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Web-based Public Participation Geographic Information Systems (PPGIS) are increasingly used for surveying place values and informing municipal planning in contexts of urban densification. However, research is lagging behind the rapid deployment of PPGIS applications. Some of the main opportunities and challenges for the uptake and implementation of web-based PPGIS are derived from a literature review and two case studies dealing with municipal planning for urban densification in the Stockholm region, Sweden. A simple clustering analysis identified three interconnected themes that together determine the performance of PPGIS: (i) tool design and affordances; (ii) organisational capacity; and (iii) governance. The results of the case studies augment existing literature regarding the connections between the different socio-technical dimensions for the design, implementation and evaluation of PPGIS applications in municipal planning. A cyborg approach to PPGIS is then proposed to improve the theoretical basis for addressing these dimensions together.
Av de två fallstudierna kan flera viktiga slutsatser dras av betydelse för den regionala planeringen. Vi kan konstatera att stadsnaturen utgör en viktig del av stadsutvecklingen och därmed också hälsa, demografi och samhällsekonomin på många nivåer. Då stadsplaneringen i högsta grad påverkar såväl bebyggelse som grönstruktur måste den på ett tydligare sätt integreras i regionplaneringen och strukturalternativ, särskilt i det inre förortslandskapet. I rapporten presenteras flera användbara mått på integrationen mellan grönstruktur och bebyggelse, såsom tillgänglighet, kompakthet och rymlighet. Vidare ges exempel på konceptverktyg, resiliens, läsbarhet, och tillgänglighet, som syftar till att tydliggöra grönstrukturens potential. Dessa konceptverktyg kan också upphäva polariseringen inom planeringsdiskursen och skapa överlagringar av värden och funktioner i grönstrukturen och landskapet som helhet. För att hantera den växande staden behövs ett nytt integrerat synsätt på grönstrukturen i staden. Kort sagt; staden förutsätter grönstrukturen och grönstrukturen förutsätter staden. Vi talar således mer om ett beroendeförhållande snarare än ett motsatsförhållande. I ett övergripande strukturellt perspektiv menar vi att städer alltid har växt och gör det fortfarande efter principen att maximera kompaktheten i centrum och maximera rymligheten i periferin (fig 4.2). Denna process sker inte automatiskt utan måste undersökas och styras genom regional och kommunal fysisk planering. En helt fri marknad riskerar att leda till ineffektivitet och orättvisor. Offentliga nyttigheter som trafik- och grönstrukturer måste utvecklas och förvaltas i en demokratisk process. Att inte låsa landskapet i ett bevarande utan att utgå från landskapets utvecklingsmöjligheter torde vara ett i grunden demokratiskt förhållningssätt till planering och landskapsdesign, därför att det utgår från hur miljön kan förbättras för allmänna och enskilda intressen. För detta nya förhållningssätt krävs nya begrepp och planeringsverktyg.
Quite recently certification systems for sustainable development of neighborhoods and communities, such as L EED ND and BREEAM for Communities, came to the market. These systems try to define urban sustainability through sets of criteria that in a variety of ways measure aspects in urban developments that have an influence on environmental, social and economical issues on a local level. This paper investigates the monetary values on these criteria, derived from property prices from apartments and single family houses in Copenhagen. In order to make proper estimates on the monetary values for certification criteria a hedonic price model is used. The model holds property prices from about 20 000 sales as dependent variable which is then correlated, through multiple regressions, with variables made out of the criteria through GIS-analyses. Translation from certification criteria into measurable variables is done with great consideration to contemporary urban theory. These variables are results from spatial analyses based on space syntax and other more standard spatial measures. The certification systems focuses on neighborhoods and communities, which is considered in the radiuses used for analyzing. It turns out that 19 of the 30 measured criterions are statistically significant, but a majority shows negative correlations to price. It is also acknowledged that space syntax measures like integration and betweenness have an influence on prices. Local integration, used as a proxy for various urban qualities, is shown to have a negative impact on prices. Qn the contrary, betweenness on a global scale is valued as positive. From these results the conclusion is that people are generally not willing to pay for urban sustainability on the local scale, as defined in LEED and BREEAM certification systems. However, it is furthermore argued that this is a question of measure and definition. Previous studies, e.g. (Spacescape and Evidens 2011) and (Sjaastad et al. 2007), imply that many of the measures used in this study are positively correlated to price if done on a global scale. It is concluded that the urban sustainability should to be examined further before rejecting the hypothesis that it has positive monetary value.
This paper presents, compares and evaluates five design proposals for remodelling the famous, or as some would say infamous, Slussen transport interchange in the Swedish capital, Stockholm. Slussen is strategically located where the locks between Lake Mälaren and the Baltic Sea meet the land bridge between northern and southern Sweden. It is now a major hub for Stockholm's road, bus, boat, rail and underground transport systems, which in 1935 was redesigned as integrated transport node in the modernist style. This has now become so physically deteriorated and obsolete that a series of proposals were put forward during the opening years of the new millennium for its complete remodelling. As a contribution to that exercise, the urban design practice Spacescape was commissioned to analyse and evaluate the likely performance of the various regeneration proposals for Slussen, using methodologies based on space syntax theory and other methods, in order to predict the likely outcome of each proposal on Stockhlom's urban life. In what follows, projects by Atelier Nouvel and Habiter Autrement, Big, Foster and Partners and Berg, Nyréns and finally Wingårdh and Tema have been compared and evaluated in the light of the goals set out in Stockholm's comprehensive city plan.
The concept of urban territoriality is situated at the very heart of urbanism - namely at the interface between the public and privaterealms, entangled with both circulation and habitation, between absolute and relative space2. This research seeks to understand therole of urban form as a parameter in use and appropriation of collective open space – that is relational space. For instance, empiricalevidence shows that a sense of ownership of space and appropriation through personalization (with gardens, furniture, etc) is acomponent distinct from use, facilitated by different built-form elements. However, sometimes sanctioned use and ownership are notsupported by the built form, a condition abundant in post war modernist suburbs but also in very recent residential proposals. Whetherthis is a problem depends upon how much credence is given to the 'performative' aspects of the built environment, given that usevalueto residents appears to suffer as a result of unclearly differentiated open space. In fact many residents with open courtyardsdon't perceive that they have a yard at all. Strategies are needed which combine densification aims with knowledge about territorialbehaviour and how transformation strategies can support resident perceptions of what a yard is. the 'performative' aspects of the builtenvironment, given that use-value to residents appears to suffer as a result of unclearly differentiated open space. In fact manyresidents with open yards don't perceive that they have a yard at all. Whether this is a problem depends upon how much credence isgiven to performative effects of urban form.
Suburban modernist examples built in Sweden between 1930-80 had a strong sociopolitical program, following a strict Corbusian urban design doctrine. 8 suburban districts in Stockholm and Malmö were selected for territorial analysis, investigating spatial configurations as well as the utility of open spaces. Spatial analysis was conducted by a territorial model identifying different social and legal spaces and spatial objects, such as fences, hedges, gates etc. Utility analysis was conducted by sending out 100 questionnaires to residents in the district inquiring into perceptions and use of open spaces and courtyards in their blocks of residence. On-site observation of use and traces of use (such as furniture, toys, evidence of tended lawns, flower beds) was also analysed. Finally, spatial analysis and utility analysis were correlated by map overlay techniques and by statistical regression.
Twentieth century urbanization has left a tremendous footprint on the globe. It is generally speaking a spread out fragmented suburban and exurban landscape continuously growing according to what has been called sprawl-like development, increasing energy and automobile dependency, challenging urban sustainability. Recently urban growth has also turned inwards because of economic and political change. Thus one of the main challenges for future urban design will be to 'compact sprawl'. This thesis, set in the field of urban morphology, explores the spatial conditions for suburban densification by looking at administrative and user-related measures of density, public open space, and pedestrian accessibility. If we consider useful open space, it would not decrease density, but rather increase spatial compactness. So would also a well-connected street network, if we consider accessibility as part of density. The thesis' first four papers explore new measures that contradict ordinary notions of density and the last three papers examine densification scenarios on different urban scales in collaboration with urban planners in practice.
The paper Place syntax explores a possibility to combine the space syntax description of cognitive accessibility, axial line distance, with place attraction into a combined attraction-accessibility analysis model. Empirical investigation shows that place syntax analysis captures pedestrian movement and can be used for new types of location density analyses.
Sociotope mapping describes the theoretical body of a new urban planning tool called the "sociotope map" (sociotopkarta) developed in Stockholm planning practice. The map emphasizes that the same public open space can have different direct use values for different people and thereby assesses qualitative open space area.
Exploring Ambiterritory investigates the notion of (sub)urban no-man's-land. Densification most often means increased open space use, which naturally leads to an increase of potential conflicting territorial interests. However, the reduction of vague user space and unclear legal territories by densification can increase the size of useful open space.
More green space in a denser city investigates whether little public green space means low accessibility. User questionnaires and GIS-analyses in ten city districts in Stockholm correlate and show that it is possible to have more accessible green space in a denser city.
Strategic exurban landscape densification investigates different municipal location strategies and development rates in the municipality of Kungälv. Results show that location strategies create the biggest landscape impact and not development rates.
Greening metropolitan growth analyzes the density landscape in Stockholm county region and finds some correlations with health and socioeconomic variables. Growth scenarios in the regional plan for 2030 show decreasing compactness and spaciousness in inner suburbia.
Compact sprawl experiments use the measures developed in the former papers on four densification scenarios in two suburbs in Stockholm. The results show how it is possible to efficiently compact modernist sprawl, particularly the inner suburbs.
It is likely that we will be more dependent on walking, bicycling, and public transportation in the future. Street networks and public open spaces are then key issues today just as they were at the end of the nineteenthcentury, creating compact, sustainable, liveable, equitable, and more competitive cities. In fact, many compact urban cores such as in Stockholm, London, and Manhattan have through the 20th century persistently stood up to the competition against more sprawling cities. The thesis shows that compacting inner suburbia seems to be the new frontier many cities and planners are facing. In fact, this is a vast unexplored field that needs further attention in urban studies and urban morphology in particular.
Although territorial issues are typically not part of space syntax research, territorial issues have always been part of spatial configurations. Already The social logic of space highlights the fundamental differences between the interior and (private) and the exterior (public). This paper expands this straightforward scheme by investigating a very particular territorial phenomenon in urban open space. When territories are contradictory or blurred, an ambiterritory (a no-man's-land) is created. GIS-analyses show that ambiterritory is mostly found in post-war modernist morphologies.
A theoretical framework defines two types ambiterritory. Goods ambiterritory (Type A) are the mismatch of lived and perceived space in terms of the divergence of private and public territorialities defined by intervisibility and use. Territorial human actions are translated into material actants in space and create disturbed public ambiterritory (A1) and disturbed private ambiterritory (A2). Legal ambiterritory (Type B) appears when use value and property owner do not match. This creates public pseudo-property (B1) and private pseudo-property (B2).
A GIS-study was applied to the framework in ten city districts in Stockholm: three urban grid areas, one postmodern area, three villa areas, and three post-war modernist areas. The results are clear and unambiguous. Post war modernist areas and in-fills create extensive ambiterritory. In the modernist areas, 4-8% of open space (A1), 7-12% of public property (B1), or 14-15% of private property is lost to ambiterritory. These findings where confirmed by interviews with experienced professionals in public open space management. Ambiterritories are hence used by no one, left by management, creating an uncertain void that makes it costly for society.
The framework presented in this paper must be considered as an initial theoretical sketch, far from being complete. There are still many factors left out and uncorrelated. A fundamental difficulty is the limitations in getting quantitative empirical data. Hypotheses and preliminary findings nonetheless indicate that what has been called ambiterritoriality ought to be something worth further investigation and that GIS can be a very useful tool. There is also a need for problematizing the debate on public space and margins. Take for example the concepts so commonly used in urban research and urban design practice "semi private" and "semi public", which clearly lack distinction. Space syntaxtheory has great potential to put territoriality into new light.
The prevailing urban planning strategy in the 21st century in many European cities is urbanisa-tion by densification. The strategy, which has obvious consequences for green and open space, has commonly been described as "Compact city" or "Smart growth". Densification has mainly been initiated by large building companies, often in conflict with local lobby groups with strong social capital. This has frequently led to deadlocks in planning, especially concerning green space exploitation. This paper suggests new tools for understanding and measuring how urban structuring affects open space accessibility, not only because urban structure distributes open space to people, it also creates users and stakeholders.
Since the 1950:s Swedish urban planning has been led by normative open space guidelines developed by research and national ministries, guidelines that are still present but has lost in power. Generally these guidelines are based on either density, i.e. sqm green space/person within a defined area, or range, i.e. maximum metric distance to a minimum park size. Planning practice has essentially dealt with size and qualities, often confusing, in micro economic terms, use value and non-use value (e.g. the "ecological"). This paper introduces new ways of integrating use value (sociotop) and orientation (axial lines) into new measures of open space accessibility. A new GIS-application "The Place Syntax Tool" (PST), developed within the research project, makes it possible to calculate the 'topological' open space accessibility from every place (address or plot) in an urban area, current or planned. 'Topological' accessibility analyses handles the "modified area unit problem" (MAUP) discussed in geography.
A questionnaire from 2001 (TEMO) states that, citizens in some dense inner-city-districts experience higher park and nature accessibility than in some low-density "green" sub-urbs in Stockholm. This peculiar result was the starting point of testing old and new measures in ten different city districts, using PST. The conclusion is that a new measure, which take range, orientation, green space size and number of use values into account, correlates consid-erably better to the questionnaire (R2=0,75 p<0,001), than any conventional measures. It shows that the 19th century "deformed" inner city grid with defined urban parks connected by green boulevards more effectively distributes open space to many citizens compared with the "interrupted" grid and segregated green structure of the post war "modernist" suburbs.
Another finding is that axial lines seem to capture movement to and within open space better than any metric measure. Correlation was found when comparing observed pedes-trian flow and calculated population accessibility (Södermalm dij=3, R2=0,682, p<0,001; Hög-dalen dij=6, R2=0,442, p<0,001). Correlation was also found when comparing a questionnaire asking "How often do you go to your favourite green area?" (USK 2002) and axial line distance between all addresses in the study areas and the closest green area (R2=0,77, p=0,018). These results can also be explained by the Space syntax integration analysis which shows that the green spaces in the inner city grid is much more integrated than in the post war suburbs. This means that orientation plays a big part in determining if, and how often people visit open spaces.
Consequently, better measures could promote understanding of open space planning as an asset to city development, help overcome the deadlock in densification planning and change the common opinion of open space and "green" from a static to a dynamic urban entity.
This article suggests new tools for understanding and measuring how urban design affects green space accessibility: how urban structure distributes open space to people and how it creates users and stakeholders. Two similar questionnaires from 2001 and 2004 reveal that citizens in some dense inner city districts experience higher green space accessibility than citizens in some low-density 'green' suburbs in Stockholm. This peculiar result was the starting point of testing old and new measures in 10 different city districts using a new GIS-application 'The Place Syntax Tool' (PST). PST makes it possible to calculate the open space accessibility from every address point in an urban area. A new measure, which considers range (1000 m), orientation (axial line distance), green space size (sqm) and number of use values, correlated considerably better to the questionnaires (R2=0.74, P<0.001) than any of the conventional measures. Correlation was also found when comparing another questionnaire that asked participants how often they go to their favorite green area and axial line accessibility to green areas (R2=0.77, P=0.018). Consequently, cognitive anthropocentric measures of accessibility and attraction can change the common opinion of open space and 'green' from a static to a dynamic urban entity.
This paper aims to describe the theoretical body of a new urban planning tool called the "sociotope map" (Swedish: sociotopkarta), developed within the planning practice of the Stockholm City Urban Planning Administration. Since the postmodern communicative turn in urban and landscape planning, dominated by densification and sprawl, there has been a great demand for a more efficient connection between the system world of planners and the life world of citizens, starting from the users' space and perspective, not the planners'. In Lefebvre's terms the sociotope map is a representation of the users' perceived space. The key Marxist concept here is use value, or more accurately in environmental economic terms: direct use value. The Stockholm sociotope map is consequently a map of the commonly perceived direct open use values of specific open space, of the citizens of Stockholm. The map emphasizes that people share use values but that every open space has a unique set of values. Its representation of diversity of place (topos) is maybe just the level of reduction that makes the map true enough to the citizens and at the same time useful for the planners. This can explain its recent recognition in Stockholm and other fast growing municipalities in Sweden (e.g. Gothenburg 2004-2007 and Uppsala/Gottsunda 2006). However more experience and research still remain to completely understand this tool. The recent success can only be explained by the fact that there is a true demand. A society which is turning increasingly postmodern, globalized and individualized can hardly plan, develop or grow without knowledge of the common use values of urban public open space.
På uppdrag av Stockholms stad, Regionplanekontoret, Lidingö stad, Nacka kommun och Haninge kommun genomförde Spacescape och Evidens tillsammans denna studie där 7000 bostadsrättsförsäljningar korrelerades med 1000 olika stadsbyggnads- och lägesanalyser.
Stadsbyggnads- och lägesanalyserna genomfördes av Spacescape med avancerad GIS-teknik på ett omfattande dataunderlag över Storstockholm. Bland de analyserade och uppmätta variablerna finns olika attraktioner som handel, grönområden, vattenområden, kollektivtrafik, skolor, vårdcentraler, stadsrum. Tillgänglighet till dessa analyserades med olika avståndsmått som orienterbarhet, gångavstånd, cykelavstånd, gatunätsavstånd, restider med kollektivtrafik och bil. Även bebyggelsens struktur i sig analyserades som täthet, rumsintegration, kvartersutformning, entréplacering, hushöjder, fastighetsstruktur.
Den statistiska analysen som genomfördes av Evidens innefattar en regressionsanalys med de 7000 borättsköpen samlade i 319 basområden. I regressionen finns även avgift till föreningen och lägenhetens storlek. Bostadsrättspriset används här som ett mått på betalningsvilja och attraktivitet i boendet. Studien innefattar ej småhus. Tidigare studier visar att betalningsvilja för bostadsrätter är samma som för hyresrätter. Analysresultaten visar på betalningsviljan givet dagens värderingar och vad som finns på bostadsmarknaden idag, och är alltså ett svar på dagens utbud och efterfrågan. Detta kan självklart ändras i framtiden.
Resultaten visar att man med åtta variabler kan förutsäga prisvariationen på bostadsrätter med mer än 90% säkerhet. Sju av variablerna består av rena stadsbyggnadsfaktorer och den åttonde är en kontrollvariabel som är ett socioekonomiskt index. De sju stadskvaliteterna är
1. NÄRHET TILL CITY = Gång-och gatunätsavstånd till Centralhallen
2. NÄRHET TILL SPÅRSTATION = T-bana, pendel eller spårvagn inom 500m gångavstånd
3. TILLGÅNG TILL GÅNG-GATUNÄTET = Gators och gångstråks centralitet med 12 axialstegs radie (space syntax-analys)
4. TILLGÅNG TILL URBANA VERKSAMHETER = Antalet verksamheter inom restaurang, sällanköpshandel och kultur inom 1 km gångavstånd
5. TILLGÅNG TILL PARK = kvm parkyta inom 1 km gångavstånd
6. NÄRHET TILL VATTEN = gångavstånd till vattenområden större än 5 ha
7. KVARTERSFORM = grad av slutenhet samt andel utåtvända entréer mot gata
Stadskvalitetmodellen kan användas för marknadsanalys och precisera intäktssidan i exploateringskalkyler. Den kan även användas för stadsbyggnadsanalys och för att utvärdera planalternativ och kvalitetssäkra planprogram och detaljplaner. I ett bredare perspektiv ger denna studie bättre underlag för att mer precist analysera och prata om ekonomisk hållbar stadsutveckling.
This article reports the findings on analyses of landscape morphology by density and green space distribution of the Stockholm county region, correlations between morphology and socio-economic data and assessments of two regional development scenarios for 2030 modelled in the proposed regional plan (The Office of Regional Planning and Urban Transportation in Stockholm 2010). Today, Stockholm is a relatively green and spacious metropolitan region with a small compact city core. We found the correlations between compactness (product of floor area and nature recreation area) and highly mixed parcels (R 2 = 0.729, p < 0.001), between compactness and overweight (R2 = 0.47, p < 0.001) and between accessibility to nature recreation and reduced psychological well-being (R 2 = 0.40, p < 0.001). It seems that new housing developments and income levels are driven by compactness in the city centre and spaciousness (quotient of nature recreation area and floor area) in the suburban periphery. The scenario FÖRDELAD is more spread out and spacious in the periphery and the scenario TÄT is more compacted in the city centre; however, both scenarios decrease in compactness and spaciousness in the inner suburbs. We consider that the decline in spaciousness in inner suburbia would be accepted if compactness also increased a situation that is not part of either scenario. The apparent risk of this development is that suburbia will lose its attractiveness and this will fall to a level that it will fuel even more peripheral sprawl. With support from the correlation studies and other sprawl research, we suggest that this planned development could have severe negative consequences for sustainability and attractiveness, which are claimed to be the core goals in the proposed regional plan.
One of the biggest challenges for future urban design is to cope with suburbia and sprawl. This paper investigates how sprawl can be compacted in terms of spatial morphology. New 'user-related' location density measures, like spaciousness and compactness, are introduced that integrate floor area, axiality of pedestrian network, and public open space. These and 'administrative' area density measures are applied to two modernist suburbs in Stockholm, Björkhagen and Rågsved (1946-1957), and four strategic densification scenarios: 'New urbanism', 'New regularism', 'New conservatism', and 'New modernism'. The results show that the suburbs can increase by 100% in Floor Area Ratio in the first two and but only 20-40% in the other two. Floor area accessibility, however, is influenced by network accessibility more than plot density. Public open space is needed to uphold spaciousness and compactness. To conclude, tree-like morphologies seem rational in peripheral low density suburbs with a lot of public open space, but when densified the grid becomes more necesary to uphold compactness. Even though densification by 'New urbanism' or 'New regularism' in modernist suburbia is improbable due to political reality, they point out possible ways to compact more efficiently modernist sprawl as well as the need for further research.
Since the beginning there has been a strong and pervasive emphasis within space syntax on description. In a not so often referred to text (Hillier et al 1984a) this is put quite straightforward: "For the architectural researcher, the question ought to be crystallised as his or her most pressing concern, since how can any investigation be truly systematic unless the architectural variable can be controlled?" It might sound self-evident to researchers within most disciplines but within architecture the subject of description is often treated without the necessary scientific care. From the beginning there has also been a strong conviction that architecture needs to be described and studied in its concrete manifestations, that is as architectural physical form rather than as architectural ideas, hence the residence of space syntax in architectural and urban morphology rather than architectural history and theory. It also seems likely that this development of form-studies within architectural research can contribute much to other disciplines.
One such discipline that could gain from architectural research of this kind is geography and transportation science with its wide range of subdisciplines, where the field of accessibility research is the one that comes closest to space syntax. As a matter of fact, from within this field space syntax is likely to be regarded as nothing else than a special case of accessibility, for example: "[…] space syntax which we consider a special case of accessibility within graphs" (Batty 2004a). In a simplistic sense the difference between space syntax and accessibility research in general has to do with scale, where accessibility research to the most part have been conducted on a comprehensive geographic level, while space syntax deal with a more detailed geometric or morphological level. But in a more specific and interesting sense the difference has to do with the epistemological foundations for either field, where space syntax, even though to a large part rooted in a mathematical paradigm just like accessibility research, also draws in an interesting way from an experiential and cognitive paradigm, something pointed out by Seamon (1994) and specifically discussed in recent papers by Hillier (2003a and b).
Against this background it seems most useful to try to use space syntax descriptions when bringing accessibility research to the more detailed scale of urban settings, foremost by bringing the experiential dimension to such studies. This has also been both suggested and done by Jiang et al (1999), where both the mathematical background and the actual development of a software extension Axwoman for the GIS ArcInfo using space syntax are presented. In our paper a similar route is taken leading to the development of a software extension called The Place Syntax Tool for the GIS Mapinfo, but where the emphasizes lie on the empirical testing of such a device rather than its mathematical theory.
Our tests we believe show results that open new possibilities for not only accessibility research in general but specifically space syntax as well. For accessibility research in that the descriptions developed within space syntax, such as the axial map, are shown to work better in predicting such things as pedestrian movement than conventional descriptions within spatial analysis. For space syntax in that the results show how similar predictions within space syntax can be improved with the possibility to load the axial map with geographical data. We furthermore believe that this marriage between accessibility and architectural research have epistemological implications of great use for urban planning practice, in that it brings to such practice knowledge that rests on descriptions that take into account the experiential dimension, where knowledge traditionally within this field rests on rather abstract system-descriptions. Implicit in this we see nothing less than a possible displacement of power.


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Indianapolis Semi-Pro Football Team Wins National Championship
The Hoosier Hurricanes invaded Homestead, Florida for last weekend's 4th annual Minor League Football News (MLFN) Super Football Weekend strong winded and left with reign. In a game dominated by defense, the Hurricanes hammered the Carolina Express 41-0 to win MLFN's AA National Championship. "To reach this point so quickly is incredible," said Hurricanes head

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HistoryThe first Nigerian films were made by filmmakers such as Ola Balogun and Hubert Ogunde in the 1960s, but they were frustrated by the high cost of film production. However, television broadcasting in Nigeria began in the 1960s and received much government support in its early years. By the mid-1980s every state had its own broadcasting station. Law limited foreign television content so producers in Lagos began televising local popular theater productions. Many of these were circulated on video as well, and a small scale informal video movie trade developed. Nigerian film is thus a video movie industry; Nigerians call them 'home videos'. There is some debate concerning what caused this small local market in videos to explode into a booming industry that has pushed foreign media off the shelves in much of Africa and is now marketed all over the world. Use of English rather than local languages served to expand the market. Aggressive marketing using posters, trailers, and television advertising also played a role in Nollywood's success. Many point to the 1992 release of Living in Bondage, a film about a businessman whose dealings with a money cult result in the death of his wife, as the industry's first blockbuster. Since then, thousands of movies have been released. One of the first Nigerian movie to reach international fame was the 2003 release Osuofia In London, starring Nkem Owoh, the famous Nigerian comedic actor. Modern Nigerian cinema's most prolific auteur is Chico Ejiro, who directed over 80 films in a 5-year period and brags that he can complete production on a movie in as little as three days. Ejiro's brother Zeb is the best-known director of these videos outside of the country.
The first Nollywood films were produced with traditional analog video,
such as Betacam SP, but today all Nollywood movies are produced using
digital video technology. Only recently, Time magazine published an article
rating the industry as the third-largest after Hollywood and Bollywood.
ProductionIn the early days, Nollywood had one studio, Studio Tinapa in Tinapa, Calabar. Most movies, however, are not produced in studios in the Hollywood style. Video movies are shot on location all over Nigeria with distinct regional variations between the northern movies (made primarily in the Hausa language), the western Yoruba-language movies, the Igbo movies shot in the southeast,(Benin City) Edo Language shot in Benin city and the popular English-language productions, also shot primarily in the southeast. Many of the big producers have offices in Surulere, Lagos. Shooting films in Nigeria is difficult.
Nigerian directors adopt new technologies as soon as they become affordable. Bulky videotape cameras gave way to their digital descendents, which are now being replaced by HD cameras. Editing, music, and other post-production work is done with common computer-based systems.
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date: 09 Dec 2019 - 09 Dec 2020
Commercial Carpet Cleaning Services in Parker, Colorado
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161 Posts
Discussion Starter • #1 •
Anyone installed tweeters and midranges in a 2004-2008 F150? I'm looking for ideas and inspiration. Haven't been able to find many for this generation of trucks. Currently have AF GB10/25 in modified Focal pods sitting on the dash. Figured I could use them as a templet to build pillars off of. Please post pictures if you got them. Thanks!


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vmnfafnaFethullah Gülen was born into a humble family in Erzurum, Turkey, in 1941, and was raised in a spiritually enriching environment. This individual attended a public elementary school for three…...Read
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Listing all results (161)
How do you make fish fingers?
Colourful poster from the Tasty Careers website illustrating the many different career roles involved in the production of fish fingers.
How do you make butter?
Colourful poster from the Tasty Careers website illustrating the many different career roles involved in the production of butter.
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
From the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), the 'Big questions, big experiment' wall chart describes the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. It looks at the "big questions" about our Universe that scientists are trying to answer, and how the amazing LHC will help them to do so. The 'Tunnel to the...
Geography and applied maths activity
Using the video (https://youtu.be/UaxXupfZSSk), discuss in groups how to help Natasha and the former lighthouse keeper to swim the 3km channel between the island and the mainland
When to set off? climate vs weather
What time to set off? Tides...
This collection of five Moonsaics have been created by the National Schools' Observatory, they consist of five different images of the Moon, separated into multiple picture panels per image, much like a "giant jigsaw puzzle". Students are challenged to assemble the completed images, offering them the opportunity to...
EO Detective Competition
The EO Detective competition is for children in primary and secondary schools in the UK. The winning three entries will have the opportunity to have a photograph of the Earth, taken by an astronaut on the International Space Station. Details of how to enter are given in the competition details sheet and example...
Electron: 100 Years and Still Going Strong
From the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), this wall chart describes with simple explanations, what an electron is and how JJ Thompson came to discover it. It also looks at how electrons play a part in our everyday lives and in electronics, communications and the electrical energy we use. The chart...
Primary Computing Lesson celebrating Ada Lovelace
Teach primary computing with history. This teacher-led activity adapted for the Hour of Code involves conducting online research about Ada Lovelace a female pioneer in STEM and the world's first computer programmer!
Children present their findings using basic HTML and CSS to create a multimedia webpage all...
Quality: A World of Career Opportunities
This activity is designed to be delivered by a STEM Ambassador who works as a quality professional.
Quality professionals are an essential part of every business in every sector around the globe, from electronics to engineering; roads to retail; finance to food. They do a huge amount to help make businesses...
Big Telescopes
The Big Telescopes poster links ground and space based telescopes with the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that they are observing and their locations on Earth or in space.
The poster explains how larger telescopes allow scientists to learn more about the early universe and map our own galaxy with...
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Cranberry-almond florentines
Prep 10 min
Plus Baking Time: 5 minutes
Makes 18 cookies
Updated Nov 22, 2016Chatelaine
1/4 cup
butter, preferably unsalted
1/3 cup
2 tbsp
1/3 cup
all-purpose flour
1/4 tsp
2 tbsp
finely chopped slivered almonds
2 tbsp
finely chopped dried cranberries
- Place oven rack in bottom third of oven. Preheat oven to 325F. Line a baking sheet with parchment paper. Melt butter in a small saucepan set over medium heat. Stir in sugar and corn syrup. Then bring to a gentle boil, stirring often.
- Remove from heat. Stir in flour and vanilla, then almonds and cranberries. Let cool 10 min. Batter should still be slightly warm. Then drop by scant tsp onto baking sheet at least 5 in. apart.
- Bake in bottom third of 325F oven until edges are golden and centres are set, 5 to 8 min. Watch carefully, as some batches bake faster than others. Cool cookies on sheet for 1 min, then place on a wire rack and cool. Repeat with remaining batter. Cookies will keep well, stored between sheets of wax paper in a tightly closed container, in a cool place up to 5 days.
NutritionCalories 59, Protein 4 g, Carbohydrates 8 g, Fat 3 g, Sodium 3 mg.
Recipe Collections


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Knudsen-Like Scaling May Be Inappropriate for Gas Shales
The author writes that the generally accepted Knudsen diffusion in shales is based on a mistranslation of the flow physics and may give theoretically unsound predictions of the increased permeability of shales to gas flow. This increase of permeability comes from the micropores, fine-scale microfractures, and cracks. The nanopores in shales provide gas storage by sorption and capillary condensation of heavier gas components. In the smallest nanopores, even methane molecules are increasingly ordered and resemble liquid more than gas. These nanopores feed the macroscopic flow paths in ways that are not captured well by generally accepted equations.
For gas pressures below 1 bar, gas permeability can exceed that of liquid substantially. Size distribution of a single pore is a distribution of radii of the largest spheres that can be fitted at each point along this pore. "Pore size" or "pore-body radius" is the radius of maximum sphere that can be inscribed into a pore, while "pore throat" refers to the radius of a minimum inscribed sphere common to two adjacent pores. In slit-like pores, pore throats and bodies are the same and pore widths are often reported to account for gas sorption. Pore sizes—whatever this term means to different authors—in the crushed samples of mudrocks are often inferred from small-angle and ultrasmall-angle neutron scattering, multistage desorption measurements, and molecular or statistical physics calculations; these sizes are not directly measured. A specific definition of pore size is provided in the complete paper.
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Knudsen-Like Scaling May Be Inappropriate for Gas Shales
01 September 2018
Coupled 3D Simulator Models Wastewater-Injection-Induced Seismicity
This paper presents a coupled 3D fluid-flow and geomechanics simulator developed to model induced seismicity resulting from wastewater injection.
Questions Over Permeability Prompt Producer-Led Group To Rebuild Key Fracture Diagnostic
For the past 20 years, the diagnostic fracture injection test has been used across the frontlines of the shale revolution to paint a picture of what cannot be seen. However, that picture has not always been so clear in the eyes of subsurface engineers.
Shale Producers Adopt Geochemistry Fingerprinting to Quantify Cross-Well Production
Knowing which horizon crude oil flows from and in what proportions has been a major challenge for shale producers. Increasingly, they are turning to new technology to find the answer.
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Pick Your Favorite Girly Movies To Get A Rom-Com Hubby
- by Wesley_Ku
- – on
- in Movies and TV
There are a number of film genres that are constantly getting attention when it comes to the best films to watch, whether it's at the movie theater or just on the living room couch. While some people prefer a film that will leave them on the edge of their seats, others are more keen on a film that will move their hearts in a completely different way. Not everyone wants to have their heart racing because of a masked man racing across the screen. Some people want their hearts to race because of an incredible love story. Girl movies can sometimes get a bad wrap because not everyone wants to admit that they love a good chick flick. Yet, that doesn't mean that they don't do well at the movie theater or that they aren't incredibly loved.
In fact, some girly movies are seen as the most popular films of all time. These are the films that have made moviegoers root for the couple to make it to the very end and find their happily ever after, the films that brought a tear to the eye and the films that forced people to choose a particular team in a love triangle storyline. Let's have a bit of fun picking our favorite girly movies and see which rom-com hubby is the perfect fit.
The Break-Up?
When this film was released in 2006, there was a huge amount of hype over it because of the main stars that appeared in the leading roles (IMDb). Vince Vaughn had been in a number of comedic and romantic films and Jennifer Aniston had already solidified herself as a darling on the big screen in Rom-Coms. It's not surprising that the film became a huge hit at the box office and with the ending having some questions thrown out to the moviegoers, there are some that really want a sequel.
Crazy Rich Asians?
When it was revealed that Hollywood was setting out to release a new Rom-Com with a cast that was completely Asian, there were definitely some people that didn't know whether or not it would be a complete success at the box office. Yet, the film definitely proved to the world that an all-Asian cast could not only bring people to the movie theater but also create a worldwide phenomenon that would have many people hoping for a sequel. Also, the film made big stars out of the main cast.
13 Going On 30?
When this film was released in 2004, the main female lead had already appeared as a number of well-known characters on both the small and big screen. Jennifer Garner was seen as a huge Hollywood starlet and seeing her in this Rom-Com was a big boost for her fans. People likened the storyline to some others that showcased men in the same situation and it was really interesting to see the twist to it for a female character, especially one as beautiful as Jennifer Garner.
About Time?
There have been a number of films that have featured a storyline that involves traveling through time. However, it seems like when people think about traveling through time, it's obtaining fame or money that seems like the biggest draw. This particular film put a twist on it by showing the lead character trying to travel through time in order to improve his love life. The result was an incredibly romantic film that made people root for the two main characters.
While there are a number of Rom-Coms that delve into the idea of a woman meeting the love of her life and ultimately being brought home to meet his parents, it's interesting how this type of storyline in a film can create a variety of different plot points. This particular film features Jennifer Lopez as the main character, Charlie, and Michael Vartan as Dr. Kevin Fields. While their relationship seemed great, things started to take a turn when he ultimately introduced her to his mother.
When this film was first released, no one could have guessed how incredibly successful it would be with moviegoers. It was considered to be a huge box office success and it immediately came out with cries from audiences for a sequel. Yet, not everyone was thrilled with this storyline or the comedic scenes.
Cold Mountain?
There have been a number of films that have delved into the premise of the struggles that ensued during the Civil War but there was something quite unique about this particular film. The heart of the storyline revolved around Nicole Kidman and the love story she had with the character portrayed by Jude Law.
Life Itself?
When this film first debuted its trailer, people weren't quite sure what to make of it. It seemed like there were a number of different characters and a multitude of different storylines going on all at the same time. Yet, the film was able to tie everything together and it really had some true love stories.
Maid In Manhattan?
Jennifer Lopez has starred in a number of romantic comedies over the years and it seems like she's truly found her niche when it comes to what works for her on the big screen. While that isn't to say that she's been completely pigeonholed in the roles she's been given, it does mean that she is a romantic comedy favorite.
Friends With Benefits?
When it comes to cultivating a romantic relationship, it seems like there have been a number of show and films that have centered around the idea that there can be a bit of physicality between two people without an actual romantic partnership forming. This film delved into that but the end result was the classic romantic comedy ending.
There have been a number of films that have been based on hit television shows so it's not surprising that this HBO favorite would turn into a big screen spin-off. People were thrilled to see Mr. Big and Carrie make it onto the big screen and the storyline was something that no one could have seen coming.
This Means War?
When it was revealed that Reese Witherspoon was set to star in another romantic comedy, people were excited to see who the leading man would be that would appear alongside her. There were definitely those that were thrilled to hear that it was actually two leading men to take that place.
The Notebook?
This film was actually adapted from an incredibly popular and successful book by the same name. People were super excited to see it come to life on the big screen. While the love triangle storyline has definitely been done before, there seemed to be something special about the love story between Allie and Noah.
50 Shades Of Grey?
When it was revealed that the 50 Shades book series was going to be adapted for the big screen, there were millions of people around the world that were incredibly excited to hear the news. There was a great deal of anticipation surrounding the release of the first film but not everyone was happy with the outcome.
Crazy, Stupid, Love?
There have been a number of romantic comedies that have centered on more than just two characters and their love stories but there was something special about this particular film. People really seemed to resonate with the storyline of a man trying to make things work in his marriage and the daughter that found love with the person helping her dad.
Silver Linings Playbook?
When Silver Linings Playbook was first released in theaters, it was seen as a small film in comparison to some of the other box office smash films that came out during that time. Yet, it didn't take long for the film to pick up steam and get released in theaters nationwide.
The Holiday?
The idea of staying at someone else's home has picked up steam over the years. It is a great way to save money while vacationing and it's also a great way to experience someone else's way of life. This particular film showcased this endeavor and it also brought in a love story for the women swapping environments.
There's Something About Mary?
There are some films that have simply become iconic when it comes to how much they have done for the lead actors. This particular film seemed to be the defining moment for the lead actress, Cameron Diaz. People still seem to think of her from this role and some of the scenes are truly iconic.
A Star Is Born?
Despite the fact that this is a film that is a remake of a remake, there was something truly unique about it. Whether it was the fact that all of the music was original in this remake or the incredible chemistry between Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga, this was a film that had people talking.
Bride Wars?
There have been a number of shows and films that have referenced the "Bridezilla" aspect when it comes to how some women tend to get, leading up to a wedding. Yet, this particular film seemed to amplify this premise and it starred two of Hollywood's most sought-after leading ladies, Kate Hudson and Anne Hathaway.
There are some films that seem to be defining of an entire era and generation. That was definitely the case for the film. Clueless was a classic '90s film that starred some of the most sought-after actors of that time. It was filled with phrases that people loved at the time and is still seen as a movie classic.
Easy A?
When it comes to high school movies, it's interesting how the struggle between the male and female characters can unfold on the big screen. This particular film showed how a girl could really help out the reputation for a boy but it also showed the other aspect of it that wasn't quite as flattering.
The Perks Of Being A Wallflower?
When Emma Watson was first introduced to the world as the young Hermione Granger in the Harry Potter film series, people could instantly tell that she was going to be a force to be reckoned with in Hollywood. People were overjoyed to see her transition onto the big screen and this particular film was seen as a success.
The Help?
There have been a number of films that have featured a storyline that revolved around the Civil Rights Movement but there was something quite unique about this particular film. The main cast of characters was actually a group of maids that worked with families that didn't all treat them in the best manner.
This particular film was set in a futuristic world, where operating systems were created that featured artificial intelligences. The main character started cultivating a romantic relationship with his operating system, who was voiced by Scarlett Johansson. Despite the fact that Johansson's character wasn't human, there was a human experience that was shared.
Girls Trip?
There is a stigma in Hollywood that films that are based solely on women don't seem to do well at the box office but this particular film broke all those misconceptions. It was seen as a huge success and it was also a breakout character role for the comedic actress, Tiffany Haddish.
50 First Dates?
This particular film starred two of Hollywood's most beloved actors, Drew Barrymore and Adam Sandler. The premise of the film revolved around Barrymore's character having short-term memory loss and Sandler's character trying to get her to fall in love with him each and every day. Some people truly loved this film but there were those that weren't too keen on it.
There have been a number of historical dramas over the years but none have had the same sort of impact as this particular film. Titanic was seen as a huge hit at the box office and a major success for the lead actors. People still seem to reference the incredible chemistry between the two lead actors and the music is instantly recognizable.
Down With Love?
When this film was released in 2003, it starred two of Hollywood's most celebrated actors. Renée Zellweger had already appeared in a number of high-profile films and Ewan McGregor had made a huge name for himself as well. Putting them together in one film seemed like a genius move, and audiences were overjoyed at their spin on the classic Rom-Com. Set in the 1960s, the characters didn't follow the standard storyline arc that is generally associated with a Rom-Com but that didn't mean that the film wasn't a huge success.
The Promise?
There have been a number of films that have featured a love triangle storyline in the past but not all of them have had the same amount of depth as this particular 2016 film. It starred Oscar Isaac and Christian Bale as the two male actors that are both in love with the same woman, portrayed by Charlotte Le Bon.
The Vow?
This film stars two of Hollywood's most sought-after actors, Channing Tatum and Rachel McAdams. Neither one of these actors are strangers to appearing on the big screen in a romantic comedy so this was definitely a highly-anticipated love story for moviegoers. Some people loved the premise but others were turned off by the ending.
When this film was first released, Ellen Page was seen as little more than a child actress. She played the role of a high school student that found herself faced with the challenge of becoming a mother. People really seemed to resonate with the storyline regarding her incredible new challenge.
The Boy Next Door
Despite the fact that this film isn't exactly the stereotypical girly film, it definitely appealed to more of a female audience. The premise of the film revolved around an older woman, portrayed by Jennifer Lopez, who began having a romantic relationship with a much-younger next-door-neighbor. It definitely didn't end well but it had its moments.
The Good Girl?
This film was released in 2002 and it definitely had an interesting storyline. Jennifer Aniston starred as the married woman that seemed completely bored by her life and Jake Gyllenhaal starred as the younger love interest that had a tendency towards looking at the darker side to life. Their love story didn't exactly end with roses.
This film was released in 2007 and starred Keri Russell and Nathan Fillion as the main characters. Russell portrayed a married woman that was not treated well and Fillion played the role of the married doctor that seemingly fell in love with her. The film didn't end with the two of them running off together but there was a happy ending for Russell's character.


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Other potential side effects include low blood pressure, lightheadedness, and drowsiness, but these have typically only occurred in patients who have exceeded doses of 1,500 mg daily for a period of 4 weeks or more; far more than the average person will need take on a daily basis for chronic pain symptoms. (In fact, the majority of CBD users claim they find an effective dose to be anywhere between 10 and 40 mg daily).
Unfortunately, because this is a supplement we're not allowed to make medical claims regarding its use as a treatment or cure. However, this is the exact reason we began using this product on our own pets. (Our founding pets were diagnosed with cancer; one was 16 and the other was 8.) We used phytocannabinoidas palliative care for appetite and pain management.
it's crazy the amount of disparity out there in terms of quality of cbd oil. you could get 30 different cbd oil brands easily and 30 different qualities, depending solely on the cannabis that was used for extraction, type of extraction used, etc. Guess it's no different than any other food really, all wine is made from grapes (is it?), doesn't mean that quality of all wine is the same
More human studies are needed to fully understand the range of risks and side effects that CBD oil may cause. Studies of CBD oil aren't common. This is partially because Schedule 1 substances like cannabis are highly regulated, causing some obstacles for researchers. With the legalization of marijuana products, more research is possible, and more answers will come.
Lab results for these products can be found on our Lab Results page. You should also check our our Beginners Guide to CBD and our FAQ sections of the site for more information about vaping CBD Oil. Keep checking back often, we update our CBD E-Liquid and Vape products often. We run regular sales too, so share your favorites with your friends via social media!
CBD oil is not legal everywhere. It is banned/restricted by countries such as UAE, Dubai, and Saudi Arabia. Although CBD oil is illegal in many of the US states too, some have legalized its use for medicinal purposes. While the number would be ever-changing, as of 2016 there are 17 states in the US which have legalized the use of low THC, high CBD products for medical reasons in limited situations. These states include Alabama, Georgia, Iowa, Kentucky, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Wisconsin, Wyoming, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, and Virginia. It is advisable to consult your local health specialist before use.
The CBD industry is still extremely new. The terminology hasn't been officially sorted out yet, so each company kind of comes up with their own method of categorizing their products. As always, make sure that you do your own research before you buy anything. If you're unsure, email the company's customer service before you buy. Most CBD companies have good customer service teams and they'll be happy to help.
If your animal has a tendency to panic, then you should be wary of any product that contains THC, since, for some animals and people, that cannabinoid can elicit a panic response. CBD, on the other hand, has been proven to help regulate panic. A 2017 article in Current Neuropharmacology reviewed both experimental lab animal and human studies, and researchers concluded that "CBD seems to be a promising drug for the treatment of PD [panic disorder]."
Now, scientific research is discovering why. Evidence from laboratory studies and clinical studies, have begun to reveal the mechanisms through which CBD helps control seizures. But, unlike most other conditions that CBD has been shown to treat, the FDA has actually agreed that the evidence is conclusive enough that CBD is now an approved medication for epilepsy for humans.
Due to the influence of big pharma,the FDA has refused (until recently) to investigate the benefits of phytocannabinoid oil for humans or pets. We are not allowed to say or imply that phytocannabinoid has any medical benefits, however the 1st Amendment also protects our right to tell you about our experiences with phytocannabinoid helping our own pets, and the fact that there have been more than 1500 clinical studies regarding the effectiveness of phytocannabinoids. The owners and staff of Innovet believe, but cannot legally claim or imply, that countless dogs and cats have used phytocannabinoid oils for many conditions.
Dr. Cohen has found that chronic conditions including autoimmune diseases and pain syndromes can be helped with a 6-mg under-the-tongue tincture (the fastest delivery system) or a 25-mg capsule taken twice a day. Dosages for topical products like lotions are especially hard to determine—there's no clarity on how much CBD gets into the system through the skin.
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CBD hemp oil is the product derived from the hemp plant, which is high in CBD (cannabidiol) and low in THC (tetrahydrocannabinol). This oil has received a large amount of attention in recent years, due to the growing wave of marijuana legislation and debate in many countries, including the United States. While cannabis and smoking marijuana (which often has a high level of the psychotropic compound THC) is still illegal in many places, as more is being learned about CBD, and its potential effects on health, it is becoming more and more accepted as a legal and safe remedy for a wide variety of health conditions. Since it has a minimal amount of the psychotropic compound THC, use of this oil does not result in a traditional "high", so its effects are generally considered therapeutic, not mind-altering.
St. Mortiz Raw Hemp Extract Oil 1000mg is an excellent product for the price, and can be purchased in 250mg and 500mg strength on amazon. Not only does it contain all-organic ingredients from a GMP certified manufacturer, this product is a full spectrum hemp oil, and could contain therapeutic levels of the CBD cannabinoid. Organic hemp seed oil is also mixed into this oil for maximum benefits. St. Mortiz Raw Hemp Extract Oil is organically flavored with peppermint and rosemary, offering a great blend for taste as well. Each bottle contains a 30-day supply of full spectrum oil with recommended dosage.
"Buying from a reputable manufacturer is crucial, because it matters how the plant is cultivated and processed," Dr. Maroon says. One clue that a company is cutting corners: too low a cost. Good CBD is pricey—a bottle of high-quality capsules is sold in Cohen's office for $140. But for many, it's worth the money. Roth spent $60 on her tiny bottle. But when her energy returned the day she started taking CBD, she decided that was a small price to pay.
Regular dosage size is recommended at 20 drops, 1-2 times per day. According to the manufacturer, small to large dosage sizes are as follows: 250 mg = 1/4 dropper, or ~5 drops 300 mg = 3/10 dropper, or ~6 drops 500 mg = 1/2 dropper, or ~10 drops 600 mg = 3/5 dropper, or ~12 drops 800 mg = 4/5 dropper, or ~16 drops 1000 mg = 1 full dropper, or ~20 drops 1500 mg = 1 1/2 dropper, or ~30 drops


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Is there a way to programmatically scroll to the top of a
NestedScrollView by also triggering the scroll events for the parent?
smoothScrollTo(x, y) doesn't delegate the scroll events to the
Is there a way to programmatically scroll to the top of a
Clarify your question more, do you mean to say when the NestedScrollView is inside the coordinator layout? – Pier Betos Jan 8 '16 at 8:05
to programmatically scroll to any point, check stackoverflow.com/questions/52083678/… – user1506104 Sep 10 '18 at 17:04
NestedScrollView.scrollTo(0, 0);
7I am telling your to use
NestedScrollView.scrollTo(0, 0);to scroll to the top of the
NestedScrollView. You are welcome. – SilentKnight Jul 10 '15 at 10:48
The question-asker is a Roockie – SilentKnight Nov 9 '15 at 2:28
This is more generally applied to both ScrollView or NestedScrollView. – Robert Dec 25 '15 at 16:08
I managed to do it (animated scrolling):
CoordinatorLayout.LayoutParams params = (CoordinatorLayout.LayoutParams) appBarLayout.getLayoutParams();
AppBarLayout.Behavior behavior = (AppBarLayout.Behavior) params.getBehavior();
if (behavior != null) {
behavior.onNestedFling(coordinatorLayout, appBarLayout, null, 0, 10000, true);
10000 is the velocity in y-direction.
1if you only like to scroll to hide the appbarlayout like in my case you could do
behavior.onNestedFling(coordinator, appbar, null, 0, -params.height, true);to reverse it
behavior.onNestedFling(coordinator, appbar, null, 0, params.height, true);– k0sh Apr 28 '16 at 14:45
3Thx. Any idea on how to scroll to the bottom of the nestedscrollview ? – Bibu Jun 8 '16 at 16:04
When the AppBarLayout is expanded, simulating the nested fling will collapse it (which is great), but will not make the NestedScrollView scroll down at the same time... – Raphael Royer-Rivard Nov 19 '16 at 20:06
Plus, when the AppBarLayout is fully collapsed, using a negative y velocity value will not expand it. – Raphael Royer-Rivard Nov 19 '16 at 21:15
Another way to smooth scroll
NestedScrollView to all the way up or down is using
fullScroll(direct) function
fullScroll(View.FOCUS_UP) hidden appbar not coming out. Any Idea – Shabbir Dhangot Jan 24 '17 at 13:43
@Sabbir Dhangot did you layout your
NestedScrollViewbelow the appbar? – MeLine Aug 17 '18 at 8:29
Nothing worked for me, and I don't really know why this worked, but here is my solution and problem.
When adding recycler view to a nested scroll view, it showed recycler view on screen when getting to that activity. In order to scroll all the way up, I had to use this:
RecyclerView recyclerView = (RecyclerView) findViewById(R.id.details_recycler_view);
recyclerView.setLayoutManager(new LinearLayoutManager(this));
recyclerView.setItemAnimator(new DefaultItemAnimator());
ProductDescriptionAdapter adapter = new ProductDescriptionAdapter(this);
NestedScrollView scrollView = (NestedScrollView) findViewById(R.id.scroll);
scrollView.getParent().requestChildFocus(scrollView, scrollView);
4Wooooow, this is best, damet Garm – ArMo 372 Feb 1 '17 at 7:09
8If anyone's problem is that the recyclerview inside the nested scroll view is already scrolled half way when entering the activity, try setting the top most element under root of XML to have the following property android:focusableInTouchMode="true" – user1025013 Mar 21 '18 at 20:01
This solution works perfectly where as scrollView.scrollTo(0,0); does not work at all. – taranjeetsapra Jun 14 '18 at 8:37
3This worked :
scrollView.getParent().requestChildFocus(scrollView, scrollView);– user1182217 Sep 17 '18 at 8:50
Worked like a charm. Thanks – Vinoth ios Oct 9 '18 at 7:17
I also faced similar kind scenario. In my case when I scroll down to end, FAB button should be appears and when user tap on that FAB button should go to the top of the page.
For that I added @SilentKnight answer
NestedScrollView.scrollTo(0, 0); For go to the top but which is not enough for smooth animation for scroll up.
For smooth animation I have used @Sharj answer which is
But then my AppBar is not visible there fore I have to expanded the AppBar as following
So using these three I can able smoothly go to top of the page.
You could easily fake the scrolling on NestedScrollView level. You basically tell the coordinatorLayout that you just scrolled by the height of the toolbar.
NestedScrollView nestedScrollView = (NestedScrollView) getActivity().findViewById(R.id.your_nested_scroll_view);
int toolbarHeight = getActivity().findViewById(R.id.toolbar).getHeight();
nestedScrollView.dispatchNestedPreScroll(0, toolbarHeight, null, null);
nestedScrollView.dispatchNestedScroll(0, 0, 0, 0, new int[]{0, -toolbarHeight});
nestedScrollView.scrollTo(0, nestedScrollView.getBottom());
The only answer that worked for me! I needed to scroll up in coordinator layout (so both nestedScrollView and collapsibleToolbar). I used existing code but toolbarHeight changed to Integer.MIN_VALUE and -toolbarHeight to Integer.MAX_VALUE (as I need opposite dirrection). And then I call appBarLayout.setExpanded(true, true); Thank you! – Viktoriia Chebotar Nov 28 '18 at 13:29
You can use this for smooth scroll.
OR for normal scroll
I tried all the above responses, nothin seemed to work but I only needed a postDelayed.
scrollview.postDelayed(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
listener.setAppBarExpanded(false, true); //appbar.setExpanded(expanded, animated);
}, 400);
Add the line two times .worked for me
Use the View.scollTo(int x, int y) instead to scroll to the top.
findViewById({your NestedScrollView resource id}).scrollTo(0, 0);
I had problem with NestedScrollView when I used than with RecyclerView . This code worked for me: nestedScrollView!!.getParent().requestChildFocus(nestedScrollView, nestedScrollView);
val recyclerViewSearch = activity?.findViewById<RecyclerView>(R.id.recycler)
val nestedScrollView = activity?.findViewById<NestedScrollView>(R.id.bottom_sheet_Search)
nestedScrollView!!.getParent().requestChildFocus(nestedScrollView, nestedScrollView);
Here is how I scroll to an item of RecyclerView when RecyclerView is inside NestedScrollView
First, get an
item height then scroll to the
position that you want.
val itemHeight =
binding.nestedScrollView2.smoothScrollTo(0, position * itemHeight)