protein content wastes (Kunz 1986; Hervas 1992; Bello,1997). It was also be noted that the fermentation time was within the ranges of 3 to 10 days, similar as indicated by Lay et al. (2003). Although in both the experimental designs, the time factor was not directly considered, the response variable was conditional on it through the pH (Equations 1 and 2 in Fig. 3a y 3b).
The pH results obtained in the fermentation process led to the conclusion that both the wastes PC < 5% and PC > 5% followed the trend reported by Kung (2001), who put pH values between 3.7 and 4.2 for the fodder silage.
Evaluation of the optimized formulation
According to the two fitted mathematical models obtained after the completion of ANOVA for each working area (factors and levels) in PC < 5 % and PC > 5 %, it could be concluded that the F8 formulation had a higher performance in both of them, as it delivered the highest concentration of soluble nitrogen. For this reason, only one wastes was used further and this choice was based on the higher values of soluble nitrogen PC < 5 %.
Figure 5 shows the pH and lactic acid (LA) behaviors setting off the pH decrease and lactic acid increase over the time. The pH decreased until the desired values in the first six days of incubation. On the first day, the rate of decrease of pH (initial value 5.78) and increased LA (initial content of 0.30) was slow to rise to a value of pH = 4.0 and LA = 1.4%, representing an increase of 4.7 times at the end of fermentation.
There were differences in the fermented residues for the ratio of acid produced and the final pH obtained in fish silage to get a final pH of 3.9. The LA content exceeded 5.8% (Ottati et al. 1990), about 0.73 to 1.75% in viscera residue (Vignolo et al. 2005) and below 2% in fodder silage (Betancourt et al. 2003). The difference between the decrease in the pH and lactic acid production in the various studied silage wastes was due to the different buffer capacity presented by the wastes, provided by the input of soluble nitrogen in the raw materials (Gutiérrez et al. 2003).
During the fermentation of organic wastes, the production of lactic acid by the yogurt lactic acid bacteria kept a continuous rise over six days, reaching 1.4% of acidity expressed as lactic acid, which resulted in a pH = 4.0, indicating the end of the fermentative process.
Decrease of reducing sugars
Figure 6 shows the variation of reducing sugars during the fermentation. Organic waste without any treatment showed a 0.34% of reducing sugars in the initial stages and increased rapidly to 2.1% at the beginning of fermentation (time = 0) by the addition of sucrose in the presence of acid, which was hydrolyzed to reducing sugars.
Throughout the fermentation process, the fermentable substrate as sole source of energy for the growth of L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus, decreased as shown in Figure 5, confirming the growth of the bacteria supported by the increased acidity of the system.
Reduction of reducing sugars in the first two days was only 7.14%, from here until the 5th day, which indicated the bacterial growth in its full exponential phase. In the course of the 5th and 6th day, the speed decreased and reduction was 16.67%, which could be due to a semi-stationary phase behavior of lactic acid bacteria.
Increase of soluble nitrogen
Figure 7 shows the soluble nitrogen increase which was seen on the 1st day with a strong growth of 4.8 times compared to the initial concentration (from 0.28 to 1.35%) represented by the linear behavior. Throughout the next five days, it continued with a slowly progressive increase of no more than 20%. This increase might be due to the hydrolyzing capacity of the Lactobacillus, which took part in the degradation of the proteins by the proteolytic enzymes. This relationship between the pH decrease and soluble nitrogen increase (Fig. 7) showed the proteolytic enzymes activity, increasing the shock absorbing power of wastes and slightly reducing the pH to acidic range, which caused a self-control system by the lactic acid bacteria, which produced more lactic acid and did not alter the pH drastically (Ottati et al. 1990).
Figure 8 showed that on the 6th day of incubation, a 38 % of the total protein was in form of soluble nitrogen showing that the increase was less marked than what was stated by Ottati et al. (1990) whose experiments were based on fish waste and about the 60% of the total protein was found in form of soluble nitrogen.
These differences were due to own characteristics of the waste used in the ensiling process.
Evaluation of silage on day 30 of storage
The evaluation of the stored ensilage was also taken into consideration due to the feasibility of finding better soluble nitrogen results through time and to verify if the conservation conditions were kept. For this reason, after the end of fermentation, when arriving at pH = 4.0, no action was taken to stop the activity by the lactic bacteria. Thus, after 30 days of storage, the silage pH at T = 22 ± 3 º C presented a further decrease to 3.45, reflecting a positive microbial activity, continuing the production of lactic acid to 2.12%. These features were also present in the fodder silage and offal waste after six months (Ottati et al. 1990).
The lactic acid bacteria used the reducing sugars, achieving a concentration from 0.54% after 30 days of storage, which indicated that there were still sufficient energy reserves to be used by the bacteria for their survival (Pizardi 1999).
It was possible to develop a lactic ensilage from the food wastes generated in the canteens in a short period of time by fermentation (not more than six days) at room temperature. After 30 days of storage (kept in the closed containers with screw cap), the silage pH in the ambient conditions of T = 22 ± 3 º C, presented a further decrease to 3.45, reflecting a positive microbial activity, continuing the production of lactic acid to 2.12%. This storage time was more than enough before being sent for a drying process for future use in the animal feed or as compost.
The authors are thankful to the enterprise "Minera Escondida Ltda", Antofagasta -Chile, for the support given to this investigation financing the Research Project under grant numbers 4524 of the Antofagasta University.
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Received: November 08, 2010; Revised: January 20, 2011; Accepted: November 26, 2011.
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