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Wireless Power Transfer - Online Article
It the process that takes place in any system where electrical energy is transmitted from a power source to an electrical load, without interconnecting wires. Wireless transmission is employed in cases where instantaneous or continuous energy transfer is needed, but interconnecting wires are inconvenient, hazardous, or impossible.
Though the physics are related, this is distinct from wireless transmission for the purpose of transferring information (such as radio), where the percentage of the power that is received is only important if it becomes too low to successfully recover the signal. With wireless energy transfer, the efficiency is a more critical parameter and this creates important differences in these technologies.
Unless you are particularly organized and good with tie wrap, you probably have a few dusty power cord tangles around your home. You may have even had to follow one particular cord through the seemingly impossible snarl to the outlet, hoping that the plug you pull will be the right one. This is one of the downfalls of electricity. While it can make people's lives easier, it can add a lot of clutter in the process.
For these reasons, scientists have tried to develop methods of wireless power transmission that could cut the clutter or lead to clean sources of electricity. While the idea may sound futuristic, it isn't particularly new. Nicola Tesla proposed theories of wireless power transmission in the late 1800s and early 1900s. One of his more spectacular displays involved remotely powering lights in the ground at his Colorado Springs experiment station.
Tesla's work was impressive, but it didn't immediately lead to widespread, practical methods for wireless power transmission. Since then, researchers have developed several techniques for moving electricity over long distances without wires. Some exist only as theories or prototypes, but others are already in use. If you have an electric toothbrush, for example, you probably take advantage of one method every day.
Why do we need wireless transmission of power?
A great concern has been voiced in recent years over the extensive use of energy, the limited supply of resources, and the pollution of the environment from the use of present energy conversion systems. Electrical power accounts for much of the energy consumed. Much of this power is wasted during transmission from power plant generators to the consumer. The resistance of the wire used in the electrical grid distribution system causes a loss of 26-30% of the energy generated. This loss implies that our present system of electrical distribution is only 70-74% efficient. A system of power distribution with little or no loss would conserve energy. It would reduce pollution and expenses resulting from the need to generate power to overcome and compensate for losses in the present grid system. The proposed project would demonstrate a method of energy distribution calculated to be 90-94% efficient. An electrical distribution system, based on this method would eliminate the need for an inefficient, costly, and capital intensive grid of cables, towers, and substations. The system would reduce the cost of electrical energy used by the consumer and rid the landscape of wires, cables, and transmission towers.
There are areas of the world where the need for electrical power exists, yet there is no method for delivering power. Africa is in need of power to run pumps to tap into the vast resources of water under the Sahara Desert. Rural areas, such as those in China, require the electrical power necessary to bring them into the 20th century and to equal standing with western nations.
As first proposed by Buckminster Fuller, wireless transmission of power would enable world wide distribution of off peak demand capacity. This concept is based on the fact that some nations, especially the United States, have the capacity to generate much more power than is needed. This situation is accentuated at night. The greatest amount of power used, the peak demand, is during the day. The extra power available during the night could be sold to the side of the planet where it is day time. Considering the huge capacity of power plants in the United States, this system would provide a saleable product which could do much to aid our balance of payments.
The tangle of cables and plugs needed to recharge today's electronic gadgets is very hectic for a home which is not well organized. The offices and factories where space is of big concern we can not allow cables to just hang around all the places so here wireless power transmission can be of big use. All the worries about the chargers to work properly are removed by this technology. Even in near future we are going to see a big leap in this field, for example now a days computers have wireless connectivity, but still we have to carry adapters with it but may be in future we won't require any adapters, we just enter the room n our laptops will start charging on its own after detecting a particular resonant field. All are these some examples which will be benefited by this technology.
How wireless energy could work
The answer is "resonance", a phenomenon that causes an object to vibrate when energy of a certain frequency is applied. "When you have two resonant objects of the same frequency they tend to couple very strongly. Resonance can be seen in musical instruments for example.
"When you play a tune on one, then another instrument with the same acoustic resonance will pick up that tune, it will visibly vibrate," Instead of using acoustic vibrations, the team's system exploits the resonance of electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic radiation includes radio waves, infrared and X-rays. Typically, systems that use electromagnetic radiation, such as radio antennas, are not suitable for the efficient transfer of energy because they scatter energy in all directions, wasting large amounts of it into free space.
To overcome this problem a special class of "non-radiative" objects with so-called "long-lived resonances". When energy is applied to these objects it remains bound to them, rather than escaping to space. "Tails" of energy, which can be many meters long, flicker over the surface.
If you bring another resonant object with the same frequency close enough to these tails then it turns out that the energy can tunnel from one object to another.
Hence, a simple copper antenna designed to have long-lived resonance could transfer energy to a laptop with its own antenna resonating at the same frequency. The computer would be truly wireless. Any energy not diverted into a gadget or appliance is simply reabsorbed. The systems that the team has described would be able to transfer energy over three to five meters. This would work in a room let's say but you could adapt it to work in a factory.
- Power from mains to antenna, which is made of copper
- Antenna resonates at a frequency of 6.4MHz, emitting electromagnetic waves
- 'Tails' of energy from antenna 'tunnel' up to 5m (16.4ft)
- Electricity picked up by laptop's antenna, which must also be resonating at 6.4MHz. Energy used to re-charge device
- Energy not transferred to laptop re-absorbed by source antenna. People/other objects not affected as not resonating at 6.4MHz
Example of wireless power transmission
William C. Brown, the leading authority on wireless power transmission technology, has loaned this demonstration unit to the Texas Space Grant Consortium to show how power can be transferred through free space by microwaves. A block diagram of the demonstration components is shown below. The primary components include a microwave source, a transmitting antenna, and a receiving rectenna.
The microwave source consists of a microwave oven magnetron with electronics to control the output power. The output microwave power ranges from 50 W to 200 W at 2.45 GHz. A coaxial cable connects the output of the microwave source to a coax-to-waveguide adapter. This adapter is connected to a waveguide ferrite circulator which protects the microwave source from reflected power. The circulator is connected to a tuning waveguide section to match the waveguide impedance to the antenna input impedance.
The slotted waveguide antenna consists of 8 waveguide sections with 8 slots on each section. These 64 slots radiate the power uniformly through free space to the rectenna. The slotted waveguide antenna is ideal for power transmission because of its high aperture efficiency (> 95%) and high power handling capability.
A rectifying antenna called a rectenna receives the transmitted power and converts the microwave power to direct current (DC) power. This demonstration rectenna consists of 6 rows of dipoles antennas where 8 dipoles belong to each row. Each row is connected to a rectifying circuit which consists of low pass filters and a rectifier. The rectifier is a GaAs Schottky barrier diode that is impedance matched to the dipoles by a low pass filter. The 6 rectifying diodes are connected to light bulbs for indicating that the power is received. The light bulbs also dissipated the received power. This rectenna has a 25% collection and conversion efficiency, but rectennas have been tested with greater than 90% efficiency at 2.45 GHz.
In 1825 William Sturgeon invented the electromagnet, a conducting wire wrapped around an iron core. The principle of electromagnetic induction - that a changing magnetic field can induce an electrical current in an adjacent wire - was discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831. Combining these two discoveries, Nicholas Joseph Callan was the first to demonstrate the transmission and reception of electrical energy without wires. Callan's 1836 induction coil apparatus consisted of two insulated coils - called the primary and secondary windings - both placed around a common iron core. A battery intermittently connected to the primary would 'induce' a voltage in the longer secondary causing a spark to jump across its free terminals.
In an induction coil or electrical transformer, which can have either an iron core or an air core, the transmission of energy takes place by simple electromagnetic coupling through a process known as mutual induction. With this method it is possible to transmit and receive energy over a considerable distance. However, to draw significant power in that way, the two inductors must be placed fairly close together.
If resonant coupling is used, where inductors are tuned to a mutual frequency, significant power may be transmitted over a range of many meters.
In 1864 James Clerk Maxwell mathematically modeled the behavior of electromagnetic radiation. Some early work in the area of wireless transmission via radio waves was done in 1888 by Heinrich Hertz who performed experiments that validated Maxwell's mathematical model. Hertz's apparatus for generating electromagnetic waves is generally acknowledged as the first radio transmitter. A few years later Guglielmo Marconi worked with a modified form of the Hertz-wave transmitter, the main improvement being the addition of an elevated conductor and a ground connection. Both of these elements can be traced back to the 1749 work of Benjamin Franklin and that of Mahlon Loomas in 1864.
Nikola Tesla also investigated radio transmission and reception but unlike Marconi, Tesla designed his own transmitter - one with power-processing capability some five orders-of-magnitude greater than those of its predecessors. He would use this same coupled-tuned-circuit oscillator to implement his conduction-based wireless energy transmission method as well. Both of these wireless methods employ a minimum of four tuned circuits, two at the transmitter and two at the receiver.
As wireless technologies were being developed during the early 1900s, researchers further investigated these different wireless transmission methods. The goal was simply to generate an effect locally and detect it at a distance. Around the same time, efforts began to power more significant loads than the high-resistance sensitive devices that were being used to simply detect the received energy. At the St. Louis World's Fair (1904), a prize was offered for a successful attempt to drive a 0.1 horsepower (75 W) air-ship motor by energy transmitted through space at a distance of least 100 feet (30 m).
"...the air will serve as a conductor for the current produced, and the latter will be transmitted through the air with, it may be, even less resistance than through an ordinary copper wire." This was given by Tesla.
Modern day usage
Wireless power transmission over room-sized or community-sized distances has not been widely implemented. Rightly or not, it has been assumed by some that any system for broadcasting energy to power electrical devices will have negative health implications. With focused beams of microwave radiation there are definite health and safety risks. Considering the hazards associated with powerful radiation, the physical alignment and targeting of devices to receive the energy beam is of particular concern. However with the use of resonant coupling, wavelengths produced are longer, making it no more dangerous than being exposed to radio waves.
Ways of transmitting power wirelessly
Inductive coupling -
Inductive coupling uses magnetic fields that are a natural part of current's movement through wire. Any time electrical current moves through a wire, it creates a circular magnetic field around the wire. Bending the wire into a coil amplifies the magnetic field. The more loops the coil makes, the bigger the field will be.
A toothbrush's daily exposure to water makes a traditional plug-in charger potentially dangerous. Ordinary electrical connections could also allow water to seep into the toothbrush, damaging its components. Because of this, most toothbrushes recharge through inductive coupling.
If you place a second coil of wire in the magnetic field you've created, the field can induce a current in the wire. This is essentially how a transformer works, and its how an electric toothbrush recharges. It takes three basic steps:
- Current from the wall outlet flows through a coil inside the charger, creating a magnetic field. In a transformer, this coil is called the primary winding.
- When you place your toothbrush in the charger, the magnetic field induces a current in another coil, or secondary winding, which connects to the battery.
- This current recharges the battery.
You can use the same principle to recharge several devices at once. For example, the Splash power recharging mat and Edison Electric's Power desk both use coils to create a magnetic field. Electronic devices use corresponding built-in or plug-in receivers to recharge while resting on the mat. These receivers contain compatible coils and the circuitry necessary to deliver electricity to devices' batteries.
An electric toothbrush's base and handle contain coils that allow the battery to recharge as shown in fig.
Resonance and Wireless Power -
Household devices produce relatively small magnetic fields. For this reason, chargers hold devices at the distance necessary to induce a current, which can only happen if the coils are close together. A larger, stronger field could induce current from farther away, but the process would be extremely inefficient. Since a magnetic field spreads in all directions, making a larger one would waste a lot of energy.
In November 2006, however, researchers at MIT reported that they had discovered an efficient way to transfer power between coils separated by a few meters. The team, led by Marin Soljacic, theorized that they could extend the distance between the coils by adding resonance to the equation. Research at MIT indicates that induction can take place a little differently if the electromagnetic fields around the coils resonate at the same frequency. The theory uses a curved coil of wire as an inductor. A capacitance plate, which can hold a charge, attaches to each end of the coil. As electricity travels through this coil, the coil begins to resonate. Its resonant frequency is a product of the inductance of the coil and the capacitance of the plates. As with an electric toothbrush, this system relies on two coils. Electricity, traveling along an electromagnetic wave, can tunnel from one coil to the other as long as they both have the same resonant frequency. The effect is similar to the way one vibrating trumpet can cause another to vibrate.
As long as both coils are out of range of one another, nothing will happen, since the fields around the coils aren't strong enough to affect much around them. Similarly, if the two coils resonate at different frequencies, nothing will happen. But if two resonating coils with the same frequency get within a few meters of each other, streams of energy move from the transmitting coil to the receiving coil. According to the theory, one coil can even send electricity to several receiving coils, as long as they all resonate at the same frequency. The researchers have named this non-radiative energy transfer since it involves stationary fields around the coils rather than fields that spread in all directions.
Figure below explains the inductor coil.
Long-distance Wireless Power -
Whether or not it incorporates resonance, induction generally sends power over relatively short distances. But some plans for wireless power involve moving electricity over a span of miles. A few proposals even involve sending power to the Earth from space. In the 1980s, Canada's Communications Research Centre created a small airplane that could run off power beamed from the Earth. The unmanned plane, called the Stationary High Altitude Relay Platform (SHARP), was designed as a communications relay. Rather flying from point to point, the SHARP could fly in circles two kilometers in diameter at an altitude of about 13 miles (21 kilometers). Most importantly, the aircraft could fly for months at a time. The secret to the SHARP's long flight time was a large, ground-based microwave transmitter. The SHARP's circular flight path kept it in range of this transmitter. A large, disc-shaped rectifying antenna, or rectenna, just behind the plane's wings changed the microwave energy from the transmitter into direct-current (DC) electricity. Because of the microwaves' interaction with the rectenna, the SHARP had a constant power supply as long as it was in range of a functioning microwave array. Rectifying antennae are central to many wireless power transmission theories. They are usually made an array of dipole antennae, which have positive and negative poles. These antennae connect to semiconductor diodes. Here's what happens:
- Microwaves, which are part of the electromagnetic spectrum, reach the dipole antennae.
- The antennae collect the microwave energy and transmit it to the diodes.
- The diodes act like switches that are open or closed as well as turnstiles that let electrons flow in only one direction. They direct the electrons to the rectenna's circuitry.
- The circuitry routes the electrons to the parts and systems that need them.
Other, longer-range power transmission ideas also rely on rectennae. David Criswell of the University of Houston has proposed the use of microwaves to transmit electricity to Earth from solar power stations on the moon. Tens of thousands of receivers on Earth would capture this energy, and rectennae would convert it to electricity.
Power transmission via radio waves can be made more directional, allowing longer distance power beaming, with shorter wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, typically in the microwave range. A rectenna may be used to convert the microwave energy back into electricity. Rectenna conversion efficiencies exceeding 95% have been realized. Power beaming using microwaves has been proposed for the transmission of energy from orbiting solar power satellites to Earth and the beaming of power to spacecraft leaving orbit has been considered.
Power beaming by microwaves has the difficulty that for most space applications the required aperture sizes are very large. For example, the 1978 NASA Study of solar power satellites required a 1-km diameter transmitting antenna, and a 10 km diameter receiving rectenna, for a microwave beam at 2.45 GHz. These sizes can be somewhat decreased by using shorter wavelengths, although short wavelengths may have difficulties with atmospheric absorption and beam blockage by rain or water droplets.
4. Light -
With a laser beam centered on its panel of photovoltaic cells, a lightweight model plane makes the first flight of an aircraft powered by a laser beam inside a building at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center.
In the case of light, power can be transmitted by converting electricity into a laser beam that is then fired at a solar cell receiver. This is generally known as "power beaming". Its drawbacks are:
- Conversion to light, such as with a laser, is moderately inefficient (although quantum cascade lasers improve this)
- Conversion back into electricity is moderately inefficient, with photovoltaic cells achieving 40%-50% efficiency. (Note that conversion efficiency is rather higher with monochromatic light than with insulation of solar panels).
- Atmospheric absorption causes losses.
- As with microwave beaming, this method requires a direct line of sight with the target.
NASA has demonstrated flight of a lightweight model plane powered by a laser beam.
5. Electrical conduction -
Electrical energy can also be transmitted by means of electrical currents made to flow through naturally existing conductors, specifically the earth, lakes and oceans, and through the atmosphere - a natural medium that can be made conducting if the breakdown voltage is exceeded and the gas becomes ionized. For example, when a high voltage is applied across a neon tube the gas becomes ionized and a current passes between the two internal electrodes. In a practical wireless energy transmission system using this principle, a high-power ultraviolet beam might be used to form a vertical ionized channel in the air directly above the transmitter-receiver stations. The same concept is used in virtual lightning rods, the electro laser electroshock weapon and has been proposed for disabling vehicles.
WiTricity (wireless electricity) - The new advancement
We moved one step closer to a world where plugging in your laptop, cell phone, iPod, and even a lamp for power is no longer required. Researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology have developed wireless electricity called "WiTricity" that can transmit electricity wirelessly.
In a proof of concept demonstration of the technology MIT researchers were able to light a 60W light bulb from a power source seven feet away with no physical connection between the source and the lamp.
In this image the coil on the left is transmitting electricity to the coil on the right powering a 60W light bulb. Members of the team that performed the experiment are obstructing the direct line of sight between the coils. However, the technology up until now has been hamstrung by issues such as line of site requirements between source and destination. As MIT puts it: "One can envision using directed electromagnetic radiation, such as lasers, but this is not very practical and can even be dangerous." MIT has broken the line-of-site requirements. Researchers explain: "WiTricity is based on using coupled resonant objects. Two resonant objects of the same resonant frequency tend to exchange energy efficiently, while interacting weakly with extraneous off-resonant objects."
Various methods of transmitting power wirelessly have been known for centuries. Perhaps the best known example is electromagnetic radiation, such as radio waves. While such radiation is excellent for wireless transmission of information, it is not feasible to use it for power transmission. Since radiation spreads in all directions, a vast majority of power would end up being wasted into free space.
One can envision using directed electromagnetic radiation, such as lasers, but this is not very practical and can even be dangerous. It requires an uninterrupted line of sight between the source and the device, as well as a sophisticated tracking mechanism when the device is mobile. In contrast, WiTricity is based on using coupled resonant objects. Two resonant objects of the same resonant frequency tend to exchange energy efficiently, while interacting weakly with extraneous off-resonant objects. A child on a swing is a good example of this. A swing is a type of mechanical resonance, so only when the child pumps her legs at the natural frequency of the swing is she able to impart substantial energy.
Another example involves acoustic resonances: Imagine a room with 100 identical wine glasses, each filled with wine up to a different level, so they all have different resonant frequencies. If an opera singer sings a sufficiently loud single note inside the room, a glass of the corresponding frequency might accumulate sufficient energy to even explode, while not influencing the other glasses. In any system of coupled resonators there often exists a so-called "strongly coupled" regime of operation. If one ensures to operate in that regime in a given system, the energy transfer can be very efficient.
While these considerations are universal, applying to all kinds of resonances (e.g., acoustic, mechanical, electromagnetic, etc.), the MIT team focused on one particular type: magnetically coupled resonators. The team explored a system of two electromagnetic resonators coupled mostly through their magnetic fields; they were able to identify the strongly coupled regime in this system, even when the distance between them was several times larger than the sizes of the resonant objects. This way, efficient power transfer was enabled.
Magnetic coupling is particularly suitable for everyday applications because most common materials interact only very weakly with magnetic fields, so interactions with extraneous environmental objects are suppressed even further. "The fact that magnetic fields interact so weakly with biological organisms is also important for safety considerations," Kurs, a graduate student in physics, points out.
The investigated design consists of two copper coils, each a self-resonant system. One of the coils, attached to the power source, is the sending unit. Instead of irradiating the environment with electromagnetic waves, it fills the space around it with a non-radiative magnetic field oscillating at MHz frequencies. The non-radiative field mediates the power exchange with the other coil (the receiving unit), which is specially designed to resonate with the field. The resonant nature of the process ensures the strong interaction between the sending unit and the receiving unit, while the interaction with the rest of the environment is weak. The crucial advantage of using the non-radiative field lies in the fact that most of the power not picked up by the receiving coil remains bound to the vicinity of the sending unit, instead of being radiated into the environment and lost." With such a design, power transfer has a limited range, and the range would be shorter for smaller-size receivers. Still, for laptop-sized coils, power levels more than sufficient to run a laptop can be transferred over room-sized distances nearly omni-directionally and efficiently, irrespective of the geometry of the surrounding space, even when environmental objects completely obstruct the line-of-sight between the two coils. Fisher points out: "As long as the laptop is in a room equipped with a source of such wireless power, it would charge automatically, without having to be plugged in. In fact, it would not even need a battery to operate inside of such a room." In the long run, this could reduce our society's dependence on batteries, which are currently heavy and expensive.
WiTricity is rooted in such well-known laws of physics that it makes one wonder why no one thought of it before. "In the past, there was no great demand for such a system, so people did not have a strong motivation to look into it," points out Joannopoulos, adding, "Over the past several years, portable electronic devices, such as laptops, cell phones, iPods and even household robots have become widespread, all of which require batteries that need to be recharged often."
Powercast Systems
Shearer came in. A former physicist based in Pittsburgh, he and his team spent four years poring over wireless electricity research in a lab hidden behind his family's coffee house. He figured much of the energy bouncing off walls could be captured. All you had to do was build a receiver that could act like a radio tuned to many frequencies at once.
This system turns radio waves into D.C voltage.
The transmitter plugs into the wall socket and broadcasts safe, low power radio waves.
The radio waves change their frequency as they bounce off objects and walls.
Tiny receivers in your devices "hear" frequencies around the original one capturing up to 70 % of radio signal's energy. That energy is converted into DC electricity.
Its tiny but hyper efficient receiving circuits can adjust to variations in load and field strength while maintaining a constant DC voltage. Thanks to the fact that it transmits only safe low wattages
Broadcasting power through the air isn't a new idea. Researchers have experimented with capturing the radiation in radio frequency at high power but had difficulty capturing it at consumer-friendly low power. "You'd have energy bouncing off the walls and arriving in a wide range of voltages," says Zoya Popovic, an electrical engineering professor at the University of Colorado who works on wireless electricity projects for the U.S. military.
Powercast says it has signed nondisclosure agreements to develop products with more than 100 companies, including major manufacturers of cell phones, MP3 players, automotive parts, temperature sensors, hearing aids, and medical implants.
The last of those alone could be a multibillion-dollar market: Pacemakers, defibrillators, and the like require surgery to replace dead batteries. But with a built-in Powercast receiver, those batteries could last a lifetime.
Could Powercast's technology also work for larger devices? Perhaps, but not quite yet. Laptop computers, for example, use more than 10 times the wattage of Powercast transmissions. Industry trends are on Shearer's side: Thanks to less energy-hungry LCD screens and processors, PC power consumption is slowly diminishing. Within five years, laptops will be down to single-digit wattage--making his revenue potential even more electrifying.
The Wireless Transmission of Electrical Energy Using Schumann Resonance
It has been proven that electrical energy can be propagated around the world between the surface of the Earth and the ionosphere at extreme low frequencies in what is known as the Schumann Cavity. The Schumann cavity surrounds the Earth between ground level and extends upward to a maximum 80 kilometers. Experiments to date have shown that electromagnetic waves of extreme low frequencies in the range of 8 Hz, the fundamental Schumann Resonance frequency, propagate with little attenuation around the planet within the Schumann Cavity.
Knowing that a resonant cavity can be excited and that power can be delivered to that cavity similar to the methods used in microwave ovens for home use, it should be possible to resonate and deliver power via the Schumann Cavity to any point on Earth. This will result in practical wireless transmission of electrical power. The successful resonating of the Schumann Cavity and wireless transmission of power on a small scale resulting in proof of principle will require a second phase of engineering, the design of receiving stations. On completion of the second phase, the third and fourth phases of the project involving further tests and improvements and a large scale demonstration project will be pursued to prove commercial feasibility. Total cost from proof of principle to commercial prototype is expected to total $3 million.
The wireless power transmission sheet
A team of Japanese researchers has created a novel wireless power-transmission device that is thin, flat, and flexible. Based on a sheet of plastic, the device can be put on desks, floors, walls, and almost any other location, delivering power to electronics placed on or near it without the use of cables or connectors.
The electrical components are deposited onto the plastic via state-of-the-art inkjet printing technology using "electronic ink." The finished product is about one millimeter thick and 21 centimeters square, although power sheets large enough to cover entire walls or floors could potentially be created.
The sheet can deliver up to about 40 watts; enough to power light bulbs and small electronics (cell phones, clocks, etc.) equipped to accept wireless power. The sheet has an impressive 81 percent efficiency, meaning 81 percent of the emitted power is received by devices. The sheet is a significant step forward for the field of electronics. Corresponding researcher Takao Someya, a scientist at the University of Tokyo, told PhysOrg.com, "Our power-transmission sheet addresses two of the issues facing the electronics field: creating ecologically friendly power systems and developing power-transmission technologies that further the imminent trend of 'ambient electronics' - electronic networks, such as sensors, built into our homes and offices to increase our day-to-day security and convenience."
The sheet is an example of "organic electronics," a fast-growing field in which circuits are based on conducting plastics rather than conventional silicon. Organic electronics have several advantages, including being cheaper to manufacture, more environmentally safe to produce, physically light, and, as in this case, are often thin and bendable. However, many organic electronic devices can only be integrated into low-power applications because organic transistors have high electrical resistances and cannot handle large amounts of electricity. By combining organic transistors with a technology traditionally used to fabricate silicon circuits, Someya and his colleagues have boosted the amount of power their organic power-transmission sheet can handle. The finished product consists of several layers. These include a layer printed with an array of thin, flat copper coils, which sense the position of nearby electronic devices, and a layer of sender coils that deliver the wireless power. This process occurs via electromagnetic induction, a physics phenomenon in which a magnetic field can induce a current in a nearby conductor. Here, a voltage applied across the sender coils produces a magnetic field, which induces current flow in nearby devices that need power, as long as those devices are equipped with receiver coils.
A large-area power transmission sheet by using printing technologies
The position of electronic objects on this sheet can be contactlessly sensed by electromagnetic coupling using an organic transistor active matrix. Power is selectively fed to the objects by an electromagnetic field using a plastic MEMS-switching matrix.
Ubiquitous electronics or ambient intelligence is attracting attention because of its potential to open up a new class of applications. This paper reports the first implementation of a large-area wireless power transmission system (Fig. 1) using organic transistors (1-9) and MEMS switches. The system realizes a low-cost sheet-type wireless power source of more than several watts. This is the first step toward building infrastructure for ubiquitous electronics where multiple electronic objects are scattered over desks, floors, walls, and ceilings and need to be powered. These objects may be mobile or located in the dark and therefore solar cells cannot be used to power them. On the other hand, the periodic replacement of the primary batteries could be tedious since there may be too many objects. The proposed wireless power transmission sheet may directly drive electronic objects and/or charge a rechargeable battery in the objects without a connector, thereby providing an easy-to-use and reliable power source. The wireless power transmission sheet has been manufactured on a plastic film by using printing technologies. The effective power transmission area is 21 × 21 cm2. The sheet contains a two-dimensional array of 8 × 8 cells comprising position-sensing and power transmission units. The position of electronic objects on the sheet can be contactlessly sensed by electromagnetic coupling using an organic transistor active matrix. Then, power is selectively fed to the objects by an electromagnetic field using a two-dimensional array of copper coils that are driven by a printed plastic MEMS-switching matrix. Due to selective power transmission, we achieved a coupling efficiency of power transmission of 62.3%, and a power of 29.3 W was wirelessly received. The thickness and weight of the entire sheet are 1 mm and 50 g, respectively.
From Author
This report deals with the advancement in technology related to the wireless transmission of electric signals or power. It the process that takes place in any system where electrical energy is transmitted from a power source to an electrical load, without interconnecting wires. Wireless transmission is employed in cases where instantaneous or continuous energy transfer is needed, but interconnecting wires are inconvenient, hazardous, or impossible.
This technology has showed the various advancements in the fields of science which have been provided in t his report. Various references are given for any further requirement of the reader.
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Since buying 'Bumblebee' last Autumn Mark and Lauren have aleady put in a lot of work to make their van ship-shape for the camping season. The helpful advice they found on the T4 Owner's Forum has been invaluable. So far, their trips and weekends away have been fairly local – in preparation for this summer's Big Trip to Ibiza and back !
'Happy Campers' is a series of posts featuring camper vans and their owners. It's designed to offer advice and inspiration to new and existing camper van owners – featuring members of the WildaboutScotland community. To take part, please send an e-mail to me using the the 'Get in Touch' form on the sidebar, answering the standard question format below together with a good photo or two.
1. Introducing ourselves and our van:
Hello ! Myself, Mark and my wife Lauren are the current owners/curators of Bumblebee, an ex-AA…
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Woman Unafraid (March 27, 1947)
Released on March 27, 1934: A tough but caring lady cop tries to get the evidence on a killer gangster who may get her first.
Produced by Ken Goldsmith
Directed by William J. Cowen
Written by Mary Eunice McCarthy
The Actors: Lucile Gleason (Police Officer Augusta Worthington), Richard 'Skeets' Gallagher (Anthony Devlin), Lona Andre (Peggy), Warren Hymer (sailor John), Barbara Weeks (Mary Sloan), Laura Treadwell (Mrs. Eleanor Worthington), Eddie Phillips (Mack), Jason Robards Sr. (Big Bill Lewis), Ruth Clifford (unknown), Dick Elliott (nightclub owner Tom Bradley), Erin La Bissonmiere (unknown), Julie Kingdon (unknown), Joyce Coad (unknown), Ernie Adams (henchman Barry), Franklin Parker (unknown), Baby Waring (Mary's baby boy)
Free Download of the old movie Woman Unafraid
Woman-Unafraid-1934.mp4 (387mb - 720x540)
Woman-Unafraid-1934-1280x960.mp4 (758mb - 1280x960)
"Augusta is the best woman in the world . . . even if she is a cop!"
Once in a while there is a man . . . or woman . . . who gets an urge . . . an urge to do something special. I remember as a young boy the amazing story of David Wilkerson. He was a preacher like my dad in the same denomination and in a town not too far from us when in 1958 he read a story in Life Magazine about the Egyptian Dragons street gang in New York City. His spirit was filled with a passion to help disadvantaged teens in the big city and he drove from his small town Pennsylvania home to New York City where he slept in his car and walked the streets for days talking to street gang members that were trapped in a vicious cycle of drugs and destructive decisions. From that intense passion grew the Teen Challenge organization that still thrives and helps teens in trouble with the law and society turn around and become better men and women. I can still remember as a very young boy one occasion when Rev. Wilkerson visited us and I was fascinated by his very unusual small car shaped like a wedge with only three wheels.
This crime adventure, filmed some 25 years earlier, is about one feisty old lady cop with a similar passion - the passion to help girls in trouble . . . some in trouble with the law and some in trouble with men. Peggy, played by Lona Andre, has a bun in the oven and no husband, so she wants to run away, but is convinced to move in with Augusta . . . Police Officer Augusta Winthrop, played by Lucile Gleason. Then another girl knocks on Augusta's door who has a little baby by gangster Big Bill Lewis - Jason Robards Sr. in a rare role of the bad guy. The gangster's girl took cancelled checks and evidence of his crimes with her and policewoman Augusta would just love to get that evidence and put the gangster away for a long time. Of course, big gangsters don't get very big by being stupid, and he is able to keep one step ahead of the cops. After killing the young girl the gangster only needs to get the evidence back to be in the clear, but Augusta now has that evidence, so he will try to take the evidence from Augusta and then kill her just as he did his girlfriend. Alone in a hotel room with Augusta his hand is on the trigger and Augusta faces certain death . . . . Pop a big bowl of white kernel popcorn with plenty of warm melted butter on it and enjoy the show.
Baby Waring
Barbara Weeks and Jason Robards Sr.
Dick Elliott and Lucile Gleason
Dick Elliott
Jason Robards Sr. as gangster Big Bill Lewis
Jason Robards Sr. in Woman Unafraid
Laura Treadwell and Lucile Gleason
Laura Treadwell as Eleanor Worthington
Laura Treadwell in the motion picture Woman Unafraid
Laura Treadwell
Lona Andre, Lucile Gleason and Richard 'Skeets' Gallagher
Lona Andre and Ruth Clifford
Lona Andre and Richard 'Skeets' Gallagher
Lona Andre as Peggy
Lona Andre in Woman Unafraid
Lucile Gleason and Barbara Weeks
Lucile Gleason and Laura Treadwell and Richard 'Skeets' Gallagher
Lucile Gleason and Laura Treadwell
Lucile Gleason and Warren Hymer
Lucile Gleason
Movie credit screen for Lucile Gleason
Movie credit screen for Skeets Gallagher
Movie credit screen for Warren Hymer and Barbara Weeks
Movie credit screen for Lona Andre
Richard 'Skeets' Gallagher and Laura Treadwell
Skeets Gallagher proposes to Lona Andre
Ruth Clifford and Dick Elliott
Ruth Clifford and Lucile Gleason
Skeets Gallagher and Lucile Gleason
Skeets Gallagher, Ruth Clifford and Lucile Gleason
Skeets Gallagher and Ruth Clifford


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Author: Holly Hook
Short Blurb: Fourteen year-old Rita Morse is the kind of girl that the teen-hating Shadow Regime hates. She won't put up with crap that isn't fair. Like the ban on teens her own cousin, Jerry, put up at his video game store. After she toilet-papers the place to get back at him, the Regime, an army of immortals working to oppress teens all over the world, adds her to their list of threats.
That's not good. Turns out that banning kids from stores is the least of their evil.
Because the Regime's enemies always disappear.
Now Rita's in the biggest trouble of her life. She's being stalked by shadow people. Threatened. Even nearly kidnapped. The Regime's not the only danger: they control countless humans around the world--including her cousin. There's nowhere to turn.
Rita must learn the Shadow Regime's reason for their war on teens—and her—or she won't make it through her first week of high school. Buy it now!
When did you know you wanted to be an author?
Since I was about four years old.
Why do you Indie publish?
Because I want to have control of my books, and I don't want to spend decades waiting for someone else to decide to publish it.
What inspired you to write your book?
This book is inspired by some stories I wrote in high school to entertain my friends.
What advice do you have for parents to encourage their kids to read more?
Take them to the library to start. That's how I got into reading. Summer reading programs are good, too.
Thanks, Holly.
~ Signing off and sending out cyber hugs.


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multiculturalism(redirected from Multicultural organization)
Also found in: Thesaurus, Encyclopedia.
mul·ti·cul·tur·al(mŭl′tē-kŭl′chər-əl, -tī-)
1. Of, relating to, or including several cultures.
2. Of or relating to a social or educational theory that encourages interest in many cultures within a society rather than in only a mainstream culture.
mul′ti·cul′tur·al·ism n.
mul′ti·cul′tur·al·ist n.
1. (Sociology) the state or condition of being multicultural
2. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) the policy of maintaining a diversity of ethnic cultures within a community
ˌmultiˈculturaˌlist adj, n
mul•ti•cul•tur•al•ism(ˌmʌl tiˈkʌl tʃər əˌlɪz əm, ˌmʌl taɪ-)
the existence, recognition, or preservation of different cultures or cultural identities within a unified society.
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
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|multiculturalism - the doctrine that several different cultures (rather than one national culture) can coexist peacefully and equitably in a single country
doctrine, ism, philosophical system, philosophy, school of thought - a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school
nationalism - the doctrine that your national culture and interests are superior to any other


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Just as in a wardrobe can not miss a pair of jeans, a pantry can not miss seeds. And in recent years, these small grains have become a staple. The seeds are in multiple variants and their benefits are also countless.
Today, we want to discover the benefits of flax seeds, which although not as well known as chia seeds, are a new trend in the market. Its growing fame and usage have become popular thanks to the knowledge of its many benefits. These small natural elements are very rich in fiber and omega 3 fatty acids, which makes them a super food.
Properties of linseed:
- Great source of polyunsaturated fatty acids omega 3 (75%) and omega 6 (25%).
- Digestive enzymes. These help digestion and promote intestinal transit.
- Vitamin E and B vitamins.
- Minerals: iodine, iron, zinc, magnesium, calcium, potassium, manganese, silicon, copper, nickel, chromium and phosphorus, among others.
Benefits of Flax Seed for Health:
Meet 10 amazing benefits that flax seeds can provide for our health
1 – Controlling cholesterol:
Flax seeds have a high content of omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids, which help control cholesterol levels. It is important to monitor the balance of fats in the blood to avoid cardiovascular problems.
2 – Promote digestion and help weight loss
Other ingredients are digestive enzymes, which help regulate intestinal transit. Good digestion is the key to absorbing the nutrients provided by food and to prevent intestinal problems. In addition to these benefits, a slight digestion favors weight loss due to the high amount of soluble fiber that can help you reduce your body fat.
3 – Fight against constipation
Flax seed has a high level of fiber. As a result, it helps to purify our body by eliminating accumulated toxins that are not needed by the body. Its high fiber content also helps prevent and reduce constipation.
4 – Prevent diabetes
Scientific studies at the University of South Dakota (USA) have shown that fiber helps reduce blood sugar levels and prevent diabetes. Glucose is the body's primary source of energy, but it is important to keep it at proper levels.
5 – Taking care of the skin
Studies at the University of California (USA) have reported that flax seed oil, because of its high omega-3 content helps reduce skin problems like psoriasis and eczema. In addition, flax seed oil is a perfect ally to moisturize your skin. The ideal is to apply it every night and let it act during sleep. Remember that each skin is different so before you start treatment, you should consult your dermatologist.
6 – Taking care of hair
Dandruff can be a problem both physically and aesthetically. Flax seed oil helps to relieve dandruff and gradually diminish it.
7 – Physical fitness
Regular consumption of flax seed helps increase vitality and energy. A good way to give extra energy to the body is to incorporate this seed into our breakfast.
8 – Natural aphrodisiac
Studies in Germany have shown that flax seed oil is a natural aphrodisiac. A massage with linseed oil can revive the couple and their scent will wrap around and relax.
9 – Stress
With ground flax seeds we can make teas, these help reduce stress and everyday stress. It is advisable to take the infusion a few hours before bed because we will become more relaxed and we can start the morning with more force.
10 – Antioxidant
Flax seeds are rich in vitamin E. This vitamin is a powerful antioxidant responsible for combating free radicals soluble in lipids, i.e helps protect fatty acids and prevent the formation of toxic molecules in the body.
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- The 4 Benefits of Including Fats to Your Diet


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Sasara Sekine (Houkago Princess)
Interview by Dru Bastedo
September 18, 2017
The idea of a "princess" is a familiar one across the world, and idol group Houkago Princess is making a splash in the industry by wearing it like a badge of honor. NekoPop spoke with member Sasara Sekine about English, Disney, and how the "after-school" princesses are aiming to become musical royalty.
How long have you been performing with Houkago Princess? How did you get started?
Sasara: First I was scouted in Harajuku, and that's how I came to know Houkago Princess and decided to join. I became a Houkago Princess cadet/HouPri Youth member in March of 2015, and then became an official member in August of 2016. So it's been two years and five months since I joined.
What do you think makes Houkago Princess different from other idol groups?
Sasara: Houkago Princess is a group that transforms at 4 P.M. from uniformed school idols into princesses. By taking something familiar like schoolgirls and turning them into princesses, we embody the idea that anyone can achieve their dreams! The princesses we've become so far include Cinderella, Snow White, Marie Antoinette, The Little Mermaid, Princess Ann (from the movie Roman Holiday), Yang Guifei, and Princess Odette. On stage our songs reflect our princess theme and give us a different feel, along with our carefully-planned outfits.
Houkago Princess always has such unique concepts. Could you tell us more about the most recent, "Sayonara Duarena"?
Sasara: For our July release "Sayonara Duarena", we transformed into Princess Odette from the ballet "Swan Lake". To represent a girl wavering between two feelings, we divided up into "white swans" and "black swans" for the song. The music video depicts the dark side and hardships of performing on stage.
What is your favorite Houkago Princess song?
Sasara: Personally, my favorite song is "Himitsu no Tiara to Gelato". It was my first song since becoming a regular member, where we transformed into Princess Ann from the movie Roman Holiday. Princess Ann leaves the palace, disguises herself as a normal citizen and goes around the city, and from there a heartbreaking love story unfolds. The song is full of our determination to keep on going as idols, in the same way that Ann decides to live as a princess and return to the palace. In live performances, we mimic the scene where Princess Ann decides to leave behind her civilian disguise and live as a princess through "quick change" outfits, and at the end of the song we crown each other with tiaras. There's a video on YouTube from our one-man live at Zepp Diver City last year, so please give it a look.
Your overseas fans are growing quickly, too. What do you think about the chances of performing in other countries?
Sasara: Of course we'd like to start in Asia where Japanese idol culture is well-known, but someday I'd like to perform in Florida at Disney World! When I went there for New Year's Eve six years ago, I was really moved seeing all the different artists on stage at Cinderella Castle. As a member of Houkago Princess, my main goal is to have a concert at a Disney park!
What are your feelings about the recent HouPri Youth auditions? Was the turnout bigger than you expected?
Sasara: Yes! So much more than I expected! There were more than 1,000 applications for the HouPri Youth auditions this time, and the new members are all unique and full of anticipation for the future of Houkago Princess. The path from candidate to apprentice, and then from apprentice to official member isn't easy by any means, so I'm looking forward to the emergence of some wonderful, strong-willed princesses!
Many fans have remarked on your positive attitude. How do you stay so optimistic?
Sasara: I guess I am well-known for that! It's not like I have a specific belief or anything, but if you think negatively, then nothing will happen. I think humans are creatures with the ability to make things they imagine into reality, so I do my best to be positive in all my thoughts and actions. I think that if you try something and it's unsuccessful, there must be something you can learn from that failure. My opinion is that things aren't going to change just by complaining, so I'll do something about it on my own! Negativity is contagious, and it's true that positivity is also contagious. I've been influenced by my friends when I was in school and studying abroad, so I learned to approach things positively, and now I think I'm just naturally proactive. It's not easy, but by changing my way of thinking my life became many times more fun!
Your English is very good — where does your interest in the language come from?
Sasara: My interest in English comes from my dream, becoming an actress in Hollywood. When I was in junior high school, I set my heart on becoming an actress but didn't have the courage to start acting, even though there was a lot of pressure to decide my career after graduating from high school. At that time, I reconsidered my dream and intended to be an actress not only in Japan, but also in Hollywood because I thought that Hollywood was the best place for all actors. But I couldn't even read a book in English — actually, I couldn't write, speak, or understand English at all — so I decided to study English in college. My English is still not as good as I want it to be, though, but I hope to go to Hollywood as an actress someday! But first, my goal is to visit the U.S. as an idol in Houkago Princess and do live concerts there!
You say you've visited every Disney Park — that's quite an accomplishment. Tell us more about those experiences.
Sasara: Yes! I've been to every Disney park in the world! The first Disney park I went to abroad was Walt Disney World in Florida, and I was surprised by how big it was! After that when I studied abroad in Los Angeles from the end of 2014 to February 2015, I bought an Annual Pass and went to Disneyland in Anaheim and California Adventure all the time! I have a lot of memories there, and as far as places I've gone by myself since becoming an idol, that's been the most fun out of all the Disney parks! I think Mickey's Fun Wheel at California Adventure is the scariest Disney ride in the world! (laughs) I went to Disneyland Paris and Hong Kong Disney Resort on my college graduation trip. Paris had a cute, princess-y sort of feel throughout the whole park, and I went to Hong Kong Disney during Chinese New Year so it felt completely different from other Disney parks! Then I went to Shanghai Disneyland last year by myself when it opened! It's the biggest one in the world and has the biggest castle, so I was exhausted but had so much fun! Even so, Japan's Disney is the most memorable, and the place I love most in the world!
What are your aspirations as a member of Houkago Princess?
Sasara: I want to be able to spread Houkago Princess's songs to more people all over the world. We'd like to try and do a world tour stopping in the places where the princesses we turn into were born — France for Marie Antoinette, China for Yang Guifei, Italy for Princess Ann, etc. I feel like there aren't many idols with a noble, princess-like image, so it's something unique. We'd like to grow into a group that's revered in both the idol scene and the music business. Also, like I said in a previous answer, my dream is to have a concert at Disneyland. Starting in Tokyo, then of course moving on to California and Florida, I'd also want to have concerts in Paris, Hong Kong, Shanghai, and at the Disney resort in Hawaii! As a group themed after princesses, which is a theme understood worldwide, we want to spread our music to people all over the world, and show them our concerts where they can feel energy, courage, and excitement through our performances! We just announced that we'll release a new single on December 20th, so we'll get to end 2017 on a high note, and I think we'll have the chance to make Houkago Princess even more widely-known!
Houkago Princess Official Site: https://houpri.fanmo.jp
Houkago Princess Official Twitter: https://twitter.com/houkagoprincess
Houkago Princess Official Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/user/houkagoprincess
Sasara Sekine Twitter: https://twitter.com/sasaluv_0114
Sasara Sekine Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/iam_sasara
Sasara Sekine @ Cheerz: https://cheerz.cz/p/419070


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Pit Stop: Wibby Brewing, Longmont, Colorado
A great tasting room, with a lively atmosphere on the large patio on the summer Sunday we visited. Very close to downtown Longmont. They have mostly German style beers. I really enjoyed my Moondoor Dunkel while Iain savored the Wibtoberfest.
A cool stop on the Longmont brewery circuit.


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|April 9, 2001, 10:21 PM
Senior Member
Join Date: January 31, 2000
Location: Athens Ga area
Posts: 131
A guy at the range last Saturday said somebody in Alabama was cleaning brass in one part vinegar to 3 parts water in a barrel tumbler. Ha said the brass was coming out cleaner than any regular tumble/media system he had ever seen and that it took 12 minutes per load to do. Anybody heard or seen this?
Also, while I'm at it, has anybody tried that stuff advertised in Sinclair called IOSSO? It's a liquid cleaner.
|April 9, 2001, 11:58 PM
Member in memoriam
Join Date: August 13, 1999
Location: In The HOT, Humid, and Mu
Posts: 6,116
Greeting's Mesa,
I'm in central Alabama myself, but I've never heard of or
tried cleaning brass in vinegar and water. Just tonight I
purchased some liquid car polish to mix with corn cob media
in my tumbler, for the very same purpose. I came here looking for the ratio of mixture to get started. Have you
got any idea's? Thanks in advance for any input.
Ala Dan, N.R.A. Life Member
PS: I do know that car polish cannot contain any ammonia; as
it will affect the coloring of the brass.
|April 10, 2001, 12:17 AM
Senior Member
Join Date: May 15, 2000
Location: NE Ohio
Posts: 150
I've tried the vinegar and water routine (along with salt) and it does get the brass fairly clean, but then you have to worry about drying it. I used to place the brass on a cookie sheet and throw it in the oven for a few minutes, which worked but then the brass would come out looking kind of tarnished and dull. I finally broke down and bought a Berry's tumbler. Corn cob and some Flitz and my cases look as good as new.
|April 10, 2001, 12:17 AM
Senior Member
Join Date: January 31, 2000
Location: Athens Ga area
Posts: 131
I use three capfuls per pound of media. Seems to do good.
BTW: Ammonia will weaken the brass. The color might change too, but the most important concern is the brass will be weaked.
|April 10, 2001, 08:36 AM
Junior Member
Join Date: January 8, 2001
Posts: 7
Use as intened
After years of tumbling brass in bare media, this past week I decided to purchase some Dillon Rapid Polish 290. I had heard that Brasso fouls primer, I heard that glass beads in the tumbler work well, and I've heard many other wives' tales about polishing media. You know, it just makes sense to by a product made for what you're doing.
I was told to treat the media first, then after tumbling several thousand rounds add a capfull every so often. I used about half the bottle to "treat" the walnut media. I have tumbled over 4000 rounds in the past few weeks, and I still haven't needed to add more polish. I started out tumbling about 2000 brass that I picked up at the range (working a big match). The brass came out so pretty that I began retumbling brass that I previously tumbled withou the polish - what a difference.
|April 10, 2001, 09:35 AM
Senior Member
Join Date: March 23, 2001
Posts: 278
Being new to the field of reloading a friend and I tried several methods to clean brass. We are using my son's lapidary barrel tumbler.
1. Picked up some pecan shells from a pecan processing plant and crushed them.
2. Bought some Lyman treated corn cob media.
3. Used a mixture of Dawn dishwashing detergent and lemon juice. Tumbled for 15 minutes.
4. Used a mixture of Dishwasher detergent and lemon juice. Tumbled for 15 minutes.
Option 4 cleaned the brass better. I mean it really cleaned it. It wasn't polished but it was clean.
Option 3 also cleaned the brass but not as good as option 4.
Option 1 cleaned the brass after a couple hours of tumbling but each case had to be wiped by hand to get dust off. Inside of case was still dirty.
Option 2 covered everything with a green layer. Must be the treatment of the media. Tumbled for 4 hours and still had a green layer on it. Had to remove media from flashhole on a lot of the cases. Don't know if the media will work better in a vibratory tumbler vs. a lapidary tumbler.
Options 3 and 4 required drying the cases. We let them sit for 24 hours. They went through the press just fine as did those from option 1 after wiping them with a cloth. Haven't even tried the cases used in option 2. They are still covered with a green layer.
I have ordered a vibratory tumbler to test the treated media. Since our objective was to clean brass option 4 and 3 did what we wanted. As for polishing brass we will wait on the tumbler. I am sure that many prefer to run polished brass throught their presses.
We are going to try ISSO this weekend.
|April 11, 2001, 09:43 PM
Junior Member
Join Date: January 8, 2001
Posts: 7
Or you could just buy brass polish.
[Edited by ramairbrc on 04-12-2001 at 09:07 AM]
|April 12, 2001, 04:50 PM
Join Date: January 4, 2001
Posts: 16
another way of getting walnut media is at the pet store. They sell it in 5 or 10 lb bags for pretty cheap (2 or 3 $). I think they use it for birdcages. I understand machine shops use something similar which you can buy in 100lb bags.
I just use a dab of rubbing compound in a batch and refresh as needed. I will try the Bounce sheet,though. I may have to explain to the wife why I want brass that smells springtime fresh, though.
|April 12, 2001, 07:53 PM
Junior member
Join Date: October 2, 1999
Location: AZ
Posts: 1,759
Vineger and water works.You can allso add a little dishwasher anti spot solution.Had a pro reloader that used a clotheswasher( Small RV type)with the brass in a net bag.The brass came out like new both inside and out.As said in a above post drying them is a problem.He laid his out on cookie sheets and placed it in a oven with just the pilot light on.
|April 12, 2001, 11:52 PM
Senior Member
Join Date: March 23, 2001
Posts: 278
Finally tried a vibratory tumbler. Very quiet while running. After 3 hours the brass still had a light coating of 'dust' from the green treated media. Wiped it off with a clean rag and they were very bright and shiny. Looked real good. Just got to figure out why the Lyman treated media leaves a green 'dust' on the brass. Maybe once the media is broken in they will come out looking like new. Even though it is not as quick as dishwasher detergent and lemon juice the brass did look good once I cleaned them off with a rag and no need to dry them. Gave me time to inspect the brass more closely as I cleaned them.
|April 13, 2001, 07:47 PM
Senior Member
Join Date: September 13, 2000
Posts: 111
I always rinse off my brass after tumbling. You will be suprised that alot of times there will be media in the case, even if you aggressively shake/tumble the media out. I do this as a safety precaution and to rid the brass of dust.
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Contact Us
129 Church St #226
New Haven, CT 06510
Map and Driving Directions
Phone: (203) 495-9790
At the law firm of Frost | Bussert llc, located on the Green in New Haven, Connecticut, our focus is criminal defense, civil litigation, and disciplinary and regulatory matters. Contact us today for an initial consultation.
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This past Saturday, hundreds of people flocked to Magnuson Park to attend the annual Windermere-sponsored Debuts & Discoveries event. For the third year in a row, Windermere was excited to be the lead sponsor of Debuts & Discoveries, held by the University Sunrise Rotary Club, and benefitting Outdoors for All and its mission to enrich quality of life for children and adults with disabilities through outdoor recreation.
Around 800 people were in attendance and $25K was raised, all going to local goodness. Due to the success of the event, Windermere is able to fund a $10,000 grant to Outdoors for All. The remainder of the dollars raised will go to the University Sunrise Rotary Foundation which funds local and international community charities.
We are so grateful to the three Windermere offices that provided our primary sponsorship: Wedgwood, Sand Point, and Northgate. This sponsorship not only did great things for the community, but also provided many Windermere agents, friends, and clients with a stellar evening sampling local beverages and food trucks. The Windermere Way is all about giving back to the community and having fun at the same time, so this event was the perfect way to keep the spirit strong!


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Tuesday, May 1, 2012
Shameless Self-Promotion
I'm not too great at touting my virtues to others. I've never been the kind of worker to network and schmooze. It's just not who I am. But hyping my kid up... I'm great at that!! And that's what this post is all about. A few weeks ago I entered Charlotte in the Gap Casting Call. She didn't get chosen - apparently the judges are blind. So I went ahead and used the same photo to enter her in another contest. This one isn't so much about cuteness as it is about popularity. Whoever gets the most votes wins. And that's why I need you. If you love this photo as much as I do, or if you want me to win $100, or if you don't care but have 15 seconds to spare, please go vote. Thanks!!
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Upcoming ASNT Events
- Events Calendar
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Open Calls for Abstracts
ASNT conferences offer many opportunities for you to present your work in a live forum. Throughout the year, we have a multitude of programs covering a broad range of topics on relevant NDT technology and applications. See what it's all about, and consider submitting your abstract today.
Submit your abstract online
ASNT Research Symposium is one of the premier platforms for exchanging information on groundbreaking, trending and emerging research, technology transfer and engineering practices in the field of nondestructive evaluation (NDE)SEE EVENT DETAILS ›


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Were you or a loved one attacked by a dog?
There are thousands of dog owners in Florida. Not every dog is dangerous, but some dogs have a greater proclivity to get aggressive and attack than others. If you or someone you love was bitten or attacked by a dog, you may be able to bring a lawsuit against the dog's owner for the damages their dog caused.
Our Clearwater personal injury attorneys are familiar with Florida's dog bite statute and how to build a case around dog owner liability in these types of cases.
There are many facets to Florida's dog bite law. We hope in this section we can break it down so that it's easy to understand.
- First of all, a dog owner can be held liable when their dog bites another person if:
- The attack happened in a public place, OR
- The attack happened in a private place, but the victim was lawfully present
- A dog owner can be held liable regardless:
- Of the dog's former viciousness, OR
- The owner's knowledge of the dog's former viciousness
- A dog attack victim can be held liable or partially liable if:
- Their actions contributed to the attack, OR
- They intentionally provoked the dog
Dog Owners are Liable Regardless of Animal's History
In some states, dog owners can use the defense that they were unaware their dog was vicious by showing that the dog had no history of violence or aggression. In Florida, that is not the case. Former viciousness has no bearing on determining liability in dog bite cases. The court will look exclusively at the attack, rather than the dog's history, when determining fault and appropriate damages.
Did the Owner Post Warning Sign on the Premises?
Under Florida statute, if a dog owner posts a sign either on their dog or on the property where the dog is contained, and that sign effectively warns visitors to the premises that the dog is potentially dangerous, then an attack victim may not be able to sue the dog's owner for any attack and ensuing injuries that take place. The premises owner must warn potential visitors to the property "in a prominent place" that their dog could attack and cause injury.
Most Dangerous Dog Breeds
While all dogs possess unique personalities, there are some breeds that have been recognized to be more aggressive and which pose a greater threat to the safety of humans.
The most dangerous dog breeds in the United States are:
- Boxer
- Chow Chow
- Doberman Pinscher
- Huskies / Malamute
- Rottweiler
- German Shepherd
- Pitbull
Due to the fact that these breeds pose an increased risk of attacking, many communities, apartment complexes, and other private locations do not allow tenants to keep these dogs on the premises.
Contact Roman & Gaynor to Discuss Your Dog Bite Case in Florida
If you or someone you care about was bitten or attacked by a dog, and this occurred less than two years ago, you may be able to file a claim against the dog's owner to recover financial damages. Roman & Gaynor passionately pursues justice for victims of negligence. Call today!
Contact a Clearwater dog bite lawyer at our firm today and we will provide you with a free and confidential case evaluation.


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I was so glad to have found the services of Dr. Andrea G while visiting Rome. I was not feeling well but dreaded having to go to the hospital in a foreign country. The service is amazing. Within a couple of minutes I was chatting with the Doctor himself describing my symptoms. Shortly after, Dr. G came to see me to the place I was staying at. Dr. G was very attentive and answered all my questions. He prescribed medication for my condition and the next day I was feeling much better. He even followed up with my husband to make sure I was feeling better. The fees are pretty reasonable as well. I wish we had the same type of service here in the US!!Ivette O'Quinn
The service you get with med in action is 10/10. I was very unwell in Rome, with bronchitis, and an ear infection. Dr Andrea Guerriero came to see me at my hotel. I was due to fly out the next night, Unfortunately I couldn't fly but was prescribed all the medication I would need to get me on the soonest flight out. He provided me with everything I needed for travel insurance and did a follow up appointment. I'd recommend med in action to anyone feeling unwell in Rome.Rebecca Marsh
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Laszlo Bodi
I was born in Austria but my family originated from Hungry and I speak Hungarian fluently. I learned a lot from my mother who cooked various Hungarian dishes, since she was Hungarian. My mother worked as a chef in a Hungarian restaurant back in Cleveland, Ohio where I grew up. Ever since that time, I've always had an interest in cooking. Through many years of cooking myself, I've discovered and created the best back yard barbecues and rubs and they are down to perfection. My dream is to one day own a restaurant where I have the opportunity to present all the fantastic dishes and cook all my favorite Hungarian foods that have that sweet taste, an aroma of paprika from my home country, Hungary.


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