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|Impression Of The Eucharistic Sacrifice found in The Catacombs
The aim of this treatise on " The Mass in the Infant Church " is not a one-sided defence of any thesis, nor an equally one-sided attack on any other. The writer has tried not to bring a decided judgment to his task ; he has endeavoured not to read into early writers his own concepts, but, hearkening to all the witnesses, listening to investigators on both sides, leaving aside opinions heard " outside the court," to draw his conclusion after a full examination of the evidence. Whether he has discharged the duty of a faithful narrator, whether he has given all the facts as he claims to have done, whether he has suppressed anything that might tell against his own interests, of this the reader is the judge.
To some it may seem a bold programme, or even a rash undertaking, to search for the Mass in the infant Church. But the inquiry is worth the effort. For the Protestant it is a momentous question whether the Mass existed in the early Church. For the Catholic it is not less important.
One of the motives that induced the writer to select this aspect of Eucharistic doctrine is that it presents a new field for research. He could find in print no English work directly bearing on this precise subject, nor any French works, but in this matter, as in many others, Germans have been pioneers of Theological investigation. With their results, which will be briefly summarised at the outset, he must, however, disagree almost entirely, but he is grateful for the suggestiveness and stimulus of works whose conclusions he generally rejects.
But the principal motive in treating the present question is the vast importance which Catholics claim for the Mass. The Eucharist was the centre of religious worship in the beginning ; it is so to-day. Then, as now, the Eucharistic celebration was the soul of the religious life. The Mass is the most distinctive of Catholic doctrines. Catholics advance for it a sublime claim : It is an offering of God, by God, to God. To sketch the lineaments of this great dogma in its infancy is surely of some importance. If the investigation gives the reader a keener appreciation of the essential Catholic claims for the Mass, it will have served a purpose. Incidentally it may stimulate thought as to whether there are any variations in the teachings of early writers, and whether there was a progress from obscurity to clearness in certain aspects of their doctrine.
The drawings in this treatise are reproduced with the kind permission of Monsignor Wilpert, author of Fractio Pants and Die Katakombengemalde, and of Mr. Herder, Publisher. Freiburg im Breisgau.
Dunboyne House, Maynooth College,
March 31st, 1909.
Section I. DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE.
CHAPTER I. Introductory.
The Subject
At the beginning of a historical inquiry it is well to determine with all possible accuracy the exact point at issue. The question with which I purpose to deal is whether the doctrine of the Mass can be found in the infant Church. But the thought of the Mass 1 calls forth different ideas. It may excite a fairly definite concept in the mind of every Catholic, while there are some non-Catholics to whom the mention of the Mass conveys none but the vaguest notions, but both the former and the latter have a right to ask in what sense I use the term in the present inquiry. My task is not to determine whether the varying opinions of modern Catholic writers on the Mass are found in distant antiquity. I speak only of definitive and authoritative teaching. The principal doctrines of the Mass, as set forth in the Council of Trent, 2 are that it is a true and strict sacrifice, that in it priests offer the body and blood of Christ, that it is not a sacrifice merely of praise and thanksgiving, that it is not a nude commemoration of the sacrifice of the Cross, that it produces a propitiatory effect, that it may be offered for the living and the dead. Stated briefly, and in a manner that may be easily grasped, the Mass is the offering of the real body and blood of Christ under the external appearances of bread and wine. This is the characteristic, distinguishing note of Catholic doctrine. Other systems may admit that the Eucharist is a sacrifice, but they fall short of the test doctrine of Catholicity that it is an offering of the real body and blood of Christ.
If it is found that the early Church teaches an offering of the body and blood of Christ, it would contain expressly the chief doctrine concerning the Mass, and at least from that view-point,—should the hypothesis be true,—the early Christians would feel more at home with the Catholic doctrine than with that of her rivals. On the other hand, teachings about the Mass may be conceived to be implicitly found in early Christianity. If that alone were true, Catholics could reasonably affirm the substantial identity of later and earlier doctrines. The man is the same person as the child, though the limbs of the latter are not so well-developed as those of the former.
Investigating the doctrine of the early Church, I have limited myself to the period, roughly speaking, from 150 to 250 a.d. The study of that period has the advantage of concentrating attention on the interval about which the controversy rages fiercest at the present day. St. Justin Martyr, who was living in the first year of the period, is a centre of controversy. By non-Catholics he is regarded as the representative of the sub-Apostolic period, during which, as in Apostolic times, they contend that no objective sacrifice was taught. By Catholics this position has been stoutly contested. Again, the epoch of St. Cyprian, who was living in the last year of my period, is a pivot about which a great portion of the controversy turns. Non-Catholics, in recent times, state that he introduced a new doctrine concerning an objective sacrifice in the Eucharist, thereby altering the teaching of his predecessors, while Catholics have traditionally maintained that he did but express more explicitly what was really held by his forerunners. It is important to investigate whether the period under discussion gave rise to a reversal of the previous doctrine concerning the Eucharist. Apart from this controversial aspect, it is interesting to enquire whether in this interval there was a development of sacrificial doctrine in the sense of Cardinal Newman, whether there was greater explicitness in certain matters, whether there was any variety or alteration in other aspects, the whole always maintaining a substantial identity.
A writer cannot pretend to know directly what was the doctrine of the Church itself. He can testify only to the opinions of the Fathers, or to monumental evidence. The fact that there are only about a dozen authorities in the period, that these did not write express treatises on the subject, that their remarks, when bearing on the point, are often merely incidental, that the doctrine under discussion was not yet questioned, and therefore required no definite formulation, that it was an age of persecution combined with an ardently Christian life, and not a time of peace and intellectual inquiry, such as produced the more exact doctrine of later days,—these considerations should make one cautious about dogmatising concerning the mind of the Church. But insufficient as may be our guides in some respects, and however cautiously they must be employed, they give us the only presumption we can form concerning the Church of the period, and the marshalling of their early testimonies raises various questions of profound interest. Was, then, the Mass in the sense of an offering of the body and blood of Christ in the infant Church from 150 to 250 A.D. ?
Harnack's Solution.
In regard to the beginning of this period, Professor Adolf Harnack 3 denies that the Church was conscious of a strict, objective sacrifice in the Eucharist. According to him, in the sub-Apostolic age there were various notions of sacrifice. In a general sense, obedience and the consecration of body and soul to God in religious service were regarded as sacrifices ; in a more special sense, prayers and thanksgiving were regarded as such. In a most special sense, prayers and the gifts from which were taken the Eucharistic elements and the materials for the Christian Agape and alms for the poor,—all these, considered collectively, were regarded as forming a sacrifice, but not one in a strict sense. This was a " spiritualised Semitic idea of sacrifice." 4
In Justin's time and for some years afterwards, the Lord's Supper was a sacrifice offered up by the whole community, not by distinct priests. Various influences according to Harnack contributed to the association of this loose idea of sacrifice with the Sacrament of the Eucharist, such as the fact that prayers of all kinds—and the Eucharist was connected with prayer—were called sacrifices, that the prophecy of Malachy demanded a solemn sacrifice, that the command of Christ—" Do this, &c."—in connection with the Last Supper, though in itself meaning only a religious act, naturally suggested to a Greek mind the idea of sacrificing, that, in fine, the materials for the Agape came in the course of time to be regarded as sacrificial gifts.
The sacrifice in the Eucharist consists merely of prayers, according to Justin's idea and that of his contemporaries. Since this is the essence of the sacrifice of the Eucharist, the sacred elements are only " gifts" obtaining value solely from the prayers. Prayer is the pure sacrifice of Malachy offered to God while the u Christians place before Him what He has bestowed in order to receive it back with thanks and praise." The sacrificial act is one of thanksgiving, whereby the common bread becomes the Eucharistic Bread. The body of Christ is not, therefore, the object of this sacrificial act; there is no trace of this explicit concept in Justin. It is true—Harnack will admit—that this Father calls the Eucharist a sacrifice, and sees in the Eucharistic Bread the actual flesh of Christ, but he does not connect the body of Christ with the act of sacrificing. Justin has the premises on which the later and altered idea of the sacrificial character of the elements will be based under the influence, to some extent, of a Hellenistic environment. Justin connects the Eucharist with the sacrifice of the Cross, a theological reflection which is not found previously.
In Justin there is no special relation between this kind of Eucharistic sacrifice and the forgiveness of sins. The only apparent effect of the elements which are called a spiritual nourishment is to give faith and a guarantee of eternal life.
After Justin's time, however, that is, about the latter part of the second century, there was an alteration in the idea of the priesthood. It was now a distinct, specific priesthood, the priesthood of a clique. This alteration of the doctrine of the priesthood reacted on the idea of sacrifice, but it would be superfluous to inquire which was first altered, as both terms are correlative. Though living in the latter part of the second century, Irenaeus and Tertullian have the old idea of Justin about sacrifice, that prayers are the Christian sacrifice, and that the disposition of the offerer hallows the offering. Tertullian, indeed, presents a slight modification, inasmuch as he gives a propitiatory and a meritorious value to sacrifices in this loose sense. Harnack regrets this development, which, according to him, was first definitely made by Tertullian, because it gave to outward forms, as the discipline of fasting, a value which was afterwards utilized in cloaking a lax religious life. Tertullian's pupil, Cyprian, however, exhibits the altered idea of the Eucharistic sacrifice. According to this Father, there is a specific sacrifice connected with a specific priesthood; the Passion of the Lord, nay, the blood of Christ, the Lord as a victim 5 is the term of the act of sacrificing; the Eucharistic sacrifice causes an incorporation into Christ's mystic body, and a commemoration in this service has a special power of intercession for the living and the dead. Cyprian attributes to the Eucharist an expiatory effect. Harnack describes this teaching of St. Cyprian as a mere assertion, because the Berlin Professor does not understand how forgiveness of sins in the strict sense could be associated with the Eucharist, especially since there were two other instruments for this purpose already in existence—namely, Baptism and Penance. He rebukes the Catholic Church of the present day for the same doctrine, but speaks confusedly, without determining whether Catholicity authoritatively teaches an immediate atonement for sin, as an effect of the sacrifice, or a mediate expiation caused, for example, by means of a subsequent grace of contrition.
Harnack concedes that Cyprian most probably found in existence the alleged new concept of sacrifice, namely, the transference of the sacrificial idea to the consecrated elements. This doctrine is explained ultimately by the desire to associate some mysterious, magical function with the newly-formed distinct priesthood. Besides, Christianity was becoming secularised, and desired to absorb the worldly idea of a bloody sacrifice though in an invisible form. The immediate causes of the idea which was at least publicly expressed by Cyprian are alleged to have been that the Eucharist was a commemoration of the sacrifice of the Cross and gradually came to be regarded as the thing itself, and that it was an exact imitation of the Last Supper. Harnack offers no proof for the ultimate motives which he attributes to the Church in evolving her idea of sacrifice ; in support of the theory of the immediate causes of the new idea he asserts that Cyprian's view that the blood of Christ is offered in sacrifice is only a tendency of opinion, not exactly defined, inasmuch as the Carthaginian Father is alleged to regard as identical therewith the expression—to offer the Chalice in commemoration of the Passion. Although this new development is found in Cyprian, and presumably in the West generally, there is said to be no trace of a repeated sacrifice of Christ in Origen, or in the East.
The above is fairly representative of recent Protestant ideas concerning the early Christian concept of Sacrifice. St. Cyprian is alleged to have been the forerunner of Catholics in their theories of the Mass. He is said to have given a false turn to the previous doctrine. Such was the conclusion, before Adolf Harnack's time, of Hofling, 6 and of Theodore Harnack. 7 That this view, however, must be to some extent corrected is expressly stated by the Protestant, Loofs. 8 The latter admits that there are in Justin the elements of a sacrifice culminating in the consecration. He means apparently that Cyprian's idea is found implicitly in his predecessor. 9
Teaching of Wieland.
A recent Catholic writer, Dr. Wieland, of Dillingen, concedes 10 to the Protestant position, that the Apostolic and sub-Apostolic Church was unacquainted with an objective sacrifice in the Eucharist. As the work from whatever reason does not contain an Imprimatur, it does not vouch for the opinion of any section of Catholics, but only for those of the author. Wieland maintains that the Church of the Apostolic faith identified the Eucharistic sacrifice with the Eucharistic prayer. At this time Christians were conscious of no objective offering of visible gifts.
In the first half of the second century, also, Apologists, like Aristides and Athenagoras, extol purely spiritual sacrifices to the exclusion of all visible gifts, It was not that they were merely unconscious of any offering of visible gifts, but they positively excluded them, thus placing themselves in opposition to the expounders of the later development of sacrificial doctrine. This is alleged to be the attitude of mind of Clement of Alexandria. According to him, if we must believe Wieland, the body and blood of Christ, the fruit of the once-offered sacrifice of Christ, are eaten, indeed, but not offered. Not His body and blood but the instrument producing them on the altar, namely, prayer, constitutes the Christian sacrifice. Though Minutius Felix has the purely subjective idea of sacrifice, he speaks of it as a good life rather than as prayer. Wieland places Justin's idea of sacrifice in the eating of the Eucharistic meal, which commemorates Christ's death, and in the accompanying prayers. This is interpreted to mean that Justin, too, had the purely subjective view of the Eucharistic sacrifice.
Irenaeus, however, is said to begin an extension of that sacrificial idea which prevailed in the Church down to Justin's death. He is alleged to add to the purely subjective concept of sacrifice an objective offering of a visible gift, namely, bread and wine, as a concrete expression of the spiritual idea of praise and thanksgiving. He was conscious that this theory was new, and explained how it could be reconciled with the principle dominating the earlier idea, namely, that God did not need gifts of any kind. After the time of Irenaeus, Tertullian exhibits both the earlier idea and its extension. While the more liberal portion of the East, represented by Origen, was influenced by the altered sacrificial concept—the great Alexandrian scholar speaking of the offered bread,—the conservative circle, represented by the Didascalia, still clung to the older and more spiritual idea. As a further development in the West, St. Cyprian spoke of the consecrated, as well as of the material elements as sacrificial. Differing from Harnack and a large Protestant section, Wieland traces this absolutely new idea of sacrifice not merely to Cyprian but as far back as Irenaeus. He, also, differs even from the reformed Protestant theory of Loofs in that he does not find the elements of the later idea in Justin, so that he does not give this Father the credit of teaching it implicitly, but associates him with the purely subjective idea of sacrifice.
Teaching of Renz.
Closely resembling Wieland's position, and consequently agreeing, in some respects, with the Protestant theory described in the beginning, is the solution offered by Dr. Renz. 11 Both concede to the Protestant view, that, down to the middle of the second century, there was in the Church no formal concept of an objective sacrificial gift connected with the Eucharist. Wieland refers to the book of Renz not a few times in support of his statements. In this matter he merely presented in more extreme form some fundamental views of Renz, which, stated moderately, did not excite hostile criticism, and were published with episcopal approbation. Renz teaches that Justin and his contemporaries had no concept of an objective sacrificial gift in the Eucharist; so does Wieland. Renz teaches that Irenaeus introduces a new explicit concept, namely, this idea of an objective sacrificial gift; in this he is followed by Wieland. Renz holds that the sub-Apostolic age understood the word, " altar," merely in a figurative sense, so as to mean God or the Christian community; so does Wieland. But Renz stops short of Wieland in not asserting that the Apologists excluded the later idea of objective sacrificial gifts; according to the former the doctrine, during all the period with which I deal, was the same, only the explicitness of the development was new.
According to Renz the Eucharist is considered by Justin to be a sacrifice only inasmuch as it is a representation of the Passion of Christ, and is accompanied by prayers. It was not yet considered as an objective sacrificial gift; this was the thought of Irenaeus. The sacrificial act according to Justin and other writers of our period is alleged to be thanksgiving which is effected through the representation of the Passion, which in turn is effected through the eating and drinking of the Consecrated Elements. The object of the sacrificial act is not the Eucharistic Bread and Chalice, but the representation of the sacrifice of the Cross. 12
The idea of Justin and the sub-Apostolic Fathers is propagated by Irenaeus, but the latter 13 exhibits a new concept. His development is that the thanksgiving, which forms the sacrificial act, is given concrete expression by means of visible gifts. In other words, there is in the Eucharist an objective sacrificial gift. The act of sacrificing is the act of thanking the Father for all His benefits, 14 not the consecration of bread and wine. The object of the sacrificial act is the body and blood of Christ. It must not be understood at once that Renz would say these are directly offered in a strict sense. He understands the offering of the body and blood of Christ, in St. Cyprian's doctrine, to mean merely that there is offered a representation of the sacrifice of the Cross, and he supposes the same theory to be held by his predecessors.
Clement of Alexandria is alleged to teach that the Logos is not offered in the Eucharist. His more famous pupil, Origen, is said to teach that the sacrificial activity of the Eucharist is centered in the praise of God for His goodness, not merely oral and spiritual praise, but praise finding concrete and visible expression in bread and wine in their natural and converted state. The act of offering is the prayer of thanksgiving. The object of the sacrificial act is the Eucharistic Bread. The peculiar thought or explicitness of Origen, as interpreted by Renz, is that the Eucharistic body and blood of Christ objectively reminds the Father of the great propitiation wrought by the bloody sacrifice of the Cross. 15
According to Tertullian, the Eucharist is a sacrifice because of its prayer and thanksgiving, because, further, there is an offering of bread and wine, and a consumption of the Lord's body and blood. Tertullian does not speak of the Eucharist as a sacrifice in a proper sense. 16 For the idea of a victim, with Tertullian, implies a suffering Christ 17 and Christ suffers no longer, but is glorified, and His glorified body it is which is eaten. But the eating is not sacrificial in a strict sense. Why, then, is the Eucharist called in Tertullian's phrase "the sacrifice?" Because, like Irenaeus and Origen, he represents the bread and wine, changed to the body and blood of the Lord, as the objective expression of the adoration of God. Tertullian, according to Renz, does not speak expressly of the Eucharist as a commemoration of the sacrifice of the Cross.
According to Tertullian's disciple, St. Cyprian, the sacrifice is a representation of the Passion.18 This explanation, however, does not mean that the sacrifice cannot be described from other view-points. Cyprian's idea of sacrifice is fully interpreted by Renz to be an offering to the Father of thanks and adoration—the very praise and thanks offered by Jesus on the Cross? —which is effected by the representation of the Passion, which, in turn, is effected by the drinking of the Chalice. The Eucharist is a repetition, not of the sacrifice of the Cross, but of the offering in the Last Supper. In a strict sense, Christ can be said to be offered only on the Cross. 19 The Chalice, in representing the Passion, represents the sacrificial act performed on the Cross.
The object of the sacrificial act is the body and blood of Christ according to Cyprian. What does Renz mean by the statement of Cyprian that the blood of Christ is offered ? He does not take it to mean a direct offering of the Saviour's blood, but rather a representation of the blood-shedding on the Cross, made by the flesh and blood of Christ really present under the appearances of bread and wine. 20 This interpretation of Renz is consistent with his other views that the new Testament writers did not speak of any offering of a living being in the Eucharist, and that the Scripture idea is really the same as that prevailing down to the death of Cyprian. 21 Cyprian's teaching would be admitted by Renz to be a new reality, and not a merely novel expression of the doctrine, if he taught —which is denied by his interpreter—the Eucharist to be a repetition of the sacrifice of the Cross.
Those researches of Renz in the literature of the early Church are supposed to be a part of a proof that Christian antiquity and the Middle Ages support his view of the sacrifice of the Mass. He holds that the Mass is, in essence, a representation of the bloody sacrifice of the Cross. It is a true and proper sacrifice since the body and blood of Christ are really present-Renz vehemently opposes the theory that there is any destruction in the sacrifice of the Mass. 22 The peculiar circumstance about the theory of Renz, as distinct from the kindred and older view of Vasquez, is that the former, just as he admits in the Eucharist only a representation of Christ's destruction, maintains only a representation of the real offering of Christ. The expression of Trent concerning the Eucharist, " Christ offers Himself in an unbloody manner," is declared, in this unusual exegesis, to be equivalent to the phrase, 11 Christ figuratively represents the offering on the Cross." 23
If it be asked in what consists this representation of the bloody sacrifice, the answer given by Renz is uncommon. The representation is effected by the eating and drinking of the Consecrated Species. The idea was advanced by the late Bishop Bellord under the name of the Banquet theory, and, as had been done by Renz, the theory of a destruction in the Mass was strenuously opposed. 24 Sometimes Renz places the essence of the sacrificial act in the drinking of the Chalice, sometimes in the whole meal including its preparation by means of the Consecration, though never in the Consecration alone. In short, he places the essence of the sacrificial act in the Eucharistic banquet. This view is alleged to be supported by the testimonies of our period.
The question raised at the beginning has received these various replies. They call for careful scrutiny. Was there, as Harnack implies, no doctrine of the Mass down to the time of Cyprian ? Was the idea of an objective sacrificial gift excluded by certain Fathers before the time of Irenaeus, as Wieland would have us believe ? Is there truth in the uncommon interpretation of certain Fathers by Renz ? The following pages are the outcome of an effort to furnish an answer. They are not intended, primarily, to refute any of these writers. But a calm examination of the evidence alone may incidentally contain the best refutation of erroneous views.
1 The word, Missa. from which Mass is derived, is not found in any certainly genuine passage of our period. It is used by Ambrose in the 4th century (Ep. xx. 4). The Latin word, Missa, is most probably derived from missio, meaning dismissal. Post sermonem -jit missa Catechumenis (St. Aug.)
2 Sess xxii. Cann. 1, 2, 3.
4 Ibid.
5 Dominica hostia.
6 Die Lehre der altesten Kirche vom Opfer.
7 Der Christl. Gemeindegottesdienst im apost. und cdtkath, Zeitalter, 1854, s. 411.
8 Realenzyk. fur prot. Theol. I., b. 45.
9 Ibid. I , 44.
10 Mensa und Confessio I. 8. 48 sq. "Die Urkirche kannte keiue materielle Opferdarbringung; ihr sacrificium war das Eucharistiegebet aelbst. . . . Mit Irenaeus aber beginnt eine Erweiterung des Opferbegriffs, indem die sichtbaren Objecte selbst Gegenstand einer formlichen Darbringung werden" : Inhalt. xi.
11 Die Geschichte des Messopfer-Begrifs l., Freising, 1901.
11 Die Geschichte des Messopfer-Begrifs l., Freising, 1901.
12 Ibid., S. 154.
13 Ibid., S. 179.
14 Ibid,, S, 192.
15 Ibid., S. 209.
16 Ibid., p. 217.
17 Ibid., p. 209
18 Ibid., S. 221,
19 Im eigentlichen Sinne hat aber nur Christus am Kreuze Passion jiehalten, also auch nur da irn eigentlichen Sinne geopfert, S. 222.
20 Neu ist bei Cyprian nur der Ausdruck " offerre corpus et sanguinem," " offerre Christum," aber die Erklarung dieses Ansdruckes durch mentio passionis beweist, dass Cyprian darunter nichts andere verstand als Justin mit seinerdie den Vater verherrlichende mittels des wirklichen Fleisches und Blutes in den Crestalteu des Brotes und Weines sich vollziehende Darstellung der Blutvergiessung Christi am Kreuze, Ibid., S. 235-236.
21 Von einem "offerre, immoiare," Opfern Christi oder seines Leibes und Blutes bei der Feier der Eucharistie weiss die Schrift noch nichta zu sagen, Ibid., I. S. 141.
22 Redet man in der Zeit nach dem Tode Christi von einer Sakri-ficierung Christi, so kaun diese keine wirkliche, sondern nur die Darstellung der wirklichen sein, Ibid,, II., 484,
23 Ibid., II, S. 490,
24 American Ecclesiastical Review, July and September, 1905.
13 Ibid., S. 179.
14 Ibid,, S, 192.
15 Ibid., S. 209.
16 Ibid., p. 217.
17 Ibid., p. 209
18 Ibid., S. 221,
19 Im eigentlichen Sinne hat aber nur Christus am Kreuze Passion jiehalten, also auch nur da irn eigentlichen Sinne geopfert, S. 222.
20 Neu ist bei Cyprian nur der Ausdruck " offerre corpus et sanguinem," " offerre Christum," aber die Erklarung dieses Ansdruckes durch mentio passionis beweist, dass Cyprian darunter nichts andere verstand als Justin mit seinerdie den Vater verherrlichende mittels des wirklichen Fleisches und Blutes in den Crestalteu des Brotes und Weines sich vollziehende Darstellung der Blutvergiessung Christi am Kreuze, Ibid., S. 235-236.
21 Von einem "offerre, immoiare," Opfern Christi oder seines Leibes und Blutes bei der Feier der Eucharistie weiss die Schrift noch nichta zu sagen, Ibid., I. S. 141.
22 Redet man in der Zeit nach dem Tode Christi von einer Sakri-ficierung Christi, so kaun diese keine wirkliche, sondern nur die Darstellung der wirklichen sein, Ibid,, II., 484,
23 Ibid., II, S. 490,
24 American Ecclesiastical Review, July and September, 1905.


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Ram: background
I like to tell people that I grew up in the Seattle area, but truth be told I grew up in Federal Way, Washington (a.k.a. the home of Wild Waves and Enchanted Village). My parents were divorced when I was 12 years old. My mom worked hard to support us and we always had a special bond. My dad remarried shortly afterwards and I spent the next 5 years going back and forth from mom's house to dad's house, spending every-other-week at a different home. Sundays had gone from family days to days spent packing my suitcase. We did not go to church as a family, but my mom and I would go for an occasional Easter service or midnight mass on Christmas Eve. My stepmom started going to a Foursquare church in FW regularly and I was exposed to the church through her coming to faith in Jesus.
My outlet came in the form of athletics. More specifically, tennis. I spent my entire childhood playing tennis for hours a day and lived at the tennis club. I played competitive tennis from 8 to 22 years old. Tennis brought me a singles and doubles high school championship, a college education, a career track, and most importantly, the girl I was meant to spend the rest of my life with.
Kellee: background
I was born and raised in Beaverton, Oregon and I still live in the same wonderful neighborhood I was brought up in. I had an extremely tight knit family who were all believers. My parents displayed an amazing example of a godly marriage and a true partnership. My brother, Jason, and I were best friends growing up and still remain very close to this day. We were raised to live by faith and not by sight. I always had faith in our Savior and was baptized in elementary school along with my brother. In high school and college I had fallen away from living like a believer. I sought the approval of all the materials things this world had to offer.
Tennis was not only a large part of my life, but was in my family lineage. My dad played professional tennis and my mom was a very good player as well. At one point in time my grandpa built a grass tennis court for all of the family to practice on. Tennis required my focus and attention and always brought me back to my roots. After high school, I played tennis at University of Portland.
Ram: early encounters
If it hasn't already been highlighted, tennis was and is a huge part of both our lives. From an early age we began playing competitive tennis. Jason, Kellee's brother, and I are the same age and competed against each other growing up from the age of 10 years old. Even though we lived in different states, we competed in the Pacific Northwest region. Kellee and I first met in Arizona at a team competition. Jason and I were on the same team and Kellee's dad was our coach. I was 10 and Kellee was 8 years old at the time. We grew up seeing each other at tennis tournaments a few times a year up until high school, but it wasn't until college that our paths would really cross.
Ram: reunited
After 2 years at Seattle U, I decided to transfer to the University of Portland. The summer before starting at UP, I was playing a tennis tournament at Tacoma Lawn and Tennis Club and spotted Kellee, all grown up, from afar. Kellee's mom recollects that I was hanging around their family more than usual at that tournament. Later during the fall, I saw Kellee at another tournament at the University of Oregon (Jason was a Duck!). Yes, I spotted Kellee once again! I commented to one of the guys on the team that Kellee had caught my eye and I proceeded to get mocked the entire drive back from Eugene because she was "Menke's sister" (a.k.a. Jason's sister).
Kellee was at UO that fall, but a rumor was going around when I returned from Christmas break that she was transferring to UP to play tennis. I wasn't sure if these were just rumors or if the guys on the team were still giving me a hard time. I was driving home from the tennis center shortly after coming back from the break and there in the parking lot was Kellee, walking back to her dorm room carrying her Babalot tennis bag. I narrowly missed hitting a parked car as I passed by! I immediately became the #1 fan of the girls' tennis team and was doing my "homework" while watching their home matches. Kellee's parents were at the matches and noticed I was there a lot. Her dad says that I was "shopping" for my significant other at those matches.
Kellee: the beginning
For my 19th birthday on January 19, 2002, Ram asked me out on a date and gave me tickets to a Jack Johnson concert. I was excited! Ram was like no guy I had ever dated. He actually called me on the phone and genuinely cared about me. In fact, he started to call so often that I got scared and asked him to give me a little space. I was used to being very independent and this made me panic a bit. Well, Ram being the kind man that he is did just what I asked and stopped calling! Oh he knew what he was doing because sure enough I was begging him to call me again. I knew Ram was the one for me and was like no other guy.
Going into my sophomore year of college I was living with three girls from my tennis team and it was a very bad situation. I was hazed, verbally abused, bullied, and pushed to do things I was not comfortable with. I turned to Ram as my shelter, he basically lived with me at my house because I was fearful of being alone. I developed severe anxiety and moments of depression which lead me to quit the tennis team, transfer to Portland State, and move back home. In February of that year, Ram and I had dinner with my parents and we spoke to them about our future plans together. They told Ram they loved him, but did not agree with our living together. We assured them of our intentions. By this time Ram truly was part of the family. Ram was about to graduate, had no money, lots of school debt and ended up moving in with me at my parents' house. Now this was not an ideal situation for my parents. They were trying to support me and Ram, but clearly disagreed with our living situation. I also felt God pulling at my heart many times but felt like I had already sinned. How could I change my situation and not lose the man I loved?
Kellee: surprise!
Two months after moving home, I was driving to PSU one morning and suddenly felt horribly ill. I got home having no clue what it could be and suddenly my heart sunk deep into the pit of my stomach. I was pregnant! I was so ashamed of myself and the sin I was living in. What is Ram going to say? My parents? My friends? That day when I picked Ram up from work I told him everything. We agreed we needed to get married, and fast! I was so thankful that I could once again run to Ram for shelter. Now we had to tell our parents. My dad got the news first because my mom was on a business trip. My poor dad. Both of my parents were amazing and showered us with unconditional love, never judging or reprimanding us. Everyone was in full support of the marriage. We looked at the calendar for dates and the only day that worked was a Wednesday night…in 13 days!
Ram: salvation
Now as you can imagine, finding a pastor to marry us was quite the challenge. We had done no marriage counseling, were living in sin and we wanted to get married in 13 days! Not exactly a recipe for marriage. However, Kellee and I knew that we were meant for each other and our intention was to eventually get married, so we searched tirelessly until we found someone. We met with our pastor three times to take a crash course in marriage counseling and by the end of our first session, I confessed with my lips that Jesus was the Lord and Savior of my life. Somehow in the whirlwind of school, work, the pregnancy, and trying to get married in 13 days, it all came together and made sense to me. That this was all happening for a reason, that Kellee and I were knowingly living in sin, that God's plan trumped all of my plans and was far bigger than what I could fathom. Satan tried to spoil our plans for marriage a few times before the big day and one of those attempts was that our pastor had a stroke four days before the wedding. Luckily the lead pastor at the church was able to step in. A few days later we confessed before God that we would love each other in sickness and in health, until death do us part.
Kellee: getting married
The rehearsal dinner was finally here! Family from near and far gathered for a beautiful barbecue at the home of family friends. Right before heading to the barbecue I started having horrible stomach cramps. Scared to death, I had no clue what this meant, but I continued to cramp and bleed while trying to pull myself together to face our family and friends. I think I spent the majority of the night scared and crying in the bathroom trying to conceptualize what this could mean. The next morning I woke up and it was much worse, more cramping and bleeding. My extended family was at the house along with some of the bridal party making flower arrangements for the wedding as my mom and I raced to the doctor's office. Remember, I'm 20 years old and this is on my wedding day. The doctor told me just what I feared, I was having a miscarriage and that it would happen very soon. With my mom holding my hand, silent tears streamed down our cheeks and many prayers were said. As we left the office to head home I was literally balling and so sad for the loss and fearful that Ram would not want to marry me anymore! Calling Ram on the way home to tell him what had happened and that we had lost our baby filled me with such dread. The first response Ram had was, "I can't wait to marry you today!" Wow, I love this man!
We went on to embrace a day of two lives becoming one with nearly 200 family and friends by our side - on a Wednesday night mind you. The wedding was one of beauty, grace and unconditional love. I ended up miscarrying that night in our honeymoon suite. It was so hard to grasp all that had happened to us in thirteen days, but not once did I question God's intentions. It was very clear that we were living in sin and needed to make things right with our Father. I'm so thankful that we love a God that would cover my sin with grace and redeem my husband through salvation! What an amazing God we serve!
Kellee: nine years later
Here we are almost nine years later, seeing God's miracles every day in our lives. Ram is a CPA and works in finance at Novellus Systems. I am blessed to be able to pour into our two amazing boys (Luka 5 and Tristan 4) and I work as an Psal on the side from home. Ram and I continue to love life and laugh together, just as we did when we started dating ten years ago, but have now put Jesus at the front of our marriage. We are striving to live out each day placing our trust in the Lord and just maybe through our story, we can show God's glory to others as we continue to grow in the Lord.
God's plan for us has not been without challenges and tests. Luka was diagnosed with autism at 2 years old. We are so thankful for our trust in the Lord's plan. We have never asked, "Why us or why Luka?" We know that God never gives us more than we can handle. Luka's journey has made us more patient, kind, and understanding as parents. We've continued to grow closer to Him through it all!
Jesus, you could have written our story on any other day, but truly Your power is perfected in our weakness. Thank you Lord for saving us from our sin and covering us with your grace. We love you!
"Take delight in the Lord, and he will give you the desires of your heart. Commit your way to the Lord; trust in him and he will do this: He will make your righteous reward shine like the dawn, your vindication like the noonday sun." Psalm 37:4-6

subset: commoncrawl


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Calvin Rodgers is, without a doubt, one of today's greatest drummers. Period. I had the privilege of hanging with Calvin and his drum tech, Rich, for their stop in Toronto on the Festival of Praise Tour. We have an interview with Calvin that we'll publish at a later date, but I wanted to record and share some raw thoughts/reflections and pics/videos from …
Tonight Show Drum-off: Will Ferrell and Chad Smith
Yesterday night, on the Tonight Show staring Jimmy Fallon, we were treated to a hilarious interview and drum-off between Chad Smith of the Red Hot Chili Peppers and his doppelganger, Will Ferrell. Sometimes you just need a laugh and here are two guys who will get you going: The Interview [tentblogger-youtube EsWHyBOk2iQ] The Drum-off: Will Ferrell and Chad Smith [tentblogger-youtube 0uBOtQOO70Y] …
Stickyard's Nothing But The Blood: Making Beautiful That Which Is Ordinary
We came across this awesome rendition of a timeless classic that was done at LifeChurch over Easter weekend. It's our pleasure to introduce you to Stickyard and their inspiring rendition of Nothing But The Blood: [tentblogger-youtube wd3AL0N_tYE] Who else is doing stuff like this?!
Grandma Drummer's Got Some Chops
[tentblogger-youtube NRhoHN8x_00]
Air-Drums: What We Really Hear In Our Heads
I think every true drummer air-drums and hears "beats" in their head. Imagine hearing what you were air-drumming to? Perhaps this is what it would be like…
Watch This Carter Beauford Drum Solo From A GoPro Cam
Carter Beauford is not a worshipdrummer (yet!) but he has definitely influenced my playing in the last decade. Check out his solo using recorded with a GoPro video camera. The results of his fiery solo are HAWT. HT [Chris Vacher]
SpongeBob Drum Kit
HT [Chris Vacher]
Got Chops? Win A Chance To Play At The Montreal Drum Fest with The Roland V-Drums Contest.
Roland V-Drums, Long & McQuade and the Montreal Drum Fest have partnered up for a sweet Canadian contest aptly called the Roland V-Drums World Championship. Contest Overview Book your spot to play at your local Long & McQuade music store. Show up to play your solo at the scheduled time. Your solo on the Roland V-Drums will be video-taped …
Deluge Releases New Album With A "Swell" Drum Tutorial
I'm a huge fan of Jonathan Stockstill. Not only do we have the same name (meaningless), but he's an incredible worship leader, musician, and songwriter. His songs are unique and have really ministered to me through the years and Swell, the new release from his band Deluge, has not disappointed. Here's what I love about what Jon Stockstill and Deluge …
Evans Artists Performing at the Montreal Drum Fest
I grew up in Montreal, so going to the Montreal Drum Fest was an annual tradition for me. Here are a few videos featuring Chris Coleman, Teddy Campbell, Adrien Bent, and Larnell Lewis from the Montreal Drum Fest 2011. [tentblogger-youtube R6yfK7yaOzM] [tentblogger-youtube RNxQ4azqx1A] WOW! They Are monster players! Watch all of the Evans artists who performed at the Montreal Drum …
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Message from the Faculty Director
The Cybersecurity Risk Management program offers a unique and holistic educational approach that integrates key concepts such as risk assessment; compliance requirements; cybersecurity policies, standards, and procedures; communication strategies; employee awareness training; and adaptation to new technologies. These components play a critical role in providing preventive measures and increasing the resiliency of organizations.
By developing an expertise in cybersecurity risk management, our students will be able to oversee the design of cybersecurity strategy and policy, audit existing security measures, and implement new cybersecurity governance frameworks that protect organizations more comprehensively against cyber threats and vulnerabilities.
I look forward to welcoming you to the program.
With warm regards,
Frederic Lemieux, Ph.D.
Faculty Director and Professor of the Practice, Cybersecurity Risk Management
Frederic Lemieux
Dr. Frederic Lemieux currently serves as Professor of the Practice and Faculty Director of the MPS in Applied Intelligence. He is considered as an innovative researcher and inspirational leader specialized in the field of global threats and homeland security. He earned a doctoral degree in criminology from the University of Montreal in 2002 at the age of 26 years old. Under his leadership at the University of Montreal, George Washington University, and Georgetown University, Dr. Lemieux has incepted and managed several cutting edge academic programs in intelligence, policing, homeland security and cybersecurity. His research interests focus on intelligence, national security, homeland security, and cybersecurity. His studies employed diverse qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Dr. Lemieux's work has been published in numerous preeminent peered-review journals and books. He has presented research finding as panelist and/or keynote speaker in numerous national and international conferences. Finally, Dr. Lemieux has served as an editor and evaluator for a diverse academic, private, and government organizations.
Scott Applegate
Lieutenant Colonel Scott Applegate is a United States Army Cyber Operations Officer currently serving with the Cyber Policy Division, J5, Joint Staff at the Pentagon where he manages the International Cyberspace Security Cooperation program. A career military officer with more than 27 years of experience in leadership, management, communications and security, LTC Applegate has served in a variety of positions in peacetime and war. He has conducted vulnerability assessments, security evaluation and network defense at all levels of command within the US Military and has been consistently lauded for his actions both on and off the battlefield. His previous assignments include Chief of the US Army Red Team and US Army Current Operations Chief for Defensive Cyberspace Operations. LTC Applegate's professional certifications include the GCIH, CISSP-ISSMP, CEH and NSSTI/CNS 4011 certifications. LTC Applegate holds two Masters Degrees, one in Military Studies from the Marine Corps University and one in Information Technology and Information Assurance from UMUC. He is currently a PhD Candidate in Information Technology and Information Assurance at George Mason University. LTC Applegate has also served as an adjunct professor since 2012 teaching graduate level course in information security and cyber conflict. He is a published author and a past speaker at a number of conferences including Hacker Halted and the International Conference on Cyber Conflict.
Chuck Brooks
Chuck Brooks is the Principal Market Growth Strategist — Cybersecurity and Emerging Technologies for General Dynamics Mission Systems. LinkedIn named Chuck as one of "The Top 5 Tech People to Follow on LinkedIn" out of their 500 million members. He has published more than 150 articles and blogs on cybersecurity and technology issues. In both 2017 and 2016, he was named "Cybersecurity Marketer of the Year by the Cybersecurity Excellence Awards. Chuck's professional industry affiliations include being the Chairman of CompTIA's New and Emerging Technology Committee, and as a member of The AFCEA Cybersecurity Committee. In government, Chuck has served at The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) as the first Legislative Director of The Science & Technology Directorate at the Department of Homeland Security. He served as a top Advisor to the late Senator Arlen Specter on Capitol Hill covering security and technology issues on Capitol Hill. He was also a former Auxiliary Police Officer in Arlington, VA. In academia, was an Adjunct Faculty Member at Johns Hopkins University where he taught a graduate course on homeland security for two years. He has an MA in International relations from the University of Chicago, a BA in Political Science from DePauw University, and a Certificate in International Law from The Hague Academy of International Law.
Gilles Hilary
Dr. Gilles Hilary joined the McDonough School of Business as the Houston Term Professor in Fall 2016. Previous to Georgetown he has taught at INSEAD, Northwestern University, the University of Chicago, HEC Paris, HKUST and Tsinghua University. He regularly teaches courses on corporate governance, risk management, financial analysis, and decision making processes. He is a founding member of Cercle-K2, a French think-tank on risk management and in 2016 was appointed Research Fellow (Chercheur Associe) at the French Military Police Academy (CREOGN). His research has been profiled in publications such as the Financial Times, Le Monde, Handelsblatt, Bloomberg Businessweek, Yomiuri Shimbun / Japan News, The Hindu, among many others. His research has been published in leading academic journals. He is also the Senior Fellow of Asian Bureau of Finance and Economic Research. He has received multiple teaching and research awards such as the Deans' Commendation for Excellence in MBA Teaching (INSEAD), the Franklin Prize for Teaching Excellence (HKUST), and the Prix Syntec (French Consulting Association award for best academic research). He holds a PhD from the University of Chicago and a French professional accounting degree (DESCF).
Kathleen Moriarty
Kathleen Moriarty is the Global Lead Security Architect with Dell EMC Office of the CTO working on technology strategy and standards. During her tenure in the Dell EMC Office of the CTO, Kathleen had the honor of being appointed and serving two terms as the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Security Area Director and as a member of the Internet Engineering Steering Group. Kathleen achieved over twenty years of experience driving positive outcomes across Information Technology Leadership, IT Strategy and Vision, Information Security, Risk Management, Incident Handling, Project Management, Large Teams, Process Improvement, and Operations Management in multiple roles with MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Hudson Williams, FactSet Research Systems, and PSINet. Kathleen holds a Master of Science Degree in Computer Science from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, as well as, a Bachelor of Science Degree in Computer Science and Mathematics from Siena College
Charles Pak
Dr. Charles Pak earned his Ph.D. in Information Security from Nova Southeastern University, an M.S. in Network Security from Capitol College, and a B.S. in Electrical Engineering from Penn State University. He has taught Information Systems (IS) courses for over 25 years as an IS practitioner and professor. He has managed U.S. Federal Government data centers for over 20 years, including personnel. He has designed, tested, implemented, and maintained many of these enterprise network sites (largest in the world) that encompasses distributed sites across the U.S. as well as the international sites. He has managed state-of-the art systems for military and federal government missions for which he was deployed. His research topics include Cyber Security, Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP), PKI, Cyber Counter Terrorism, and Risk Assessment & Management. He has published several research papers in Information Security. As a practitioner, he holds several industry certifications: CISM, CRISC, CISSP, ITIL, SSCP, MCSE, MCT, Security +, and CCNA.
David Ross, MBA, MEng
David Ross, principal and cybersecurity growth leader for our risk, internal audit and cybersecurity (RIAC) practice, has been with Baker Tilly Virchow Krause since 2017. Prior to joining Baker Tilly, David was with Deloitte's cyber risk practice, where he provided strategic insight, service design, business development and engagement leadership. Previously, David was general manager of General Dynamics Commercial Cyber Services, where he was not only responsible for the design of the business, but also the launch and management of the new commercial organization.
As a recognized thought leader and published author, David frequently speaks on cybersecurity strategy, innovation, business strategy, building high performing sales strategies, social media and critical problem solving for corporations.
He has a Master of Mechanical Engineering from the University of Maryland and two Masters of Business Administration from Georgetown University and ESADE Business School in Barcelona.
John Saunders
Dr. John H. Saunders is Professor Emeritus from the College of Information and Cyberspace at the National Defense University and a Principal Cyber Security Engineer at the MITRE Corporation. During the past two decades he has been devoted to the development of initiatives, programs, exercises, and laboratories in Cybersecurity and Critical Infrastructure. He is recipient of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Distinguished Civilian Service Medal, Professor of the Year at the iCollege, recipient of the Carabello Award and a member of Beta Gamma Sigma Honorary Society. He attained the Gold GIAC Cybersecurity Certification, is a Certified Knowledge Engineer, and Certified Data Processor. He earned his Ph.D. in Information and Decision Systems from George Washington University.
Barry West
Dr. Barry West is a career technologist with over 30 years in the information technology field. He was appointed as the Senior Advisor and Senior Accountable Official for Risk Management for the U.S. Department of Homeland Security in November 2016. Prior to his current position, he was the President of the Mason Harriman Group, which is a management consulting company based out of Washington, D.C. He has 28 years of government service to include being Chief Information Officer at five different government organizations – Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC), Department of Commerce (DOC), Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) during hurricane Katrina and the National Weather Service (NWS). His government service also included time in the U.S. Air Force where he was selected as the top individual for his career field by winning the Weather Observer of the Year Award from among 2,000+ competitors. He is the past President of two of the largest IT associations in the United States: American Council for Technology (ACT) and the Association for Federal Information Resources Management (AFFIRM). Dr. West completed his Executive Doctorate in Business from Georgia State University with a focus on Cloud Computing. He was recently appointed by Georgia State University to be their Executive-In-Residence. He has published in IEEE Computer Society, IT Professional journal and the European Journal of Information Systems (EJIS) journal article where his research focusing on cloud computing was selected for publication.


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Brook ANDREW
Brook Andrew is known for his investigation of dominant Western narratives, specifically relating to colonialism, placing Australia at the centre of a global inquisition. Apart from drawing inspiration from vernacular objects and the archive Andrew travels internationally to work with communities and various private and public collections. Creating interdisciplinary works and immersive installations Andrew presents viewers with alternative choices for interpreting the world, both individually and collectively, by intervening, expanding and re-framing history and our inheritance. These perspectives are driven by his rich involvement with international and local research practice and his cultural inheritance of Wiradjuri, Ngunnawal and Celtic ancestry growing up in Australia's Sydney area.
In 2014 Andrew worked closely with the collections of the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia, Museo de América and Museo Nacional de Antropología for the exhibition Really Useful Knowledge (Un Saber Realmente Until) curated by WHW (What, How and for Whom). This rigorous collaboration produced the work A Solid Memory of the Forgotten Plains of our Trash and Obsessions, an immersive two-room installation.
Andrew was awarded the inaugural Sidney Myer Fellowship for 2012/13 and the exclusive Katherine Hannay Australian Visual Arts Commission for an ambitious installation of film and sculpture called De Anima. This work, presented as part of The Cinemas Project, addresses the use of propaganda in cinema. After debuting at Bendigo Art Gallery in 2014, De Anima was shown at RMIT Design Hub and continues to tour Australia as part of RECHARGE: The Experimenta 6th International Biennial of Media Art.
Andrew, with collaborator Trent Walter, was awarded the 2013/14 Georges Mora Foundation Fellowship at the State Library of Victoria, Australia. In 2013, he created a new site-specific installation informed by the collections of the Musée d'Aquitaine, Bordeaux, France, for Vivid Memories: An Aboriginal Art History.
Andrew curated TABOO in 2012/13 at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney: a turning point in how indigenous and non-indigenous artists and themes are expressed, pigeonholed and determined through stereotyping in colonized societies.
In 2012, Andrew contributed three significant, permanent private and public artworks: Warrang, for the Museum of Contemporary Art, Australia; mountain home – dhirrayn ngurang for Australia House as part of the Echigo-Tsumari Triennial, Japan; and WITNESS for the Lyon Housemuseum, Melbourne. In 2016 a new work will be unveiled for Rhodes Peninsula, the City of Canada Bay, Sydney.
Significant solo exhibitions for 2015 include Sanctuary: The Tombs of the Outcasts, at the Ian Potter Museum of Art, the University of Melbourne; and EVIDENCE, an immersive interdisciplinary artwork that reflects on and incorporates the rich and political collection of the Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences, Sydney. The theme 'evidence' is taken in response to the Victoria & Albert Museum's traveling exhibition Disobedience.


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Vince Lombardi had a great understanding of how teach, coach, and motivate people in general, not just football players. His thoughts on winning, success, commitment, and the like has always been a great source inspiration for me.Â
I wanted to talk a bit about some of his quotes on discipline. Not to put too fine a point on it, but without discipline, bordering on iron like habit; finding a job after a long period of unemployment will be near to impossible.
"I've never known a man worth his salt who, in the long run, deep down in his heart, didn't appreciate the grind, the discipline. "
"There is something good in men that really yearn for discipline.â€
"Mental toughness is many things and rather difficult to explain. Its qualities are sacrifice and self-denial. Also, most importantly, it is combined with a perfectly disciplined will that refuses to give in. It's a state of mind – you could call it character in action.â€
"The good Lord gave you a body that can stand most anything. It's your mind you have to convince.â€
"Once you learn to quit, it becomes a habit.â€
"Perfection is not attainable. But if we chase perfection, we can catch excellence.â€
"Once you have established the goals you want and the price you're willing to pay, you can ignore the minor hurts, the opponent's pressure and the temporary failures.â€
At its most basic, discipline is commitment in action. If you commit to attending 2 networking events a week and making a new contact everyday, it is the level of discipline you possess that will determine if you truly follow through or not.Â
Meeting new people, learning new skills, sending out more resumes, and everything else you do can become a day to day grind, unless you have the discipline to keep yourself strong. Discipline gives backbone to your commitment. Your commitment gives you reason for what you do. And keeps you strong.
Good Luck


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Will Ferrell
Sponsored By
'It's A Dual Coming Of Age Story': Kathryn Hahn On 'Mrs. Fletcher,' Going To Yale, 'Bad Moms'Hahn has been in movies like Step Brothers and Bad Moms and this fall gets to be the star of her own show on HBO.
'I Felt Like This Was The Funniest Season': Brett Gelman On Netflix's 'Stranger Things' & 'Fleabag'The breakout star of Stranger Things explains how his character Murray Bauman came to be.
Will Ferrell Out Of Hospital After SUV Flips Over In 2-Car Crash; 2 Others In Good, Fair Conditionctor Will Ferrell escaped serious injury after he was involved in a two-car crash late Thursday night.
Will Ferrell Keeps USC Laughing With Lighthearted SpeechThe Emmy- and Golden Globe-nominated actor-writer-producer arrived at the podium on the university's campus near downtown in full graduation regalia, including a black, white-striped gown.
Will Ferrell-Themed Pop-Up Bar Coming To Hollywood For 10 DaysA Will Ferrell-themed pop up bar will be, well, popping up in Hollywood at the TCL Chinese 6 Theatres.
Ronald Reagan's Daughter Pens Criticizing Letter To Will Ferrell Over Upcoming FilmThe daughter of former President Ronald Reagan criticized actor Will Ferrell Thursday for agreeing to portray her father in an upcoming movie that highlights his battle with dementia.
Will Ferrell To Play Ronald Reagan In Upcoming MovieComedian Will Ferrell, who won acclaim for his George W. Bush impersonation on "Saturday Night Live," will take on the role of another former Republican president in an upcoming movie.
Will Ferrell & Kristen Wiig's Lifetime Movie Is Happening...AgainFollowing reports that comedic duo Will Ferrell and Kristen Wiig were axing a planned Lifetime movie, a poster for the upcoming film debuted in Hollywood.
UPDATE: Will Ferrell & Kristen Wiig Nix Lifetime TV MovieWill Ferrell and Kristen Wiig say they are now abandoning plans for a Lifetime TV movie after the secret project became public.
Will Ferrell Honored With Hollywood Star, Calls His Work-Family Balance His Greatest SuccessWill Ferrell has starred in some of the funniest movies of the last decade and his place in Hollywood now is being solidified - physically - on the Walk of Fame.
Dodgers' Ferrell No-Hits Padres To Wrap Spring Training TourJames Shields struck out five in three perfect innings and Matt Kemp went 0 for 3 in his first game against his former team as the San Diego Padres lost to the Los Angeles Dodgers 1-0 on Thursday night.
Will Ferrell To Play All 9 Positions For Dodgers During Spring Training Game Will Ferrell may be set to answer the age-old comedy question: "Who's on first?"
Bono, Affleck Stay Silent in PSA on Ebola ResponseCelebrities are playing the waiting game in a new online campaign calling for a unified response to the Ebola epidemic in West Africa.
TTYM: SNL Mocks The NFL, Will Ferrell Mocks Jeter And Giants Co-Owner Mocks The CowboysHere are four sports stories you may have missed this week.
Hollywood, Music Elite Join Forces In 'Stand Up To Cancer' EventHollywood stars and musicians joined forces Friday in the televised broadcast of the "Stand Up To Cancer" telethon for the fourth time. The event at the Dolby Theatre was broadcast on CBS, ABC, NBC and Fox, along with 26 cable channels and streamed live on Hulu and Yahoo.


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Drunk Canadian Leftist Praises Gitmo Terrorist & US Soldier Killer at Annual Press Dinner (VIDEO)
Drunk Canadian leftist lets Canada know how she really feels about conservatives…
Drunk Canadian Green Party leader Elizabeth May praised US soldier killer Omar Khadr during her rambling speech at the annual press gallery dinner.
From the video–
Delivering funny speeches in front of a room full of politicians and journalists at the annual press gallery dinner is a tough thing for any party leader, but it was especially tough for Green Party Leader Elizabeth May on Saturday night.
After a longwinded and meandering speech, which included a few funny jabs, May ended with a shout-out to Omar Khadr, who was freed on bail in Edmonton last week.
"Omar Khadr, you've got more class than the whole f—–g cabinet," May said, referring to the Conservative party, as Conservative MP and Transport Minister Lisa Raitt tried to usher her off the stage.
Omar Khadr faced five war crimes charges that included murder.
In July 2002, Omar Khadr threw a grenade that blew up an American soldier in Afghanistan.
Khadr was wounded and captured during this same firefight.
After his capture a video was found that shows Khadr toying with detonating cord as other men including Abu Laith al-Libi assemble explosives in the same house that had been destroyed in the firefight. He was also seen planting landmines while smiling and joking with the cameraman. It has been suggested that these were the same landmines later recovered by American forces on a road between Gardez and Khowst- Wiki.
Khadr was injured in the firefight and begged to be killed…
But US medics saved his life.
Instead, of facing death, Khadr was set free.
Omar Khadr was released on bail last week.
This past weekend leftist leader Elizabeth May praised the killer.


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The Norman Newman Centre for Entrepreneurship's mandate is to promote entrepreneurship in its many forms, through innovative curriculum, applied research and collaborative extension work (outreach). Our definition of entrepreneurship is broad and includes the development or growth of enterprises for profit, for social benefit and for sustainability.
As such, we adhere to a triple bottom line approach to venturing and all our activities adhere to this fundamental principle. We also continue to support our strong heritage of working with the family enterprise.


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Manilla Road: Mystification (1986-87, 2000)
–MANILLA ROAD: Mystification (1986/87, 2000 reissue)
Manilla Road is one of those classic metal bands that has slipped through the San Andreas-sized cracks of the mainstream, yet somehow they have maintained a tiny but loyal worldwide following. This cult metal band from Wichita, Kansas is highly revered by some; several of my fellow metal fanatic email correspondents have long extolled the virtues of Manilla Road's mystical lyrics and melodies all while their albums were nearly impossible to find. Often invoking the literary and poetic muses through Mark "The Shark" Shelton's thought-provoking lyrics and unique voice, my e-metal friends worshipped The Road from their own makeshift air-guitar altars.
That being said, I never quite "got it" about all the Manilla Road fuss. I had heard a few of the band's songs on mix tapes, but I thought the band's music was fairly average traditional metal with some pleasant melodies. It was certainly nothing special compared to all the Maiden, Savatage, Iced Earth and Helloween CDs that I adored during high school and college. Seeing The Road live at the Classic Metal Festival in 2001 only reaffirmed my ambivalence; although the music was tightly-played and well-presented, the pedestrian nature of the material left me feeling underwhelmed. However, the handful of Greeks in the audience, who had traveled all the way to Kalamazoo, Mich. just to see the Road, certainly begged to differ with their incessant chants of "Manilla, Manilla, Manilla!"
The persistent battle cries of the E-Roaders eventually left their mark, and I ended up picking up this reissue of Manilla Road's 1987 Mystification album a few years back. Mystification was originally released on Black Dragon Records but was severely marred by sub-par mixing and nonexistent distribution in the U.S. Denis Gulbey of Sentinel Steel Records has done a great job remixing and releasing this album, which many Manilla Roaders regard as one of the band's top-three releases behind the "O" albums, Open The Gates and Out of the Abyss. This is the first Manilla Road album I heard, so I obviously can't respond to that comparison. But I will say this album is a surprisingly exciting and powerful listen, and I am slowly-but-surely warming to the notion that Manilla Road is something more than just an over-hyped cult band.
In fact, I assert that Mystification is a fine collection of 1980s heavy metal with a decidedly mystical lyrical bent. There isn't a weak track on the slab, while the standouts are particularly memorable. Musically, there's plenty of speed metal attack in the dynamic guitarwork of Shelton and double-bass pyrotechnics of drummer Randy "Thrasher" Foxe. The music's razor-edged aggression is always tempered by Shelton's nasally-but- pleasantly-clear-throated voice and catchy, melodic songwriting. Lyrically, this is Edgar Allen Poe celebration to the max, with no less than five tracks based on works of the classic American bard. While I find Shelton's literary bent intriguing, I'd rather headbang to the infectiously speedy riffs and revel in the gloriously melodic choruses than obsess over lyrical nuances. As for highlights: "Children of the Night," with its haunting intro guitar line and gorgeous chorus, the speed metal crunch and compelling vocal line of "Masque of the Red Death," the mystical semi-ballad "Dragon Star," and the album's centerpiece title track with its arpeggiated clean guitars and beautiful vocal melodies. Mystification is truly a mystifying metal song for the ages: "An art revealed to no one/Some say insanity/A lesson from The Baron/Master of mystery/I'm mystified."
Sentinel Steel's website says this CD, which includes bonus instrumental "The Asylum," is temporarily out of print. But fear not, brethen, and keep your eyes peeled for this and other classic Road albums for sale online. You know I will be.
R.I.P. Curt Meisner, Manilla Road fan No. 1 and a true "Master of mystery."
–Tracklisting: 1.) Up From The Crypt 2.) Children Of The Night 3.) Haunted Palace 4.) Sprits Of The Dead 5.) Valley Of Unrest 6.) Mystification 7.) Masque Of The Red Death 8.) Death By The Hammer 9.) Dragon Star 10.) The Asylum


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Beverly Hills, CA – Nominations for the 83rd Academy Awards® will be announced on Tuesday, January 25, by Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences President Tom Sherak and Oscar-winning actress and Academy member Mo'Nique.
Sherak and Mo'Nique will unveil the nominations in 10 of the 24 categories at a 5:30 a.m. news conference at the Academy's Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, where hundreds of media representatives from around the world will be gathered. Nominations information for all categories will be distributed simultaneously to news media in attendance and via the Internet on the official Academy Awards website, http://www.oscar.com.
Last year Mo'Nique received her first Oscar nomination and win for her supporting performance in "Precious: Based on the Novel 'Push' by Sapphire." She currently hosts her own late-night talk show, "The Mo'Nique Show," on BET.
Academy Awards for outstanding film achievements of 2010 will be presented on Sunday, February 27, 2011, at the Kodak Theatre at Hollywood & Highland Center®, and televised live on the ABC Television Network. The Oscar presentation also will be televised live in more than 200 countries worldwide.
Subscribe to Deadline Breaking News Alerts and keep your inbox happy.


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Primary Small Business Steps & Enterprise Concepts
In accordance with Wikipedia, a Business is a corporation" involved in the commerce of products and services or both to consumers. As soon as the legal construction of the business has been determined, and if a separate business name can be used, the business name must be registered with the county clerk's office and/or the Secretary of State. Your accounting system is critical with a view to create and handle your finances, set your charges, conduct enterprise with others, and file your taxes. Texas Wide Open for Enterprise section on employer necessities is a one stop shop for small enterprise house owners. This will sound like a simple step, but think laborious about what exactly you may be promoting and whether or not you may have the talents and qualifications to run a enterprise.
I really love to start a mini grocery store in abuja Nigeria, pls i need an in depth marketing strategy and a very good estimate of begin up cost. It's the lifeblood of your enterprise and it is importance cannot be emphasised enough. In case you are an entrepreneur in the tourism industry, these guides can help you with related laws and permits, enterprise planning, and financing.
Based on , you can start a enterprise so that you simply grow to be your personal boss, run your individual life, specialize on interests, open multiple streams of revenue and maybe make that big dream of yours finally come true. It's also possible to try to get what you are promoting off the bottom by bootstrapping , utilizing as little capital as needed to start out your business.
Corporations, LLCs, or restricted partnerships usually register their enterprise name when the formation paperwork is filed. My college students will present you how they launched their online companies and scaled them up — one scholar even got 5-figures in only a few months, without any electronic mail list. Create a business plan that outlines your funding sources, goals, employees necessities, location ideas and other particulars, then use it to guide the beginning of your enterprise.
Texas Workforce Commission – Provides particular info relating to your state and native employment tax obligations. Senior care start-up checklist Discover resources you could assist you to begin a senior care enterprise. Based on natural skills or acquired skills, your area of business must be something you are good at, for you to break even. Now you are able to spend your time where it must be – growing the enterprise and caring on your customers. Even in the event you don't anticipate searching for monetary support, a simple business plan can provide you clarity about what you hope to attain and how you intend to do it. As your plan grows, and issues start to take shape, the perfect name could come to you, however do not let that hinder you within the early phases. The second step for starting a enterprise is to determine the federal, state, and local tax obligations.


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To the Apple faithful he is already a saint but to the rest of the world he is known simply as Steve Jobs.
But that could have been different had the Apple CEO accepted an invitation to speak at a British Labour Party event.
The English newspaper the Telegraph reports that Steve Jobs could have been Sir Steve Jobs but then British Prime Minister Gordon Brown nixed the idea because of Jobs' earlier refusal to speak.
Apple was said to have been involved with the process and had pushed the idea to the final stages before Brown reportedly refused to allow it to happen, although a spokeswoman for Brown denied the report.
The title would have added a little extra spice to any introduction Jobs might get if he decides to attend Apple's rumored iPad 2 press conference on Wednesday.


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Finding Dory is very fun sequel to the Pixar classic. It's great and definitley worth a Netflix watch, but I still had some nitpicks...
1. Why doesn't Dory have siblings?
Blue Tangs (Dory) lay about 40,000 eggs. Ocellaris clownfish (Nemo & Marlin) only lay about 400-1200 eggs and yet we were given on the backstory on all of their deaths and why Nemo was so special to Marlin. But 40,000??! She's gotta have some siblings, no matter what shit wrecked their family while they were in captavity.
2. What IS Dory's memory issue?
As a nod to the common myth that fish only have three second memories, Dory's memory condition make sense in the first film. However, since it's the main theme of this movie, it's less consistent. She constantly repeats that she has SHORT-TERM memory loss. Why does she have no long-term memories of her parents or the place she grew up then? Her long-term memory is only available when it's convenient to push the plot along.
3. Why could Dory's parents not find her?
If Finding Nemo taught us anything, it's that if you love your child enough, you will go across the entire ocean to find them and be successful despite all logic. Marlin didn't expect Nemo to find his way back home, and Nemo didn't even have a memory problem.
But also...
4. If Marlin really believed in Dory, he'd let her go alone.
The "TERRIBLE" thing Marlin said to Dory was after their journey put his long-lost-finally-returned-son in harm's way: "Go wait over there and forget. It's what you do best." If he really believed that she was more capable of "waiting and forgetting" then he'd let her go on her own and find her way back to him, and avoid putting his son in constant danger AGAIN. Instead, he is bullied by his child to risk both their lives over and over again.
5. If the zoo was all about rescue, rehabilitation, and release, then why were they sending the fish to Cleveland?
Sigourney Weaver keeps saying "Welcome to the Marine Life Institute where we believe in rescue, rehabilitation, and release." There is nowhere in Cleveland to release saltwater fish, so why would the zoo be okay with shipping its fish there? SIGOURNEY WOULDN'T LIE TO US!!!
6. We're rooting for several horrific car accidents to save a few fish from being safely relocated
What's the human death count on all those accidents? These fish are gonna live like 5-10 years, but you betcha the injuries toll suffered by the humans in the world will have longer-lasting impact. Not to mention the economic toll on the institute whose whale, shark, and truck full of valuable fish just went MIA.
7. The Tank Gang is STILL in bags?!?!
Okay, I know the story about talking fish isn't going to be the most logical but ... HOW LONG HAVE THOSE FISH BEEN IN BAGS? How much time has passed? How do they eat? How do they breathe? How do they stay sane? Way to undercut the happy ending of Finding Nemo by showing his friends have been slowly starving away in bags.
8. Why wasn't there MORE Baby Dory?
D'awwww, GIMME MORE OF THAT SWEET FACE.


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by Krista Peterson, Marketing Outreach Coordinator, Longevity Wellness
Who's excited for this year's Cooper River Bridge Run?! We're so happy to see so many runners zooming by our office, surely prepping for the big day!
How are you preparing for the race (aside from running by us, of course!) and what plans do you have for your post-race recovery? Massage therapy, (specifically focused sports massage and recovery massage), as well as stretching (kind of a no-brainer there!), have profound benefits both before and after racing. Check out these important facts below about just how beneficial adding massage to your running routine can be.
Pre-race massage, especially if you're coming off a hard week of training, helps you to re-energize, relax, and prep your muscles for the ability to run fast and score your best times ever. Usually a lighter massage paired with stretching is best, to relieve stress and muscle tension without any soreness before your upcoming race.
Regarding post-race massage, according to Jason Fitzgerald on strengthrunning.com:
"The major benefit of [post-run massage] is that it relaxes tense muscles and removes adhesions or minor scar tissue between muscles and fascia, a fancy word for the sheath or casing that surrounds your muscles. Unneeded tension and adhesions can restrict movement and impair your range of motion, potentially leading to abnormal movement patterns that can cause overuse injuries." Additionally, "massage can reduce pain and the intensity of muscle soreness after a grueling workout or marathon. Some studies indicate that massage can reduce inflammation, improve immune function, and reduce stress hormones like cortisol."
With that being said, you're in luck--all of our therapists here at Longevity Wellness are trained in sports massage (as well as stretch therapy) and have worked on many different types of athletes. So, since we want you all to crush your numbers and feel as great as ever for the race and after, we are offering 10% off massages and stretch sessions two days before and two days after race weekend (April 4th, 5th, 8th, and 9th)!
If you want to enhance your pre- or post-run results even further, make sure to check out our massage add-ons including cupping therapy, stretch therapy, and fire and ice!
*Discounts will be taken upon checkout


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Monday 11 December 2017
"Raqqa's fate calls to mind that of Dresden in 1945, leveled by the US-British bombings."MisleadingWhile Raqqa has suffered severe damage, it was not bombed indiscriminately as the Russian Defense Ministry alleges.While Raqqa has suffered severe damage, it was not indiscriminately bombed as the Russian Defense Ministry alleges. Raqqa, the last "capital" of the so-called Islamic State, was the site of a major battle involving the Syrian Democratic Forces with air support from the U.S. and other coalition member countries.
"In its ruling, the European Court (of Human Rights) confirmed that the administration of justice in a criminal case cannot pursue political goals. That said, the obvious unacceptability of this part of the complaint was so clear to the European Court that the claimants' arguments about the alleged political motives for their criminal prosecution were not even included in the subject of the investigation."The European Court of Human Rights ruled that Russia in the case of the Navalny brothers violated two articles of the European Convention of Human Rights. The court also ordered the Russian government to pay each brother financial compensation for the injustice and cover their court costs and expenses.
"The U.S. has betrayed William Browder: a comedown for a pawn who imagined himself a queen"FalseAny temporary delay of Browder's U.S. travel privileges was due to a loophole in an automated International law enforcement system, not a political actWilliam Browder's global entry visa was automatically revoked after Russia unilaterally inserted his name on Interpol's list of most wanted criminals. That triggered Interpol's so-called Red Notice, requesting the immediate arrest of the named person at any international border crossing, including in the U.S. Despite claims the U.S government "betrayed" Browder, the. Department of Homeland Security quickly rectified the issue.
"By the way, the Western media preferred to hush up that fact, not to notice it, though there was one fleeting mention somewhere in Canada, but that was it, then silence."Leading Western media outlets have, in fact, reported on the issue.
"PACE flipped off Ukraine and initiated the lifting of sanctions against Russia"Russian media portrayed the resolution adopted by the Parliamentary Assembly of the European Council (PACE) on October 12 as the "lifting of sanctions." While the sanctions they were referring to are the sweeping political and economic restrictions that nearly 50 nations have imposed on Russia for its actions in Ukraine, the resolution simply lays the groundwork for restoring Russia's status within PACE, and does not affect any other sanctions.
"To date, we have not experienced such active pressure and literally an expulsion from the country, as we do in the United States."FARA registration does not ban, limit or censor media content; it merely requires transparency and public disclosure. It is false to assert that RT is facing exceptional pressure in the U.S., since multiple nations have probed RT for breaking journalistic codes and standards, and some have even banned it.
"The U.S. has a direct interest in destabilizing the situation in Central Asia, including by using IS… The Americans believe that this will allow them to unravel the situation in Russia."The U.S. is fighting against Islamic State, not using it. Washington is also cooperating with Central Asian states to enhance security for the region -- including Russia -- despite Moscow's objection to such security cooperation and its destabilizing military actions along its own periphery.
"The American establishment's war against our journalists is dedicated to all the starry-eyed who still believed in freedom of speech. It was killed by those who invented it."The U.S. probe of RT and Sputnik to determine whether they must register as foreign agents is a lawful process befitting a functioning democracy. As registered foreign agents, the outlets would still be able to broadcast without censorship – a right protected under the U.S. Constitution and laws.
"This is not about any kind of censorship. But, of course, in providing grants, the state has the right to designate certain topics that are of particular interest to the state. But to call this some kind of manifestation of censorship would be wrong."President Vladimir Putin and his press secretary Dmitry Peskov insist that the arrest of a famed director Kirill Serebrennikov has nothing to do with politics or censorship. The involvement of the FSB's 2nd Service calls their claim into question.
"The UK will oppose a preemptive ban on 'killer robots', despite widespread calls in the UN to prohibit the use of 'murder machines'."RT neglects to point out that Russia itself has developed such autonomous robots and has not supported a UN ban on them.
"The Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons has confirmed that Syria's chemical arsenal was completely destroyed under international supervision."The OPCW, tasked with overseeing the destruction of Syria's chemical weapons stockpiles, has stated it can only confirm the elimination of materials declared by the Syrian government. It has growing suspicions, in the words of the director, that Damascus may have hidden 'some chemical weapons," in light of corroborated reports of their use by Syrian forces.
"Ukraine has never supplied rocket engines or any kind of missile technology to North Korea."Aside from Ukrainian denials, even Michael Elleman, the missile expert cited by the New York Times, conceded that the engines could have come from a Russian factory.


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Shaoxing Dingfa Chemical Co., Ltd has been devoting ourselves to developing business partnership with customers and users from at home and abroad actively. We are located in the center of Delta Region of Yangtze River, bordering on Ningbo and Shanghai Ports. We enjoy superior location and convenient transportation. We are about one hour's drive to the nearest Port - Ningbo Port.
To occupy more markets and enrich our business lines, DingFa Chemical has developed kind partner relationship with some professional factories such as RUNTU, LONGSHENG du... [Details]


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It was hard to believe that we were enjoying this lovely set up in a living room- it literally looked like something out of a gorgeous design magazine! Candles, pink linens, Mimosas... It was picture perfect! So grateful for this wonderful day they created for my Sister.
|Bride (Center) & The Lovely Hosts


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The maximum speed achieved by a skydiver in free-fall is usually about 200 kilometers per hour. After jumping out of a plane, skydivers accelerate continuously for between 30 and 60 seconds until they reach the maximum possible speed allowed by their weight and the density of the air.
With practice, skydivers can learn to streamline their bodies, cutting down on wind resistance and allowing them to reach a higher maximum speed. This is primarily achieved by orienting the body to be as straight as possible. Skydivers competing in speed skydiving can reach maximum speeds of up to 480 kilometers per hour.


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Trojan horse malware that provides its owners with credit card numbers, bank details, and other personal information has been discovered targeting Australian Internet Explorer users.
The Trojan was exposed last month by US-based anti-exploit development firm, Exploit Prevention Labs (XPL). However, according to Australian-born Roger Thompson, the company's Chief Technical Officer, it has been known among the whitehat community since April this year.
Victims receive what appears to be a Yahoo Greetings eCard, which directs Web browsers to an authentic eCard via an exploit server. If the exploit server detects browser vulnerabilities, it force-downloads post-logging software onto the user's computer.
This process happens so quickly that it is virtually unnoticeable, Thompson said, adding that some versions of the Trojan also force-download a rootkit which makes it invisible to Internet Explorer's add-on manager.
"It's very, very hard to tell if you've been infected," he said. "If your antivirus program can see it, that's fine. But if it doesn't, then you won't know it's there."
Although it is impossible to determine the exact number of affected users, Thompson expects there to be thousands of Australian computers at risk. XPL researchers have confirmed that accounts at nearly every Australian bank were affected.
The Trojan was found to have been exploiting the Internet Explorer MDAC vulnerability through the Russian-developed WebAttacker script, which XPL has found to be the most prevalent Internet-borne exploit generator. While a patch for the MDAC vulnerability was released by Microsoft in April, Thompson said, many Internet Explorer users remain susceptible because not all users apply patches.
"A lot of work computers don't get patched, because when you patch, a lot of other things can get broken," he said. "A lot of companies don't like patching because of this, and because they think they are safe behind a firewall."
"But browsers are authorized to get past firewalls; that's how they access the Internet," he explained. "And once you're authorized, consumer firewalls don't have enough resolution to distinguish between evil Web sites and clean Web sites."
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on Sunday, 18 March 2012.
When you look at graffiti art, what crime do you see? The easy answer might be destruction of private property, like an artist superimposing his vision over a billboard ad. But what about theft of intellectual property by corporate advertisers? Consider this – artists in Los Angeles risk felony charges for creating murals without permit in our public spaces, yet over 4000 billboards are erected and maintained illegally in this city.
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Franklin County anchors the southern edge of the Appalachian Mountain foothills and with that comes an abundance of spectacular outdoor leisureopportunities. Click HERE to explore Franklin County.
Franklin County celebrates our heritage, lifestyles, & patriotism with a number of truly unique & special events held each season of the year. To discover our current lineup of exciting events, click HERE.
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Welcome to Franklin County, Alabama
If you're looking for a comfortable, safe and affordable place to live, Franklin County may be the place for you. We have much to offer. Franklin County has skilled labor, strong educational institutions, quality life styles, health care facilities, business and industrial sites, municipal airports, competitive energy costs and supportive local governments. Franklin County and city schools rank among the highest in the state and we were first in the state to host a public junior college, Northwest Shoals Community College. We have excellent medical facilities and physicians. And some of the friendliest people in the world are from Franklin County!


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Learn more about Gatlinburg Cabins Online.
One to 8 bedroom luxury cabin rentals in Gatlinburg and Pigeon Forge TN. Amenities include hot tub, Jacuzzi tub, fireplace, wooded and mountain views, TV/DVD, fully-equipped kitchen, linens and towels, close to Dollywood and Aquarium attractions.
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Gatlinburg, TN 37738
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Still exploring? Try these popular ideas in and around Gatlinburg.


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Andrew Dys
Extra law enforcement added for Sunday's York Black Lives Matter march
YORK Police in York have added extra officers and security measures for Sunday's Black Lives Matter protest march, to ensure the safety of the protesters, the police and spectators.
York Police Department Chief Department Chief Andy Robinson said Friday that the department has security measures in place, saying "safety for all is our primary concern." Specifics of the extra security measures were not detailed.
York County Sheriff's Office agents, along with state agents, will be on hand Sunday to augment the York Police Department, Mayor Eddie Lee said.
"The safety of all who will participate, the officers, and those in attendance is our top priority," Lee said.
The demonstration, called a Black Lives Matter Stop the Violence march to raise awareness of the concerns blacks have for equal treatment after police shootings in Louisiana, Minnesota, North Charleston and other places, while also focusing on violence problems in York, starts at 7:30 pm Sunday. Yet the march - York County's first organized Black Lives Matter movement event - comes just nine days after five officers were killed and several other officers and protesters wounded at a Dallas march by an assassin who targeted police - specifically white officers.
That shooting spree is a concern of all involved, and organizers of the York march have been meeting with police for days to coordinate a safe and peaceful event Sunday in York.
York, a city officials say has grown to about 9,000 people, is York County's seat of government. Almost 40 percent of York's population is black. York County's population is more than a quarter million, with US Census figures showing about 20 percent of the population - around 50,0000 - as black.
Sheriff's Office spokesman Trent Faris confirmed that deputies will be working along with York officers, in an attempt to make the event as safe as possible.
Two of the march organizers said Friday - before meeting again with York officers about the march - that the goal is to bring awareness to problems with violence in York, including an unsolved shooting of a 17-year-old mother and other gun crimes. In social media postings aimed at recruiting people to the march, organizers have stated that Sunday is a "unity march" for people of all races, and will focus on not just injustices experienced by blacks in police shootings in other places, but the local problems of killings and crime.
The police department "applauds their efforts make York a better place to live," Robinson said, noting that police reached out to help with planning several days ago.
"We offered our assistance of anything they might need to make the event happen and go well," Robinson said. "If we can do anything to stop or reduce the violence, the police department is all for it."
The march is set to start at Jefferson field at the corner of Pinckney Street and Spruce Streets south of downtown York. The route heads north on Pinckney Street to Congress Street, then north on Congress ending in the area of the downtown near the intersection of Congress and Liberty streets.
Andrew Dys: 803-329-4065, @AndrewDysHerald


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I'm not a shopper, I'm a buyer. I go and I buy what I need, I detest going from one store to the next window shopping. What a colossal waist of time.
hate shopping, hate buying. I've even written some blogs on this fact. I'd rather have dental work done that go and buy anything other than produce.
Love to buy when necessary, won't shop in stores, but since Web shopping has come into effect, it is much more fun.
If I wasn't hurting, I'd like to go shop, instead I'm doing it online.


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The stories of prince and princesses always manage to capture our imagination. The Indian history is one of those royal histories which include long mesmerizing tales of most brave and beautiful princess.
1.Rani PadminiShe was so beautiful that even Alauddin Khilji attacked Chittor in order to capture her. He only wanted to capture her for her beauty as her harem.There are a number of contesting stories about Padmavati aka Padmini.
She was reputed to be one of the most extraordinary beauties of her time with fame spreading to several kingdoms and provinces. Her father, Ratan Singh, was the second son of Rao Duda ji, a descendent of Rao Jodha ji Rathor, the founder of Jodhpur.
3.Maharani Gayatri Devi
Maharani Gayatri Devi was born on 23 May 1919 in a Koch Rajbongshi Hindu family. Her father was Maharaja Jitendra Narayan of Cooch Behar in West Bengal, and her mother was Maratha Princess Indira Raje of Baroda.
4.Sita Devi of Baroda
Sita Devi was the daughter of the Maharaja of Pithapuram, Beautiful Sita Devi first married M. R. Apparao Bahadur, Zamindar of Vuyyuru and then Pratap Singh Gaekwar of Baroda,second richest Indian prince.She was also famously called as "Indian Wallis Simpson". She was extremely beautiful and was admired throughout her life with a truly pleasant personality.
5.Rani Vijaya Devi
Rani Vijaya Devi was one of the most beautiful princesses in the history of India, born on 28 August 1922, in Mysore. She was eldest daughter of Late Yuvaraja Kanteerava Narasimha Raja Wadiyar and sister of Maharaja Jaya Chamaraja Wadiyar. She trained in dancing, music and become proficient in veena.
6.Sita Devi of Kapurthala
She was a daughter of the Raja of Kashipur, born in 1915. Sita Devi of Kapurthala was famously known as Princess Karam who was one of the most beautiful and glamorous women of her day. She was fluent in several European languages and was considered to have a strong sense of style.
7.Rani Samyukta
Samyukta was a daughter-princess of Kannauj and one of the three wife-Queen of Prithviraj Chauhan, who is known for her mesmerizing beauty with brains as she was one of the most determined Indian women at that time. Sanyukta, also known as Sanyogita, Sanjukta, or Samyukta. Jaichand and Prithviraj belonged to a rival Rajput clan.
8.Noor Inayat Khan
She was the eldest daughter of Hazrat Inayat Khan, who was born to nobility and came from a princely Indian Muslim family. An SOE agent during the Second World War, she became the first female radio operator to be sent from Britain into occupied France to aid the French Resistance.