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Lynn O. Post, DVM, Ph.D. and William C. Keller, DVM, MS
The University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational laboratory, P.O, Box 1389, Tifton, Georgia, 31793 and Division of Epidemiology and Compliance, Office of Surveillance and Compliance, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20855
The availability of antidotes in veterinary medicine has been an issue for over a decade. There is little economic incentive for pharmaceutical companies to pursue approval of antidotes and other drug products that have a small market. In addition, human food safety concerns must be addressed when approving antidotes for use in food-animals. This article provides a brief history of antidote availability, present alternatives, possible new legislation and antidote availability in food-animals.
In 1991, the American Board of Veterinary Toxicology (ABVT) requested that the Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) investigate avenues to improve antidote use and availability in food-animals. At the FDA Veterinary Medicine Advisory Committee (VMAC) Meeting on April 29 and 30, 1992, a Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) representative stated that CVM was determined to address problems of antidote use and availability. The CVM presentation was in response to concerns expressed by the American Board of Veterinary Toxicology (ABVT). An ABVT member stated that many commonly recommended poison antidotes for food-producing animals were not commercially available or were not approved for use in food-animals. The ABVT expressed concern that food animal veterinarians have no approved products for treatment of many acute poisonings due to regulatory restrictions.
CVM presented four options for the VMAC's to consider to assure antidote availability in food-producing animals. 1) Investigational New Animal Drug applications (INAD) could be established for drugs with insufficient human food safety information. The sponsor of the INAD would develop study protocols and collect effectiveness data. It was proposed that human food safety data collection might be addressed by National Research Support Project-7 (NRSP-7) funding in connection with the "minor use and minor species" initiative. 2) Regulatory discretion was another option where antidotes that presented low human food safety and environmental concern would not be required to have New Animal Drug approval as a condition of marketing. 3) Extra-label use of human-labeled antidotes was suggested as a means to save the life of an animal. 4) Two drugs, atropine sulfate and epinephrine injection were exempted by regulation from certain drug-labeling requirements "when intended for those veterinary uses for which they were generally employed by the veterinary medical profession."
INAD Option
The compassionate use INAD option replaced the emergency use INAD. It provided a process leading to approval although it did not address chemistry and manufacturing requirements. This is in contrast tot he emergency use INAD application which was a mechanism for allowing unapproved products to be made available without regard for ultimate FDA approval. It was proposed that one INAD sponsor for each antidote be established with various participating antidote depots serving as clinical investigators. The depots would receive the bulk chemical, compound the bulk ingredient into a dosage form according to an established protocol and distribute the product to veterinarians. This option would have required the allocation of CVM resources for the review of safety and efficacy data. Human food safety data including residue depletion studies would be funded through the USDA in conjunction with the NRSP-7 program. Under this option, "Emergency use" INADs were discontinued because studies were not actually being conducted to support the INAD.
Regulatory Discretion Option
If commercially available, CVM allowed low regulatory priority products to be marketed. These antidotes (EDTA, sodium sulfate, sodium nitrite, sodium thiosulfate, bromosulphalein and menadione) were classified as low regulatory priority because of minimum human food safety and environmental concerns. However, this process provided no incentive for obtaining approved antidotes.
Extra-Label Use Option
Extra-label use before 1994 was illegal but enforcement discretion was exercised by CVM.
Compounding is authorized by FDA Compliance Policy Guide, Compounding of Drugs for Use in Animals (CPG 7125.40). Licensed pharmacies are exempted from registration requirements by Section 510 (g) (1) of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act (the Act). Drugs may be compounded by licensed pharmacies within the regular course of business of dispensing or selling drugs at retail. Licensed practitioners are also exempted from registration requirements by Section 510 (g) (2) of the Act, if drugs are manufactured, prepared, propagated, compounded or processed during the regular course of business or dispensed at retail. Drugs for resale by practitioners are not exempted from compounding registration. Practitioners and pharmacists are not exempted from approval requirements in the new animal drug provisions of Sections 501 (a) (5) and 512. Under these requirements, compounding is limited to the preparation of drug products which do not meet the definition of new animal drugs. The FDA Modernization Act of 1997 further clarified a pharmacist's or licensed practitioner's right to compound human products, but not animal products.
Under the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA) of 1994, veterinarians are permitted to legally use approved animal and human drugs in an extra-label manner. The veterinarian is responsible for insuring that no illegal residues occur in food producing animals following extra-label use. It also allows compounding from approved drugs but does not allow compounding from bulk drugs. However, if the need is great and the public health risk is small, FDA exercises regulatory discretion with respect to veterinarians compounding from unapproved drugs under CPG 7125.00, Extra-label Use of New Animal Drugs in Food-Producing Animals.
The Compliance Policy Guide acknowledges that circumstances do exist when it may be necessary for a veterinarian to compound or direct for a pharmacist to compound, an article that results in an unapproved new animal drug. This includes human and bulk drugs. The FDA will exercise regulatory discretion when unapproved new animal drugs are compounded to provide appropriate medical therapy. The following criteria must be met: 1) A legitimate medical need is identified where the health of animals was threatened and suffering or death would result from failure to treat the affected animal. 2) There is a need for an appropriate dosage regimen for the species, age, size or medical condition of the patient. 3) There is no marketed approved animal drug which could be used in a labeled or extra-label manner, or human-label drug, or there was some rare extenuating circumstance. Additionally, compounded drugs must be formulated under Good Compounding Practices (GCP). Compounded antidotes should not be stockpiled, advertised, promoted, displayed or marketed as unapproved new animal drugs.
Regulatory Discretion
Regulatory discretion continues to be an option because manufacturing of some unapproved antidotes for life-threatening situations would have no food safety concerns. However, manufacturing under Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) may not be profitable to a manufacturer. Model labels (monographs) may be drafted as standard labels for various antidotes. This will allow any legitimate manufacturer to market antidotes made under GMP's. An unapproved antidote becomes a high regulatory priority when illegal residues occur in meat, milk, eggs, honey or aquaculture products. Illegal residues may occur when withdrawal times have not been established by the veterinarian or established without using adequate scientific information.
One way to increase antidote availability would be to pursue legislative changes. The Conditional Approval of Antidotes for Companion Animals, and An Alternate Process to Provide for Legal Marketing of New Animal Drug Antidotes with No Human food Safety Concerns have not been introduced into the legislative process, but are ideas for consideration.
Conditional Approval of Antidotes for Companion Animals
The Food, Drug & Cosmetic Act could be amended to allow the conditional approval of drugs for antidote use in companion animals. This would allow the antidote to appear on the market more quickly. Conditional approval would be contingent on the sponsor's commitment to pursuing full approvals. Conditional approval would be similar to compassionate INAD's because the product could be marketed without full approval pending the completion of the effectiveness data. A conditional approval for antidotes could parallel the conditional veterinary biologicals license, including the limited circumstances under which it would be considered. A conditional licensure from USDA currently is available for veterinary biological products such as vaccines to meet emergency conditions, limited markets, local situations, or other special circumstances (9 CFR Section 102.6). Although the purity and safety requirements of the Virus-Serum-Toxin Act of 1913, amended in 1985 (Pub. L. 99-198) did not change, the effectiveness data requirements were limited to those that establish a "reasonable expectation of effectiveness." For conditional approvals, some of the effectiveness data may be incomplete after the target animal safety and manufacturing chemistry data is accepted and marketing is conditionally approved. Upon satisfactory completion of the pending data requirements, the antidote would receive full approval.
Drugs for food-producing animals would not be eligible for a conditional approval. Human food safety data could not be incomplete for an approval because all of the toxicity and residue chemistry components of an INAD application contribute to calculation of tolerance and withdrawal time. The only way for a product to be available, if the human food safety data were not complete, is under investigational new animal drug exemption which requires a preliminary safety assessment and investigational withdrawal time. Manufacturing chemistry requirements for antidotes should be completed prior to obtaining a conditional approval. The conditional approval would be renewable for up to 5 years and would be subject to annual review. If the effectiveness requirements are not completed within the 5 year limit, the conditional approval would expire.
An Alternate Process to Provide for Legal Marketing of New Animal Drug Antidotes with No Human Food Safety Concerns
The statute could be amended to adopt an alternate process to provide for legal marketing of new animal drug antidotes. These products together would be referred to as the "Legally-Marketable Unapproved Animal Antidote Index" (the Antidote Index). The Antidote Index is also an extension of regulatory discretion. While the legal marketing of new animal drugs for antidotes appears to be another form of regulatory discretion, it really is an improvement over low regulatory priority. It makes unapproved antidotes that may be previously marketed under regulatory discretion and GMP a legal process.
The Antidote Index would benefit companion animal species. There will never be economic justification for development of standard drug approval packages to cover the use of a specific antidote in several species. If these products were to be made legally available at all, an alternate process must be considered. The indexing process would involve an assessment of target animal safety and effectiveness for the subject new animal drug by means of a non-FDA, expert review group. Thus, the risk : benefit analysis would be applied by panels of experts operating external to FDA, at little or no cost to the agency. The outside expert panels could operate under the auspices of a recognized professional organization or could be a non-affiliated ad hoc panel. The expert panels would typically comprise a minimum of three experts. The required minimum qualifications that include conflict of interest requirements would be defined, and an individual's inclusion on the panel would be subject to review by FDA.
The expert review panel looks for proof of the antidotes safety and effectiveness. Expert panels could also consider data gathered using a product other than the proposed final market formulation with minimal bridging information. The panels would provide an explanation of how the product formulation that they were reviewing (including excipients) could be bridged to the proposed market formulation. Such an explanation would not necessarily have to be drawn from the results of a formal study. Information regarding what was generally known regarding bioavailability and other comparable characteristics of the two formulations could also be included.
The Veterinary Medical Advisory Committee has specifically recommended 5% calcium EDTA for acute lead poisoning, 3% sodium nitrate/ 30% sodium thiosulfate for cyanide poisoning in ruminant and non-ruminant animals and 30 % sodium thiosulfate for cyanide poisoning in ruminant animals. In fact, the following seven antidotes/drugs may be manufactured under GMP using regulatory discretion: EDTA disodium calcium salt, EDTA tetrasodium salt, sodium sulfate, sodium nitrite, sodium thiosulfate, bromosulphalein, diagnostic for liver function with suspected poisonings, and menadione. Marketing under regulatory discretion would allow labeling to include indications, warnings, animal species, adverse reactions, contraindications, stability or parent compound, formulation practices, user safety, therapeutic regimen, dosage and administration procedures, discard or withdrawal times, and the disposal of dead animals or unused drug. These seven compounds have a zero withdrawal time and are of low toxicological concern in humans. Food-animals that receive these antidotes should not be intended for direct slaughter. Also, due to lack of residue information for milk after treating lactating dairy cattle and the potential for milk to be directly introduced into food, it is strongly recommended that the label state "Not for use in dairy cattle."
Molybdic acid salts and methylene blue have increased toxicological concerns which caused extended withdrawal periods of 30 and 180 days, respectively. These two unapproved antidotes are available under an INAD, because there is limited residue data available and they could be used in a herd or flock. Methylene blue is a mutagen and a suspect carcinogen and subsequently has a prolonged withdrawal time. Compounding of antidotes for emergency use is also allowed as described in this article under compounding. While compounding of molybdic acid salts would be acceptable to CVM, compounding of methylene blue would be a concern to CVM because of its potential as a carcinogen. Marketing of molybdic salts and methylene blue as antidotes under regulatory discretion is not acceptable to CVM because of lack of residue depletion studies. Methylene blue is rapidly excreted from the body but partitions readily into the milk, whereas the proportion of molybdate excreted in the milk is unknown. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that molybdic acid salts and methylene blue not be administered to lactating dairy cattle unless the extended withdrawal times are met. The withdrawal times for molybdic acid and methylene blue are subject to change with the collection of new residue data.
In 1989, the National Cancer Institute nominated methylene blue to the National Toxicology Program based on its mutagenicity and potential carcinogenicity in humans. Animal studies were inadequate and long term studies were lacking. Methylene blue was given a high priority based on its numerous medicinal and therapeutic uses in humans, industrial exposure and concerns about carcinogenicity. Additionally, methylene blue exposure in humans could occur after food-animals were treated for nitrate poisoning. To date, the 28 day subchronic, the 90 day chronic and the teratology studies have been completed. Continuous breeding reproductive studies were canceled. Long-term, 2 year, testing was scheduled for contracting in February of 1999. It may be another 3 years before the human food safety studies for methylene blue are complete which may allow it to be marketed as an approved antidote. If methylene blue is found to be a carcinogen after long term studies, it may never be approved for use in food-animals as an antidote.
The Center for Veterinary Medicine has acknowledged the lack of available antidotes and the reluctance of pharmaceutical sponsors to pursue approvals that have little economic incentive. FDA has tried to exercise flexibility to meet these needs since 1991, but even the most flexible application of standards and policies has proven to be inadequate. Legislative action could provide more antidotes as outlined under "Conditional Approval" and " The Legally-Marketed Unapproved Animal Antidote Index." The Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act will require amendment to allow conditional approval, an antidote index and create an expert panel or panels for antidotes. The use of unapproved antidotes in food-producing animals must be accompanied by human food safety concerns. Compounding may be the answer for antidote availability in food-producing animals on an emergency basis when the need is great and the risk is small. While this approach for food-animals presents an alternative, it may not be practical. In reality, an INAD is required by one or more of the chemical manufactures when bulk chemicals are intended for the therapeutic use in food animals. The chemical industry adopted this policy after FDA withdrew its blanket authorization for veterinarians and pharmacies to obtain bulk chemicals from industry for compounding, even though CVM does not require an INAD for emergency compounding..
Some antidotes are expensive, require large amounts to treat many animals or are unstable. Local antidote distribution sites could be established that are managed by colleges of veterinary medicine, state diagnostic laboratories or agricultural departments, state boards of veterinary medicine or veterinary associations. The advantage of antidote depots would be the availability of antidotes on a regional basis, prevent stockpiling at compounding pharmacies and ensure that antidotes would only be used for treating toxicosis.
Presently, there is no single solution for increased antidote availability. Antidote availability in the future may depend upon a combination of regulatory discretion, compounding, new legislation and the establishment of antidote depots. Interested parties are encouraged to ban together in order to draft new legislation. New legislation may originate from both within and outside the Center of Veterinary Medicine, but legislation that is drafted outside of CVM may have a greater chance for success.
The ideas for "Conditional Approval of Antidotes" and "An Alternate Process to Provide for Legal Marketing of New Animal Drug Antidotes with No Human Food Safety Concerns," were adapted from Proposals to Increase the Legal Availability of Animal Drugs for Minor Uses and Minor Species, Center for Veterinary Medicine ADAA Minor Use/Minor Species Working Group, August 19, 1998.
Sundlof, SF: Legal and responsible drug use in the cattle industry: Extra-label use. Vet Med (Food-Animal Practice) pp. 673-680, 1998.


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LISA BARSTOW is a freelance writer who graduated with a BA in Creative Writing from
Several years ago, Lisa's essay, Living in the Mystery, was published in the anthology Mid-Life Clarity: Ephiphanies from Grown-up Girls (Beyond Words Publishing) and since then, she has had essays and poems featured in numerous publications including: Sacred Journey, Inner Tapestry, Inspiration Journal and Sage Woman Magazine. Her new memoir, Don't Go Back to Sleep, is her first full length work. Lisa and her husband divide their time between homes in

subset: commoncrawl


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We woke up to icy road conditions today, which became so bad that the local school district changed from delayed classes to cancelled classes for the whole day. I figured that was probably a pretty good indicator that I shouldn't add to the mayhem on the roads. After all, most of us in Central Texas are pretty inept when it comes to those sorts of driving conditions. So, my usual sew day with friends became a sewing retreat at home.
I pulled out my block drafting tools and began work on another Jane Stickle border triangle.
…and here it is: Bottom Row 7, Cheryl's Clown.


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The split between elite and popular society grew dramatically during the early 18th century. This split can easily be seen in the imagery of the period.
First inventory the contents of the homes in these prints and then describe the material resources available to common people in the 18th century.
Compared with their medieval counterparts, do you think such people lived well or poorly?
The Distressed Poet
A Peasant's House at Night
To complete this task, click HERE.


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Belinda S. Han
Director, The Center for the Advancement of Leadership, Utah Valley University
Briefly tell us about your academic/professional life:
Ms. Han grew up in San Diego, California as the oldest of 7 children (5 brothers and 1 sister). She moved to Lehi, Utah while in high school and graduated from Lehi High. After high school she attended Snow College and UVSC. At UVSC she was involved with ASUVSC, the Service Learning Center, and many other campus organizations. While in college Ms. Han discovered her love for the outdoors and spent several summers and winters working in the mountains (which paid her way through college). She graduated from UVSC in 2004 with a bachelor's degree in Behavioral Science and was quickly hired full time in a non-profit organization. She has spent the last several years working in the non-profit sector serving in the areas of fundraising, marketing, recruiting, training, curriculum creation, and classroom teaching. She completed a Master's degree in Organizational Leadership at Gonzaga University in August of 2014.
Ms. Han joined the CAL team in 2011 and is working on a doctorate in Interdisciplinary Leadership at Creighton University. She has been married to Jerod Han, from Las Vegas, since 2007 and currently resides in Spanish Fork, Utah.
Briefly tell us about your life outside of School/Work:
Ms. Han loves to quilt, can food, and be outdoors. She and her husband are not able to have children, so they enjoy their 25+ nieces and nephews, as well as their three dogs that they affectionately call their "kids" – Doc (3 year old mini dachshund), Pepper (2 1/2 year old mini dachshund), and Koda (3 month old Pomeranian).
What was the greatest barrier on your path to awesomeness, and what did you do about it?
My greatest barrier was my own self-doubt and lack of self-love. Unfortunately, I did not know this was a barrier; however, others did and thank goodness for angels on my path who saw something in me that I was unable to see.
How did you know your path or decide your current path?
My path was supposed to entail 1) getting married before age 20, 2) having a bundle of children, 3) and living happily ever after with a husband who could hopefully work hard to bring home the bacon. Well, that's not exactly how things went. When I still wasn't married, or dating anyone seriously, at 20 I was at a loss for what I should do. Finally, around age 23 I decided I would get on track to complete a bachelor's degree, but if a man came along I was totally willing to drop out of school to start a family. At age 26, after finishing my degree, I started a career in the nonprofit sector, always knowing it was temporary until I found a husband. At the tail end of my non-profit career I met my husband. But, he needed to complete his degree, and so I became the primary breadwinner and have continued to be so.
So, to answer the question: I DID NOT START ACTIVELY PLANNING MY LIFE until recently when I realized that just because my mom, and her mom, and her mom had children and did not complete a college degree does not mean it is the only path, nor does it mean it ought to be my path. I am learning to trust myself, my feelings, and my experiences, and my perceptions to pin point my values, strengths, and passions. As I have started this journey of authentic self discovery, I have found peace and joy in working in higher education. This led me to complete a masters degree and pursue a doctorate.
How do you de-stress?
The technique I use most often is deep, slow, thoughtful breathing. It sounds simple, but it is very effective.
However, I also like to go on drives with my partner, have nerf gun target shooting competitions with my employees, and LAUGH!
Where can we find you online?


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The Flatliners have launched a new video for "Count Your Bruises," a song from 2010's Cavalcade and the title track to their new 7-inch single, released today via Fat.
Check it out below. The band is kicking off a European tour tomorrow and will be releasing a split 7-inch with Astpai to commemorate the run.


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Today on the show I spoke with Summer Innanen, professionally trained coach specializing in body image, confidence and self-worth and the best-selling author of Body Image Remix. She teaches women how to radically shift their perspectives so they can stop hating their bodies and embrace the badass woman within.
In this episode we discuss her personal journey to body acceptance and her transition out of diet culture. We discuss what is and what isn't body positivity. We also talk about the importance of doing self worth work alongside full recovery.
Summer encourages me to stay humble, keep asking questions, and always be open to learning and growing. I hope you all enjoy our conversation!
Resources mentioned in this episode:
Fearless Rebelle Radio Podcast
Ep 79 of Fearless Rebelle Radio-Body Image and Body Positivity 101


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Busy 2017 for Shanghai's airports and ports
On average 120,000 people a day used Shanghai as the gateway to enter or leave China last year, according to the Shanghai General Station of Immigration Inspection.
The number of inbound and outbound passengers reached 43.75 million in 2017 — a record high. More than 80 percent of them traveled through Pudong International Airport, which has been the most popular airport on the Chinese mainland for 15 years.
On New Year's Day, Pudong airport opened an extra 21 self-service immigration clearance channels, bringing the total number so far to 88. Hongqiao International Airport has 25 such channels.
Pudong airport recorded a year-on-year increase of 80 percent in number of people using the channels, which take an average 10 seconds to use.
Last year, 4.03 million of passengers, more than 99 percent of whom were Chinese, used the service at Pudong airport. A daily record of 30,000 was achieved on December 17.
Relaxation of visa restrictions for short has worked to boost local tourism.
Last year, 83,000 foreign visitors took the option of the 144-hour, visa-free transit policy offered by the city's airports and ports, up 135 percent on 2016. A further 8,500 foreign visitors, who joined package tours and arrived in Shanghai on cruises, were allowed visa-free stays of up to 15 days, up 40 percent on 2016.
The station said a record 4 million freight passengers were recorded traveling through Shanghai's ports last year, and the city remains to be the busiest port in Asia.


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rob wenarchuk
Partner, A.E.T., CCCA
Rob's expertise in technical construction documentation and contract administration make him a valuable mentor to the teams he leads. Rob specializes in the preparation and review of technical construction documentation for large scale projects. He excels on collaborative projects where technical solutions enable innovative design. He enjoys the diversity of working with creative teams and watching the plans and design become a reality on construction sites


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A Process Server registration is required for any corporation or partnership that derives or expects to derive compensation from service of process within this state.
The Process Server registration application is completed in the main Norwalk office. You can make an appointment by calling (800) 201-8999. Appointments are made: Monday through Friday, 8:30 am – 3:30 pm, NO SAME DAY APPOINTMENTS.
If you are registering as a corporation or partnership, at least two partners or corporate officers must be present to sign at the time of registration. Corporate or partnership registrations are issued in the name of the corporation or general partnership.
Corporation or Partnership Certificate of Registration as a Process Server application is completed at one of our kiosks in the main Norwalk office. Please arrive 15 minutes early to complete he application prior to going to window #6.
Note: Employees are not covered under a corporation/partnership registration. Corporate officers or general partners who will be serving process must also file and post bond as "Individual."
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Note: An identification card will be issued at the time of registration. No photo will be taken.
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Chichester Runners' under-17 cross-country team took gold medals as the Sussex League series drew to a close.
Both Chi's men's and women's 17-and-under age group teams lead the way going into the final fixture at Hickstead Showground.
With parts of the usual course unable to be used after heavy recent rain, competitors tackled a new-look track.
Both races were over a 1,000m circuit, compromising five laps to make the 5k distance.
Going into the final race meet of the series, both Chichester under-17 teams had a slight lead at the top, so there was no room for any complacency.
From the gun, Chi's male team had four athletes in the top ten. Will Broom and Leo Stallard were prominent in the lead group, while Luke Campbell and Brodie Keates chased hard.
A previous county champion, Joe Body, was up with the lead pack, while individual leader Tom Eames was also in contention.
With Broom and Eames fighting it out at the front, the latter pulled away in the closing stages to win by a three-second margin.
After Brook scored second, Chichester's next finisher, Stallard, was fourth overall. Campbell then claimed sixth to ensure Chichester's under-17 men's team collected 12 points from the Hickstead meet.
Following this fine performance, Chi took the male team title by a whopping 26 points from Brighton and Horsham.
Chichester's under-17 women's squad faced a far sterner test in the final race. Leading the way by just eight points from Brighton & Hove, they were without injured Sussex Senior Schools' champion Grace Wills.
Beth Brown stepped in for Wills to join regulars Alice Cox-Rusbridge and Florence Smith. All three were prominent at the start, knowing a good early position on a tight, twisty circuit. would be crucial as they went in search of a cross-country championship gold.
Running with both seniors and veterans, the race began to spread but Cox-Rusbridge was able to maintain contact with the leaders to finish 12th overall and crucially third in the under-17 category.
Brown and Smith were in a larger pack behind but did manage to finish in under-17 age-group top ten.
After Chichester collected a total of 20 points overall, a tense wait followed to see what Brighton & Hove had scored. Fortunately for all Chi Runners supporters, they could only muster 16 points, meaning Chichester took the season title by a four-point margin as Chi's under-17 teams completed the double.
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Why Comedy
green_room_etc_cardFunny Sells… Period!
The best way to keep someone's attention is to use humor because comedy is a hook!
Once you have your audience hooked, you have a better chance of persuading them to do what you want. And that leads to higher conversions, which leads to more revenue.
"At the end of humor, the person is always listening. They want to hear what is said next."
– Jeffrey Gitomer (World Renown Sales Consultant and NY Times Best Selling Author 'The Sales Bible')
Add Humor To:
Engage Your Audience
Lower Their Guard
Connect With Them Emotionally
And Pick Their Pockets
There is a good chance you already know using humor works. You use it but you are going it alone. You come up with something funny and then run it by some employees. Sure they laughed a little, but you know some of them are laughing for fear of being fired.
If you are like most of our clients, you already do some humor and would like to have more of it. Yep, that is where we come in my friend.


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This year on Valentines day we kept it pretty low key, went about our daily routine of school, work, gym and then we went out to eat to Centro Pizza and watched Valentine's Day at home. I gave Garren 14 presents on the 14th minute of every hour. It was fun :) He got me gorgeous flowers and a plant for my desk at work. It smells amazing. I love that i will forever have the best Valentine ever!
Now to President's Day! Today! Two years ago on President's Day (02-21-2011) Garren took me snow shoeing. It was 6 miles total, 3 of them being completely up hill. It was killer. I honestly thought he was trying to kill me. Once we got to the top (which over looks Cedar Breaks) he got down on one knee and asked me to be his wife. Let me tell you that strenuous hike became completely worth it. We thought it would be fun to recreate that day today. We got the same sandwiches, rented the snowshoes and made our way up the mountain. We have been going to the gym 4 times a week the past couple months so I thought, sweet! I am in much better shape this time I will make it. Ya, no. I wanted to die. We made it to the top though and reminisced about that wonderful day two years ago. It was so beautiful and QUIET! I am so grateful Garren asked me to marry him. He is by far the greatest blessing in my life and my best friend. We have been through a lot together, some of it not so easy. However I know with him by my side we can get through anything.


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Heart Disease and Hearing Loss
There are various known risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease, including diet and lifestyle, family history, and age, as well as conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and other vascular diseases. But what does all that have to do with your ears? THE LINK A growing body of research suggests that hearing loss and … Continued


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Sondra Marshall recently spent time at Yasodhara Ashram to reconnect and celebrate her daughter Paris' 32nd birthday. Sondra has a long-time connection with Swami Radha's teachings. In 1969 she discovered one of Canada's first Radha Centres in Ottawa where she took classes with Nancy Mulitz. Swami Radha visited the Centre and offered a workshop where Sondra got her "first glimmer of what yoga was about." No sooner she was living back on the coast, where she made a connection with the Ashram, and answering a spiritual longing within, she started to take courses and then the YTC in 1975. It was transformative experience for her.
Sondra: Someone had asked about family patterns, or unresolved issues that continue to be repeated from one generation to another. In response, Swami Radha made an analogy and the image has remained a powerful aid to understanding my work in this life. She said, the grief, anger, resentment, guilt, etc. that we carry in our psyches is often unconsciously passed along to others – our children, other family members, those we are close to. If we don't tackle the work of dismantling the issues/obstacles, then the pain continues. She likened this passing along to the tail of a kite. "If we are not conscious, and mindful about our thoughts, attitudes and actions, then we will add to the tail of the kite." But if we intentionally seek to unlearn and let go of damaging patterns, then we will be able to cut off sections of the tail. This is the work of people who are aware in this life. She encouraged us to find ways to liberate ourselves from harmful, negative patterns so that our kites are free and we are not adding to others' kites as well. Throughout my adult life, I have been reminded of Swami Radha's teaching about shedding the tails of the family kite so I can live and act from a more generous and compassionate spirit.
Sondra has since been integrating the teachings into her life as a mother and into her spiritual life as a practicing Christian. The Divine Light Invocation has been the constant in her life.
Sondra: The Divine Light Invocation has been a constant companion to me and I use it consistently in my life. It was part of Paris' upbringing even though she was raised in a Christian Church. It was always a part of what we did, especially when we needed a lot of assistance. I remember, for example, when Paris had to do a piano recital or a piano exam she would feel anxious and I said, "okay, let's do the Divine Light Invocation and just imagine everything is going to be resolved. "
Not long ago a neighbor knocked on my door at eleven o'clock at night and she was just beside herself. There was no way I could calm her except a little talk and then I said, "Would you be interested in doing the Divine Light Invocation?" It's a very easy aid to pass on to people and I've used it a lot in that way. So, Swami Radha has been very powerful and influential in who I am and how I've lived my life. I'm very, very grateful to her.
Paris Marshall was blessed to have a mother, Sondra Marshall who had a foundation in Swami Radha's teachings and who had the companion of the Divine Light Invocation in her life.
Paris: The Light was the most significant teaching that supported our foundation at home. I learned early on how to visualize and see myself in the Light. My mom would use the Light to help support me during piano exams, public speaking, when I was ill and even when it was very difficult between us. The Light was a bridge on which we could stand together. While I was here at the Ashram this summer, I went through my life tracking when I could distinctly remember being connected to the Light. This process helped me to realize the power of what I tell myself and what I choose to remember. As I reflected back through the years it became increasingly clear that the Divine has been with me all along and that I actively sought out a relationship with the Light. While I have had some very dark times, I have never felt alone and my mom was a significant force in helping me to remember that. Also when communication was most difficult between us, my mom urged me to bring my thoughts on to paper, to reflect and develop a more active relationship with my own inner knowing. As I am writing this, it suggests to me that I lived in a bounty of abundant Light. One could say that Swami Radha brought great Light into our lives.
Paris managed the Ashram vegetable garden this summer. We asked her about her experience of tending the plants of our beloved garden.
Paris: It has been a huge honor and privilege to work in the garden and to mature my own relationship to the Divine and the Ashram-it was like coming home. I have had this need to be deeply connected to the Ashram, but over the course of the last couple of months living and working here I feel like I've matured to a place where I've embodied the relationship more strongly within myself and that I can leave more easily and carry the Light within me. And that feels good. I feel like I've gained a certain level of independence and a maturing process has happened.
The tale of the kite has been an important metaphor for Sondra and today the Lightened tail lives on in her daughter Paris.
Paris: My teenage years were more of a struggle between the Light and the dark.The Light channeled through my mother was a buoancy element that kept surfacing and bringing me back to centre. Mom was integral in bringing the Light as a force into our lives and today lives on in me.
Om Radha


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Which Division really liberated Dachau?
Soldiers of the 45th Infantry Division were the first to arrive at Dachau
Two Divisions of the US Seventh Army were involved in the liberation of the Dachau main camp on April 29, 1945, and with each passing year, the argument grows more heated over which division really liberated the camp, the 42nd Infantry Division or the 45th Infantry Division. The 20th Armored Division was providing support and they are included as liberators of Dachau by the US Army. However, Japanese and African-American veterans have also made claims that their divisions or battalions liberated Dachau.
SS 2nd Lt. Heinrich Wicker surrenders camp to Brig. Gen. Henning Linden
The 45th Division had been ordered to liberate the Dachau concentration camp, according to Lt. Col. Felix L. Sparks, the commanding officer, but Brig. Gen. Henning Linden of the 42nd Division, was the one who accepted the surrender of the concentration camp from Lt. Heinrich Wicker on April 29, 1945.
The photograph below shows Brig. Gen. Henning Linden standing on top of one of the barriers of the stone bridge over the Würm river canal, while the liberated prisoners are looking out of the windows of the concentration camp gate house. 2nd Lt. Heinrich Wicker is the tall German soldier shown on the far left in the photo below. The man with a white arm band is Red Cross representative Victor Maurer.
Prisoners inside the gatehouse at Dachau on liberation day Arbeit Macht Frei gate on April 29, 1945
The photograph above was taken by Lt. William J. Cowling III on the day that Dachau was liberated, April 29, 1945. This view is looking east towards the inside of the concentration camp where the prisoners are attempting to get out while American soldiers are standing outside the gatehouse trying to keep them inside.
On the day of the Dachau liberation, April 29, 1945, the 45th and 42nd Infantry Divisions were both rapidly advancing southwest toward Munich with most of the troops riding in trucks or armored vehicles; between the two divisions lay the town of Dachau. Both divisions had been told that there was a prison camp at Dachau.
As Company I, 3rd Battalion, 157th Infantry, 45th Division approached the town, they saw that the only bridge across the Amper river had been blown up by the Germans in an effort to stop the advance of the Americans toward Munich. Battalion Commander Lt. Col. Felix L.Sparks ordered Company I to go into the town of Dachau to look for another bridge. The Company I soldiers finally found a railroad bridge that had been only partially destroyed. The bridge could be used for soldiers on foot and for light vehicles, but not for tanks. The tanks of the 20th Armored Division, which accompanied the 45th and 42nd Divisions to Dachau, could not get to the camp because of the destroyed bridge over the Amper river.
Company I crossed the railroad bridge and then headed northeast to return to the point where the destroyed bridge had halted the advance. Lt. Col. Sparks and a couple of his radio operators accompanied Company I, as they followed the tracks of a railroad spur line that led to the Dachau camp complex. The first thing they saw was the infamous "Death Train," filled with dead bodies. The railroad gate was open because the train was part way inside the camp. After entering the railroad gate on the southwest side of the Dachau complex, the Company I soldiers realized that they were inside an SS garrison.
Meanwhile, between three and seven US Army jeeps, carrying soldiers of the 42nd Division, drove toward the Dachau complex and stopped briefly to look at the bodies on the Death Train before driving down the road known as the Avenue of the SS. In one of the jeeps was Sgt. Peter Furst, a reporter for the Stars & Stripes, and Maggie Higgins, a reporter for the New York Herald Tribune. Two Belgian correspondents were in another jeep. About half a mile down this road, Brig. Gen. Henning Linden and others in the group came upon the main gate into the Dachau complex. A short distance from the gate, 2nd Lt. Heinrich Wicker and a Red Cross representative were waiting to surrender the camp under a white flag of truce.
While the surrender was taking place, the soldiers of Company I were moving through the SS camp, headed toward the prison camp. The group of 42nd soldiers at the gate could hear gun fire and they took cover until it stopped. Then Brig. Gen Linden ordered Lt. William J. Cowling to enter the prison compound.
Some confusion about the liberation of Dachau comes from the fact that there were actually four separate entities that could properly be called Dachau. First of all, there was the town of Dachau, with a population of 13,000 people, which was well known to Europeans as a 19th century artists' colony and the former home of one of Germany's famous writers, Ludwig Thoma. Then there was a huge camp called the SS-Übungslager, which was a training center for concentration camp administrators, and a garrison for Waffen-SS soldiers. Adjacent to the SS camp, and accessible only by going through one of the gates into the SS section, was the infamous Konzentrationslager, or concentration camp.
Today when Americans speak of Dachau, they invariably mean the main concentration camp. But there was also a fourth Dachau, consisting of 123 sub-camps and Kommandos which were factories where the slave laborers worked in the manufacture of German munitions. These sub-camps were in the surrounding area and were liberated by various divisions of the American Seventh army.
In 2000, the U.S. Army and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum credited the 63rd Infantry Division with the liberation of seven of the Kaufering sub-camps near Landsberg am Lech. These sub-camps had already been evacuated and the prisoners had been marched to the main Dachau camp, except for those who were too sick to walk. The 63rd Infantry Division is not officially credited with being liberators of Dachau.
Many years have gone by since that cold day in April 1945 when the Dachau prisoners were liberated, but the event has grown more important over time. Dachau has now become a symbol of man's inhumanity to man. Around one million students and tourists come to visit the Memorial Site each year to pay homage to the political prisoners who resisted Fascism and the Nazi regime, the ultimate evil.
The descendants of the soldiers in the 45th Thunderbird Division are very proud of their fathers and grandfathers who took part in liberating Dachau. Ray Stuchell wrote the following in an e-mail to us on the anniversary of the liberation: "My father, Vaughn C. Stuchell, a Sergeant in the 45th Infantry Division, entered Dachau with his unit 60 years ago today. His experience affected him until his own death on February 23, 2004."
Jim Young, one of the Dachau liberators in the 42nd Rainbow Division told reporter Steven Mihailovitch of the San Marcos, CA Today's Local News web site on November 10, 2008 that "There was a brigadier general and a full colonel arguing, ready to shoot each other about who liberated Dachau first."
The 45th Division was on its way to capture Munich when Lt. Col. Felix L. Sparks received orders to liberate Dachau. The following is a quote from Lt. Col. Sparks about the men of the 45th division who were involved in the liberation:
In the original order which I received to secure the camp, I was informed that our first battalion would relieve me at the camp in order that my task force could continue the attack into Munich. Late that afternoon, Company C arrived by truck and established various security posts. I then started moving Company I out of the camp in order to resume the attack into Munich with a full task force. Before I could again assemble the task force, I received an order that the tank battalion, less one company, was to be relieved of attachment to my task force. The 180th Infantry was encountering strong resistance in its sector, and the tanks were needed there. Sometime later, I received another order informing me that our first battalion would lead the attack into Munich the next day and that I was to relieve Company C at the concentration camp. I then dispatched Company L to relieve Company C. This relief was completed by about 10:00 p.m. that night.
The foregoing narrative includes all of the rifle companies which were in the Dachau concentration camp on the day of liberation, those being companies C, I and L. With these rifle companies were attachments from companies D and M, along with forward observer parties from the 158th Field Artillery. Small elements of other units were also there, namely a small patrol from the regimental I&R Platoon which was with Company I, and some personnel from the first and third battalion headquarters. There were some troops from the 42nd Infantry Division somewhere in the vicinity. Earlier that morning, Company I had reported that they were being fired upon by troops of the 42nd Division. This information was relayed to regimental headquarters with a request that the 42nd Division be informed that we were both on the same side.
On the morning of April 30, our first battalion resumed the attack towards Munich. The second battalion was also launched in that direction. Shortly after the attack began, the first battalion came upon and occupied another concentration camp. It was a slave labor camp and contained about eight thousand prisoners. In order that the first battalion could continue its attack with a complete battalion, I was then ordered to relieve the first battalion company at this second camp. I assigned this mission to Company K, where they were to remain for the next several days.
During the morning of that day, I assembled Company I in the city of Dachau, leaving Company L at the Dachau concentration camp. At about 6:00 p.m. that evening, Company L was relieved at the camp by the 601st Artillery Battalion from the 15th Corps. My battalion then moved into Munich, minus Company K.
On May 1, the following morning, I received an order to relieve the 15th Corps troops at the Dachau concentration camp. I thereupon sent Company L back to the camp. During the afternoon of May 3, both companies L and K were relieved of their concentration camp duties by the 179th Infantry Regiment of the 45th Infantry Division, never to return.
At this point, I should point out that Seventh Army Headquarters took over the actual camp administration on the day following the liberation. The camp occupation by combat troops after that time was solely for security purposes. On the morning of April 30, several trucks arrived from Seventh Army carrying food and medical supplies. The following day, the 116th and 127th Evacuation Hospitals arrived and took over the care and feeding of the prisoners.
Dale E. Cutter was a Pfc. in the 601st Field Artillery Battalion, which relieved Company L, as stated by Lt. Col. Felix L. Sparks in the quote above. Dale E. Cutter was at Dachau on May 1, 1945, according to his son Dennis Cutter who says that the 601st was put in charge of German POW's, security in captured German towns and later the transportation of Displaced Persons from various locations. In an e-mail to me, Dennis recalled that his father told him about lamp shades made from tattooed skin that he saw in the officers quarters at Dachau.
In a newspaper article in the Shreveport Times, printed on April 24, 2008, Fletcher Thorne-Thomsen was quoted as saying that, during World War II, he was an American soldier with a "field artillery unit" and that "he and another soldier were the first Americans to enter Dachau, finding bodies stacked everywhere, a crematorium that, though not hot, was still warm, and showers where victims were gassed."
The 66th Field Hospital, attached to the 42nd Rainbow Division, was sent to one of the sub-camps near the main camp on April 30, 1945. It was not until May 10th, that the soldiers in this unit saw the main Dachau camp. On that day, George Tievsky, a Jewish doctor with the 66th, wrote a letter to his finance.
The first sentences of Tievsky's letter are quoted below:
"Today I visited Dachau. It is without a doubt the most loathsome place I have ever seen. One can feel death there in its most repulsive form."
In recent years, surviving veterans of World War II have been asked to participate in the very important and necessary task of educating the present generation of Americans about the atrocities in the concentration camps. It is a great honor for an American veteran to be able to say that he was one of the liberators of Dachau, and many have come forward to be recognized as liberators.
In April 1945, Carl Segrave from Broken Arrow, OK was a 19-year-old soldier in the 222nd Infantry Regiment of the 42nd Rainbow Division of the U.S. Seventh Army. In an article published in the Tulsa World on November 11, 2008, Segrave told Manny Gamallo about what he witnessed on April 29, 1945 when he took part in the liberation of Dachau.
The following quote is from the article by Manny Gamallo in the Tulsa World on November 11, 2008:
The stench of rotting cadavers. The boxcars filled with the emaciated dead. The storage rooms filled with stacks of recently gassed innocents. The ghastly crematoriums. And the piles upon piles of human ashes.
When he saw that, Segrave remembered, he developed a sincere hatred for the Germans.
"I didn't hate them before that, not even during the fighting. We were invading their homeland, so you expected them to defend their country.
"But this. ," he said, shaking his head in disgust as he sat in his easy chair at his Broken Arrow home.
William Kenny, a soldier in the 42nd Rainbow Division who was there, spoke in a documentary about the liberation of Dachau that was shown on the History Channel on 29 April 2005. He told about seeing the death train and how the liberators then searched for those who were responsible. The SS guards in the camp were killed by the American liberators and some of the survivors; their bodies were then added to the pile at the crematorium.
Another 42nd Division soldier who was among the liberators of Dachau is Teddy Dixon (Edward Copeland Dixon) who was born in New York City in 1920. Five years later, the Dixon family moved back to their home town of Belfast in Northern Ireland. As an American citizen, Teddy was drafted into the U.S. Army in 1944.
Some of the World War II veterans who claim to have liberated Dachau were actually at a different camp. For example, the 82nd Airborne Division discovered a sub-camp of Neuengamme called Wöbbelin on May 2, 1945. In 1991, the U.S. Army's Center of Military History recognized the 82nd Airborne as the liberators of Wöbbelin. However, Philip Foss, a veteran of the 82nd Airborne, told Randal Yakey, a reporter for the Oakland Press newspaper in Rochester Hills, MI, that he was a liberator of Dachau.
The following quote is from the Oakland Press on September 23, 2007:
Foss wiped his brow as he talked of the day he helped liberate the Dachau concentration camp.
"I was one of the first ones into the Dachau camp," he said. "Just before we got there, people were taken out, lined up and shot. Those who couldn't walk were dragged outside and machine gunned down. Those who wouldn't die were smashed in the head with a club until they were dead."
On November 26, 2007 an article by Hilary Smith in the Daily News Tribune of Waltham, MA told about another veteran of the 82nd Airborne Division, 2nd Lt. Jack Turner, who liberated the Dachau camp on April 24, 1945, which was five days before the 45th and 42nd Divisions arrived. According to Smith's article:
While he was in France, Turner made the decision to join a special unit that would liberate Dachau, a Nazi death camp located about 10 miles northwest of Munich, Germany. The mission was so dangerous that only volunteers were accepted - and each volunteer had to sign a statement saying he knew he might be killed. The volunteers were told to expect a barbaric scene, with barracks, ovens and gas chambers.
The 82nd Airborne Division was in Patton's Third Army, so 2nd Lt. Turner was not even in the Seventh Army that liberated Dachau, much less in any of the liberating Divisions. There was no special unit of volunteers that was given a mission, even before the Allies entered Germany, to liberate Dachau.
Regarding Jack Smith's story of the liberation of Dachau, which actually took place on April 29, 1945, Hilary Smith wrote the following:
On April 24, 1945, the liberating forces reached Dachau. And it wasn't a pretty sight. "There were armed guards and Rottweilers - the craziest dogs you ever saw," said Turner. "Those camps were terrible."
About 32,000 prisoners were still alive when the liberators arrived - some of them, just barely.
Most of the adult prisoners weighed less than 80 pounds, Turner said. He didn't know how some of them were still alive. The images were haunting.
"I cried, and I hadn't cried in years. We all cried like babies," he recalls.
Above all else, Turner remembers the children.
"They were the most beautiful kids, but they were emaciated. Everybody was a skeleton. To think that (the Nazis) would do that to children!
"I think I hugged 1,000 kids that day," he said. "They were calling me 'Papa' and 'Daddy.' They probably hadn't had a daddy for years."
Unfortunately, there are no photographs of the 1,000 emaciated children that Turner claims were liberated from Dachau, although there is a photo of the babies at Dachau, which is shown below. There are also photographs of the 904 healthy children at Buchenwald, most of whom were orphans.
Mothers with their babies at Dachau, May 1945
Jack Turner claimed to have been a personal friend of General George Patton, and a friend of Steven Spielberg. In her November 26, 2007 article, Hilary Smith wrote the following:
For years, acclaimed film director Steven Spielberg has been recording survivors' and liberators' accounts of the Holocaust, and in 2004 he asked Turner if he would agree to an interview.
"You've got to be kidding," said Turner, incredulous, when Spielberg first phoned. But Turner agreed, and sure enough, Spielberg showed up with a film crew and a trailer.
The interview, nearly two hours long, was archived with tens of thousands of other volumes, as part of a collection managed by Spielberg's Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education.
Turner said that he and Spielberg have become "great friends," and he has visited the director numerous times at his vacation home on Long Island.
On June 7, 2007, an article by Shirley Welch was published in the Vail Daily News in Vail, CO, which told the story of Frank Doll, who claimed to have participated in the liberation of Dachau.
On April 29, 1945, Frank Doll was a 1st Lt. with the 989th Field Artillery Battalion. In an interview, Doll told Ms. Welch that his "Colonel" said to him that "The 42nd is going to take the camp, but they need artillery for support."
This is contrary to the claims of Lt. Col. Felix Sparks who maintains that it was the 45th Division that was ordered to take the camp.
The following is quoted from the article by Shirley Welch:
Camp is liberated
When the 42nd Division arrived with Frank's artillery, the camp was ablaze from giant floodlights, and all around was barren ground. It (sic) air smelled foul, of death and misery.
Huge wooden doors stood as sentry to the outside world. Tanks moved into position and blew the doors to smithereens. Chaos erupted. Skeletal looking prisoners, men and women with only a hint of flesh on their bones, their eyes hallow and deep set, poured out of the doors of Dachau. Those trustees who had been left in charge took flight and those prisoners capable of chase did so until they caught and killed the men who had tormented them, starved them, and committed unhuman (sic) acts. When order was finally restored, an inspection of the train cars on the tracks showed thousands of dead bodies, those poor souls who did not make the trip alive from other concentration camps and who were simply left to rot.
According to numerous soldiers who were there, it was in the afternoon that the Dachau main camp was liberated, so it is strange that there were floodlights blazing. The area adjacent to the Dachau concentration camp was an SS Army garrison and an SS Training Camp, and it was far from being "barren ground."
German soldiers surrender at the main gate into the Dachau complex
The main gate faced a formal garden, called Eicke Plaza, on the street called the Avenue of the SS. 2nd Lt. Heinrich Wicker and a Red Cross representative, carrying a white flag, were standing a few yards west of the main gate, ready to surrender the camp to the first American soldiers to arrive. Yet, according to Frank Doll, tanks moved into position (Did they plow through the formal garden?) and blew the wooden doors to smithereens. None of the men of the 42nd Division, who were there when the camp was surrendered, mentioned anything about tanks moving into position and then smashing the wooden doors of the main gate.
The doors were probably open because SS soldiers were standing there ready to surrender, as shown in the photo above. The prisoners did not "pour out of the doors of Dachau." They were in a separate compound, surrounded by walls and barbed wire, which could only be reached by going through the SS garrison.
In a book entitled "Where the Birds Never Sing," Jack Sacco gives a first-hand account of the liberation of Dachau, as experienced by his father, Joe Sacco, who was a 20-year-old soldier from Alabama with the 92nd Signal Battalion of General George Patton's Third Army. Joe Sacco and several other men in the 92nd Signal Battalion were among the first 250 soldiers on the scene at the liberation of Dachau on April 29, 1945, according to his son's book.
Claims made by Japanese soldiers
Claims made by African American soldiers
Who entered Dachau first?
The account of Frank Burns of the 42nd Division
Back to Dachau Liberation
Back to Table of Contents
This page was last updated on November 23, 2009


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Around the Queen's Park Savannah
Occupying approximately 260 acres of land, the Savannah is the oldest recreation ground in the West Indies and, reportedly, the world's largest roundabout. It was originally part of the Paradise Estate owned by the Peschier family. In 1817, then governor Sir Ralph Woodford bought it and turned it into a city park. A portion of land in the centre of the Savannah, though, is a burial ground for members of the Peschier family.
Today, the Savannah is like the lungs of the capital city and the concert capital because it is the venue for most big music concerts. At almost any time of day or night, there's sure to be something going on there. Locals can be seen jogging, cycling and walking their dogs. On the weekends and after 4pm during the work week, the Savannah comes alive with football and cricket games, even more jogging, and couples and families talking strolls or having picnics. You can watch matches from the shade of one of the Savannah's magnificent old trees: a spreading samaan, perhaps, or a scarlet flamboyant, or maybe a fairytale pink poui.
It is home to coconut vendors whose trucks line the street on the western side. Other vendors sell roasted corn, oysters, pholourie, and there's a huge and highly contested conflagration of food vendors of every description in a paved area opposite the Memorial Square and National Academy for the Performing Arts (NAPA) on the southeastern end. On the Savannah's southern flank, the grounds host the cultural shows and competitions that take place throughout the year.
The southeastern end
The National Museum & Art Gallery:
A stroll around the Savannah's perimeter, starting from the top of Frederick Street at its southeastern end, takes you past the National Museum on your left. Among its collections are paintings by Trinidad's first major artist, Michel-Jean Cazabon (1813-88), and exhibitions of Carnival arts, natural history, life during World War II, and the energy industry. The national art collection on the upper floor features work by leading local artists. Open Tuesday to Saturday, 10am to 6pm. T 623-5941.
Memorial Park:
Opposite the National Museum, the Park's cenotaph is in honour of nationals who served and died in military service. There's an annual wreath-laying ceremony on Remembrance Day.
The National Academy for the Performing Arts (NAPA):
This new building, opened in November 2009 for the Summit of the Americas, houses a 1,200 seat main auditorium (the Aldwyn Roberts, Lord Kitchener Auditorium); with additional stages, practice halls and teaching rooms in the University of Trinidad & Tobago (UTT) part of the building.
As the road begins heading west past the huge NAPA compound, the foreign ministry can be seen on the left, sited in one of the city's finest old houses. You then pass the modern regional headquarters of British Petroleum (bpTT), and the Anglican parish Church of All Saints (1845).
The "Magnificent Seven" (northwestern end)
Along the northwestern side are seven extravagant mansions nicknamed The Magnificent Seven. They date back to around 1900 and display a dizzying range of colonial fantasy. Many are marked for national heritage preservation. In order, they are:
- Queen's Royal College (where Dr Eric Williams and the Trinidadian Nobel prizewinner VS Naipaul went to school)
- The Residence of the Anglican bishop
- The Roman Catholic archbishop's residence
- Mille Fleurs
- Roomor (a private residence)
- Whitehall (for many years the office of the prime minister)
- Stollmeyer's Castle (or Killarney), the weirdest of them all, partly modelled on Balmoral Castle in Scotland.
Northern side
After Wild Flower Park and the turn-off to Maraval and Maracas Bay at the Savannah's northwest corner, the road along the northern side of the Savannah meets Lady Chancellor Hill on the left next to the newly refurbished zoo, which leads up to a lookout point above the city, and is a popular route for joggers.
The Emperor Valley Zoo:
The zoo opened in 1952 and was recently renovated. When it opened, it consisted of 2.5 hectares of land, 10 cages, 127 animals, one gatehouse and a kiosk. Today, it is home to hundreds of animals; visitors can refresh themselves at an outdoor café, and there are paths for animal viewing. It is probably the most extensive collection of local and foreign animals in the Caribbean. The macaws are always welcoming, and the big cats, monkeys, tropical fish and reptiles are popular with children. Open daily 9.30am to 6pm with a modest admission fee
The Botanical Gardens:
These lovely grounds are a favourite among locals for post-zoo picnics, and general exercise and relaxation. Their 25 acres of beautifully landscaped grounds spread back from the Queen's Park Savannah toward the President's House. Governor Ralph Woodford and botanist David Lockhart, who is buried in a small cemetery in the Gardens, established them in 1820, making it one of the oldest gardens and oldest collections of exotic plants and trees in the western hemisphere. More than 200 species grow in the Orchid Display House. The Gardens are especially popular on weekends and public holidays when school groups, families, couples and strollers come out to take in their ambiance and charm. Open daily 6am–6pm. Admission free.
President's House:
Along the northern flank, the Botanic Gardens and the Zoo adjoin the stately (and undergoing restoration work) President's House — fronted by its own manicured gardens — and new Prime Minister's Residence & Diplomatic Centre.
The roundabout beyond gives access to the suburbs of St. Ann's and Cascade (left) and the Lady Young Road which snakes over the foothills to join the highway out of the city heading east. You can see the Queen's Hall, Trinidad Hilton, and Carlton Savannah [being rebranded as the Brix as at early 2018] from the roundabout beyond the President's House.
The eastern side
Along the eastern side of the Savannah, more renovation and construction are taking place, with banks, restaurants, and government ministries. This end is also where you can enter the eastern suburbs of Belmont, and Laventille further south past Memorial Park.
More in our round-the-island Trinidad tour:
- Touring Trinidad: A walk around the capital, Port of Spain
- Touring Trinidad: the Port of Spain suburbs
- Touring Trinidad: Chaguramas & the northwest peninsula
- Touring Trinidad: Heading north: the north coast & northern range
- Touring Trinidad: Heading northeast: the East-west corridoor & northeast coasts
- Touring Trinidad: The east coast: Mayaro & Manzanilla
- Touring Trinidad: Central & the west coast
- Touring Trinidad: The second capital: San Fernando
- Touring Trinidad: Trinidad's southwest: the "deep south"


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In the earlier development of local municipalities, they were serviced by combined sewers such that wastewater and surface runoff were collected together and discharged directly into to the river. Up to the late 70's, sewers built to service new lands were conveyed to the edge of the Petitcodiac River for direct discharge.
The construction of the Causeway in 1968 caused gradual silting and narrowing of the riverbed.
With the growing awareness of environmental concerns dealing with wastewater, various studies were completed to find a solution to an ever increasing volume of untreated wastewater entering the River.
In 1983, the Greater Moncton Sewerage Commission was created by an order in Council of the Province of New-Brunswick with the mandate to implement a Collector System and a Treatment Facility.
The initial undertaking was to construct a Collector Sewer System that would intercept all of these direct discharges and convey the wastewater to the Treatment Plant site in Riverview.
The Collector Sewer was constructed by open cut where feasible and by tunneling method along the downtown area, around the traffic circle and across the river. The Collector sewer was constructed as a gravity system and crosses the River before arriving at the Treatment Facility.
In view of the depth, a large 10 story underground Pumping Station was built on the Riverview side and equipped with large pumps to pump all wastewater to the headwork's of the plant. This station is constructed of reinforced concrete with walls at 1 meter in thickness. Over 9000 cubic meters of special mix concrete was used.
Construction of the treatment facility was carried out in distinct phases starting with the Main Pumping Station in 1989.
Pre-Treatment facilities consisting of Screening and Grit Removal were done between 1990 and 1991.
The initial treatment was designed to be a Chemically Assisted Primary treatment. In anticipation of a more advanced treatment in the future, the clarifiers were built as circular tanks and placed at an elevation that would provide for an easy conversion to secondary clarifiers. A second clarifiers was constructed in 1994 and a third in 2002-2003.
The by-product of wastewater treatment is the production of sludges that once dewatered and treated are called Biosolids. For this purpose, a large building was constructed to house the high speed centrifuges, conveyors and support systems.
An operation's center was also built in 1994 and houses offices, a control room, staff facilities and a maintenance garage.


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Welcome to Awelon
Manorbier b & b accommodation reflects my desire for guests feel they can relax, unwind and enjoy this informal contemporary bed and breakfast, and enjoy this unique setting in this wonderful Pembrokeshire coastal village of Manorbier.
About Katherine
I bought Awelon which translated from Welsh means" Breeze" in 2002. It needed total renovation. I was determined that all the rooms were able to have the panoramic views of the coast and Manorbier castle. The guest bedrooms are situated in the original cottage end of the house dating back to at least 1877. I only know this because I took down the ceiling in my sitting room, and discovered perfectly intact a Daily Telegraph newspaper with headlines about the war in Prussia and the J Class yacht races at Cowes regatta. In the 1930's the house was extended which caused a great deal of acrimony with the owner's of the properties directly behind my house as suddenly it obscured their views of the beach and the castle. In Manorbier village residents commonly referred to it as "Spite Cottage".
I came to live in North Pembrokeshire in 1996 from London where I had been working as a senior nurse. I moved into Awelon in 2003 with my son Kal now a delectable teenager! I have one dog a cockerpoo spaniel called Roo. In 2011 Manorbier bed and breakfast opened for business on the recommendation from a close friend who knew that I enjoyed cooking and meeting people from all walks of life and all over the world. The rest, as they say, is history…….
I would like to think I have a knowledge of both North and South Pembrokeshire if guests would like some ideas as to where to explore for a day out. I have walked stretches of the Coast Path and love taking my camera with me on my travels around the county. I like cooking so promoting Pembrokeshire produce and cooking gluten, lacto free and vegetarian diets does not pose too much of a problem! Sometimes some of the slightly more radical dietary requests set me a challenge!!! Life is not supposed to be boring!
Awelon in the Media
Awelon – Manorbier bed and breakfast has featured in a number of newspapers and magazines in the UK and abroad.
Awelon was chosen by the Guardian newspaper in 2012 The Guardian as one of the Top Ten Great New Budget Beach Hotels and Places To Stay By The Sea in Europe.
Coast Magazine published a large article on my The Sea Breeze Garden, designed by RHS gold medal show garden designer Andy Sturgeon.
In September 2015 Manorbier B and B – Awelon was selected by Welsh Coastal Life magazine as one of their Top 10 Coastal Bed and Breakfasts in Wales.


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Craig McDean/Vanity Fair
Don't bother asking Emily Blunt for a selfie.
In Vanity Fair's February issue, the 34-year-old Mary Poppins Returns actress says she tries to keep her personal and professional lives as separate as possible—a luxury not afforded to her famous husband John Krasinski. "John is, like, 6-feet-3, and was playing the most approachable man in the world. So people will be, like, 'Jim!'" she tells the mag. "Guys want to high-five him."
Blunt has gotten used to the spotlight, though she keeps her celebrity status in perspective. "I am always under the impression that I have a silly job for a living. But occasionally you will run into someone who deepens your feeling about it. Sometimes people will say they had cancer and The Office was the only thing that made their family laugh during that time," Blunt offers. "You realize when you are in something that really touches people that it does offer an escape."
While the actress appreciates her fans' longstanding support, she's not keen on taking pictures with people—particularly whenever she's approached in public while her two young daughters are present. "Frances McDormand told us—she just makes my teeth ache I love her so much—when someone asks her for a picture, she says, 'You know what? I've actually retired from that. But I would like to shake your hand and meet you,'" she says. According to Blunt, taking selfies with people can actually devalue the experience. "Social media has changed the landscape so an encounter with you is valued more as a social-media currency than a genuine interaction."


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Been eyeing a new BlackBerry device for your Verizon contract, but your pockets don't quite allow for a new phone as of right now? Well, Amazon has dropped the price of Verizon devices down to only one penny -- yes those golden things you usually throw on the street -- and it includes all the new devices. So whether you want to snag a new 9930, or you would like a back up 9330, 9650, or even 9550, they are all available for purchase through Amazon.
Of course you will need to be elligible for an upgrade, or adding a new line, but a small restriction for such a great deal. Unfortunately the BlackBerry Torch 9850 (or the Torch 9930 as Amazon seems to think it is) is not included in this deal, probably because they show it on back-order with up to a two week delay. Thanks, Raginv!
For more information / purchase on Amazon
We may earn a commission for purchases using our links. Learn more.


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Actually, it is the most important thing you can ask about anything you think, you do or you want. If such an important question exists, why won't most readers have a clue what this question is? I think it is because we are not taught to ask tough questions about what we do, what we want, or in this case as a blogger, what we write. It is ingrained in our culture that we simply follow our impulses without stopping to ask this very important question… a question that could make us face the fact what we FEEL like doing might not match what we SHOULD be doing. With regards to writing blog content, this question allows us to take an honest look at what we are producing to make sure that it really does serve the purpose that we intend. Hopefully that purpose is to benefit our readers in various ways such as educating or entertaining. Like most things in life, the most effective and powerful things are surprisingly simple. That is supremely true when it comes to the most important question you can ever ask about the content you put on your blog: So What? Two words. Those two words represent the most effective and objective filter you can use to make sure that your blog content is going to be successful. You should ask yourself "so what?" before you start writing, as you write, as you rewrite, and when you click the publish button. "So what?" should be a question that runs through your mind continually about every aspect of your entire blog, but especially your writing. Those two little words force you to answer these types of questions not only about a single blog post but about the entire body of content you present on your blog: Does it matter to my reader? What does it do for my readers? Will it make a difference to the reader? Will my readers be able to answer the question "so what?" positively or will they be left thinking "so what, who cares". It forces you as the writer to evaluate the effectiveness, usefulness, clarity and practicality of your content. If You Cannot Answer "So What?" Neither Can Your Readers If you cannot definitively answer "so what" in a positive way, how can you expect your readers too? Whether people articulate it or not, subconsciously they are continually asking the question "so what?" This question is another way of asking "was it worth my time?", "Is it useful to me?", "Can I do something practical or beneficial with this information?" When you get done reading this blog post I'm writing, ask yourself "so...Read More
Nine & One Half Golden Principles of Great Writing
There are timeless, proven principles of good writing. Even if you aren't naturally gifted at writing, following these guidelines can elevate you to the status of a competent writer. Add a little creativity (which anyone can develop) and you can be a good writer. Mix in some God-given natural talent and you'll be on the way to being a great writer if you do the hard work. In this post I'm going to cover nine and one half golden principles of writing. You could list about a hundred, and they have all been around since God wrote the 10 commandments demonstrating perfect use of these principles. I claim no original thoughts here, just the effort of spitting them out in my own style of teaching. We'll cover: Write Like a Grave Stone: Keeping the End in Mind Six Basic Types of Writing: Knowing the Structure Less Is More: Knife the Unnecessary Words Break It Down for the Reader: Let Them Know What You Want Them to Know Make It About You but Not About You: Personalizing Grabs the Person Help the Reader Across the Puddle: Use Transition Words to Guide and Connect Don't, and Do, Use Long Sentences: Length Makes a Big Difference Simple Is Not Simply Simple: Writing for the Reader Birds of a Feather Live on the Page Together: Organizing the Content Write Like a Grave Stone: Keeping the End in Mind No, it doesn't mean to write like you're going to kill your readers with boredom. What do you typically find on a gravestone? Answer: an epitaph. An epitaph is a summary of the person's life. Usually it's untrue because it's written by someone who doesn't want to put "here lies a jerk, and life's a whole lot easier now that he's gone". Imagine though, if you could write your own epitaph while still alive and then live your life in such a way as to make the epitaph come true. This is how you should write. By that I mean you should keep the end in mind at the beginning. In other words, begin your writing by stating exactly where you're going to end up. Tell the reader up front what you're going to tell them. Write from the top down. This goes against our logical flow of thinking where we naturally want to write all of the supporting details and then wrap it up by telling the reader what it is we want them to learn, understand or experience. Instead, what you want to do is present the goal (epitaph) right up front so 1) you are assuring reader interest if they continue, and 2) you are helping the...Read More
Reader Question: Can you have the "full size image" open in a new window?
A reader asks: First of all, thank you so much for all your help and answers to my past questions! On my blog when an image is put on a post, if you click on the image, it will open up to see a larger, closer view. This is great and I really appreciate that you can then see more details i the artwork that I do. However, is there a way where this can be done to open up into a new window? Like how you explained to add target="_blank" to a link, so that it will open up in a new window. Can this be typed also into the images info on the HTML codes? Or is there some thing else that can be typed, so that this can be done? Answer: You can use "target=_blank" in ANY "" tag no matter what the "" tag encloses. You can wrap an image, text or other object in the "" tag like this: Your text, image or object here Just put "target=_blank" anywhere in the opening "a" tag to cause it to open to new window. If you use Blogger to upload an image, they put a lot of long attributes into the whole string, but that doesn't matter. As long as the "target=_blank" is somewhere in the opening "a" tag, it will work. Here's samples from a Blogger upload, and then a more simple one from WordPress (which is also just plain old standard HTML except for the "mce_href" which is WordPress specific). Check them out… Examples Blogger Produced Code Using Blogger Upload:  WordPress and Standard HTML  Remember, you can link just about any object or piece of text in HTML. And if you can link it, the "target=_blank" will cause it to open in a new window....Read More
Five Questions You Must Regularly Ask Yourself About Your Blog
There are basic questions that every blogger must ask themselves about their blog, and not just once. It is critically important for a new blogger, but as a recent event reminded me, even long time bloggers need to occasionally revisit these questions: Does my blog have a clear and well-defined purpose? Can a first time visitor easily get to the content? Is my blog about "me" or about the reader? Can my content be quickly and easily scanned? Do I have headlines, formatting and visuals that will cause someone to want to read my posts? I've been blogging and writing for a long time but had not done any serious critique of my blogs in a year or two. A peer review last week of one of my blogs was a stark wake up call that I had fallen into some lazy and ineffective habits. The content was still being produced but the "house" where it lived was in shambles. It was an uncoordinated, "shoot from the hip" effort that stemmed from a subconscious mindset of "I already know what I'm doing". It resulted in a blog that was hard for first time viewers to quickly and positively assess. Very few readers would have stuck around long enough to see there was some useful content hiding in there somewhere. It was "subscriber genocide". Why didn't I see this? I'm experienced. I know the proven principles of layout, blog design and attracting readers… but you sure couldn't tell it from that blog. What happened? I have committed myself to a regular review of my blogs, asking the right questions with the goal of making sure I was not getting lazy, sloppy, stuck in a rut, developing bad habits or doing things without thinking or purpose. The peer review on my blog was embarrassing but it was priceless in that it reminded me to regular schedule a time to answer these five questions… Does my blog have a clear and well-defined purpose? We take for granted that our long time readers know what our blog is about and to some degree, lazy design can exist in that environment. However, if you wish to grow your readership and expand the base of loyalty around your content, a new reader must be able to (almost instantly) determine what your blog is about and why they should remain interested. This can be accomplished by optimizing several elements: Header/Logo – does the header content, verbiage and logo send a clear message about the purpose of your blog? Colors and Design – do the blog colors, design elements and styles support the purpose of the blog? At a minimum, they should...Read More
Fours Ways to End Writing Laziness and Procrastination
Hardly a day goes by that I don't hear a someone complaining how they just can't get started writing, and cannot produce blog content consistently. You know, the bloggers who put up a post every few weeks stating "I haven't posted in a while but I'm going to get started really soon." Maybe you aren't that bad, but are you completely satisfied with your ability to routinely produce high quality content? If you are, go read something else, this post is not for you and your time is valuable. If you are not satisfied, I'm going to cover four ways to overcome writing laziness and blogging procrastination: Taking Serious Action Have a Routine Be Realistic in Your Writing Goals Pushing Your Flywheel If you were expecting some dazzling new concepts or productivity tricks, I'm sorry to disappoint. It just doesn't work that way. People have been trying to shortcut hard work and discipline ever since Adam had to pull the first weeds out of his freshly cursed garden. It didn't work then, and it doesn't work today. Nike had it right when they said "just do it". This is the downfall of most people no matter what the goal. They think, they plan, they prepare, they contemplate, they organize, they rework… but they never get around to "doing it", doing it right, doing it consistently and doing it no matter how hard it is. Why? Usually a combination of reasons: some are afraid to fail; some people won't do something unless they are naturally gifted at it and it comes easily. Insecurity, procrastination, perfectionism and just plain old laziness are all enemies of action, in this case, writing blog posts. You'll find a common trait of many productive and successful bloggers is that they just simply "do it". Start writing. I have numerous people who have been promising for months to get me an article for the magazine, submit a guest post or start their book project. It would seem they love the THOUGHT of doing it, but not actually doing it. They love planning for it and perhaps telling other people they are going to do it. Perhaps they lack the work ethic or are frozen by fear. If that's YOU, no worries. Today is the day you end all that. At the bottom of this post I'll give you some simple steps to get you writing on a blog post RIGHT NOW, steps anyone can do if they simply CHOOSE. Take Serious Action Why describe it as "serious action"? Many people are good at taking action but it's not serious or productive action. It's action in order to FEEL like you're taking...Read More


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There's a saying in the military: "Don't bring me a problem and expect me to solve it. If you are going to bring me a problem, bring a solution along with it." It is logical for supervisors to want … Learn More
Shining a light on the possible with people, processes and performance.
Capital Clearview Solutions is all about service. Our team is comprised of some of the industry's leading consultants and experts. We've been where you are and know where you're trying to go. Let us help you get there with techniques and expertise that are exact and proven.
There is probably a better way to do it - let CCS find it.
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We can guide you through the whole acquisition lifecycle, from procurement planning to product support.
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Increasing visibility across all your operations, our proven techniques will improve information flow and simplify decision-making.
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We can give you back those wasted man-hours spent on repetitive tasks while aligning systems to meet your objectives.
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At CCS, we shine a light on what's possible. We execute tasks with a laser-like focus, giving agencies a clear view of their organizational capabilities. We align human capital and assets with your vision and mission objectives, and we do it in a way that reduces redundancies and saves you money. Your goals are our goals – and our superior service demonstrates just that.


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The progression towards positive social, economic and environmental development is a matter that we take seriously.
Our team prides themselves on Federal Screens contributions towards the beneficial development of our employees and society in general. We have achieved an above industry standard in this matter by abiding by the following implementations;
Creating and implementing all Federal Screen Procedures, practices and policies in accordance with the law
Pro-actively searching to lessen our ecological footprint through greener technologies, production strategies and material utilizations
Participation in recycling programs monitoring and limiting all pollution emissions and noise give off by manufacturing plant operating via sustainable technologies whenever possible
Purchasing materials from local outfits whenever possible.