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Office of Insurance Regulation Approves Citizens 2016 Rates
September 08, 2015 - Tallahassee, FL
The Florida Office of Insurance Regulation on Tuesday approved a slate of 2016 property insurance rates for Citizens Property Insurance Corporation that lowers rates for 60 percent of Citizens customers but reflects an average overall 1.8 percent increase for homeowners' multiperil policyholders across the state.
Two weeks after Citizens presented its proposal at a public hearing in Tallahassee, the state insurance regulator made minor adjustments to Citizens 2016 rate request, which addressed continued coastal wind-risk and a spike in water claims in South Florida. The combination of factors drove up overall rates despite reductions to most policyholders living farther from the coast.
"Today's decision by the Office of Insurance Regulation reflects Citizens' success in reducing exposure and returning to its role as the state's insurer of last resort," said Barry Gilway, Citizens' President, CEO and Executive Director. "While our footprint is shrinking, we continue to provide critical coverage to those policyholders still unable to find appropriate coverage in the private market."
The statewide average homeowners multiperil (HO-3) premium would rise in 2016 to $2,381, up 1.8 percent from an average of $2,339 in 2015. Average homeowners multiperil rates, however, will decrease outside of Miami Dade, Broward, Miami-Dade, Monroe and Palm Beach counties.
The average premium for coastal wind-only homeowners policies will rise to $2,599, up 8.3% from the 2015 average of $2,400. This reflects continued progress along the statutory "glide path," under which no policyholder can experience more than a 10% increase per year exclusive of coverage adjustments.
Mobile home owners will see a 6.4 percent reduction in multiperil rates while wind-only mobile home coverage, which remains well below market rates, will increase by 10.4 percent. Sinkhole rates in Hernando, Hillsborough, Pasco and Pinellas Counties will remain the same for 2016.
Despite a reduction of nearly 900,000 policies since late 2012, Citizens remains the largest property insurer in Florida with 601,213 personal and commercial policies in force as of September 4, 2015.
Following nine hurricane seasons with no major storms, six years of rate adjustments under the statutory glide path and historically low reinsurance costs, six in 10 Citizens personal lines policyholders are expected to see rate reductions in 2016.
"Citizens remains committed to transparency in working with the Office and complying with the statute by ensuring that rates are actuarially sound, no more and no less," said Chris Gardner, Chairman of Citizens' Board of Governors. "A properly funded Citizens means no surprises in the form of post-storm assessments on all insurance-buying Floridians."
About Citizens
In 2002, the Florida Legislature created Citizens Property Insurance Corporation (Citizens), a
not-for-profit alternative insurer, whose public purpose is to provide insurance to, and serve the needs of, property owners who cannot find coverage in the private insurance market.


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Saturday Style: Playground Chic
Most Saturdays you can find us at the park... We love to pack a picnic lunch, venture to the nearest swing-set and soak up those weekend rays! The park is one of my favorite places to spend quality momma time with Lo. She has so much fun getting all of her extra energy out (trust me, this little girl is 50% joy and 50% energy) and, if we're lucky and there's a gate/fence, I get to enjoy a little downtime in the sunshine!
I like to dress Lorelai in mini versions of my favorite pieces (OMG, a tiny chambray?! I'm dying!) and I often find myself in grown-up versions of little girl staples (overalls and rompers anyone?). It's like a fun, fashion Freaky Friday... err, Freaky Saturday!
Last week I picked up Jessica Alba's The Honest Life and read it cover to cover the moment I got home. There are so many great tips and inspiring images (girl's got major mommy style: examples here, here & here). I definitely recommend checking it out!
- Monki Filippa Top
- Ray-Ban Original Aviators
- Topshop Denim Dungarees
- A balanced breakfast and a ton of coffee for extra energy...
- Converse All Stars
- The Honest Life by Jessica Alba
- iWoody iPhone
- Seed Heritage Girl's Cap
- A sweet treat...
- Crewcuts Wendy Shirt
- Splendid French Stripe Dress
- Zara Sandals with Chain Detail
- Bugaboo Bee

subset: commoncrawl


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Photography: Eduard Hueber/ ARCHPHOTO
This 7,000sf loft space is located at the Industry City complex in Brooklyn. The project is within a renovated factory built in the late 1800s, overlooking the East River and Gowanus Bay.
The program is organized around providing design, fabrication and prototyping space for the development of new concepts to be used in restaurants worldwide. The new Lab elements work within the existing open plan space by inserting object-like additions. The workshop and finishing areas consist of visually freestanding walls lined with plywood paneling to define each work zone. The workshop is enclosed for noisy/ dusty construction, with the capability of opening onto the finishing area to create a fluid design/build process. The finishing area is centrally located for ease of access to the workshop and display prototyping areas.
The raised platform at the West end of the space comprises an open workspace and an enclosed meeting room, with a cantilevered steel and glass observation platform overlooking the prototyping area. Both of these raised areas also provides views of the harbor and downtown Manhattan.
The ceiling, structure, and existing walls are left exposed, revealing the building's raw industrial quality. The original wood floors are sanded and refinished, but continue to show the years of industry evident in the space. New materials are limited to powder coated steel, clear glass, white painted walls, and birch plywood cabinetry.
Location: Brooklyn, NY
Date: 2015-2016
Size: 7000 sf.


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Pew Environment Group says the Atlantic menhaden population declined by 90 percent in recent years
The Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission is scheduled to vote today, Dec. 14, on whether to cut the catch limit for Atlantic menhaden.
Environmentalists say the menhaden population, a crucial part of the Atlantic ecosystem, has dropped to dangerous levels. Menhaden are an important food source for tuna, cod, striped bass, whales, dolphins, ospreys and eagles.
Opponents of a strict limit, mostly from the fishing industry, say there are enough fish and the size of the population rises and falls naturally. The fish are used for fertilizer, bait, and fish-oil supplements.
On Dec. 11, three days before the meeting, the Pew Environment Group ran a large ad in The Providence Journal headlined, "Governor Chafee: When this little fish disappears we're in big trouble." It talked about the importance of the species, adding, "But in recent years, menhaden numbers along our coast have plummeted by 90 percent."
Fish counts are a contentious topic. After all, it's tough to do an inventory of undersea life, most of which you can't see. We wondered whether Pew's number was accurate.
We asked Pew for its source. Spokesman Jeff Young referred us to the 2011 Stock Assessment Report by the fisheries commission, a compact of 15 states that deals with fishing issues on the East Coast.
Table 7.5 offers a complex calculation -- using lots of different data sources -- of the number of menhaden at the start of the year. The estimates go from 1955 to 2008. Young said biologists focus on the number of fish that had survived their first year, when they're more likely to be caught. We will do that as well.
The estimates over the years show two peaks and two valleys. The population was high in the 1950s. It dropped precipitously and remained low in the 1960s. Then it started rising significantly, peaking from 1976 to 1989 before falling back to the 1960-ish range during the last two decades.
Whether the population declined by 90 percent, as Pew asserts, depends on where you want to start calculating and when you want to stop.
The Pew ad says the 90-percent decline was "in recent years." It gives no time frame.
If you think of "recent" as the last 10 years, the drop from 1999 to 2008 has been 43 percent, far from 90 percent, according to the chart Pew referenced.
Over the last 20 years, it's been 76 percent.
To show a drop close to 90 percent, you have to start at 1982, when the estimated number of menhaden was 20.2 billion, the second-highest ever reported, and compare it with 2008, when the population was about 2.4 billion -- a drop of 88 percent.
If you started with the first year of data -- 8.3 billion fish in 1955 -- and compared it with 2008, you'd have a decline of 71 percent.
We found smaller percentages when we looked at the more recent commission report, from 2012, because it gives a higher number for the menhaden population for 2011, the most recent year the report looks at. Using that estimate, the decline since 1982 has been 82 percent.
But Pew Environment's chief scientist Jud Crawford said the most recent report is considered less reliable because questions have been raised about the way the estimates were calculated.
We also consulted with Mark Gibson, deputy chief of the marine fisheries division of the Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management.
"There's no question there's been a decline downward," he said. "But when you have a fish stock that varies up and down across time, you can cherry-pick your window across time, say it declined and get a whole bunch of people alarmed."
Our ruling
The Pew Environment Group said that "in recent years, menhaden numbers along our coasts have plummeted by 90 percent," a very specific number. It says overfishing must be halted to rebuild the population.
The estimated number of menhaden is clearly well below the estimated population for the late 1980s. But it's currently at levels seen in the 1960s.
If you want to claim a 90-percent drop, you have to compare the 2008 population to a very specific -- and very exceptional -- year, 1982.
We don't consider a 30-year-old benchmark to be "recent."
Because the statement contains some element of truth but ignores critical facts that would give a different impression, we rate it Mostly False.
(If you have a claim you'd like PolitiFact Rhode Island to check, e-mail us at [email protected] And follow us on Twitter: @politifactri.)


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The Breton Navy Stripe Linen Blend Knit Top is a relaxed piece that is super breathable featuring cotton and linen fabrics. Wear this classic navy and white stripe knit with a slimming jean for a stylish weekend casual look!
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National 4-H Congress// here is the normal content // ?>
National 4-H Congress is one of the premiere experiences for 4-H members across the country to participate in. For 94 years, members of the 4-H program have been gathering to celebrate the successes and accomplishments of 4-H at this event. National 4-H Congress provides a life-changing experience for youth to meet other 4-H members from across America, as they participate in educational workshops focusing on diversity, cultural experiences, leadership, team development, and of course having fun!
National 4-H Congress
Participation in the National 4-H Congress is sponsored by the Delaware 4-H Foundation.


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Christianity and antisemitism
|Part of a series on
Part of Jewish history
Antisemitism on the Web
|This article contains weasel words: vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information. (December 2012)
The relationship between Christian religious opposition to Judaism and secular, racist antisemitism has long been debated by historians and theologians.[1] Hostility among Christians to Judaism and the Jewish people may have developed from the early years of Christianity, the persecution of Christians in the New Testament, and persisted over the ensuing centuries, driven by numerous factors including theological differences, competition between Church and Synagogue, the Christian drive for converts[2] decreed by the Great Commission, misunderstanding of Jewish beliefs and practices, and a perceived Jewish hostility toward Christians.
These attitudes were reinforced in Christian preaching, art and popular teaching over the centuries containing contempt for Jews.[3] In many Christian countries, it led to civil and political discrimination against Jews, legal disabilities, and in some instances to physical attacks on Jews which occasionally ended in emigration, expulsion, and even death.[citation needed]
From time to time, anti-Jewish sentiments within European society were exploited or fomented for internal political purposes and sometimes to extract a financial advantage from Jewish subjects.[citation needed] Such sentiments made the expansion of anti-Jewish measures politically acceptable.
Modern Antisemitism has been described as primarily hatred against Jews as a race with its modern expression rooted in 18th century racial theories, while anti-Judaism is described as hostility to Jewish religion, but in Western Christianity it effectively merged into antisemitism during the 12th century.[4] Scholars have debated how Christian antisemitism played a role in the Nazi Third Reich, World War II and the Holocaust.
Throughout Christian history, some Popes, bishops and some Christian princes stepped up to protect Jews, such as Calixtus II in his bull Sicut Judaeis in 1120.
- 1 Antecedents of Christian antisemitism
- 2 Early differences
- 3 New Testament rejection of Judaism
- 4 The Church Fathers
- 5 Christians and Jews in Muslim lands
- 6 The Middle Ages
- 7 Renaissance to the 17th century
- 8 18th century
- 9 19th century
- 10 20th-century
- 11 Anti-Judaism
- 12 Jewish converts
- 13 Reconciliation between Judaism and Christian groups
- 14 See also
- 15 References
- 16 Further reading
- 17 External links
Antecedents of Christian antisemitism[edit]
In Rome and throughout the Roman Empire, religion was an integral part of the civil government. The Emperor was from time to time declared to be a god and demanded to be worshiped accordingly.[5] This created religious difficulties for Jews, who were prohibited from worshiping any other god than that of the Hebrew Bible. This created problems in the relations between Rome and its Jewish subjects, as well as for worshipers of Mithras, worshipers of Sabazius, and Christianity.[6] In the case of Jews, this led to several revolts against Rome and severe persecutions by Rome as punishment.
Early differences[edit]
There have been philosophical differences between Christianity and Rabbinical Judaism since the founding of Christianity. Christians acknowledge the roots of Christianity in Judaism. Some claim the entirety of Jewish religious heritage as its own, while interpreting it very differently.[who?]
Debates between the Early Christians, who at first saw themselves as a movement within Judaism and not as a separate religion, and other Jews initially revolved around the question whether Jesus was the Messiah, which later encompassed the issue of his divinity. Once gentiles were converted to Christianity, the question arose whether and how far these gentile Christians were obliged to follow Jewish law in order to follow Jesus (see Paul's letter to the Galatians). At the Council of Jerusalem,[Acts 15] it was decided that new gentile converts did not need to be circumcised (the Apostolic Decree of Acts 15:19-21), while requiring acceptance to a set of laws similar to Judaism's Noahide Law, (see also Old Testament#Christian view of the Law for the modern debate), but Paul also questioned the validity of Jewish Christians' adherence to the Jewish law in relation to faith in Christ, according to some interpretations. The issue of Paul of Tarsus and Judaism is still hotly debated.[by whom?]
The increase of the numbers of gentile Christians in comparison to Jewish Christians eventually resulted in a rift between Christianity and Judaism, which was further increased by the Jewish-Roman wars (66–73 and 132–135) that drove many more Jews into the diaspora and reduced the influence of the Bishop of Jerusalem, leader of the first Christian church.[citation needed] Early Christians also found in the Old Testament, prophecies which seemed to indicate that God's original covenant with the Jews would be expanded to include also the Gentiles, in other words Proselytes, God-fearers, and Noachides. Thus the Church Fathers tend to emphasise that the Church is the new "spiritual" Israel, completing or replacing the earthly Israel which was but its prototype. In modern times, this view would come to be called "Supersessionism".
Also, the two religions differed in their legal status in the Roman Empire: Judaism, restricted to the Jewish people and Jewish Proselytes, was generally exempt from obligation to the Roman imperial cult and since the reign of Julius Caesar enjoyed the status of a "licit religion", though there were also occasional persecutions, for example in 19 Tiberius expelled the Jews from Rome,[7] as Claudius did again in 49.[8] Christianity however was not restricted to one people, and as Jewish Christians were excluded from the synagogue (see Council of Jamnia), they also lost the protection of the status of Judaism, though said protection did have its limits (see for example Titus Flavius Clemens (consul), Akiba ben Joseph, and Ten Martyrs).
From the reign of Nero onwards, who is said[by whom?] to have blamed the Great Fire of Rome on Christians, Christianity was considered to be illegal and Christians were frequently subjected to persecution, differing regionally. Comparably, Judaism suffered the setbacks of the Jewish-Roman wars, remembered in the legacy of the Ten Martyrs. Robin Lane Fox traces the origin of much later hostility to the period of persecution, where the commonest test by the authorities of a suspected Christian was to require homage to be paid to the deified emperor. Jews were exempt from this requirement as long as they paid the Fiscus Judaicus, and Christians (many or mostly of Jewish origins) would say they were Jewish but refused to pay the tax. This had to be confirmed by the local Jewish authorities, who were likely to refuse to accept the Christians as Jewish, often leading to their execution.[9] The Birkat haMinim was often brought forward as support for this charge that the Jews were responsible for the Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire.[citation needed] In the 3rd century systematic persecution of Christians began and lasted until Constantine's conversion to Christianity.[citation needed] In 390 Theodosius I made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. While pagan cults and Manichaeism were suppressed, Judaism retained its legal status as a licit religion, though anti-Jewish violence still occurred. In the 5th century, some legal measures worsened the status of the Jews in the Roman Empire (now more properly called the Byzantine Empire since relocating to Constantinople).[citation needed]
New Testament rejection of Judaism[edit]
Rejection of Jesus as the Messiah[edit]
Christianity says that Jesus is the Messiah which Judaism does not accept. The Gospels claim that Jesus was a preacher, healer, and messiah. There is no reason to think Jesus would have come into conflict with Jewish authorities in 1st century Judea on account of his preaching and healing,[dubious ] yet part of the gospel record is the Cleansing of the Temple. However, claims that he was the Messiah were more controversial. The Hebrew word mashiyakh (משיח) typically signified a man, chosen by God or descended from a man chosen by God, to serve as a civil and military authority. If Jesus made this claim during his life, it is not surprising that many Jews, weary of Roman occupation, would have supported him as a liberator. It is also likely that Jewish authorities would have been cautious, out of fear of Roman reprisal.[opinion]
Jesus was considered by Christians to be the Messiah, while for most Jews the death of Jesus would have been sufficient proof that he was not the Jewish Messiah. If early Christians preached that Jesus was about to return, it is virtually certain that Jewish authorities would have opposed them out of fear of Roman reprisal.[citation needed]
Jews revolted against the Romans in 66 CE, which culminated with the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE. They revolted again under the leadership of the professed messiah Simon Bar Kokhba in 132 CE, which culminated in the expulsion of the Jews from Jerusalem, which Hadrian renamed into Aelia Capitolina in an attempt to wipe out memory of Jews there. [10]
At the time, Christianity was still considered a sect of Judaism, but the messianic claims alienated many Christians (including Jewish converts) and sharply deepened the schism.[citation needed]
Observance of Mosaic law[edit]
Another source of tension between early Christians and Jews was the question of observance of Mosaic Law which was also debated among Proselytes. Early Christians were divided over the issue: Some Jewish Christians or so-called Judaizers argued that Christians were bound to observe Mosaic law,[11] while Paul perhaps argued that only some of Mosaic Law applied to Christians, though the issue of Paul of Tarsus and Judaism is still hotly debated with some advocating complete abrogation. The issue was argued especially in the context of whether Gentile converts were obligated to undergo circumcision, which was a requirement for Jewish boys. The issue was hotly debated in the 1st century and settled at the Council of Jerusalem, in which Paul and Barnabas participated as representatives of the church at Antioch. The Council decided that Gentile converts were not subject to most Mosaic Law, including circumcision, but required them to stay away from eating meat with blood still on it, eating the meat of strangled animals, eating food offered to idols, and sexual immorality. See also Noahide Law and Proselyte.
Many have interpreted Paul's writings and other parts of the New Testament as ending the requirements of the Jewish law. See Proselyte and New Perspective on Paul for more details. An example of another view is represented by the Catholic Encyclopedia article on Judaizers:[12]
- Paul, on the other hand, not only did not object to the observance of the Mosaic Law as long as it did not interfere with the liberty of the Gentiles but also he conformed to its prescriptions when occasion required.[1Cor 9:20] Thus he shortly after [the Council of Jerusalem] circumcised Timothy,[Acts 16:1–3] and he was in the very act of observing the Mosaic ritual when he was arrested at Jerusalem.[21:26 sqq]
Conversion of Gentiles to Judaism[edit]
After Paul's death, Christianity emerged as a separate religion, and Pauline Christianity emerged as the dominant form of Christianity, especially after Paul, James and the other apostles agreed on a compromise set of requirements.[Acts 15] Some Christians continued to adhere to Jewish law, but they were few in number and often considered heretics by the Church. One example is the Ebionites, which, according to the Catholic Encyclopedia, were "infected with Judaistic errors" (language which Jews find offensive[citation needed]); for instance, they denied the virgin birth of Jesus, the physical Resurrection of Jesus, and most of the books that were later canonized as the New Testament, see also "Judaizers" (a term which Jews find offensive[citation needed]). For example, the Ethiopian Orthodox are often accused of being Judaizers because they still observe Old Testament teachings such as the Sabbath, and conversely they accuse their opponents of residual Marcionism. As late as the 4th century Church Father John Chrysostom complained (see John Chrysostom#Sermons on Jews and Judaizing Christians) that some Christians were still attending Jewish synagogues.
Criticism of the Pharisees[edit]
Many New Testament passages criticise the Pharisees and it has been argued that these passages have shaped the way that Christians viewed Jews. Like most Bible passages, however, they can and have been interpreted in a variety of ways.
During Jesus' life and at the time of his execution, the Pharisees were only one of several Jewish groups such as the Sadducees, Zealots, and Essenes; indeed, some have suggested that Jesus was himself a Pharisee (although there is no biblical basis for that claim). Arguments by Jesus and his disciples against the Pharisees and what he saw as their hypocrisy were most likely examples of disputes among Jews and internal to Judaism that were common at the time, see for example Hillel and Shammai. (Lutheran Pastor John Stendahl has pointed out that "Christianity begins as a kind of Judaism, and we must recognize that words spoken in a family conflict are inappropriately appropriated by those outside the family.")
Recent studies on Antisemitism in the New Testament[edit]
Professor Lillian C. Freudmann, author of Antisemitism in the New Testament (University Press of America, 1994) has published a detailed study of the description of Jews in the New Testament, and the historical effects that such passages have had in the Christian community throughout history. Similar studies of such verses have been made by both Christian and Jewish scholars, including, Professors Clark Williamsom (Christian Theological Seminary), Hyam Maccoby (The Leo Baeck Institute), Norman A. Beck (Texas Lutheran College), and Michael Berenbaum (Georgetown University). Most rabbis feel that these verses are antisemitic, and many Christian scholars, in America and Europe, have reached the same conclusion. Another example is John Dominic Crossan's 1995 Who Killed Jesus? Exposing the Roots of Anti-Semitism in the Gospel Story of the Death of Jesus.
The Church Fathers[edit]
Patristic bishops of the patristic era such as Augustine argued that the Jews should be left alive and suffering as a perpetual reminder of their murder of Christ. Other Church Fathers, such as John Chrysostom went longer in their condemnation. Ephraim the Syrian wrote polemics against Jews in the 4th century, including the repeated accusation that Satan dwells among them as a partner. These writings were directed at Christians who were being proselytized by Jews and who Ephraim feared were slipping back into the religion of Judaism; thus he portrayed the Jews as enemies of Christianity, like Satan, to emphasize the contrast between the two religions, namely, that Christianity was Godly and true and Judaism was Satanic and false. Like John Chrysostom, his objective was to dissuade Christians from reverting to Judaism by emphasizing what he saw as the wickedness of the Jews and their religion.[13][14]
However, there are also positive remarks from the Church Fathers on the issue, such as Eusebius of Caesarea (circa. 263-340 A.D) in his Ecclesiatical History, who said, "The race of the Hebrews is not new, but is honoured among all men for its antiquity and is itself well known to all."
Christians and Jews in Muslim lands[edit]
While in Christian Europe Christianity had the upper hand as the religion of state, under Islam Jews and Christians were on a more even footing.[15] The religious liberty of the Jews and Christians was explicitly protected under both Islamic law and tradition. The People of the Book, (Ahl al-Kitāb) held a special status in Islamic society, and consequently enjoyed many freedoms under Muslim rule.
The Middle Ages[edit]
In the Middle Ages, religion played a major role in driving antisemitism.[citation needed] Though not part of Roman Catholic dogma, many Christians, including members of the clergy, have erroneously held the Jewish people collectively responsible for killing Jesus, through the so-called blood curse of Pontius Pilate in the Gospels, among other things.[citation needed]
On the other hand, St.Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153), a Doctor of the Catholic Church, said "For us the Jews are Scripture's living words, because they remind us of what Our Lord suffered. They are not to be persecuted, killed, or even put to flight."[16]
Jews were subject to a wide range of legal disabilities and restrictions throughout the Middle Ages, some of which lasted until the end of the 19th century.[citation needed] Jews were excluded from many trades, the occupations varying with place and time, and determined by the influence of various non-Jewish competing interests. Often Jews were barred from all occupations but money-lending and peddling, with even these at times forbidden. The number of Jews permitted to reside in different places was limited; they were concentrated in ghettos, and were not allowed to own land; they were subject to discriminatory taxes on entering cities or districts other than their own,[citation needed], were forced to swear special Jewish Oaths, and suffered a variety of other measures, including restrictions on dress. The Fourth Lateran Council in 1215 was the first to proclaim the requirement for Jews to wear something that distinguished them as Jews (and Muslims the same).
On many occasions, Jews were accused of a blood libel, the supposed drinking of blood of Christian children in mockery of the Christian Eucharist.[citation needed]
Sicut Judaeis[edit]
Sicut Judaeis (the "Constitution for the Jews") was the official position of the papacy regarding Jews throughout the Middle Ages and later. The first bull was issued in about 1120 by Calixtus II, intended to protect Jews who suffered during the First Crusade, and was reaffirmed by many popes, even until the 15th century.
The bull forbade, besides other things, Christians from coercing Jews to convert, or to harm them, or to take their property, or to disturb the celebration of their festivals, or to interfere with their cemeteries, on pain of excommunication.[17]
Popular antisemitism[edit]
Antisemitism in popular European Christian culture escalated beginning in the 13th century. Blood libels and host desecration drew popular attention and led to many cases of persecution against Jews. Antisemitic imagery such as Judensau and Ecclesia et Synagoga recurred in Christian art and architecture.
In Iceland, one of the hymns repeated in the days leading up to Easter include the lines,[18]
- The righteous Law of Moses
- The Jews here misapplied,
- Which their deceit exposes,
- Their hatred and their pride.
- The judgement is the Lord's.
- When by falsification
- The foe makes accusation,
- It's His to make awards.
Expulsion of Jews from England[edit]
King Edward I expelled all the Jews from England in 1290 (only after ransoming some 3,000 among the most wealthy of them), on the accusation of usury and undermining loyalty to the dynasty.
Expulsion of Jews from Spain[edit]
In 1492 Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, the rulers of Spain who financed Christopher Columbus' voyage to the New World just a few months later in 1492, declared that all Jews in their territories should either convert to Catholicism or leave the country. While some converted, many others left for Portugal, France, Italy (including the Papal States), Netherlands, Poland, the Ottoman Empire, and North Africa. Many of those who had fled to Portugal were later expelled by King Manuel in 1497 or left to avoid forced conversion and persecution.
Renaissance to the 17th century[edit]
Cum Nimis Absurdum[edit]
On 14 July 1555, Pope Paul IV issued papal bull Cum nimis absurdum which revoked all the rights of the Jewish community and placed religious and economic restrictions on Jews in the Papal States, renewed anti-Jewish legislation and subjected Jews to various degradations and restrictions on their personal freedom.
The bull established the Roman Ghetto and required Jews of Rome, which had existed as a community since before Christian times and which numbered about 2,000 at the time, to live in it. The Ghetto was a walled quarter with three gates that were locked at night. Jews were also restricted to one synagogue per city.
Paul IV's successor, Pope Pius IV, enforced the creation of other ghettos in most Italian towns, and his successor, Pope Pius V, recommended them to other bordering states.
Protestant Reformation[edit]
Martin Luther at first made overtures towards the Jews, believing that the "evils" of Catholicism had prevented their conversion to Christianity. When his call to convert to his version of Christianity was unsuccessful, he became hostile to them.
In his book On the Jews and their Lies, he excoriates them as "venomous beasts, vipers, disgusting scum, canders, devils incarnate." He provided detailed recommendations for a pogrom against them, calling for their permanent oppression and expulsion, writing "Their private houses must be destroyed and devastated, they could be lodged in stables. Let the magistrates burn their synagogues and let whatever escapes be covered with sand and mud. Let them force to work, and if this avails nothing, we will be compelled to expel them like dogs in order not to expose ourselves to incurring divine wrath and eternal damnation from the Jews and their lies." At one point he wrote: "...we are at fault in not slaying them..." a passage that "may be termed the first work of modern antisemitism, and a giant step forward on the road to the Holocaust."[19]
Luther's harsh comments about the Jews are seen by many as a continuation of medieval Christian antisemitism. In his final sermon shortly before his death, however, Luther preached: "We want to treat them with Christian love and to pray for them, so that they might become converted and would receive the Lord."[20]
18th century[edit]
In accordance with the anti-Jewish precepts of the Russian Orthodox Church,[21] Russia's discriminatory policies towards Jews intensified when the partition of Poland in the 18th century resulted, for the first time in Russian history, in the possession of land with a large Jewish population.[22] This land was designated as the Pale of Settlement from which Jews were forbidden to migrate into the interior of Russia.[22] In 1772 Catherine II, the empress of Russia, forced the Jews of the Pale of Settlement to stay in their shtetls and forbade them from returning to the towns that they occupied before the partition of Poland.[23]
19th century[edit]
Throughout the 19th century and into the 20th, the Roman Catholic Church still incorporated strong antisemitic elements, despite increasing attempts to separate anti-Judaism (opposition to the Jewish religion on religious grounds) and racial antisemitism. Pope Pius VII (1800–1823) had the walls of the Jewish ghetto in Rome rebuilt after the Jews were emancipated by Napoleon, and Jews were restricted to the ghetto through the end of the Papal States in 1870. Official Catholic organizations, such as the Jesuits, banned candidates "who are descended from the Jewish race unless it is clear that their father, grandfather, and great-grandfather have belonged to the Catholic Church" until 1946.
Brown University historian David Kertzer, working from the Vatican archive, has argued in his book The Popes Against the Jews that in the 19th century and early 20th century the Roman Catholic Church adhered to a distinction between "good antisemitism" and "bad antisemitism". The "bad" kind promoted hatred of Jews because of their descent. This was considered un-Christian because the Christian message was intended for all of humanity regardless of ethnicity; anyone could become a Christian. The "good" kind criticized alleged Jewish conspiracies to control newspapers, banks, and other institutions, to care only about accumulation of wealth, etc. Many Catholic bishops wrote articles criticizing Jews on such grounds, and, when accused of promoting hatred of Jews, would remind people that they condemned the "bad" kind of antisemitism. Kertzer's work is not without critics. Scholar of Jewish-Christian relations Rabbi David G. Dalin, for example, criticized Kertzer in the Weekly Standard for using evidence selectively.
WWI to the eve of WWII[edit]
In 1916, in the midst of the First World War, American Jews petitioned Pope Benedict XV on behalf of the Polish Jews.
Nazi antisemitism[edit]
On April 26, 1933 Hitler declared during a meeting with Roman Catholic Bishop Wilhelm Berning (de) of Osnabrück:
"I have been attacked because of my handling of the Jewish question. The Catholic Church considered the Jews pestilent for fifteen hundred years, put them in ghettos, etc., because it recognized the Jews for what they were. In the epoch of liberalism the danger was no longer recognized. I am moving back toward the time in which a fifteen-hundred-year-long tradition was implemented. I do not set race over religion, but I recognize the representatives of this race as pestilent for the state and for the Church, and perhaps I am thereby doing Christianity a great service by pushing them out of schools and public functions."
The transcript of this discussion contains no response by Bishop Berning. Martin Rhonheimer does not consider this unusual since, in his opinion, for a Catholic Bishop in 1933 there was nothing particularly objectionable "in this historically correct reminder".[24]
The Nazis used Martin Luther's book, On the Jews and Their Lies (1543), to claim a moral righteousness for their ideology. Luther even went so far as to advocate the murder of those Jews who refused to convert to Christianity, writing that "we are at fault in not slaying them".[25]
Archbishop Robert Runcie has asserted that: "Without centuries of Christian antisemitism, Hitler's passionate hatred would never have been so fervently echoed...because for centuries Christians have held Jews collectively responsible for the death of Jesus. On Good Friday Jews, have in times past, cowered behind locked doors with fear of a Christian mob seeking 'revenge' for deicide. Without the poisoning of Christian minds through the centuries, the Holocaust is unthinkable."[26] The dissident Catholic priest Hans Küng has written that "Nazi anti-Judaism was the work of godless, anti-Christian criminals. But it would not have been possible without the almost two thousand years' pre-history of 'Christian' anti-Judaism..."[27]
The document Dabru Emet was issued by over 220 rabbis and intellectuals from all branches of Judaism in 2000 as a statement about Jewish-Christian relations. This document states,
"Nazism was not a Christian phenomenon. Without the long history of Christian anti-Judaism and Christian violence against Jews, Nazi ideology could not have taken hold nor could it have been carried out. Too many Christians participated in, or were sympathetic to, Nazi atrocities against Jews. Other Christians did not protest sufficiently against these atrocities. But Nazism itself was not an inevitable outcome of Christianity."
According to American historian Lucy Dawidowicz, antisemitism has a long history within Christianity. The line of "antisemitic descent" from Luther, the author of On the Jews and Their Lies, to Hitler is "easy to draw." In her The War Against the Jews, 1933-1945, she contends that Luther and Hitler were obsessed by the "demonologized universe" inhabited by Jews. Dawidowicz writes that the similarities between Luther's anti-Jewish writings and modern antisemitism are no coincidence, because they derived from a common history of Judenhass, which can be traced to Haman's advice to Ahasuerus. Although modern German antisemitism also has its roots in German nationalism and the liberal revolution of 1848, Christian antisemitism she writes is a foundation that was laid by the Roman Catholic Church and "upon which Luther built."[28]
Collaborating Christians[edit]
- German Christians
- Gleichschaltung
- Hanns Kerrl, Minister for Ecclesiastical Affairs
- Positive Christianity (the approved Nazi version of Christianity)
- Protestant Reich Church
Opposition to the Holocaust[edit]
The Confessing Church was, in 1934, the first Christian opposition group. The Catholic Church officially condemned the Nazi theory of racism in Germany in 1937 with the encyclical "Mit Brennender Sorge", signed by Pope Pius XI, and Cardinal Michael von Faulhaber led the Catholic opposition, preaching against racism.
Many individual Christian clergy and laypeople of all denominations had to pay for their opposition with their life, including:
- Catholic priest, Maximilian Kolbe.
- Lutheran pastor Dietrich Bonhoeffer
- the Catholic parson of Berlin Cathedral, Bernhard Lichtenberg.
- the mostly Catholic members of the Munich resistance group White Rose around Hans and Sophie Scholl.
By the 1940s fewer Christians were willing to oppose Nazi policy publicly, but many secretly helped save the lives of Jews. There are many sections of Israel's Holocaust Remembrance Museum, Yad Vashem, dedicated to honoring these "Righteous Among the Nations".
Pope Pius XII[edit]
Before becoming Pope, Cardinal Pacelli presided as Papal Legate over the International Eucharistic Congress in Budapest on 25–30 May 1938.[29] At this time antisemitic laws were in the process of being formulated in Hungary. Pacelli made reference to the Jews "whose lips curse [Christ] and whose hearts reject him even today".[30]
The 1937 encyclical Mit brennender Sorge was issued by Pope Pius XI,[31] but drafted by the future Pope Pius XII[32] and read from the pulpits of all German Catholic churches, it condemned Nazi ideology and has been characterized by scholars as the "first great official public document to dare to confront and criticize Nazism" and "one of the greatest such condemnations ever issued by the Vatican."[33]
In the summer of 1942, Pius explained to his college of Cardinals the reasons for the great gulf that existed between Jews and Christians at the theological level: "Jerusalem has responded to His call and to His grace with the same rigid blindness and stubborn ingratitude that has led it along the path of guilt to the murder of God." Historian Guido Knopp describes these comments of Pius as being "incomprehensible" at a time when "Jerusalem was being murdered by the million".[34] This traditional adversarial relationship with Judaism would be reversed in Nostra Aetate issued during the Second Vatican Council.[35]
Prominent members of the Jewish community have contradicted the criticisms of Pius and spoke highly of his efforts to protect Jews.[36] The Israeli historian Pinchas Lapide interviewed war survivors and concluded that Pius XII "was instrumental in saving at least 700,000, but probably as many as 860,000 Jews from certain death at Nazi hands". Some historians dispute this estimate.[37]
The "White Power" movement[edit]
The Christian Identity movement, the Ku Klux Klan and other White supremacist groups have expressed antisemitic views. They claim that their antisemitism is based on purported Jewish control of the media,[38] international banks, radical left wing politics, and the Jews' promotion of multiculturalism, anti-Christian groups, liberalism and perverse organizations. They rebuke charges of racism and claim that Jews who share their ideology maintain membership in their organizations. A racial belief common among these groups, but not universal, is an alternative history doctrine, sometimes called British Israelism. In some forms this doctrine absolutely denies that modern Jews have any racial connection to the Israel of the Bible. Instead, according to extreme forms of this doctrine the true racial Israel and true humans are the Adamic (white) race.
These groups are often rejected and are not considered to be Christian groups by mainstream Christian denominations as well as by the vast majority of Christians around the world.[citation needed]
Post World War II antisemitism[edit]
Antisemitism in Europe remains a substantial problem. Antisemitism exists to a lesser or greater degree in many other nations as well, including Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, and the increasingly frequent tensions between some Muslim immigrants and Jews across Europe.[39][40] The US State Department reports that antisemitism has increased dramatically in Europe and Eurasia since 2000.[41]
While in a decline since the 1940s, there is still a measurable amount of antisemitism in the United States of America as well, although acts of violence are rare. The 2001 survey by the Anti-Defamation League reported 1432 acts of antisemitism in the United States that year. The figure included 877 acts of harassment, including verbal intimidation, threats and physical assaults.[42] Antisemitic pronouncements still occur, however. John Hagee, a leading proponent of "Christian Zionism," reiterated a view—the popularity of which is very hard to gauge but must nonetheless be considered not simply isolated—that the Jews brought the Holocaust upon themselves by angering God.[43]
Many Christians do not consider anti-Judaism to be antisemitism.[according to whom?] They regard anti-Judaism as a disagreement of religiously sincere people with the tenets of Judaism, while regarding antisemitism as an emotional bias or hatred not specifically targeting the religion of Judaism. Under this approach, anti-Judaism is not regarded as antisemitism as it only rejects the religious ideas of Judaism and does not involve actual hostility to the Jewish people.[citation needed]
Others see anti-Judaism as the rejection of or opposition to beliefs and practices essentially because of their source in Judaism or because a belief or practice is associated with the Jewish people. (But see supersessionism)
The position that "Christian theological anti-Judaism is a phenomenon distinct from modern antisemitism, which is rooted in economic and racial thought, so that Christian teachings should not be held responsible for antisemitism"[1] has been articulated, among other places, by Pope John Paul II in 'We Remember: A Reflection on the Shoah,' and the Jewish declaration on Christianity, Dabru Emet.[1] Several scholars, including Susannah Heschel,[1] Gavin I Langmuir[44] and Uriel Tal[1] have challenged this position, arguing that anti-Judaism led directly to modern antisemitism.
Although some Christians in the past did consider anti-Judaism to be contrary to Christian teaching, this view was not widely expressed by leaders and lay people. In many cases, the practical tolerance towards the Jewish religion and Jews prevailed. Some Christian groups, particularly in early years, condemned verbal anti-Judaism.[citation needed]
Jewish converts[edit]
The Southern Baptist Convention (SBC), the largest Protestant Christian denomination in the U.S., has explicitly rejected suggestions that it should back away from seeking to convert Jews, a position that critics have called antisemitic, but that Baptists see as consistent with their view that salvation is found solely through faith in Christ. In 1996 the SBC approved a resolution calling for efforts to seek the conversion of Jews "as well as for the salvation of 'every kindred and tongue and people and nation.'"
Most Evangelicals agree with the SBC position, and some have been supporting efforts specifically seeking Jews' conversion. At the same time these groups are among the most pro-Israeli groups. (For more, see Christian Zionism.) Among the controversial groups that has found support from some Evangelical churches is Jews for Jesus, which claims that Jews can "complete" their Jewish faith by accepting Jesus as the Messiah.
The Presbyterian Church (USA), the United Methodist Church, and the United Church of Canada have ended their efforts to convert Jews. While Anglicans do not, as a rule, seek converts from other Christian denominations,[45] the General Synod has affirmed that "the good news of salvation in Jesus Christ is for all and must be shared with all including people from other faiths or of no faith and that to do anything else would be to institutionalize discrimination".[46]
The Roman Catholic Church formerly had religious congregations specifically aimed to conversion of Jews. Some of these were founded by Jewish converts themselves, like the Community of Our Lady of Zion, which was composed of nuns and ordained priests. Many Catholic saints were noted specifically because of their missionary zeal in converting Jews, such as Vincent Ferrer. After the Second Vatican Council many missionary orders aimed at converting Jews to Christianity no longer actively sought to missionize (or proselytize) among Jews. Traditionalist Roman Catholic groups, congregations and clergymen, however, continue to support missionizing Jews according to traditional patterns, sometimes with success (e.g., the Society of St. Pius X which has notable Jewish converts among its faithful, many of whom have become traditionalist priests).
Some Jewish organizations have described evangelism and missionary activity directed specifically at Jews as antisemitic.[47][48][49]
Reconciliation between Judaism and Christian groups[edit]
In recent years there has been much to note in the way of reconciliation between some Christian groups and the Jews. Most of this reconciliation has occurred between the Jewish community and the Catholic Church, and evangelical Christian organizations.
See also[edit]
- Antisemitism in the Gospel of John
- Christianity and Judaism
- Criticisms of Christianity
- Ecclesia et Synagoga
- Good Friday Prayer for the Jews
- Jewish deicide
- Jews as the chosen people
- Judas Iscariot
- Luther and antisemitism
- Persecution of Christians
- Pogrom
- Pre-Adamite
- Religious pluralism
- Shoah
- ^ a b c d e Heschel, Susannah, The Aryan Jesus: Christian theologians and the Bible in Nazi Germany, p. 20, Princeton University Press, 2008
- ^ Nancy Calvert Koyzis (2004). Paul, monotheism and the people of God : the significance of Abraham traditions for early Judaism and Christianity. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 0-567-08378-0.
- ^ http://jcpa.org/article/the-origins-of-christian-anti-semitism/
- ^ "After the evil: Christianity and Judaism in the shadow of the Holocaust", Richard Harries, p. 16, Oxford University Press, 2003
- ^ Lazare, Bernard. op cit. p. 63
- ^ Lazare, Bernard. op cit. p. 64
- ^ Suetonius, Lives of the Twelve Caesars, Tiberius 36
- ^ Suetonius, Lives of the Twelve Caesars, Claudius XXV.4, referenced in Acts 18:2
- ^ In Pagans and Christians
- ^ Shlomo Sand, The Invention of the Jewish People, pg 132-135 Verso publishing retrieved from http://www.rafapal.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Shlomo-Sand-The-Invention-of-the-Jewish-People-2009.pdf
- ^ "Judaizers". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.: "held that circumcision and the observance of the Mosaic Law were necessary for salvation and in consequence wished to impose them on the Gentile converts, or who at least considered them as still obligatory on the Jewish Christians"
- ^ "Judaizers". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.
- ^ "Ephraim the Syrian and his polemics against Jews". Syrcom.cua.edu. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
- ^ "Analysis of Ephraim's writings". Syrcom.cua.edu. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
- ^ The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians under Islam Bat Ye'or - 1985 Indispensable to the Western observer for a full understanding of the complexities of the conflicts in the Middle East, this study analyzes and documents the historical, social, and spiritual realities of the dhimmi peoples -- the non-Arab
- ^ Catholic Book of Quotations, by Leo Knowles, Copywrite 2004 by Our Sunday Visitor Publishing Division, Our Sunday Visitor, Inc. All rights reserved.
- ^ "History of Toleration". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.
- ^ "Iceland, the Jews, and Anti-Semitism, 1625-2004 - Vilhjálmur Örn Vilhjálmsson". Jcpa.org. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
- ^ Johnson, Paul. A History of the Jews, HarperCollins Publishers, 1987, p.242. ISBN 5-551-76858-9. Paul Johnson.
- ^ Luther, Martin. D. Martin Luthers Werke: kritische Gesamtausgabe, Weimar: Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1920, Vol. 51, p. 195.
- ^ Steven Beller (2007) Antisemitism: A Very Short Introduction: p 14
- ^ a b Steven Beller (2007) Antisemitism: A Very Short Introduction: p 28
- ^ "The Virtual Jewish History Tour By Rebecca Weiner". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
- ^ Rhonheimer, Martin (November 2003). "The Holocaust: What Was Not Said". First Things Magazine. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
- ^ Luther, Martin. On the Jews and Their Lies, cited in Robert.Michael. "Luther, Luther Scholars, and the Jews,"Encounter 46 (Autumn 1985) No.4.343–344
- ^ "After the evil: Christianity and Judaism in the shadow of the Holocaust", Richard Harries, p. 21, Oxford University Press, 2003
- ^ Hans Küng, On Being a Christian (Doubleday, Garden City NY, 1976), p. 169.
- ^ The War Against the Jews, 1933-1945. First published 1975; this Bantam edition 1986, p.23. ISBN 0-553-34532-X
- ^ Marchione, 2002, p. 22.
- ^ "Christian responses to the Holocaust: moral and ethical issues Religion, theology, and the Holocaust", Donald J. Dietrich, p. 92, Syracuse University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-8156-3029-8
- ^ Coppa, Frank J. (1999). Controversial Concordats. Catholic University of America Press. p. 132
- ^ Pham, p. 45, quote: "When Pius XI was complimented on the publication, in 1937, of his encyclical denouncing Nazism, Mit Brennender Sorge, his response was to point to his Secretary of State and say bluntly, 'The credit is his.'"
- ^ Bokenkotter, pp. 389–392, quote "And when Hitler showed increasing belligerence toward the Church, Pius met the challenge with a decisiveness that astonished the world. His encyclical Mit Brennender Sorge was the 'first great official public document to dare to confront and criticize Nazism' and 'one of the greatest such condemnations ever issued by the Vatican.' Smuggled into Germany, it was read from all the Catholic pulpits on Palm Sunday in March 1937. It denounced the Nazi "myth of blood and soil" and decried its neopaganism. The Nazis retaliated by closing and sealing all the presses that had printed it and took numerous vindictive measures against the Church, including staging a long series of immorality trials of Catholic clergy."
- ^ Knopp, Guido. Hitler's Holocaust, Sutton,2000, p. 250, ISBN 0-7509-2700-3
- ^ Kessler, Edward, Neil Wenborn. A dictionary of Jewish-Christian relations", p. 86, Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-521-82692-6
- ^ Bokenkotter, Thomas (2004). A Concise History of the Catholic Church. Doubleday. pp. 480–481, quote: "A recent article by American rabbi, David G. Dalin, challenges this judgment. He calls making Pius XII a target of moral outrage a failure of historical understanding, and he thinks Jews should reject any 'attempt to usurp the Holocaust' for the partisan purposes at work in this debate. Dalin surmises that well-known Jews such as Albert Einstein, Golda Meir, Moshe Sharett, and Rabbi Isaac Herzog would likely have been shocked at these attacks on Pope Pius. ... Dalin points out that Rabbi Herzog, the chief rabbi of Israel, sent a message in February 1944 declaring 'the people of Israel will never forget what His Holiness ... (is) doing for our unfortunate brothers and sisters in the most tragic hour of our history.'" Dalin cites these tributes as recognition of the work of the Holy See in saving hundreds of thousands of Jews."
- ^ Deák, István (2001). Essays on Hitler's Europe. University of Nebraska Press. p. 182.
- ^ Updated: Who Rules America? by Kevin Alfred Strom and National Vanguard staff (National Vanguard) November 20, 2004
- ^ Stone, Andrea (2004-11-22). "As attacks rise in France, Jews flock to Israel". Usatoday.com. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
- ^ Jews for Le Pen by Daniel Ben-Simon. Haaretz. 25/03/07
- ^ State Department Report on Anti-Semitism: Europe and Eurasia: anti-Semitism in Europe increased in recent years (2005 report)
- ^ ADL Audit: Anti-Semitic Incidents in U.S. Declined in 2001 Americans Reject Conspiracy Theories Blaming Jews for 9/11 (2002 report)
- ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/max-blumenthal/my-interview-with-pastor_b_103177.html
- ^ Langmuir, AvGavin I., History, Religion, and Antisemitism, p. 40, University of California Press, 1990
- ^ "Anglican Communion News Service: European Anglicans set common goals at Madrid consultation". Anglicancommunion.org. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
- ^ Owen, Peter (2009-02-11). "General Synod - Uniqueness of Christ in Multi-Faith Britain". Thinking Anglicans. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
- ^ Keeping Faith. Scottsdale Progress by Kim Sue Lia Perkes (Religion Editor, The Arizona Republic) December, 1982
- ^ 1998 Audit of Antisemitic Incidents: Missionaries and Messianic Churches (Bnai Brith Canada)
- ^ Portland Jews Brace for Assault by 'Jews for Jesus' by Paul Haist (Jewish Review) May 15, 2002
Further reading[edit]
- "Anti-Semitism in the Church?" by Julio Dam
- "Christian Antisemitism: A History of Hate" by William Nicholls, 1993. Published by Jason Aronson Inc., 1995.
- "Christian Anti-Semitism and Paul's Theology" by Sidney G. Hall III, Fortress Press, 1993.
- "John Chrysostom and the Jews" Robert L. Wilken, Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, 1983
- "Mature Christianity: The Recognition and Repudiation of the Anti-Jewish Polemic in the New Testament" Norman A. Beck, Susquehanna Univ. Press, 1985
- "National Socialism and the Roman Catholic Church" Nathaniel Micklem, Oxford Univ. Press, 1939
- "The New Testament's Anti-Jewish Slander and Conventions of Ancient Polemic", Luke Johnson, Journal of Biblical Literature, Volume 3, 1989
- "The Origins of Anti-Semitism: Attitudes Toward Judaism in Pagan and Christian Antiquity" John G. Gager, Oxford Univ. Press, 1983
- "The Popes and the Jews in the Middle Ages," Edward A. Synan, Macmillan, New York, 1965
- "The Satanizing of the Jews: Origin and development of mystical anti-Semitism" Joel Carmichael, Fromm, 1993
- "Theological Anti-Semitism in the New Testament", Rosemary Radford Ruether, Christian Century, Feb. 1968, Vol. 85
- "Three Popes and the Jews" Pinchas E. Lapide, Hawthorne Books, 1967
- "What Did They Think of the Jews?" Edited by Allan Gould, Jason Aronson Inc., 1991
- Richard Utz: "Remembering Ritual Murder: The Anti-Semitic Blood Accusation Narrative in Medieval and Contemporary Cultural Memory." In Genre and Ritual: The Cultural Heritage of Medieval Rituals. Ed. Eyolf Østrem. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press/University of Copenhagen, 2005. Pp. 145–62.
External links[edit]
- Antisemitism and Eastern Orthodoxy
- Attempts to convert Jews to Christianity, and responses
- Catholic Encyclopedia: History of the Jews
- Catholic Encyclopedia: Judaism
- Catholic Timeline on Antisemitism
- "Christianity and Judaism" by Dr. Warren Carroll
- "Historian's Accusations Against Wartime Holy See Are Refuted" 21 November 2002
- How ALL ISRAEL will be saved, about Paul's apostleship to the diaspora (including the Gentiles)
- Jews and Christians in Search of a Common Religious Basis for Contributing Towards a Better World
- Mainline churches launch a policy to punish Israel by Eugene Kontorovich, in the Wall Street Journal, July 22, 2005.
- Relations between Christians and Jews
- Southern Baptist views on Judaism and other faiths
- The beginnings of Christian Anti-Semitism Judeophobia (Jew Hate) in Early Christian thought. Judeophobia - History and analysis of Antisemitism, Jew-Hate and anti-"Zionism". By Gustavo Perednik (zionism-Israel.com)
- Voices on Antisemitism Interview with Father John Pawlikowski from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
- Yad Vashem's "Righteous Among the Nations"


text:
Salsa is such an excellent flavor booster to so many dishes: tacos, nachos, burritos, or even by itself! And in the heat of summer, salsa makes for a delicious appetizer or an afternoon snack. But we thought we'd give salsa a summer spin by removing the heavier ingredients and replacing them with mangos and apples!
This salsa has a lot of acidic ingredients which do well to cut down on the fattiness of fish or carnitas tacos. And because the ingredients are marinated in a special dressing, the longer you wait to try some, the more fused together the flavors will be!
Bust out the tortilla chips; this salsa is a game changer!
Mango And Green Apple Salsa
(serves 3-4)
- 1 green apple
- 1 mango
- 1/3 cup cilantro
- 1/4 cup chopped onion
- 1/3 cup orange juice
- 1/4 cup lime juice
- 3 tablespoons olive oil (additional olive oil for cooking)
- 1 tablespoon white wine vinegar
- 1/2 teaspoon minced garlic
- 1/2 teaspoon salt
- 1/2 teaspoon black pepper
- 1/4 teaspoon crushed red pepper flakes
- Combine orange juice, lime juice, olive oil, and vinegar in a mixing bowl.
- Stir in your minced garlic, salt, black pepper, and red pepper flakes. Set aside.
- Dice your mango and apple into pieces that are about 1″ long and 1/2″ around. Then mince your cilantro, and onion.
- In a medium saucepan, saute your mango, apple, cilantro, and onion in the additional olive oil for 5 minutes. This will bring extra flavors out of the mango and apple.
- Toss your sauteed ingredients in with your wet ingredients. Make sure your dressing covers all of the sauteed ingredients.
- Chill before serving on top of tacos, nachos, or serve with chips for a simpler treat!
Recipe adapted from The Gunny Sack


text:
Yemi Alade has cleared the air on claims flying around that she is currently in a relationship with her manager and co owner of Effyzzie Entertainment, Taiye Aliyu.
She told a digital news media agency, "Male Managers no be human being? The managers are there to take care of the careers. But seriously, if I had a female manager would you be asking me all these?"
Speaking on her recent ambassadorial deal with Nairabox, Yemi said, "I'm happy. Being a Nairabox Ambassador doesn't hurt anybody, so why would I say no. It's a cool trend. I like to be part of trend setting people, so that's one of the reasons I accepted the deal.
When quizzed about her 2.5million BET dress, Alade confirmed the price adding, "Do you want to buy it from me? Well, you can check it out yourself. Check the designer out. You don't need to hear from me to confirm it. Just go online and see things for yourself."


text:
Oro Quality
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All diamonds, gold, pearls, precious stones and jewellery items are covered by Oro's 7-Year Craftsman's Quality Guarantee and 30 Day Exchange Policy .
Written Valuations are supplied with all diamonds 1 carat and above. Certificates are provided for insurance purposes.
See Tips for Buying for more information about Oro's commitment to quality.


text:
Strongsville, Ohio, USA, January 27, 2015 – Rafter Equipment Corporation has delivered three (3) RT-2500S HFI weld squeeze boxes for a major North American mechanical tubing producer on their Kusakabe tube mill. The new boxes will replace the customer's existing 3-roll "scroll chuck" style boxes that were not strong enough for the heavier wall thicknesses and higher yield strength materials that needed to be produced. Because the boxes needed to be more robust but still occupy the same footprint, a new design was required.
The new design follows the company's push-on-center weld box philosophy that eliminates the cantilever forces on the roll tooling clevises (or yokes) that plague many other weld box designs. Heavy-duty Timken tapered roller bearings within the roll tools provide increased bearing life. The boxes can handle up to 3.000" OD x 0.188" wall (76.2 mm x 4.8 mm) tube running HSLA material.
To better survive the typical tube mill environment, the worm-screw head roll adjusters are in a new sealed box design that should provide years of maintenance-free operation. The head roll adjustments are run through the back of the unit's sealed frame and are brought to the operator's side for easy access. A gasketed, internal guide tube is designed to keep mill coolant from flooding the interior of the box.
Rafter Equipment Corporation is a manufacturer of tube mills, pipe mills, roll forming machines, cutoff machines, and other related tube and pipe mill machinery. Additional services include PROACTIVE maintenance, mill alignments, mill refurbishing, design engineering, and contract manufacturing. Originally started in 1917, the Rafter name is known for reliable, high-quality tube mill and roll forming equipment.
Mark Prasek (Rafter Equipment)
2/16/2015 06:16:18 am
Follow up with customer comments upon receipt and after installation of the new weld squeeze boxes ...
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November 2019


text:
96: Cabin Fever inspirationFriday, February 15th, 2008
3 in a month! life don't get better than that, eh?
Direct download here -> 64 freaking minutes.
Online player:
- NASCAR Talk for Trucker Bill
- Bad 80's cars
- Triumph Update
- Jeepsters
- Acknowledging comments
- Show 100 plans. what to do?
- Where's Rick in the Cool Waters band video
- AJ the businessman
- schlong extenders
- Ozzy's voiceover work
- AJ loves his satellite radio
- Scarborough Dude's japan concert stories
- Windscreen discussion
- Bob will see you at Podcamp Toronto
Tunes this week that might one day appear on Mostlytunes.com:
- How the story ends from Akibakei
- Aeroplanes and Lemonade (Live!) – The Cool Waters Band
- Graveyard
"As the Years Pass by, the Hours Bend" (mp3)
from "Graveyard"
(Tee Pee Records)
More On This Album


text:
Tom Sorensen
Stand or kneel for anthem in NFL isn't the simple issue people want to make it
There's no justification for the NFL to order players to stand for the national anthem. The issue has been framed absurdly, as in: If you stand for the anthem you are a force for good and if you take a knee you hate America and are evil.
Fortunately, we're too smart to believe that. Few issues are so simple. This one certainly is not.
One of the players who take a knee is San Francisco safety Eric Reid. I met him when he was a rookie in 2013.
The Carolina Panthers were playing the 49ers in San Francisco and Mike Tolbert, then a Carolina running back, grabbed a shovel pass from Cam Newton. With a running start and little time to dance or move, Tolbert, 245 pounds, collided with Reid, who weighed 213. The result was predictable. Tolbert got up. Reid did not.
Instead of taunting Reid, Tolbert dropped to the ground and stayed with him. Tolbert prayed for Reid and didn't rise until Reid did. Reid's father, Eric T. Reid, a pastor in Baton Rouge, La., was so moved he wrote a letter to Carolina running backs' coach Jim Skipper in which he praised Tolbert.
When the younger Reid and I talked, he said that players aren't simply people who perform on Sunday afternoons. They're sons and brothers and dads. They're human, and their health is as important as ours.
To tell players that they can't quietly call attention to injustice by taking a knee makes no sense. You might not like what they do but on what grounds do you deny their right to protest peacefully?
If uniformity is demanded when the anthem is played, if the league is convinced that everybody must stand, then it must work with players to find another means to address their concerns. They're in this together.
Some of the players who are criticized don't live down to the blatantly false stereotypes. Many have foundations, and they offer these foundations their money and their time. Beneficiaries at events I've attended include children, abused women and people who struggle to provide any semblance of a Christmas for their kids.
I'm not saying the league is comprised of humanitarians beneath helmets and shoulder pads. I'm saying that if players care about children, abused women and struggling parents, they probably care about the country in which these children, abused women and struggling parents live.
The stand or kneel issue will be resolved. But there is no simple answer. It's not a simple issue.
Tom Sorensen is a retired Charlotte Observer columnist. Sign up for his newsletter, and follow him on Twitter: @tomsorensen
More from this issue of the Tom Talks newsletter:
[KEMBA AND ... : There are reasons to be excited about Hornets, but are they a playoff team?]
[PUNCH STAND: If you've got to stand for something, make it an exciting NFL game, not a right hook]
[NOSTRATHOMAS: NFL picks for Week 7 would include Browns as my Lock, except for this ... ]
[CASE CLOSED: NCAA ruling on UNC's academic fraud leaves me with an idea for justice]


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"One of the best attributes of human beings is that they're adaptable; one of the worst attributes of human beings is they are adaptable. They adapt and start to tolerate abuses, they adapt to being involved themselves in abuses, they adapt to adversity and they continue on."
Barack Obama has been the ultimate President for the ruling elites. The dissonance between his charming persona and his often brutal agenda enabled him to enact right-wing policies that padded his backers' pockets and fortified the clandestine, civil rights-nullifying powers of the state, much at the expense of American tax payers.
In a reality dictated by identity politics, Barack Obama has also served as the ultimate feel-good President for liberals and the media. They could continue with their lives virtually guilt-free, lazily in a sheltered cocoon, while falsely projecting "progress" onto the President's eloquent speeches and dark complexion. Thus, it is no surprise that ruling elites, liberals and the media overconfidently expected Obama's candidate of choice, Hillary Clinton, to succeed him in office.
However, on November 8th the true American experience finally caught up and shattered this delusion with the surprising defeat of Hillary Clinton and the ascendancy of Donald Trump. In the age of likes, shares and cyberbullying, Twitter outplayed mainstream media's ability to accurately assess the public's growing discontent with the neoliberal status quo. Newsweek even went so far as to prematurely celebrate Clinton's victory in print with a now sought after collector's item "Madam President" issue. Whether Donald Trump's victory is legitimate or not does not change the fact that American elites, liberals and the media have been proven to be grossly out of touch.
Upon the official announcement of the results on November 9th, Barack Obama issued a conciliatory and pacifying message, which stood in stark contrast to his long record of berating and humiliating Donald Trump. As such, in several weeks we are going to witness what will likely be the most awkward changing of the guards at the White House in history. The highly photogenic and elegant first African-American family will be replaced by a KKK-endorsed Twitter troll and his clan, part of which will ironically be on a temporary resident status.
As an Israeli-American with dual citizenship, the recent events in the United States evoke in me a sense of déjà vu, reminding me of the Israeli reality approximately ten years ago.
Ahead of the elections in 1996, Israel was still in a state of shock after Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin's assassination on November 4th, 1995 by the right-wing settler fanatic Yigal Amir. Benjamin "Bibi" Netanyahu and Shimon Peres faced off in a campaign that was dismissed by elites, liberals and the media as an easy win for Peres. They viewed Bibi as a brash, opportunistic Jewish-supremacist whose incitement was partly responsible for Rabin's assassination, and therefore his triumph was an unimaginable abomination. On election night, exit polls indicated a Peres win, though by morning Netanyahu was declared the victor by less than 1%, evoking the term "went to bed with Peres, woke up with Netanyahu".
Upon Netanyahu's election, Israeli elites, liberals and the media adopted a conciliatory approach, and decided to give him a chance. Many felt Bibi was relatively moderate compared to some of his coalition partners, which included extremists such as Rafael "Raful" Eitan, and the notorious Ariel Sharon. Thus, he consolidated power by galvanizing on their anxiety of the more extreme alternatives to his rule.
Ever since this surprising defeat, and in an attempt to remain relevant to large Jewish populations, Netanyahu's opposition from the left compromises on its positions, resulting in a consistent and overall dramatic decline in its electoral power. More importantly, an agenda of equality and justice, once championed by the left, has been forgotten and even villainized; in present day Israel the Hebrew words for "left-wing" or "lefty" are derogatory, meaning loser or traitor.
In addition to this dramatic and ongoing shift of the mainstream to the right, corruption in Israeli politics is rampant. While in 1977 Rabin resigned from office due to a small bank account he and his wife had in Washington, nowadays Netanyahu clings to power even though he is currently under investigation for multiple corruptions. Meanwhile, many swaths of the Israeli public condone the summary execution of Palestinians and soon theft of private Palestinian lands will be legalized and acceptable.
Though there are obviously many differences in the populations and political landscapes of Israel and the United States, the Israeli example serves to demonstrate that once fundamental concessions are made and compromise is achieved by abandoning essential moral high ground, the battle is lost. There is no "let's give him a chance and see" option. The battle is meaningless once these bargains are struck.
Just as Bibi appeared in 1996, Trump seems relatively moderate, or at least unpredictable, compared to his Nazi-saluting supporters and the company he keeps, which includes Breitbart's Steve Bannon and James "Mad Dog" Mattis. However, as the 1996 Israeli example illustrates, it is crucial to judge Trump's future administration by its most extreme components, not solely by Donald Trump himself or any of his more moderate cabinet appointments. In addition, fear of more radical alternatives, such as Vice President-elect Pence, must not produce subservience to Trump. For years Netanyahu has been appeasing his political partners by moving rightward, while holding on to power by frightening his opposition on the left.
As the Israeli example demonstrates, American elites, liberals and the media must quickly come to terms with a new and uncomfortable reality whereby they either actively resist the discriminatory and reactionary policies of a Trump administration from day one (and before), or compromise, resign and conform to them. There is no middle ground when facing assaults to hard-won and fundamental human rights. The fight for this country's soul must be waged in solidarity with all minorities both here and abroad, uncompromisingly and unapologetically.
Their fate is the fate of America.


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This library contains research reports produced by the Building America program and other building science resources used to support this Solution Center. The materials cover both new construction and existing homes. Use the search box and/or the filters to explore hundreds of residential building resources. Access to some references not produced by Building America may require purchase from the publisher. Documents are listed alphabetically. While we continually update our database, links may have changed since posting. Please contact our webmaster if you find broken links.
NAFA's user guide for understanding ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 52.2-2012.
Proposed HVAC filter labeling standard and underlying analysis by the California Energy Commission.
Article describing how replacing PSC motors with ECMs can boost bottom line and improve customer comfort.
Website with product and standards information about ceiling fans.
Report evaluating mechanical AC precooling strategies in homes as a method for improving the load factor by shifting cooling operation from on-peak to off-peak hours.
This report investigates whether mini-split heat pumps can live up to their potential for one market segment: multifamily retrofits.
Report describing solutions for supplemental dehumidification in warm-humid climates.
Report providing step-by-step instructions for heating contractors and hydronic designers for selecting the proper control settings to maximize system performance and improve response time when using a thermostat setback.
Website with general information about geothermal (ground-source) heat pumps (GSP's).
Research report assessing the moisture and cooling load impacts of airtightness and mechanical ventilation in homes in hot-humid climates.
Report outlining research that helps inform best practices for air sealing multi-family buildings in the Northeast.
In this report, BSC seeks to research and report on the field monitoring of the performance of in-situ supplemental dehumidification systems in low-energy, high performance, homes in a Zone 2 climate.
Website providing consumer information about ceiling fans, including specifications and buying guidance.
This Standard establishes the minimum requirements to evaluate a residence with regards to energy efficiency, water conservation, occupant comfort, and indoor air quality.
Standard addressing the design and installation of mechanical systems through requirements emphasizing performance, public health, and safety.


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The Blue Cross Blue Shield Association's new provider network will be its first nationwide program in 25 years.
News of a former Bear leasing 45,000 square feet for a philanthropy-focused incubator tops our list.
"I know there's a lot of pressure to return this aircraft to service quickly, but I want you to know that I want you to take the time you need and focus solely on safety. I've got your back."
Co-founder Bill Crager of the investment software firm is poised to take the helm at crucial time, after rapid expansion and the tragic death of Judson Bergman.
Discerning the difference between refreshing straight talk and intemperate broadsides should be on the mayor's to-do list.
Pritzker & Co. won a victory worth celebrating when they pushed through a deal to consolidate hundreds of police and fire retirement funds. But don't think for a second the state's problem is solved.
It might not be the biggest giveaway in the new contract, but it's perhaps the most telling about our dysfunctional state.
Chicago didn't get a reworked casino structure or changes to the real estate transfer tax, which she was counting on to fund her 2020 budget. That means aldermen must prepare to vote on the mayor's "Plan B."
As more employers turn to high-performance networks to help control rising health care costs, the federation of 36 independent Blue companies debuts its first new program to serve a nationwide marketplace in 25 years.
The measure, passed yesterday in the General Assembly, is intended to create an even playing field for Illinois brick-and-mortar retailers.
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What earns a workplace a spot on our Coolest Offices list? Find out why these 12 well-designed spaces made the cut.
Join us for a yearlong deep dive into some of the seemingly intractable problems facing our city and state. We've got news, analysis and possible solutions.
We visited five steak-serious restaurants, all less than a year old, to see which might be worth adding to your red-meat restaurant rotation.
The 2019 Illinois' Healthiest Employers Awards are sponsored by Cigna and conducted by health analytics provider Springbuk Inc. in association with Crain's Content Studio. Here are this year's winners and top finalists.


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The Architectural Heritage of Manchester
Manchester can trace its origins way back to Roman times, and the city has many fine buildings from all periods of history and architecture. In many ways, Manchester's buildings give visible evidence to its history, as well as to its regional identity, its social, economic and cultural growth over the years.
A short walk through the city reveals the evident rapid growth and development that took place during the Victorian era of the nineteenth century.
This was when Manchester grew up and came into its own.
Manchester Cathedral, Minshull Street Police Station, Manchester Town Hall and the Urbis Museum.
The fabulous palatial mill and warehouse buildings, offices, libraries and other civic buildings show immense civic pride. They show self-confidence. This was the city that demanded to be recognised – it was the first truly industrialised city – it was where the Industrial Revolution began. The City of Manchester enjoyed both wealth and political power by the end of the nineteenth century – the growth of expensive and highly ornate banking halls in King Street demonstrates this.
But there have also been 20th century masterpieces too. The Central Reference Library in St Peter's Street and the neighbouring Town Hall Extensions demonstrate the determination of the city fathers to improve the civic amenities of the city. Later, award winning buildings in the banking zone, and recently, the erection of fine new bridges across
rivers, canals and roadways.
Comment should also be made of the City Council's imaginative thinking on the refurbishment of old, (and often derelict) buildings. It is heart-warming to see old beloved buildings rising Pheonix-like again into current use, often in new and imaginative reincarnations – the Corn Exchange became the Triangle, Watts Warehouse becomes a hotel, Joshua Hoyle's fine warehouse converted into the Malmaison Hotel in Piccadilly.
All these evidence a city which is in a state of constant renewal and reinvention – a city that is alive, organic and growing.
Listed alphabetically:
- Academic &
Educational Institutions
- Banking
- Beetham
- Castlefield
- City Centre Churches
- Civic Buildings
- Imperial
War Museum North
& Other Commercial Buildings
- Libraries
- Manchester
Blue Plaques
- Manchester's
Listed Buildings
Squares & Public Spaces
- Manchester
Town Hall
- New Bridges
- No.1 Deansgate
- Prisons & Police
- Railway
- Suburban Churches
- Statues, Monuments
& Public Memorials
- The
- Town Hall Extension
- Twentieth
Century Buildings
- University of Manchester
- Urbis – Museum
of the Modern City
- Victoria Baths,
Hathersage Road
- Who Built
Manchester? Part 1 (Architects A-K)
- Who
Built Manchester? Part 2 (Architects L-Y)


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Microsoft Predicts The Future Using News Headlines Of The Past
Scientists from Microsoft Research and the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology have developed software, which could predict future events such as disease outbreaks with 70%-90% accuracy.
In their research paper, the two scientists say that using a mixture of archived news reports and real-time data, they were able to make connections between droughts and storms in parts of Africa and cholera outbreaks, split by years of time.
This prototype uses archived material from the New York Times, combined with real-time data from other websites (including Wikipedia) to spot links in past events to predict the future. The experts focused on riots, deaths and disease outbreaks in their research, and achieved the high accuracy you see above. The experts focused on predicting riots, deaths and disease outbreaks and say their accuracy was between 70%-90%.
As an example they identified, in 1973 the New York Times reported on a drough in Bangladesh, and on a cholera epidemic in 1974.
The same events occurred 10 years later in the same country, as the paper reported again on a drought in '83 and cholera deaths in '84.
"Alerts about a downstream risk of cholera could have been issued nearly a year in advance," wrote researchers Eric Horvitz, director of Microsoft Research, and Kira Radinsky, PhD student at Technion-Israel Institute of Technology.
Of course, we're still speaking in theoretical terms, as this research has tended to be retrospective and not actually used to predict an event; but it still shows a clear pattern and strong success rate of prediction.
Source: Microsoft Research
Jason England


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- 5144 Victoria Ave, Niagara Falls, ON L2E 4E3
The FTD® Elegant Orchid BouquetW53-5110
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The ESRC Doctoral Training Centre at the University of Warwick, one of 21 such centres in the UK, embodies the university's commitment to producing the next generation of leaders in social science research. Internationally renowned for its research excellence, Warwick is now inviting applications for an ESRC-funded Collaborative PhD Studentship, in association with our collaborative partner Adviza, to commence in October 2016.
PhD Content
The plan for the research is to investigate the use of information communications technology (ICT) and labour market intelligence (LMI) in careers education and guidance. It will explore methodological findings in a rich literature surrounding the use of ICT and LMI in supporting school-to-work transitions. The research plan will focus on how practices can be successfully transferred and adapted to support pedagogy and andragogy in differing education and employment contexts.
The project will be jointly supervised by Dr Deirdre Hughes OBE (IER) and Professor Chris Warhurst (IER). Part of the PhD will also be co-supervised by Sue Gale (Adviza).
The successful candidate will have a strong academic background, ideally with a Master's degree in a relevant subject. ESRC studentships, which cover fees and maintenance stipend and extensive support for research training, as well as research activity support grants, can only be awarded to applicants who fulfil ESRC eligibility criteria. To check your eligibility, visit: www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/cross_fac/esrcdtc/studywithus/eligibility
Application Process
To be considered for this PhD studentship, please email the IER Administrative Officer, email@example.com attaching a single pdf document that includes the following:
- A cover letter (maximum 2 pages) indicating your interest in the PhD and how your experience to date prepares you for this PhD study;
- a full academic CV;
- The postal address, email and telephone number details for two academic referees who can comment on your suitability for PhD study (and who can be contacted in advance of the interviews).
The subject line of your email should be Collaborative Studentship
Application deadline: Friday 22 April 2016, 12 noon
Interviews: Thursday 26 May 2016


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In the wake of a successful season, Coast Guard rifle team members have been honored by the Mid Atlantic Rifle Conference for achievements both on the range and in the classroom.
After having won the conference team title in air rifle competition, team captain junior Nick Paisker, ranked fourth, was named to the conference first team, while fifth ranked freshman Alexandria Harrington earned second team honors. Sophomore Lindsey Critser rounded out the Bears All Conference Air Rifle awardees as an honorable mention, standing tenth over all in a field of 92 athletes.
Smallbore saw Paisker, a Mechanical Engineering major, again on the first team as his average was second in the conference along with Harrington who had the fourth highest average, was also on the first team. Critser, who studies Marine and Environmental Science, placed on the second team as the eighth best shot in the conference. Paisker and Critser were also designated as Conference All-Academic Team members, an honor which does not include freshman.
Five Bear freshmen made up half of the conference All Rookie Team, Skye Ambrose, Melissa Brizzi, Jacob Dupree, Harrington, and Randall Ford.
Rifle loses no one to graduation and with the entire team returning, the 2016-17 season looks bright.


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Born in 1984, Taryn Beri (New Zealand) specializes in taa moko (cultural tattooing) and contemporary Maori painting. Her journey as a professional artist started in 2008 when she moved to Gisborne to study at Toihoukura Maori Art School where she learned for one year. Following that, she began an intense one-on-one taa moko apprenticeship on the East Coast of New Zealand with a tohunga (master/expert) cultural tattooer. For three years she learned the tikanga (protocols), culture, techniques, patterns and designs associated with the cultural practice of taa moko. In 2011, she also studied Matauranga Maori (traditional knowledge) for one year at Te Wananga o Raukawa. In 2012 Taryn set out on her own to develop her art practice as a full time professional artist. Prior to 2008, her background was in Maori fashion and adornment design, graphic design and business management. Taryn has been involved with exhibitions at venues such as Te Papa Tongarewa National Museum of New Zealand, The Royal Ontario Museum (Canada), The Field Museum (Chicago), Musee du quai Branly (Paris), Ora NY Gallery (New York), Museo de la las culturas (Mexico City) and Musee de la civilization (Quebec) among others. She travels extensively throughout New Zealand and around the world tattooing, painting and exhibiting. Her favorite destinations to visit so far have been India, Egypt, Tahiti, Paris, Dubai, New York and Bali. She draws great inspiration from the different cultures, peoples and styles of art that she encounters on her journeys. The Divine Feminine and nga atua wahine (Maori goddesses) are a big source of inspiration for many of her paintings. Two of her biggest art idols are iconic Maori artist Robyn Kahukiwa and world renowned Mexican artist Frida Kahlo whom she has been inspired by from a young age. In late 2013, Taryn gave birth to a beautiful baby daughter. Themes of motherhood, conception, creation, birth, ancestral memory, transformation, personal growth, DNA information and the continuum of whakapapa (genealogy) from ancestors to offspring also feature in many of her art works. Her ancestors Te Rauparaha and Nohorua as well as their relation, the famed Te Rangi Topeora also inspire many of her art works and ideas. Maori cosmology, the stars, moon, sun, lightning and other natural phenomena also feature often in her artworks.
The inter-relatedness, similarities and commonalities between different indigenous groups of people around the world is of great interest to her. In 2015, Taryn initiated the formation of a Maori womens art group called the Toi Wahine Collective in her tribal hometown of Porirua, Wellington, New Zealand. She belongs to the Ngati Toarangatira, Te Atiawa and Ngati Raukawa tribes. In 2010 she was given an award for emerging Maori artists by the New Zealand government organisation, Creative New Zealand. Taryn currently runs several creative enterprises including Toi Tangata Maori Art Gallery, Te Uira Moko (tattooing), Kuiniklub (sovereignty mentoring for warrior women), and The Rainbow Light Tribe.


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Following upon the success of last year's digitalSTS event at the 4S Annual Meeting in Copenhagen, we invite your participation in a second workshop. Over the course of two days this summer (June 27-28, 2013) we will use design methods to explore new hybrid forms of materiality in technoscience. This is an opportunity to learn new skills or lead others in making visualizations, maps, models, and data documentaries.
Across domains of science and technology studies, increased attention is being focused on the material dimensions of digital media. Indeed, scholars convened around social studies of materiality are seeking out new methods to study the stuff of "big data," "information infrastructures," and the "internet of things." Moreover, these new phenomena are understood as hybrids, merging digital and non-digital practices that resist simple analysis. We see productive means of engaging with hybrid forms of materiality in the interpretive, collaborative, and interventionist approaches pioneered by designers including codesign, participatory design, design fiction, speculative design, and critical making. Design is particularly relevant to digital studies; through making, it is possible to become a participant in the otherwise opaque technical work of constructing data and other digital artifacts.
The workshop will be staged at Harvard University's Arnold Arboretum, one of the most comprehensive and best-documented living collections of trees, shrubs, and vines in the world. The Arboretum is equal parts urban forest, museum, and open laboratory. It is a venerable and sprawling site for the public display of scientific objects and knowledge. Workshop participants will take part in hands-on, team-based design projects that leverage the collection's digital data as well as their woody referents in the landscape. Please join us at this second digitalSTS workshop to explore new tools for taking apart technoscience.
To apply for a spot in the digitalSTS Workshop, please submit the following materials to email@example.com
1. A 1-paragraph biography
2. A 1-2 paragraph statement of interest in design methods and digital STS
3. A link to your online presence
The application deadline is APRIL 8th, 2013. Participants will be notified soon after the deadline as to the status of their application. We encourage submissions by anyone engaged in digital studies of science and technology. Support for travel and accommodations may be available to graduate students.
This workshop is hosted in cooperation with metaLAB(at)Harvard and the Arnold Arboretum, and supported by funds and in-kind contributions from metaLAB, the Arboretum, NSF's Office for Cyberinfrastructure, and Microsoft Research.


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Based at Eshott Airfield in the beautiful county of Northumberland and flying 7 days a week, we're one of the leading providers of gift experiences & flight training in the North East. We offer pilot training courses for both light aircraft & microlights with the PPL(A), LAPL(A) & NPPL(M), along with hour building packages & revalidation's.
Purple Aviation is the longest established pilot training and flight experience provider in the Newcastle and North East area. Take a look at our reviews and book a flight experience voucher or trial flying lesson today!
// Our Flight Experiences…
Here at Purple Aviation, you'll get the chance to experience the thrill of flight in one of our modern and comfortable aircraft as you soar around Northumberland. If you're looking for a present for a budding pilot, someone who loves an adventure, an aviation enthusiast or just someone who loves the scenery of Northumberland this is the perfect gift for any occasion.
// Microlight Training - NPPL(M)
The National Private Pilots Licence (Microlight) is designed for those of you that want to take up flying recreationally. Training at Eshott Airfield for the NPPL(M) you'll learn to fly in the latest modern, comfortable and well equipped microlight aircraft, ideal for touring and sightseeing within the UK.
Click below to learn more about the NPPL(M).
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If you're looking to fly an aircraft outside of the microlight category, the PPL is the course for you - this course will help you build towards a career and give you the ability to pilot larger aircraft.
You can add additional ratings to the PPL, such as night, multi-engine & instrument flying and eventually the licence can evolve into a Commercial Pilots Licence.