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TWiRT 308 - Comparing AoIP Standards with Ketil Morstøl
Several somewhat incompatible Audio over IP standards are popular in the marketplace. There's Dante, Livewire, Ravenna, and AES67, among a few others. Which AoIP standard is best for a given audio application? Ketil Morstøl of Soundware Norway compared the most popular AoIP systems, both on paper and by installing each. He joins Chris Tobin and Kirk Harnack on This Week in Radio Tech.
Links from the show:
Ketil Morstøl's comparison of different AoIP standards' features and use cases
Ketil Morstøl's diagram of Precision Time Protocol v.2
Ketil Morstøl's list of AoIP Security considerations
Ketil Morstøl, Sales manager at Soundware Norway
Chris Tobin, IP-Solutionist
Kirk Harnack, The Telos Alliance, Delta Radio, & South Seas Broadcasting
Follow TWiRT on Twitter and on Facebook
TWiRT is brought to you by Lawo and the crystalCLEAR virtual radio console - crystalCLEAR is the console with a multi-touch touchscreen interface. By the Omnia.11 FM/HD audio processor. Get $500 off an Omnia.11 now and a free upgrade to the G-Force Dynamics Engine. And by Axia AoIP audio consoles and routing systems. Now with fully compliant AES67 built-in to Axia xNodes and audio consoles.


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Some cartoons and bugtations are featured in this full-color book:
Computer Memory Photographs:
Virtual Memory Pictures (Book)
Physical Memory Pictures (7Mb JPEG)
Core Memory (Book Review)
Virtual to Physical Memory Mapping
A Sample Memory Dump Analysis Services Certificate
A Pause before Crash / Do Nothing and Crash
Nothingness and Crash
Colored Opcodes
Physicalist and Memory Space Art:
Blue in a gate: memory dump and minidumps
Hot Issues
Memory Dump
Memory Hot Spot and The Illusion of Fix
Shared Section
Memory Space Road to The Ultimate Fix
Memorianic Lunch
Structure and Noise
Component Trace
Ana-Trace-Log-Lyzer and Closed Session
Computer Memory Gardens
Race Condition in a Kernel Pool
Memory Interfaces
Bleeding Memory
Picture Frame for Memory Dumps
Hot Computation: Memory On Fire
Chance Exceptions in A Turing Machine
Paleo-debugging: Excavated Minidump
No E-numbers Software Product Sticker
Stack Trace
Defect in Defect
Debugger's Dream
Happy New Year
A Bug Meets a Bug (The Clash of Civilizations)
A Bug in a Bag (Collections, Ex-hi-bit 1)
Computer Brain
Liquid Memory
A Memory Window
M Spaces
Pointers in Nature
After Debugging
Surfaces in Nature
Salad Winterminal
"Kernel" Soup (from Puree Windows Cooking)
Neolithic Soup "puoS kroP"
Food Subsystems
An Accident of Creation
So Chi Salad, 2014
"Self-Organized Window"-ed soup (from Puree Windows Cooking series)
Bang Debugging
Bug Hunter
Working on MartellOS (Martello Tower, East Point)
Lunch Design Pattern No.1 (from Food Architecture, Design and Implementation Patterns)
Look, there's a Bug!
My Computer Celebrates Halloween
Check The Plug
50 Shades of Crash Dump
Proportionate Disproportionate Proportion
Autoportrait in 5 Objects
Chip Forensics
Industrial Windows
Hidden Bug
Coincidental Symbolic Information Pattern
Pisa Fault System Model
System Playing Tetris
Component-Based Bug Architecture
Heap Block Corruption
Linked List
Packed and Unpacked Structures
The Stack of Words
Sluggish System under Observation
Development Muses
Pattern Inside and Outside
Russian Binary
Secret Binary Representation with Flip-Flop Technology
Edible CPU Chip
Cloud Patches
Computicart (Computical Art):
Cloud Traces
What is to be done?
2012 (pessimistic)
2012 (optimistic)
A Bug Catcher
Software Diagnostics
Computer Evolution
Happy Hellowin!
Drink Sensibly Before The End Of The World!
HI (Holes Infinity) OS
The Power of Simplicity
A Dump Machine
Happy St. Patrick's Screen
Hero of Dump Analysis, a medal for Labour Day
Diagnosed by Vostokov®TM
Stack Trace Shapes
The Art of Internals
I Love Software Diagnostics
The Day I Quit
Needs non-invasive debugging!
Russian Spaces
Café WoW
Glass of Water Dump
Memory Dump Analysis
Organic Incidents and Bad Stench
Happy Valentine's Day!
Computer Universe
Failed Surveillance
Debugging Allegory on FEB 23
Object in Signaled State
Kernel Space Starts with 8
The Day of ST. P. The Elimination of Snakes.
The Fifth Column
Kernel Works
The Meaning of Life (according to my favorite debugger)
Control your software emissions!
Happy Debugging Card (Halloween Style)
Debugging Art (miscellaneous):

subset: commoncrawl


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The inconsistency of the Orange Order
The inconsistency of the Orange Order when it comes to talking to terrorist linked political parties
Combined unionist and Orange pledge on parading on 10 July 2014
Dear Sir,
I note with interest (News, February 29) that a memorial has been unveiled in Londonderry in memory of eight Orangemen murdered during the Troubles.
One of those listed on the memorial was John Burns, a member of Hope of Eglinton LOL 764, murdered during the Greysteel massacre.
I wonder what the family of John Burns thinks about the leadership of the Grand Lodge, including the Grand Master, sitting down, as they did in with the political representatives of those who carried out this atrocity? This they did on 10 July 2014 when they signed a pledge challenging the Parades Commission.
The excuse often given by the Order for not talking to Sinn Fein, is that they are the political representatives of an organisation responsible for the murder of Orangemen.
Will the leadership of the Institution now follow the logic of their own position and talk to Sinn Fein about the outstanding problems over parading?
Yours etc.
Brian Kennaway
Author: The Orange Order: A Tradition Betrayed
This letter appear in the Belfast NewsLetter on 5 March 2016
A similar letter appeared in the Belfast Telegraph on 2 March 2016


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Click on an icon to see full details of that listing, or scroll down to view all listings.
102-104 Church Street, Ballymena, Belfast, BT42 6DG, Co. Antrim
The doors were first opened in 1994 and we knocked down a few more walls in 2008 to give you more room to sit! We're all about selling fantastic fries and luxury lunches with friendly, fast service! We're happy, happy, happy that we've just been awar
Read more about Nobel Cafe | View Map of Area | Photos


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Fisher CZ 6Price: $600
Based on 5 reviews
Avg. Durability: 5.00
Avg. Ease of use: 5.00
Compare to ▼
Makro Racer $650
Nokta FORS CoRe $699
Fisher F-19 $800
Whites Sierra Super Trac $700
Whites MX5 $600
Nokta Velox One $629
Awesome detector
Max Depth: 15 inches on US quarter
Overall Rating
Ease of Use
Would you recommend this to a new user? Yes, absolutely!
Juan from Tx
Bottom line: as good as the best
I went through a Fisher F75 Ltd., Whites DFX, Whites MX5 and was not able to find gold in a beach area I detect regularly. Then came the CZ6. First time out to the same area that I had pounded with the other machines.... 14K gold mens ring with a solitaire 1/4 Carat diamond comes out of the ground in an area I had gone over dozens of times with other high end machines.
Also, I was pulling coins out like I had never hunted the area. The CZ6 is a pleasure to use and makes finding good targets easy. I will never sell mine.
Max Depth: 13 inches on US quarter
Overall Rating
Ease of Use
Would you recommend this to a new user? Yes, absolutely!
Dean from Canada
Cz6 = bring a good shovel
Some of these are considered the best detectors ever made. It will certainly add to the number of nickels you find as it is a nickel finding beast. It has a analog needle to indicate what is being detected. It is very accurate in my experience. If you buy one of these you should also invest in a good shovel. You will be digging some deep holes.
Max Depth: 16 inches on US quarter
Overall Rating
Ease of Use
Would you recommend this to a new user? Yes, absolutely!
Brett from Oklahoma
Good detector
This is a good detector which will give you years of service and unless you are very serious about this hobby, the fisher will do a good job. If you want to go deeper then of course go with the higher end machine like a White's or Minelab. Good luck.
Overall Rating
Al from On Canada
The funny, or should I say sad part is, he paid $1200 plus for his Whites DFX. I paid about 600. Do that math, then think what you would do with the cash difference. I enjoyed family outings myself. The savings has been grand and unit continues to find stuff where ever this CZ-6 goes
The best part is that it real easy to use and does not have problems with sun glare, needed covers, dust, or getting water splashed on it. The box is sealed. Though it is not submersible, I do not have to run and hide when it begins to rain.
Overall Rating
Dave from Paradise, Ca


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Print Chicken, pepper & maftoul bowl with saffron & olives
This is a healthy and simple dish with Spanish style flavours from the rosemary, olives and saffron. We've mixed things up a little by using maftoul, a giant hand-rolled couscous style grain from the Middle East. If you made this again you could use couscous or bulghur instead, or rice.
Key facts
- Preparation time
- 10 mins
- Cooking time
- 35 mins
- Total time
- 45 mins
- Serves
- 2
- 1 onion
- 1 celery stick
- 2 carrots
- Oil for frying e.g. sunflower or light olive
- 1 red pepper
- 10g rosemary
- 30g fresh parsley
- 2 chicken breasts
- 1 tbsp tomato purée
- 150g maftoul
- 500ml chicken stock
- 1 pinch saffron
- 120g black olives
- Salt & pepper
- Peel and finely dice the onion. Wash and finely dice the celery. Peel and finely dice the carrots. Heat 2 tablespoons of oil in a large saucepan. Add the onion, celery and carrots. Cook on a low heat for 15 minutes. Stir now and then to stop them catching. Add a splash of water if they looks like they might at any stage.
- Once the veg starts cooking, deseed and finely dice the red pepper. Finely chop the rosemary leaves so they look like breadcrumbs.
- Add both to the veg in the pan as soon as you've chopped them and carry on cooking until the 15 minutes is up. Meanwhile, wash and finely chop the parsley. Slice the chicken breasts horizontally in half, so you have 4 thinner pieces (so it's quicker to cook).
- You can leave the skin on or remove it, as you like (I keep it on). After 15 minutes, add the tomato purée to the pan. Stir for 1 minute. Add the maftoul, chicken stock, saffron and olives to the veg. Refill the chicken stock pack half full with water and add that (i.e. 250ml) to start with.
- Heat to a low to medium boil, then cook for 15 minutes or so, until the maftoul is just tender. Keep an eye on the liquid and top up with a little more water as needed. Meanwhile, season the chicken with salt and pepper.
- Heat a layer of oil in a non-stick frying pan. Fry the chicken, for 3-4 minutes each side until golden and cooked through (no pink juices remain). Any pieces with skin on may need an extra 1 minute or so. Leave to rest until
- the maftoul is cooked.
- Once cooked, season the maftoul to taste. Stir in most of the chopped parsley. Serve in wide bowls, with the chicken on top, sprinkled with the remaining parsley.
Cooks notes
Slicing the chicken horizontally in half just means it cooks a little more quickly and also evenly, keeping it moist. It also means if you're making a similar thing again, you can often get away with using just one chicken breast between two people, good for a bit of food budgeting.


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Jonathan Kroner
Jonathan Kroner is an "AV rated"* lawyer who is admitted and in good standing: Florida Bar, Federal Bar, and Eleventh Circuit Ct. of Appeals. He supports the Taxpayers Against Fraud Education Fund and has contributed to the TAF Quarterly Review.
Service to Clients: Mr. Kroner has represented individuals in civil litigation throughout the United States. He has also practiced in a broad range of federal, state and administrative matters. Mr. Kroner has participated in jury and non-jury trials, appellate litigation, and appearances in state and federal courts in Florida and other states. He is active in pro bono.
Mr. Kroner aggressively pursues and resolves tough cases–false claim, quitam and others. The practice is built on delivering partner-level attention and dedication to client service. Clients can rely on us to be approachable, responsive and efficient.
As a boutique firm offering custom service tailored to each client's legal needs, we have developed working relationships with attorney specialists and experts throughout the country. We do not hesitate to bring in such experts and specialists as needed to aggressively prosecute our clients' interests.
Mr. Kroner is often retained as local counsel for non-Florida attorneys with Florida cases, and co-counsels with non-Florida attorneys in FCA cases around the country.
Service to Others: Mr. Kroner believes he has an obligation to engage in service to the community–from representing indigent clients, to teaching, public speaking and assisting local charities. He serves on the University of Miami's Business Ethics and Compliance Program Advisory Board; as an officer of the Miami Beach Bar Association; and as a director of Global Ties Miami. Mr. Kroner previously served on the Miami Beach Committee on the Homeless, and has been certified by the Florida Bar to teach an ethics credit CLE course for lawyers.
Academics: His formal academics include:
•JD, University of Miami, Miami, FL
•MBA (finance), Emory University, Atlanta GA
•BA, New College, Sarasota, FL
*An AV Rating shows that a lawyer has reached the height of professional excellence. He or she has usually practiced law for many years, and is recognized for the highest levels of skill and integrity. – Martindale-Hubbell
Cheryl Flax-Davidson, of Counsel
Ms. Flax-Davidson has been an attorney for over 30 years and is a member of the U.S. Supreme Court bar and the bars of New York, Florida, and Massachusetts. She has worked on many of Mr. Kroner's FCA cases.
Ms. Flax-Davidson spent ten years with the General Counsel's Office of the Association of Trial Lawyers of America, writing federal and state appellate court briefs and amicus curiae briefs to the U.S. Supreme Court. She is competent in areas of complex statutory issues and has participated in litigation that has resulted in precedent-setting court decisions. See e.g. BMW of N. Am. v. Gore, 517 U.S. 559 (U.S. 1996), Honda Motor Co. v. Oberg, 512 U.S. 415 (U.S. 1994), In re Ellis, 425 Mass. 332 (Mass. 1997), Univ. of Miami v. Echarte, 618 So. 2d 189 (Fla. 1993).
Erin Craig, BS, MS, Data Science Consultant
Ms. Craig analyzes Medicare data, including anomaly detection and visualization, to support fraud investigations. She has a passion for improved healthcare delivery through better utilization of electronic medical records. Projects include development of AI "deep learning" on medical records' free text.
Other Information
The materials on this Web site are for informational purposes only and not for the purpose of providing legal advice nor the formation of a lawyer/client relationship.
If you contact us through this site, you should understand that the communication does not create an attorney-client relationship.
Use of and access to this Web site does not create an attorney-client relationship between you and any attorney. We do not represent you and have not agreed to do so until we both sign a written agreement. Do not send any confidential information to us until a formal lawyer-client relationship has been established.
To the extent rules in your jurisdiction require us to designate a principal office and/or single attorney responsible for this Web site, we designate our office at 420 Lincoln Rd, Suite 248, Miami Beach FL 33139 and designate Jonathan Kroner, Esq. as the attorney responsible for this Web site. Mr. Kroner is licensed to practice law in Florida.
The hiring of a lawyer is an important decision that should not be based solely upon advertisements, web sites or promotional materials.


text:
What Our Customers Say?
James Bowskill
I felt welcome from day one and before I knew it realised I was part of a really great community...
"Within a year of joining Vauxhall I'd put on 10kg of muscle in all the right places. But more than that I learned a lot about my body — what it should and shouldn't do, how to strengthen, protect, and look after it. I'm amazed I spent over 30 years in my body without knowing that. I never considered how crucial coaches are, but they really make or break it. Vauxhall's coaches are absolutely top notch. I never feel stupid for asking questions, and learn something new at every session. The coaches know when to slow things down, when to rev it up, and when to give you a kick up the arse on lazy days. The box itself is great — I love the no-nonsense stripped down space under railway. It couldn't be further from a pretentious mirror-filled gym."
Elena Chikunova
I didn't have any athletic or sports background and discovered the benefits of regular exercise only in my late 20s...
"Before CrossFit I spent 2 years working out at gyms purely for aesthetic goals, with personal trainers and on my own, and fell in love with lifting weights but didn't push myself out of my comfort zone. I thought I was pretty fit when I took my first taster session but realised that my endurance, stamina and upper body strength were seriously lacking. I've been coming to CrossFit for 4 months now and found the coaches and fellow CrossFitters to be very welcoming and supportive, the workouts challenge me but leave me buzzing, I always get a good vibe as I walk through the door. My main priorities are good form and staying safe while working out and I love the personal attention I get from the coaches and the results I got in really short time, I feel stronger and more confident."
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My fiancé and I both go to CrossFit Vauxhall. We love the locale, and the community is great....
"I was a collegiate swimmer in the states, and CrossFit is similar (but a lot harder) than some of the dry-Land conditioning we did. I have an achiever mentality, and CrossFit is perfect for me. I'm able to measure where I'm at, push to develop new skills, and really work on my conditioning. As for the community, the team (coaches and athletes) are really supportive. I feel like everyone is there to work, and they like to have a good time doing it. The only thing I think I would add is more field day type events. I think it would be fun to get out of the box a little more and compete in different types of activities- stadium stairs, track workouts, swimming, etc. "
James Dunn
Great gym with a matching atmosphere and team...
"Great gym with a matching atmosphere and team. Workouts are as tough as expected but the most valuable thing is the coaches' enthusiasm and constant drive to improve not just your fitness but technique as well. Cheers Freddie & Karl!"
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The coaching team do a great job to ensure steady progression of athletes...
"The coaching team do a great job to ensure steady progression of athletes. I previously spent hours in the gym and was frustrated with the results. Crossfit has resulted in a step-change in my strength and fitness - plus I feel great! In addition, a pre-existing knee injury has been resolved by gradually building up strength, conditioning, and movement patterns via Crossfit."
Natalie Wade
Whatever your reasons for starting Crossfit the biggest change you will notice is your perception of self...
"Whatever your reasons for starting Crossfit the biggest change you will notice is your perception of self. Whether you find yourself doing a handstand/pull up/box jump for the first time or picking up a bar you thought would be way too heavy: you will amaze yourself. Forget about what you think you can't do. Listen to your coach. Listen to your body. Each time you say "I can't do that" and your coach says "yet" - I promise you they are right. You CAN do it and you WILL do it. Every time you do something awesome someone will be there to give you a high five. And on the days when it just doesn't go right, someone will be there to pick you up. Because simply: we are a family."


text: "I was hopeless, helpless, hated, abandoned, confused and feeling worthless and poor," Adewale Troutman told the CUNY School of Public Health's 2014 graduates. The mean streets of the 1960s Bronx claimed his closest friends: "Ray was shot and killed at a party in Harlem, Rensselaer became a drug dealer and was sent to prison, and my friend Moe's body was found floating in the East River … [But] My girlfriend heard about a new college, Bronx Community … and they accepted me with a 69 high school average. That single act changed the trajectory of my life." A graduate of Bronx and Lehman Colleges, Troutman became a physician, a professor and associate dean at the University of South Florida, and head of the American Public Health Association."


text:
I had hoped to stay out of this debate, since almost anything anybody say makes things worse. But it won't go away, and in the hope that most of Scottish population are rational and fair-minded, whatever their background and beliefs, and still display the healthy scepticism and willingness to question the hidden agendas of those who seek to persuade them that characterised Scots for most of my life, here is how I see it.
You can skip the next section (800 words) if you like, and jump straight to my views on the sectarian debate, but reading it may help you understand my position. To any religious bigots about to consider my views I would suggest that it will save you a lot of trouble later. Some of you won't get beyond the first paragraph, perhaps even the first sentence. To others, it will induce a misplaced confidence that I am about to endorse your prejudices. I'm not ..
My background is that of a Glasgow East End Scot from a devoutly Catholic family with their roots in the Republic of Ireland. My mother was born in Glasgow, but my father and all my grandparents were Irish. I was educated in a cradle of Irish Catholicism in Glasgow, St.Mary's Primary School in the Calton, fondly know by its historical name of St. Mary's Ragged , with the church just round the corner in Abercrombie Street, the old South Witch Lone, renamed in 1802. St.Mary's Church was built 40 years later in 1842. I attended its centenary celebrations in 1942 as a seven year old, the year of my first Communion. St. Mary's was the cradle of Celtic Football club, founded by a Marist Brother, Andrew Kerins, known as Brother Walfrid. All of the males in my family were keen Celtic supporters.
I followed the natural progression for many St.Mary's boys and went to St. Mungo's Academy in early 1948, where I remained until 1950 when I left.
From the age of seven I had serious doubts and questions about religion, and at the point I left school, I was simply going through the motions of church observance for the sake of my mother and family. When I started my National Service in 1953, I was an atheist, and more than that, formed the belief that has stayed with me ever since, that organised religion, together with inequality, racism and greed was the root of much of Glasgow and Scotland's problems and most of the world's problems. I also believe that secret societies, organisations and clubs that include or exclude based on religious belief, ethnic origin, gender, or sexual orientation are inimical to democracy and a free society. I believe that totalitarian states and dictatorships are almost always structured on principles similar to those of organised religion, even when they are nominally secular, and are equally destructive to human values.
I was a Labour supporter and internationalist in my political beliefs for most of my life, but the progressive failure of the party in the post-war period to address Glasgow's problems and the needs of the poor, the deprived and the under-privileged, eventually led me late in life to the Scottish National Party. I am totally opposed to nuclear weapons, but I am not a pacifist. I believe in defence and the concept of a just war, even though such a thing is an extreme rarity historically. I saw the Second World War as a just war, and one that had to be fought, but was appalled at the use of nuclear weapons to end the war with Japan.
My friends and social contacts cross religious, ethnic, sexual orientation, political and social boundaries, and such distinctions have never mattered to me in choosing friends nor in selecting employees when I was engaged in recruitment in industry, either as their boss or on behalf of another. In my recruitment and managerial roles over the years, in common with all who hire people, I have been accused of every kind of discrimination imaginable, the range of alleged discriminations effectively cancelling each other out.
I have never been interested in spectator sports, and support no football club, although like all Scots of my generation, I played street football, played school football and rugby, albeit under duress. For a brief period in the late 1950s I was involved in judo and the old Osaka Club in Glasgow.
All of the above – especially the lack of interest in football - should be enough to make me an object of suspicion and instinctive distrust by both sides of the sectarian divide in Scotland, and to cause them to dismiss anything I have to say out of hand.
But all my old Glasgow street experience - and experience of more subtle sectarian bigotry in industry - tells me that it is better to get it all up front than leave it to the kind of sordid speculation and nose-tapping that otherwise ensues. The old Belfast question can, of course, still be asked - "You say you're an atheist, but are you a Protestant or a Catholic atheist?"
Let's start with a few facts, ones that are accepted as fact – I hope – across the range of opinions on the subject.
1. Sectarianism is a significant problem in Scottish life.
2. No government, national or devolved, passed any legislation to combat it until the Scottish Government's 2011 legislation.
3. The Scottish police believe there is a need for such legislation, and have welcomed the new powers it gives them to deal with sectarian behaviour.
4. The most egregious examples of sectarian behaviour have been at football matches, especially Old Firm matches, or have been directly related to football, e.g. the bombs sent to Neil Lennon and others. That is not to say that they are the only manifestations of sectarian behaviour, nor to say that other, less visible instances of such behaviour may be damaging Scottish life in even more fundamental ways, e.g sectarian behaviour in employment, in the Police and in the Law.
If you don't accept all of the above as facts, then little that I have to say will impress you, and vice versa. To misquote Sydney Smith – "We will never agree, we are arguing from separate premises (sic)"
Here are a six additional things that I believe - in addition to beliefs set out in my preamble - and I don't expect general agreement on these, because there is abundant evidence that many religious believers and their spokesperson don't accept them, or pay only lip service to them, and indeed the UK Government and the Scottish Government do not accept all of them.
The state and the apparatus of government should be secular and not religious-based, and should not favour any religious group over another, or over people of no faith.
The government of a country should permit all faiths to worship and believe as they choose, and should protect that right by law, except where the behaviour of any group seeks to impose a belief, or belief system, or practice by law on those who do not share it, or restrict their freedom within the law.
Individual and groups who are not elected by the democratic will of the people may be consulted about their views, providing they do not seek to bypass the democratic will of the people as expressed by the government they have elected.
There should be no such thing as an established church in a country or state, e.g. The Church of England.
A state or country should not be described as, or present itself as, or see itself as one specially linked to a specific religion, or indeed to religious belief, e.g. "The UK is a Christian country" etc..
There should be no such thing as faith schools or schools segregated on a religious basis or on the absence of belief, e.g "Only atheists children will be admitted to this school, and we will inculcate atheist values."
But I start from the assumption that the Scottish Government accepts at least the first three as principles of government, tries to govern by such principles, and has consistently adhered to them throughout the debate on sectarianism, and will continue to do so.
Certainly since Henry VIII, the history and politics of Britain and its monarchy have been inextricably bound up with, and distorted by religion, and the history of Scotland has been even more influenced by it. Central to all of this was the Holy Roman Empire and the Papacy, which claimed supremacy over all secular authorities and all nations. After the Reformation, the Papal worldwide influence progressively declined, but it still bulked large in relations between Scotland and England, and between England and Ireland. Monarchs and politicians ruthlessly exploited religion for their own ends, and organised religion reciprocated with enthusiasm, and exploited monarchs and politicians, in an unholy – in the truest sense of the word – set of alliances.
The effect of the Reformation and the ideas of Martin Luther were adopted with energy in Scotland, especially by those attempting to shift power to the people from prelates and priests, and there is no doubt that we owe much of our democracy to this great religious and intellectual movement, but with dreary inevitability it produced another kind of undemocratic autocracy of the mind, with the Kirk becoming the thought police, and proving themselves just as capable of the torture, hangings and burnings as the previous Catholic hegemony. On the credit side, the Kirk undoubtedly was also a binding force in Scottish society, vital in education and poor relief, and in defending the rights of ordinary people, up to a point. Such are the contradictions inherent in religion when it supplants democratic politics. But democratic politics as we know them are a comparatively recent thing, with for example, the full vote for women coming as late as 1928 in Britain.
But the fatal flaw of deference infected the Kirk too, and some of the writings of Scottish Presbyterian ministers on the fate of their flocks during the Clearances make depressing reading, with expressions of sanctimonious concern mixed with nauseating obsequiousness to landlords and clan chiefs and fatalism in the face of a gross injustice masquerading as faith in the Lord. During the Enlightenment, this fog of almost medieval superstition began to lift, but even a great thinker – and atheist – such as David Hume had to be circumspect: the Kirk still had people hanged for questioning religion, including a teenage boy.
In the late 17th century the Irish dimension began to exert the baleful influence it has had on Scottish politics and Scottish life ever since, and it is a sad fact of life that generations of Scottish children have grown to adulthood able to name only a couple of dates in British history – the Battle of the Boyne, or the Easter Rising, and have a greater identification with, and knowledge of Irish politics than the 21st century politics of their native country. Football clubs founded in the 19th century – Glasgow Celtic and Glasgow Rangers - with predominantly working class roots, admirable intentions and the wish to play a great game are now international money-making machines – or were up until recently – with players and managers who are often entirely unrepresentative of their native city, Scotland or indeed the UK. They are now the focal point for religious tribal loyalties based on ancient history that is largely irrelevant to modern Scottish life.
Since I do not aspire to be the poor man's Tom Devine, I must move on …
sect: a body of people subscribing to religious doctrine different from others within the same religion, a group deviating from orthodox tradition, heretical, body separated from an orthodox church, nonconformist. Concise Oxford dictionary.
The definition also covers philosophy and politics, but we can confine ourselves to the religious dimensions, although there is an irony in the fact the sectarianism is now being used in a thoroughly contemptible way by unionist politicians in Holyrood as a tool of opposition, just as they used minimum pricing for alcohol in the last Parliament.
sectarian: bigoted or narrow-minded in following the doctrine's of one's sect. COD
(In these definitions one might argue that Roman Catholicism and Protestantism are sects of the Christian religion, and Protestantism undoubtedly has sects within its total body.)
Here is an unpalatable fact for the Scottish churches – there would be no religious sectarianism without religion. Sectarianism is a product of the religious mind, just as pogroms, persecution, burning of heretics, torture, the auto da fé, the suppression of scientific discovery, the suppression of free expression and free speech, homophobia and almost all of the key conflicts in our tortured world are a product of the religious mind.
In that, religion has its mirror image in totalitarian creeds such a Nazism and the Stalinist regimes of Soviet Russia, and their up-to-date versions around the world, which displayed and display all the characteristics of religious dogma – the Great Leader whose word must not be challenged, the acolytes who are uniquely gifted with the power of interpreting it, the sacred texts, the censorship, the intolerance of any alternative political view or religious challenge, and the whole apparatus of punishing the deviant.
The Scottish National Government is committed to governing a country, Scotland, that has many religions, historically Christian religions, but in the 21st century, other faiths as well, and also has many who claim no specific faith, but profess to believe in a God, and some who do not believe in a God. (If regular churchgoing and active participation in a church are the measures, Scotland is not a Christian society. If highly visible interventions into the ordered life of Scotland by religious groups and their spokespersons, either by violent or disruptive and sometime criminal behaviour, or statements by senior clerics to the media and to government are the measure, it is a Christian society.)
The SNP government tries, as any Scottish government of whatever political colour must, to balance these groups within Scottish society, firstly to protect their rights to believe and act -and worship where appropriate - in accordance with their beliefs, to ensure that they are not discriminated against for these beliefs, whether of faith or no faith, and to protect their rights to free assembly and free speech. They must also recognise de facto, the power of these groups, but also the limitations of that power, because in the case of organised religions, they are not representative of a majority of the population or anything like it, and they are, in their own organisation and structure, only partially democratic or completely undemocratic in the selection and appointment of the leaders. Where a form of election does takes place, it is by a small and unrepresentative group.
Let's look at the dynamics of the situation that led to this legislation. Prominent Catholics had been calling attention to what they perceived as discrimination and actual violence directed against them as a minority group in Scottish society for some time. The behaviour of a minority of football supporters, notoriously those supporting the two Old Firm clubs, Celtic and Rangers, before, during and after games, on the streets, in the pubs and on the terracing had become increasingly inimical to public order, criminal and eventually lethal to a young man wearing a Celtic strip, who was stabbed to death for no other reason than his dress, an act that led to the establishment of Nil by Mouth, an organisation campaigning against sectarian violence, and its two close companions, alcohol abuse and domestic abuse.
The attacks on Neil Lennon, the Celtic manager, and the explosive devices sent to his home and that of others associated with Celtic, including an MSP and a prominent lawyer, led to a major police investigation and prosecutions.
On acts of violence that came with the definition of breach of the peace legislation, the police were and are adamant that the existing breach of the piece legislation is inadequate to combat such behaviour, especially the singing of partisan songs with with unacceptable religious and violent associations, offensive banners and chanting and deliberately provocative gesture calculated to inflame violence. (In this regard, there is a conflict with the Human Rights Act, and it has now become central to the dispute.) The flying of flags also presented certain difficulties, with no easy answers. Leaving aside the question of the violence itself, the cost of policing these games, cradles of violence, threatened the game itself, and the reputation of Scotland internationally.
Other political parties had talked about doing something – the SNP Government decided something must be done, but on the basis of cross-party consensus. After initially supporting the legislation, the other parties had second thoughts, and claimed that the legislation was being rushed through Parliament without proper debate: it was certainly being expedited with some urgency, in the hope of avoiding even worse scenes in the new football season than those that had disgraced the previous one.
There are two ways of viewing the opposition to the legislation. One is to say that it is soundly rooted in fears about the adequacy and the clarity of the legislation, and genuine concerns over its legality under the Human Rights Act and freedom of speech and expression.
The second perspective is mine, and I offer it as a personal viewpoint. Others may share aspects of it, but I doubt that any consensus supports my view. It does not represent an SNP view, since I can only judge the party and the Government's view from their public statements.
I believe that the opposition to the legislation - leaving aside legitimate points on the drafting and implementation in practice, points that will be addressed in the review stages – is rooted in the same destructive opposition politics that lost the unionist parties the last election, namely, oppose blindly any legislation or initiative by the SNP Government that might actually succeed in addressing long-term problems in Scottish society, e.g. alcohol abuse and violence, on the basis that the SNP cannot be seen to succeed where unionist parties have failed for generations.
I believe it is also rooted in wish of small, innately undemocratic and violent minorities on both side of the religious divide, under the guise of football support, to retain their right to behave appallingly and illegally, to foment hatred and violence and perpetuate ancient and irrelevant feuds that feed their perverted sense of identity and tribal loyalty.
I believe that these groups are being exploited by both political and religious forces in Scotland, and perhaps beyond Scotland, in a manner that is at best short-sighted and misguided, and at worse, calculated and extremely dangerous.
I believe that a wider range of bodies have been sucked unwittingly and naively into this agenda, and with the best of motives, e.g. freedom of speech and human rights, are being manipulated.
I believe that the Catholic church hierarchy, having called repeatedly and forcefully for action against sectarian behaviour, discrimination and violence directed against them as a minority religious group in Scotland, are now behaving extremely unwisely in attacking the legislation and the Government, and run a grave risk in so doing of exacerbating religious tension and violence.
I find it extraordinary, to the point of being deeply sceptical, that two groups of supporters should suddenly, in what was virtually a synchronised protest, display elaborately crafted banners with closely similar core messages attacking the SNP Government's anti-sectarian legislation.
I believe that the religious divide in the West of Scotland has been exploited for well over a century by political parties, especially the Labour Party, and that sectarian divisions have been used in complex and arcane ways to maintain the power of certain groups, especially in local government. (This is an open secret in Glasgow, and has been for all of my lifetime – in American cities run on similar lines, it isn't even a secret, it is open and blatant, and an accepted fact of political life.) These political groups know which buttons to press, and are determined not to surrender the sordid apparatus of football loyalties mixed with tribal and religious loyalties and its associated provocative and polarised behaviour that underpins their power.
I am loyal to my traditions and my faith – the other side is bigoted, discriminatory, and is determined to destroy all that I believe in. I want Government, the Law and the police to control and act against the behaviour of the other side. Since I never behave badly, such actions should never impinge upon my rights to proclaim my beliefs.
Democratic government is all very well, but I am answerable to a Higher Power. That higher power speaks uniquely to me, and through me, and other faiths and creeds claiming to interpret the Higher Power are mistaken if their interpretation conflicts with mine. I claim the right to demand that the secular, democratically elected government ignore the mandate of the people where I deem it necessary, and respond to my undemocratic and unelected religious principles and precepts. When the chips are down, I will use my undemocratic power to influence the democratic process.
The beliefs outlined above were taken to their profoundly destructive and violent conclusions in Northern Ireland for generations, distorting the democratic political process that tried to address the real inequalities and grievances. But the bitter experience of what such tribal religious divides, exploited by unscrupulous politicians, actually resulted in has led the Northern Irish people, painfully and agonisingly, into true democratic politics – the bullet and the bomb have begun to lose their lethal potency and rational debate, negotiation and compromise – and above all the ballot box – have gradually brought the Province back to sanity.
But the Scottish sectarian groups who have identified with one side or another in that long conflict, and who got their kicks vicariously from the agony of another people without actually having to experience the pain, are frozen in time, and politically and emotionally immature, unlike the Northern Irish people, who have achieve political maturity by actual hard experience. Of course, at the extremes, there are those on both sides of the religious divide who have been and still are actively involved in the old destructive ways, and they represent an ever-present danger not only to Scotland but to the stability of Northern Ireland's new democracy.
The phrase moral equivalence is much bandied about at the moment in the sectarian debate. The spokesperson for the Catholic Church and the Catholic community feel that there is a conspiracy by government and the forces of law and order to conceal the fact that the statistics on acts of sectarian violence do not show a balance of illegality – acts of violence against Catholics are far more prevalent than sectarian actions against Protestants.
Michael Kelly, in an article in The Scotsman, SNP will pay a heavy price ... claims that over an 18-month period, 64% of acts of violence were against Catholics and 36% against others, and draws two conclusions from this – one, that since Catholics only form 16% of the population, the ratio is much higher than 2:1, and that "any anti-sectarian campaign must focus on stopping attacks on Catholics …"
Whatever the validity of these statistics, the reality is that the new legislation can only focus on sectarian attacks and unacceptable and inflammatory behaviour wherever it occurs and on those who break the law. Any other approach would be the religious equivalent of racial profiling, i.e. targeting police action on Protestants.
I believe that Michael Kelly's article is profoundly damaging to the debate and to the cause that he espouses, namely the Roman Catholic cause, because he conflated it with Labour Party and Unionist politics and an attack on the SNP. At all times when listening to a West of Scotland Labour apologist commenting on sectarian behaviour, we must remember that such behaviour has always been concentrated in the West of Scotland under a Labour fiefdom that goes back for over half a century, and Labour-dominated local government, of which Michael Kelly is a former leading light.
I also question the moral priorities of senior religious figures in Scotland. At a time when the world is a more unstable place than it has been for a long time, when our economy is in a state of near collapse, the poor, the sick, the underprivileged face an attack on the very fabric of their lives, while weapons of mass destruction are based in our country, draining our limited finances and posing a threat to millions and to the environment, the Scottish churches are obsessed with gay marriage, alleged discrimination and the right to bawl out sectarian songs and fly the flag of the UK and the Irish Republic at football matches in the name of freedom of speech. This is a strange sense of values, and if moral equivalence must be trotted out, there is a distorted sense of morality at work.
I have a last word for the Catholic hierarchy. I found this news report disquieting – if anybody else did, I have not yet come across their comments. Cardinal O'Brien present papal knighthood at Red Mass
The Papal Knighthood is an award by the Vatican – a legally constituted foreign state – to prominent Catholics who have distinguished themselves in their field of endeavour. (I am not aware that it is ever conferred on non-Catholics, but am happy to be corrected on this point.)
This award was made at a special mass to Lord Gill, the Lord Justice Clerk of Scotland by Cardinal O'Brien representing Pope Benedict XVI. Present at the mass were the Lord Advocate, the Dean of the Faculty of Advocates, and the vice president of the Law Society of Scotland. (I do not know the religious affiliations of those attending.)
The report from The Catholic Observer quotes Cardinal O'Brien as follows -
"In his homily at Sunday's Mass, Cardinal O'Brien urged Catholic lawyers in Scotland to remain strong and true to their religious beliefs.
"There is no doubt that one of the biggest challenges facing Catholic lawyers in Scotland today is a challenge which has faced many people and different groups in society down the ages: how do you live and act out your professional lives while at the same time remaining true to the teachings and doctrine of the Church?" Cardinal O'Brien said. "Specifically for lawyers the challenge must be how can you represent your clients' interests to the best of your abilities while applying the law of the land, when at times these two pressures may be in conflict with your own Catholic Faith."
I can only say that I am deeply uncomfortable with such an award and such statements at a time when religious divides in Scottish society are problematical and legislation to combat excesses produced by them is being attacked by prominent religious leaders, including Cardinal O'Brien. I can only speculate about how such an event and such statements are interpreted by extremists in Scottish society.
I do not believe they serve the interest of the Catholic community in Scotland well, nor do they accord with my ideas of how the relationship between religious groups and a secular democracy should work. At worst, they can exacerbate religious tension.
I have to say that the award, and the status and roles of those attending does not suggest a Catholic professional population being discriminated against, at least in the legal profession. I can only express the wish that lawyers in Scotland, of whatever religious persuasion, remain true to the principle of the rule of law and the secular state of which they are a part.


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Over at Tor.com, I talk about Nick Payne's Constellations, a play which I unfortunately have not seen, but one that I have read and would absolutely love to see. Except that maybe in the world of this simultaneous-multiverse-hopping-romance, I have actually seen the play somewhere. Plus every other parallel reality happening possible. It's kind of nuts, and kind of beautiful, but I describe it better over there, so check it out:
Thom Dunn is a Boston-based writer, musician, homebrewer, and new media artist. He enjoys Oxford commas, metaphysics, and romantic clichés (especially when they involve whiskey), and he firmly believes that Journey's "Don't Stop Believing" is the single greatest atrocity committed against mankind. He is a graduate of Clarion Writer's Workshop at UCSD ('13) & Emerson College ('08).


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PLAINFIELD, Ind. — Sen. Barack Obama on Saturday decried "the forces of division" over race that he said are intruding into the Democratic presidential nomination contest.
"We have to come together," he told a town-hall meeting at a high school.
He cited videos of inflammatory sermons given by his pastor that are now being used as political ammunition against him — remarks that Obama has denounced.
"If all I knew were those statements I saw on television, I would be shocked," Obama said.
Obama suggested that more and more is being made of racial divisions as his contest with Sen. Hillary Rodham Clinton heats up.
"I noticed over the last several weeks that the forces of division have started to raise their ugly heads again. And I'm not here to cast blame or point fingers because everybody, you know, senses that there's been this shift," Obama said.
"It reminds me: We've got a tragic history when it comes to race in this country. We've got a lot of pent-up anger and bitterness and misunderstanding. ... This country wants to move beyond these kinds of things."
The Illinois senator's comments came a day after he denounced statements in videos appearing on television and on the Internet of sermons by the Rev. Jeremiah Wright, pastor of the Chicago church Obama joined nearly 20 years ago.
"Most recently, you heard some statements from my former pastor that were incendiary and that I completely reject, although I knew him and know him as somebody in my church who talked to me about Jesus and family and friendships."
Obama said that pointing out racial differences only makes it harder to "deliver on the big issues we face in this country," which he said include health care, the slumping economy, terrorism and caring better for veterans.
Obama, whose mother's family was from Kansas and his father from Kenya, said he was speaking "as someone who has little pieces of America all in me."
Other political news of note
Animated Boehner: 'There's nothing complex about the Keystone Pipeline!'
House Speaker John Boehner became animated Tuesday over the proposed Keystone Pipeline, castigating the Obama administration for not having approved the project yet.
- Budget deficits shrinking but set to grow after 2015
- Senate readies another volley on unemployment aid
- Obama faces Syria standstill
- Fluke files to run in California
- Animated Boehner: 'There's nothing complex about the Keystone Pipeline!'
He said schools should do a better job of teaching all students African-American history "because that's part of American history," as well as women's struggle for equality, the history of unions, the role of Hispanics in U.S. and other matters that he suggested aren't given enough attention.
"I want us to have a broad-based history" taught in schools, he said, even including more on "the Holocaust as well as other issues of oppression" around the world.
Obama spoke in the gymnasium of Plainfield High School, near Indianapolis, as he directed his political attention at states beyond the critical April 22 Pennsylvania primary.
"We are going to be campaigning actively in Indiana," Obama said to cheers. Indiana and North Carolina have primaries on May 6, two weeks after Pennsylvania.
Copyright 2008 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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Lester R. Brown
Chapter 3. Climate Change and the Energy Transition: Melting Ice, Rising Seas
Ice is melting so fast that even climate scientists are scrambling to keep up with the shrinkage of ice sheets and glaciers. The melting of the earth's largest ice sheets—Greenland and West Antarctica—would raise sea level dramatically. If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt entirely, it would raise sea level 23 feet. Melting of the West Antarctic ice sheet, the most vulnerable portion of the Antarctic ice because of its exposure to both warming air and warming ocean water, would eventually raise sea level 16 feet. Many of the world's coastal cities would be under water; over 600 million coastal dwellers would be forced to move. 26
Assessing the prospects for the Greenland ice sheet begins with looking at the warming of the Arctic region. A 2005 study, Impacts of a Warming Arctic, concluded that the Arctic is warming almost twice as fast as the rest of the planet. Conducted by the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) team, an international group of 300 scientists, the study found that in the regions surrounding the Arctic, including Alaska, western Canada, and eastern Russia, winter temperatures have climbed by 3–4 degrees Celsius (5–7 degrees Fahrenheit) over the last half-century. Robert Corell, the ACIA chairman, says this region "is experiencing some of the most rapid and severe climate change on Earth." 27
In testimony before the U.S. Senate Commerce Committee, Sheila Watt-Cloutier, speaking on behalf of the 155,000 Inuits who live in Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and the Russian Federation, described their struggle to survive in the rapidly changing Arctic climate as "a snapshot of what is happening to the planet." For example, as the sea ice shrinks it threatens the ice-dwelling seals, a basic food source for the Inuit. She called the warming of the Arctic "a defining event in the history of this planet." 28
The ACIA report noted that the retreat of the sea ice has devastating consequences for polar bears, whose very survival may be at stake. A subsequent report indicated that polar bears, desperate for food, are turning to cannibalism. Two thirds of the polar bear population could be gone by 2050. 29
There is new evidence that Arctic sea ice is melting faster than previously thought. Scientists from the National Snow and Ice Data Center and NCAR examining data on Arctic Ocean summer ice since 1953 concluded that the ice is melting much faster than climate models had predicted. They found that from 1979 to 2006 the summer sea ice shrinkage accelerated to 9.1 percent a decade. In the summer of 2007, a record melt year, Arctic sea ice shrank to an area some 20 percent smaller than the previous record set in 2005. Recent evidence that the multiyear sea ice is not recovering in winter and therefore thinning overall only adds to concern about the ice cap's future. 30
Walt Meier, a researcher at the U.S. National Snow and Ice Data Center, views the winter shrinkage with alarm. He believes there is "a good chance" that the Arctic tipping point has been reached. Some scientists now think that the Arctic Ocean could be ice-free in summer as early as 2015, but in early 2009 Warwick Vincent, director of the Center for Northern Studies at Laval University in Quebec, reported that this could happen by 2013. Arctic scientist Julienne Stroeve observed that the shrinking Arctic sea ice may have reached "a tipping point that could trigger a cascade of climate change reaching into Earth's temperate regions." 31
Scientists have long been concerned that a self-reinforcing trend may be starting to kick in as the sea ice shrinks. When incoming sunlight strikes the ice in the Arctic Ocean, up to 70 percent of it is reflected back into space. Only 30 percent is absorbed. As the Arctic sea ice melts, however, and the incoming sunlight hits the much darker open water, only 6 percent is reflected back into space and 94 percent is converted into heat. This albedo effect helps explain the accelerating shrinkage of the Arctic sea ice and the rapidly rising regional temperature. 32
If all the ice in the Arctic Ocean melts, it will not affect sea level because the ice is already in the water. But it will lead to a much warmer Arctic region as more of the incoming sunlight is converted to heat. And since Greenland lies largely within the Arctic Circle, its ice sheet—up to 1.6 kilometers (1 mile) thick in places—is beginning to show the effects. 33
Several recent studies report accelerated melting of the Greenland ice sheet. In September 2006, a University of Colorado team study published in Natureindicated that between April 2004 and April 2006 Greenland lost ice 2.5 times faster than during the preceding two years. In October 2006, a team of NASA scientists reported that the flow of glaciers into the sea was accelerating. Eric Rignot, a glaciologist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, said that "none of this has been predicted by numerical models, and therefore all projections of the contribution of Greenland to sea level [rise] are way below reality." 34
In late summer 2007 scientists at a symposium in Ilulissat, Greenland, said that the Greenland icecap is melting so fast that it is triggering minor earthquakes as pieces of ice weighing millions of tons break off and slide into the sea. ACIA chairman Corell reported that "we have seen a massive acceleration of the speed with which these glaciers are moving into the sea." The Ilulissat (Jakobshavn Isbrae) glacier, a large outlet glacier on Greenland's southwest coast, is moving at 2 meters per hour on a front 8 kilometers (5 miles) wide and 900 meters deep. 35
Data gathered by NASA satellites indicated that Greenland's floating ice shelves shrank by 24 square miles in 2007. In the summer of 2008 this loss jumped to 71 square miles, nearly tripling. Part of this loss was observed directly by an Ohio State University research team, which saw a massive 11-square-mile chunk of ice break off from the Petermann Glacier in northern Greenland. An upstream crack in the glacier suggested an even larger chunk would be breaking off soon. 36
What scientists once thought was a simple linear process—that at the surface an ice sheet melts a fixed amount each year, depending on the temperature—is now seen to be much more complex. As the surface ice begins to melt, some of the water filters down through cracks in the glacier, lubricating the surface between the glacier and the rock beneath it. This accelerates the glacial flow and the calving of icebergs into the surrounding ocean. The relatively warm water flowing through the moulins (deep holes) and cracks in the ice sheet also carries surface heat deep inside it far faster than it would otherwise penetrate by simple conduction. 37
At the other end of the earth, the 2-kilometer-thick Antarctic ice sheet, which covers an area one and a half times the size of the United States and contains 70 percent of the world's fresh water, is also beginning to melt. Ice shelves formed by the flow of glaciers from the continent into the surrounding seas are breaking up at an alarming rate. 38
The flow of ice, fed by the continuous formation of new ice on land and culminating in the breakup of the shelves on the outer fringe and the calving of icebergs, is not new. What is new is the pace of this process. Even veteran ice watchers are amazed at how quickly the disintegration is occurring. "The speed of it is staggering," said David Vaughan, a glaciologist at the British Antarctic Survey, which has been monitoring the Larsen ice shelf closely. Along the Antarctic Peninsula, in the vicinity of Larsen, the average temperature has risen 2.5 degrees Celsius over the last five decades. 39
When Larsen A, a huge ice shelf on the eastern side of the Antarctic Peninsula, broke up in 1995, it was a signal that all was not well in the region. Then in 2000, a huge iceberg nearly the size of Connecticut—11,000 square kilometers (4,250 square miles)—broke off the Ross Ice Shelf on the south side of the continent. 40
After Larsen A broke up, it was only a matter of time, given the rise in temperature in the region, before neighboring Larsen B would do the same. So when the northern part of the Larsen B Ice Shelf collapsed into the sea in March 2002, it was not a total surprise. At about the same time, a Rhode Island–sized chunk of ice broke off the Thwaites Glacier. 41
In May 2007, a team of scientists from NASA and the University of Colorado reported satellite data showing widespread snow-melt on the interior of the Antarctic ice sheet over an area the size of California. This melting in 2005 was 900 kilometers inland, only about 500 kilometers from the South Pole. Team member Konrad Steffen observed, "Antarctica has shown little to no warming in the recent past with the exception of the Antarctic Peninsula, but now large regions are showing the first signs of the impacts of warming." 42
Ice sheets are now breaking up at a remarkable rate. At the end of February 2008, a NASA satellite caught a Manhattan-sized piece of the Wilkins ice shelf breaking up. Within 10 days, the 5,000-square-mile ice shelf lost 160 square miles of ice. 43
Just over a year later, a NASA satellite image showed the collapse of an ice bridge that signaled the final demise of the Wilkins ice shelf. Yet another chunk of the West Antarctic ice sheet is disappearing. NASA reports that the Wilkins breakup is the tenth major Antarctic ice sheet to collapse in recent times. 44
When ice shelves already largely in the water break off from the continental ice mass, this does not have much direct effect on sea level per se. But without the ice shelves to impede the flow of glacial ice, typically moving 400–900 meters a year, the flow of ice from the continent can accelerate, leading to a thinning of the ice sheet on the edges of the Antarctic continent, thus contributing to sea level rise. 45
The accelerated melting of both the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets is leading to much higher projected rises in sea level for this century. The IPCC projections of 18–59 centimeters during this century do not fully include the dynamic processes accelerating ice melt on the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets. As scientists take these into account, they are revising their projections. In 2008, a report by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program indicated that the IPCC sea level rise is likely an underestimate. A team led by W. Tad Pfeffer of the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research at the University of Colorado concluded in September 2008 that with melting continuing to accelerate, the world could see a sea level rise of 0.8–2 meters (3–6 feet) by 2100. 46
The International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) has analyzed the effect of a 10-meter rise in sea level, providing a sense of how humanity would be affected if the two ice sheets started to disappear. The IIED study begins by pointing out that 634 million people currently live along coasts at or below 10 meters above sea level, most of them in cities and rice-growing river deltas. 47
One of the most vulnerable countries is China, with 144 million potential climate refugees. India and Bangladesh are next, with 63 million and 62 million respectively. Viet Nam has 43 million vulnerable people, and Indonesia 42 million. Others in the top 10 include Japan with 30 million, Egypt with 26 million, and the United States with 23 million. 48
It is difficult to imagine the displacement of so many people. Some of the refugees could simply retreat to higher ground within their own country. Others—facing extreme crowding in the interior regions of their homeland or a total inundation of their low-lying island countries—would seek refuge elsewhere. Rising-sea refugees in already crowded Bangladesh would likely try to do this, which helps explain why neighboring India has built a fence along its border.
Not only would some of the world's largest cities, such as Shanghai, Kolkata, London, and New York, be partly or entirely inundated, but vast areas of productive farmland would also be lost. The rice-growing river deltas and floodplains of Asia, including the Gangetic and Mekong deltas, would be covered with salt water, depriving Asia of part of its food supply.
*Data and additional resources have been omitted from this mobile version of our website to ensure the most optimal experience. To view this page with its entire information, please visit the full website.


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Richmond, VA – Kemper Consulting, Inc. is pleased to announce that Marianne Radcliff has been named as Rector of the Longwood University Board of Visitors. Mrs. Radcliff was appointed to the Longwood Board by Governor Robert F. McDonnell in July 2011 and was named rector in May 2012. Founded in 1839, Longwood is one of Virginia's oldest and well established universities and offers a full range of undergraduate and graduate programs.
Kemper Consulting is a full service government relations firm with offices in Hampton Roads and Richmond. Kemper Consulting provides government relations services to Fortune 500 companies, private corporations, large trade associations, and local governments.


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ATSC Media was founded in 2001 in Maryland, USA to fill an important gap on reporting and understanding Africa and African policies in the USA.
The company first founded The Africa Journal, a newspaper focusing on African trade, politics and culture as well as US and Africa relations. After the Corporate Council on Africa (CCA) purchased The Africa Journal, the company launched a magazine reporting mostly on Liberia after the elections of Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, which lead to ATSC Media's first documentary, the critical acclaimed postwar documentary, A Day In Monrovia.
From then on ATSC media has provided media and consulting services to various clients across sectors in everything from politics, agribusiness to film. ATSC Media is focused on developing content, creating narratives and managing relationships to achieve our client goals.
Get in touch
At ATSC Media we know that finding the right firm is a choice not to be taken lightly. That's why we offer free consultations to walk you through your needs, the scope of your goals, and your budget.
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Abdoulaye Dukule, Ph.d
Media specialist, writer and policy strategist. As CEO, he oversees public relations strategies for the company's clients and provides high-level consultations.
Abdoulaye severed as special advisor to President Amos Sawyer and member of the Ghana accord peace negotiations teams. He also served as Media and Policy consultant to Ellen Johnson for over a decade, and as Sherpa for the UN Post-2015 Development Agenda and the Coordinator of the African Union High level Panel on Post-2015.
Abdoulaye writes regularly as a columnist and has published a great number of articles on politics, governance and education.
Aisha Dukule
Aisha Dukule is a communications professional with experience in both public relations and media. Her experience lies in political communications, media relations, social media and speech writing.
Aisha served as Communications Coordinator for Mr. Alexander B. Cummings, of the Alternative National Congress. She has previously held communications positions at the GROW Liberia an agribusiness MP4, the Center for Liberia's Future in Liberia where she created and managed the organization's communications office, and the Public Affairs and Research Agency Global Strategy Group in Washington, DC. Aisha has extensive experience working with and managing digital publishing platforms and communications technology.
Her writing and content has been published and featured in FrontPage Africa, The Daily Observer, Global News Network, The Perspective, New Republic, Women Voices, Liberia First Magazine, Face2Face Africa, BBC Radio, and Forbes Magazine among many others.
Yasmina Dukule
Yasmina manages all of the organization's new business and specializes in legal documentation.


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Megan Keane is an associate with the law firm Goldberg Simpson. Her practice primarily includes business and commercial litigation, foreclosure, bankruptcy, real estate matters and family law.
As a Louisville native, Megan received both her B.S. in Political Science from the University of Louisville in 2007 and her J.D. from the University of Louisville Brandeis School of Law in 2011. Megan also attended the University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law's summer abroad program, which held law classes in Ireland and Wales. Megan was admitted to the Kentucky Bar in 2011 and admitted to practice in Indiana in 2012. Megan is also licensed in the Eastern and Western Districts of Kentucky and the Southern District of Indiana.
While in law school Megan received her limited license to practice law and worked in the Louisville Law Clinic representing low income individuals in Divorce, Domestic Violence and Forcible Detainer actions. Megan also served as a summer intern for the Kentucky Court of Appeals for the Honorable Thomas B. Wine. She was selected to serve as a member on the law school's Honor Council and the Student Bar Association. During law school Megan was also selected to be a Pupil Member of the Brandeis Inns of Court, an organization dedicated to promoting professionalism and civility I the legal profession.
Megan has served as a pro bono attorney with the Legal Aid Domestic Violence Advocacy Program, as a member of the Citizens Foster Care Review Board and has received training with the Kentucky Bar Association to serve as a Guardian ad Litem. Megan is active with the Kentucky Bar Association's Young Lawyer Division serving on its Executive Committee since 2014. In addition, Megan is an active member of the Junior League of Louisville where she helped plan numerous events for local charitable organizations.
University of Louisville, B.S. 2007
Major in Political Science with a Concentration in Law and Public Policy
University of Louisville Brandeis School of Law, J.D. 2011
Kentucky, 2011
Indiana 2012
U.S. District Court Eastern District of Kentucky, 2012
U.S. District Court Western District of Kentucky, 2012
U.S. District Court Southern District of Indiana, 2012
U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky, 2012
U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of Kentucky, 2012
U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of Indiana, 2012


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Featured in two modern and cool colors, the Kelsey Long Sleeve Show Shirt features a new print design that is displayed on the inside collar, under the buttons, and on the inside cuffs for fun styling. A ventilated mesh fabric on the under arms and equine couture embroidered logo make this show shirt a perfect addition from the Equine Couture competition line.
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Scary Oil
From Project Syndicate:
Today's fragile global economy faces many risks: the risk of another flare-up of the eurozone crisis; the risk of a worse-than-expected slowdown in China; and the risk that economic recovery in the United States will fizzle (yet again). But no risk is more serious than that posed by a further spike in oil prices.
The price of a barrel of Brent crude, which was well below $100 in 2011, recently peaked at $125. Gasoline prices in the US are approaching $4 a gallon, a damaging threshold for consumer confidence, and will increase further during the high-demand summer season.
The reason is fear. Not only are oil supplies plentiful, but demand in the US and Europe has been lower, owing to decreasing car use in the last few years and weak or negative GDP growth in the US and the eurozone. Simply put, increasing worry about a military conflict between Israel and Iran has created a "fear premium."
The last three global recessions (prior to 2008) were each caused by a geopolitical shock in the Middle East that led to a sharp spike in oil prices. The 1973 Yom Kippur War between Israel and the Arab states led to global stagflation (recession and inflation) in 1974-1975. The Iranian revolution in 1979 led to global stagflation in 1980-1982. And Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in the summer of 1990 led to the global recession of 1990-1991.
Even the recent global recession, though triggered by a financial crisis, was exacerbated by spiking oil prices in 2008. With the barrel price reaching $145 in July of that year, oil-importing advanced economies and emerging markets alike faced a recessionary tipping point.
The risk that Israel's threat to attack Iran's nuclear installations will, in fact, lead to an outright military conflict may still be low, but it is growing. Israeli Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu's recent visit to the US demonstrated that Israel's fuse is much shorter than the Americans'. The current war of words is escalating, as is the covert war that Israel and the US are allegedly engaging in with Iran (including killings of nuclear scientists and use of cyber-warfare to damage nuclear facilities).
Iran, with its back to the wall as sanctions bite harder (especially the recent SWIFT and central bank restrictions, and Europe's decision to stop importing Iranian oil), could react by increasing tensions in the Gulf. Eventually, it could easily sink a few ships to block the Strait of Hormuz, or unleash its proxies in the region, which include pro-Iranian Shia forces in Iraq, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia, Hezbollah in Lebanon, and Hamas and Islamic Jihad in Gaza.
Recent attacks on Israeli embassies around the world appear to signal Iran's reaction to the covert war being waged against it, and to the tightened sanctions, which are aggravating the effects of the regime's economic mismanagement. Likewise, the recent escalation in cross-border fighting between Israel and Gaza-based Palestinian militants could be a sign of things to come.
The next few weeks could bring a reduction in tensions, as the US, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, China, and Russia go through another round of attempts to prevent Iran from developing nuclear weapons or the capacity to produce them. But if this attempt fails, as is likely, one cannot rule out that, by summer, Israel and the US agree that, sooner rather than later, force will have be used to stop Iran.
Indeed, while Israel and the US still disagree on some points – Israel wants to strike this year, while the Obama administration is opposed to military action before facing the voters in November – the two sides are converging on aims and plans. Most importantly, the US is now clearly rejecting containment (accepting a nuclear Iran and using a deterrence strategy). So, if sanctions and negotiations don't credibly work, the US (a country that doesn't "bluff," according to Obama) will have to act militarily against Iran. The US is now providing bunker-buster bombs and refueling planes to Israel, while the two militaries are increasing joint military exercises in case an attack becomes necessary and unavoidable.
If the drums of war grow louder this summer, oil prices could rise in a way that will most likely cause a US and global growth slowdown, and even an outright recession if a military conflict erupts and sends oil prices soaring.
Moreover, broader geopolitical tensions in the Middle East are not fading, and might intensify. Aside from deep uncertainty regarding the course of events in Egypt and Libya, now Syria is on the verge of civil war, and radical forces may get the upper hand in Yemen, undermining security in Saudi Arabia. There is still concern about political tensions rising in Bahrain and Saudi Arabia's oil-rich Eastern Province, and potentially even in Kuwait and Jordan, all areas with substantial Shia populations or other restless groups.
Now that the US has left Iraq, rising tensions between Shia, Sunni, and Kurdish factions do not bode well for the country's ability to boost oil production soon. There is also the ongoing Israel-Palestine conflict, tension between Israel and Turkey, and hot spots – particularly Afghanistan and Pakistan – in the wider neighborhood.
Oil is already well above $100/barrel, despite weak economic growth in advanced countries and many emerging markets. The fear premium might push prices significantly higher, even if no military conflict ultimately takes place, and could trigger a global recession if one does.
30 Responses to "Scary Oil"
Maria Cypriotis Little • March 15th, 2012 at 8:44 pm
Fear is nothing new. You omitted the impact of Southern Sudan shutting off the spigot.
Clicca Prega • August 11th, 2013 at 2:51 pm
I couldn't agree more…
longolazzaro • March 15th, 2012 at 11:25 pm
The crucial element is that the deployments Iran / Israel are arranged so as to leave no possibility of changing direction. The positions are being radicalized. This makes the conflict more likely every day and with less peaceful alternatives.
After a 2011 in which wealth has meant above all to exploit the problems of sovereign debt in 2012 could be the year in which some elites accumulate wealth through fear of a global war.
Dallas • March 16th, 2012 at 12:17 am
That would be all I need after doing my taxes and fuming at my 35%. If I were just wealthy it would be only 15%… sigh! We have $4 gal gas already which makes driving to a $12 a day cost.
Jonathan Derry • March 16th, 2012 at 3:15 pm
Roubini jumps from one crisis to the next. In 2011 he was saying that the euro was going to implode. Now that the euro is looking more stable, Roubini has shifted attention to the price of oil.
Sven • March 17th, 2012 at 7:01 pm
Try going to zerohegde, talk about a bunch of SLWM ( scared little white men). they have the world collapsing any minute.
Amar Harolikar • March 16th, 2012 at 2:35 am
Is it likely that the 'fear premium' could actually be "Speculative Premium" ?
Macro-man • March 16th, 2012 at 3:44 am
Great article but the high price of oil may be high, not only because of a fear factor, but other reasons may be at play. Given where the world economy has been, oil should probably be around 50-60$ pb, possibly lower. No doubt large players are possibly manipulating the futures market and holding the price in….possibly a grand bargain/
Macro-man • March 16th, 2012 at 3:49 am
Some marketing research should be done…the price has been too high…even before the Iranian tensions…who benefits from high oil?….Middle east…Iraq…..Russia…..Makes the push for gas easier in the US also..
Robert • March 20th, 2012 at 8:41 pm
Have you guys ever heard of supply and demand. Supply has been going nowhere for years and the Chinese have a million more cars on the road.
Ron Shook • March 16th, 2012 at 7:46 am
It is most gratifying to see a mainstream economist start to really get the primacy of oil in our economic civilization. May you go on to even greater heights. I will watch what you say with even greater interest.
Aegean1972 • March 16th, 2012 at 9:39 am
I agree with the article and on a funny note :
you think 4$ a gallon is high? Its almost 9$ a gallon over here (athens, GR) after the new implied taxes.
Thanks Troika!! We really appreciate paying 150$ to fill up a compact-car's gas tank.
rodeneugen • March 16th, 2012 at 9:55 pm
Welcome to stagflation
The oil price is not so much about the fear premium as about limited recourses. Just ten years ago, only 20 percent of the world population the wealthy Europe, US, Japan, and Asian tigers countries, enjoyed decent standard of life and freedom of transportation, (private cars), since the middle of the last decade the Chinese population started gradually, to join the club of wealthy nations. It seems " butterfly effect ", caused dramatic rise on oil prices, (and other commodities as well), at 2007, when within a year it grow from 50 US$/barrel to 150 US$ (other commodities behaved accordingly), dropping back to 30 US$/barrel immediately after the collapse of Lehman Brothers.
It is inevitable that any attempt by the emerging economies to achieve the same level of consumption as the wealthy countries will create competition for raw materials and energy sources, and it has to cause sharp increase in their prices.
It seems that at today's technologies, the level of consumption in the world is close to its upper limits and our planet is having difficulties carrying on with the already existing appetite for consumption in the level of wealthy nations. It seems even more improbable that it could cope with additional over-consuming people, so necessarily any attempt to increase it in one region will cause other region to decrease its consumption level.
Yet in today's world, about 4 billion people living in China, India, Latin America and the South-East Asian, people that demand the same level of consumption as the population of wealthy nations, especially since they are the producers of most of the consumption products that they enjoy. These regions with young and growing populations (in contrast to the ageing and stagnating populations of the wealthy nations), are about to take over the leading role in the world economy within few years and will demand accordingly their share in the consumption. It is necessary to say, that while an increase of consumption is politically and socially easy, its decrease is politically almost impossible. But as in the past, the necessity will happened and eventually the wealthy nations will give up part of their share of consumption in favor of the emerging nations. The only way it can happen is by price increase of commodities and the final products as well, or in other word stagflation.
The current economic crisis, started this process of more even distribution of the consumption in the world, since it had hit primarily the most wealthy regions, and less so the emerging economic regions. The economic stimulus made by US and EU moderated this trend to shift the use of resource to the developing nations, but it will have only temporary effect. Already at 2009 the Chinese car market became the biggest in the world. What we see with the oil prices is only continuation of the process that started in 2007 and was interrupted at 2008 by the collapse of Lehman Brothers and the economic crisis that followed it.
My understanding is that the oil price rise is indication that the US and EU economy is out of the crisis, and the world is back in the pre crisis economy level of 2007, but with the obvious shift of consumption from the wealthy world toward the less developed world.
Rassegna web: il Tesoro paga il pizzo a MS; trappole, pericoli, anomalie del mercato secondo NR e JW. « Trading Warriors • March 17th, 2012 at 4:07 pm
[…] In questo intervento di Nouriel Roubini su economonitor.com che abbiamo già segnalato giorni fa, il Dottor Destino redige l'elenco implacabile dei nuovi iceberg che costellano il mare solcato dalle navi degli investitori: impennata dell'inflazione in Eurolandia come conseguenza del rialzo delle commodities, rallentamento della locomotiva cinese, inceppamento della ripresa negli USA, e soprattutto la volatilità nel mercato dei prodotti petroliferi. L'argomento è strettamente legato al precedente, perché secondo Roubini le misure di allentamento quantitativo non fanno altro che tamponare provvisoriamente i problemi rendendo più violenta la deflagrazione quando i nodi verranno al pettine. […]
Scott Schultz • March 17th, 2012 at 7:49 pm
More people are saying that we are entering a "Bear market" for bonds. Is this your view as well?
DONNA • March 19th, 2012 at 8:07 am
always politice make problem in economy..but i have to say the oil price was .one of the problem .MY personal opinion is this is not new ..and is not new too Iran play a dangers game in political world (not israel)..I think we have to see with very seriuse eye what happening in MIDLE EAST.and i don't think is just oil war ..but dangrues Religion war.(think about this) i have read NOSTRADOM..something reminde to me what he write..so EVERY TIME WE HAVE TENSION POLITICE OIL PRICE IS IN TENSION TOO..THANK YOU
Oil! « Blogging Through the Wreckage • March 20th, 2012 at 2:08 am
[…] crisis wasn't about the banks but high gas prices — but here in today's inbox is Nouriel Roubini, as credentialed a Cassandra as you could ever ask for, saying: 'Today's fragile global […]
Chris • March 20th, 2012 at 10:13 am
I seem to recall the 'great western nations' of this world professsing that there was a potential armegeddon going to occur if Saddam Hussein was not stopped from using a range of WMD's. The aftermath of Desert Storm proved that ther was no cogent evidence of there being a stockpile of WMD's, just an expansionist plan by an overzealous dictator trying to exercise his purported strength by taking out Kuwait to sequester its oil reserves.
Are we really sure that Iran is in fact intending to produce WMD's as a by-product of its nuclear ambitions on the domestic front to shore up the country's future energy needs post depletion of its finite oil reserves.
There is a lot of speculation about what the Iranian Governmnet is intending, but is the intelligence accurate or are the facts being distorted in an attempt to topple an already radical autocratic regime. I certainly would not put it past Iran to sink ships in the Straits of Hormuz. I just wonder who's bluff is being called in this very serious game of brinkmanship, the outcome of which will undoubtedly plunge the world economy into an economic depression, the magnitude of which will take decades to recover.
David T. Nowakowski • March 20th, 2012 at 11:56 am
It is pretty amazing that vehicle miles driven in the US continue to decline: http://www.calculatedriskblog.com/2011/11/dot-veh…
However, the U.S. is less and less important — there is a positive demand growth story too, driven by EM. Look at any country's automobile sales (e.g. China, running at 1.2 million new cars per MONTH triple the 2007 rate, Brazil at 300k+ per month which is double the 2007 rate, etc).
Overall, world consumption of light distillates only dipped back in 2008, and since then has grown at a 'healthy' 2-3% clip; Europe stagnant, US growing a bit, China soaring at >10%.
Some articles about the European debt crisis - Page 15 • March 21st, 2012 at 10:18 am
[…] each caused by a geopolitical shock in the Middle East that led to a sharp spike in oil prices. http://www.economonitor.com/nouriel/…/15/scary-oil/ ____________________________Team Black Jack Reply With […]
materialsrisk • March 21st, 2012 at 9:51 pm
If fears over conflict with Iran have been the key factor driving up oil prices then I would have expected a decline in the perceived chance of conflict to have resulted in a fall in the oil price.
However if you look at InTrade's contract on the probability of an Israeli attack on Iran by end 2012 the implied probability has fallen quite sharply since mid-February by 10% to 40%. Yet the oil price (Brent) has stayed stubbornly high around $125 per barrel.
See chart on my blog here http://materials-risk.com/
Although I believe concern over Iran has focused traders attention on the tight supply fundamentals I think it is easy to get drawn into the 'tail risk' scenario. The US war simulations reported in the NYT highlight this fact with the potential for a much wider regional conflict if Iran is attacked.
Seth Wagoner • March 23rd, 2012 at 10:26 am
Chris Cook, former compliance and market supervision director of the International Petroleum Exchange, has a fairly fascinating explanation for the state of the oil market, which he says is likely to crash downwards sometime soon. He's been blogging on Naked Capitalism lately. Recommended.
The High Risks of Intervention in Syria | The Cool Ship • March 28th, 2012 at 4:19 pm
[…] might create "the perfect storm" for a spike in oil prices, similar to a scenario laid out by Nouriel Roubini. An oil shock could put the world back into recession, strengthen Iran (by way […]
SWTOR Credits • April 1st, 2012 at 2:44 am
Amounts of Diablo 3 Gold for sale in http://www.salediablo3gold.com!Not only you can get Diablo 3 CDKey,but also you can get SWTOR Credits with instant delivery.Come here to buy cheap The Secret World Gold that you can enjoy the best customer service online!
AlfredRosenberg • April 6th, 2012 at 10:31 am
Nouriel, you know better than that.
The tensions are orchestrated by the US oligarchy and they are a function of
a) the need to contain Russia/China
b) the need to create demand for the USD.
And just in case this latest phase of PNAC doesn't work out – you know who the scape goat will be, dont' you?
Clue: http://www.imackgroup.com/mathematics/619952-wall… – but you guys are born survivors – just wait 1,000 years and no one will remember this shit.
Mitch Miller • April 7th, 2012 at 7:05 pm
Agreed the price or oil is the result of speculation of conflict in the Middle East. New oil reserves now coming to market (think Brazil) will meet demand for the next few decades if they are properly managed. If some resolution to the Iranian conflict becomes reality, expect a collapse in the price of oil. Unfortunately, another collapse in the price of oil could send research on alternative energy sources into hibernation again. The US government should be funding energy research in the same way, and at the same levels, that it funds medical research in academic institutions. IMHO the search for the holy grail of clean energy is akin to a victory in the war against cancer; could be a long time in coming.
Distro Online • April 8th, 2012 at 3:01 pm
Fear is nothing new. You omitted the impact of Southern Sudan shutting off the spigot.
Investasi Online • April 8th, 2012 at 3:03 pm
Amounts of Diablo 3 Gold for sale in http://www.salediablo3gold.com!Not only you can get Diablo 3 CDKey,but also you can get SWTOR Credits with instant delivery.Come here to buy cheap The Secret World Gold that you can enjoy the best customer service online!
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BMW repairs • May 18th, 2013 at 10:45 am
More of use in fuel vehicles certainly causing serious problems for the fuel industry. The fuel or crude oil requirement for the automotive industry is quite high in current days. People preferring more of diesel and petrol vehicles resulted the same. So we need to use more of public transportation. If we want use personal vehicles then need to use electric vehicles.
Ressourcen • August 9th, 2013 at 5:13 am
Now in In Germany, the question remains whether a banking union will require a revision of the EU's basic treaty, a position that is supported by German finance minister Wolfgang Schäuble!


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The most common use for tetracycline hydrochloride is the treatment of bacterial infections. Tetracycline hydrochloride is a broad spectrum antibiotic effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterium. This antibiotic inhibits protein synthesis in bacterium. It also is often used in bone biopsies as an indicator of bone growth.
Many different infections respond well to treatment with the antibiotic tetracycline. It is prescribed for upper and lower respiratory tract infections. This medication is successfully used for the treatment of skin infections not caused by staphylococcal bacteria. Rocky Mountain spotted fever and cholera are common infections successfully treated with tetracycline hydrochloride. Treatment with tetracycline has cured anthrax infections as well.
Tetracycline also is prescribed to treat some venereal diseases. For example, it is used to treat chlamydia infections of the eyes, urinary tract, and the rectum. At times, tetracycline is prescribed for patients who are unable to take penicillin to treat a serious infection. A person with syphilis or gonorrhea also may be prescribed tetracycline as an alternative antibiotic to penicillin.
The medication is also used as a topical application for the treatment of severe acne. It is applied to the face until the skin is saturated and wet. The topical antibiotic can clear up acne for some people who have not responded to other types of treatment.
Tetracycline hydrochloride side effects are varied. Most people report nausea and vomiting when first beginning the medication. A loss of appetite and abdominal pain are also commonly noticed. Diarrhea and loose, bulky bowel movements are often a side effect of the medicine. Rarely, a patient reports the development of a hairy black tongue.
Other side effects commonly attributed to tetracycline are persistent headaches and dizziness. Some people experience sensitivity to light or the development of a rash. The topical form of the medicine has been known to cause a stinging sensation when applied, and it has caused the skin of some people to become yellowish in color. Tetracycline hydrochloride also can cause the permanent discoloration of teeth in children under the age of eight who have taken the medicine. Adults may notice the erosion of tooth enamel after taking the antibiotic as well.
The medicine is known to pass through the placenta to the fetus during pregnancy, and it is secreted in breast milk. As such, tetracycline hydrochloride is not recommended to treat infections in pregnant women or nursing mothers. Children born to mothers who have taken the medication during pregnancy have been reported to have grayish-colored teeth as they grow older.
Post 3
@fify-- Yep, acne is one of the most common tetracycline hydrochloride uses. It actually works for most skin bacterial infections. I also remember taking it once for a sinus infection.
The one type of infection it doesn't work for is yeast infections like candida. My sister once took tetracycline when she had a yeast infection thinking that it will treat it and it made her condition worse. So she found out the hard way what tetracycline can't be used for.
Post 2
@fify-- Yes, tetracyclines are frequently prescribed for skin conditions like acne and rosacea. I was on it for a while for acne. It was working for me, my cystic acne was getting better. But I had to stop taking the antibiotic because it started to stain my teeth. This is one of the potential side effects of tetracycline group drugs. My doctor switched me to a different antibiotic.
Post 1
Can I use tetracycline hcl for acne and rosacea?
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