text:
On Friday, the U.S. Attorney for the District of Massachusetts announced the filing of criminal fraud charges against the co-owners of a telecommunications consortium, joining state and federal regulators in accusing the pair of operating a $1.1 billion Ponzi and pyramid scheme. One of the accused, James Merrill, was arrested without incident and is currently in custody awaiting an upcoming hearing where a judge will decide whether bail will be granted. However, the remaining co-owner, Carlos Wanzeler, is a fugitive and is believed by authorities to have fled to Brazil, where he holds dual citizenship. While this typically would not present a problem to extraditing Wanzeler to face the charges, the particulars of Brazil's extradition policies suggest that Wanzeler's decision to flee may have been a calculated one.
Extradition is the official process utilized when a country seeks the transfer of a suspected or convicted criminal from another country to face charges. This procedure is typically governed by treaties, but is also governed by other conditions including the dual criminality of the offense or the penalties for the alleged crime. The process is not automatic, nor is it typically quick.
The United States and Brazil signed a treaty in 1964 that provides for the extradition of anyone accused of a crime with a maximum sentence of one year or more (the equivalent of a felony). However, Brazil amended its constitution in 1988 to prohibit the extradition of Brazilian citizens to any country, leaving the possibility of extradition available only for those with proven involvement in the narcotics trade.
Nearly 30 years later, Brazil's official policy remains to prohibit the extradition of its citizens. This may present a problem to U.S. authorities seeking the extradition of Wanzeler, who is believed to hold dual citizenship with both the U.S. and Brazil. Brazil has seen its policy challenged by U.S. authorities in recent high-profile cases, but with no success. For example, in August 2010, a south Florida police officer accused of drug trafficking somehow removed his court-ordered electronic monitoring bracelet and hopped on a flight to his native Brazil. Despite efforts by Florida authorities, Britto remains a fugitive in Brazil and unlikely to face the charges unless on his own free will.
Authorities have not commented on any anticipated problems with Wanzeler, only labeling him a fugitive due to beliefs that he is already in Brazil. While the truth of this assumption should be easily verifiable using flight manifests, Wanzeler's lawyer has not offered any comment. However, even if Wanzeler is able to at least indefinitely escape U.S. prosecution, the possibility still remains that he could be charged by Brazilian authorities, who have been investigating TelexFree since mid-2013.


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Interview: Rowdy
Rowdy's unique take on urban living delivers landscapes in the form of his legendary boulders, abstract city scapes and ubiquitous crocodiles. Bricks and mortar may mean money and mortgages to some but Rowdy prefers his building blocks in their raw state. His Cityscape paintings show Skyscrapers constructed out of the tiniest marks a spray can make. Some are hectic, others more meditative. Rowdy's trademark crocodiles are often huge in scale and are indicative of the playful n... (continued)
Rowdy's unique take on urban living delivers landscapes in the form of his legendary boulders, abstract city scapes and ubiquitous crocodiles. Bricks and mortar may mean money and mortgages to some but Rowdy prefers his building blocks in their raw state. His Cityscape paintings show Skyscrapers constructed out of the tiniest marks a spray can make. Some are hectic, others more meditative. Rowdy's trademark crocodiles are often huge in scale and are indicative of the playful nature of the imagery in his work, and long may we continue to see these King-sized crocs attacking our walls and lurking in the concrete swamps. The last few years have seen him collaborate with cohorts Cyclops & Sweet Toof resulting in one of the most widespread bombing campaigns seen in the UK 's capital in the last decade. Rowdy probably is best known for his line in crocodiles, he now continues this activity alongside fellow members of the Burning Candy Crew â Cyclops, Sweet Toof and Tek33. Rowdy took some time out to talk to us here at The405 in the run up to him being featured at The Thousands Art show. When did you first realize that pursuing Art could become a full time career for yourself? Was your choice to become a "graffiti artist" something that was regularly embraced; given your talents, during your youth or was it something often frowned upon by your parents and teachers who told you being an artist wasn't a "real" job. Being an Artist has a been a full time job for me for many years regardless of payment, parents understood though the Art/Trend establishment often didn't. From looking at your art work its rather apparent that you're heavily influenced and fascinated by landscapes and city skylines. Do you think its at all ironic that you create these bright and colorful buildings when at the same time you practice in graffiti art which defaces similar structures and buildings? It just goes hand in hand, I wouldn't necessarily paint something of architectural integrity even if I knew I could get away with it, alot of my work is very considered and site specific. Though every now and then I like to get on an adhoc tip and smash shit up! You're also a member of a collective group of street artists called "The Burning Candy Crew". Just for our readers at home can you explain what TBCC is, your role in the crew, what you do collectively and how the group first formed. I paint Crocodiles and keep Lenny ( Skull Gum Geazer) on his toes, the character created by Cyclops and Sweet Toof. I open up certain doors in the West Country and Europe trying to make sure we don't just get dubbed a London Crew. The crews origins go back years however BC began materialising some 3 years ago with Cyc ,Toof, Tek 33 not long after I joined, now we are 9. Cept and Tek very much keep the NYC flavour of writing alive in the crew, there are many periods when we leave Graffiti out of our work but not the essence, but these 2 handle the writing very well. Gold Peg and Mighty Monkey catch killer roof tops and are very instrumental in keeping the Crews energy topped up to 11! as does LL Brainwash. Dscreet is also a film maker and paints heavily, i'm almost surprised at his output due to his laid backness. I would say conceptually it's split between Toof, Cyc and myself. It's worth saying the crew work incredibaly hard. Like most graffiti artists, you've decided to work under an alias. How did you get the nickname Rowdy I was 18 had just split up with my 1st Love, got into 3 fights in 2 weeks, after realising it was better to take my frustrations out on walls , the name was ideal. I recently saw some of your art work where you had painted faces onto a number of rocks and stones. What was the idea behind these pieces? It's a long story and often these pieces have there own narrative. It's the Caveman thing, being primal, similar to how facets of BC roll. I don't just want to dwell in the urban setting with my Art, I need a certain amount of countryside in my life. I'd worked in a number of Quarries producing Art on giant boulders, this year I got the chance to bring this work to the City taking what is literally 'Underground' the foundations of our roads and cities and let the general public be confronted by this rather than the occasional dog walker. The pieces are very heavyweight for instance my yellow mouse weighed in at 5 and half tonnes. The stones get climbed and sat on alot which is great when most art has the do not touch stigma attached to it. Now that you've started taking on a lot of commissioned work and have been having your art work exhibited do you ever get time to hit up any legal or illegal spots during your days off? I wouldn't say I do that much commisioned work, though my Art is getting exhibited more and more. What's a day off ? What is your opinion on graffiti art despite the negative stigma that it seems to carry? It rocks hard! I could write somthing unprintable about the subject on how it doesn't fit into some peoples cosy little world. What were you doing before all of this kicked off? When did it kick off exactly? Some of the New York trains were painted before I was born, what's more I met writers who were not even born when I started painting. What is the key to keeping your work and ideas fresh and not getting mentally or physically burnt out by what you do? Good question. Now and then I do crash , it's not so hard to be fresh don't do stencils unless your Banksy, OK i'm being a bit harsh most of the stuff at the 1st Cans Festival rocked! I would say 90% of Street Art / Graffiti does not work in a gallery setting, so please everyone give that some thought! Though strangley it seems to work outside of this....Hhmmmm. If you don't crash maybe you ain't been working that hard, also try drinking Super Malt! Finally, whats next for Rowdy and The Burning Candy Crew? In terms of any new projects you have or any aspirations you have in life that you would still like to work toward and achieve. Is there anyone you'd like to give a shout out to? Well the Bristol show needs to be taken down, though I guess our entourage of lovely assistances can do this hahaha haha ha. Personally I would like to push my abstract work futher forward with 1 or 2 decent shows the feeback has been great, it keeps me calm, more Quarry stuff both rural and urban it's fun! also the Travel paint ting maybe with crew members or whoever ? Shot outs- To the lady I 've been hanging out with Filthy Luker and A.C  Peace x The Thousands will be open from November 18th through the 22nd of November at Village Underground in London (54 Holywell Lane, London, EC2A 3PQ). A companion book will be published by Drago Lab to commemorate the event. Keep checking back this week for exclusive interviews with some of the artists featured in The Thousands - Armsrock and Nick Walker plus an extra special interview with Michael Rushmore himself.
RowdyThe405InterviewGraffitiThe Burning Candy CrewAaron HuntThe Thousands

subset: commoncrawl


text: I have now FINISHED cataloguing my trip to the US this year, on Youtube! YAY! It's taken a while to edit, but you can now watch it all in the playlist below (Skip to "Ola in the USA 2012 – Step 1" if need be). You can see full sets, clips from performances, me bantering with DL Hughley, opening for Louie Anderson, getting stuck in New York, the time I met Kirk Franklin, my shoutout from Greer Barnes whilst hanging out at the world famous Comedy Cellar, the time I accidentally crossed a picket line on May Day and of course Bryan Ricci being an awesome friend, host and colleague. I also need to thank Alexis Ricci and the entire Ricci family for the hospitality and love. Next Youtube series coming soon – "Ola in Dubai"[youtube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DAvVN3FNqNY&feature=share&list=PLEB0FB82612D26876]


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Looking for memorable holiday gifts? Here are five unique ideas at a range of price points. Bonus – you'll be supporting ethical sourcing, recycling/upcycling, and local artisans. Each one is Canadian or has a Canadian connection.
Light and Movement
Need some sparkle this holiday? Brilliant Earth's gorgeous nature-inspired Wisteria collection is truly covetable. The Wisteria earrings (on left) and ring (far right) are on my wish list! Although Brilliant Earth is based in California, these fine pieces are made with ethically-sourced, conflict-free Canadian diamonds. You can also order custom-made engagement rings and wedding rings.
Toys with Character
Something Sweet Creative Studio makes adorable owls from upcycled fabric. You'll find them at craft fairs around the Kootenays and online on Facebook.
Luxury hand-made knits and bath products
Ju Tri Luxury Soap and Hand Knitted Items makes soaps, lotions, lip balms, toques, and mittens. This Etsy shop, based in Alberta, Canada, has a Kootenay connection – the owner was born in the West Kootenays.
Clever Paper Crafts
Wintergreen Designs, on Etsy, sells fabulous Scandinavian-style quilled paper ornaments. Who knew quilling could be so cute? Not to be missed!
Original, Locally-Made Artwork
The Kootenay Gallery of Art in Castlegar, BC is hosting an exhibition and sale for Christmas, featuring artwork by over 100 local artists and craftspeople. One way to make the holidays memorable is to make memories! Visit the gallery for a magical experience this holiday. You'll find many gift ideas once you're there. Highly recommended!


text:
Sarawak diving operator not only provides diving equipment rental but also scuba lesson ranging from beginner to professional level and also onsite support services.
There are just a handful of dive operator that provides PADI and BSAC dive courses.
These training are conducted by experienced and PADI certified Instructor with years of diving experienced.
These dive centre and operator are located in Kuching and Miri…among them are…
Aquabase which based at Damai Puri Resort and Spa…Santubong offered recreational scuba diving certificate courses…daily snorkelling and diving trip off Kuching diving sites. They aslo provide diving equipment for rent. To learn more about their diving courses and trip visit Aquabae here.
Kuching Scuba Centre which is located at Jalan Chan Chin Ann in Kuching also organised regular diving trip for diving enthusiast to Kuching diving sites and also to Miri Diving Site. They could be contact at +6082-428842 for more diving packages info.
CPH Travel Agencies(Sarawak) Sdn. Bhd also organise snorkelling and diving trips for their guest to diving site in Kuching. They could be contact at +6082-243708 or visit CPH Travel Agencies for more details on their diving trips.
Sematan Palm Beach Resort also provide diving equipment rental and organise diving trips to Kuching Diving sites. To enquire more details about their diving trip and package visit them here.
Red Monkey Diver Sdn. Bhd which is located at Jalan
Dato Abang Indah…Miri provide PADI and also BSAC dive courses ranging
from beginner level to professional level. They organised regular diving
trip exploring Miri Reefs and wreck in their well- equipped diving boat.
To get details information about their diving courses and packages contact them at +6085-416445 or visit Red Monkey Divers site here.
Co Co Dive formerly known as Tropical Dives which is located at Lot 1338 Jalan Sri Dagang…Miri also organise regular diving trips to Miri's reefs and wreck, the also arranged for accommodations for divers and also training. More details about their services can be found at Co Co Dive
These are just some of Sarawak Dive Operators providing diving course and also equipment rental for your diving trip. There are a numbers of qualified dive instructors in Sarawak also providing trainings for leisure and also commercials diving. More info about dive operators and providers will update once the details is available.
Click Sarawak Diving Operator to check out Sarawak Diving Sites.


text:
Google team is gracious to inform us about this decision in advance and the intentions behind this move, which we very much respect. At Zoho, we see HTML5 as the future of the web, and we plan to move our apps in this direction.
As far as Offline support for existing Zoho Apps (Zoho Writer & Zoho Mail, primarily) are concerned, they will continue to work for now as we migrate towards HTML5. We internally are experimenting with HTML5 and we are excited to see the possibilities.
It was a great experience working with the Google Gears team and we now look forward to working closely with HTML5 team.


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This character is a private investigator who works out of Boston and is hired as a bodyguard.
Candy Sloan
This person is a television reporter in Los Angeles who investigates corruption in the movie industry.
Mickey Rafferty
This character works as a stunt double and is killed after witnessing a bribe.
Sam Felton
This movie producer works for Summit Pictures and pays a bribe to a mobster.
Roger Hammond
The head of Summit Pictures, this person goes to the mob after misspending studio funds.
Peter Brewster
This character is the president of Oceania Properties and kills another character in an oil field.
Rollie Simms
This person is the chief of security at Oceania Properties and shoots two other characters.
Detective Samuelson
This character is a homicide detective assigned to solve the first two murders in the novel.
Francisco Montenegro
This character is a mob enforcer who beats...
(read more Character Descriptions)
This section contains 192 words
(approx. 1 page at 300 words per page)


text:
Votre titre Audible gratuit
Penance for Jerry Kennedy
Prix : 22,40 €
A fast-paced, witty, and authentic novel that transports the reader into the exhilarating world of crime and chicanery that defines the life of Boston lawyer, Jerry Kennedy. Heretofore successful lawyer Jerry Kennedy, our classy yet sleazy protagonist, finds himself grasping at straws when his world begins to crumble around him.
His accountant jailed, his wife giving him the silent treatment, his mentor and friend, Frank McDonald, curiously unresponsive, Jerry grapples with public slander dealt him by an unjust judge as well as the prospect of being investigated by the IRS.
Cut off from his usual sources of support, Jerry finds himself in the grasp of tough, opaque, and demanding attorney Bertram Magazu. At a loss for what to expect, Jerry Kennedy senses it's definitely trouble time. With crackling dialogue and biting humor, Penance for Jerry Kennedy paints a picture of the Boston underworld in which risk is the name of the game.
Autres livres audio du même :
Ce que les membres d'Audible en pensent
- Ted
- 04/09/2016
Kennedy, like Guinness,a premium acquired taste!
Here's the second in the Jerry Kennedy saga. YOU GOTTA' READ "KENNEDY FOR THE DEFENSE" FIRST! Because? These books, while stand alone, are also a multifaceted, nuanced, character evolving, work in progress. Think "epic" and you'll get what Higgins is up to here. And it works for me. These characters are fascinating and done in a kind of, well...
Look up Damon Runyan in Wikipedia and I'll bet that you'll find a Jerry Kennedy picture somewhere there. A lot of these characters... almost all unfiltered... blurt out enough personal color to make you squint. The ensemble's subtly off-kilter, just like reality seems to be these days.
The latest, "Defending Billy Ryan", is on my Wish List. That's how much I'm enjoying these people and the way that Stephen Bowlby's filling them with life.
8 sur 9 personne(s) ont trouvé cet avis utile.
- peter
- 08/01/2019
Enjoyable and well written
George Higgins always tells a good tale, and most realistically. Sometimes I think he is writing non-fiction or at times it feels that way since he gets so deeply into the mood and details.
- a
- 20/12/2012
Would you recommend this audiobook to a friend? If so, why?
Would definitely recommend this audiobook not only to my friends but to everyone out there. This is the first time I became familiarized with both Higgins and Bowlby. I really enjoyed the storyline from start to finish. I also enjoyed Bowlby's narration. He nails the Boston accent and I like the way he takes on the mannerisms and inflection of everyone in the cast.
Who was your favorite character and why?
Kennedy of course! Need I say why!
Have you listened to any of Stephen Bowlby's other performances before? How does this one compare?
Had not.
Was there a moment in the book that particularly moved you?
Not really. I feel that the book is light-hearted throughout, with a lot of tongue-in-cheek dialog. Not cheesy though.
Any additional comments?
Bought another Kennedy audio book and it is waiting in the wings. Gonna finish Bonfire of the Vanities first.


text:
Each year, approximately 40,000 people are diagnosed with HIV infection in the United States, and many others are at risk. There is a new opportunity to prevent HIV by offering pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to people with a high risk of infection. PrEP is a biomedical intervention consisting of a daily, oral medication to prevent HIV acquisition; it is more than 90% effective if take regularly.
This PrEP Action Kit includes clinical resources. It consists of:
To view the following inserts, please download the PDFs below:
Download PDFs Here View Kit Here


text:
In the last few years Dubrovnik has gained a great reputation in the travel world especially that it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. With the direct flights from London, it became very accessible. It was even used as the set for the very popular TV show Game of Thrones. The city mixes culture, history, sunshine and beaches beautifully.
Since I started my trip from the capital Zagreb and stopped in Plitvice Lakes National Park and Split, I arrived around 10ish pm to Dubrovnik by bus. Thankfully the hostel was very close to the gate. It was located on the top of an ally in the third floor with two more sets of narrow steep spiral stairs. Getting there with a mini bag was a little bit of a struggle, but that was the best option we found. If I go to Dubrovnik again, I wouldn't even bother to stay within the city walls. Their bus system is quiet good, cheap and drops you off right in front of the city gate.
Dubrovnik's beauty matched its reputation and there were SO many things to see and do in that little city, but it was the most crowded place EVER! I went the first week of September and it was heaving with tourists.
Basically, the whole old city is catered for tourists and most locals had to move out because of the very expensive rates.
PS. Everyone I ran into in the country spoke English. I had no problems communicating with anyone. Plus people were very friendly.
Read on for the activities I did there and my top tips in Croatia.
The things I did in my two days and a half in Dubrovnik:
- City Walls Walk ( I did it without a tour guide, but you can hire one if you really want to)
- Tasting the food in town ( I tried a few random restaurants & they were all yummy)
- Ice Cream! Omg that was my favourite thing I did there. Ice cream in the sunshine while looking at beautiful old Architecture!
- Exploring the city and the Museums. You are really spoiled for choice, but none of them really stood out to me. I just enjoyed walking around and going in to whatever Museum happened to be in front of me.
- Day trip to Lokrum Island and dip in the Dead Sea there! (full Lokrum post here).
Top Tips for Dubrovnik/Croatia:
- If you want a better, cheaper accommodation, stay outside the city walls and take the bus to the old city.
- Buy the three day Museums/walk pass if you are planning to visit a number of museums because that works out cheaper. The pass also includes a bus trip. You can get it from the old city's tourism information office or at some of the Museums.
- If you want to stay connected (3G) get the tourists internet sim card from the airport. It gave me great internet for the week I spent in Croatia.
- There is only one restaurant that serves halal meat in the old city of Dubrovnik called Taj Mahal, but make sure to make a booking because they only have limited halal meat. It's easy to get vegetarian food though, so there will be plenty to eat!


text:
Kartal, M.; Molak, R.; Turski, M.; Gungor, S.; Fitzpatrick, M. E. and Edwards, L.
|DOI (Digital Object Identifier) Link:
|Google Scholar:
|Look up in Google Scholar
The aim of this study was to develop a method of extracting local mechanical properties from weld metal by strain mapping using the digital image correlation (DIC) technique. The feasibility of determining local stress-strain behaviour in the weld zone of a 316H stainless steel pipe with a girth weld was investigated by tensile tests of specimens machined from the pipe so that it contained the weld at its centre. The tensile test was recorded using a high resolution digital camera and the DIC technique was used to obtain the complete set of full field displacement maps during the tensile test. The local strain was calculated at every sub-region of 32×32 pixels, which enabled the local stress-strain behaviour for this region to be determined. Results from these tests show the variability of the elastic modulus, yield stress and UTS across the weld. To check the reliability of the technique, a set of micro tensile samples, with gauge length of 3.7mm and cross-sectional area of 0.7×0.7 mm2, were machined from the various locations in and around the weld zone. The comparison of stress-strain curves determined from micro-samples to stress-strain curves from the corresponding locations within a larger more conventional tensile specimen shows a reasonably good agreement.
|Item Type:
|Journal Item
|Copyright Holders:
|2007 Trans Tech Publications
|digital image correlation; arc welding; micro samples; mechanical properties
|Academic Unit/School:
|Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) > Engineering and Innovation
Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)
|Item ID:
|Depositing User:
|Michael E. Fitzpatrick
|Date Deposited:
|01 Oct 2007
|Last Modified:
|08 May 2019 13:35
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This specific ISBN edition is currently not available.View all copies of this ISBN edition:
This book helps readers understand how the components of textiles–fiber, yarn, fabric, dye, and finish–contribute to the performance of products for specific end uses. With a focus on the why behind the material, it encourages students to understand and predict textile properties and performance. This edition emphasizes the global environment and offers separate chapters in fiber properties; fabrics and structures; and nonwoven fabrics. Finishes are now separated into two chapters (physical/mechanical finishes and chemical finishes) and Take a Closer look sections bring an in-depth perspective to select chapter topics.
"synopsis" may belong to another edition of this title.
The text seeks to provide basic information on the structure, processing, and properties of textiles. The approach of the book, as signaled in the title, Understanding Textiles, Sixth Edition, is to understand how the components of textiles―fiber, yarn, fabric, dye, and finish―contribute to the performance of products for specific end uses. Rather than being predominantly descriptive in our approach, we emphasize the "why" behind fiber, yarn, and fabric characteristics to help students understand and predict textile properties and performance. The text is most suitable for an interactive, analytical approach to learning the basics of textiles structures and textile performance.
In this revision of our book, we further emphasize how the properties of the different components of a textile fabric affect the performance of the final product. As a textile is built from fiber, then yarn, then fabric, so the text strives to build an understanding of how each contributes to product performance. The concept of "putting it all together" encourages students to think of a textile fabric in terms of the sum of its parts, rather than of the separate components. Two features in the book help to accomplish this. First, properties of fibers, yarns, and fabrics are summarized under the headings of "Durability," "Appearance," and "Comfort." The summaries discuss the effects of fabric components on these areas of performance that are important in the selection of textile fabrics. A second feature is the presentation of case studies of specific end use textile products. The case studies describe what properties are important for a specific textile end use and detail the considerations in selecting the appropriate fiber, yarn structure, fabric construction, and/or finish for that end use. Students are encouraged to analyze other end use products in a similar fashion.
The revised text also features updated material on production, processing, and use of textiles. New fibers, such as lyocell and a number of high performance fibers, are presented. Advances in processing, dyeing, and finishing are also described. To provide emphasis for these or to pique student interest in a particular area, Consumer Briefs (boxed material that highlights a particular consumer product or products) are included in selected chapters.
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ST. MARY'S CITY, Md. (November 15, 2007) - Brian Boyle, a junior majoring in art at St. Mary's College of Maryland, brings new meaning to the words perseverance, commitment and endurance. Boyle, who survived a near fatal auto accident three years ago, completed the Ironman World Championship in Kona, Hawaii in October. His story will be part of an NBC Sports program scheduled for Dec. 1 at 4:30 p.m.
Brian Boyle, of Welcome, Md., at the finish line of the Ironman Triathlon in Hawaii in October.
Brian Boyle, of Welcome, Md., at the finish line of the Ironman Triathlon in Hawaii in October.
Boyle and his parents live in Welcome, Maryland.
This month Boyle is back at the College and with the swim team on deck and in the water. His coach, Andre Barbins said, "We are very excited for Brian that he completed the grueling Ironman in Hawaii. Three years ago we set goals for him to just swim a half hour in practice. Now he can compete with the St. Mary's College Swim Team. It is amazing that he has fully recovered from such a horrific accident."
Boyle was a state-level high school swimmer when he was severely injured in an auto accident on July 6, 2004. He was taken to a Prince George's County hospital and nearly died eight times on the operating table. His parents were told he would never walk again, but he defied the odds and recovered. Weighing only 129 pounds when he left the hospital, the five-foot-eleven-inch Boyle built back his body so that he could attend college and continue with his athletic goals.
"I never gave up on my dream of going to St. Mary's College," Boyle said. "If I had never come here, the Ironman and my dream of swimming again would never have happened." Juggling school and athletic training, Boyle now weighs 180 pounds and wants to inspire others to "never give up on their dreams in life no mater how hard life gets for them."
On a whim, Boyle sent his story to the organizers of Ironman triathlon, a race first held in 1978 as a dare by Navy seals. Tens of thousands of triathletes try to get one of the coveted spots each year. The event is open to the public. To his amazement, Boyle heard back from the Ironman president that they wanted him to be a part of their event, and to participate as the event's "inspirational athlete".
The Ironman triathlon consists of a 2.4-mile swim in Kailua-Kona Bay, a 112-mile bike ride across the Hawaiian lava desert, and ends with a 26- mile run along the western coast of the Big Island. Boyle completed the race in 14 hours, 42 minutes, and 35 seconds - in 1564 place.
"This was the greatest day of my life," the 21-year-old said, after finishing the race.
Three different NBC news crews followed Boyle for the sports program that is scheduled to air Saturday, Dec. 1 at 4:30 p.m.
Boyle's parents were also there in Hawaii to cheer him on. Brian's mother, JoAnne Boyle, works at Naval Air Station Patuxent River for NAVAIR 6.7 as a contract support services national manager. Brian's dad is Garth Boyles, who with his business partner, Deane Guy, owns/operates D & G Concrete Pumping, in Clements, Maryland.


text:
Helen Ho
Professor Christina Cogdell
DES 40A: P6 Group
13 April 2013
Life Cycle Analysis of a Toyota Prius: Raw Materials
The Toyota Prius Hybrid car has been advertised as one of the leading vehicles sold for its low greenhouse gas emissions because of its function to run on both fuel and electric power. Even so, the Prius is manufactured the same way as the standard gasoline car. The raw materials needed to make this car; plastic, rubber, glass, and metals; much like their traditional petro-fueled automobile counterparts except for its unique Nickel-Metal Hydride battery pack (eHow.com). It is true that the CO2 emissions on the Prius is lower than a petroleum based car, but that doesn't mean that it is as environmentally friendly than the companies advertise it to be. Weighing the pros and cons, the Prius still causes harm to the environment like the standard petroleum based car; but in another form.
One common raw material for any car manufacturing is rubber; and the Prius is no exception. Rubber is used to manufacture many different products in a car. One important and obvious product made of rubber is the car tire. A classic Prius is heavier compared to the average vehicle, so it needs at least a minimum standard of 35 Pounds per Square Inch air pressured tire. Bridgestone supplies Toyota with a set of Bridgestone Potenza RE92 tires for a Prius (John). They mainly get their supply of rubber from plantations located in two places: the P.T. Sumatra Rubber Estate in Serbalawan, North Sumatra and the P.T. Bridgestone Kalimantan Plantation in Tanah Laut, South Kalimantan. I was unable to find the ingredients list of Bridgestone's PotenzaRE92, so I found a general compound list for rubber tires. There are four main types of rubbers used; natural rubber, stryene-butadiene rubber (SBR), polybutadene rubber (BR), and butyl rubber. Along with the second ingredient, a filler, most commonly carbon black, silica, clay, or titanium oxide, different types of tires could be produced based on the selection of the filler (ORingsusa.com). Butyl rubbers and halogenated butyl rubbers have low air permeability, so industries use them for the tire's inner lining for purposes of maintaining the compressed air and tire pressure. SBR, BR, and natural rubbers are primarily used for the tread and sidewalls of the tire. Another ingredient thrown into the formula to reinforce the strength of the rubber tires would be cords, made of cotton, rayon, polyester, steel, fiberglass, and aramid. With procedures, companies are able to make durable tires.
Toyota Priuses also come with original floor mats with the Prius logo, but I was unable to find their raw materials list. Instead, I found a company that sells highly reviewed and economically priced mats for almost any car; Lloyd Mats. They offer a variety of mats on their website, such as the Classic Loops and Rubbertites. For classic loop mats, the customer's chosen color is "added to the liquid polypropylene before the material solidifies and is woven into yarn" (Lloyd Mats). For reference, liquid polypropylene is a industrial chemical intermediate in an array of chemical and plastic products such as polygas propylene oxide, oxo chemicals, acrylonitrile and more, making the carpet fade, stain, and soil resistant. Rubbertite, on the other hand, is a heavyweight yet flexible composition rubber that is designed to hold water, snow, sand, and spills. Rubber is used to manufacture other products such as "bumpers, hoses, seals, gaskets, wipers, and more" (Smithsonian Museum). But there are various companies that can produce these types of products, so it is uncertain exactly which brand Toyota chooses as for their initial assembling. There are many products inside the Prius that are made out of rubber; even if we don't notice them, it still has its significant part in the end product as a whole.
The second most common material in a Toyota Prius would be plastic, a byproduct of petroleum. There are various companies that process plastics and package them for other companies to buy and use. The average 3,000 pound car uses around 250 pounds of plastic dispersed around various parts of the car including: upholstery, dashboard, wheels, bumpers, console, steering, and more (Smithsonian Museum). Since December 17th, 2008, Toyota has used more amounts of ecological plastic in their vehicle interiors, which does not limit to only Priuses. Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC) has announced "increase [in] their use of plant-derived, carbon-neutral plastics (meaning zero net CO2 emissions over an entire product life cycle) in more vehicle models, starting with a new hybrid vehicle next year." The plastics would be mainly two types of Ecological Plastics; a 100% plant-derived material and a combination of plant and petroleum-derived material. Ecological Plastics meet the shock and heat resistant demands for interiors. The cuff plates, cowl trim, floor finish plate and toolbox throughout the car, a plant derived polylactic acid and the petroleum derived polypropylene is used. For the headliner, sun visors, and pillar covers, plant derived polyester and petroleum derived polyethylene terephthalate is used for the fibrous potion. The covering for the trunk liner is made of plant derived polylactic acid and petroleum derived polyethylene terephthalate. The base material for door trims are made with only plant derived kenaf fiber polylactic acid. The form portion of the seat cushions are made of the plant derived polyol (from caster oil) and the petroleum derived polyol and isocyanate (a cross-linking agent). For a complete table of the materials mentioned, refer to Figure 1, reference graph showing the Ecological Plastic Application and materials used. With the Prius constantly voted as one of the top eco-friendly cars, it is important to the company's image and consumers that the materials are constantly being improved to be eco-friendly.
The third common material in a Toyota Prius is glass. Glass material is typically made of silica, found in various parts of the earth like sand, or ground flint (Lecture 4). Glass typically used as a material for car windows, safety glass, and the windshield of any car. Toyota currently obtains their supply of glass through a Japanese company named Nippon Sheet Glass Co. or NSG. They have 32 sites in over 16 countries, with a "major presence in Europe, Japan, North America, South America, and China" (NSG Group). Their products for automobiles include a wide variety of automobile windows that have solar control glazings, water management glazings, laminated side glazings, and acoustic glazing. But from a general perspective, "silica glass is used for manufacturing automotive windshields and windows" (TuningLinx). But aside from silica glass, compositions are also added into the formula. 72% of silicon dioxide (SiO2) is used as vitrifier. 14% of sodium oxide (Na2O) is used as flux. 10% of calcium oxide (CaO) and 4% of magnesium oxide (MgO) is used as stabilizer. Car windows, on the other hand, are made with flat glass, which means no other compounds added, through the float glass process. After stages of fusion, melting into a 'float bath' or liquid tin, cooled, the glass is finally cut into pieces of 6.10m x 3.35m, or to fit whatever car frame specified. At this point, the glass can either be processed as a "single-pane toughened safety glass (TSG) or as a laminated safety glass (LSG) which is primarily used for automotive windshields." As far as optical properties, TSG and LSG are around the same. The difference, however, is the quality of the glass. TSG has higher thermal and mechanical strength and has a different shattering behavior compared to LSG, which simply has a normal shattering behavior. When a LSG is cracked, it is easier to see through the glass than TSG. There are, however, green or bronze colored windows for heat absorption. The color blocks infrared light better, but the light from the visual spectrum will reduce to 80% from 90%.
Mining Metals
Last, but not least, metals. Metals are an essential part of every car. Metals are usually found via mining. One company called the Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., LTD., is one mining company partnered with Toyota. They have their core facility in the Hishikari Mine in Kagoshima, Japan, and various oversea facilities in various places around the world, such as the Morenci Mine in Arizona, US, the Pogo Mine in Alaska, US, the Ojos del Dalade Copper Mine in Coquimbo, Chile, and more (SMM Co). They mine mainly four main products: copper, nickel, gold, and lead/zinc. Another company partnered with Toyota is Posco, a South Korean steelmaker group and the first non-Japanese Toyota supplier group. They specialize in making hot rolled steel, coled rolled steel, automotive steel, and API Steel. Unfortunately, there weren't any information regarding Sumitomo's or Posco's in-depth mining locations, so I have decided to research a similar company called the Zenith Mining and Construction which mines a variety of metals such as coal, copper and iron. For iron mining, they first blast away the Earth's crust. Afterwards, scoop the iron ore and load it into the haul trucks to be transported into a primary crusher. The crusher breaks the boulders from 1.5 meters into diameters of footballs before transferring it into a secondary crusher, where it would be further broken down into the size of grapefruits (Zenith). Through gravity and high gradient separation, iron ore concentrates are produced, melted and packaged for companies like Toyota to buy and produce their products.
There was not any information on the exact raw materials that makes up a Toyota Prius, but there is data on mining products to build a 3,000 pound car (Smithsonian Museum). According to the Toyota website, a Prius v is around 3,274 pounds. For the average 3,000 pound car, and iron are the two biggest products used to build a car. Iron is used mainly to make the fuel tank, the steel component of the car frame, roof, side panels and hood, various engine blocks, pumps, axles, brake (parking), gears, and cables. About 240 pounds of aluminum is used to make various parts such as the frame and body, wheel rims, lamps, metallic flake paint, engine parts (pistons, radiator, cylinder heads), magnets, and air conditioner condenser and pipes. And 42 pounds of copper, is used for wiring purposes and for the brass in belted tires and radiators. Other metals or mining minerals 30 pounds and under include: chromium, copper, lead, manganese, nickel and zinc. About 76% of the average car is made of sheet metal, so metal is no doubt, a very important aspect to any vehicle (Green Vehicle Disposal).
The Nickel-Metal Hydride Battery, Lithium-Ion Battery, and Their Problems
The four main raw materials used to make the Toyota Prius are also prevalent in a petro-fueled automobile. What separates a hybrid from a petro-fueled car is with addition to the automotive battery to start the car, hybrid cars like the Prius also use a Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH) battery pack, an "electrochemical device used to store electrical energy; capable of storing a substantial amount of electrical energy" (Cobasys 1). The composition of the NiMH battery includes: nickel powder, nickel hydroxide, cobalt, manganese, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and lithium hydroxide (batteriesplus.com), with China being the main supplier of these rare elements (Lecture 13). As eco-friendly as the Prius is marketed to be in fuel efficiency, it is not efficient in terms of sustainability. Elements in the periodic table like neodymium and lanthanum are rare elements, but are key ingredients to this battery (Smartplanet). But recently, there is an alternative battery use in the Plug in Hybrid Priuses; the Lithium-Ion battery. In 2011, Panasonic announced to supply Toyota with Lithium Ion batteries (news.panasonic.net). The standard Lithium-Ion battery contains these following components: lithium cobalt oxide (25-40%), iron (15-25%), aluminum (2-6%), Graphite (10-20%), copper (5-15%), and organic electrolyte (10-20%) (BatteriesPlus). In comparison to the NiMH batteries, the Li-Ion batteries have higher energy densities, but at the expense of aging without use, cycle life, and high cost (Samaras). So far, which is the better choice of the two? With the rise of hybrid vehicles and constant improvements through experiments, it is still too early to make conclusions.
Reduce, Reuse, and Recycling of Resources
But what happens when cars reach their End of Life Cycle? Consumers would hire a company to break down materials and recycle the car. One of such companies is Green Vehicle Disposal. They take cars and recycle as much of the car as possible starting with laminated and toughed glass, plastics, and rubber from tires. Metals and Aluminum are essentially important.. Metals in general have a high recycling rate of 95% in 2011. In the US, the primary source for steel scrap are automobiles (Fenton 80). Aluminum specifically, does not degrade when being recycled, so the aluminum industry is dedicated to collecting and recycling aluminum from End of Life Vehicles (Green Vehicle Disposal). This in term conserves energy because re-melting scrap requires less energy than making steel from iron ore.
And with more awareness to the environment, even Toyota has made efforts to reduce the waste of old cars. Aside from their shift to more eco-plastics in cars mentioned earlier (Figure 1), another way Toyota improved on recycling is the development of a better dismantling system. In addition to Toyota's adoption of the easy-to-dismantle vehicle structures and 'Easy to Dismantle Mark' (Figure 2), dismantling car parts for the factories has also decreased by 30% by adopting new techniques in the new Raum in Figure 3 (Toyota Global). Although a recycling solution hasn't been found for the rare materials and battery recycling, efforts are still being made. Toyota Motors, the Toyota Chemical Engineering Company LTD. and Sumitomo Mining Company, are joining together to recycle the nickel contained within the NiMH batteries with the help of "high-precision nickel sorting and extraction technology, materials can be introduced directly into the nickel-refining process, thus achieving 'battery-to-battery' recycling" (ReliablePlant). Batteries are sent to advanced recycling facilities where the Toyota Chemical Engineering sorts and Sumitomo Metal Mining are refines the nickel for battery manufacturing. For a complete recycling chart, look at Figure 4. Although the recycling processes are far from perfect, more innovations are being developed only to be improved in decades to come.
In today's industry, the Toyota Prius is one of the top-rated eco-friendly cars. Despite that, their manufacturing process is similar to any other car being produced; with the exception of the NiMH or Li-Ion battery being unique to the hybrid cars. While the Prius does have lower CO2 emissions compared to their petro-based vehicle counterparts, rare earth elements are being exhausted for its production, which is counterproductive to its cause. Until a more efficient recycling, or even up-cycling system is solidly intact, the Toyota Prius is just consumer product that is simply harming the environment in another form.
{C}1. Ascent Battery Supply, LLC. Material Safety Data Sheet. Working paper. Ascent Battery Supply, LLC, Nov. 2010. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. <http://www.batteriesplus.com/msds/Ascent_MSDS_Lithium_Ion11-10.pdf>.
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{C}3. COBASYS. COBASYS. Rep. COBASYS, n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2013. <http://www.cobasys.com/pdf/transportation/MSDS.pdf>.
{C}4. Cogdell, Christina. "Early Ceramics, Textiles, Glass and Furniture." Surge 3 Room 1309, Davis. 28 Jan. 2013. Lecture.
{C}5. Cogdell, Christina. "Lecture 13: Silicon Era." Surge 3 Room 1309, Davis. 11 Mar. 2013. Lecture.
{C}6. Fenton, Michael D. "IRON AND STEEL SCRAP." U.S. Geological Survey, Jan. 2013. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. <https://vpn.lib.ucdavis.edu/minerals/pubs/commodity/iron_>.
{C}7. Global News Exclusive. "Panasonic Group to Supply Lithium-ion Batteries for Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid." Panasonic News Portal. Panasonic Corporation, 29 Nov. 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. <http://news.panasonic.net/archives/2011/1129_7812.html>.
{C}8. Green Vehicle Disposal. "Recyclable Materials." Green Vehicle Disposal. GreenVehicleDisposal.com, n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2013. <http://www.greenvehicledisposal.com/environment/recyclable-materials/>.
{C}9. Horie, Masatsugu. "Posco Joins Toyota Top Supplier Group, Challenging Nippon Steel." Bloomberg. Bloomberg L.P., 27 June 2012. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. <http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-06-28/posco-joins-toyota-top-supplier-group-challenging-nippon-steel.html>.
{C}10. {C}John. "John's Stuff - Toyota Prius Tires." John's Stuff - Toyota Prius Tires. Private, 7 Dec. 2008. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. <http://john1701a.com/prius/prius-tires_classic.htm>.
{C}{C}11. {C}{C}Lloyd Mats Co. "Classic Loop Custom Fit Automobile, Truck & Suv Floor Mats | Lloyd Mats." Lloyd Mats. Lloyd Mats Co., n.d. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. <http://lloydmats.com/?page_id=1901>.
{C}{C}12. {C}{C}Maxxis International. "How a Tire Is Made." Maxxis. Maxxis International, n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. <http://www.maxxis.com/AutomobileLight-Truck/How-a-Tire-is-Made.aspx>.
{C}{C}13. {C}{C}NSG Group. "Automotive - Overview." Automotive. Nippon Sheet Glass Co. Ltd., n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. <http://www.nsg.com/en/our-businesses/automotive>.
{C}{C}14. {C}{C}Nusca, Andrew. "'Eco-friendly' Hybrid Cars Push Rare Metals toward Extinction." 'Eco-friendly' Hybrid Cars Push Rare Metals toward Extinction. CBS Interactive Inc., 3 Sept. 2009. Web. 11 Mar. 2013. <http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/smart-takes/-8216eco-friendly-hybrid-cars-push-rare-metals-toward-extinction/612>.
{C}{C}15. {C}{C}O-Rings, Inc. "How to Make Tires." O-Rings, Inc. O-Rings, Inc., n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. <http://www.oringsusa.com/html/make_tires.html>.
{C}{C}16. {C}{C}POSCO. "Management Organization." POSCO. Six Stigma, n.d. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. <http://www.posco.com/homepage/docs/eng/html/company/posco/s91a1010091c.html>.
{C}{C}17. {C}{C}Sam, Alexander. "Materials Used to Make a Hybrid Car." EHow. Demand Media, 21 Oct. 2010. Web. 4 Mar. 2013. <http://www.ehow.com/list_7376620_materials-used-make-hybrid-car.html>.
18. Samaras, Constantine, and Kyle Meisterling. "Life Cycle Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles: Implications for Policy." Environmental Science & Technology. ACS Publications, 5 Apr. 2008. Web. 23 Feb. 2013.
19. SANYO Batteries. "Material Safety Data Sheet." Batteriesplus.com. Batteriesplus, 23 June 2003. Web. 11 Mar. 2013. <http://www.batteriesplus.com/msds/Sanyo%20NiMH%206-03.pdf>.
20. Smithsonian Natural Museum of Natural History. "The Dynamic Earth @ National Museum of Natural History." The Dynamic Earth @ National Museum of Natural History. Smithsonian Natural Museum of Natural History, n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2013. <http://www.mnh.si.edu/earth/text/3_3_2_1.html>.
21. Sumitomo Metal Mining Co. "Mineral Resources." 住友金属鉱山株式会社 (Sumitomo Metal Mining Co.). Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2013. <http://www.smm.co.jp/E/business/resource/>.
22. Toyota Corp. "Design for Recycling (Based on Eco-VAS)." Www.toyota-global.com. Toyota Motor Corporation, n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2013. <http://www.toyota-global.com/sustainability/environmental_responsibility/automobile_recycling/design_for_recycling/development_of_recyclable_vehicle_structures.html>.
23. Toyota Corp. "Prius v 2013." Toyota Prius Hybrid. Toyota Motor Corporation, n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2013. <http://www.toyota.com/priusv/features.html>.
24. Toyota Corp. " Toyota to Increase 'Ecological Plastic' in Vehicle Interiors" TOYOTA: News Releases. Toyota Motor Corporation, 17 Dec. 2008. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. <http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/news/08/1217.html>.
25. Toyota. "Toyota, Three Partner Firms Start Joint Battery-to-battery Recycling." Web log post. Reliable Plant. Noria Corporation, n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2013. <http://www.reliableplant.com/Read/27171/Toyota-joint-battery-recycling>.
26. TuningLinx.com. "Automotive Windshield, Car Window Glass & Safety Glass." Automotive Windshield, Car Window Glass and Safety Glass Film Lsg Tsg. TuningLinx.com, n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2013. <http://www.tuninglinx.com/html/safety-glass.html>.
27. Zenith Mining and Construction. "Iron Mining Process." Zenith Mining and Construction. ShangHai Zenith Machinery, n.d. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. <http://www.miningprocess.net/mining-process/iron-mining-process.html>.
Images Cited
1) {C}{C}Toyota Corp. "Design for Recycling (Based on Eco-VAS)." Www.toyota-global.com. Toyota Motor Corporation, n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2013. < http://www.toyota-global.com/sustainability/environmental_responsibility/automobile_recycling/design_for_recycling/new_development_of_automobiles_based_on_the_dfr_concept.html>.
2) {C}{C}Toyota Corp. "Design for Recycling (Based on Eco-VAS)." Www.toyota-global.com. Toyota Motor Corporation, n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2013. < http://www.toyota-global.com/sustainability/environmental_responsibility/automobile_recycling/design_for_recycling/development_of_recyclable_vehicle_structures.html>.
3) {C}{C}Toyota. "Toyota, Three Partner Firms Start Joint Battery-to-battery Recycling." Web log post. Reliable Plant. Noria Corporation, n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2013. <http://www.reliableplant.com/Read/27171/Toyota-joint-battery-recycling>.
4) {C}{C}Toyota Corp. " Toyota to Increase 'Ecological Plastic' in Vehicle Interiors" TOYOTA: News Releases. Toyota Motor Corporation, 17 Dec. 2008. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. <http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/news/08/1217.html>.
Alexandra Lorens
Design 40a
March 13, 2013
Life Cycle Process of the Toyota Prius - Embodied Energy
The Toyota Prius was first released in Japan in 1997. It quickly gained popularity in the United States due to its high fuel efficiency as well as its eco-friendliness thanks to fewer greenhouse gas emissions. Currently, there are four different models varying in size and purpose available on the market with the most recent being a Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV).
The Prius could be considered an effective way of taking a step in the right direction when caring for the environment, but with various studies taking on a more grim perspective on the issue, the true eco effectiveness gets called into question. Individuals may not consider the impact of production alone when they are shopping for their next hybrid. It has been discussed that the battery packs used in Priuses are known to leave a significant carbon footprint during their production phases. Analysis of the issue begins in Dave Roos' article, "Does hybrid car production waste offset hybrid benefits?";
"The production of lithium-ion batteries account for 2 to 5 percent of total lifetime hybrid emissions and nickel-hydride batteries are responsible for higher sulfur oxide emissions, roughly 22 pounds (10 kilograms) per hybrid compared with 2.2 pounds (about 1 kilogram) for a conventional vehicle".
Though amidst the backlash Toyota has received for harmful emissions occurring during production, the company still strives for sustainable practices. At the main Prius manufacturing location, the Tsutsumi production plant in Japan, Toyota has gone above and beyond to attempt to counter any negative criticism. According to Matt Brogan in his article, "Toyota's Tsutsumi Plant – tour a green role model",
"Toyota installed 50,000 square metres of photovoltaic solar panels at Tsutsumi, equivalent in size to more than 60 tennis courts. The total output of the panels is 2000kW, which is equal to the average consumption of 500 households. This reduces the plant's CO2 emissions by 740 tonnes per year, effectively saving 2,500 drums of oil (one drum is 200 litres)". This is all along with grass growing on the roof of the factory and notable amounts of tree planting in the area.
In this paper, I hope to answer some, though not all questions (since there are many) pertaining to the ins and outs of Prius production. I have broken down the concept of embodied energy into three categories: extraction, manufacturing, and transport. Through my research I have uncovered aspects involving mining for metals used for battery construction and processing steels for car framing, rubber extraction for tires, and glass processing. I had some difficulty finding information on transportation and have combined both extraction and manufacturing in the same paragraphs.
The extraction of raw minerals is not a light-hearted subject when it comes to the intensity involved in large scale production. Especially not when it comes to vehicle construction. Naturally, the obvious choice in manufacturing is to find the cheapest means of acquiring, producing, and distributing a resource. China is a big name in this business. According to Alexander Jung and Wieland Wagner in their article "Rare Earths: High-Tech Companies Face Shortages as China Hoards Metals",
"Up to 6,000 people work at Bayan Obo, China's largest mine, which is completely inaccessible to the outside world".
The country has fallen victim to environmentally destructive practices when it comes to the extraction of lithium most commonly used in car batteries. Mistakes have been made in the process: "In the Bayan Obo region of China, for example, miners removed topsoil and extracted the gold-flecked metals using acids that entered the groundwater, destroying nearby agricultural land" (Roos).
China is sought after as a provider of metals due to its cheap labor and low prices. "Nowhere on earth are larger amounts produced than at Bayan Obo. About 40 percent of world production comes from these mines, and the People's Republic satisfies a total of 97 percent of global demand" (Jung, Wagner). Though, this report was in 2009, the escalation of dwindling natural resources can only be anticipated and assumed. Prices since have most likely gone up as a compensation for mines that are no longer filled to the brim with highly sought after resources.
Another metal required in the production of the Prius battery is nickel. According to Kimberley A. Jones in her thesis rather hugely titled "The Environmental and Human Health Impact of the Hybrid-Electric Vehicle Lifecycle: Emissions From the Tailpipe and the Nickel Metal-Hydride Battery", "The primary production of nickel is roughly equally divided between production from domestic mining and imported nickel ore. The majority of primary nickel (68%) produced in North America is exported, while the remainder is locally consumed" (Jones).
Nickel is mined through extractive metallurgy which can be referred to as the means in which metals are extracted from ore, purified, and recycled as stated on the Arizona Gold Prospectors web page. A positive thing about nickel is that it is highly recyclable in the auto industry: "In aggregate, 81% of nickel is recycled
at the vehicle's end of life - 40% recycled back to the automotive sector and 41% is recycled to other
nickel applications. Roughly one-fifth of this nickel (19%) is dissipated to the environment (disposed in a landfill or otherwise)" (Jones).
Steel is also a major component in the automobile industry. In order to get steel, you separate it from iron ore. A process that is most often used is smelting and it is often combined with steel scraps. Steel is very versatile in the sense that it is easily recyclable and can be used many times.
{C}{C}According to Michael D. Fenton in his paper titled Iron and Steel Scrap, "Recycled iron and steel scrap is a vital raw material for the production of new steel and cast iron products. The steel and foundry industries in the United States have been structured to recycle scrap, and, as a result, are highly dependent upon scrap" (Fenton). Fenton goes on to say that by remelting scrap, we are able to save energy than if we were to go through the process of the extraction of iron ore. He adds, "Also,consumption of iron and steel scrap by remelting reduces the burden on landfill disposal facilities and prevents the accumulation of abandoned steel products in the environment" (Fenton).
Rubber serves as an integral ingredient in the manufacturing of tires. Additional ingredients involve synthetically constructed polymers with properties that are more specific to the qualities necessary for the creation of a successful long lasting tire. These qualities include water proofing, strength, resilience, and flexibility. According to the Toyo Tires website, the polymers in addition to natural rubber used in tire production are listed as follows: "Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR), Butadiene Rubber (BR), Isoprene Rubber (IR), Halogenated Butyl Rubber". Anti-oxidants and waxes are also utilized in the construction of a resilient tire as a means of preventing sun and heat damage. Polymers used are known to link to the anti-oxidants in order to further prevent penetration of foreign sharp objects as easily.
According to James A. Duke in The Handbook of Energy Crops, "Rubber is now an Asian crop, with Asia producing 92% of the world's natural rubber in Malaysia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, South Vietnam, and Sarawak". In fact, the Michelin Rubber Plantation is also located in Asia, specifically in Vietnam.
The process of harvesting natural rubber involves making specific cuts into Hevea Brasiliensis trees. A bucket will collect the sap as it drips down a chute. Duke states, "An average tapper can tap 200–300 trees in 3 hours. Then the tapper starts back through the grove and empties the cups into large pails or buckets, sometimes adding a few drops of dilute ammonium solution to prevent coagulation" (Duke).
As a complete whole, tires consist of natural rubbers, polymers, and carbon black which forms the skid marks most often seen on roads. Carbon black isn't to be confused with black carbon which is often considered derogatory to the environment. One of the processes by which carbon black is created is known as the thermal black process. It begins with two furnaces that take turns preheating the material. According to The International Carbon Black Association webpage, the process continues as so:
"The natural gas is injected into the hot refractory lined furnace, and, in the absence of air, the heat from the refractory material decomposes the natural gas into carbon black and hydrogen. The aerosol material stream is quenched with water sprays and filtered in a bag house. The exiting carbon black may be further processed to remove impurities, pelletized, screened, and then packaged for shipment".
Glass is composed of silica, sodium oxide, and calcium oxide or as the raw materials are concerned: sand, soda ash, and limestone. In order to create glass, this mixture of raw materials must combine together and be heated. According to L.S. Millberg in his article entitled "How Is an Automobile Windshield Made?", "Glass used for windshields also usually contains several other oxides: potassium oxide (K2O derived from potash), magnesium oxide (MgO), and aluminum oxide (AI2O3 derived from feldspar)" (Millberg).
The Nippon Sheet Glass company based in Japan was a big supplier to Toyota in the 1980's. It currently owns Pilkington, a UK based glass maker. The means by which Pilkington creates glass for automobiles is what I will discuss, as I feel it could be most relevant to the Prius.
According to the Pilkington website, they begin a batch by combining raw materials as mentioned above and melt them all together. The melted substance is then "poured continuously from a furnace onto a shallow bath of molten tin in a chemically controlled atmosphere". It is called the float glass process because it literally floats at this point in the process, evening out as it spreads to fill the space. It is then taken from the tin and formed accordingly to the thickness necessary. The Pilkington plants are able to create flat glass at a variety of thicknesses perfect for use assembling automobiles.
I could not find very much information on transportation, but I did find interesting links amongst the Nippon brand name. Nippon works with steel, glass, and is also a shipping company called Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha or NYK. I would assume that due to the Prius assembly lines being stationed in Japan, transport would occur overseas on giant car carriers as pictured in the photo. Transport would then probably shift to trucks or trains to move the vehicles to more specific dealerships or factories for further refinement.
Posco, is another Japanese steelmaker that I am fairly certain is associated with Toyota due to an article I found entitled "Posco Joins Toyota Top Supplier Group, Challenging Nippon Steel" by Masatsugu Horie, Masumi Suga and Sungwoo Park that was published in 2012. The company is stationed in South Korea with a U.S. branch in Pittsburg, California called U.S.S. Posco as found on their website. I would imagine transport would be more local in the U.S. thanks to this Pittsburg branch, allowing for the possible utilization of trains or simply trucks on highways.
Generally speaking, the main benefit that the Prius offers is reduced emissions of greenhouse gases; 33 - 37% lower when compared to a Corolla of similar size. Besides that, the cost-benefits of a Toyota Prius is the same as a traditional car that runs on gasoline. HEVs contain the same amount of recycled nickel as conventional vehicles, but 15 times the amount of primary nickel. Although the Prius reduces greenhouse gas emissions, more nickel is used in the battery making process and ultimately it is still adding to landfills.
Roos, Dave. "Does hybrid car production waste offset hybrid benefits?" 06 December 2010. HowStuffWorks.com. <http://science.howstuffworks.com/science-vs-myth/everyday- myths/does-hybrid-car-production-waste-offset-hybrid-benefits.htm> 13 March 2013.
Duke, James A. 1983. Handbook of Energy Crops. Unpublished.
Toyo Tires. Toyo Tire & Rubber, n.d. Web. <http://www.toyojapan.com/tire-technology/tire- materials/>. 13 Mar. 2013.
Brogan, Matt. "Toyota's Tsutsumi Plant – Tour a Green Role Model." Car Advice. CarAdvice, n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. <http://www.caradvice.com.au/45807/toyotas-tsutsumi-plant-tour-a-green- role-model/>.
"What Is Carbon Black?" International Carbon Black Association. International Carbon Black Association, n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2013.
"Automotive Glazing- Introduction." Pilkington. Pilkington Group. Web. 13 Mar.2013. <http://www.pilkington.com/automotive+international/automotive+glazing/default.htm>.
Millberg, L. S. "How Is an Automobile Windshield Made?" Answers. Answers, n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. <http://www.answers.com/topic/automobile-windshield>.
Fenton, Michael D. Iron and Steel Scrap. N.p.: U.S. Geological Survey, 2013. Print.
Kristie Wu
Winter 2013
Individual Research Paper
Wastes & Emissions of a Toyota Prius
When hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) were first introduced, they seemed to be the green solution to traditional motor vehicles. They combine electric and fuel power, use less gas, and seemingly emit fewer pollutants into the atmosphere. And while that is what most hybrid-electric vehicles, including the most widely used Toyota Prius advocate, they do not make the consumers aware of its lifecycle. They fail to acknowledge how the energy and resources it uses and the wastes it produces do not prove to be as sustainable. The main selling point of the Toyota Prius as an eco-friendly vehicle is that because it does not have the conventional internal combustion engine, and uses an electric battery to power a significant amount of the driving, it will not emit as much greenhouse gases as the average vehicle. And while this may be true, a Prius' tailpipe emissions, unique nickel-metal hydride battery, and the car's disposal process prove to have some damaging environmental effects.
When compared to an equivalent and conventional internal combustion engine vehicle, the Prius has proven itself to "reduce fuel consumption and lower greenhouse gases," (Jones). In most research studies testing the amounts of waste and emissions in a Prius or other hybrid electric vehicles, they are being compared to conventional vehicles to see the difference in hybrid or Prius efficiencies. One study done by the University of British Columbia tested the lifecycle tailpipe and fuel cycle emissions of three criteria pollutants including, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and non-methane hydrocarbons. The comparisons were made for the 2001 models of the Toyota Prius, Corolla, Echo, and Honda Civic. All of these vehicles were in the same size class, have similar passenger & luggage capacities, and engine size. After comparing these four models, the researchers came upon some unexpected results. The study showed that the Prius had statistically significant higher levels of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, but lower nitrogen oxide emissions. They realized however, that what this study failed to measure were the cold-start emissions, which are what the car emits for the first few minutes when the engine starts. This phase results in "higher emissions because the emissions control equipment has not yet reached its optimal operating temperature" ("Automobiles & Ozone" EPA). This aspect is important because unlike conventional vehicles, hybrids "use a hot coolant upon start up which helps limit the release of cold start emissions" (Jones). This new innovation in Toyota Prius' create a significant change in the previous results. "When incorporating cold start emissions into their research, the results showed that with more cold-starts, the Prius reduces proportionally more carbon monoxide over the Corolla […] 37-33% lower than the Toyota Corolla," (Jones). In addition to the Prius' advancements in dealing with the issues of cold start emissions, the Prius reduces its greenhouse gas emissions with its "regenerative braking, shutting off the internal combustion engine when the car or light truck is stopped, allowing a smaller, more efficient engine and not requiring the engine to follow the driving cycle closely (its principal function is to recharge the battery)" (Lave & MacLean), which prevents engine idling and keeps the catalytic converter close to optimal temperature. As opposed to traditional vehicles, when a Prius comes to a stop, the engine will automatically shut off, and then when starting up again the electric motor will be used. This helps reduce the running exhaust emissions that occur in most conventional vehicles during driving and idling after the vehicle is warmed up. From these two features in the Prius, we can see that temperature is very important to the vehicle running efficiently and that a lot of the emissions that are created are due to maintaining the vehicle's optimum temperature. These new features however, make the Prius much more complicated and expensive compared to conventional vehicles. "In a world of limited resources and many petroleum users and emissions sources, the policy question is whether the best use of resources is to build hybrids, to improve the fuel economy and environmental emissions from the other mobile sources or to devote the resources to other environmental projects" (Lave & MacLean).
One of the additional expenses and complexities of the Toyota Prius, and a contributing factor to its wastes and emissions is the nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) battery. This battery that is included in the Prius and many other hybrid vehicles can be damaging to the environment. The wastes and emissions of the NiMH batteries occur in both the production and disposal process. One of the main environmental effects of battery production is the release of sulfur oxides (SOx) during the production of primary nickel used for the batteries, in which, "Approximately 20kg of SOx are emitted to the atmosphere for every NiMH HEV battery produced" (Jones). The first effect of sulfur oxides is its negative effect on human health, specifically the respiratory system. "SOx can react with other compounds in the atmosphere to form small particles. These particles penetrate deeply into sensitive parts of the lungs and can cause or worsen respiratory disease, such as emphysema and bronchitis, and can aggravate existing heart disease, leading to increased hospital admissions and premature death" (epa.gov). In addition to the adverse health effects, sulfur oxides have also proven to have acidification effects upon ecosystems. "Historically, SOx emissions from nickel mining have been responsible for the acidification of proximal water bodies" (Jones). In the article, Jones goes on to describe how a major nickel-producing region in Canada deemed SOx emissions responsible for the acidification of local lakes since 1972, and throughout the years they have damaged an estimated seven thousand lakes and nearby ecosystems. These findings on both human and environmental health were emphasized by researchers from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology who did a lifecycle analysis of the NiMH battery. Their findings stated that compared to lithium ion and iron phosphate lithium ion batteries, "NiMH batteries have the highest environmental impacts on global warming, freshwater ecotoxicity, human toxicity, and marine and terrestrial ecotoxicity." (greencarcongress.com).
With the NiMH battery production being so detrimental to the environment, one would hope that the recycling process for the batteries limits the amount of toxicity released into the atmosphere. Sources suggest that lots of efforts are being made towards treating the end-phase of the battery as eco-friendly as possible. "Toyota has instituted a $200 bounty program that encourages scrap dealers to remove NiMH batteries from HEVs and deliver them to a recycler" (Jones), and as a result of this program, Toyota anticipates that the amount of HEV batteries that are returned to be very high, around 100%. Toyota supported this prospect by referencing INMETCO, the major NiMH battery recycler in North America, which achieves a 98% nickel recycling efficiency. Another article reports that the Toyota Motor Corporation has teamed up with its three partner firms, Sumitomo Metal Mining, Toyota Chemical Engineering, and Primearth EV Energy Company to create "the world's first business to recycle nickel in used hybrid-vehicle nickel-metal-hydride batteries for use in new nickel-metal-hydride batteries" (reliableplant.com). The article proposes that these companies, "with the development of high-precision nickel sorting and extraction technology, materials can be introduced directly into the nickel-refining process, thus achieving 'battery-to-battery' recycling" (reliableplanet.com).
This hopeful outlook on the future of dead NiMH batteries, has a lot to overcome, according to other sources which deem the recycling process of batteries to do more harm than good. "Surprisingly, nickel releases of 18-35g from the metal extraction phase of a battery are lower than those estimated from the recycling phase" (Jones). However, Jones does add, "this result must be treated with caution because there is little experience with HEV recycling technology since many hybrids sold since 2000 have yet to reach the end of their lives." Another article suggests that, "At present, battery recycling is in a primitive state. Most consumer batteries are not recycled… Some nickel metal-hydride batteries are recycled but only to recover the nickel. A large increase in the use of nickel metal-hydride or lithium-ion batteries would require a much-improved recycling program that recovered the secondary materials in the batteries," (Lave & MacLean). The conflict between this belief and that the recycling of nickel batteries can be sustainable leads one to question whether a Prius' reduced fuel usage and tailpipe emissions is enough to counteract the waste and emissions of it's NiMH battery.
In addition to the disposal of the battery, the disposal of the entire vehicle itself is a major contributor to the wastes and emissions of the Prius. While this process is not exclusive to hybrid cars, rather to all automobiles, it is still an important part to this product's lifecycle. At the end of motor vehicle's useful life, it is sent to an automotive recycler, and according to the United States Council on Automotive Research (USCAR), automotive recyclers now can recover nearly 80 percent of the total materials by weight from a vehicle. The process of recycling a vehicle's parts is done in four steps that include, dismantling, crushing, shredding, and resource recovery. During the first stage, or dismantling stage, the vehicle is taken apart and usable parts are salvaged. If usable parts are found, they can be resold or remanufactured. According to the EPA the dismantling process also removes the batteries, wheels and tires, steering columns, fenders, radios, engines, starters, transmissions, alternators, select plastic parts and components, based on aftermarket demand. At this point "all engine fluids are properly drained, stored and recycled, as well as refrigerant gases from air conditioners. Once these have been removed, the remainder of the car can be flattened, for space conserving reasons, and delivered to a scrap dealer," (earth911.com). The flattening part of the process is the second, crushing phase of the automotive disposal process. After the vehicle is crushed, it is loaded onto the vehicle shredder, which "grinds the vehicle into fist-sized pieces, which are then separated into ferroud and non-ferrous metals, as well as ASR" (epa.gov). As mentioned before, close to 80 percent of vehicle materials are recycled, but the remaining 20 percent of the vehicle that cannot be recycled is called the Auto Shredder Residue (ASR). And according again to the EPA, ASR includes plastics, rubber, wood, paper, fabric, glass, sand, dirt, and ferrous (containing iron) and nonferrous metal pieces. After the shredding process, all of the ASR is sent to the landfill, where about "five million tons of ASR are disposed of in landfills each year" (epa.gov). Earth911 also adds that for each ton of metal recovered by a shredding facility, roughly 500 pounds of shredder residue are produced, and about 4.5 million tons per year in the U.S. are not presently being recycled. The last stage of the automotive disposal process, is resource recovery, where the iron and steel salvaged will be sent to end markets or steel mills where it is recycled to make new steel. This process of reusing the steel is called the BOF (basic oxygen furnace) process, which uses about 25 to 35 percent old steel to make new steel. While, it is difficult to estimate the how much of the ASR and other automobile waste is solely from Toyota Prius', we can conclude that they will contribute just as much as a conventional vehicle since this process for automobile disposal is fairly constant amongst all vehicles.
While the Toyota Prius advocates itself as a green, eco-friendly vehicle, the research shows that the only significant difference compared to a conventional vehicle is that a Prius will emit about 33-37% less greenhouse gas emissions. And while this is an achievement in reducing tailpipe emissions, it does not outweigh the environmental effects caused by the extracting and refining of raw materials, the transportation of the products, the emissions caused by the unique nickel-metal hydride battery, or its end-of-life disposal. The Toyota Prius seems to only improve one aspect of conventional internal combustion engine vehicles, and for the most part remains just as environmentally harmful as any traditional vehicle. The Toyota Prius advocates itself as an environmentally friendly car to the consumer by pushing the idea of using less gas and consequently emitting fewer greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. But what the consumers fail to realize, and what the companies fail to acknowledge and make known, is the amount of energy used, and wastes and emissions created during the entire lifecycle of the product.
Works Cited
"Automotive Parts, Common Wastes & Materials." EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 12 Mar. 2013.
Bettez, Majeau. "Green Car Congress: Life Cycle Analysis of Three Battery Chemistries for PHEVs and BEVs; Environmental Impacts Higher than Expected." Green Car Congress: Life Cycle Analysis of Three Battery Chemistries for PHEVs and BEVs; Environmental Impacts Higher than Expected. Bio Age Group, 11 Apr. 2011. Web. 12 Mar. 2013.
"Health." EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, 12 July 2011. Web. 12 Mar. 2013.
"How Car Bodies Are Recycled." Earth911com RSS. Infinity Resources Holding Company, n.d. Web. 12 Mar. 2013.
Jones, Kimberly A. The Environmental and Human Health Impact of the Hybrid-Electric
Vehicle Lifecycle: Emissions From the Tailpipe and the Nickel Metal-Hydride
Battery. Thesis. University of British Columbia, 2007. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print.
Lave, Lester, Heather MacLean, Chris Hendrickson, and Rebecca Lankey. "Life-Cycle Analysis of Alternative Automobile Fuel/Propulsion Technologies." Environmental Science & Technology. ACS Publications, 4 Aug. 2000. Web. 23 Feb. 2013.
Samaras, Constantine and Kyle Meisterling. "Life Cycle Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions form Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles: Implications for Policy" Environmental Science & Technology. ACS Publications, 5 Apr. 2008. Web. 23 Feb. 2013
"Toyota, Three Partner Firms Start Joint Battery-to-battery Recycling." Toyota, ThreePartner Firms Start Joint Battery-to-battery Recycling. Noria Corporation, n.d. Web. 12 Mar. 2013.


text:
Sennheiser XSW 1-908 E-Band Brass Set
Diversity UHF Wireless System
- With antenna diversity
- Frequency range E-Band: 821 - 832 / 863 - 865 MHz
- Bodypack transmitter
- E908T condenser gooseneck brass instrument microphone with cardioid polar pattern and 147 dB max. sound pressure level
- 24 MHz bandwidth
- 8 Frequency banks with up to 10 presets for each
- Integrated antennae
- Auto-Tune to find free frequencies
- Audio frequency range: 50 - 16,000 Hz
- XLR and jack outputs
- Adjustable squelch
- Mic/Line switchable
Set comprises
- 1x SK-XSW Bodypack
- 1x EM-XSW1 Diversity desktop receiver
- 1x E908T microphone
- NT 12-5 CW power adapter
- 2x AA batteries
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Foreign aid is a contentious issue for many reasons. Many people believe that Government should assist domestically before assisting abroad. Others believe that nations most in need do not receive the aid they need. Others believe that monies end up with foreign political leaders, rather than assisting those who need it.
All of these arguments have substance and when we examine the total amount of money devoted to aid by developed nations in comparison to money spent on other areas we get a clearer picture of the situation.
The UK has doubled the amount it pays in Foreign aid since 1997, with a target of providing 0.7% of Gross National Income in foreign aid by 2013. Total US foreign aid (US Govt) is approximately $25 billion annually. The largest recipients are Israel and Egypt and much of the money is tied to the purchase of US arms. Neither Egypt nor Israel is the world's most needy country – in fact between them they receive one third of US foreign aid.
Foreign aid is primarily determined as a strategic measure. Countries in the developing world receive very little aid. Tying aid to the purchase of military equipment is a scary reality. Ensuring that a country is armed well enough to threaten its own population or others is a difficult justification for providing aid. Again – could the money be better spent elsewhere? The answer is yes and reinforces that politics are at play everywhere
Decisions are rarely made purely for the common good – they are made for political reasons. The World Health Organisation (WHO) promised to provide treatment to 3 million HIV and AIDS patients by the end of 2005. This promise was broken and on the surface there appeared to be no consequences. The G8 nations declared at Gleneagles that treatment would be available to all that required it by 2010 – of course this will not happen.
This aid would save millions of lives but is simply not forthcoming. Money is put elsewhere and this has massive implications for the world in terms of the cost of ignoring such need. Maybe the next 9/11 style terrorists will come from an impoverished nation – a nation which receives little aid or attention. These nations are wonderful breeding grounds for extremist groups and the ultimate cost in terms of defense spending is massive.
What is the possible cost to human life in ignoring impoverished people? Do we look at problems from the wrong angle? Are we focused on treating the problem rather than preventing it in the first place?
Summary Thought
Total foreign aid in the world is incredibly small in total – in fact much less than 1% of Gross National Income in most cases. Domestically foreign aid can sometimes receive adverse media attention as many people believe the money could be better spent at home. Those most in need rarely receive aid or not enough to make a significant change. Our lack of will to confront the needs of millions of people around the world helps organizations like Al Qaeda to easily find recruits from the ranks of the marginalized, displaced and desperate.
Part 7(c) – Universal Health Care
The MASTERPLAN part 1 – My "Solution" to the Economic Mess (with podcast)
The MASTERPLAN part 2 – Credit Cards, Consumer Credit & Endless Economic Growth (with podcast)
The MASTERPLAN part 3 – Government Debt (with podcast)
The MASTERPLAN part 4 – Banking, Company Regulation & Limiting the Size of Corporations (with podcast)
The MASTERPLAN part 5 – Capitalism, Nationalization, and Executive Pay Limits (with podcast)
The MASTERPLAN part 6(a) – The Car Industry
The MASTERPLAN plan 6 (b) – Climate Change
The MASTERPLAN part 7 (a) – The Cost of War & Foreign Policy
PODCAST [podcast]https://marquetteturner.com/audio/090317_Masterplan7b.mp3[/podcast]


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All imported vehicles from outside the European Community, need an individual Homologation and Type Approvals certificate, to pass the technical inspection for vehicles (ITV).
Also for any reform that perform to your vehicle, need this certificate. Please inform us about the VIN/Chassis number to confirm you if needed.
We can provide you this certificate.


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City kills ice skating at Prince's Island, but ignores big-ticket spending reform
In the pre-Christmas bustle, you may have missed this telling comment from Mayor Naheed Nenshi in late November: "There will be no more ice skating at Prince's Island."
The reference was to next winter, not this one, and it came after 2018 budget deliberations were complete, this where city council voted for a 3.8 per cent increase in property taxes.
The remark was part of the mayor's musings on civic budget cuts planned for the coming year. They include mowing city boulevards four times annually instead of five, and an end to winter skating at Prince's Island, a $90,000 savings. The mayor offered this lecture to potential objectors: "If citizens find that to be unacceptable, then they need to come back to councillors and say, 'We want those things back.'"
The skating rink example is handy for politicians such as the mayor, who are reflexively reluctant to reform and reduce spending, and thus moderate the tax burden. (Tax and fee increases under Nenshi have, on average, been nearly double that of his predecessor, Dave Bronconnier.)
To rebut taxpayers who may complain of their tax burden, the winter skating rink cancellation allows the mayor or some councillor to offer a counter-point, as in: "Don't want higher taxes? Then forget about having your kids skate in that park next winter."
Actually, ice skating at Prince's Island serves as an example of the unseriousness with which too many politicians approach budget deliberations. It is a perfect illustration of how, when they cut any government spending at all — an action as rare as spotting Halley's Comet — they cut the wrong, minor stuff that makes city life pleasant, while ignoring big-ticket budget items.
In any government budget, there are the significant costs that re-occur every year, most notably in pay, pensions and benefits for civil servants. Of course, some government employees are a necessary part of any functioning society, as are the taxes to pay for their compensation.
However, that doesn't mean such pay packets should remain forever unreformed. If city council wishes to get serious about making local government affordable for small businesses and homeowners hit by higher property taxes, then council cannot avoid that elephant-in-the-room expense forever.
There is ample justification for bringing pay, pensions and benefits into line with what taxpayers can afford. That's because compensation and benefit levels are far above the private sector — 18.7 per cent higher in Calgary than comparable private-sector positions, according to the Canadian Federation of Independent Business.
Does getting a grip on such public-sector premiums over the private sector matter? Indeed it does. As a percentage of City of Calgary spending, salaries, wages and benefits grew to 53.5 per cent of expenditures in 2016; that was up from 52.2 per cent of spending in 2012. The ratio is even more telling once contract positions are added into the mix.
Together, salaries, wages, benefits and contract positions accounted for 66.8 per cent of the almost $3.7 billion in city spending in 2016; that was up from 62.9 per cent (of just over $3 billion) in 2012.
If the tax burden for homeowners and businesses is to be moderated in coming years, then the two-thirds portion of the budget that touches on pay, benefits, pension payouts and contract positions must be reformed. Moderate that chunk of the budget and the mayor and councillors will find it easier to fund $90,000 annually for a skating rink at Prince's Island.
That noted, there are relatively minor expenditures over the years that city hall could have avoided, that also would have allowed skating to continue next year. My favourite example: The $340,000 city contract given to the Pembina Institute in 2013, this for a group that has artfully practised anti-oil and gas advocacy for years.
That taxpayer-funded $340,000 could have paid for almost four years' worth of skating at Prince's Island.
Mark Milke, Calgary Herald, A14, January 6, 2018
Mark Milke is author of Calgary Taxes and Fees 2005-2015, from the Canadian Taxpayers Federation.


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Pleasant Hill Shaker Community
In an attempt to stave off the post-French Oak Roubo Project depression, I decided to visit the Shaker Village at Pleasant Hill on my way home from Georgia. The community is about half an hour southwest of Lexington Kentucky; conveniently just beyond the halfway mark on my trip back to Chicago.
What a spectacular place! I actually enjoyed the overall setting as much as the Shaker furniture on display. It was a beautiful summer day, everything was green, and the rolling hills of the surrounding area were simply beautiful.
The various buildings were very impressive, in an austere, Shaker sort of way (and then, with the Spiral Staircase, in an austere, Shaker, and really dramatic way). It was exciting to get a close look at so much of the furniture, which I've mostly seen in books. There was a bed and a beautiful small chest that I may have to build (and perhaps write about). But mostly, it was fascinating to get a glimpse of how the Shakers might have been inspired by their surroundings, their community and their beliefs to create such wonderful things.


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A 10-year-old boy was killed when he was caught in a fire in a Brooklyn apartment building late Thursday evening, police said.
The boy, who was not immediately identified, was found inside the third floor apartment of the Pink Houses on Loring Avenue in East New York. The blaze, which broke out at about 9:40 p.m., was under control about a half-hour later.
It was not immediately clear what caused the flames or where in the apartment the fire was.
Three other people suffered minor injuries, but refused medical attention, an FDNY spokesman said.


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