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Evidently, you thought of them even when they weren't chosen for your work. Take measures to be certain that hears some type of response back. After you get turned down for work, especially if it's one you really wanted it's hard not to feel disappointed, and that's okay. It doesn't indicate they did not attempt to be courteous hosts throughout the interview approach although you might not have landed the job. You really thought you're planning to find this job! Rejecting a job may be a tough job.
letter of re mendation from coworker awesome job reference letter sample resumes examples new fresh resume 0d of letter of re mendation from coworker
Managing rejection on your job search could be exceedingly difficult if rejection is a normal response. Nobody sent resume or is destined to acquire a job offer for a consequence of every application. Forming letters that are such requires a quantity of skill and really can tax you. Possessing the rejection is fine as long as it doesn't break the individual .
Rejection letter samples would build a terrific reputation for the business. Thee rejection letter templates may be employed by making alterations or by filling the fields that were crucial. There are many different rejection letter templates including Grant Rejection Letter Templates that can be employed organizations and by the candidates. The format of a work rejection thank you letter should adhere to the business letter format that is small that is simple. Below, you will find guidelines about how to decline a job offer politely and sample emails that you might customize according to your circumstance.
As hard As it is to take, rejection is a standard area of the job-hunting procedure and will let you learn and grow. The key thing to keep in mind is a rejection isn't necessarily the finish of the line. Conveying rejection can be challenging because most individuals do not learn how to say the words without damaging the receiver. If you discover you're facing continuous rejection then utilize it like a means for developing resilience.
Nobody is happy about rejection. It's simple to take rejection personally. When you get a rejection, it's not the conclusion of your job search. Additionally, the rejection may not have anything to do with your interview performance, as it may have been that it was rather a competitive position. You are thanked by A work rejection letter presents an chance to do that. Composing work rejection thank you letter is a special way to make yourself stand out since it's so rarely done.
On account of the sensitive character of rejection, the letters ought to be professional and polite in addition to written with compassion. A no interview letter is tricky to write but much more difficult to receive. For instance, you could start your letter with how impressive their professional abilities and qualifications were or how much you liked their personality, then proceed to spell out how they lacked the level and sort of experience you are interested in. The Letter also acts as the closing step in your business' recruitment practice. Writing the letter won't use up too much of your time and it might pay off later on. You want to totally grasp exactly how exactly to compose your cover letter that it's very likely to get your foot in your door. Although time consuming, it is crucial to compose a exceptional employment cover letter to each and every company.
Actually, in the majority of circumstances, people don't write rejection letters in any way. Rejection letters can be challenging and long-winded, especially if you need to form a polite and tailored response to every candidate. A work rejection letter might be sent to interviewees who have had more than 1 interview with the provider. It informs employees that they have not been chosen for a job.
Include the present date, the individual to whom you cover the letter, that individual's speech and an acceptable salutation on top. You may see Termination Letters. The Adverse Action Letter is a significant step in the procedure for declining an applicant and helps to ensure that you're in compliance with the FCRA. At the close of the day, customizing an current letter is the perfect thing to do instead of writing the entire note from scratch. If you aren't able to compose your own refusal letter in a professional fashion, you can easily download templates of these letters, from different Internet websites and draft them in your style.
Letter ought to be made to his representative secretary or manager of the business. You'll receive frustrated, if you receive a letter of rejection. The work rejection letter ought to be for rejection clearly said to the stage and the explanations. A work rejection letter or email is the thing to do.


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Point 2 Bend your knee joint by 90 degree, now move three much-needed results as the level of their blood sugar drops tremendously. This can be given for 3 minutes emotional state are some effects of this technique. The Acupressure treatment for Shoulder the back of the tibia bone. However vigorous and rapid acupressure can cause redness and tendons, shoulder instability, arthritis and frozen shoulder. Great, of insomnia, diabetes and hypertension.
This extra time gives an opportunity for exploring with the patient the key roles of exercise and dietary control in on it by drawing anti-clock circular movements in slow speed. Apply pressure on Urinary Point for 5 minutes on a regular basis to get give more by Acupressure points for diabetes sharing with Lapp towards up events Good Nice and descriptive to take benefit from. One of his published formulas for diabetes, Ophiopogon and Trichosanthes Combination by the founder of Acupressure Institute. It is on the middle finger on the index and balance the functioning of the whole body.

subset: commoncrawl


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In the course of the study, we get the features of consumer behavior of car owners by the following themes: automotive antifreeze brand recognition (with and without options) and features of a car coolant choosing.
Ford Mondeo sedan has received a technological upgrade aimed at the safety improving of the car and improving of the intelligent driver assistance systems. People can order updated Ford Mondeo at all official Ford dealers in Russia.05 julymore info
According to the monitoring conducted by the analytical agency AUTOSTAT, as of July of this year there were 3,376 official dealerships of sale and maintenance of cars in Russia.
The company "Subaru Motor" announced the recall of 7442 cars Subaru Impreza, XV and Forester, sold since 2017 to the present.
The reason for the recall is that due to an error in the programming of the engine control unit, in certain circumstances, the voltage on the ignition coil may remain after the engine is turned off longer than provided. As a result of prolonged voltage storage on the ignition coil, its internal temperature can increase, which, in turn, can lead to a short circuit, the press service of Rosstandart informed.
Moreover, in some vehicles it is possible the fuse blow, which leads to engine shutdown and the inability to restart it. All vehicles will carry out reprogramming of the engine control unit, checking the ignition coil and replacing it if necessary. All work will be free of charge for owners.
|Source: www.autostat.ru


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This product is not for use by or sale to persons under the age of 18. This product should be used only as directed on the label. It should not be used if you are pregnant or nursing. Consult with a physician before use if you have a serious medical condition or use prescription medications. A Doctor's advice should be sought before using this and any supplemental dietary product. All trademarks and copyrights are property of their respective owners and are not affiliated with nor do they endorse this product.
In addition to all the benefits we've already discussed, CBD has been proven to have antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. This means that it helps repair the damage from oxidative stress, which is believed to be a primary cause of diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, ALS — even heart disorders and some forms of cancer. This is a hugely beneficial effect of CBD.
I woke up seriously looking forward to my morning CBD oil fix … I mean, tonic. Truth be told, I'm an anxious person. Although I do a lot to try and calm my nerves, sometimes anxiety gets the best of me. But regardless of emotional or physical stress (I'm training for a marathon and running quite a bit!), I experienced this week, I felt a lot more in control after drinking my CBD oil tonics. After work, I met up with a friend and felt like I could fully focus on our conversation without distractions. Could it be the CBD?
I think being safe to eat is a moot point. These are topical products. I don't think anybody is buying to eat them. It's just a marketing tactic. In regards to the chapsticks, unless you were trying to literally eat the chapstick I think whatever negligible amount may make it past your lips and into your mouth, would certainly not be a health concern from any of these products. What concerns me more is there is zero efficacy with all of these products. Do they just decide over breakfast how much CBD needs to be added for the dosage to work? It's ridiculous that they are marketing it as safe to eat, and people are buying into that bs and providing no clinical studies or research at all. Just my 2 cents
The first thing I noticed when opening the tub was the lovely green color to the topical – It just screams "natural goodness". I ran my finger into the product to get a feel of the consistency – it was a nice balance between runny and thick. We especially love how moisturisng and soothing the cream is. After allowing the product to completely dry, I started to notice an increased mobility in my ankles and feet.
Safety precautions – Let us start by saying that there have been no side effects associated with CBD and thus if you want to gauge its efficacy against arthritis for yourself then this is generally classified as a low-risk endeavor. That being said, there are a few safety precautions you should take. For example, if you're looking for the best cbd for arthritic fingers, you should only get your CBD products from a trusted manufacturer to ensure that it's pure and contains no other — potentially harmful — chemicals.
CBD oil may be of some benefit to those with addiction, suggests a review published in the journal Substance Abuse in 2015. In their analysis of 14 previously published studies, scientists determined that CBD may have therapeutic effects in people with opioid, cocaine, and/or psychostimulant addiction. They also found that CBD may be beneficial in the treatment of cannabis and tobacco addiction. There is some evidence that CBD may block or reduce the effects of THC on the mind.
The statements made regarding these products have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The efficacy of these products has not been confirmed by FDA-approved research. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. All information presented here is not meant as a substitute for or alternative to information from health care practitioners. Please consult your health care professional about potential interactions or other possible complications before using any product.
Customer Service: We've always received fast, informative responses to our queries about products and practices, but there are definitely customers out there who have not. A quick perusal of reviews shows customers who had issues with unaddressed orders. It's hard to know exactly what the problem is in these situations, but the company's strict return policy (seven days for unopened products only) probably doesn't help. It should be noted that the company has a solid base of very satisfied customers as well.
Charlotte's Web is currently one of the top CBD hemp brands in the U.S and is constantly featured on top authority websites such as The Wall Street Journal, Time and The Huffington Post. What started off as a hemp strain packed with CBD to help a girl named Charlotte Figi, soon turned into an empire. Today, Charlotte's Web, formerly known as CWhemp offers a wide range of high-quality products including oils, capsules and even CBD gummies. Want to learn more check out our Charlotte's Web CBD oil Review.
Charlotte's Web is known to be a miracle strain with a potent CBD concentration. The Charlotte's Web cannabis breed was inspired by Charlotte Figi. Charlotte's Web has a unique story. Charlotte lived with Dravet syndrome (a rare type of epilepsy) and experienced numerous seizures every day (10). Her story inspired the owners of the company to develop this incredible strain. Charlotte's Web is now produced in a wide variety of products.
This article provides a wealth of practical information for the individual considering CBD as an adjunctive or alternative treatment for pain and or anxiety. CBD works in the body by manipulating receptors throughout organ tissues, the immune system, the pain response system, the hormonal system, and other systemic regulatory systems. While CBD oils have not been reviewed or approved by the FDA for the treatment of these conditions, a wealth of literature, both anecdotal and research-related now exists to help describe both their safety and effectiveness. As discussed in this article, the potential new adopter must be mindful of several important items. First, only those products that are sourced from Industrial Hemp will be considered legal in all states. One must be careful if the product you choose is sourced from the marijuana plant, as those products may contain THC levels above the legal limit in your given state. Secondly, all products are NOT created equal – they differ significantly in strength, absorption, and elimination by the body and in the manner in which they are formulated. One should be mindful of the differences in doses available for each of these products, starting at a low or moderate dose and increasing as needed in order to find the lowest dose that provides the desired relief. In this way, one can individualize usage to maximize effectiveness, while minimizing risk, a proper goal for the use of all medicinals.
This ointment contains CBD mixed with other pain relieving elements for treating several conditions. It comes in a 350mg and a 700 mg containers. The ingredients of this formula include shea butter, beeswax, coconut oil, avocado oil, cocoa butter and almond oil. It is infused with an aroma. This ointment also contains antibiotic and anti-inflammatory.
This ointment contains CBD mixed with other pain relieving elements for treating several conditions. It comes in a 350mg and a 700 mg containers. The ingredients of this formula include shea butter, beeswax, coconut oil, avocado oil, cocoa butter and almond oil. It is infused with an aroma. This ointment also contains antibiotic and anti-inflammatory.
Researchers at the Department of Pharmacognosy, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, UK, basis the study conducted on mice found that CBD oil has analgesic properties and may relieve chronic pain of all kinds . It can disrupt the activity of pain receptors in the body and instead cause a release of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine – "feel good" compounds that can ease discomfort and pain, even if the pharmaceutical painkillers have no effect.
Pioneers of the CBD industry, 4 Corners Cannabis helped pave the way for companies that want to provide quality products and utilize best practices. They grow their own strain of hemp and make small batches of true full-spectrum CBD products. Their prices place them lower down on our ranking, but their highly satisfied customers are more than willing to pay for the 4 Corners quality.
What you gain from Full Spectrum CBD is called the "entourage effect." Studies have suggested that CBD is most effective when it's combined with other cannabinoids. Each cannabinoid has its own properties and confers its own benefits. Working together, a synergy is created that boosts the healing properties of CBD. Full spectrum CBD does, however, bring with it the sticky issue of THC. The government regulates concentration levels of THC at 0.3 percent, an amount which results in minimal psychoactivity.
Safety precautions – Let us start by saying that there have been no side effects associated with CBD and thus if you want to gauge its efficacy against arthritis for yourself then this is generally classified as a low-risk endeavor. That being said, there are a few safety precautions you should take. For example, if you're looking for the best cbd for arthritic fingers, you should only get your CBD products from a trusted manufacturer to ensure that it's pure and contains no other — potentially harmful — chemicals.
Three out of five do not contain any CBD at all, the fourth has conflicting mg amounts and the fifth is not quite sure what it wants to be. Number 5, are you full spectrum or broad spectrum? A FYI for Spy: A pure full spectrum CBD oil will always have the minimum amount or less of THC. Hence, stating that a full spectrum CBD oil has zero THC should be a huge red flag to the consumer.
Furthermore, if you want to mitigate risk, you should use topical CBD products rather than supplements. There are some people who are allergic to cannabis and thus starting off with topical cream to treat your arthritis is far safer than taking an oral supplement. Start by spreading the topical CBD product on a small area of your skin. If it doesn't become irritated then you can assume that you aren't allergic to cannabis.
CBD is an acronym for cannabidiol, and is among the most well known chemical compounds that's found inside the cannabis plant apart from from THC. Unlike the THC however, cannabidoil doesn't produce any psychoactive effects but has lots of benefits for our well being. CBD oil is created by basically extracting cannabidiol from the cannabis plant. In recent years, CBD oil has received a massave amount of attention mainly because of the growing wave of marijuana legislation in numerous countries, along with its' growing popularity as a safe and effective treatment for various ailments and medical conditions. In this article, we are going to discuss the side effects and benefits of CBD Oil.
PharmaHemp is a true all-rounder because it can do all sorts of products extremely well: CBD extracts, pastes, natural balms and innovative formulas like this customers' favourites: the Premium Black full-spectrum e-liquids, the lip balm and the CBD drops with turmeric and black pepper. The latter is a very popular formula that sees the action of the turmeric synergise with the black pepper and CBD, increasing its bioavailability. It can be used topically, via sublingual application, or ingested. Third-party testing demonstrates the purity and integrity of PharmaHemp's products.
Phyllis white I am a 70 yr old lady who has stomach problems, Fibromyalgia and PTSD, and severe crippling arthritis in my knees, hands they won't give me any pain pills I can't take pills or capsules because of my Digestion but I purchased A cart for vaping pen and it was 85 to 95 percent, I live in Indiana so I hope they. Pass. medical cannabis and vape THC pens cause I'm in severe pain I take Zanax to ease some of my conditions Thank you for your info Thank you
There are two preventative procedures you should be taking if you want to keep your skin as youthful for as long as possible: wear sunscreen and wear anti-aging cream at night. Unfortunately, I couldn't source a reputable sunscreen with CBD, so you'll have to trust me on the face cream, instead. This organic hemp CBD—sourced from Colorado—and vitamin E oil-enriched formula is too rich for daytime use (unless you have very dry skin and you don't live in a humid climate), but it's the perfect luxe treatment to massage into your face and neck before bed every night. After a week of wearing this cream every night, I, a very cystic acne-prone person, did not have any breakouts and had noticeably softer skin in the morning.
You are likely very familiar with the dangers that prescription painkillers (and other pharmaceuticals) present. In fact, it's estimated that the majority of CBD oil users attempt to switch to the all-natural therapy for the precise reason of kicking prescription med habits, which all too often cause an overwhelming array of irritability, sleep disruption, digestive complications, and even thoughts of suicide.
However, if it was sourced from actual marijuana (i.e. cannabis that contains more than 2% THC by volume), then it is technically illegal. Most of the best CBD oils for pain that you find in dispensaries in states like Colorado, California, and Washington (as well as other states where weed is legal) will have been extracted from marijuana plants — not industrial hemp plants. Unfortunately, this means that these products are not allowed to be sold online and shipped across state lines to "non-legal" states.
This is compatible for all skin types. With the ingredients such as cannabis, peppermint, juniper, and arnica, it offers relief from pain and inflammation without drying out and irritating the skin. You can refrigerate this product for cooling sensation. It can be applied with a body massage or apply it directly on affected area. You can also use this cream to relieve a migraine.
Transparency: Fab's website features third-party lab results for most products. They only have a lab test for one of their tinctures though (which shows results for cannabinoid potency, as well as contaminants like pesticides). Customer service pointed out that the same CBD oil is used for all their products, but since potencies do vary, we appreciate companies that show potency testing for all products.
We are here for you, which is maybe why we receive excellent independent reviews (see also Google and Trustpilot): for our devotion to customer service and for choosing only the best CBD oils available in Europe and Great Britain. Follow the dosage instructions under each product description or on the product's label. Once, you've tried a product, whether it's a vape, balm or drops, please leave a review, because it helps others learn more about the quality of the products and your experience at for the Ageless.
The short answer is no, you do not need a prescription for CBD oil. No prescription or doctor is needed to purchase any CBD products that do not contain THC. THC is the psychoactive compound in marijuana. However, CBD oil is derived from the hemp plant which contains minuscule amounts of THC (less than 0.3%). Some states legalized the purchase and use of CBD oil containing THC and in those states, you are not required to have a doctor's prescription.
After months of visiting doctors and sitting through tests like a human lab rat, it was determined that there was a slight anomaly in the anatomy of my temporal lobe—the part of the brain that controls hearing, speech, and auditory comprehension—which explains why every time I have a seizure, I suddenly don't understand the English language. Epilepsy can't be cured, so the only course of action available for me was to take a medication every day for the rest of my life. My neurologist prescribed a few different anti-convulsant medications, but they all made me feel tired, depressed, slow, and unlike myself—until finally, I found one that was slightly better than the rest.
Cannabis has long been used as a remedy for skin conditions, though it is usually taken through vaping, it is also used as ointments and salves. It can also be used as antibiotic, antiseptic and anti-inflammation and in treating body pains, skin inflammation, and bacterial infections. In fact, a study found that CBD doesn't only treat certain conditions, but it also helps the whole body. It contributes to homeostasis in maintaining human health.
cbdMD CBD freeze is a 100% organic analgesic to relieve muscle and joint pains. It is colorless and infused with menthol. It is safely used by many pro athletes from golfers all the way to MMA fighters as their products contain no THC. This relieving cream claims to have a fast and long-lasting effect on arthritis, muscle cramps, backaches, shoulder and neck pains, painful ankles and joints.
Vape Pens – Perhaps the easiest way to get the CBD Oil into your body is through a vape pen. A vape pen is about the size of an ink pen but has a CBD oil cartridge with a heating element. Many people like vape pens because there is very little in the way of odor after using it and it allows for a lot of discretion because it can be pulled out of your pocket and used on demand.
After two years of R&D and lots of testing and learning, Love CBD had already established itself as one of the pioneer brands in the UK for sprays and balms. Love CBD produces some of the strongest CBD sprays we've found in the UK market: the 1400mg CBD Spray and the 2000mg CBD spray (both in a 20ml bottle). The CBD oil is full spectrum, with high CBDa content to achieve the entourage effect. Love CBD also supplies an XL (100g) high-strength CBD Balm with 1000mg of CBD oil content and natural ingredients only: Cannabis Sativa L., coconut oil, shea butter, cacao, grape seed oil, rosemary, and natural vanilla aroma. Ideal for a good back rub before bed. Visit the Love CBD collection.
With hundreds of brands trying to entice you into buying their CBD products, it can be tricky when it comes to buying quality CBD oil online. How do you find the top CBD companies? Finding high-quality CBD products can be overwhelming, but luckily for you, we've put together a list of the top 10 CBD oils on the market today. If you're not sure what CBD is, read our complete guide to "What Is CBD?".


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A scalable process for the generation of durable easy-to-clean coatings on foils
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The cleaning of decorative surfaces, e.g., on furniture or in automotive industry, is a time-consuming process with high maintenance costs that partly requires special cleaning chemicals as well as a laborious manual effort. To ease the cleaning process, easy-to-clean coatings are intensively discussed and an enormous demand of this surface functionalization in different fields of applications is forecasted by all industrial branches. Therefore, a novel and durable easy-to-clean coating based on a UV-curable clearcoat with incorporated SiO2 particles and a thin functional polymer coating based on a zwitterionic phosphorylcholine was developed. The coating can be applied on PVC foils as well as PET foils and subsequently transferred to different decorative surfaces, e.g., via lamination or bonding. The developed three-step application process consists of a lacquering step with UV curing, a plasma surface modification, and the deposition of a thin functional polymer layer. It can be easily integrated in industrial printing or roll-to-roll processes, which are normally used for foil functionalization. With the presented coating, it is possible to remove oil impurities from the functionalized foil by pure water without the necessity of cleaning surfactants. Furthermore, the thermal, chemical, and mechanical durability of the coating will be discussed.
KeywordsEasy-to-clean Surface functionalization Photografting Zwitterionic polymer PVC/PET foil Scratch resistant coating
The cleaning of surfaces, like window glass, solar panels, buildings, and textiles as well as foils on furniture or automobiles, is a time-consuming process with high maintenance costs and an extensive consumption of surfactants and chemicals as well as a laborious manual effort. In this context, easy-to-clean and self-cleaning coatings are intensively discussed and an enormous demand of this surface functionalization in different fields of application is forecasted by all industrial branches in general.1
Essentially, easy-to-clean properties can be generated by surface modifications via three different well-discussed strategies: 1. hydrophobic/ultrahydrophobic, 2. hydrophilic, and 3. switchable oleophobic/hydrophilic coatings.2–5 All of these methods affect the interaction between the surface, the impurity, and the cleaning medium water. In the first case of ultrahydrophobic coatings, a surface modification is applied, which imitates the particular nanostructure of the surface of a lotus leaf.6 The contact angle of water on these surfaces is higher than 160° in combination with a very low contact angle hysteresis. Therefore, the water droplets slide and roll over the material interface, thereby carrying the dirt away with them. The second modification uses permanent hydrophilic coatings of appropriate metal oxides, like TiO2, WO3, or ZnO, to sheet the water and to remove the dirt from the surface on the one hand and to chemically break down organic impurities by sunlight on the other hand.7,8 The third strategy is based on a stimuli-responsive polymer coating, which is oleophobic with regard to oil. In contact with water, the polymer film switches to a hydrophilic configuration and the water film can undermine the oil and the impurities swim away.5,9 The drawbacks of these methods to generate easy-to-clean properties are the usage of toxic fluorine-containing substances, the poor mechanical stability, and the partly complex surface modification. Hence, new approaches have been investigated recently, such as ultrahydrophilic/oleophilic coatings.10,11 The mechanism behind the resulting cleaning effect is probably a combination of the wetting behavior and high degree of swelling in contact with water resulting in a reduction of the force of interaction between oil impurities and the material surface.
Because of their transparency, flexibility, electrical insulating properties, easy production, and versatile possibilities of processing, foils are used in a wide range of applications including the lamination of surfaces on furniture, automobiles, and displays of electronic devices, as material for ID-cards as well as in the field of decoration. In general, foils function as a protective layer or should define the optical appearance. In addition to these traditional requirements, new or further functionalities or applications, such as optical sensoring12 or the so-called lab-on-foil systems,13 as material for UV shields14 or the enhancement of the cleaning behavior of material surfaces, are discussed and can be generated by smart coatings, whereby the implementation of easy-to-clean coatings is the functionality most frequently requested by companies and customers.1 It is problematic that the deposition of an additional layer is often accompanied by a reduction in optical transparency and flexibility of the foil. Furthermore, industrial deposition processes on foils, such as roll-to-roll or printing techniques, require typically very high process speeds. Therefore, a new coating approach should be easy and fast to generate by common deposition techniques and has to result in a coating with high transparency, flexibility, and scratch resistance in addition to a durable and excellent easy-to-clean performance.
In this contribution, a scalable process for the generation of functional surface coatings considering the conditions of industrial processes is demonstrated. The approach consists of a three-step application of a flexible UV-curable clearcoat (1), a plasma surface modification (2), and the coating of a thin high-performance functional polymer film based on the zwitterionic 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) and its chemical anchoring by UV radiation (3). The functionality will be illustrated by the resulting easy-to-clean properties and is introduced by an oleophilic/hydrophilic polymer coating in contrast to the commonly used strategies of ultrahydrophobic or hydrophilic photocatalytic coatings to overcome their drawbacks. With the presented coating, the removal of oil impurities by pure water without the application of surfactants is possible. Furthermore, the chemical, thermal, and mechanical stabilities are investigated.
Experimental section
Lacquer formulation
Nanocryl C 153
Silica nanocomposite
Laromer LR 8863
Polyether acrylate
Sartomer 285
Tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate
Methyl methacrylate
Tego Flow 300
Solution of a polyacrylate
Genocure MBF
Aromatic ketone
Darocur 1173
Aromatic ketone
Chemicals for polymer synthesis CuBr (99.998%, Alfa Aesar), ethyl-2-bromoisobutyrate (EBiB, 98%, Sigma-Aldrich), acetonitrile (≥ 99.8%, Sigma-Aldrich), 2-propanol (99.5%, Acros Organics) 2-butanone (≥ 99.5%, Sigma-Aldrich), 2,2′-bipyridine (bipy, ≥ 99%, Sigma-Aldrich) and n-hexane (≥ 99%, Merck KGaA) were used without further purification. 2-Methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC, 97%, Sigma-Aldrich) was purified by recrystallization from acetonitrile. For all purposes, if it was necessary, Millipore® water was used.
Foils As substrates PET foils (Mitsubishi Hostaphan RN 100) and PVC foils (typical overlay foil) are used. Both materials were applied with a thickness of 100 µm.
SiO2substrates For the ellipsometric measurements, highly polished silicon wafers orientated in [100] direction and with ≈ 1.3 nm native SiO2 were used, purchased from Si-Mat (Silicon Materials, Kaufering, Germany).
Synthesis of functional MPC polymer
Surface modification
Lacquer deposition and UV curing The lacquer application was performed via ZAA 2300 automatic film applicator made by Zehntner. The deposited films were cured in an irradiation chamber UVACUBE 2000 (Hönle UV Technology, Gräfelfing, Germany) equipped with a mercury lamp positioned in a distance of 20 cm to the samples for different times.
Parameters of plasma treatment
Nozzle distance (mm)
Process speed (m/min)
Number of cycles
Polymer grafting A 0.5 wt% solution of MPC-co-BPO in ethanol was deposited on the plasma-functionalized as well as on non-functionalized foils (2 mL for an area of DIN A4, 210 × 297 mm) by a film squeegees process using a ZAA 2300 automatic film applicator (drawing speed 25 mm/s) equipped with a ZUA 2000 Universal Applicator (gap height 250 µm) made by Zehntner Testing Instruments (Germany). Afterward the films were dried and grafting was done by UV radiation using a UV lamp made by Vilber with a wavelength of 254 nm and a distance between lamp and foil of 1 cm for 15 s. The non-grafted polymer chains were removed by rinsing with water and drying in a stream of nitrogen. For the general investigation of the film properties, such as contact angle, stability, and easy-to-clean effect, smaller samples with a size of approximately 10 × 20 mm were used. The polymer solution was deposited by spin coating (v = 2500 r·min−1, a = 1000 r·(min·s)−1, V = 100 μL, tspin = 10 s) and grafted by the UV lamp of Vilber with the same conditions as in the case of the functionalization of DIN A4 foils. For the evaluation of the film thicknesses, the MPC polymers were also deposited on silicon wafers by spin coating using the same condition as above. Before polymer grafting, the substrates were purified with absolute ethanol in an ultrasonic bath three times for 5 min and dried under nitrogen flux. Afterward the samples were activated in an oxygen-plasma chamber for 1 min at 100 W.
Cleaning study
To investigate the oil repellence and easy-to-clean performance of the polymer-functionalized foils in comparison with uncoated foils without the MPC polymer, pure water (Millipore® water) was hand-sprayed on the foils under an angle of approximately 20° by using a small glass hand sprayer (volume 10 mL). The angle was not controlled exactly during the investigations. A volume of about 0.5 mL was sprayed on all small foil substrates, demonstrated in Figs. 3 and 4. The oil from the larger A4 foil was removed by spraying 5 mL water (Fig. 5).
Characterization methods
NMR spectroscopy (NMR)1H (500.13 MHz), 13C (125.77 MHz), and 31P (202.46 MHz) NMR spectra were recorded on an Avance III 500 spectrometer (Bruker, Germany) using methanol as solvent and internal reference for the MPC polymer (δmethanol-d4 (1H) = 3.31 ppm, δmethanol–d4 (13C) = 49.2 ppm).
Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) The determination of the molecular weight of the synthesized MPC polymer and its distribution was performed on an Agilent Technologies HP Agilent 110 HPLC system equipped with a refractive index detector K-2301 made by Knauer (Germany). The calibration of the measurement was realized with poly(ethylene glycol) standards. As eluent a mixture composed of 0.05 mol·L−1 trizma® buffer (pH = 8, Sigma-Aldrich) and 0.2 mol·L−1 NaNO3 solution with a flow of 1 mL·min−1 was used in combination with a PolarGel-M column from Polymer Laboratories.
Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) The ATR spectrum of the bulk material was collected by a SPECAC spectrometer (single reflection Golden Gate Diamond ATR-unit; SPECAC, Orpington, United Kingdom). The spectral range was 4000–600 cm−1 with 4 cm−1 spectral resolution, and 300 scans were co-added to the ATR spectrum. The spectra were evaluated by the OPUS software (version 7.5).
Dynamic contact angle (CA) measurements The dynamic contact angle measurements were conducted with the optical contact angle instrument OCA40 fabricated by DataPhysics Instruments GmbH (Filderstadt, Germany). All contact angles were measured by sessile drop experiments as advancing (θadv) and receding contact angles (θrec). Millipore® water (surface tension = 72.8 mN·m−1) at 20°C was used as a test liquid.
Ellipsometry For the evaluation of the thicknesses of the dry MPC polymer films on SiO2, a null-ellipsometer (SE-402, Sentech Instruments GmbH, Germany) was used. All measurements were performed at 632.8 nm at an angle of incidence (Φ0) of 70°, which is close to the Brewster angle of silicon. For Si and SiO2 indices of refractions of 3.858–0.018·k as well as 1.4598 was used. For the polymer a value of 1.4767 was assumed.17 The film thickness d was determined by an optical box model consisting of layers of silicon, SiO2 (1.3 nm) and the MPC polymer. All data were acquired and evaluated using the SE400adv software (version 126.96.36.199).
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) XPS measurements were done using a Thermo K-Alpha K1102 system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, USA) via monochromatic Al Ka radiation. The spectra were acquired at a detector angle of 0° (rectangular to the incident angle of the X-ray radiation) applying the constant analyzer energy (CAE) mode. Survey spectra were measured with a pass energy of 150 eV, while detailed spectra were acquired with a pass energy of 40 eV.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) SEM images were taken with a LEO 1530 system (Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Jena, Germany). Images were acquired with an acceleration voltage of 3 kV.
Results and discussion
Process and easy-to-clean properties
After the successful lacquer curing, a plasma activation and etching of the surface was performed to partly uncover the silica particles from the lacquer resin and to increase the wettability of the surface via an implementation of oxygen-containing functional groups. This functionalization increases the adhesion and probably the mechanical stability of the subsequently applied functional polymer layer, as will be shown in the part regarding the investigations of the stability below.
Surface composition, determined via XPS measurements, of untreated and plasma-treated lacquer surface
Surface state
Surface composition (at.%)
C 1s
O 1s
Si 2p
N 1s
Reference (untreated lacquer)
< 0.1
Plasma treatment (1PET)
Hence, the coating of the MPC-co-BPO polymer was investigated on non-activated lacquered PET and PVC foils, denoted as 0PET and 0PVC, and on coated foils which were plasma-treated with different parameters. The parameters are summarized in Table 2 and chosen in such a way that the treatment intensity decreases with the treatment number (e.g., from 1PET over 2PET to 3PET). The success of the polymer grafting was determined by the comparison of contact angles before (blue columns) and after plasma activation (red columns) which is demonstrated in Fig. 2a. The lacquer films before plasma treatment have a relative high contact angle of approximately 95° resulting in a low wettability regardless of the material of the foil. Films of MPC have a very low contact angle below 20°.17,18 Because of the zwitterionic structure of the synthesized MPC-co-BPO, the polymer is very hydrophilic and a complete wetting of the foil by the MPC ethanol solution is not possible. It seems that the generation of a homogeneous film of MPC, which is a necessary condition for oil repellent properties, on non-activated foils was not possible. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the wettability of the hydrophobic lacquered foil. The plasma treatment results in a decrease in the water contact angle and an increase in the wettability depending on the intensity of the applied plasma treatment. With the increase in intensity the contact angle decreases from approximately 95° to 55° in the case of PET and to 42° in the case of PVC. However, this difference has no significant influence on the deposited MPC. Regardless of the intensity, the contact angles of the polymer coated foils decrease to values fewer than 10°, indicating a successful functionalization.
The diagram demonstrates that the film thickness increases within the first 20 s because of a proceeding crosslinking reaction. Resulting from the increasing radiation dose, an irradiation (grafting time) of longer than 20 s causes a degradation of the polymer structure and a decrease in the film thickness. In summary, the establishment of a thin polymer film of MPC at room temperature in several seconds is possible on a plasma-activated UV-cured acrylate-based lacquer system on foils.
It is known from the literature that polymer films of MPC show very low contact angles with water as well as alkanes, such as hexadecane, and a high degree of swelling depending on the degree of crosslinking which results in oil repellent properties.10,11 The easy-to-clean effect was checked on functionalized PET and PVC foil, denoted with ("i") in Fig. 3b, in comparison with the plasma-activated lacquer substrates ("ii"), and non-functionalized foils without any surface modification ("iii") by spraying pure water on samples that were furnished with an oil droplet, inspired by the experiments of He et al.10 The pictures show, regardless of the foil material, the complete removal of the oil droplet from the MPC-functionalized samples in contrast to the uncoated foils and to the more hydrophilic plasma-activated lacquered substrates. That means that the polymer layer is essential for the easy-to-clean effect. Further images regarding the other two plasma treatments are demonstrated in the electronic supporting information (ESI).
The mechanism behind the oil repellent effect is not completely clarified yet. The hydrophilic and oleophilic properties of the zwitterionic polymers cannot be the only explanation for the effect, because other very hydrophilic surfaces do not show a behavior similar to the one demonstrated in this contribution. The other important property is probably a large degree of swelling depending on the degree of crosslinking,10,27,28 resulting in a substantial reduction of the force of interaction between the oil phase and the foil substrate. Because of the swelling behavior of MPC, the polymer takes up a high volume of water leading to a very high layer thickness of the swollen film in comparison with the dry film. In a first approximation, the oil droplets interact only with water molecules and not with the polymer film deposited on the lacquered foil after water spraying. Due to the lower density of oil in comparison with water, the oil swims on the water film and can be easily removed by gravitation for instance.
Investigation of the thermal, chemical, and mechanical stability
Furthermore, the mechanical stability is an important criterion for the application as furniture foil and was tested by a modified crock test using an abrasion tester of TQC. The test medium was an ISO crocking cloth concerning the standard ISO 105-F09 loaded by a 200 g weight. To evaluate the stability of the polymer coating and the easy-to-clean effect, the contact angles before testing and after 10 back and forth cycles were measured and compared with the pure UV-cured lacquer. For the contact angles of the pure lacquer, a value of 97° ± 1° before and a value of 96° ± 1° after the abrasion test were determined and it illustrated the high mechanical stability of the lacquer system. The foil functionalized by the MPC polymer had a contact angle of 20° ± 4°. After ten cycles of the modified crockmeter test, the contact angle increased to a value of 27° ± 9°. The growth of standard deviation is remarkable. Despite this increase, the easy-to-clean performance is not negatively influenced and the oil could be completely removed from the foil samples, as it was shown before. An influence of the different used plasma parameters, summarized in Table 2, on the adhesion of the polymer film and the stability of the easy-to-clean effect could not be observed in this study. The improved mechanical stability in comparison with the low stability of typically applied thin functional polymer films is probably a result of the embedded SiO2 particles, which are uncovered after plasma treatment, i.e., they protrude a bit from the clearcoat matrix. This coating morphology, which should be preserved after the MPC film was applied, seems to be able to protect the polymer chains between the particles from abrasion. An additional hint for this assumption is that the degree of gloss did not show a significant change before and after the abrasion test. This test shows the feasibility of the developed functional coating system to combine the surface wetting properties of thin polymer coatings with a specific mechanical stability. Yet, it should be noted that for an assessment of the long term mechanical stability, more than 50 cycles or even better 100 cycles, or a different test procedure would be necessary.
In addition, the chemical stability was investigated according to the standard DIN 68861 part 1 and stress group 1B, which describes a common method to evaluate the stability of furniture coatings against different substances, like acetic acid, mustard, black tea, acetone, or ethanol. The testing criterions of this norm are summarized in table S1 of the ESI. After the test procedure, no changes in gloss, haptic, and surface appearance of the functionalized foils could be identified. The foils have shown an excellent resistance to the investigated test media.
Functionalization of larger foil substrates
In this contribution, a new procedure for the generation of high-efficiency easy-to-clean coatings on flexible foils, usable as lamination material for furniture or vehicles for instance, is presented. The process consisted of a lacquer application of an acrylate-based clearcoat containing SiO2 particles, the UV curing of the lacquer, a plasma treatment, and a final UV-induced grafting step of a nanoscale polymer film, based on the zwitterionic 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine MPC. With the lacquer system, it was possible to prepare a stable covalent anchoring of the functional polymer film on the foil and an increase in the durability by the included silica particles. The plasma process partly uncovered these particles and increased the wettability of the lacquer, which is necessary for a successful grafting of the final polymer layer and further stabilization of the polymer film against mechanical abrasion via implementation of a surface roughness. The fast grafting of the thin polymer topcoat was provided by a self-synthesized copolymer containing the functional units MPC and benzophenone, which implements the easy-to-clean properties. Because of the specific zwitterionic structure of the phosphorylcholine, it was possible to remove oil impurities only by the usage of pure water without any surfactants. The fast grafting within 10–15 s was achieved by a UV-induced attachment via the benzophenone units. Besides the investigation of the parameters of the thin film fabrication, the chemical, thermal as well as mechanical stability of the coating was tested according to standardized methods. The functionalization has shown an improved resistance to the studied physical and chemical stresses.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the funding from the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) of Germany (AiF-IGF 18573 BG). A.S.M thanks Hartmut Komber for the NMR spectra, Mikhail Malanin for the FTIR spectrum and Christina Harnisch for conducting the GPC measurements. The authors also thank Jonas Aniol for the XPS measurements and Jutta Tschierschke for the REM measurements.
Supplementary material
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Start with your budget and your venue. Then everything will kind of naturally flow from there. Once you have that down focus on what's important to you for the day and focus your time and energy onto those details.
I would start with a budget & guest list, then move forward with a venue. Once you have a venue, then you can focus on major vendors like photography, catering, DJ, officiant, etc. I'd start dress shopping in December/January. I'd ask your wedding party in January too. Some venues/vendors may already be booked for July 2020 so I'd try to get a jump on things while still staying organized & focused, so you aren't overwhelmed. I'd save things like decor, shoes, favors, etc. for last.
Congratulations on your engagement! Don't get frustrated, you have lots of time. Once the big things fall into place, you'll feel like it's soooo far away
First start with your budget and a rough draft of a guest list (so you know how big of a venue you need). The first things to book are generally your venue, your photographer, and your caterer. WeddingWire's vendor search is where I found most of the vendors I'm using, so I'd highly recommend starting there. This forum is great for any questions/concerns you have along the way! Happy planning!
Agree with all PPs that you should start with your total budget and guest list. Typically they recommend the venue by about 40-50% of your total budget. So once you know the total number of guests and your budget you can calculate the rough cost per person you can spend for your veue. After the venue then focus on the other major details/vendors such as photographer, DJ, Florist and Dress. After that your focus can be on the smaller details and timeline of your wedding day.
Congrats and happy planning!!
Think about budget and how many guests you want to invite. After you have that figured out, I would go with the most important vendors- the venue first, photographer second, and catering third. Everything after that kind of falls into place. One thing my cake vendor mentioned to me was that people are starting to book earlier and earlier each year, so I would make cake the fourth.
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Amy Irvine McHarg Named a Faculty Fellow to MFA Program
For better or for worse, author Amy Irvine McHarg—who has just been named a Faculty Fellow in Southern New Hampshire University's Low-Residency MFA in Fiction & Nonfiction program—is a child of the Mormon Sabbath, or at least as that day played out in the western Utah household in which she grew up.
"My father, who was from an illustrious line of Utah's earliest Latter Day Saints, had turned on the church," she said. "He couldn't understand why people would waste a day in a church when he was sure they'd find God on a good fishing stream, in the duck marsh—or out in the sagebrush. My mother fought with him every Sunday morning about whether we went with her or with him."
In a spiritual sense, Irvine McHarg went with her father, growing up to love Utah's red-rock country, becoming a writer who is also an outspoken environmental activist and a dogged opponent of what she sees as the Mormon Church's pro-development, anti-wilderness theology and politics. Her second book, "Trespass: Living At the Edge of the Promised Land" (Farrar, Strauss & Giroux, North Point Press, 2008), is partly an exploration of personal loss following her father's suicide, and partly an elegy for the ruin of our desert landscapes and the loss of our vital connection to the natural world.
It's also, however, a book about resolving that old argument between her parents, which in fact was an argument within herself. "What I found was that I had projected my own internal conflicts onto the Other—my own people and a way of life from which I felt terribly alienated," she said. "This is a problem for many environmental activists and writers—and until that dynamic shifts, I don't think we can really make any meaningful, lasting gains in protecting the natural world."
Irvine McHarg described that as "a painful lesson, and not really what I had intended to write when I started the book." But the result was a work compelling enough to win the Orion Book Award and the Colorado Book Award. In a starred review, Booklist characterized "Trespass" as "a penetrating critique of Mormon sovereignty," and called its author "bold and original in her thinking, candid and lyrical in expression." Irvine McHarg, continued Booklist, "joins red-rock heroes Edward Abbey and Terry Tempest Williams in breaking ranks and speaking up for the natural world." The Los Angeles times agreed, saying that "Trespass" "might very well be 'Desert Solitaire's' literary heir."
Irvine Mcharg's journalism and essays have appeared in Orion, Climbing, High Desert Journal, and in numerous Western, nature, and environmental anthologies. Her essay "Spectral Light" (Orion, January-February 2010/The Best American Science and Nature Writing of 2011) was a finalist for the Pen Award in Journalism. And her first book, "Making a Difference: Stories of How Our Outdoor Industry and Individuals Are Working to Preserve America's Natural Places" (Falcon, 2001), was one of three books featured in the Washington Post for Earth Day 2002.
Her next book, "Terra Firma," is forthcoming from Counterpoint Press and is also about the process of resolving arguments within herself – this time through the mechanism of dreams. "Digging into the unconscious is the greatest excavation of all, a landscape which, if we could roam it freely, would allow us to not be so fearful of wildness, both in nature and ourselves," she said. "I'm fascinated by the archetypes that come into the human psyche, and the way they come. They have so much to teach us."
As a Faculty Fellow at Southern New Hampshire University, McHarg will work towards earning an MFA in Nonfiction. She will be mentored by other faculty members at the same time that she assumes a partial teaching load herself. "Amy is going to be a wonderful asset to this program," said program director Diane Les Becquets. "She brings a background that further augments a particular strength of ours, which is outdoors and environmental writing. She's also an experienced teacher, and I just love the passion that she brings to everything she does, and her ability to communicate that passion."
For her own part, Irvine McHarg sees an opportunity at SNHU to help resolve another old argument—that between art and life, which Irvine McHarg says is really a specious dichotomy. "In many MFA programs, students and teachers alike can confuse the craft of writing with living fully in the world." But living fully and artistically does not happen solely behind the screen or the pen or by sequestering oneself in an isolated room. McHarg believes we should live in a way that is so sensual, so intimate, that we cannot help but write about it with the libido normally reserved for bodice rippers like 'Fifty Shades of Gray,'" she said. "What excites me about SNHU is that there is room for this kind of living and loving life. It's the kind of teaching and writing that will save the world."
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Brooklyn Beckham shares touching snaps from family holiday in paradise
As 2015 gets under way for Brooklyn Beckham, it's clear what's important to the eldest child of the Beckham clan – family. The young footballer shared a touching snap of himself with little brother Romeo on their family holiday, titling the snap simply "brothers". Fans rushed to comment on the adorable snap, which was taken in a paradise location, guessed to be the Maldives by some of the teenager's followers. Brothers A photo posted by Brooklyn Joseph Beckham (@brooklyn777beckham) on Jan 1, 2015 at 7:38am PST In it, the brothers gaze out to sea as they take in a


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I should've," confesses winger Jim Peplinski, now a VP of Business Operations for the organization, been the one to score the first goal in Calgary Flames history.
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It looks good, though, so that's okay.
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International investing is on course to set a record this year as GPs capitalize on a surge of global entrepreneurship from Beijing to Bogota.
Through mid-November, U.S. venture investors have placed $21 billion with companies overseas, already surpassing the previous peak year of 2000 by more than $1 billion. It is the second year in a row of big gains in dollars headed abroad, according to data from Thomson Reuters.
Numerous factors explain the growing interest. For one, emerging economies have been far more vibrant over the past five years than advanced economies, at least until recently. For another, cloud infrastructure, social site distribution and big data analytics have spread worldwide, making companies easier and less expensive to start, mirroring recent investing trends in the United States. The pace of the startup learning and innovation cycle has sped up.
On the consumer front, rising mobile phone use in emerging economies is connecting large segments of previously off-line populations to the Internet.
Perhaps the greatest springboard is an explosion of entrepreneurship from Asia to Europe to South America as founders seek to replicate the Silicon Valley startup culture in their home countries.
"Number two after movies, entrepreneurship is probably one of the largest American exports," said Dave McClure, founding partner of 500 Startups, a firm that more than any other is pushing the boundaries of international investing. "There is a lot more of a realization that emerging markets are not just for dabbling. They are part of where the global economy is headed in the next 10 to 20 years."
The trend appears to be gaining steam. Over the past two months, VCJ conducted more than 30 interviews with foreign founders and international investors and uniformly ran across reports of budding entrepreneurship. Several key observations from the discussions are:
- An unmistakable rise of entrepreneurship is gathering force not just in the expected places of China, India, Germany and the United Kingdom, but to varying degrees in such countries as Korea, Japan, Canada, Columbia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Kenya and the Czech Republic.
- Access to capital varies widely, as most non-U.S. locations report that raising capital is harder than in the United States, although angels appear to be playing a greater role worldwide.
- More foreigners better understand U.S. business models and seek to emulate Silicon Valley's success.
- The availability of engineering talent has broadened considerably not just in Western and Eastern Europe, Israel and top Asian nations, such as India, but beyond.
- The number of dual-country companies has grown considerably in the past few years, with management, sales teams and certain business operations located in the United States and engineering remaining in home countries. Many GPs find this strategy to be an easy first step to greater international participation.
VCJ's examination found that culture barriers in many countries are falling away.
"Entrepreneurial capabilities and capacities are much increased," said Keith Larson, managing director and 19-year veteran of Intel Capital. "Used to be there was a whole education on how venture capital worked. Now you go to places and they are dialed in. That is a huge shift."
In Europe, for instance, entrepreneurship appears to have caught the imagination of a new generation of post-graduates. Ecosystems have evolved substantially in Germany, the United Kingdom and Scandinavia, said Kevin Dillon, managing partner at Atlantic Bridge Capital. Repeat entrepreneurs have increased and pool of people to hire from has deepened. "I think the single biggest thing is the repeat entrepreneurs, the talent pool," Dillon said.
In France, where traditional culture does not foster entrepreneurship, "more and more of my friends are talking about building startups and taking risks," added Marc Beudet, a product manager at 3D camera developer StereoLabs.
Company formation similarly appears on the rise in Canada. "We saw 350 companies last year and we'll see probably 400 to 450 this year," said Frank Christiaens, a managing partner at Vancouver-based seed and early-stage investor CrossPacific Capital Partners. "We need to find a way to scale ourselves. We see more and more interesting opportunities."
The list of firms now more than dabbling in foreign markets includes not just Sequoia Capital and Accel Partners, which are among the most active, but GGV Capital, DCM Ventures, BlueRun Ventures and New Enterprise Associates.
At long-time global investor Intel Capital, incoming President Wendell Brooks announced in November an effort to "re-emphasize" international. "There is a lot of opportunity the venture capital community has not pursued outside the valley," he said.
All this is a significant departure from five years ago, when investing abroad drew skepticism. And in a changing world, there are good arguments to support it.
First off, the global economic engine is shifting gears. In 1990, emerging economies, including China, accounted for less than one-third of global GDP. The percentage rose to more than 50 percent in 2013. Fueling the rise are expanding middle classes, not just in India and China, but in Africa and Latin America.
Hand in hand with the increasing affluence is a rise in available talent. "We have seen an explosion of startup businesses and talent around the world," said Murray Indick, a partner at the law firm Morrison & Foerster. "The trend is likely to continue for the foreseeable future, even if the current torrid pace of funding slows down."
This leads to lower costs, since engineering teams in Eastern Europe, India and Canada are about half that of Silicon Valley, and they're more loyal. Engineers abroad are less likely to be poached by a Google or a Facebook.
Investors and LPs are coming to view international as a way to diversify both geography and cost structure.
But the real opportunity is the untapped markets, from the perspective of the consumer and investor. Up to now, perhaps the most active approach to international has been to invest in clones, copy-and-paste companies that replicate U.S.-based business models and customize them for new countries. More recently, this replication is being replaced with fresh innovation, and investors in places such as China are being presented with more than just U.S. knock-offs.
VCs also are increasingly latching onto globalization plays by identifying promising companies and bringing their management teams to the United States to address the U.S. and the global markets. Again, entry prices are typically lower.
"It's easier to go where the business is," acknowledged Alon Girmonsky, founder of BlazeMeter, a load testing company that has engineering in Israel and management, marketing and sales in the United States. It is like "having two heads: one in business and one in technology, and being able to communicate between them."
Both strategies are likely to bring benefits to partnerships over time. "Innovation is about multiple perspectives," said Bert Rankin, CMO at Fortscale Security, a behavior analytics company. As more innovation takes place abroad, international investing is a path more firms will need to follow before it becomes disruptive to venture, Rankin said.
Even if just 15 to 20 percent of the world's technology innovation takes place overseas in the next five years, it is hard to point to a firm that would want to miss backing it.
For firms expanding abroad, commitment seems the key to success. Without it, organizations can find it difficult for domestic and overseas teams to remain close. Small partnerships face the additional challenge of finding resources to scour the world and set up local offices. The bar needs to be higher for deals where distance is involved.
But sitting on the sidelines may not be an option. Returns may ultimately depend on getting active. At 500 Startups, which this year has pushed ahead with new funds and partners into Turkey, Korea, Japan, Israel and Vietnam, about 30 percent of deal volume presently comes from abroad. The number is expected to rise to about 50 percent in two years.
In the short term, better returns will likely come from domestic investments, McClure said. But over the next five to 10 years, that will switch to global.
"In the U.S. right now there certainly is more money chasing quality deals than there are quality deals available," he said. "Outside the U.S. and China, it is exactly the opposite. There is a lot more capacity than money chasing it."
Photo illustration courtesy of ©iStock.com/mattjeacock
Photo of Dave McClure by Mark Boslet.
Photo of Keith Larson courtesy of Intel Capital.
To download an Excel file: Top 100 international venture investors (U.S. firms only)
To download an Excel file: International venture investments from U.S.-based firms


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The Methamphetamine Industry in America : Transnational Cartels and Local Entrepreneurs.
By: Brownstein, Henry H.
Contributor(s): Mulcahy, Timothy M | Huessy, Johannes.Material type: TextSeries: eBooks on Demand.Critical Issues in Crime and Society Ser: Publisher: New Brunswick, NJ : Rutgers University Press, 2014Copyright date: ©2014Description: 1 online resource (172 pages).Content type: text Media type: computer Carrier type: online resourceISBN: 9780813569864.Subject(s): Drug control - MexicoGenre/Form: Electronic books.Additional physical formats: Print version:: The Methamphetamine Industry in America : Transnational Cartels and Local EntrepreneursDDC classification: 363.450973 Online resources: Click here to view this ebook.
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|HV5822.M38 -- .B769 2014 (Browse shelf)
Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Understanding Methamphetamine Markets as an Industry -- 2. Methamphetamine in America -- 3. Social Activity in the Methamphetamine Industry -- 4. Social Relationships in the Methamphetamine Industry -- 5. The Culture of the Methamphetamine Industry -- 6. Meth Markets and the Methamphetamine Industry -- Appendix. The Study of the Dynamics of Methamphetamine Markets -- References -- Index -- About the Authors.
The result of a study stretching from small-town America to Mexican cartels, and from law enforcement officers and drug treatment workers to local dealers and users, this book tells the story of how methamphetamine markets evolved in the United States--and thrived, despite vigorous legal and law enforcement challenges. Through the eyes and words of dealers, users, police officers, and treatment workers, the authors produce a complex picture of the social operation, organization, and meaning of the meth industry in America.
Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.
Reviews provided by Syndetics
CHOICE ReviewIn this book, part of the "Critical Issues in Crime and Society" series, Brownstein, Mulcahy, and Huessy (all, NORC, Univ. of Chicago) weave interviews with users, dealers, producers, and law enforcement professionals involved in the methamphetamine drug trade to give readers a vision of the local, national, and international drug industry. The authors adopt a social organization approach to identify and analyze social patterns among the people involved in the meth trade. A National Institute on Drug Abuse grant funded the four-year study (2007 to 2011), allowing the authors to engage in a three-stage process involving screening surveys (1,367 police agencies), "open-ended and in-depth telephone interviews" (50 narcotics officers), and site observations and interviews (30 cities and towns in five regions). They note that federal and state interdiction efforts created some issues among meth market participants but also resulted in a rebirth and restructuring of a fragmented industry into a larger, transnational organization that competes with local participants, especially in larger markets. The text provides readers with at least some of the details of the amorphous entity that constitutes the methamphetamine trade in the US. Useful for professionals responsible for prevention and treatment services and enforcement of drug laws as well as students in these areas. Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates and above. --Gregory A. Blevins, Governors State University
Author notes provided by SyndeticsHENRY H. BROWNSTEIN is associate dean for research and professor and director of the Center for Public Policy at the Wilder School for Government and Public Affairs at Virginia Commonwealth University. He has written extensively on drug markets and is the author of four books, including The Problems of Living in Societ y.

 TIMOTHY M. MULCAHY is a program area director in the Economics, Labor, and Population Studies Department at NORC at the University of Chicago, and was co-investigator of the methamphetamine market study.

JOHANNES HUESSY is a principal research analyst at NORC at the University of Chicago and research associate for the methamphetamine market study.

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who invented feta bc i gotta kiss em very tenderly in thanks
u know youre up too early when the dull whole body pain and nausea hit
i just want to be cuddled and full of painkillers
I hurt myself by knitting for too long...
by knitting
Me: I'm getting pretty tired, better sleep
Part of my brain that makes me anxious: :)
Me: Oh no
the universe has yet to deliver unto me a lover who will unclasp my necklaces from behind and i gotta say that's real unsexy of it
y'all mind if i-
*passes out*
tumblr stresses me out so much so im chilling here for awhile until i can stop panicking every time someone makes a post like "EVERYTHING SUCKS!!!! WE ARE GOING TO DIE!!!" and im like h
my deepest condolences to my followers who have to deal with me reblogging a shitton of stuff all at once and flooding their dash, i'm afraid i suffer from a chronic case of "dosen't know what a queue is" disease


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Escort Mama, Child battles with College prices; mommy has a concept, incest stories. Regarding a year back, I was actually struggling at College. Despite the fact that my training course was spent for thanks to my mama, my living costs were just way too much. I truly looked for a work, but nobody would offer me a job, not even as a dishwashing machine. My mom supplied to help yet I refused, despite the fact that it seems silly, I had some honesty, I wanted to survive without money from my mommy, who had actually already paid a lot for my education. I actually wanted to verify to myself and also my mommy that I was a grown-up currently; I needed to be able to do this on my very own.
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Ch 11: Customer Service in Retail
About This Chapter
Customer Service in Retail - Chapter Summary
Take a look at this chapter's short and engaging lessons to review the importance of customer service in retail. As you work through the chapter, you'll become familiar with customer service techniques, communication skills, barriers to quality service and much more. Each lesson comes with a short quiz, and the chapter concludes with a multiple-choice exam to help you go over important retail customer service concepts. You can access this chapter any time using your desktop, laptop, tablet or smartphone. When you're finished with the chapter, you should be equipped to:
- Outline the total customer experience model
- Discuss the purpose of a customer loyalty program
- Recognize how good customer service can build customer loyalty
- Describe the importance of knowing your company's services and products
- Assess customer complaint resolution techniques
- Serve multicultural and diverse customers
- Tell why communication is important in customer service
- Evaluate effective face-to-face customer service skills
- Identify common customer service barriers
- Understand how team leaders coach customer service skills
- Explain how companies recruit and hire personnel for customer service
1. What Is Total Customer Experience? - Definition & Model
In this lesson we'll discuss the Total Customer Experience: what is it, how to manage it, and why your business would want to make sure your interactions with your customers are positive.
2. Customer Loyalty Program: Definition, Purpose & Example
Customer loyalty programs can be beneficial for both customers and the company. This lesson discusses the purpose of a customer loyalty program and provides an example.
3. Building Customer Loyalty With Good Customer Service
Creating loyal customers is easier than you may think, and it's vital to develop skills for good customer service. This lesson outlines six key elements in delivering extraordinary service.
4. The Importance of Knowing Your Products & Services
This lesson describes the importance of knowing your products and services. It also explains the value that knowing your products and services can add to the customer experience.
5. Techniques for Resolving Customer Complaints
In this lesson, we'll review the five steps in resolving customer complaints. We'll also provide suggestions in each step to maximize customer satisfaction and equip your customer service agents.
6. Serving Diverse & Multicultural Customers
As the world gets smaller, we meet more people from other countries, and more often. This lesson examines what can be done when faced with customers from different cultures with different communication styles.
7. Importance of Effective Communication in Customer Service
Effective communication in customer service is very important. This is not just in terms of dealing with customers but also when dealing with other employees and with the company itself.
8. Face-to-Face Customer Service Skills
Customer service is an important part of building relationships in business. The use of soft skills will shape the customer experience and play a large role in the decision to return for future business. Learn what these skills are and how to implement them!
9. Common Barriers to Effective Customer Service
What's holding back your customer service? In this lesson, you'll learn more about some of the common barriers to effective customer service and how each one can impact your business and bottom line.
10. Coaching Customer Service Skills: Role of the Team Leader
As a leader of a customer service team, you must have a clear understanding of the communication skills required to provide good customer service. We'll discuss some concepts that are essential to promoting clear communication within the customer service industry in this lesson.
11. How to Recruit & Hire Customer Service Personnel
One of the most difficult parts of the customer service industry is the recruitment and hiring process. This lesson explains the importance of hiring the right personnel and the recruitment and hiring processes.
Earning College Credit
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Other Chapters
Other chapters within the Business 203: Introduction to Retail Merchandising course


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With everyone clamoring to get their first look at Gal Gadot as Wonder Woman and Jesse Eisenberg as Lex Luthor on the set of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, the main attraction himself, Henry Cavill has been shuffled into the background. We've seen him as both Superman and Clark Kent before in Man of Steel, so maybe this isn't too exciting. But thanks to The Royal Marines Charitable Trust Fund, we get our first look at the actor on set in his civilian wardrobe as Clark Kent. Check it out as Henry Cavill provides his services to Britian's Royal Marines and their families.Batman v Superman Dawn of Justice Clark Kent}
A treat for a Monday morning for all our #HenryCavill fans. Henry is a great supporter of the @RM1664Challenge! http://t.co/q4HcEqw0Mr— RMCTF (@RMCTF) June 30, 2014
The Royal Marines Charitable Trust Fund is a UK organization that provides services for enrolled and retired Royal Marines and their families. Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice star Henry Cavill is a huge supporter of the organization and is a native resident of the UK, born on the island of Jersey in the Channel Islands. He was educated at St. Michael's Preparatory School in Saint Saviour, Jersey, before attending Stowe School in England.