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Domestic violence in India
Domestic violence in India includes any form of violence suffered by a person from a biological relative, but typically is the violence suffered by a woman by male members of her family or relatives.[1][2] According to a National Family and Health Survey in 2005, total lifetime prevalence of domestic violence was 33.5% and 8.5% for sexual violence among women aged 15–49.[3] A 2014 study in The Lancet reports that although the reported sexual violence rate in India is among the lowest in the world, the large population of India means that the violence affects 27.5 million women over their lifetimes.[4] However, A survey carried out by the Thomson Reuters Foundation ranked India as the most dangerous country in the world for women[5]
The 2012 National Crime Records Bureau report of India states a reported crime rate of 46 per 100,000, rape rate of 2 per 100,000, dowry homicide rate of 0.7 per 100,000 and the rate of domestic cruelty by husband or his relatives as 5.9 per 100,000.[6] These reported rates are significantly smaller than the reported intimate partner domestic violence rates in many countries, such as the United States (590 per 100,000) and reported homicide (6.2 per 100,000 globally), crime and rape incidence rates per 100,000 women for most nations tracked by the United Nations.[7][8][9]
There are several domestic violence laws in India. The earliest law was the Dowry Prohibition Act 1961 which made the act of giving and receiving dowry a crime. In an effort to bolster the 1961 law, two new sections, Section 498A and Section 304B were introduced into the Indian Penal Code in 1983 and 1986. The most recent legislation is the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act (PWDVA) 2005. The PWDVA, a civil law, includes physical, emotional, sexual, verbal, and economic abuse as domestic violence.
- 1 Background
- 2 Forms
- 3 Regional, gender and religious differences
- 4 Dynamics
- 5 Effects
- 6 Legal efforts
- 7 See also
- 8 References
Domestic violence, or intimate partner violence (IPV) as it is sometimes called, is a worldwide problem.[10] Domestic abuse includes physical, emotional and sexual violence of any form. In India, the PWDVA also includes economic abuse under the definition of domestic violence. A 1999 study examined the prevalence and characteristics of domestic abuse in five districts of northern India during 1995–1996. The study reported that in those five districts, lifetime prevalence of domestic abuse ranged from 18% to 45%.[1]
Definition and lawEdit
Domestic violence is currently defined in India by the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act of 2005. According to Section 3 of the Act, "any act, omission or commission or conduct of the respondent shall constitute domestic violence in case it:[11]
- harms or injures or endangers the health, safety, life, limb or well-being, whether mental or physical, of the aggrieved person or tends to do so and includes causing physical abuse, sexual abuse, verbal and emotional abuse and economic abuse; or
- harasses, harms, injures or endangers the aggrieved person with a view to coerce her or any other person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any dowry or other property or valuable security; or
- has the effect of threatening the aggrieved person or any person related to her by any conduct mentioned in clause (a) or clause (b); or
- otherwise injures or causes harm, whether physical or mental, to the aggrieved person."
2005 it was made illegal Jammu and Kashmir, which has its own laws, has enacted in 2010 the Jammu and Kashmir Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2010.[12]
2006 NFHS survey report on domestic sexual violenceEdit
The National Family Health Survey of India in 2006 estimated the lifetime prevalence of sexual violence among women aged 15–49, including instances of marital rape in India. The study included in its definition of "sexual violence" all instances of a woman experiencing her husband "physically forcing her to have sexual intercourse with him even when she did not want to; and, forcing her to perform any sexual acts she did not want to".[13] The study sampled 83,703 women nationwide, and determined that 8.5% of women in the 15-49 age group had experienced sexual violence in their lifetime.[14] This figure includes all forms of forced sexual activity by husband on wife, during their married life, but not recognised as marital rape by Indian law.
The 2006 NFHS study reported sexual violence to be lowest against women in the 15-19 age group, and urban women reporting 6% lifetime prevalence rate of sexual violence, while 10% of rural women reported experiencing sexual violence in their lifetime.[15] Women with ten years of education experienced sharply less sexual violence, compared to women with less education.[15] The total of some 83703 women took part and of 67426 Hindu women who took part in it 22453, that is equal to 33.3% respondents said yes to being physically abused at their home, similar is the case of Buddhist women where 40% women said yes to being physically abused .[16]
|Participants who experienced violence from age of 15
The credibility of the Report is in question as it is not clear which section of the society was interviewed. As the same report suggests that domestic abuse against women in poorer families was far higher than the middle or upper class.[16]
A 2014 study in The Lancet states, "Whereas an 8·5% prevalence of sexual violence in the country [India] is among the lowest in the world, it is estimated to affect 27·5 million women in India [given India's large population]".[4] Further, the 2006 survey found that 85% of women who suffered sexual violence, in or outside of marriage, never sought help, and only 1% report it to the police.[4][17]
Data reliabilityEdit
Renuka Chowdhury, former Union minister for Women and Child Development, stated in 2006, that around 70% of women in India are victims of domestic violence.[18] However her statistics were disputed by Save Indian Family Foundation, stating that Renuka Chowdhury talked about the reported dowry death cases and deliberately avoided mentioning the actual convictions in "dowry death trials" after false cases are dismissed in the courts.[19] According to a BBC report, in 2013, around 309,546 crimes were reported against women of which 118,866 were for domestic violence alone.[20]
Physical violenceEdit
Physical injury is the most visible form of domestic violence. The scope of physical domestic/intimate partner violence includes slapping, pushing, kicking, biting, hitting, throwing objects, strangling, beating, threatening with any form of weapon, or using a weapon.[22] Worldwide, the percentage of women who suffer serious injuries as a result of physical domestic violence tends to range from 19% - 55%.[2] Physical injuries as a result of domestic violence against women are more obvious than psychological ones, and can be more easily discerned by health professionals as well as courts of law in the context of legal prosecution.
Emotional abuseEdit
Emotional abuse has been gaining more and more recognition in recent years as an incredibly common form of domestic violence (and therefore a human rights abuse) within the private home throughout developing nations such as India. Psychological abuse can erode a woman's sense of self-worth and can be incredibly harmful to overall mental and physical wellbeing. Emotional/psychological abuse can include harassment; threats; verbal abuse such as name-calling, degradation and blaming; stalking; and isolation.[22]
Women who experience domestic violence overwhelmingly tend to have greater overall emotional distress, as well as disturbingly high occurrences of suicidal thoughts and attempts. According to a study by the National Centre for Biotechnology Information, suicide attempts in India are correlated with physical and psychological intimate partner violence. Of the Indian women who participated in the study, 7.5% reported attempting suicide. This correlation is supported by the high rates of domestic violence in India, although the rates differ greatly by region, individual socioeconomic status and other factors.[23]
Sexual assaultEdit
Domestic sexual assault is a form of domestic violence involving sexual/reproductive coercion and marital rape. Under Indian law, marital rape is not a crime,[24][25] except during the period of marital separation of the partners.[26]
The Section 375 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) considers the forced sex in marriages as a crime only when the wife is below 15. Thus, marital rape is not a criminal offense under IPC.[27] The marital rape victims have to take recourse to the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 (PWDVA).[28] The PWDVA, which came into force in 2006, outlaws marital rape.[29] However, it offers only a civil remedy for the offence.[30]
Honor killingEdit
An honour killing is the practice wherein an individual is killed by one or more family member(s), because he or she is believed to have brought shame on the family.[31] The shame may range from refusing to enter an arranged marriage, having sex outside marriage, being in a relationship that is disapproved by the family, starting a divorce proceeding, or engaging in homosexual relations.[32][33]
In 2010, the Supreme Court of India issued notice seeking data and explanation for rise in honor killings to the states of Punjab, Haryana, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Himachal Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.[34]
In almost all the Hindu families the Ritual of taking dowry has caused a serious problem in the society.Some newly married brides suffer domestic violence in the form of harassment, physical abuse or death when she is thought to have not brought enough dowry with marriage. Some cases end up in suicides by hanging, self-poisoning or by fire.[35][36] In dowry deaths, the groom's family is the perpetrator of murder or suicide.[37]
According to Indian National Crime Record Bureau, in 2012, 8,233 dowry death cases were reported across India,[38] or dowry issues cause 1.4 deaths per year per 100,000 women in India.[39][40] For contextual reference, the United Nations reports a worldwide average female homicide rate of 3.6 per 100,000 women, and an average of 1.6 homicides per 100,000 women for Northern Europe in 2012.[41]
Dowry deaths in India is not limited to any specific religion, and it is found among Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs and others. Some 80% of the total Dowry related crime found in the Hindu community followed by other Indian Religions as giving Dowry is considered as an important ritual in the Traditional Hindu Marriage.Furthermore, in many parts of India the Ritual of Tilak(Engagement)done mostly in Hindu families is used by Groom's Family to Demand a huge sum of money.[42][43]
The Dowry Prohibition Act 1961, prohibits the request, payment or acceptance of a dowry, "as consideration for the marriage", where "dowry" is defined as a gift demanded or given as a precondition for a marriage. Gifts given without a precondition are not considered dowry, and are legal. Asking or giving of dowry can be punished by an imprisonment of up to six months, or a fine. It replaced several pieces of anti-dowry legislation that had been enacted by various Indian states.[44] Murder and suicide under compulsion are addressed by India's criminal penal code. The law was made more stringent with Section 498a of Indian Penal Code (enacted in 1983). Under the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 (PWDVA), a woman can seek help against dowry harassment by approaching a domestic violence protection officer.
Regional, gender and religious differencesEdit
Kimuna et al. have published domestic violence trends in India, based on the 2005-2006 India National Family Health Survey-III (NFHS-III) data on the 69,484 ever-married women ages 15 to 49 from all regions of India.[45] They report 31% of respondents had experienced minor to major form of physical violence in the 12 months prior to the survey, while the domestic sexual violence prevalence rate ever experienced by the woman was about 8%. Women who lived in cities, had higher household wealth, were Christian and educated had significantly lower risk of physical and sexual domestic violence.[45] In contrast, wives of men who drank alcohol had significantly higher risks of experiencing both physical and sexual violence.[45]
According to a study made by Michael Koenig about the determinants of domestic violence in India published by the American Journal of Public Health in 2006, higher socioeconomic status reduced domestic abuse.[46]
Babu et al. surveyed both genders on domestic violence in eastern region of India.[47] The results show that 16% of women had reported experiencing physical forms of domestic violence, 25% sexual form, 52% psychological, and 56% reported any form of domestic violence.[47] Men reported being perpetrators of domestic violence with 22% reporting some form of physical domestic abuse, 17% sexual, 59% psychological, and 59.5% any form of domestic abuse. Men reported experiencing higher prevalence of all forms of violence, but reported experiencing lowest rates of sexual violence. The perpetrator of domestic violence, physical or sexual or psychological, was typically the husband in majority of cases and in some cases husbands' parents. Further, low income and low education increased the risks of domestic violence.[47]
The National Family Health Survey of India in 2006 estimated the lifetime prevalence of sexual violence among women aged 15–49, including instances of marital rape in India. The study included in its definition of "sexual violence" all instances of a woman experiencing her husband "physically forcing her to have sexual intercourse with him even when she did not want to; and, forcing her to perform any sexual acts she did not want to".[12] The study sampled 83,703 women nationwide, and determined that 8.5% of women in the 15-49 age group had experienced sexual violence in their lifetime.[13] This figure includes all forms of forced sexual activity by husband on wife, during their married life, but not recognised as marital rape by Indian law.[16]
In 2005-2006 nationwide family and health survey report, the lowest domestic violence prevalence rate was reported by women of Jainism religion (12.6% of women), the highest by women of Buddhist religion (40.9%).[48] The same report also states that the frequency and intensity of domestic violence experienced was lowest among Jain women who had ever been victims of such violence, while the frequency and intensity of domestic violence was highest among Muslim women who had been victims.[48]
According to Unicef's Global Report Card on Adolescents 2012, 57% of boys and 53% of girls in India think a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife.[49]
There are three main aspects of the patriarchal household structure in India that affect women's agency: marriage, active discrimination by means of abuse (marital or extramarital), and diminished women's agency through limited economic opportunity through stifled opportunity for independence.[50] In all these dimensions, there is a clear relationship between strong patriarchal familial structures and limited capabilities and agency for women, which are strongly correlated with causal factors for domestic violence such as gender disparities in nutritional deprivation and a lack of women's role in reproductive decisions.[50]
Dowry systemEdit
Domestic violence often happens in India as a result of dowry demands.[51] Dowry payments are another manifestation of the patriarchal structure in India. There are strong links between domestic violence and dowry, a cultural practice deeply rooted in many Indian communities, which is the money, goods, or property the woman/woman's family brings to a marriage to now become under the ownership of the husband. This practice continues even today in India although banned by law since 1961, and in recent years dowry amounts have risen dramatically.[citation needed]
In a 2005 study published in World Development, results from a survey pointed to a negative correlation between dowry amount and inter-spousal violence, indicating the potential dangers of a wife falling short on dowry payments or expectations.[52] These dangers include not only common physical and emotional abuse such as hitting and continual degradation, but in some cases dowry death and bride burning as a result of the husband's dissatisfaction with the dowry payment. In fact, 8391 dowry deaths reported in 2010, a steep rise from 6995 such reported cases in 1997.[53]
Under-reporting of domestic violenceEdit
Earlier there is widespread hesitancy amongst the Indian women who experience domestic violence to report or prosecute against such crimes. Many women who filed cases under section 498A of Indian Penal Code provides a platform to women to raise their concerns but end up in revictimizing the victims.[54] Domestic violence was often not handled as a legitimate crime or complaint, but more of a private or family matter while negating the rights of women as citizens.[55] But now this trend has changed. Section 498a introduced to protect women from Domestic Violence
.[56] Caste, class, religious bias and race also determine whether action is taken or not.[56] For example, poor or lower-caste females do not have the same access to legal enforcement or education and often have trouble getting help from law enforcement.[57]
Other factors outside culture that demonstrate differences in domestic violence prevalence and gender disparities in India include socioeconomic class, educational level, and family structure beyond the patriarchal framework. A 1999 study published by the American Journal of Epidemiology identified so-called "stress factors" that are critical to understanding varying rates of domestic violence in other scopes outside of region-specific factors. These stress-related factors within the household include low educational attainment, poverty, young initial age of marriage, having multiple children, and other limiting engendered development factors.[10]
Women suffer many types of physical and emotional abuse as a result of illegal actions taken within the private home, and those who have experienced some form of domestic violence tend to have greater long-term mental disorders and drug dependencies than those who do not.[58] In India, reducing domestic violence is imperative not only from an ethical and human rights perspective but also because of obvious instrumental and immediate health benefits that would be gained from such reduction.[59]
Serious health problems often result from physical, emotional, and sexual forms of domestic violence.[2] Physical health outcomes include: Injury (from lacerations to fractures and internal organs injury), Unwanted Pregnancy, Gynaecological problems, STDs including HIV, Miscarriage, Pelvic inflammatory disease, Chronic pelvic pain, Headaches, Permanent disabilities, Asthma, Irritable bowel syndrome, Self-injurious behaviours (smoking, unprotected sex)[60] Mental health effects can include depression, fear, anxiety, low self-esteem, sexual dysfunction, eating disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or post traumatic stress disorder.[60] Fatal effects can include suicide, homicide, maternal mortality, or HIV/AIDS.[60]
Negative public health consequences are also strongly associated with domestic violence.[2] Social and economic costs have been identified as direct results of these public-health consequences, and it is argued that these justify state action to act in the interest of the public to reconcile these costs (specifically including costs such as worker earnings and productivity, public healthcare, and costs associated with the criminal justice system).[61]
Women's agencyEdit
The act of domestic violence towards women is a human rights violation as well as an illegal act under Indian law. It is therefore widely considered a threat to women's agency through any lens, and there is a growing recognition in many Indian regions that the nation can reach a higher potential through obtaining greater social and economic capital than by reducing women's participation in society. Domestic violence is one of the most significant determinants of this denial. Greater gender equality through greater women's agency cannot be achieved if basic health needs are not being met and if cultural biases that allow for domestic violence in India persist.[60]
Legal effortsEdit
New sexual violence legislationEdit
On 19 March 2013, the Indian Parliament passed a new law with the goal of more effectively protecting women from sexual violence in India.[62] It came in the form of the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013, which further amends the Indian Penal Code, the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1973, the Indian Evidence Act of 1872, and the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012.[63] The law makes stalking, voyeurism, acid attacks and forcibly disrobing a woman explicit crimes for the first time, provides capital punishment for rapes leading to death, and raises to 20 years from 10 the minimum sentence for gang rape and rapes committed by a police officer. The new law doesn't address marital rape, rape committed by the armed forces or rape against men.[64]
Reformist lawmakers have argued that the higher age of consent could result in abuses and wrongful arrests in statutory rape cases. Additionally, critics point out that there is often a disconnect between law and practice in India.[65] For example, according to a 2012 United Nations report, 47% of Indian women marry younger than 18 (the legal marriage age is 21 for men and 18 for women).[66]
Gender discrimination under lawEdit
are discriminatory against men. In particular, Section 498A, the act that criminalizes cruelty against women by husband and his relatives, has been at the center of much controversy. Men's rights activists such as the "Save the family foundation" in India argue that the law is often misused by women. However, a 2012 report on Section 498A from the Government of India found that the empirical study did not establish any disproportionate misuse of Section 498A as compared to other criminal laws.[67] Even though misuse of Section 498A was not established, more recently the Supreme Court came out with directives that every complaint received by the police under Section 498A must be referred to a Family Welfare Committee before the police can arrest the perpetrator.[68]
More glaringly, the law only offers reliefs to women. Men in India cannot avail of a similar legal remedy to protect themselves from domestic violence from either men or women. For men, even a simple relief of having a male or female aggressor stay away from them (a restraining or protection order) is not afforded by the current law.
But in 2016 this discrimination was removed by supreme court itself.The bench of Justices Kurian Joseph and Rohinton F Nariman ruled on 6 October 2016 (Thursday) that this provision frustrated the objective of the legislation since "perpetrators and abettors of domestic violence" can be women too. The words " adult male " has been struck down from the domestic violence act.
See alsoEdit
- Rape in India
- Honor killing (see detailed section on India)
- Dowry death (see detailed section on India, at start of article)
- Bride burning
- Women's health in India
- Feminism in India
- Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005
- Domestic violence in Pakistan
- ^ a b Martin, Sandra; Amy Tsui; Kuhu Maitra; Ruth Marinshaw (1999). "Domestic Violence in Northern India". American Journal of Epidemiology: 150.
- ^ a b c d Ellsberg, Mary, PhD. "Intimate Partner Violence and Women's Physical and Mental Health in the WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence: An Observational Study." The Lancet 371 (2008). 17 Mar. 2013.
- ^ "Women's Empowerment in India" (PDF). National Family and Health Survey. Retrieved 2015. Check date values in:
- ^ a b c Sexual violence and rape in India The Lancet, Vol 383, March 8, 2014, p. 865
- ^ Foundation, Thomson Reuters. "The world's five most dangerous countries for women 2018". poll2018.trust.org. Retrieved 2019-04-06.
- ^ a b National Crimes Record Bureau, Crime in India 2012 - Statistics Archived June 20, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Government of India (May 2013)
- ^ S. Harrendorf, M. Heiskanen, S. Malby, INTERNATIONAL STATISTICS on CRIME AND JUSTICE United Nations Office on Drugs & Crime (2012)
- ^ a b Intimate Partner Violence, 1993–2010, Bureau of Justice Statistics, US Department of Justice, table on page 10.
- ^ Global Study on Homicide 2013, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, page 12, ISBN 978-92-1-054205-0
- ^ a b Rosenthal, Elizabeth (6 October 2006). "Domestic violence plagues women worldwide, study says - SFGate". The San Francisco Chronicle.
- ^ India, Parliament in the Fifty-sixth Year of the Republic of India, Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005. Act. No. 43 OF 2005.
- ^ "4,157 booked in 2,009 domestic violence cases in five years". 2015-03-24.
- ^ National Family Health Survey 3 - Domestic Violence pp. 494-495
- ^ National Family Health Survey 3 - Domestic Violence pp. 501
- ^ a b National Family Health Survey 3 - Domestic Violence pp. 500-501
- ^ a b c http://rchiips.org/nfhs/NFHS-3%20Data/VOL-1/Chapter%2015%20-%20Domestic%20Violence%20(468K).pdf
- ^ National Family Health Survey 3 - Domestic Violence pp. 522-524
- ^ Chowdhury, Renuka (26 October 2006). "India tackles domestic violence". BBC.
- ^ chowdhury, Renuka. "Renuka Chowdhury accused of fudging statistics".
- ^ BBC, INCRB. "100 Women 2014: Violence at home is India's 'failing'".
- ^ Crime in India 2012 Statistics Archived June 20, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India, Table 5.1, page 385.
- ^ a b Committee on Health Care for Underserved Women. Intimate Partner Violence. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Feb. 2012. Web. 17 Mar. 2013.
- ^ Vizcarra, B. Partner Violence as a Risk Factor for Mental Health among Women from Communities in the Philippines, Egypt, Chile, and India. National Centre for Biotechnology Information. Department of Psychology Universidad De La Frontera, Temuco, Chile, 2004. 18 Mar. 2013.
- ^ "Marital rape not criminal offence: MPs committee backs govt". NDTV.com. 2013-03-01. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
- ^ see the exception clause under Section 375 which stipulates: "Exception 2: Sexual intercourse or sexual acts by a man with his own wife, the wife not being under fifteen years of age, is not rape" [1]
- ^ see 376B, "Sexual intercourse by husband upon his wife during separation" [2]
- ^ "Criminal recognition to marital rape in India is long overdue". The Times of India. 2012-12-04. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
- ^ "An offence, of course". Indian Express. 2011-01-15. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
- ^ Peter Foster (2006-10-27). "India outlaws wife-beating and marital rape". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
- ^ Kalpana Sharma (2010-11-10). "Contradictions and confusion cloud rape laws. The result is miscarriage of justice". Tehelka. Archived from the original on 2013-02-03. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
- ^ Honor killing Merriam Webster
- ^ "Ethics: Honour Crimes". BBC. 1 January 1970. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
- ^ Violence against women UNODC, p. 12
- ^ "India court 'honour crimes' move". BBC News. 2010-06-21.
- ^ Dowry system in India[circular reference]
- ^ Kumar, Virendra (Feb 2003). "Burnt wives". Burns. 29 (1): 31–36. doi:10.1016/s0305-4179(02)00235-8.
- ^ Oldenburg, V. T. (2002). Dowry murder: The imperial origins of a cultural crime. Oxford University Press.
- ^ "National Crime Statistics (page 196)" (PDF). National Crime Records Bureau, India. 2013-01-16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-06-20. Retrieved 2015-01-02.
- ^ Provisional 2011 Census Data, Government of India (2011)
- ^ Crime statistics in India Archived January 29, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Government of India (2011)
- ^ UNODC Homicide Data by Sex United Nations (2013)
- ^ "Hindu Marriage System, Hindu Scriptures, and Dowry and Bride-Burning in India » Journal of South Asia Women Studies Vol. 2 No. 4 » Asiatica Association".
- ^ "India burning brides and ancient practice is on the rise". 2015-01-21.
- ^ Section 1-4, Dowry Act
- ^ a b c Kimuna et al. (March 2013), Domestic Violence in India: Insights From the 2005-2006 National Family Health Survey, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 773-807
- ^ Koenig, Michael. "Individual and Contextual Determinants of Domestic Violence in North India." American Journal of Public Health (2006). 18 Mar. 2013.
- ^ a b c Babu et al, Domestic violence against women in eastern India: a population-based study on prevalence and related issues, BMC Public Health 2009, 9:129
- ^ a b Domestic Violence NFHS-3, Government of India, pp. 498-500, Table 15.1
- ^ Sinha, Kounteya (2012-04-25). "57% of boys, 53% of girls think wife beating is justified". New Delhi: The Times of India. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
- ^ a b Malhotra,, Anju, Reeve Vanneman, and Sunita Kishor. "Fertility, Dimensions of Patriarchy, and Development in India." Population and Development Review 21 (1995). 18 Mar. 2013.
- ^ "A situtational analysis of domestic violence against women in Kerala" (PDF). Kochi: Rajagiri College of Social Sciences. September 2005. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
- ^ Srinivasan, Sharada, and Arjun Bedi. "Domestic Violence and Dowry: Evidence from a South Indian Village." World Development 35 (2007). 18 Mar. 2013.
- ^ Bedi, Rahul. "Indian Dowry Deaths on the Rise." The Telegraph [New Delhi] 27 Feb. 2012.
- ^ Shalu Nigam (2005) Understanding Justice Delivery System from the Perspective of Women Litigants as Victims of Domestic Violence in India, Occasional Paper 25, CWDS, New Delhi https://www.cwds.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/UnderstandingJustice.pdf
- ^ Shalu Nigam (2017) Is Domestic violence a Lesser Crime? Countering Backlash Against Section 498A IPC, Occasional Paper No. 61 CDWS, Delhi https://www.cwds.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Occasional-Paper-Shalu-61.pdf
- ^ a b Mahapatro, Meerambika; Gupta, R N; Gupta, Vinay K (26 August 2014). "Control and Support Models of Help-Seeking Behavior in Women Experiencing Domestic Violence in India". Violence and Victims. 29 (3): 3. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
- ^ Rehan Abeyratne, Dipika Jain, Domestic Violence Legislation in India: The Pitfalls of A Human Rights Approach to Gender Equality, 21 Am. U. J. Gender Soc. Pol'y & L. 333, 345 (2012)
- ^ Roberts, Gwenneth. "The Impact of Domestic Violence on Women's Mental Health."Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 22 (1998). 17 Mar. 2013.
- ^ Ackerson, Leland, and S. Subramanian. "Domestic Violence and Chronic Malnutrition among Women and Children in India." American Journal of Epidemiology 167 (2008). 17 Mar. 2013.
- ^ a b c d Domestic Violence Against Women and Girls, UNICEF (2000)
- ^ Domestic violence in India, ICRW (2000)
- ^ Gates, Sara. "India Rape Law: Parliament Passes Strict Sexual Violence Legislation." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 21 Mar. 2013. Web. 19 Apr. 2013.
- ^ India. Lok Sabha. THE CRIMINAL LAW (AMENDMENT) BILL, 2013. Vol. Bill No. 63-C of 2013. 2013.
- ^ 21, Mark Magnier March. "India Passes Rape Law That Sets Age of Consent at 18." Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, 21 Mar. 2013. Web. 19 Apr. 2013.
- ^ Magnier, Mark. "Critics Say India Rape Law Opens Way to More Abuse." Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, 21 Mar. 2013. Web. 19 Apr. 2013.
- ^ United Nations Population Fund. "Marrying Too Young." United Nations, 2012. Web. 19 Apr. 2013.
- ^ Law Commission of India, Government of India (2012). "Section 498. Report No. 243" (PDF). lawcommissionofindia.nic.in/reports/report243.pdf. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
- ^ "Breaking: Supreme Court Issues New Guidelines To Prevent Misuse Of S.498A IPC". Live Law News Network. India. 27 July 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2012.


text:
I can't believe this summer and internship are coming to a close. This opportunity has absolutely validated the saying 'time flies when you're having fun.' When I first arrived in D.C., this day seemed like it was forever away, and now it's here.
My experiences through the AAA Internship have opened my eyes to the vast possibilities that my future holds within the field of anthropology. This has been a roller coaster ride. This past week Katie Vizenor at AAA gave me the opportunity to go out to the University of Maryland to visit Professor Mark Leone and the Anthropology department. This was a wonderful opportunity and I had an amazing discussion with Professor Leone. He really took the time to listen to my goals, aspirations, and thoughts on the anthropology profession. In addition, he was full of wonderful advice about my next steps.
This internship has been an experience that will affect the rest of my life and that I will constantly look back upon. As many of the other interns in my residence building on Capital Hill have pointed out, Emily and I have the best internship in D.C. They come home with stories about doing nothing while we come home with exciting tales about our day, our experiences, and in some cases our challenges.
As I prepare to return to Wooster to complete my senior year I am filled with excitement to finish my undergrad, start looking at grad schools, jobs, and fellowships and begin the next steps of my journey. This internship has given me the confidence to get excited about the unknown opportunities of the future. Who knows, I might even end up back at AAA!
For my last night in D.C. I spent it doing what I know best and where I felt most at home. First, I completed a 6-mile run around all of the monuments one last time. Then Emily, Margaret, our other roommate, and I went on an adventure for ice cream. I will absolutely miss spending time with the two of them and exploring the beautiful culture, people, and history of D.C. Until next time!
Your whole young life you are taught how to "be professional"; work harder, look spotless, be organized, on time is late, "This won't fly in the real world sister!" You come to expect this well-oiled elite machine, where only the best make it and if you don't keep up, you'll be left behind. What I found when I came to this internship was something different. What I have come to realize is the simple reality that we are all human; sometimes we are late, unorganized, behind, lost, and usually we are all just figuring things out as we go. I have learned to improvise, innovate, and engineer projects and solutions.
The people behind AAA are very different than the members of AAA, and I watched them do these things every day with a precision and attention that anthropologists should thank their stars for. From now on whenever I read an Anthropology report, or research on AnthroSource or find a AAA email in my inbox, I will know the people who made it and understand the work they put into it. I can see them now, in their offices typing furiously away or conferencing in the halls with one another.
I am so glad I was able to participate in this internship. I made so many connections, have lots of follow-up ideas, heard about other programs, and got inside perspectives. The other interns I lived with and met in D.C. were supremely jealous of my position and I cannot blame them. The support and opportunity I received from AAA was great and I only wish it could have been longer. It takes time to settle in to a new place and get the pattern and flow of things; just as I was fitting in, I was booted out (figuratively, everyone at AAA and NHHC UAB are much too nice to actually "boot" anyone). All I can say is, THANK YOU.
To donate to the AAA internship program, and support opportunities for amazing young people like Emily and Katelyn visit http://www.aaanet.org/membership/donation/.

subset: commoncrawl


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Mark Pettus and John Bagnulo discuss the role mitochondria play in health, in quality of life and in disease. They review some nutritional and lifestyle guidelines to diminish mitochondrial disruption and to promote mitochondrial health.
This podcast packs some power, just like the mighty mitochondria in every cell of our body. Mitochondria are our body's powerhouses and necessary for healthy myelination. Myelination occurs when a fatty layer, called myelin, accumulates around neurons and enables nerve cells to transmit information faster and allows for more complex brain processes and central nervous system functioning.
Just like household electrical wires, cells need a thick layer of insulation to buffer "shocks" and allow electrical impulses and messages to travel through the body freely. It takes significant energy for a neuron to maintain the high level of order required for myelination. If mitochondria become sick or diseased [aka "leaky"] then the neuron will lack the energy it needs to maintain the high levels of order necessary to messaging and fluid movement.
Research on mitochondria is a HOT area of research as it relates to the growing number of cases of chronic complex diseases that are historically progressive and difficult to treat - Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, ALS, MS, Fibromyalgia, Chronic Disease. Diseased mitochondria are at the helm of the growing number of neurological problems that are triggered by infectious agents, chronic inflammation, high levels of free radicals and oxidative stress. What can we do to resuscitate our mitochondria? Healthy life style and dietary choices can reduce the symptoms caused by sick mitochondria [fatigue, brain fog, pain, depression]. In addition, Mark and John offer up a list of beneficial dietary supplements that will keep your mitochondria mighty mighty.


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Tag: Gary Oldman
One would think that in these dramatic days of data mining the old-style espionage thriller would find it hard to compete, but the opposite is the case. Three new novels suggest that there's a lot of life left in the genre yet:
An Officer and a Spy by Robert Harris explores the Dreyfus Affair through the eyes and ears of Colonel Georges Picquart who, as head of the Statistical Section, a clandestine intelligence unit, gains access to the secret evidence used against Dreyfus. Parallels between the resolution of the Dreyfus Affair in 1906 and recent events revealing the power that intelligence agencies wield is not coincidental.
Solo by William Boyd is a continuation of the James Bond saga. M sends 007 to a West African state split by civil war over oil reserves with the mission of destabilizing the rebel movement under the cover of a journalist for a French press agency (France, unsurprisingly, supports the insurgents). So, in 1969, Bond departs for the Dark Continent equipped with Graham Greene's The Heart of the Matter and some toiletries. "He who travels lightest, travels furthest, Bond supposed, and that included weaponry. Into a war zone with a can of talcum powder and some aftershave."
Sweet Tooth by Ian McEwan deals with the experiences of its protagonist, Serena Frome, during the early 1970s, when Britain is being torn apart by industrial unrest and terrorism. After graduating from Cambridge she is recruited by MI5, and is sent out to combat communism in the intellectual world. But Cupid strikes and Serena is forced to abandon the first rule of espionage — trust no one.
Reading all three will take some time, but they're on the list. That same list has been reduced by one with the recent completion of Paranoia by Joseph Finder. Although it was published in 2004, the theme of industrial espionage is as relevant as ever. The problem with the book, however, is that it has aged radically, although it's less than a decade old. The pace of technological change is so relentless now that a story where LexisNexis is the cutting-edge search engine sounds absurd to our ears. Joseph Finder cannot be faulted for this, but there is a lesson here for would-be novelists and over-reliance on communication gadgets as plot drivers. Robert Harris, Ian McEwan and William Boyd cleverly fix their recent spy stories in the 20th century, which allows them to look back — cynically, humourously, skeptically — at what was once considered the acme of progress and sophistication.
Joseph Finder's Paranoia was given the opportunity to refresh itself recently via a Hollywood adaptation but the reviews have been universally awful. Describing it as "a ho-hum thriller about corporate spying in the high-tech world," SF Gate says it "comes off as a lot more preposterous than paranoid, and it takes no more than a few frames for the eye rolling to commence." Much of the blame lies with the vapid Liam Hemsworth, who was dreadfully miscast as Adam Cassidy, the mischievous, brilliant, vulnerable narrator of the yarn, but the inclusion of Gary Oldman as the villain, Nick Wyatt, is another serious blow to the credibility of Finder's original. "He had a deep tan, shoe polish-black hair gelled and combed straight back. His teeth were perfectly even and Vegas-white. He was fifty-six but didn't look it, whatever fifty-six is supposed to look like." That's very not Gary Oldman and an over-egged London accent does not make him a convincing corporate shark, either. Ah, well. Solo is sure to be better when it is filmed.Tweet


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Roamer Running Lead - Orange Sunset
By Ruffwear
The Ruffwear Roamer™ Leash is an adjustable stretch-webbing leash that can be hand-held or worn around the waist for a dynamic hands-free leash experience. Wavelength™ stretch webbing keeps humans and canines connected while allowing an extended range for roaming and exploring.
Get the matching Hoopie™ Collar for the complete set up.
Medium - Length: 1.7 x 2.1m
Large - Length: 2.2 x 3.4m
Additional Information:
Ruffwear's Wavelength™ webbing absorbs shock
Talon Clip™ is strong, secure and ergonomically designed for one-handed attachment
Adjustable padded handle and side release buckle with aluminium uniloop
Can be hand-held, waist-worn or secured around a tree or post
Traffic handle offers quick restraint
Convenient accessory loop for pickup bags or small clip-on items
Washing Instructions:
Hand wash
Mild detergent
Air dry
Product code: ACP-00290
- UK Delivery (Non-Mainland) - UK Standard Delivery - £2.99
- UK Delivery (Mainland) - UK Standard Delivery - £2.99
- Western Europe - Courier or Signed for - £9.95
This item will be dispatched to you direct by our partner seller Accapi Limited who follows the general PetsPyjamas returns policy:
Please check your items on delivery. If you wish to return an item, it should be returned to our partner seller directly and not to PetsPyjamas. If you wish to organise a return, exchange or refund of any item, please go to the returns page on our website at www.petspyjamas.com/returns. For standard items, you have 7 days, from receipt of goods, to notify our partner and you must return goods at your own cost within 14 days of receiving the item.
For damaged/faulty items, you must contact us within 48 hours at email@example.com. To help speed up the returns process, we recommend you send us photographic evidence of the relevant item. You will then be issued with return guidance from us.
You must return items unused, in a saleable condition, with any labels still attached and in the original packaging that you received them in. Any items that do not comply with these guidelines, we hold the right to not refund. You should use a 'signed for' delivery method and obtain proof of postage.
Please note any exemptions and exceptions to the standard returns procedure, where the following items are likely to be non-returnable and non-refundable: personalised/customised items, perishable products (such as food), grooming products, large items of furniture which are often custom made and custom homewares. Please make sure you understand the relevant partner sellers' policies whenever you buy.
Please see www.petspyjamas.com/petspyjamas-returns/ for full PetsPyjamas general returns information.
Please click here for full PetsPyjamas general returns information.
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text: Zenoti is a web-based software used by more than 5,000 spas, salons and medical spas worldwide from single location spas to large multi-center chains of over 200 locations. A beautiful, all-in-one solution that's easy to use and drives real business results like increased customer loyalty, higher revenue, and more time to focus on your customers. Zenoti is everything you need to streamline and grow your business.


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Sharp MX-6500N
- Edge-to-Edge Printing
- Sharp's exclusive triple air-feed paper handling
- Large 15.4" (diagonally measured) touch-screen
- 150-sheet Duplex Single Pass Feeder (DSPF) scans documents at up to 150 images per minute
Sharp MX-6500N
The MX-6500N and MX-7500N high performance color document systems offer exceptional productivity, professional features and world-class image quality at speeds up to 75 ppm. Designed for busy in-plant and on-demand workflow environments, these new models combine a versatile, modular design with a wide range of supported media and powerful output capabilities that can help your business produce more jobs in-house and improve profitability.
Supporting the latest Sharp OSA® development platform, the MX-6500N and MX-7500N make integration with network applications and cloud services easier than ever. Sharp's advanced security platform incorporates standard 256-bit data encryption and overwrite protection to safeguard your business's intellectual property. And when it comes time to trade in, a convenient End-of-Lease feature can erase all job data and user data.


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La Follia Austin Baroque celebrates its 33rd season as part of Austin's lively and diverse musical scene. We perform music from the 16th to 18th centuries: the time of Monteverdi, Bach, Handel, Vivaldi, Mozart and Haydn. We perform this glorious music as these composers performed it, by using instruments and performance practices appropriate to that period. The result is a well blended, rich, spontaneous sound quite different than that produced by brighter modern instruments and 21st century performance practices. In the words of the Austin American- Statesman, La Follia is "Baroque done Right". We blend thorough scholarship with passion and sheer fun. Expect to be entertained, enlightened, and inspired!
Critical Acclaim
The Austin American-Statesman has lauded La Follia for its "fine playing, excellent scholarship, and communicative interpretations." La Follia concerts were cited by the Austin Chronicle in 2011 and 2012 as among the top 10 Classical Music Treasures of the year in Austin. (more)
An Austin, Texas Institution
In addition to performing at the highest artistic level, La Follia Austin Baroque is committed to the establishment of a permanent Baroque ensemble comprised of primarily Austin and secondarily Texas musicians. As a result, we are now blessed with these talented and experienced artists. Visit the Ensemble page (here) to learn more about them.
What does "La Follia" mean?
La Follia's name comes from folia (meaning folly), the name of a 16th-century Spanish dance. The music for this dance was based on a characteristic harmonic pattern, which became associated with a particular melody in the 17th century. This dance has fascinated composers down to our own time. Variations on La Follia have been written by Alessandro Scarlatti, Marin Marais, Arcangelo Corelli, J.S. and C.P.E. Bach, Antonio Vivaldi, Luigi Cherubini, Franz Liszt, Carl Nielsen, and Sergei Rachmaninoff


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Series: The Sanctuary Duet #1
Published by Roc on August 5, 2014
Genres: Adult SFF, Fantasy
Pages: 447
Source: Publisher
*This book was provided by the Publisher for review. No compensation was provided and all opinions are strictly my own.
National bestselling author Carol Berg returns to the world of her award-winning Flesh and Spirit and Breath and Bone with an all-new tale of magic, mystery, and corruption....
How much must one pay for an hour of youthful folly? The Pureblood Registry accused Lucian de Remeni-Masson of "unseemly involvement with ordinaries," which meant only that he spoke with a young woman not of his own kind, allowed her to see his face unmasked, worked a bit of magic for her....After that one mistake, Lucian's grandsire excised half his magic and savage Harrowers massacred his family. Now the Registry has contracted his art to a common coroner. His extraordinary gift for portraiture is restricted to dead ordinaries—beggars or starvelings hauled from the streets.
But sketching the truth of dead men's souls brings unforeseen consequences. Sensations not his own. Truths he cannot possibly know and dares not believe. The coroner calls him a cheat and says he is trying to weasel out of a humiliating contract. The Registry will call him mad—and mad sorcerers are very dangerous....
Dust and Light was fantastic! I selected this book mostly because I have read Carol Berg and liked some of her other work. When I went on Goodreads to look up the books I had read by her, I realized that I hadn't actually read any of her other works. WHAT A SHAME! I am looking forward to delving into some of her other series. Particularly the Lighthouse series which is set in the same world as Dust and Light.
In Dust and Light our main character is Lucian de Remeni-Masson, a pureblood sorcerer in a society that separates and elevates that distinguished lineage. Lucian's magical talent, or bent, is as a portraitist. He can touch somebody and utilizing his skill as an artist create a perfect image of the person on canvas. In a society where pictures of purebloods are required yearly for identification purposes, he should be set for life working for the registry of pure bloods (the Registry).
One day in the middle of his current contract making portraits for the registry, he is unexpectedly called before the curates (head honchos) and informed that his contract has been terminated early and his new contract would commence immediately. This contract, an insult to a pureblood, is with the city's coroner and has Lucian painting the deceased for identification purposes. Working with Bastien, the coroner and lead murder investigator, they realize that Lucian's power is more involved than they had originally believed and they open a pandoras box that may change the very fabric of their society.
Carol Berg did an excellent job making all of the characters feel real, and they are an organic balance of virtues and flaws. There are at least 3 storylines I crave to hear more about and the ending… wow. It leaves me panting for the second book. I fully plan on diving into Carol Berg's other series set in the same world to fuel my need for more!
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The Changeup: Baseball Junk for the Week Ending Dec. 8th, 2017
The Changeup- a compilation of baseball junk I read this week and my comments on the week's events. **
Ohtani says 結構です
So, Ohtani said "No" to a bunch of teams, including the Blue Jays. When word went out that teams made presentations to Ohtani it made me think of one of my favourite episodes of Mad Men, Season 4's The Chrysanthemum and the Sword.
Japanese executives from Honda come to New York to hear pitches from the various ad agencies about their motorcycle. Sterling, Cooper, Draper, Price (SCDP) is is struggling financially, and has recently lost two clients to rival CGC. Bert Cooper, in anticipation of the Honda visit, has everyone read the 1946 book "The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture" to tailor their pitch to a decidedly distinctive potential client.
Roger Sterling wants nothing to do with any of it because, as a veteran of the war in the South Pacific 20 years before, he has no desire to do business with the Japanese.
This has nothing really to do with Ohtani or the Blue Jays, but I hear about presentations meant to appeal to a Japanese audience, I think of this episode. It's a classic. Don Draper is impossibly smooth.
Mixed in with the minor disappointment of Ohtani's decisions was the satisfaction that he also said no to be the Yankees and the Red Sox.
Ohtani's rejection also gave us an oblique Ross Atkins quote for our scrapbooks. To Shi Davidi
We controlled everything within our power. Um, good? Is it in your power if you aren't controlling it?
Blue Jays trade for Aledmys Diaz
The Blue Jays proved their phones actually do work by making a deal to address a need. The Jays traded a minor leaguer (J.B. Woodman) to St. Louis for former All Star middle infielder Aledmys Diaz. Diaz was hot in 2016 for the Cardinals, but struggled in 2017 and lost his job to Paul DeJong.
He spells the injury prone Devon Travis and Troy Tulowitzki, and is a (hopeful) upgrade on Goins/Barney.
Goodbye GoGo
Acquiring Diaz meant the Blue Jays non-tendered Ryan Goins. Goins was drafted by the Blue Jays in 2009, and was usually appreciated for his glove and not his bat.
He had some moments:
The glee here is infectious. Every broadcaster is just so thrilled that this Little League move that these guys do all the time just to break up the grind actually worked.
This was the epic Canada Day 2016 game versus Cleveland. Edwin Encarnacion had been tossed in the first inning.
This is from the 2015 ALCS. Kid had himself a game.
(Can this team please get back to the playoffs? This excitement in this video is just electric.)
Jeff Blair vs Marcus Stroman
As soon as I saw the headline of the piece on Twitter, I rolled my eyes. Sportsnet had just fired Stroman's chief critic and this shows up? Do they have a quota over there or something?
Stroman is hype. He tweets about his brand and his life. I'm not interested in everything he tweets, but I also respect that he should be allowed to tweet as he likes. If his employer has an issue, they need to bring it up with him.
And without Stroman's social media storytelling, I would never have the delightful image of Bautista coming to visit over the Thanksgiving Weekend to play Taboo with the Stromans. Bautista playing board games is exactly the kind of thing I want to hear about.
The thing about finding someone's Twitter tactics "tiresome" is that Twitter provides a very easy solution. It's one of the only things it does really well.
And I'm not sure we need to be running around trying to tell young, black men to conform and be quiet.
As for Stroman's somewhat controversial tweet- I always thought he meant Goins found out over social media, not that Stroman expected Atkins to inform him of Goins being non-tendered. Because, why complain about the Jays when Goins could've texted Stroman? But I don't know that for sure.
And if the Jays didn't inform Goins personally, that's a little cold. The dude was drafted by the Jays in 2009 and has only ever been a Blue Jay.
George Poulis Heads to the Braves
George Poulis was never the guy you actually wanted to see on the field, but he has been the head trainer for the Jays for 15 years. And when I saw that he had been asked to speak at Roy Halladay's memorial, I knew he must be a guy that the players like and respect. You don't stay in a job that long if you aren't good at it.
The writing, I suppose, was on the wall when the Blue Jays fired long-time assistant athletic trainer Mike Frostad and head strength coach Chris Joyner in October. Those are Poulis' right hand men.
So here is a collection of pictures of George Poulis doing his job through the years. My personal favourite is him looking at Edwin's teeth.
Brendan Kennedy wrote a profile of Poulis and Frostad in 2016 for the Toronto Star. These trainers really do have intimate, personal relationships with these players and their bodies. The late night calls about "food poisoning scares" sound interesting.
Shapiro Talks to BP Toronto
What Shapiro doesn't mention here is the diversity found in "new media" vs more traditional media.
Will Rogers Sell the Blue Jays?
Rogers CFO Tony Staffieri said earlier this week that his company is evaluating selling the Blue Jays. I'm not sure if this news is actually news. If I ran a company as large as Rogers Communications, I would be evaluating the different departments regularly.
Morgan Campbell, who should be your go-to for anything related to how sports interacts with business, wrote about it for the Toronto Star.
The reinvigorated fan base and the healthy attendance (after years of half empty home games), as well as Rogers owning both the team and what broadcasts the games and creates content about the team, makes this an interesting decision.
Kevin Gausman to wear 34 in Honour of Halladay
This is a lovely gesture. I'm not arguing it isn't.
But something is bugging me about it. I hesitiated in saying anything about it, but here goes.
The only reason Halladay wore 34 is because the Phillies had retired 32 for Steve Carlton. It was a backup choice.
I got yelled at on Twitter last month when I gently requested that more American coverage paid attention to Halladay as a member of the Blue Jays, or at the very least, balanced it out. He didn't become great as a Philly. He was great and stayed great for them.
And I'm not buying the "maybe not many watched him as a Jay" argument. Halladay pitched in the AL East for most of his career. He faced the Yankees and Red Sox on a regular bases, two franchises with massive fanbases. Gausman's own team saw Halladay as a Jay on a regular basis, wearing 32.
(And I checked for the numbers retired by the Orioles- 32 is available. 22 is retired for Jim Palmer and 33 is retired for Eddie Murray.)
I'm not outraged. It's a classy gesture. But there is a pebble in my shoe about it and I think this is what it is:
It's a small bit of evidence, which is really just a long string of small acts, mostly from the media, that betray a lack of respect when it comes to the player's history. It's a lack of respect for the man's own wishes. Halladay retired a Blue Jay. He said he always felt like a Blue Jay, even when he was achieving great things in Philadelphia. Yes, Halladay was beloved in Philadelphia. But he felt like a Blue Jay.
If we, as fans, don't speak up and defend our own team's history, no one else is going to do it.
And I really don't give a shit if you don't agree.