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New TestamentCurtis Vaughan Virtus E. Gideon
PrefaceThis workbook is designed for students who have completed one year of Greek. It is therefore assumed that
the study of syntax begins, concerns the interpretation of the cases. The third unit consists of a single lesson on the article .The fourth, fifth , and sixth units concern , respectively, the verb, participles/infinitives, and clauses/sentences.
in the classroom .
The parts of speech are the various classes under which all words used in speaking and writing may be arranged. Since every piece of literature is but some varying arrangement of these parts of speech, it is essential to know what they are and the pan they play in the expression of human thought. They are substantially the same in Greek as in most other languages and may be listed as noun' (bvolJo), pronoun (6Vl(",wUIJ{o) . adjective (tnI8&Tov), verb (Pi'JlJo), adverb (tn lppnlJo). preposition (np68eol,). conjunction {ouv6eolJoc:;}, and particle' (nopo81'\I<n). The fint four of these (excepting the relative pronoun) express the great essentials of human thOUght ; these, however, are often dependent for their full value upon the latter four. which may be called the thought-oonnectives. If the former are seen as the bricks that make up the substance of a wall, the thought.connectives (including the relative) may be likened to the mortar that" 1lOO.lI"
, Some gnmmnians prefer 10 U5e the word "JUbslanlivc" and employ . for both SUbstlntive and adjti~e . "Tbc Ilrtitlc (6p6pov) is SOmetUMs list ed IS 5Cp.... te pIIn of 5pth iHKI indeed was iellCraUy considered such by the ancient Oruk vammarianJ. There is much 10 be said for Ihis. since the syntactical fu~ionsofthe G=ek article are unlike those of any otberword. ~pa"'le Iruuncnl is liven 10 the article on pp. 103 109 of this worir.. Ancient Greek vammarilns Ilso lisled the pilnicip~ III sepa ... te pen of speec h. Nearly aD modem grammarians I=al il as a part of thr; verb syslem.
"binds the sepante elements into a single structure. They arethe ever-recurring signs that point the thought onward or enable it on occasion to retrace its way so as to be clearer.The Noun~
(6VOl-lo) ~finition.-Dana and Mantey define the noun as a "vocal sound by which one designates a fact of consciousness. This vocal sound ," they explain, "may be mediately represented by written symbols" (p. 62) . More simply stated, noun is "an appellation applied 10 a person, thing, or quality" (Robertson and Davis, p. 204). Dana and Manley include prepositions, adjectives, pronouns, and the article in their discussion of the noun . We will use the tcrm in its more restricted sense, and prepositions. adjectives. and pronouns will be: discussed separately. FUllction.-The various relations which the noun may sustain to the resl of the sentence are expressed in G reek by the eight cases. The cases will be studied in detail later , but it may be helpful to name here some of the more important noun functions. They are the following: 1) When it is in the nominative case, the noun may function as the $ubjl of a sentence or a clause, being that part of the sentence or clause about which something is said. 2) When a nominative noun which is nOI the subject is used with a copulati ve verb, the noun completes the meaning of the ve rb and de notes the same person or thing as the subject. The noun used in this manner is called the subjutjv~ romplun.uu. 3) A noun may function as the objul (either direct or indirect) of a verb . The En&lish word is from the Latin The ilUb;ea i~c rompicmcnt--1QnIC gnmman..m ull it the predicltenomiNllive--is IIOIlimilcd 1 0 the lIOun ; il may be I noun. I p,onoun. Ot In adje4'l ive.
When used as the direct object , the noun is normally J in the accusati ve case and receives the action of a transitive verb. The noun used as indirect object is virtually always in the dative case and "indicates the one for whom or in whose interest an act is performed" (Oana and Man tey, p. 84) . 4) In some instances a verb may be fo llowed by two accusatives, one being the direct object and the other being the obj~ctjv~ compf~fMnt. ' The objective complement (or predicate accusative), representing as it does the same person or thing as the direct object, is actually a type of apposition . 5) When one noun describes another noun to the extent of identifying it specifically, it is said to be an appo$itive modifier. The apposilive noun will regularly employ the same case as the noun which it identifies, but sometimes the genitive form is used for th~ appositive regardless of the case of the wo rd to which it is related. 6) In the vocative case the noun is used for direct addf'U$. 7) Those nou ns which do not fit one of the precedingc8tegories will for the most part be modifiers of o ne kind or another.Tbt PronooD (6vtw.... u~ia)
and us~. - Robertso n (p. 28S) speaks of the pronoun as the oldest part of speech and as the most persistent in retaining its case forms. As its name suggests , the pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. There are many distinctive uses o f the various classes of pronouns , but all of On r.re oeeasiom tile lenitive.nd tile dativ~ ( Ind n~n IIIe .b..ti~ ) may br IIK<i for the di~e1 object; d . Robenson, pp. S06-12. SI7.20, 5)9..41 . 'TIle IIIXUA~ with np6c; or cl<; mIIy ~tlrM$ br prKtkaIly eql,l;vlknl 10 the dat~ oCIndi rea objKc; d . Chamberlain, p. 34. Not ev~ry ~u.mple of I double ICalloItive will conllin In objeaive romplcm~nl, however. Som~timeJ both KCIIAtillfllre difea objeas: d . Robrn son, pp. 42-84; Olna lod M.nley, p. 94.
them have
which would necessarily resull from the constant repetition of the noun . Classes. ~There arc twelve distinct dassts of prono uns in the New, Testament : penonal (tyw, 0'0, aUT6c;) , relative (6c;, f), 6), demo nstrative (OUToc; , tKtIVOC;). intensive (OUT6<;), possessive (tlJ.6<;. 06<; , aUT6c;), reflexive (tIJ,QUTOO, aaUTOU , tOUTOO), reciprocal (6MflAwv), interrogative (TIC;, T(), distributive (Q~.i(p6TPOC;, hoO'ToC;), indefinite
6 o.va8lK; .
pndicate makes an assertion about the noun with which it is used. When used in this manner, the adjective may be linked to the subject by a copulative verb ,. o r it may be in the predicate position " without a verb ." 3) Sometimes the adjective performs the full fu nction of a noun. In such constructions the adjective always stands alone ; that is , it does not have an accompanying noun with which it agrees in cue, gender, and number. It may be found in the singular or plural, in any gender, and with or without the article .
TboV""( p~"Q)
De/inition.-1'he verb, since it is the heart of the sentence, is the most important part of speech for exegetical purposes. It bas been variously defined. Dana and Mantey, for example, define the verb as " that part of the sentence which affums action or state of being" (p. 154). In similar fashio n, Nunn defines it as a word by means of which one " can make a statement, ask a question , o r give a command about some person or thing" (p. 1). Robe rtson and Davis observe that "the two ideas in the verb are action (or existence or state) and affirmation," but they go o n to say that " the one essential idea ... is the affirmation" (p. 284). Chamberlain adds that "other parts of speech , e .g. , the noun , the infinitive, and the participle, may express action, but the finite verb alone can make assertions" (p. S8). In additio n toperson and number (the significance ofwbich is obvious) a Greek verb has tense. mode (or mood), and voice. The tenses may express two relations: they may designate the time of an action as past, present, or future ; and.. As ill 0 6v8pwntl( taTlv (Iyo8tl(. " Thlt is, I"lOl immedillcly preceded by lbe . n ick. "As In (Iyo8tl( o. . . 8pwnoc;, Qyo8tl( 0 o!!Iv8pwncw;.Of
Oyo.~ .
..they may designate the kind (or the progress) of action as linear (i.e. as in progress), undefined. or perfected. In Greek teases , kind of action is the principalldea. The time element appears directly only in the indicative mode. In the other modes. as well as in the infinitive and the participle. the time element is only relative ifil appears at all . Mode indicates the manner in which the affirmation of the verb is made--whetber positive and clear CUI (indicative), hcsitant or doubtful (subjunctive and optative), or in the fonn of a command (imperative) . Voice tells how the action of the verb is related to the subject . The active voice represents the subject as producing the action . The middle voice represents the subject as acting with reference to himself---eitber 00 himself. forhimself, or by himself. In the passive voice the subject is acted upon by an outside agent . Charactu.-The distinctive nature of the verb may be made clearer by noting the most common classifications of it. For enmple, verbs are sometimes described as finit~ or rw"lini/~ , Finite verbs. so called because they are limited to a subject by the personal endings, are tbose found in the indicative, subjunctive. optative. and imperative modes. Non finite verbs, sometimes called verbals . are the paniciples and infinitives. " Some grammarians, however, think that the participles and infinitives should not be called verbs at all but should be considered as two separate parts of speech. Again , verbs I. may be classified as traJUjtiv~, j1ltraflSjtiv~, or linking. Transitive verbs, sometimes called verbs of incomplete predicatio n, are those which require an object to complete their meaning. Intransitive verbs are verbs of " In RobeR50n and Davis (p. ] IOj lhe verbll Idje~lives in -TOe: Ind.Ttoe: are clalKd u nonfinile verb forms , This n IeChnically correa, yel ie mU$1 be .dmilled IIIaI the infmitive and ,he pt.I1idple IIave 5pe'daI U$C:S that put them ill elass by thermelve$ . .. In this boot , ' 'wrb'' will.'wayt mean " finite verb."
complete predication; that is, they make complete sense without an object . Linking verbs" are those which do not make predications at all but simply link the subject of a sentence with its predicate. The most common linlring verbs are e4-l1, yivojJot, and unltpxw; but otbers are sometimes found.'"The Adverb
(tnlpp1llJo) D~/injlion IJnd w~.-Th o ugh often neglected as an inconsequential part of speech, adverbs have an important place both in the structure of the sentence and in the interpretation of the New Testament. Robertson and Davis define the adverb as "a fixed case-form of a substantive, adjective, or participle, numeral, pronoun or phrase used to modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs or even substantives" (p. 246) . They are used particularly to express relationships of time, place, manner, and degree, answering the questions "when?" "where?" "how?" and " bow much?" In Greek, adverbs may occasionally be used even as substantives. Scope 0/ tlu t~nn . --Some grammarians include under the term "adverb" all prepositions, conjunctions , partic:les, and adverbs proper. It is true that they all exhibit a close grammatical relatiOnship, but inasmuch as prepositions, conjunctions, and particles have their own special uses, it is better to distinguish them as separate parts of speech.The Prepolltion
(np6geot<;) Origin and d~finjlion .-It is generally agreed that the preposition began its career as an adverb; that is, prepositions.. Other lemu for linkinl verb Ire .. c:opu.... and "OOl"nectinl" verb . C'T?lIJI, cpa(\lw. ~tv(&l , and otIicr simillf 1II'Ords. ,. For enmpie , lIo91 though the,. Ire lCtulll,. inlfllll5ilive verbs, ue IIOlnelirnes used as Iinkinl
"were originaUy fUed case-fonrt5 serving as adjuncts la verbs ra ther than subitantives. Robertson (p. SS4) explains that alfirst the case-forms of the noun were sufficient to express its
relation 10 other words in the sentence, but as language grew morc complex, the burden became too great for thecase-forms, and adverbs (prepositions) began 10 be used to make the case ideas clearer. Hence, the definition by Gilcs: " the preposition is therefore only an adverb specialized to define a case-usage." .. Chamberlain, in line with this, calls
prepositions " interpreters of the case-forms" (p. 112). Summers appropriately describes them as words " used to help substantives express their case functio n" (p. 32) .FUllCtion ,-Thc definition of the preposition given above necessarily involved the statement of its primary use. It may be pointed out, however. that prepositions generally have a twofold function: tbey $CJVe as StpaTlUt words or G.J paru of othcr wordJ." As separate words the functio n of prepositions is to help upress case distinctions. 1. This, as has already been pointed out, is their chief office. In composition with other words , prepositions have three uses: 1) They are used perfectively to Jive emphasis o r intensity to a wo rd .'" 2) They frequently indicate direction," Qi1es (p. :w 1) illustrates the evohltion of the 8dverb into. prepoJitioD by pointinj: out that forms like " tm'\8com nc p( 'on tbe breast round ,bout' would prEcede MP( tm'\8tOOl 'round ,boUI the brult: " .. The to-atlcd "improper" prEpositions do not IuIve this doIIble U~ . They,rE " adVErbs used as prepotiliont with oou.lIS II1d pt'OIIOUIII," but they are " never employed. in composition with verbs" (RobcrtSOo aDd D,viI, p. 1A9). Cf. Robcruon , pp. 636-'8. " O . tv lIO.lIQOI\4I (Am 9:10). Without the prcpoaition, the tbouJht ooukt be ~iD" (lv), '"QeU"" (np6c;), or "beside" (no.pO). The iD$I:rtion of the preposition clarifies the Idea. .. As in Y1vWoJu.1 ( I know) ,nd tTltYI'lfUalw (J know (1IIIy), tmoT6w ( I deeei~) .00 t~QnoT6w (I deeei~ thorouaJUy). eUnw (J 5ec) .nd
location, ortime ." 3) They sometimes completely change the meaning of a word. u lnttrpulalion. -A Greek preposition may be used to express one or mo re ideas. For example, nap6 with the ablative is " from ," with the locative it is " beside," with the accusative it is "beyond ." This does nOI mean that nap6 means one thing now, then another. The preposition is the same; the case varies and the meaning of the preposition varies accordingly. The procedure in interpre ti ng a preposition is as follows: 1) Begin with the root idea of the case. 2) Add the meaning of the preposition itself. 3) Consider the context . The result of this combination will be what one translates into English. It is important to note, however, that o ne translates the lotal idea, not simply the preposition.The CooJunctloD(ou'llio~oc:;)
and /unction.-The conjunction is an indeclinable part of speech which joins togcthe r two or more words, phrases, dauses, sentences, or paragraphs. Classt'S. -The two kinds of conjunctio ns (coordinating and subordinating) make dear the relalion between the two elements which they unite . The coordinating conjunctions join paragraphs, sentences, clauses. phrases, o r words of equal grammatical value. The most common coordinatingCho6-'tru (I sce ele1orly), totllw (I eat)aDd KQlt06lw (Teat up). 6U.llKW (I punllC) and K(l1'O.!l1liIIuoI (I hllnt dO'Nn) . Cf. the Enalith " bum" and " burn lip." " hUnl " and " hunt down ," " w:d;" and "scek Ollt." "follow" and i'follow liP." elC. " Cf. !PxololOt(1 SO) and tlatpxo~Qt{1 10 in), YIV<O!oKlol (I know) and np6ylVcilaKlol (I know beforehand ), tpxO~QI (I SO) aDd npotPXO~QI (I SO in front of or befote), .. Cf. YlvWmuiI (I know) and 6,VQylYWoKlol ( I l1:ad).
conjunctions are Kol; Tt and its compounds (tht, 0[11:. ~flu); yap; tit and il$compounds (oMt and ~'l6t) ; 6MO.; f) ; ",tv; and au". The subordinating conjunctions introduce clauses which are subordinate to some other pan of tbe sentence. Examples of subordinating conjunctions arc lvo, OTI, d , lix;, etc.Tb< PartIdo (nopaeflK'l) Definition and .fcopt'.-The term " particle" has never been cllACtly defined by the grammarians. Jespersen (p. 91), for example, uses it {or all adverbs, conjunctions. prepositions, and interjectiOns. Others (e.g. , Robenson. pp . 1124-44) do not give such a broad scope to the term but in varying degrees limit it 10 one or more of those elements. Robertson holds that one must be arbitrary. to a certain extel1.t , in dealing with panicles, (or, as he explains , it is not possible " to make a perfectly scientific treatment of particles without much overlapping" (p. 1143). In giving his own definition, he calls them " the hinges of speech , the joints of language, or the delicate turns of expression. the nUQllces of thOUght that are often untranslatable" (p, 1144) . Colwell and Tune (p. SS) restrict the term " particle" to "a few short words that are not directly translated" (such as ~tv , Tt , llv).u Dana and Mantey use the designation as a catchall for " the odds and ends" in Greek grammar but "limit it chiefly to those words which do not properly belong to the regular classifications, such as conjunctioru;, adverbs, prepositions, etc." (p. 258) . Margaret Thrall's Greek Particw in the New Testa~11t is the defmitive work on panicles.u1be particle 6v has no EnJlish equ ivalenl. h often pnenlizes a word .nd Impliel "lllIeness, uncertainty , or iodcfinitene$ll in lhe 5enICn!iwhere it OOX\In.
"the foregoing paragraph, it is
obvious that onc must not be dozmatic in classifyinlt Greek particles. It is felt, however, that a threefold division may be safely suggested: I) intensive particles (al-.Il'lv, yt , ntp, etc.), 2) connecting particles (~tv, Tt), and 3) interjections (006, &, oual, l!iou , etc.).
vocative have a number of dirrercnt usages, and in many instances two or more of these will fit equally well the word under study. It is the task of the interpreter to determine the one use that fits beSt the word and context under consideration . Often o nl y one use will fit. The principal uses of the Greek cases arc set forth in the following pages. The aim has been to state concisely and simply the leading idea in each case-usage, and this is followed in eaeh instance by one or more examples from the Greek New Testament iUustrating the pain! under discussion. The gramma tical categories and termi nology which are used are largely those found in A ManUIJI Grammar 0/ {he Greek New Testament by H . E. Dan! and Julius R. Mamey . Other grammars , however, have been frequently consulted , and occasionally terminology employed by one or more of them has been used instead of that found in Dana a nd Mantey. A fundamemal rule of language is that nouns in apposition with onc another mU5t be in the same case. The appositive , therefore, has not been included as a separate usage under each case. Special types of apposition, such as the "genitive of ident ity," have been listed , however. Grammatical diagrams are employed to facilitate the student's understanding of the structure of the examples drawn from the Greek Teslamenl. The basic scheme of the diagrams, adapted from L. R. Elliou's Syntax in Diagram, is 115 follows : SUbj. 1 pred.'pred. complementPbrase01" claU5C furx:tiooin
I dir. obj"lactkal unit
u a
- apPOSitive modmerwwd, phrase. or clauK modifier
thoroughly the basic force of the cases and then grasp each
separate use. Study each example until you are lure that you undel1tand it. Nomlnallve Case
(1'\ 6VOIJOO'YlK"
The root idea of the nominative ("the naming C1.se") is duignation, The original function of the case was to give more specific identification to the subject of the verb. Robertson states it in this way: " Greater precision in the subject was desired, and so a substantive or pronoun was put in apposition with the verbal ending" (p. 457) . Of course as the language grew . the uses of the nominative multiplied . The New Testament exhibits the following : 1. Subject nominotil'e.-The principal function of the nominative is to express the subject of a finite verb. Example: 6 nan)pl:lvan4l6v uI6 .... "The Father loves the Son" (John
2. Prtdicou nominalivt. -The predicate nominative is a use of the nominative with verbs of being (1/.11, Y(VOjJQI, un6pxw). (Quite often the Iink.ing verb is omitted, but in such instances it may be easily supplied from the context .) Sometimes the predicate nominative is called the "subject complement," because it completes the meaning of the subject and specifies the same person or thins as the subject. Example: 6 atbc:: 6y6.nn tatlv, "God is love."etbc::
3. Nominative of appellation.-When a name or a title retains the nominative form irrespective of contelltual relations , it may be called a nominative of appellation .' This is really a special kind of appositive which retains the nominative form even thouah it is used with a word in another case. That is, the word in the nominative form appean in that case form although the function would seemingly require some other case . In such constructions the retention of the nominative is sometimes practically equivalent to quotation marks, as in the following examples: 6vojJQ tXL ''''noMutuV, " He has a name, 'Apollyon' "(Rev. 9:11). ujJtic::I M.nypropcrn.mes.re in6ec:lin.ble 1tId ... i11 tbe:rcfore be found in the tIOmiNtive form rcprdles5 of the fUn<:Iion of tbe: word in tbe: Ioentenee. Tbese . howevu. should be d'Hified II:COrdina 10 their function. Thus. in the followillJeumple Mpt.ily (.n indedinlbJe word) ts. d.tive, for this j, tbe: nUlDocr in wllich it functiom in the $enteR: tOTpQ~I'IOCIY., . t l<; AIYUITTOY, tlnOVltc; '" ' MP<ilY ... ; "They tllrMd ... into EJYPI, Slyinl to A.ron . . . " (Actt 7;39. 40).
(f)6)vtiTt IJ& 6 6.tMOKaAOS KOt 6 KuptoS '> "You call me 'Teache r' and ' Lord' " (John 13:13) . (00T65)
(wolJa - .AnoA.A.Uwv
I 6Waw
6 ntCTTtUfI)V d~ tlJt, ... nOTolJol tK Tf]c; KO t).,(OC; OUTOO Pl:UOOUOtV 060TOS ~VTOS , "The o ne believing o n me ... OUI of his inmosl pa n sha ll flow rive rs of living wate r" (Joh n
7,311) .2) The use of the no mina tive in salutQtions 01 letters: Example: naiiAcx;. , . TolC; 6yiot~ TolC; OllOIY t v ' E!ptDq), " Paul ... to t he saints who a re in Ephesus" (Eph. 1:1 ) . Fllnk Dcbrunne r ezplain dlis all ".
3) The use of the nominative in titles 01 books. Example: 'AnoKdAu~l/c;' 'I ~vvou , "The Apocalypse (Revelation) of John." 4) The use of the nominative in uc/amalions. This is "a sort of interjectional nominative" (Robcrtson. p. 461) and is a device for emphasis. Study the following examples: ~n ~8CX; nAOUTOU Kat oocp[a~ Kal yvwoew<; aeou , " 0 the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and knowledge of God!" (Rom . 11:33). T~ aec4 XdPIc;' t~ blMVTL iI~iv TO vIxn<;, ''Thanks to God who gives to us the victory! " (1 Cor.
" ,57)."Cl
PQeoc;nAOUtOU oocploc;: Kat ... Kot atoO
to5. Many grammarians call attention to the nominative used "in place of' or "as" a vocative. This involves the employment of a nominative form (usually with the article) in
direct addrelS. Since the function is clearly vocative , it is perhaps better to classify these as vocatives.Vocative Cue
The vocative has separate case forms only in the singular number, and evell in the singular some nouns do not have separate forms for the vocative . Strictly speaking, since it is not affected by the structure of the sentence, the vocative does not entcr as an element into syntax and is not a case. As a maller of c:onvcniencc, however . it is best to treat it as such. The root idea of the vocative ("the calling case") is direc' addrus. Example: tlv6pu;, 6yono.n: TO<; YUYOtKOC; , " Husbands, love your (the) wives" (Eph. 5:2.5). 'Avono)'6'(flTOC; t, W 6v9pwne , " You are without excuse , 0 man" (Rom .
1 '\ OvanOMY'lTOS
Reed'", AssIanment~ Translate the following verses, giving special attention 10 nominativesand vocatives: Eph. 4:4; 1 TheM. 2:20; Rev. 1.:5 .
". re both present participles. although their (orms differ. Canyou explain this? ... Give the case syntax of the following nominatives:1)nQ(j~ OC;
(vs . 1)1--_ __ __ _ _ __
2) 3)
nmpl (vs. 1)
3) '1'1000 (vs. I)4)S)6)7) UlJiv (vs. 1)9t:1iI (vs. 2)
UJ.lWy (vs. 3)mouwc:; (vs. 3)
8) 6.y6.TlTl<: (vs, 3)9)10)t1l.n(i5~
(vs. 3)
8toO (vs, 3)
(vs. 3)1
(oan a and Mant ey, pp. 12-81 ; FUnk oebr unne r, pp. 89-100; J . Haro ld Grun lee, " The Genitive Case in the New Testa ment ," Bibl~ Troru/Qtor 1 (Apri l 1950) , pp. 68-70; Moul e, pp. 36-43; Moul ton, I, pp. 12-74 ; Robe rtson , pp. 491-S t4 ; Zerw ick , pp. 12-19.) Sugg estion s for the prepa ration of this lesson : 1) Read again the mate rial on the noun , pages 3-5 . 2) Study the mater ial below , obser ving closely the exam ples given . Do not try to mem orize categ ories ; strive rathe r for an intell igent comp rehen sion of the mater ial. Linge r over each exam ple until you unde rstan d it . The genit ive and the accus ative are the most widel y used of the cases . Both limit the mean ings of other word s. Ther e are differ ences , howe ver. For instan ce, the chief use of the genit ive is to limit the mean ing of subst antiv es; the accus ative limits mainl y the verb. Again , the genit ive answ ers the quest ion , " What kind? " The accus ative answ ers the ques tion, " How far? " That is to say, the geniti ve limits as to kind; the accus ative limits as to extent. Robe rtson says the genit ive case has the wron g name . The word "geni tive" is from the Latin g~n itivw , (a transl ation of ytYYllTtKfl), and mean s gener ative , produ ctive . The Gree ks called the case " Y.VIKl'l mclxnC; (from ytvoc ;, kind) , sugge sting " gener ic." They saw it then as "the case of genus (ytvo c;) or kind ," " the speci fying case" ( Robe nson , p . 492). Dana and Mant ey speak of it as "the case which speci fies with rdere nce to class or kind" (p. 7S). The root idea of the
TIi<; ~flc:: ,
"the sign of (which is) Jooah"; l'fIv OOlpebv 'ToO 'AYiOo' nv&u~atos. " the gift of (which is] the Holy Spirit." A speeUilapp{alion o hhe possessive idt;;I lithe IlK of the aenitive 10 describe. perlOft from IIIe rundpoinl or marital or rcni"l relationship . "The pueis.c: rdatiomb.ip---wllclllc r iOtl, dau&Jder , blotbc:t, eu:.-is DOl Slated but mUll be ascenained from the COftteM . This is .ometimes called the . rellotionship ." Eumple: d6&y ... ' lO!tWPov tOy James. the (.on) of Zebedee" ( Mill. 4:21). He saw ... lames. the (Jamn) beloqinl to Zebedee.)(aUTOI::)
"Observe that this is not (he normal apposilive roostructioo . The normal appositive consists of two words in the same case, one being in apposilton with the other (e., ., na u"~ 6On6cnoADC;, " Paul the apostle"; also John 8:44, u~tlc; tic: TOU nOTpO<; TOU 61o(36AoIJ to'Tt, " You belong to your father, the devil"). The genitive of identity diffen from this in that the word modified by the genitive mayor may DOt be
another genitive. Compare the expression. "the swc 0/ TutlS." If this phruc were iD Greek. the word for " statc"could be in any case, depending OD iu relation 10 the context, but the word for ''Teus'' would be in the genitive. Observe
4. Pdrtitiw. -A word in the genitive sometimes indicates the whole of which the word modified is a part. This is ordinarily caned a panilive genitive, though some grammarians speak of it as the "genitive of the whole." Examples: tK6.OTIj) ~ t66911 fJ X6PIC;, 'To each of us grace was given" (Eph . :7). oMt IoAo~wv ... nepLtp6.\no Wc; lv TOVrwV, "Not even Solomon ... clothed himself as ODe of these" (Man. 6:29). htpov t6)V linom6Ac&Jv OUI( e1l50v, "Other of the apostles I saw not" (Gal. 1:19).
It GREEK GRAMMAR
is a noun of action .
identi fied in Ihis way. If the Conn aflhe word does not provi de a due, the mean ing of the word should malce clear wheth er it
S. Subjective.-Som e nouns arc "nou ns of action ." These may often be recognized by their (onn (e .g., those endin g in - 01<; or - J.I~) . but nouns of action canno t always be
A word in the genitive modifying a noun of action may sustain onc of two relations to the idea of action in that noun : 1) It may deno te tbat which prod uus the action or 2) it may denot e that which rtedy U the action . Only the context can make dear which of these meanings is expre ssed by a given constructio n. {Com pare" 0,y6.1T1'\ lOU xPlaT OU, " the love of Christ ." 2 Cor. S: 14; 1(0T6. Tbv IliQ9apLCIJbv tWV 'lou6o!wv, " ac:cording 10 the clean sing of the Jews, " John 2:6 ; TO IIf!PUYIJO TOO )(pIOTeD, "the preac hing of Christ ," Rom. 16:25 . Th~ first exam ple , apart from contelltual consid~ra lions, could mean eithe r love lor Chris t or love upns std by Christ . The secon d ell8mple , remo ved from its conte xt, mean s eithe r c1ean singp ulonn td by or applied /0 the Jews . The third ellam pie denot es preac hing of which Chris t is the con/en/ or preac hing done by him.) If the noun in the geniti ve produ ces the action , it is a subje ctive genitive . Ell8mple: TOUT6 !JOt 6noPflonoL de; owTTlPlov lh6 Tf)e; .. tmxoPTlylae; TOU rrvetiI;'Qn)S', ''This shaU turn out 10 me for "Ival ion throu gh the . . . lupply of the Spirit [Le ., the supply which tbe Spirit provi des)" (PhiL
"'9) .
6. Objectivf!.-lf the noun in the genitive naiva the action. it is an objective genitive. This construction may
require "in," " to," " toward ," " against," "concerning," etc. in translation. Examples: " .ou rTVUPOTOS PAoocpruJla OUI( Oqu:9f10.ol, "The blasphemy of (against) the Spirit will nOl be forgiven " (Matt. 12:31). fXTt n(aTlV l!EZ.Q. " Have faith in God," (Mark 11:22) .
GfllIUve "Itb Verbl The genitive occun rather frequently with verbs. The principal uses are as follows : 1. Advf!rbial.-The gf!nitivf! used adverbially describes or defines a verbal idea by attributing local or temporal relations to it. I) In an adverbial relationship the genitive may indicate kind of timf!. That is to say, the adverbial genitive may answer the question , " What kind of time?" (Compare the locative of
time.) Example: OUTO<; ,,"-Otv npbc; alrrbv VUKT6<;, "This one came to him by night" (John 3:2).
2) In an adverbial relationship tbe genitive may indicate kind 01 plau. That is to say, the adverbiaJ genitive may answer the question, " What k.ind of place?" Example: ntj.llj,lOV ~pov Ive ~"'1) TO OKPOV TOU 6cU(TuAou OUTOU OOOTOS .. . , "Send Lazarus in order that he might dip the tip of his finger in watu" (Luke 16:24).
2. Direct objecI.-$ome verbs---those , for example, which expCCM sensation or perception (OKOUW, hear; ytuOj.lOI. taste; OmollOl, touch; etc.); emotion and concern (cmAayyV~Oj.IQl, pity; tmBuj.ltw, desire ; KOTOlppovtw, despise; etc.); sharing ( j.ltTtXW, panake of, share in ; KOlvwvtw, panake of; etc.); ruling (Opxw. rule; KUPltUW, be master of, etc.); and so on--have a meaning which is related 10 the root idea of the genitive case . Such verbs may take their direct object in the genitive rather than the accusative case. Example: t1't<: tKM!)OloC; TOO 900 KOTOCPPOVeiTf: ; " 00 you despise the church of God?" (I Cor. 11 :22).
Genitive with Acijectlvn When used to modify an adj ective, the word in the ge nitive restricts the qualifying force of the adjective to certain limits
or completes the meaning of the adjective . (Dana and Mantc), list this under " Adverbial Genitive" and call it "Genitive of Reference .") Some of the morc commonadjectives with which th e genitive is used are ~tat~ (full), M.flPfl~ (full). hoXO<; (guilty , liable), and o.~U)(; (worth y) . The fo llowing sentences illustrate the use of the genitive with
l(opl5(Q noYrlpO QntaTlo<;, "Take heed ... lest there shall be ... a hean evil with reference to unbe licP' (Heb . 3:12). '" yl\Wood taTt] ~cm"I roD OavQlT\ql6pou, " The tongue is fuU of deadly poison" (James 3:8)..
to" '\
"~ 100VQ!!)<p6pou
GftlIUve ,..ilh Pftpollldons The uses of the genitive with prepositio ns (such as nepl, ~Ta , etc.) are sometimes d ifficult to define precisely. Most ofthem will have adverbial force . Exam ple : tIixQPlOTOU~ev ... nepl navtlllV uf!Wv, " We give thanks ... concerning all
GenItive Absol ute "Absolute ," from the Latin absoiulW, meam "kK>sed ," An absolute phrase or word, then, is a construction loosed
from the rest of the sentence. The genitive absolute is 50 called because it does not have. grammatical connection with the rest of the scnlence. It does, ho~ver, sustain a thought connection. In the genitive absolute , there will be 8 noun (or pronoun) and a circumstantial' participle. both in the genitive case . Example : tlCJJA'19tvrOS TOO 6olJjovlou, tAdAno1I 6 K~ O<; , "The demon having been cast oul,' tbe dumb man spoke" (Matt. 9:33).
IReed'", Aa"",.,.nt
Translate the following verses, giving special attention to genitive constructK)f)S: Luke 4: I , 2; 5:3; John 2:21 ; 6:71 ; Eph . 1:16; Col. 1:22 . Sce Le:HOII 35 .
Thistransllltionemployuft EnaJisb ~tivc .bsohne. " iltcntrally bt:tter, however. to turn. Greek seni1ivc .bsolute into .n Eqlish "bute. Thus , the above .enlcnoc eou ld be u.mlllled, " When the demon lI.d been eIISI O\It, the dumb rnn spok ." The con tut will ulu,Uy IUke it du. wll'l kind 01 clause 10 UK. whelherlemporal , QuW,e". 'The: lemponol idCl will likdy fil more o hen IhIn othe:f1.
Vent: 4. t.IlS6n:C; , a perfect active paniciple of otlkl, sho uld be construed as having causal force , stating the ground for the action of the main verb. otlSa denotes intuitive knowledge (cf. y tVWoKW) . Verse 5. The ananhrous constructions, ~6!) , lSuvo.jJf!t, and nvtujJOtt, emphasize quality o r characteristic. 0101 is a qualitative relative and could be translated "what quality (or kind) of men." Ott may be either declarative ("how that") or causal ("because") . Frame thinks Ott governs the thought of verses 6 and 7 as well as that of verse S. Of verse 6 he writes: "The sentence is getting to be independent , but On (vs . .5) is still in control" (p. 82). Verse 6. ~JljJ!l'to ( is the root word from which is de rived the English word "mimic." 6f!~6jJf!vot , aorist partK:iple of lStxOIJO I, denotes not simply " receiving" but "welcoming." Ver.se 7. Wolf! Yf!VtoeOI Kt~ expresses result. The terms MQKe lSoviQ and AXotQ. have separate articles, indicating
..that these areas are thought of as separate provinces. Compare the use of the same terms in verse 8, where only one ankle occurs. S. Parse :
1) '11'10011 (vs. 1)2)
9ou (vs. 4)
3) t.v.0Y"lv (vs. 4)4)6uv6:~tl
(vs. 5)
1) geooaAovu(tf.l)v (vs. I)2)
nO.V1lI)V (vs. 2)
6) tpyo u (vs. 3)7) 6y6"'1< (". 3) 8) Md.lpol (vs. 4) 9)UIAWV (vs. 4)
.._ _ __ _ __
I'IIJWV (vs. 6) _ _ __
_ __
Kuplou (vs. 6) _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _IJllJTlTal (vs. 6)1_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __
(n OCPOLpt1:lKr'! mOO-Le;)(Chamberlain, pp. 3234; OaRs and Mantcy, pp. 81-83; Funk-Debrunner. pp. 89-100; Moulton, I, p. 72; Ill , p. 235; Robertson. pp. 514-20.) The ablative does not have a separate case Conn . and for that reason many grammarians do not recognize it as a case distinct from the genitive. Robertson , while insisting that tbe ablative should be recognized as a distinct case, admits that it "never had the manifold development of the Greek genitive" (p. 514). The root idea of the ablative ("the whence case") i! uparotion or source. In distinguishing between the genitive and ablative cases, one question should be asked: " Does the word under consideration indicate kind or separation?" If the stress is on kind, the word is to be taken as genitive; if separation is the main idea, the word is ablative . There are other considerations which may help the student to distinguiSh these two cases. For one thing, the ablative is far less common than the genitive. Ablatives modifying.other substantives are found infrequently in the New Testament . With verbs the ablative is rather frequently found, but not as often as the accusative, the genitive, or the dative. The ablative with prepositions is quite common, and the preposition often belps make the distinction between genitive and ablative clearer. 1. Ab/Drive of separation. '-The ablative of separation is
Ablative Case
, Some ar1mmars n:coJlliu an "ablative of source ." a COIIsu'uctio n in "Which the person orthinJnamed in the 1101111 modified by the ablative oy,cs
the basic use oftbe case. The thing denoted by the word in the ablative is that from which something deparu or is separated. Observe the following examples: fin: ... 6.mtAAoTPU.I.IllfvOt Tilt; noA.JTe(at;TOO lopai\1I., "You were ... alienated from the commonwealth of ,Israel" (Eph. 2: 12). nopayiV&TOt 0 'hl000<; 6.n6 Tf)<; 'aJ.lAolor; tnl TOy 'lop66YIlV, "Jesus comes from Galilee to the Jordan" (Man . 3:13).
2. Ablative 0/ agency (mLa1U').-The ablative of agency tells the (impersonal) means or (personal) agency by which something is done. (The ablative is ordinarily used to express personal agency; the instrumental case is commonly used to express impersonal means. These distinctions, however, are not rigidly observed in the New Testament.) The ablative of agency often , though not always, employs unO or a16. Examples: Tb nOVTO 051' aurou ... hTlOTOI, "All things through him ... have been created" (Col. 1: 16). ~aAoijll&\I ... tv MyolC; . . . 6100KToi<; TTVu#Joro<;, "We speak .. . in words , . . laught by the Spirit" (1 Cor. 2:13).III ellistence in some "'Iy 10 thlt ",hich is denoted in the ablative. The 0 lbe subjective genitive and in other meaning is o ften very similar 1 iNtanees is not euUy distinguished from the ablative o f separation. We therefore do not include the I blative of IOUrt:e IS a separate Clueaory.
or T HE NEW TESTAMENT
AaAoO tV
ence , dis tinction, or separation in drgru, and thus logically fits the ablative case. This use of the ablative occurs with
4. A.blativ~ 0/ direct objec' ,- Verbs of ceasing (nauOllOt). abstaining (6ntXOllQL), missing and lacking (At(nOIJQL, uO'u:ptw, etc.), and so on may take their di rect object in the ablative case . This is because verbs of this son are related to the root idea of the ablative case. (Cf. the genitive of direct Object.) Example : El ~t TI<; UlJwv )"t[nnot corp{ac;. aiTthwnapO . _ . 800 , " If any man of you lacks (comes short of)
MlLATIVE CASE
Reading AssignmentTranslate the following verses, giving special attention to ablative constructions: Mark 1:5; John 13:16; Rom. 11:36; 1 Thess. 2:14; Rev. 21 :2.
2. Look over 1 The~. 1:8-10; read the passage aloud and then translate as much of it as you can without referring to lexicons, grammars, etc. 3. Having gone through the passage at least once without the assistance of grammatical aids , go through it again using your lexioon to cheek the meanings of unfamiliar words. 4. Using the following notes, work through the passage again.(This word has a causative meaning in the present passage .) t~tAf\Auev is a perf. act . ind. of t.E,tPXOl-lot. The first article in the phrase it "pb<; tOy 8e6v shows that "pO<; tOy 8e6v is an attributive modifier of "iOTt<;. Observe the one article used with MOKel5ovIQ Kat 'Axolo, indicating that the two provinces are thought of here as a unit , in contrast with the rest of the world . Compare the similar phrase in verse 7. 1')1-10<; is accusative of reference with ! XtIV. AaAtlv modifies xpelov. (Nouns and adjectives which have to do with authority, need , ability, fitness, etc. often take an infmitive modifier.) Vent 9. tntOTpt~Ot is an aor. act. ind. of tmOTptcpw. S. What is tbe basic significance of the ablative? Write out the answer in your own words:V~r$~
.,6. Give the case syntax of the following words:1)
Bea u (vs. 4)nv e: u~aTo<;
(vs. 6)
(vs. 8)
(vs. 10)
10) OPvii< (", 10) _ _-,-_,--,,,,--_-,--.,-7. Write here your own translation of 1 Thess. 1:8-10.
nilVTO /
What _ Jrlmrrws CIl.Itbe claim, of advantale (01' cfuadvantaac) it In intensive or .pecializcd use of lhe cUlive of il'Klirea object. (Strictly speakinl. III ind irea ob)ecu erpreH e ither IdvaotlJC or disadvllltlp.) In other grammars thit illOmetimc:s e.lled the tUti~c 0/ ill fCfQf. It dcDOIes the persoo 10 whose actvlnllac or di$advanllp thoc action of the verb results. a . the EIIJIis": " Hc leot me some money." An exlmple of the dative of adVllntage (mtcrest ): tKptVQ t~ ut;' l OUlO. " I determined this fOf
.2. Dative 0/ direct ob}t.---Certain verbs take their direct object in the dative case rather than the accusative. (Compare this with the genitive of direct object and the ablative of direct object .) I) Verbs that e:lprets close penoMI ufotiortS (e.g., unoKouw, 1 0 obey; 6IQKOvtW. to serve; npooKuvla), to wonhip; OKoAou8tw,l 10 follow; mOTuw, to believe; etc.) may take their objects in the dative case . Example: ou J.lo, 01l0).,ou8&1, " You follow me" (John 21:22). -
2) Verbs 0/ speaking may take their objects in the dative case. Example: tUXOPlatli) T/iI 9c4> ,",QU, .. ) thank my God" (Rom. , ,8).
I tUXaplO'tw
3. DfUive of possusion.- Thc dative of possession is the me of the dative to indicate the person to whom a thingmyxl' " (2 I'IlPTupdTtMYO\I
of the dative of
tpa utcj1.101
I Some arlmmarilnl prefer 10 lpeak of the objea of lI.KO.l.ouStw I' beina In inslrumentl ' of l uocil!ioo.
lJru GJT01
4. Dative of re/rrence.-Somctimes the force of interest in the dative is reduced to the idea of mere reference. Two things are to be observed about this use of the dative: I) The idea of advantage or disadva ntage is not prominent in it. 2) Though it may occasionally relate to persons,' this use of the dative has to do mostly with things. Example : onc8{avOIJl:V TT) dJjopflQ: " We died with
Note: In Im, followill& !lenience some inlerpreters (c ., ., A. 8 . Bruc:e in El.pOJilor'J Grtrlc TW"_lIlj think the underlined 'NOok .r~ an inAaocc of. dative . !Kolute (d. acnilivr .!KoIUIe:, p. 37): 111 tfllJdvrr o Ur/flek; TOnAolov f\KoMU8I'lOOv OUT at 1oI08flToI QUToO (Matt. 8: 23). fTi'IiIi is not d.tive absolute, the oUT/jI appnn 10 be: superfluous.~
Re.d1na AJalpmtnl Translate the following verses, giving special alle ntion to the dalive constructio ns: Matt . 13:3; Mark 5:9; Rom. 8: 12; Eph. 6:12; Col . 3:24; Rev. 21 :2 . Cf. En&lish: " To _she is pretty."
1) Dative2) Localive Instrumental
(1 :1)
3) et", (1 :9) 4)
5)6) 7)
8)9) 10) 11) 12)
napdKA~o,~ nMvn~
e.oo (2:4)6vepWno,~
2. Loca rjvr of5pherr.- The lotalive of sphere is the use of the locative when the expressio n is figurative or metapho ri cal; that is, it locates within logical limits , not within spatial or temporal limits. The locative used in this mann er may occur with nouns, verbs, or adjectives. An example with a noun : ~~tlC; Tb UVl'l tv oapd . .. fln . . . xwplC;XPIOTOU, " You, Gentiles in flesh , ... were ... apart from Christ" (Eph . 2:11-12). An example with a verb: 6( O~TOQ fxoJ.l&v Ttlv
"flPOCJCIYWYI'Iv . .. tv tvl nveufloTl, "'Through him we haveour (the) access . . . in one Spirit" (Epb . 2:18). An examplewith an adjective: npaOe:; I",l Kat 'tont.Lvbc; TI) KOp6(Q., " I
- tetvxwplc;101"00
tval.ITQU nveu
npaOe;(tyw) t.lIJI "
3. Localive 01 timt!. -The locative of time is the use of the locative to indicate point of time; that is, it locates within asuccession of events. Compare this with the genitive (kind of time) and the accusative (uteDI of time). Example: 'T1] Tp/m 1",tPQ tyep9f!CIToI, " On tbe third day he shall be raised"
(Matt. 20:19).(aUTOS)
..InslnnMntal(f! xpnO'TIKiJ mWoLC;) The instrumental case embraces the ideas of both means and association (accompaniment) . The meaning or thecase is usually expressed in English by the preposilions "by" and "with ," The New Testament exhibits the following uses: 1. hutru.~fltQJ 0/ meons.-1be instrumental is the normal case for expressing impersonal means. (Compare this with the ablative of agency.) The following are examples of the instrume ntal of means: 01 ~ael'tTal. ... fla910v lOUe; OTOXU QC; ~WXOVT C; TalC; xcpa(v, "The disciple! ... were eating the ears, rubbing (them) with their (the) hands" (Luke 6: I). tY&vil9nn tyyuC; tv T4I oflion, " You were made nigh by the blood" (Eph. 2:13) . TO ~t 6xupov KQTOKaUO&1 ""pi 6013tOTql, "But the chaff he will bum with unqucnchable fire " (Matt . 3:12).
tvaT Ol"1
nu I 60 taTlIl2. IlUtrumenUJI of caU$t'.- The inSlfumental of cause is the
use of the instrumental topraent the idea of cawt, morivt, or OCCASion. Robenson says this usage wavcn between the ideas of association and means. It goes behind the intermediatemeans to the original cause orflclor producing I result. Study the foUowing sentence: rp6/J4J eav6TOU !VOXOL ~OQv oouA.tia<; , "Because of fear of death they were subject to bondage" (Heb. 2:1.5).
3. IfUtrufMnUli of mannu,-When the word in the instrumental presents an allentian! circumstance of an action rather than the means by whicb it is done, it is an instrumental of manner. (It is sometimes difficuJt to distinguish this from
every woman ... propbesying with her (the) head unveiled dishonon her bead" (1 Cor. 11:.5) . tylil xdpm ~tTtX(&). " I partake with thanb" (1 Cor. 10:30) .
' \ TtKva
A CRUX GIlAM.'04,u
instrumental of measure generally has 10 do with a temporal idea. Robenson (p. 528) therefore calls it " instrumental of time" and observes that it is similar to the accusative of time in meaning. Example: npooeiXo.... QUT41 616 TO (KQVcjJ XP6vtjJ laic; J.lQytlatC; t~aTaKt"al aUTOOc;. "They gave heed to him because for (by) a long time hehad amazed them with his $Orecrics" (Acts 8: 11).
the ablative with unb or iSl6. is the more usual way for expressing perso nal, Compare the instrumentll of mea ns.
6. Insrrum,mtaJ
0/ agtncy. I_ThoUgh
agency, the instrumental is occasionally employed. The verb will regularly be passive, and normally no preposition will be employed. Note the following example: 6001 nveu/.iQn Beou o.YOVTQI, OUTOI ulo1 Beou elOtv, "As many as are led by God's Spirit, these are God's sons" (Rom . 8:14).aUTol
ulol Beau
Reading Asslpment Translate the following verses, taking particular note of the locative and instrumental constructions: Mark 5:4; 14:30; Rom. 11:30; 1 Cor. 14:20 ; Gal. 5:18; 6:13; Eph. 1:1.
(vs. 2)
2) 8<4> (vs. 2)3)
6YWVL (vs. 2)
7) npo<p6oL(vs. S)
10)11 )
(vs. S)
pap" (vs. 7)
14) vilmoL (vs . 7) 15) UIJ,WV (\Is. 8) 16) ulJ,iv (\Is. 8) 17)~~iv
(vs . 8)
(1'1 QITIQTIKfI
Accusative Case
(Dana and Mantey, pp. 91-95; Funk-Oebrunner, pp. 8289; Mouiton , m. pp. 244-48; Robcrtson, pp. 466-91 ; Zcl"Nick , pp. 23-26.)The root idea of the accusatiYe, the most widely used of all the Greek cases, is limitation. It limits as to extent, duration,
I The COfNUt IIIIS/lti~t is a .peciall~ of dinc;t objed. It diffen from the ordinary ob jec:1 in thattbe vefb and its objec:1 are derivtd from the same toOt . It is IIOmelimes I. device for emph.uis; often. however . iI il dmply used !or stylistic: erred. Esse:nt ially the oos""te IlXUUtive repeals and uplains IDOre fully the idea upres.!ed. by the verb. (Ct. Enatish . " '0 d(u deed ." " '0 1IIOtk I work ," " to 1Uta I sona:' ete. ) Examples of the copte IC:CU1Itive follow; t.,olJr'l8noov cp6pov ~tyay . ''1lIty fUred (witb) I &JUt feat" (Mark 4:.1). tOY ne; t6!) tOy al5u.cp6v o':"toO ~t6vOVto O/EPrfOlf ... ol'l'l'loct. U In)'ORe 11 hit brother sinninal loin ... he 1haIIask" ( \
2) The adverbial accusative may express "WmU'r, answering the question " How?". Example: 6wpe4v tMPT.&.!pe4v06T, "Freely (as a gift) you received, freely give"(Matt . 10:8).I , ,
3) The adverbial accusative may express reference: , answering the question "With refe rence to wh at?'" Example:, 1M KalAti ~e used .. "subjen" of the infinllivt is prope.ly ",lied u II\IJIItM: 0( rekreDC:e. Enmpk: t(l:~TO f)~ . . . dVQI ~ Q~ " He diose ..... ... u...t we ohoukl be holy" (Epb. I:.).(Q(rr6cj)
116<: 6 6.ywv~6IJevo<; ndVTa tyKpanIJeTQI. "Everyone who participates in an athletic contest exercises self-control in (wilh reference to) all things" ( I Cor. 9:25) .Ii
6nUeTOI QVTQ
4) An adve rbial accusative, accompanied by elc; , tni. or np6c;, may sometimes express goal or terminotion.' (TIlis, howeyer, does not mean that in every instance in which these prepositions art: used the construction is 10 be construed as termina!.) The lerminal accusative is ordinarily employed wilh verbs of motio n. Example : KaTflVTrl0v tiC; .6tPP1)V Kol tiC; Atiarpav, " He went down to Derbe and to Lystra" (Acts 16,1).
Sometimes the termin.1aceulali\e. espeei.Uy when used wit l! vt:rb of lpI'. kinl. is practiclHy equivale nt to I dative of ind iu:ct object . as in tM eumpk followin&: tKJ) pU~QIUV ,~ ~ 10 t Vo.yytAIOY lOCI 810. " We p~lCl!ed to )'0\1 the ppel of God" ( I 1lIc 2:9).
..3. Double accu.tative.-The double accusative is the use oftwo accusatives with verbs that require more than one object (or other qualifying accusative) to complete their meaning. 1) The two accusalives may express a personal and an impersonal object (accusative of the ~'son and accusative of the thing). Example : tKi'loc; ul-l6S rilME;tl rr6vra, "That one will teach you all things" (John 14:26).-
't~K~~~V~OS,-+--".~, .. ~g~'c-"--<1
2) The two accusatives may express a direct object and a predicate object. (The predicate object is really a son of appositive. It might be called an "object oomplement," because it completes the meaning of tbe object and specifies the same person or thing as the object. Compare the predicate nominative.) Sometimes &l~ will occur with the predicate object. The following is an example of a direct object and a predicate object : oul':t:n Atyw u~6S 60uAou5. " No longer do 1 call you slaves" (John 15:15).(tvW)
KtTl 9
3) The two accusatives may occur with verbs for oath.talting. Some grammarians (DaDa and Manley, for example) make this a separate category, but it is really a form of the double accusative. (One of these accusatives is somewhat like the adverbial accusative of reference.) " A5k " and "lead" are the only EnaJi:l.h erll!l latinl both an aocusative of the pe rson and an accu$lltive of the thinl: " I a$ked Mm his ""mt . " He led them , lively ( Nut ." "She Ie~ him a do, ', lift."
Example: 6pl(~w 2f T6v 8e6v. "I adjure you by God" (Mark 5:7).
4. A ccusative absofute.-When the word in the accusative has no direct grammatical connection with the remainder of the sentencc, it is an accusative absolute (i .e. , an accusative "loosed from" the rest of the sentence). This construction, which may occur with or without a participle, is very rare in the New Testament. Example: . . . 6W1) u~iv nveu~o 00",[0<: ... nC/fwTfOJ.ltvous TOUS 618aA).!ouS TfI<: 1(0p ~IQ<: UI.lGw, " ... that he may give to you the Spirit of wisdom ... , the eyes of your heart being enlightened" (Eph.
Readlna Assignment Translate the following verses , giving special attention to the accusative constructions: Matt . 20:6; John 1:14; James 5:10; 1 Pet . 5:2.
Ve-rse 9. ~V11~OvtutT& . which so far as its fo rm is concerned , could be either indicative or imperative, should 6on, vs. probably be understood here as an indicative (cf. oT 11). Note the case of K6nov and j.l6X90v. Everywhere else in Paul's writings j.lV1WOV&UW is used with the genitive case (cf. 1:3). np6c; and T6 are to be taken with tmj3apTiooL. The entire conslructio n expresses purpose: " 10 the end Ihat we might no t burden any one of you ." Robertson comments Ihat np6<; with the articular infinitive 10 express purpose is used by Paul oruy four times (W. P., vol. IV, p. 19). tKT1pu~a~v is an aor. act. ind. of Kr'lPUOOW. Vuses 10, 11. Ox; (first two occurrences in vss. to, 11) is to be translated " how," being practically equivalent to nWc; used in indirect questions (cf. Amdt and Gingrich, meaning I, 2. d . p. 905) . Between the words Ox; andlvQ (vs. 11 ) we must supply the main verb from the oontcxt. Some suggest nopKoAoUIlV ("urged"), some tvougeToullv ("admo nished"), others tyvf1911Ilv ("became"). Frame resolves the problem by translating the first participle in verse 12 as having indicative force . The other two are understood as adding attendant circumstances: " As you know, we were urging you individ-
ually , as a fathe r his own children, both by encouragement and by solemn appeaJ, to walk , etc." Verse 12. de; T6 with an infinitive is a common construction for expressing either purpose or result. Here ele; to neplnon:iv expresses purpose: "to the end that you should walk , etc." 4. Give the ease and syntax of the following:1) ME;av (vs. 6)2) tb;va (vs. 7)
3) ljJuX6c:: (vs. 8)4) )(6"ov (vs. 9)
S) vUKt6c:; (vs. 9)
6) ~"tpa<
("'. 9)
7) tl'lO (vs. 9)8)
u1J6c:: (vs. 9)euayyt~lov
(vs. 9)
Explain its,ca.v ~
Verse 13. The KO( in lSlO: TOOTO KolI'HJ&lC; is to be construed with I'II.u:iC;. The idea then is ''we as well as you" (Frame, p. 1(6) or ''we on our pan" (Milligan . p . 28). Some see this as evidence that Pau] was replying to a letter from the TbessaJonians in which they referred to their thanksgiving. The idea then is, " We give thanks just as you say that you do." Another alternative is to connect KO( with lStO: TOOTO: "Another reason why we constantly thank God" (Juus(l~m Bible). lSTt may be translated " that" (introducing the substance of the thanksgiving) or "because" (giving the reason for the thanksgiving). napaAaf!6vn:c; speaks of outward reception; tlSt~aa9t carries the notion of inward welcome. nap' l'lIlwv, denoting the jn~~diate source of the JDe5.S8ge, is to be construed with napaAaP6vn:c;. ToO 8eou, pointing up the nolsource, is a kind of explanatory addition (Milligan). (Most of the versions take TOO 8eoO as a simple possessive genitive: "God's message. ") The antecedent of 6<; is 'A6yOV. Arndt and Gingrich explain that the middle of tVtpytw is regularly used in the New Testament when the subject is impersonal. But Milligan prefers to take tvtpyeiTat as passive, "is set in operation." This, he says, brings o ut more clearly the divine agency that is at work. Vu.S't' 14. tn08eT is an aor. act. ind . of naO)(w. Vt1'$t 15. anOKTtlVQVTWV is an aor. act. pet. ofanoKTdvw.Vt'1'$t' /6. aw86xJtv is an aor. pass. subj . of
oWl;w . The
"tb OVOn)..'1p&aa1 e~res~ purpose. ''The obstinacy of the Jews iJ viewed M an element in the divine plan" (Frame). f:cp90acy is an aor. act . ind. of IpSay"". The tense is gnomic in force (see Lesson 33, section 2) and stresses the certainity of the punishment awaiting unbelievers. tiC; Tt,\Oc; may denote either "81185t" or " to the ultennost. ' It is difficult 10 decide between the two. Conybeare. with less likelihood , translates il " lo destroy them" or " to make an end of them," 3. Give the case and syntax of the following:
1) 2)
(vs . 13)
(vs. 13)
~ljJ"Ta i
(vs. 14)
13) OUI!'PUAETWV (vs. 14.>-)_ _ _ _ _ _ __ 14) npoqn'lTac:; (vs. 15)..)_ _ _ _ _ _ __ 15) ge/il (vs. 15'>-)_ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ 16) 6.v9p<ilnolC:; (vs. 15 '>-)_ _ _ __ __ __ 17) T&AOC:; (vs. 16)'_ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ 4. Select and parse the first declensio n nouns of 2: 13-16.
,.6. Write here your own translation of 1 Thess. 2:13-16.
Vtru 17. 5t introduces a contrast between Paul (fHlf:i<;) and the unbelieving Jews (n . 14, 15). tanouMoalJtv is an aor. act . ind. of onou66.~, a word which combines the ideas of urgency and earnestness. neplOooTtpwc:;, a comparative adverh. seems to have dative sense in this passage (cf. rendering: "extremely"). Moffatt and others, however. retain the comparative force: " we were tht mOrt tilgtr to see you. " Vtrse 18. lhOnshould here be translated " because" rather than "wherefore ." f\9t).!'Ioo .... tv is an aor. act. md. of et.\w. The seeming irregularity of the augment and tbe presence of '1 before the tense suffiI are acx:ounted for by the fact that this verb sometimes used the stem tBd.tw. Kat ... Kot (first two occurrences) may mean " both ... and." Othen prefer to read the first Koi separately. understanding it in the sense of "and that" or "and what is more. " llna~ Kat 51<; (literally, "once and twice") is an idiomatic phrase meaning something like " more than once" (Morris) or "repeatedly" (Frame). tvtKO~tV is an aor. act. ind. of tvK6mw (tYK6mw) . Note the placement of the augment between the prepositional prefix and the verb stem. The context suggests that I(a( (third occunence) is adversative in force. Vtrses 19, 20. These verses appear to be a reply to the accusation that Paul bad no interest in the Thessalonians. He
assens that , quite to the contrary, they will be his gift to the Lord al his coming. The language contains an allusion to the custom of giving. wreath to a king who visited onc's village. TIc:: is tak.en by most of the versions to mean " what," but Frame prefers " who." KQU)(l101C:;, which denotes a joy both inwardly fell and outwardly cllpressed , takes on in this context the connotation of boasting. " Crown of boasting" is a crown in which onc makes his boast. Kol before ulJ.iC; is ascensiye-" evltll you." napouola , an imponanl word used in the New Testament for the seoond coming of Jesus , literally means " presence ." From that it came 1 0 mean " arrival," that is. " coming to be present ." In secular literature it was used of the arriYaI or visit of a ruler 10 a province or city. yap (vs . 20) has the sense of " indeed." 3. Pane the following words and indicate the basic idea of the tense of each word. 1) Onopcpavla6tvn:C; (vs. 17).)_ _ _ _ __ U51v (vs. t7}'-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
3) t),9iv (vs. 18) 4. Give the case and syntax of the following:
' H~iC;
(vs. 17)
(vs. 18)
UNIT ill
The Artlcle( TO
7578; Moulc, pp. 1 ~17; MoultO D, m. p. 36ft 166-84; Robertson, pp. 154ft; Robertson-Davis . pp. 274-83 ; Zerwick, pp. 165-92.)
131-45; Philip 8 . Hamer I "Qualitative Anarthrous Predicate Nouns," JourrwJ 01 Biblical Lileralun, 92 (March, 1973), pp.
There are in English two words which are designated by the term "srticlc"-the indefinite anicle "a" (or "an" ), and thedefinite article "tbe. " In Greek. there is only a definite article, 6, f) , T6. Occasionally, however, TIc: and le: are used with the force of an indefinite article. An example of the fonner is Luke lO:2S--Ko\ 160Cl VOlJtK6c; !! 6.vtOtTJ tKntPwv olJT6v .... " And behold, a lawyer stood up testing him." An instance of the latter is Matt. 8:19-Ka\ npoot:A9Wv eft; y poIJIJQUUC; &tm: v o'nijl , lul)6oKOA. 6KoAo1'lefloCl) OQI 6 nou tciv cintp)(I') . "And a scribe having come sajd to him, 'Teacher, I will follow you wberever you go.'" The basic rule in interpreting the article is as rotmws:
Nouns which have an article are either definite or generiCj nouns without an article are indefinite ("8" or "an") or qualitative. ', An uample of the qualitative Or cbarKterizins upifiaonee of the uwthroos OOIIn iI 8cOoc; in John I, I. See al50 section on DO.D\lse of artide al ellll of thill ltssoo.
b , I'l. 16 was originally a d~monslrative pronoun, but in the development of the language it was weakened to the force of the article.I It always retained something of its demonstrativeforce, however.Function
Generally speaking, the aniele is used in Greek where the defin ite article would be used in Engl.ish, but this rule will by no means hold true in every case. "The student must therefore pay most careful attention to its use ; he must nOI think that it is used arbilrarily oT without reason, because he finds it difficult 10 express its force in English" (Nunn, p. 56). "The article," adds Robertson. " is never meaningless in Greek, though it often fails to correspond with the English
true significance has often been missed both by translators and exegetes. It doa more than simply make a word or an idea definite. Some words are definite enough without it (e.g. , t\Aloc;, suo);' others may be made definite by other meanl-for example, by the use of prepositiOns. pronouns,_Ik~ncd form of this." H. A . A . K~nnedy , " Recent R~t.ean:h in lhe I..anl'lap or the N~w Testament," xpoJi/0'1 runn, Vol. XII (1901) , p. lO. The KJV often flilt \0 lhow the li,nWcanc:e ohlle anicle. This is Iaraet, bi1lK of .he innu~nc:e of the Vutple. (In I..atin there is no anide , definite Of indefillit~ . ) Th"" in Mlntle ... S:1 10 6poc; ill tramllued "a tnOIIntain." It should be "w mountain ," i.e ., w one " .... nd. or the "'elikllOWft IDOIIntain. In John ' :171lC10 yvvaUtb( is tJallllaled ' 'with r1w 1II'OmIn." It lhould be ''with a 1II01IUIn. " (d. I Tint. 6:10, tN.Il ylIp nQvtWY tWv ItQIWIY t17TtY 1'1 ~pyuplo , " For the love of money is a rool or all kind, of uil.") cr. th~ En&lish sentence, " He came 10 ~lIrtJt . "
the genitive case, and adjectives. The distinctive force of the Greek article is to draw attention to a word or an idea. The New Testament exhibits the following uses of the article: I. If is wtd generally lIS a pointer. Robertson (p. 756) defines the article as " a pointe r," and this is indeed its most basic use. (The Greek term for the article was Op8pov , a word which literally denoted a " jomt" {as of the body) but was used grammatically of a "connecting word. " ) Robenson (p. 7.56) calls the article " TO 6ptOTtKOV 6p8pov, the definite anicle ." (optO'TIK6v is from 6pU;W, 10 mark o ff, define .) As a pointer, the article serves: 1) To distinguish one object or person from another object or person. Examples: avtl3'1 &1<:; TO 6poC;, "'He wenl up into the mountain" (Matt. 5: 1). v..6a8TlTI ~O t T4I a~apTwAq" "Be rnerdfullO me , Ihe si nner" (Luke 18:13). OpKi~ u~O:C; mY " QC10UV 6v nauAoc; KTlPUO'O'&t, "I adjure you by the Jesus whom Paul preaches" (Acts 19: 13) . 2) To distinguish one quality from another quality (the use wilh abstract nouns) . ' Exa m ples : 61;1oc; &1. . . Aal3&lY 1?JV c56rzv Kl:u n)v TllJryv Kal n)v 6UVQ#.IIV, " You arc worthy ... to receive glory and ho nor and power" (Rev. 4:11). !.!i yap x6plTltOTt O'&~~tvOt , "For by grace you are saved" (Eph . 2:8).' Dlnl and ManltYHplain IlIlt I bstracl llQUlI$, which npreu qualitin, ".re ordinarily se nerJ;1 in their character and apptk atioo. IInd thcrd ore inck finite. But io Guek. whe n il is desired lo apply Ih.!: ~ nM! of an ab" ...ct noun in tome special and dislinct way the I n id e IKCOmpanies it" ( p. 141). Theldo re , ll\e artiele ll$ed with an abst,..cl noun give! th.!: qua lify il \k llQles ". cktcrmined eoncrete appliclltion" (lerwick, p. 57). 'AAfl8~ \o , rOf example, means " truth" in gencral; fl 6Wj8clO in the New Testament ordinl ril y means revealed truth , truth as it is in Christ . etc. I The ank le wilh xdpm eould be in terpreted as dellQti ng Pfc vious refere~ . Sce eoOtUt o f lne vcn.e.
"3) To distinguish one class or one group from another class or group (generic use) . Eumples: lO'TW OOl iOOn&p 6 t8VII(~ Kat 6 TAwv'1'i. "Let him be to you as the Gentile and the publican " (Matt. 18:17). oI6vc5tC;. o.yanciTt T6~ yuvaiKoc;, "Husbands, love the (your) wives" (Eph. 5:25).Other examples may be seen in Matt. 5:3-10: 01mwxol (" the
poor"), 01 Tlv90uvttC; (" those who mourn"), etc. 4) To distinguish one word , phrase, clause, or sentence from other words. phrases. clauses , or sentences (braclcet use). In this manner the Greek article may be used with adjectives, adverbs, pronouns , infinitives. participles. prepositional phrases. clauses, and even entire sentences. The anicle in such constructio ns gathers an expression into a s.ingle whole and points it out in a panicular way. Enmples: 6 ytap ndC; v61J0<: tv tvl MYf4) ntnAr'lPWTQt, tv ~ 'Ayam'lotC; "[Ov ru.na{ov eOU Wc: OtQUTO", " For the whole law is fulfilled (summed up) in one wo rd: 'You must love your neighbor as younelf'" (Gal. 5:14) . 6 ~t 'Inooul:; dncv QUTcil , IQ E L~UVf] nQ\lTQ l')uVQTQ T41 nlOTeUOVTI, " But Jesus said to him , 'If you are able. , . ! All things are possible to him who believes'" (Mark 9:23). 5) To denote previow reference. The article is often used to refer to something previously mentioned in the conten, The grammars sometimes call this the "anaphoric use." (The word is from a Greek word meaning "a canying back.") Examples: n 6Sev ouv tXtl1:; Tt) 06wp T6 (,ijJv, " Whence then do you have the living water?" (John 4:11 ). 6) To identify the subject in a copulative sentence. Ordinarily the anicle distinguishes the subject from tbe predicate in a copulative sentence , Example : 6 9t6$ oyol'TI'} tOT{V. "God is love" ( I John 4:8) , When the artkle is used with both the subject and tbe predicate, the two ideas are mated as identical and interchangeable . Example: 12
...l!IJopr(o tatty 1 dvoEJla, "Sin is lawlessness" or "Lawlessness is sin" (1 John 3:4) . 2. It hilS 11 $~dQI use with nouns cOMected by KO!. If two
nouns of the same case are connected by KO! and the ankle is used with both nouns, they refer to different persons or things. If only the first noun has the anicle, the second noun refers to the same person or thing referred to in the fint . This is acneral1y known as "Sharp's rule ," after the grammarian Granville Sharp. Example: npoo6ex61Jvol Ti'lv. . .tntcp6:VIOV . . TOU IJcy6Aou Beou KOl. Ewn}poc; flIJ6:lv " ",oou XpLOTOG , " 'ooking fo r the appearing ... of our great God and Savior Jesus Christ" (Tit . 2:13) ." 3. /t is sometimes restored its origiNJi we tu Q pronoun.. 1) It may have the force of a demonstrative pronoun. Example: oIToO XPlatOO , "Those who belong to the Christ"
(Gal. S'24).2) When used with Ioltv and 6t it may function as an alternative pronoun. E.ample : t6wK&V TOUe; ~tvon00't6"'OU~, TauS' 6t npocpf)Ta~, KT"" "He gave some as apostles. othen as propbets, etc." (Epb . 4:11) . 3) It may function as a possessive pronoun . Example: 01 6vap&~ , Oyanlm:. rd'1i yuvO~Q~ . " Husbands, love your wives" (Epb . 5:2.5) . ntAoto<; . . .6n&vli.llCto !S X&ipa~, Pilate ... washed off his hands" (Matt . 27:24). 4) It may have tbe force of a mild relative pronoun. Example: OKOUoa,. , :rilV o.y6.nnv ~ d, nOYTo, TaU, 6ylou,. " Having heard of. . .the love whicb (you have) toWard all the saints" (Eph . 1:15), (Note : The English translation makes use of a relative pronoun in rendering the ankle following 6y6nnv. but from the Greek point of view 'There .re, ofcouf1e, e~ptions 10 this rule (d. Phil . 1:19. , . 6ta Tl'\c: (, IIWII 6tfJotwe; Ital tnlxoprtYiac: lOU nvtu~lOC: . " ... Iilrough your suppliellion .Ild lbe suppty of the Spirit").
..this article shows that the prepositional phrase tic:; .. . Qylou~ is an attributive modifier of O:yOrtT)v.)Note on (be NODl* or (be ArtkIe It may be said, in light of the foregoing discussion, that the prcscnce of the article as a rule draws aucotion to or tkrlltU
more precisely the person or thing denoted by the word which it modifies. Where it is used with a phrase , clause, or sentenceit calls special attention 10 that phrase, clause , or sentence. "The basal function of the Greek anicle," tben , " is to point out indiYidual identity" (Daoa and ManiC),. p . 137). In line with this is the observation of Zerwick: " ... with
abstract nouns, which of themselves express qualities, attention is to be paid to the presence of the article, whichgives 10 the quality a dctcnnincd concrete application .... On the o ther hand, with concrete nouns it is the absence of the article which calls for attention, where, that is 10 say, the article was of itself to be expected o r could stand in the context" (p . .57). It is imponant for the student to remember that the Greek may omit the article in some instanCC$ where English requires that the definite anicle be used. Conversely, the Greek occasionally employs the anic:le where English usage will not permit it. Sensitivity to both Greek and English idiom is needed. Omission of the anic:le, especially with words which might be expected to use it, has a characr~riz;ng effect on thc construction. An uample is John I: 1, 9&0<; flv 6 My~ . Had the an.icle been used with 9&6<; , the suggestion would havc been that the Word is identical with the entire essence of the Deity. AI it actually stands, 9&0<; (without the anicle) is the predicate, and it is the nature and attributes of Deity that are uc:ribed to the Word. nat is to uy, it is the /1Qrur~ of the
THE AJlTICLE
Word, not the identity of his Person , to which attention is called by the absence of the article. Consider also 6 v6~o<; in a book such as Romans, denoting probably the written law (i.e., the Old Testament or perhaps the Mosaic law). Compare this with the anarthrous v6~o<;, law considered as a principle and thus wider than 6 v6~o<; in application.
o.wne-tloa of Verbs As to lorm.- There are various ways ofclassiCying verbs on the basis of form . For enmple, tbey may be classified as, RoWruoaDavil. obKrvina that tbe En&JiJh 'II'(lrd '~rb" iI from tbe u tin w rbwn (meminJ " word ") . point out tb.t " tile verb u tile 'II'(lrd pG' ucdl,I'IC' in tile IJ1do.Ger",. nlt tongo.u:l . nd lIeno:e de$CI'YCI tile name" (p.,,")
.Wrrnltic (1,1 verbs) and ath~mDtic ().It verbe).' Or tbey may be looked upon as TtgWtJT and im!gular. Regular verbs are all of those (both thematic and athematic) which form the various tenses , modes. and voices by adding the normal suffixes and
tense irregularly (e .g., I(Q8aplW,lonic future of Ka9ap~). Others may augment irregularly (e .g., dXov, imperfect of txw) or reduplicate irregularly (e . . , 6:l<flKoo, perfect of o,KOUW) . etc. From stiU another point of view I verbs may be viewed as either fully developed or defective. Fully developed verbs are those like ).(.1(1) which developed all the tenses, voices, and modes. Defective verbs are those not found iD all three voices (u, for example , deponent verbs), or not in every tense of one or more voices. Thus, 6p6w is used in the present and imperfect tenses, but O~OIJQI , an entirely different word, must serve (or it in the future; and &l15ov. still another word , must be used in the aoris!. The same is true of cptp!! (future, 0 1001; aorist, f1V~VKOV) and many other!. As '0 rroturt'.-Verbs may be classified as to their nature. Viewed in this manner, they are either transiri~ or iIIlransirivt'. Transitive verbs, sometimcs called verbs of incomplete predication, are tbose which require an object to complete their meaning. Such a verb, without its object , "creates a sense of suspense" (Dana-Mantey, p. 154) . Intransitive verbs arc verbs of complete predication; that is, they make complete ICnsc without an object (" ) stand"; "The sun shincs"). Some verbs may be transitive in onc context,ooaju.ption iI confined ill !he New Teslamenl mainly 10 five ~rbl: tl~l , If1~I . lCJTlWI, &l6wIlI, and Tl8T11l1. A few 'ierbti, lueh as aclKVU~I. are athematic In the presenllYSlem only. Qlhen. lUoCh 1.1 BGlvw. Ire Ithcmatk only in the lorist (lP-I)'i).
intransitive in another. Examples: " He ran I tive) . " He ran" (intransitive). TUIpMt;; ~v " Although I am a blind man, now I see" fJAtnw TOU<; Qvop<.ilnooc: . " I see the men" race" (transi6PTI {JAtrroJ, (intransitive); (transitive) .
Linking verbs (sometimes called copulative or connecting) are really a special kind of intransitive verb. Such verbs do not
PerJ"on.-Ordinarily there are three persons in the Greek verb.' If the verb affirms action of tbe speaker. the fint person is employed. If the action is ascri bed 10 the one addressed , the second person is used . If the action is produced by one other than the speake r or the one addressed , the third person is employed. Numlnr.- In classical Greek there were three numbers (singular. dual, and plural), but in KOLvil only singular and plural are found. The general rule is that a singular subject has a singular verb, a plural subject requires a plural verb. There are, however. some exceptio ns to this " rule of concord." Note the following examples: I. A neuter plural subject often takes a singular verb, as in John 9:3-tvo fOvcpw8ij rd' I!pyOTOU 9&00 , " In order that the works of God might be made manifest. " However, the neuter plural sometimes employs a plural verb, particularly where the refere nce is 1 0 persons. Example: rd' np6Jjoro lO tlJO TT)<; <pWvf)<; IJ OU OKOUOUQIV , " M y sheep hear my voice" (John 10:21). t9V1'l frequently takes. plural verb, ltKvO less frequently . The impenllive U1e. onty the second . nd Ihird persofl5 .
2. Collective substantives, such as OX')"O<;, ""1'190C; , ,)..06<;, sometimes take a singwar verb and sometimes a plural. Note John 6:2-11(0'\ou8el QUT<jl 6X,)..oC; no,)..uc; , 6n t8ewpouv . .. , "A great crowd was following him because they were beholding.. . . " Robertson observes that "each writer or speaker followed his bent or the humour of the moment" (p. 404) . 3. It is not unusual for a compound subject to be accompanied by a singular verb. This may be variously explained. For example: 1) If the verb precedes the compound subject. it regularly agrees in number with the first member of the compound subject. as in 1 Cor _13: 13-vuvl lit j.Jtvelnicmc;, t')"ntc;, 6.y01TTJ ... , "And now remain faith, hope , love .. . . " Moulton thinks this may be a type of anacoluthon; Robertson thinks "the simplest explanation . . . is that the first subject is alone in mind" (p. 405). If the verb follows the compound subject, it is nearly always put in the plural. 2) In compound constructions which stress totality, the singular verb regularly occurs regardless of its position in relation to the subject. Examples: fwC; av naptABI1 6 OupovOC; Kat fl v1'1 . .. , "Until heaven and earth pass away .. ." (Matt. 5:18). 6 6VEIJOC; Kol fl 96,)..0000 unaKouel OUTO~ , "The wind and the sea obey him" (Mark 4:41) . oap~ Kol ot~o ~ao'-"tov geoO AAllpovo~floal ou 6uVQ 1llJ, "Flesh and blood are not able 10 inherit the kingdom of God" (I c"r. 15,50).
Voice(Funk-Debrunner, pp. 161-66; Moulton, 111 , pp . .51-58; Robertson, pp. 3J0...43; 797-820; Zerwick, pp. 72-76.) Transitiveneu, we have seen, has to do with the relation of the verbal idea to the object . Voice teUs how the action of the verb is related to the subject . There are three voices iDGreek: active, middle, and passive .Active Voke
The active is probably the oldest of the voices and is surely the ooe used most frequently in the New Testament . It represents the subject as producing the action or as existing. Example: 'lwdvVT'JC:; tfjdrrrlOv 06<m, " John baptized iD water" (Acts 1:5). This is what some grammarians call the $impl~ active. The student should have no difficulty in recognizing or interpreting it . The cilwative activ~ is of two types . Sometimes tbe verb itself has a causative force, as iD Matt . 5:45--t6v fJAIOV OUl'oO 6vortAA&I, " be cau.ses his sun to rise," In other instances the verb itself is oot causative, but the context ,ugelcs that tbe subject is acting through someone else. Example: 6 mAfll'OC; l'6v '111000v tEJoar(ycooEv, " Pitate scourged Jesus" (John 19:1)., .... YC Voice
The passive, the last of the voices to arise, represents the subject as acted upon by an outside agent, as receiving tbe action rather than as producing tbe action . It was a development from the middle, and in New Testament times
overlapped somewhat the functions of Ihal voice. As a rule, however. a clear-cut distinction may be observed. In the passive, verbs are usually intransitive , i.e., do not take an object. Example: /(omyopcfrolunO TWV ' louOolwv, " He is being accused by the JeWJ" ( Acts 22:30). Some verbs, bowever, are Iransitive even in the passive. These ordinarily are verbs which in the active take two objecu.' When they become passive, the accusative of the person becomes the subject and the accusative of the thing is retained as object. Example: KPOTtn: 'Tb<; napo66ou:; Q~ tlSl6dx8nre, " Hold the traditio ns which you were taught" (2 Thess. 2: 15) . Three types of passives are found: regul4r passive (subject receiving the action), deponent passive (subject producing the action, as though the verb were active) , reflexive passive (subject acting on himself) . Examples of the regular passive are cited in the immediately preceding paragraph. Examples of the deponent passive are: t:~uAfle'1v (from fJouAo~QL. to wish , be willing), tveu~fle.,v (from tveu~to~QI , to reflect on, consider), om:Kpi9r'1 (from onOKp1v0I.l0I, to answer). See Robertson, p . 334 for others. An example of the reflexive passive is 6.vO'TpO'P'lV (from 6vQO'TptqKr.), to turn back and forth. conduct one's self) . MlddJe Yoke The active voice emphasizes the action ; the middle calls special attention to the subject as in some way participating in the results of the action. The middle voice has no parallel in English and was indeed a refinement of the Greek language that was beginning to be blurred in the KOIVl'j era . (Eventually the passive practically usurped its place.) Robertson says it is essentially the voice of personal interest, much as the dative is the case of personal, Sec pp. 67, 68.
"interest. It represents the subject 8$ acting in relation to himself---either on himself. for himself, or by himself. What the precise relation is must be detennined from the (ontext and the signiflCance of the verbal idea. 1. Direct midd/e.-The principal uses of tbe middle voice may be classed as e ither direct or indirect. The direct middle represents the subject 8S acting directly on himself and includes the reflexive and the reciproclJ/ uses. An example of the forme r is Om'lVI;OTO (aorisl of o.no.vxw), "he hanged himself." An example of the latter is t~I60~aVTo , " they were teaching one another." Note Ihat the reciprocal middle employs a plural subject and involves an interchange of action. The reneIive middle may be either singular or plural.' 2. Indirect middte.-The indirect middle represents the subject 85 acting for himself or by himself. It includes Ibose uses of the middle designated by some grammars as the JHrmusive or cawative (lhO t ( ouXl ~6Mov 6~IKej06e, "why not rather let yourselves be wronged?"-I Cor. 6:7; 6.VQC1t6. ~ pdnTlOO. KO\ 6n6i\ouool tac; 6~OpT(O~ oou , "Arise, get yourself baptized and your sins washed 8""ay"Act s 22 : 16); the intensive' ( . . . a iwvia v ~UTPW OIV &upd/J&VOS, " . . . baving himself secured eternal redemption"-Heb. 9:12); and Ihedynamic. The last named is a son of "drip-pan" category 10 catch all those uses of Ihe middle thal will nOI fit elsewhere . Verbs of menial action tend 10 take this form of the middle. 3. Deponent muldle.-Some verbs are middle in form bul aclive in meaning. Because they appear to have laid aside and 8 y N"" Tella~nl times the rdluivc miOdle was diMppeariog. 10 pIaoe of it an Ktive verb with. rdluive pronoun was inaeasiDJIy used. H(I'<OIever, lbe reflexive middle later experienced renewal , and tn modem Greek this is alm05t tne only \IJe of tne mlOdk . Dana and Maolcy obtoerve: "The Greeks employed tlie middle where _ must rC$(ln 10 italics" (p. 159).
iost th~ activ~ voice , these v~rbs ar~ oft~ n caDed "d~ponent . " (The term comes from the Latin d~pono , " lay aside. ") 6txolJot, " I receive," is an example of a depo nenl verb.' (Read again the discussion of "defective" verbs in Lesson 17.) Robertson , who uses the term " dynamic" instead of "depone nt," explains that "the point about all dynamic (deponent) middles is that it is bard to see the distinctive force of the VOK:e" (p. 812).Readinl AsslgnlMllt Translate the following verses, tak.ing particular note of the voices : Mau . l :22,23; Luke 16:15; 1 Cor. 3:6; 16:15, 16; Gal 6:12, 13 .
Many of the deponent verbs ~bc K'lton. or $Iales INlI an: clmely pc non.l. ia ."./licb case the IICntoeof lhc middk voiec: iuomewNlt retained . {Sec ICeOnd pe.r1gap/l under " Middle Voice.") This " pc~nal" quality of tome dcponcnu is pointed up ia YC. UOj.lQl, "10 lUte": 6m~Q" " to I0\I0(/1, '' " lay hold or '; elc.
Vuse 1. mtyw originally meant " to cover," but came to mean "to bear up," "to endure." The latter is the meaning it bas here . It is debatable wbether the plural verb (tUOOKT'!OOlJ.tv) is the editorial (literary) plural or is intended to include others with Paul in the action. All in all , it seems best to understand it as editorial. Moffatt, convinced of this interpretation, renders the verb " I," not "we." KOTaAtupeflVOl is an aor. pass. inf. of KClTaAcinw. A strong word meaning "to be left behind," "to be abaodoned," it is used in Mark 12:190fleaving one's 1 0vedonC$atdeath . Its use here is an indication of the depth of Paul's feelings. Verse 1. OlfJplf,oL , an aor. act. inf. of O'T11p~w , and nopaKaAtooL eIpress the purpose of Timothy's mission. The former word , originally used of putting in a suppon . came to be used generally of establishing, strengthening, confirmiog. In classical Greek it was sometimes used of putting one on a firm footing. The latter word suggests strengthening, helping, encouraging. Verse J . The inf. oolvt08ot may be construed as an epexegetical (explanatory) infinitive in loose apposition with OlfJplf.ot and nopaKaAtOOt. (Robenson , W. P., calls the infinitive epeIegetical but interprets it as an accusative of general reference.) Or it may be taken as the object of nopaKaAtOOL. Still again, it may be seen as an infinitive of purpose or result modifying both OlfJplf,at and nopaKaAtoat The word was originally used of dogs, in the sense of "to
wag the tail." Then it came to mean "(awn upon ," "natter." This sense was then extended to include the connotation of "deceive," a meaning preferred by G. Milligan and Robertson. C. B. Williams employs it in his translalion . But Amdt and Gingricb think "move," "disturb ," or "agitate" a more suitable rendering. Verst 4. IJtMolJv eM~a6at is a sort of periphrastic future. Such constructions with IJtMw, however, emphasize certaint), as well as futurity . Some interpreters see in the present passage the notion of divine appointment. Verse 5. yvwvat, an aor. act. inf. of YIVWaKW , denotes purpose . 1Jf) m..x; introduces a clause which maybe thought of as the object of an unexpressed cpoPOUIJVoc;. The meaning then is, " I sent to know your faith (fearing) lest the tempter had tempted you, etc."
("'. 5).)_ _ _ _ _ _ __
("'. 4)!-_ __ _ __ __ __
~6. Indicate the voice and usage of the following verbs:
1)2) 3)4)5)
t.uxaplOTOU~&v Hit~aO'e
(2: 13)
tvepytITOL (2:13)
tn69&T (2 : 14)fJ9tMoQIJv (2: 18)
6) oo(v09m (3:3)
of mod~. ' -We have observed that the two fundamental elements in a verb are action (or state of being, existence) and alfimI(Jtion. Voice and tense relate primarily to the matter of action ; mode indicates the manner of the affirmation . I Robertson is careful to point out that mode has nothing to do with the truth or untruth of a statement. It only shows the manner in which the statement is made or how the action is conceived by the speaker or writer, Number of mod~s. -There are three modes in English: indicative , subjullttive, and imperative. The indicative, by far the most frequently used, makes a statement or asks a questio n. (The word "indicative" suggests "stating" or " pointing out. ") The subjunctive, the functio ns of which are mo re and more being taken over by the indicative,) is the mode of doubt, condition, wish, and the like. The imperative gives a command or makes a request. There is not complete agreeme nt as to the number of modes in Greek . MOUltOD, for example , is hesitant to call the1 Some vamlllllrians prefer 10 \lie "mood," a word which JUggesls the speakerl lltrinldl o!mindwhen a.tatement" made. "Mode" suggests the mII/lMf in which the statement is made . Zerwict prden to a\laid the \lie of the terml " affumation" and "lJSCniM" In dcfininJ mode. " We $.Iy tbtlhe ~ is ' represented ; not that it is ' asserted: or 'affinned: benuse often the re Is no asse rtion or affirmatw,lI . e., . iD questiom, exbottalions , etc." (p. 100). I In EnJlish. it has been eltimated that 98% of the \Irb$ are put ill !be indte.tive mode.
indicative a mode, preferring to look upon it as the standard verb and to use the term mode only of the variations from the indicative. Others, like Robenson and Davis, consider the indicative " the chief mode and the others 'side modes' .. (Short Cramf1UJr, p. 3(6). Robert W. Funk, on the other hand, includes both the infinitive and the participle among the modes. We follow Robertson and Davis, however. at this point . They contend that the infinitive and the participle are "obviously not modes, since they are without personal endings or mode suffixes ... That leaves four modes in the Greek (indicative, SUbjunctive , optative , imperative)" (Short Gramf1UJr, p. 306). Point! of view.- There are really oruy two viewpoints represented by the modes: the action may be considered as real (actual), o r the action may be considered as potential (possible). The indicative covefl the forme r j the lalter embraces the subjunctive, optative , and imperative.
Tbe: Indicative The indicative is the mode of fact , or rather of statement presented as fact . Robertson calls it the mode of definite assertion and explains that " it is the normal mode to use when there is no special reason for employing another mode" (Grammar_ p. 915). Dana and Mantcy describe it as " the mood of certainty" (p. 168). By far tbe most frequently used , the indicative states the verbal idea from tbe poim of view of reality. However, it " does not guarantee the reality of the thing. In the nature of the case only the statement is unde r discussion" (Robertsoo, p. 915). ~rwick comments: " What mattel'$ is how the act is conceived by the speaker, not its P. 100). The New Testament exhibits tbe objective nature" C follOwing uses of the indicative:
tive, 6 A6y~ oO~ tytvtTO. "The word became flesh " (John 1:14). Interrogative, ntOTU15 TouTe, " 00 you believe this?" (John 11:26).
Special UsesPossibly at tbe beginning the indicative was used "to express all the various m()(')ds o r tones of the speaker"(RoberUOn . p. 912). and to some extent il re tained " all the functions of all the modes" (Roberuon, p. 9 18) . The New
used in expressing a wish or an impulse hesitantly or politely, or to express a wish that is known to be unattainable. The statement is put into past time, but present time is contemplated. Examples: '1UXOIJ'1V QvOetlJa tIVQl, " I could wish to be accursed" (Rom. 9:3). tpou),OW/V aUToc; TOU QVepUlnOU !!u~ouaat , " I myself have been rather wanting to hear the man" (Acts 25:22). 4. Obligarion, necessity, propriety.-The secondary tenses of the indicative may be used in expressions of obligation, necessity, or propriety. The suggestion ordinarily is that the obligation, necessity, etc. has not been lived up 10. Example: oO~ t~! tnl 000 napt:ivat, " Who ought to be here before you" (Acts 24:19). Reading Assignment Translate the following verses, giving special attention to Ihe indicative verbs: Matt. 25:27; Mark 1:24; John 1:12-14; Gal. 4:20; Phil. 1:3; 1 Pet. 1:16.
writing to you in order that you may not sin" (l John 2:1); indefmite temporal--ou ot 6rov npoceuxrJ. 1oe1l.9t ... , " And whenever you pray. enter .. . ,. (Matt. 6:6); indefinite
Tal, " Whoever calls upon the name oflhc Lord will be saved" ( Rom. 10: 13); C(lndition-t6v 0fJoAoy!)OJJS' ... KUptOV '11'1000'1, Kol nlOTuo!Je; ... 00I9f101), " If you confess . .. Jesus as Lord , and believe ... you will be saved" (Rom. 10: 10) ; substanlivo-Kol TO(I1:0 npoouXO~I. lva r'layOrtl'l
UIJWv ... nep'CJOufj, " And this I pray, that your love ...may go on abounding" (Phi!. 1:9); resull-Myw ouv, ~.n'l fmoloovlvo ntOW9Jy;" 1say then , did they stumble so that they fell?" (Rom. 11 :11).
The subjurlctive is the mode of probability; tbe optative is the mode of possibility. The two do not differ radically. The optative is " 8 sort of weaker subjunctive" (Robertson, p. 936), and like the subjunctive expresses a doubtful or contingent statement . In the Koine period it was on the Wine , and is used in tbe New Testament only sixty-seven times--and only in the present and aorist tenses. Uses 0/ the Optatil'e The most frequent uses of the optative are as follows : 1. In the upnssion 0/ a wish. -The optative may be used to ellpres.s I wish. There are approllimltely thirty-eight of these in the New Testament (Mou\ton , Prolegomena, pp. 1940, of which fifteen are instances of 1Ji'l ytVOITO. " May it not be" or, as the King James Version translates it , "God forbid !" Another example : X6PI~ ulJiv Kol dpl'lvTJ nAry8uv-
2. In conditional Stflttncts.-The optative was used in both the protasis and apodosis of conditions of the fourth cla.u. (Note: No example of this condition complete in both protasis and apodosis occurs in the New Testament.) Example: et Kat rrOOXOITt: lilC~ (lIKaIOOUVT]V, llaKaplOI, "Even if you should suffer on 1I~(:ount of righteousness, happy are you" (I Pet. 3:14). 3. In indirtct ,ht /oriclll qUtstions.-When an especiaUy doubtful state ofmmd is implied, indirect rhetorical questions employ the optative. E1tample: (l1&hOyI(eTO nOTono<; efrz 0 aonoollO<: OUTO<;, "She was wondering what kind of greeting this might be" (Luke 1:29). (Amdt, Commentary, p . 53, says th e use of the optative after a secondary tense is he re an instance of Luke's "fine feeling for literary niceties.")RetAl_. Assignment
Translate the following passages. giving special allcnlion to the subjun ctive and optative constructions: Matt. 5:20; Mark 5:6-7; Rom. 6:1-2; Phi\. 1:9; Heb . 3:7-8; 4:16.
The imperative is by no means confined to commands, but it is essentially the mode of "commanding statement" (Robertson. p. 928). Moulton observes that imperatives are "normal in royal edicts, in letters to inferiors, and among equals when the tone is urgent, or the writer indisposed to multiply words" (I. p. 113) . Dana and Mantey explain that the imperative "expresses neither probability nor possibility, but only intention, and is , therefore, the further removed from reality" (p. 174).
this,' the imperative is the normal mode to use in the assertion of one's will over another. Example : n6.VToT XO{pTt, "Rejoice always" (I Thess. 5:16); y{vea(Je nOll'1Ta1 A6you, " Become doers of the word" (James 1:22). 2. Prohibition. I_The present imperative with 1..1" is, We "'VC already seen ti'lallhe future indiaottYe may hive Impel1lttval force and that the 10rnt Iubjunclive may be used to UpreSl neptive commlods. Later ....e will OOsen'e that both the infinitive and the paniciple may e:lpr~~ collllllAIlllb. I1 $hould be remembered that the imperative .... u the hut of lhe modellllo be dcvek>ped, and IOme of the methods of making oommamb befo ft' there wall an impel1ltive continued 10 be utcd lher in
aPf":lranec .A prohibition rully is only I DCptive COII'Imand, Ind so lhe Impel1ltive of prohibition is 001 essentiaUy different from tbe Imperative of command.
'"frequently used to express a prohibition. (Prohibitions in the IOrist tense, especially iD the second person . are normally expressed by the subjunctive mode. See Lesson 21.) A present imperative with IJI\ forbids the continuance of an act already in progress. Thus lJillfloPoO. " StOP being afraid" (Rev. 1:17); OliA~1 lJou, ~.II'l OflvuTt. " My brothers, swear not" (James 5:12). The aorist subjunctive with IJfJ differs from the present imperative in that it forbids an act before it has begun; i.e . it commands never to do a thing.
3. Entrt'aty.-80metimes the lone of command in the imperative "is softened to pleading" (Robertson , p. 947) .Examples are : ,B019rzoov I'Uliv, " Help us!" (Mark 9:22). np6o!cs fll.1iv nlaTlv, "loa-ease our faith " (Luke 17:.5).
4. Pennission.-50mclimes the command of the imperative is in compliaoce with the desire o r inclination of the person addressed. Thus the emphasis is on granting a permission (or giving consent) rather than on issuing a command. ElI:8mple : ICo8eu6n& Tb .\olObv KO! dvonoul2i, "Sleep on oow I and refresh yourselves" (Man. 26:45); l>pyl{e06e Kat ~iI blJapT6vut . "You may be angry. but do DOt sin" (Eph . 4:26); tI at b OntaTO<; xwp~uot. X6)pt(t066), " But if the unbeliever deparu. let him depart" (I Co., "IS) ,
" Destroy this temple [ "" even if you destroy this temple}, andin three days I will ra ise it" (John 2:19).
Vuse 6. llptt suggests that this epistle was written shortly after Timothy reached Paul with his report of the situation at ThessaJonica. tuayyt)JoolJtvou , part of a genitive absolute construction, is used o nly here in the New Testament of announcing good news othe r than that of the saving work of God in Christ . Its use here suggests the joy with which Paul received the news about the Thessalonians. tmno90uvn:c; agrees in case and num ber with the unexpressed subject of
f:Xt t t .Vent 7. Observe the two locatives with tnl ; the former in the sense of "over" or " about ," the other in the sense of " in .to Qv6.YKI] . which basically means " necessity ." here speaks of physical necessity. Some of the versions render it "distress." The root meaning of 9M",IC; is " pressure ." Verse 8. l;wlJtv is a pres. act. ind. of l;6w. Note the W. a contraction ofo and o . Note the emphatic ulJtiC; . O"Tf!KW is a late verb derived from taT11KO (perf. o flanllJl) . It probably conveys the idea of standing firm . Ven-e 9. 6.VTon060fiva l is an aor. act. in!. of 6.VTano61 6wIJL Verse 10. unepeKneplooou is a double compound adverb , used in the New Testament only here , in Eph. 3:20. and in I Thess. 5:13 . 6toIJat denotes prayer arising from a sense of need. llitlv is an infi nitive expressing purpose . KOTapTlool is an aorist int. of fl:OTOPT~ , to mend, perfect . Verse IJ . This verse introduces a prayer which continues
through verse 13. KQnu9uvQI is an aor. act . opt. of KOTu6uvw. Except for accent , the fonn is the same as the aor. act. in!. The root meaning of the word is " to make a straight path," but here it has the general sense of "direct." Verse 12. 6t should probably be interpreted as having adversative ("but" ) force bere . M&Ov6.aoL and m:pIO' CXUOOt are also aor. act. opts.. from nAl;ov6~ and m:plooUlI) respectively. The two words are practicallysynonymous in meaning and the use of both, rather than just one, makes the expression emphatic. Vu.tt'13. Observe the predicate position of 6.J.ltJ.lmouc;. noVTWV TOO'" 6.ylwy OUTOO would ordinarily refer to God's redeemed people. but bere the expression may be a reference to all those " holy ones" who accompany our Lord when he TelUms 10 earth, whether they are angels or redeemed men who already live in the realm of glory.
ill.l61v (vs. 6)
3) l"OOTO (vs. 7) 4)
Ot:iil (vs. 9)
-,-_ _, -_ _ __
The usage of these optatives: KOTtu8uvcu (vs. 11,)---- -- -_ _ rtMovaaat (vs. Il})--- _ _ __ _ __ m:ploo&uaol (vs. ll,}_ _ _ __ _ _ __
...thus, sexual purity is represented u only a part, not thewhole, of God's will for man . The will of God is defined by the word O:Ylao~6<; . Then it is morc specifically defined by two epeIcgetical (explanatory) infinitives: 6.ntxe08Q\ (vs. 3) and tl6tvQI (vs. 4). 1t is possible that unepjrotvtLv (vs. 6) and rn.eovKttiv (vs. 6) should be interpreted in tbe same way I i.e . as coordinate with antXt0801 and I6tvQl. Verse 4. OKUOC: is interpreted by some to mean wife and by others to be a reference 10 the body. The meaning then is either "10 possess (acquire) his own wife" or " to possess his own body ." (Check Amdt and Gingrich on the meaning of Kl6oIJQI, and note that in the perfect it has presenl meaning and is to be translated "possess,") Robcrtson (W.P.) and Morris (NICNT) , along with tbe early Greek commentators, prefer the former. Frame talces d6tvoI to mean something like "respect," "appreciate the worth of' (d. 5 :12) . d6tvoI is a pert. act . int. of 0160. Kl6a601 is a pres . mid. int. ofKTOOI..IOL.
.u2) ".0< (" . 3)1-_ _ _ _ _ _ __ _3) OOeA!p6v (vs. 6)J-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
4. Select the indicatives of verset 1-2 and classify each according to usage.
S. Using the following chan , list the infinitives of 4: 1-6 and give the infonnatio n requested. (Refer 1 0 a commentary such as Robcrt.50D'S Wo,d Pictur~s or Frame's work in The /rUern(JtiontJi Critical Commentary. if neceuary; you may also look ahead to Leuon 42 .)
Word Related to
Verse 7. tnl probably denotes purpose : " for ," "for the purpose or' (Cf. Dana and Mante)', p. 106). t.., c!tYla01J4I isunderstood by Lightfoot to be an abbreviation for wan t[..,OI t.., c!tYLOOIJ4I. Vuse 8. TOlyapoO.., is a triple compound partic:le, used in the New Testament only here and Heb. 12:1. It is perhaps stronger than lil~ TOUTO, l)L6 or WaTt . Note the three reasons for moral purity given in verse 6b-8. Vtnt 9. ypOlptlV is an infinitival modifier of XP[ov, thus , "a towriteto-you kind of need." An unexpressed fllJo.e; (or TIVO) is to be understood as the adverbial accusative of reference used with yp{upet..,. Some interpreters see the de; TO o.yondy as an epexegetic (explanatory) infinitive. It could be construed , however, as expressing purpose. This interpretation is perhaps to be preerred. 3. Give the syntax of the fOllowing:
\) aUTol (vs. 9)
A GREEK CitA.'oiMAR
or THE
l"EW TESTAMENT
4. List the subjunctives of this passage and give the use of each.
.urn SYNTAX
expected to be alive when the Lord returned. Calvin suggests that the first person is employed simply to keep the Thessalonians alert. Robertson thinks it was the natural way for Paul to write, for " He was alive, not dead, when he wrote." Morris agrees with Lightfoot's paraphrase, "When I say 'we,' I mean those who are living, those who survive to that day." Verse 16. KEA&UOlJ,OTL is a tenn often used with reference to a military order. npWTOv indicates that the dead will not only participate in the parousia, they will arise before those alive are Changed. Verses 17, 18. o'lJQ appean here to be an adverbial (improper) preposition used pleonastically with cuv (cf. Arodt and Gingrich , meaning 2.). Frame gives O,IJO adverbial force, "simultaneously," tm;L'TO introduces an action which occurs immediately following that defined by the npWTOII (vs. 16). 3. Select the finite verbs of tbis passage and classify the mode of each according to its usage.
(3) .7 . See Amdt and Gingrich . p. 69, for explanation of thevoice of QVaan'!ooVTOt (vs. 16).
w8. Write out here your own translation of 1 Thess. 4:13--18.
strong expression of inference used here to introduce "an inescapable conclusion" (Morris, TNTC) . Such words are always imponant to interpretation. YPllY0pWj.Jl:V and Vl'!!{IWIJl:V are similar in meaning, but the former is a reference to mental alenness while Vl'!'PWIJ&V has a moral conno.tation. Verse 7. lle6UOKW has causative force, to cause to become intoxicated. It is used in the New Testament only in the passive, with the meaning to get drunk , to be drunk. Verse 8. 6vTt<; is a causal paniciplc . thus giving tbe ground or basis of action contained in the main verb. VerSt 10. Note the use of ehe (rather than Mvte) to introduce a third class condition . The two panicles give " alternative" conditions. Vtrs~ JJ. ei~ is a nominative in panitive apposition with the subject of 0IKOOOIJ&1T&. TOV fva is accusative in partitive apposition with the unexpressed object of 0IK0601l&iT& . 3. Numerous subjunctives appear in I Thess. 5: 1 11. List them and classify each according to ils usage. 4. Give the case syntax of the foll owi ng:
V~rse 6.
ape ouv is 8
\) vUI(Ti (vs. 2)2)
Elpf)VfI (vs. 3)
3) ooiv (vs. 3)4)VUKT6~
(vs. 7)
n(mew<; (vs. 8)
ntplKe!{laAalav (vs. 8)
(vs . 11)
Observe the absence of the article with 6tAfl1JQ, and compare the note OD 1 Thess. 4:3. Verse 21 . The prepositional prefix in KQTtXl is perfective. That is to say, it intensifies the idea of the verb with which it is compounded . See Lesson 1 on the preposition . Verse 22. &100<: may be used in two different ways: it may be used of o utward appearance or form (e.g., bodily form , Luke 3:22; appearance of the face, Luke 9:29); or it may be used in the sense of sort, species, or kind. The latter is the meaning which the word has in the present passage-"every kind of evil." (The idea of "semblance" as opposed 10 reality, a meaning popularly assigned to the KJV translation, is not anested elsewhere . Cf. NAB.) Verse 23. 6AoTAtiC; (pI.) and 6A6KAl1POV (sing.) are both predicate adjectives, the former in the accusative case and the latter in the nominative . The two words are virtually synonymous in meaning. 6Aon:A&i" a predicate accusative, is translated bere by Lightfoot as follows: ';may He sanctify you so tbat ye be entire ." Robertson takes it to mean "the whole o f each of you, every part of each of you" (W.P.). Others (e.g. Luther, Frame) understand it as having adverbial force , conveying the sense of through and through. 6A6KArlPaV, which means " complete in all its pans, undamaged ," is also placed in the predicate position . The singular adjective and the singular verb, used with a compound subject, perhaps show that Paul was thinking of man as "an undivided whole" (Frame). 3. Select the finite verbs of verse! 12-15 and classify each mode according to its usage.
2) ~VeloeQ L (n, 13)1-_.,...,_----,_--,-_ _ S. Give the case and syntax of these substantives:1)u~iv
(vs. 12}-)_ _ __ __ _ _ _ __
_ __ __ _ _ __
6) (W:f\,,"OUC; (vs. IS )
11) 12)13)
(vs. 27).)_ _ _ __ _ _ __ 6. List the imper atives of verses 16-28 and give tbe usage of
7. 0YlOOQl (vs. 23) and TTJPT]edT] (vs. 23) arc optalives. Indicate their usage._ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 8. Write out here your own translation of 1 Thess. 5: 12-28.
Tense(Chamberlain , pp. 67-69; Funk-Ocbrunner, pp. 166-67; Moulton, I, pp. 109-19; HI , pp. 59, 60; Robenson , pp. 343-45 , 821-28; Zcrwick. pp. 77. 78.) Robenson observes that "probably nothing connected with syntax is so imperfectly understood by the average student as tense" (p. 821) . Chamberlain, in line with this, poinl5 out that ;'most of these errors have grown out of the habit of trying to equate the Greek lenses with Latin, English or German tenses" (p. 70). ClulUk:lltIoa et the TmItS Greek tenses are classified in the indicative mode as primary (or principal) and secondDry (or historical). The primary tenses (present. future, perfect , and future perfect) denote present and future lime. The secondary tenses (imperfect, aorist , pluperfect) denote past time. The augment used with the secondary tenses is an attempt to bring out this idea of past time.Ac:tloD In the TeMeII The tenses may express two relations. They may designate the rime of an action as past, present , or future ; they may also designate the stale or progres.s of the action as incomplete, completed, or undefined. The time element appears directly only in the indicative mode. In other modes. as well as in the infinitive and the participle. the time element is only relative if it appears at all . The state or progress of the action is a
matter of primary importance in all the modes and in the infinitive and the participle. As slated above, there are three kinds' of action exhibited by Greek tenses. These may be defined as follows:
I) Incomplete or linear. This represents the action as going on (in progress) and may be represented by a line ( ). 2) Completed or perfected. This views the action as a finished product and emphasizes the existence of resultsgrowing out of thccompleted act. It may be represented by a dot followed by a line (. ).
3) Undefined or pUDctiliar. This represents the action as simply an occurrence and may be represented by a dot (.). It makes no reference to the continuity or completeness of theaction.
Each of these kinds of action may be expressed in the indicative mode in either past , present , or future time. Thefollowing diagram i1Iusuates this.
AoriJt tense
Compare the following sentences as examples of the above: Linear action: I am writing a book. (Present) I was writing a book. (Past) I will be writing a book. (Future) Perfected action: I have wrillen a book. (Present) I had written a book . (Past) I will have written a book . (Future)indicati~ .
A GREEIt GRAMMAR
or THE NEW
Puncliliar action:
I writt. a book:.. (Present) I wrote a book . (Past) I will write a book. (Future)
or Greek
Aktionsart, a German word meaning " kind of action," is employed by modem grammarians 10 refer to the idea of kind of action as it is expressed by the Greek verb roots . Studenu often overlook the fact that kind of action was at first expressed altogether by the verb roots. Only gradually did the tenses come to be used 10 denote this idea. Davis states that " there were originally two verb-types, the one denoting durative o r linear action, the other momentary, or punctiliar action" (p. 123).1 For some time the present tense was confined to duralive stems and the aoris! was limited 10 punctiliar stems. Indeed , the linear idea was so persistent in some roots that they were never used in the aorisl, and a good synonym from a punctiliar root made it unnecessary. This explains the existence of many so-called irregular verbs. For example. Ihe verb t09lw (" I am eating") , expressed the linear idea, while the rOOl IPOY- expressed the idea from the punctiliar point of view. Consequently, tlPOYov is used in the aorist, and to91w is used in the present and imperfect . Eventually, however, the aorist came to be made on durative stems and the present was formed on puncliliar stems. When this happened , the present tense imposed a durative idea 00 a punctiliar verb root, and the aoris! imposed a punctiliar idea on a durative rOOI . An example of this is p~tnw , "I see," which has a basically linear idea : in later Greek it added Ihe sigmatie aoris! endin~ ( tp~e~Q , elc.) to express the punctiliar idea . Compart IM. English word "snllth," which iI PII nc1iliar. Ind "enjoy," which is IiIlUf.
Interpreutloo or the Tensn - In the interpretation of Greek tenses, there are three pitfalls to avoid. The first is that of equating Greek tenses with English tenses. The tenses of the two languages do not coincide, and the failure to observe this must inevitably lead to confusion in translation. The second is the tendency to read into Koille Greek all of the fioe shades of meaning present in the tenses of Anic Greek. In the golden age of Attic literature, the Greek language was so facile an instrument of thought and feeling that those who used this language were able to excel all other ancient people in expressing the finer shades of human thought and feeling . But by the time of the writing of the New Testament, the processes of simplification had obscured many of these fine distinctions of the language . There is a third pitfall to avoid. This is the tendency to overlook the significance of the Greek verb roots and the coloring given to the whole idea by the context. Robertson, referring particularly to the importance of verb roots , says, " It has long been clear that the 'tense' has been overworked and made to mean much that it did not mean" (p. 823). Due allowance must be made for the meaning of the verb itself and for the total context. Three matters, then. must be considered in forming a conclusion as to the translation of particular use of a tense: the significance of the tense, the meaning of the verb , and the contextual relations. And one would do well to bear in mind the words of H.A.A. Kennedy: " In estimating the finer shades of meaning in a mood or tense , different minds will tend to lay different degrees of emphasis on the peculiar force of the construction in its special surroundings ... [There is] great room for sober, practical judgement in coming to a decision" (Expository Tinus, Xli , 1901, p. 344) .
, The c;altlories Ihal follow. both regular and special, are applicable euenliatly 10 the indicat ive mode.
ue usually axiomatic in character, the temporal element is quite remote. J The gnomic present thc.rdore does not affirm that something is happening, but that something d lHJ happen. For Cltample : no" OtKO; KOTOOKcud{CTOI un6 tlVCK;, " Every house is built by someone" (Heb. 3:4) . 4. ItutUive.-The present is sometimes used to describe that which recurs at sUcccS5i"e intervals. This is called the iterative present, and may be represented graphically by a broken line (----). ExampleJ are as follows : vYO'n:uw ~\; TaU oaI3P~ITOU , "I fast twice a week" (Luke 18: 12). KOS' filltpav dno8v10KW, "1 die daily" (1 Cor. 15:31).Spedal U. . of the Pr ~ lIt 1. Historical: 0/"11 GCriOIl elltirdy ill the p41t.- In bistorical narrative, the present is sometimes used of past eyenl5 in order to make them more vivid. This construction is very common in Mark and John. Thus, in Mark 5:15 we find: tpXOVTOI n~ lbv '1Iloouv, KO\ 8CWPOUOII/lOV OOL~OVt ~C~vov , "They come to Jesus, and they see the demonpossessed man.'" 2. Futu ristic: 0/ all actioll Jet/utun. -The present tense may sometimes be used of a future event when that event is regarded as certain to come to pass. Thus the " rutumtic" present describes with the vividness of a present reality that Thor; hislorical. fulurislic:, Ind ,nomic: pretenu lTIIy be cilher linelT or puncl iliar in fortt. dcpendin, on Ihe mumn, of lhe vrrb and lhe IlJnirlCllICe of the conUJ.I. Some Il'lmmlTli reco&lliu I1 "lIOmtic prrsenl'" 11. disline'l Cllraory. Ser 6" ltYTQt in Ma rk 2:5 11 In eumple . For I different interprelllion of IIlC' !IO-Calloed " h~o",,1 prnenl" lee Slcpbrn M. Reynokk , ' "'The Zero Trll$r in Greet" ( T1tc Nn<! TtSI/3l"1WnI Snuk",IlWo,k . Vol . 2, t4 . John H. Stillon). Essenlilllybe IrJUH th.at "if Ibc: conlC.1 ditlcmUlIIeS Ihll lbe IUnc of the lCtion WII in lbe pa$l , lbe present Irnse eould be: ll,lbt;I;IU Iec! for the putICnsc: " (po 100). Thus the himlflc.l present fUncl iolll lynLlaica lly IS. pasllensc: u!d is I presenl only in its luperrlCill fDml .
whleb bas not yet ODcUITed. (Cf. English, "The ship sail! tomorrow.") An example of this is found in John 14:3: tov nopEuBIiI .... na~lv tPXO/JOl 1101 nopaMW"'OIJOl UIJOC; n pac; tlJoUT6v , " If! go away . . . ,I am coming [_ will come] again and will receive you to myself (- take you to be with
me]."3. Pe,fecliVfl: of~"eclive Ilelion.- A very limited numbtr of verb5 have "perfective" force even in their prescnttensc forms. An example of this is "KW, "1 have come" (and "am here"). 4. CorwtiVt: of an act conltmplarl':d or Ilttempll':d.-The present tense is some times used to describe an action which is not actua lly rea lized but only purposcd or attempted. U$Cd in this manner. the present suggests that the action ttnds toward realization. Grammarians eall illhe " tcndential" or "cona tive" pre!it nl. Enmple: OlO notal' oUTlilv !pvov tlJt AISdCerc, "For which work ofthc!it arc you want ing tosta nc mcT' (John 10:32).
ReHin& As$IpuamtTranslate Ihe following passagcs, giving special attenlion 10 present-tense verb5: Mark 1:40: Luke 7:8: John 15:27; John 20:17: Gal . 1:6. 10.
3. lnapriye.- This is the use of the imperfect to p:tinl up Ihe /ngillning of aft action, o r 10 denote an action on the verge of occurring. It implies Ihat the acHon continues, but the stress is simply on its beginning. To bring out the idea in an English translatio n, onc must ordinarily employ the wo rd
"began ." Example: t61~oKtVQlhou~. "He began to teach them" (Matt. 5:2). Some grammarians call this the "inchoative imperfect." 4. Conative.- This is the use othe imperfect to express a naction ancmptcd or il1lt!rrUpfcd. The inference is tbat the end
necessity, propriety, Lesson 20.) This is somewhat like the potential imperfect in that it is a use of the imperfect for present time. That is to say, the obligation is a present thing. The imperfect possibly is used to suggest that it is an obligation carried over from the past into the present. Compare our use of the word "ought," a past tense of "owe." Example: OUK ~ Koi at ther;aOl TOV auv60uMv aou ... ; "Ought not you also to have mercyon your fellowserva nt . .. 1" (Matt. 18:33).Reading Assignment
Translate Mark 1:5, 21; Luke 3: 10; 24:32; Acts 7:26; Gal. 4:20.
3. Dtljbtrarjyt.-The futu re (fint person, singular or plural) is occasionally used in questions expressing a deliberative frame of mind. ElIample: KUPtt, npoc; Tiva ont;AcuaOl1cfJo, "Lord, to whom shall we go?" (John 6:68). t[Vt opo/wow Tflv ytvtav TOUTTlV; "To what shall I liken this generation?" (Matt. 11: 16). (Compare with the deliberative subjunctive, Lesson 21.) 4. Gnomic or customary.- The future is somelimes used 10 ellpress an action which is 10 be expected under certain circumstances (cf. Funk , p. 178). The element of futurity is very remote in this construction , the reference being to a general or timeless truth, valid for all times. Example: haOTO<; TO UStOV qlOpTlov (!oonjocl, "Each will [must] bear his own burden" (Gal. 6:5). 1J.6AtC; untp I5l1talou TIC; onoBa vl:iTOI, " One will hardly die (Le. is hardly willing to die) for a righteous ma n" (Rom. 5:7).
Read1a1 AssignmmtTranslate the following passages: Luke 1:13; 8:34; 11:5; John 14:26; Rom . 6: 14 ; Eph 5:3 1; Phi!. 3:21; James 2:8.
The Transbtlon of the Aorist Tense The Greek aorisl is not the exact equivalent of any tense in any Olher language . It may often be translated by the English past tense, but the aorist is much broader than the English past tense. In fact, it is translatable in almost every English tense except the imperfect (continuous past) . "The Borist ... is so rich in meaning that the English labots and groans 10 express it" (Robcrtson, p. 848). The context must decid~ translatio n.Aktlo,...tut of the Aoria The name o!the tense is d~rived from 6.6PlatO(O, "without limit," " unqualified." This suggests that the tense denotes a simple occurrence without defining or describing it; it says nothing about the progress of the action . Moulton observes that it presents "an event as asingle whole, without regarding
the time taken in its accomplishment" (Introduction to th~ Study of New Testament Greek, p. 190).
1be Uses or the Aoml TelLW' 1. Historical: in historical TUl"ation.- The aorist indicative is the normal tense to use in narrative, and the New Testament writers employ it in such passages unless there is good reaso n for using some other te nse. "Almost any page in the Gospels and Acts will show an abundance of aorist indicatives that illustrate this point" (Robertson, pp . 836, 838) . Note, for example. Mark 1:9-11. The historical aoriSI exhibits the following emphases:' (I) Ingressil,le or inceptil,lt. -Tbe aorist of ve rbs which denote a state or condition ordinaril y emphasizes entrance (Moulton , "point of entrance") into that state or condition. This is the ingressive or inceptive emphasis. J (Some call it 0 reign (be king), with " inchoative.") Compare POOLAeUIV, 1 poOlAOoal, to come 10 the throne (become king); Kpaniv. to hold, with KpaTf]OQI. to take hold of, to seize; (flv , to live, with l;r)oal, to come to life , to enter into life, or to return to life after death. The following are New Testament examples: 01 Uj.U:le:; trrrwxu(Jtv, "For your sakes he became poor" (2 Cor. 8:9). 0 Myoe:; 06p~ tytvro, "The Word became flesh" (John 1:14). to[yrzov ... TO nAii9cw:;, "The, The "lUeS" of the .orist are larsety it:$ uses in the indiaotive mode . The truee emphases of the toriSI lense may be found in Iny of the modes and iD the infinilive.nd paniciple . bu t tbey Ire seen lllCKt cluorly md Ire perl!.ps most !Iluoninafutlo observe in Mlrisl indiClltives used in hi:Jtork.l narntion. I The m,;ressive aGOsI should be compared with the inceptive imperfe<:1. The laller impliu the con t;nwllIce of the .aion; the .0riS! JAYS nolhing .bout this. The .(Iion may in fact continue, bul lhe aorist says nolhina about il.
A eltu
multitude became silent" (Acts 15:12). MdKPUC1V, " He burst into tean" (John 11:35). (2) Culminotive or effurive. -In some verbs the aorisl emphasizes the end of the action ralher than the beginning. This is ordinarily true of verbs which signify effort o r procu$. The aorist de notes the success of the effort . This contrasts with the conative imperfect, which suggests that the action was nOI successfully completed. (Verbs having to do with hindering , shutting, falling , learning, hiding, saving, escaping, t iC. , lend themselves to the culminative idea .) Examples: tyw yOp lyaSo", . .. QUTOP'U1C: &IVOI, " For I have learned ... to be content" (Phi!. 4: 11) . Kol KA&looSnlv 9Upov ... I " And having shut the door ... .. (Man. 6:6) . Some grammars use the words " perfective" or " resultadvt" instead of culminalive or effective. (3) . COlISliUivt'.--Oflen the Bon st simply views an action in its entirety and treats it as a single whole. This is the c:onstative (summary) emphasis.' Moulton says it "conceives the aClion as a whole without reference 10 Ihe beginning, progress, or end" (I, p. 72) . Robertson regards the conslative as " merely the IlQrmal lorist which is not ' ingressive' nor 'effective' .. (p. 832). It accents the middle point . One must remember, however, that the constative aorist may be used or an act which is not a point . In ract, it is often used in connection with verb roots that have a linear idea . In such instances the constath'e IOriS! views at a glance the whole TIle eubninative aorist is tomewhlu 5imilar to the perfect lense . bul thcreisa d ifference . The eulm iniltive IoOml indicatel the let o r prOUS$"I!i eomP'eled, bul ... ys IIOthin,aboul the oontinuaJW:C of results. TIle perfect tense eombinQ both of these ~a eomp!eted K1 and eon tinuin, IUUIIS . The aklionJa M of the verb rOOI plays I very impona nt role in the inps.sive and eulminativc aoriSIS . bul this clement is less coru;piawus in the OOI\J' ative IOml.
indicative is sometimes employed to describe a present fact or reality " wi th the certitude of a past event" (Dana and Manley, p. 198). Adverbs of time are commonly used in such constructions 10 make clear the present relations of time. The"dramatic" aorisl is very similar to the gnomic aoriS I, but in the lane r there is mo re of the axiomatic. The dramatic aorn! is sometimes used of a Slate of mind just reached (fyvwv T[ nOIl'low, " I know what I will do," Luke 16:4); or of act/olU which hovc:jusl haPMned, and thc: effect o f which reaches into the present; or it is used of a result which is on the verge of being accomplished. Examples; Nuv t6o{aa871 6 ulo<; "'[00 6vepilinou , "Now is the Son of man glorified" (John 13:31). KQuv6rjo&v yap eauTov Kol anchT'jAu8ev Kol euetw<; tneAaBTo, " For he looks at himself and goes away, and immediately fo rgets" (James 1:24). Reading Assignment Translate the fo llowing passages, laking particular note of Ihe ao risl verbs: Mall. 5:1; 7:28; Rom. 5:}4 ; 14:9; and Col. 4:8.
The Perfect Teuse The perfect tense, which Moulton ( Introduction, p. 40) calls the most important of the Greek tenses from an exegetical point of view, represents a completed state or condition from the standpoint of present time. Thus there is a double emphasis in the perfect tense: present state resulting from past action. In this respeet it may be said to combine in itself both the present and the aorist. ' That is to say, it is both linear and punctiliar. There is no exact parallel to the tense in English. ~ Four uses (or emphases) of the perfect may be observed: I. /ntensive.-The perfect may be used with the force of an, Funk observes lbal " before the fo rm II.Qetaroll.Q ' ) have placed'IJ'OSC. the ~Ilme idea ....15 expressed by l:xw (presenl) II.QroOTl'\oa~ ( aorisl ) . .. .. He JOC:S on 10 cJplllin Ihlll "I perfecl like m n .... 'lpUl/(Qrc may be re~lved into trt>.J1pUloo,Tt lI.al ..,0.., n.VJPT\~ tcrr(v" (p. i1S). I Some 81'11mmariam feel lhe~ is evidence thal Ihe perfect WII diminishinJ in use in lhe filll ~nlury A .O. and Ihallhe aori$1 10111$ beinl u!oed more IInd more (G . O . Kilpl lrick. "l1\e Greek N.. w Testament Texl of Today," 711 .. N~ Te$ta~"t in Historical o"d Cv"tt mporory PUJptive. ed. H . A nderson and W. Barelay, p. 204). But see Robcrtsoon. p. 894. for a d iffere nt pos.ilion.
emphatic present . Bunon explains that in this construction '; the attention is directed wholly 10 the present resultingstatc , the past action ... being left out of thought" (p. 37). Moulton calls these " Perfects with Present Force." Theirusage is confined for the most part to a few verbs which use
the perfect in this sense only, c.g .. ntnolBa, ~t~\ln~Ot, tCJTllI(Q, TtBVTlKO. Dana and Mantey , who do not limit the intensive perfect tQ this narrow range of verbs, explain that "this is the emphatic method ... of expressing a fact or condition. It is the strong way of saying that a thing is" (p. 202) . 2. COlUummotivc.-The perfect may be used to emphasize the completed action rather than the conlinuing results. Or, 10 stale it otherwise . the emphasis may be o n the completed process by which the resul ts came to be . This type of perfect, found mainly with verbs having linear roots, describes an act or process completed after effort. Examples: ncnArzpWKOTClny 'lcpouaaAl'UJ Tii~ 616axJi~ UIJ-WY. "You have fil led Jerusalem with your teaching" (Acts 5:28) . lOY KOAOy aywvo 1YWVIOfJOI, lOY 6p6lJoy TCTtAcKO, lilv nlaflY TCn)PI7KO, " I have fouglu the good fight, I have finished the course. 1 have kept the faith " (2 Tim . 4:7). 3. itt'fativt'.-The perfect may be used o f uptatt'd action. This use of the tense , relatively rare in the New Testament , is really only a special typt of consummative perfect. It , like the co nsummative perfect. stresses completed a cti o n ; but something either in the context or in the meaning o f the word (or both) indicates that the character of the action was iterative. Robertson calls it the " prese nt perfect of broken continuity" (p. 896). Examples: 6 flY an' 6pxtl~ . 0 dK1)KOOfJCY. 6 tWpdKOJJtv loi~ 6q:>eoAIJOi~ illJ-wv. 6 tecoaQIJ-e9a Kol 01xeipc<: fllJWV t~fl MqlflOOV . nepl lou
Myou Tt)e; ~Ulile; , "That which was from the beginning , that which we have heard , that which we have seen with our own eyes , that which we beheld , and our hands handled , concerning the word of life" (1 John 1:1). ~.I1'l llVO WV ontOTOAKo np6c; u~de;, lh' aUTClu tnAeavtK1T'jOO U ~Qe; , "D id I take advantage of you by anyone of the persons whom I have sent unto you?" (2 Cor. 12: 17). Bebv ouOde; tWPOKCV nWnOTe. ~ovoye vile; Bebe; b wv cle; Tbv 1<0AnOV 10U natpOe; tK&tVoc; t~'lYfl0010, " No man has seen God at any time; the only begotten God , who is in the bosom of the fathe r he has declared him" (John U8) . 4. Dramatic. -The perfect may be used to bring a past tl'ent l'il'idly into the present. That is to say. it may be used to describe an event or fact in an unusually vivid and realistic way. Robertson says the dramatic perfect represents an action completed in the past but "conceived in terms of the present time for the sake of vividness" (p. 896). (Compare the historical present and the dramatic aorist.) The dramatic perfect occurs in narrative material and is particularly promine nt in John's Gospel. Examples : ' looVVTle; ~apTupei nepl OUTOU K a t KtKpayCV 'Atywv, OUTOe; nv 0'01 &inov , 6 6niow ~ou tpx6~evoc; t~mpo09tv ~ou ytyovev, 6 n nponoe; ~OU nv , " John bears wit ness of him , and cries out , saying, This was he of whom I said, He that comes after me has become befo re me : fo r he existed before me" (John 1: 15). KOT&VOflOev yo.p touTbv Ko1 oncAryAu8cv Kol euetwc; tneMeeTo 6noioe; Jiv, "For he beholds himself, and goes away , and straightway forgets what manner of man he was" (James 1:24). eupwv lit :va nO~'fTl ~OV ~opyap [lnV 6ne~awv ntnpoKcv navTa Ooa dxv 1<0\ f\y6paoev aut6v , " And having found one pearl of great price , he went and sold all that he had, and bought it" (Matt. 13:46) .
,n1bt Pluperfect TtnM The pluperfect tense, found o nly infrequently in the New Testament, is to the perfect tense whallhe impcrfect is to the present. Thai is to say, it is an aux.iliary to the perfect, differing from it only in the matter of time. The perfect represents a completed Slate from the standpoin t of present time ; the pluperfect rep resentS a completed state o r condition from lite stllrldpoinl ofpast time. From this it may be seen that there is in the pluperfect a double emphasis: a past slate resulting from previous action. Its uses are the same as the principal uses of tbe perfect . I) Of verbs with a decidedly
linear emphasis the pluperfect has essentially the force of an imperfect ("intensive" pluperfect). 2) Mo re oneo it is used toemphasize an action completed and having results continuing up 10 some point in the past ("consummative" pluperfect). Examplt$ of the former are: John 1:31----Kayw aUI( tJl5ttv OUT611, "And I knew him not." Acts 1:1Q.-.6116pC; Ovo rrop!011')KtIUOv o(.I"[oiC;, "Two men stood by them. ,. John
9:22 contains a good example of the consummative pluperfect : ,,01'1 )"6p OUvTtelVTO 01 'Iouooiol, "For the Jews had already agreed."Tbe Future Perfect Tense The future perfect represents a completed stote or condition from the s,an.dpoi"tolluture ti1M , It sometimes has the force
of "a specially emphatic future, denoting the immediate ped ormance of a future action, or the permanence of its results" (Brua, p. 180).' It is rare in the New Testament and is found only in peri phrastic form . An example may be found in Mall . 16:I9-Kol 0 toll 6flOlJC; tnt TTic; Ylic; tOTal, F. F. 8r\1te, TIlt E",lislo Biblt. New York: Odord Univerlily Preu,
'"Reading Assignment
(je6tptvov tv TOie; oupavoie; , "And whatever you bind on the earth will have been (or, will be) bound in heaven."
Translate John 1:32,41; Rom. 5:5; and Eph. 2:8. Give careful attention to the tenses used.
The Participle(BurtOD , pp. 53-72; Dana and Mantey, pp. 220-33 ; Funk, pp. 212-20; MoultoD, I. pp. 221-32; 111 , pp. 150-62; Robenson, pp. 109S.1141; ~rwick , pp. 125-31.)Nature of the PartklpleThe vcry name of the participle indicates that it has 8 dual characler. It is a verbal adjective. sharing in part the
characteristics of both the verb and the adjective . As a verb it has voice and tense, may be either transitive or intransitive. and may take adverbial modifiers . As an adjective it isdeclined in a ll genders and both numbers. and may be used in a ny way that an adjective is used . Both verbal and adjectival e lements will always be present in the participle . though the
emphasis will vary. In one instance the adjectival force will come 10 the (ranI , and in another the verbal side will be stressed. " But the adjectival notion never quite di$3ppears in the one as the verbal always remains in the: other" (Robertson , p. 1101).ClassincalioD or the Partklple
The hybrid character o( the participle is responsible (or much diversity in its treatment by the. grammarians . I The, A $lIm"" ry of the ... OOu, met hods of clu sifying tM uses of ItIt. panlci ple may be fou nd in C. B. WiII i.rm, TII~ P.r1uiplt ill IM Book 0/ Atu (Cbicqo: The Uni~ rsity of ChaJO Pm'. 19(9) . pp. 1-6. OM
'"The Adjedlval PartIciple
following classification of its uses is based in the main upon that of C. B. Williams (The Participle, pp. 1-6).
The adjectival participle may function attributively, predicatively, or substantively. 1. A ttributive we.-When the participle is used attributively it fu nctions as the direct modi/iu 0/ a no un. If the article occurs with this constructio n, it may precede both the participle and the substantive . but it must precede the participle. Only o n rare occasio ns will the article be o mitted entirely. An example of the attri butive participle with the article may be seen in Col. I :25-tytv61lIlv tycil 6t6l<ovo~ KOTa TflY OIKovo~lav TOU 8tou"I""ilv c509ladv IJOt, "1 was made a minister accordi ng to the stewardship of God which was given me ." An instance of the attributive participle witho ut an article is Ihe fo llowing: &l 1)6tl~ ... au av 1)Tllao~ a UTov I(al MWKtV 6'1 001 u6w p {wv, " If you had known .. . you would have asked him and he would have give n you living water" (John 4:10). tyw tytv6llnv " KQTOOt6KOVO~/ IlOt
IT)oa : aUTov
'"wt.-T bis is the use of the participle a/tu a linkin g or copulative verb. In such cons tructi o ns the participle completes the meaning of the copula and makes a statem ent about the subject . This is the category for participles in perip hrastic const ructions and for participles functioning as predicate adjectives. Examples: flv tlC{JdMwv 6at~6vlov. " He was casting out a demo n" (Luke 11 :14). fll,lI'l\I lit
I flv
" tK~v
fll.lflV "
3. Substantive wt.-T he subslanlive participle 15 no/ accompanied by Q noun but itself functions as a noun . This constructio n may be ananh rous, but as a rule the article accompanies the participle when it is used in this manner. ElI:am ples: 6 rpo/JOUjltvoc; o (nov .. . 6K,,(O~ elm.., to'TlV, " The one rearing him ... is acceptable to him" (Acts 1O:3S) . av 1 0 tpX611CVCXj. "Are:: you the:: Coming One? " (Luke:: 7,20) .cpoPOUI.U:V~
to'TlV "
The circumstantial participle (sometimes called "adverbial") defines the circumstances under which the action of a verb takes place. Oavis sa~ of it: "The circumstantial participle is practically an additional statement added more or less loosely to the verbal notion of the principal verb. It may agree with the subject or object of the principal verb, or with any other substantive or pronoun in the sentence" (p. 105). The circumstantial participle never employs the article. The following ideas J may be conveyed, depending upon the context: I , The circumstantial participle may be (efic, expressing the purpose of the action of Ihe main verb. This is the principal use of the future participle. Example: t)..l'\AU9tl npoaKu'Il1owv le; 'Itpouoa.\fll.l, " He had come 10 Jerusalem for the purpose of worshipping" (Acts 8:27) , o,ntCJTttAtv Oll"[OV cuAoyouvro u",eiC; , " He sent him to bless (lil. , blessing) you" (Acts 3:20).
tATlM91tiC; Itpouoa.\fl", n poOKuvf](J(I)V
2. The circumstantial participle may be ttmporat, in which case it may be translated by " when," "after ," or "while.'" The t.ame participle may convey more than one o f tllcse ideas, A.llltudelll ll(riOIl relative 10 Ihe prineipal verb maybe up~ssc:d by the aon.t or tM perfect panicipk. More often than nOl . the .oris! participle will be used fo r thiJ . CollltmporullLQUS IICD'oIl rclalive 10 Ihe main ""rb is
ordinarily ellprcucd by IM present paniriple ; bul I~ aurist particip~. wllen used with a main ~erb in the aurist. often upreue'! rontemponneous Klion . SuOuqlUlIllICliOll ~Iativ" to the main verb may be upre1Kd by lhe futurc or thc pres.ent participle-mo~ oftcn by tbe hllu(c.
(Most circumstantial panciples will have something of the temporal idea in them .) Example : KO\ tA8Wv tKeivcx: t"tv~t':t tov K60lJov , " And that one, after he has come , will convict die world" (John \6:8) .
t)"9wv3. The circumstantial participle may be C Qusal, denotingthe ground of the action of the main verb . This is a frequent use of the participle. Example: txapTJoav auv 01 ~Q9"Tal
KU ,ov
4. The circumstanlial panicipJc may be conditional. in which case it functMlns as the protasis of a conditional sentence. Example: KQlpQ yc!1p I~~ 9plOOIJ&v 1.If! tKAut/. Jj&VOI, " For in due season we will reap if we do not faint " (0,1. 6,9) . (1'11-1&1.:;) 9tp!oolJv
tKAu6 evol
5. The circumstantial participle may be concenivt, exprcssing the protasis of a concessive sentencc. (The
Ttu: 'ARTIO'LE
concessive participle refen to an action which is unfavorable to the ocurrencc of the action of the main verb. The action of the main verb, then , is accomplished in spite a/the action of the participle . The English word "though " brings o ut this idea in translation .) Examples: Kol dtpcLAovn:c; dval 6166okaA.OI 610.. Tbv Xp6vov, nOAlv xplov lxtu TOO 61660ktLV U~U:lC; TLVO , " And although yo u ought to be. teachen because of the time, again you have need that someone teach you" (Heb. 5:12). A.Oj~opoUEJCVOj &u>'oYOUIJ&V, "Although reviled, we bless" (I Cor. 4:12).(ulJti<;) fxu&
6vov TOV(fllJtiC;) &uAoyoulJ&V &VOI
6. The circumstantial participle may be ilUtrumental, indicating the means by which the action of the main verb is accomplished. Example : TIC; EJCpIEJvwv6UVOTOL npoo9&tvat tnl Tflv f'lAIKlov OUTOO; "Who by being anxious is able to add to his stature?" (Man . 6:27).
7. The circumstantial participle may be modol, denoting the "UIl",U jn which the action of the main verb is dfected. Example : napaylvTQI ' lwavvnC; 6 Pamlcm'lc; Kf/PUOOOJV. "John the Baptist comes preaching" (Matt. 3:1) . 'loovv'l<; - PomtOl1'lC: napaylvtTOI 6 I( puaowvThe Supplementary" Participle:
The supplementary participle forms so close 8 connection with the principal verb that the meaning of the verb is incomplete without the participle . It is used with verbs of cognition or perceiving (e.g., oi60. I(QTavotw, YIVWCIIUIl, etc.), emo tion (Xaipw, 6pyil;oIJ,QI. etc.) , beginning. continuing. ceasing . and other similar words. It will, agree in case , gender, and number with a noun or pronoun in the clause of which it is a part. Example: ou naUOIJQ1 uxopu:rrfiJv untpUlJwv. " I do not cease giving thanks fo r you" (Eph. 1: 16).
Funk. states that the supple mentary use of the participle was disappearing in New Testament limes.(tyw)nOUOIlOt
ouThe IndeptndfDl PartkJpk
The independent participle (called participle of "attendant circumstance" by some) is the participle used to form an independen t sente nce or an independent clement within a Some I"'mmll!S alII thil I/Ie of the participle 'compleme ntary. " The term " Mlpp1cmentlry" n!ber tlwl "compkmcntary" is he re uled in onkr 10 avoid eonfluion with the part iciple uled as a prt:d iCllte eo mpkmcnt with a copulat ive vcrb. BI/non c,U, thi5 Ihe " wbstanljvc partici ple," explainin, that if _ I QIt ~li(m. " It IhllS pcrforl1l$ a funct ion which i:I moR eommoniy disctlar,td by the infin itive " (p. 175).
THt I'ARTICIPLt
sentence. It may be the equivalent of either an indicative or an imperative verb, depending for its precise force on Ihe context in which it is used. Robcrtson (pp. 1133-34) cautions tbat no participle is to be explained in this way if it can be properly connected wit h a finite verb. Examples: drroOTuyoDvrt~ TO novl'JPOv, KoMwptVol TW Oyo9(j.l, " Abh or the evil, cling to the good" (Rom. 12:9). M6.PKOV QvaAa,GWvdyt [JerO otoUToD, "Take Mark and bring him with you" (2 Tim. 4:11). The Participle as Equlvalrnt to a Subordinate Clause The Greek participle is some times the equivalent of a subordinate clause. Generally speaking, all of the abovenamed uses otthe participle may be subordinate clauses witb the exception nf the predicative participle, the circumstantial participle expressing means and manner, the supplementary participle, and the independent participle. The attributive participle is, as a rule, the eq uivalent of a relative clause. The substantive participle is generally the equivalent of a substantive clause. The circumstantial partic iple, with the exceptioru; noted above , is the equivalent of an adverbial clause. (See Burton, pp. 169, 171.)
\) np6yvwotv (vs. 2)2)
6YIOOIJG? (vs. 2) TlV&UIJOTO<; (vs. 2) (maKoTiv (vs. 2) a1lJoTo<; (vs. 2) t"ni60 (vs. 3)
3)4) 5)6)
4. List and classify all the participles of verses 1-5, using the following table:Related Word Verse Participle in form in sense Function adj .-anributive
\ :3
6.vay&vvl'laac; 86<;
, ,
2. Notes on the text: Vt'rs~6. ~ . if construed as masculine, may refer to 9t6C: or xptOT6c; of verse 3 (Hon), or to I(Q t ~ of verse 5 (Bigg, Robertson , ASV, KJV). U ~ is understood as neuter it may refer rather loosely to the entire thought of verses 3-5: "in which circumstances." This is the view of Beare. Selwyn, and O lhers . Viewed in this manner, tv 4l is practically equivalent to a conjunction , "wherefore." (Compare RSV , " In this;" TCNT. " At the thought of this.") 6yaMtoa9t should probably be interpreted as an indicative (ASV, RSV). not as an imperat ive (WilIiams , Weymouth). 11 is 8 descriptive (pictorial) present denotillg continuing joy in the midst of present grief. oAtyov is an adverbial accusative of time . 6t:ov is a pres. act. ptc., nom, neul. , sing. of the impersonal verb 6tl, "it is necessary." (Note the uncontracted form . Dissyllabic words frequently are not contTacted. This word does , however, contract in some of its forms .) An unexpressed tariv---some manuscripts contain it-should probably be understood with 6tov . making it a periphrastic construction. e1 6tov expresses a first class condition: "if need be," "since it has to be ." Verse 7. The root meaning of 601( 1~toV is " means of \utin,' or simQly " testini," (lames \ :3) . Here it is Qfobabll[ '--_.. . ...... - .... ~~~~~""&.~IIO&J:,,~ ~ :w..L.
"approved ." Beare interprets it to mean "sterling qualit: "fine metal." Se lwyn translates it " the proven pan." Hon, ScIU Jl1, Imf Kt"I.&/ awstmt:' /l'QAVrlptJTt:/JOr K with tUpt&T:i ; Beare taKes \'nese won\s \ 0 be a sort
paren thetical explanation of 00)(\",10'1 ... n[attlllt; . He construes tiC; t nQIVOv KT~ with euptej). lit gives a concessive sense to the partKiple i5oKtlla~ollt ...oU ( Robertson) . Vuse 8. Note QUK with 166VTtt;. The statement concerns a past historical fact, and the negative OUK is an attempt 10 emphasize this (Selwyn). tiC; Ov is 1 0 be taken with ntan:uo vu:c;. This leaves OpWvn:c; without an objecl , and makes for a slight irregularity. 3. Prepare a grammatical diagram of verses 6-9. (L.R. E ltiott'$ Syntax if! Diagram is a useful guide. Sce also the introduction to Unit II of Ihis book.) 4. List and classify all the participles of verses 6-9, using the lable on the following page. 5. Write Qui your translation of 1 Petcr 1:6-9.
l ,
6. list and classify all the paniciples of verses 10-12, using the format suggested in the preceding lesson.
2. Notes on the text: Verse / 3. Selwyn observes that lh6 is the usual particle when an author shifts the emphasis from statement to inference. We should therefo re understand this word as introducing a series of exhortations based upon and growing oul of the spiritual benefits set forth in 1:3-12. "Girding up" the loins of the mind suggests preparing oneself fo r strenuous mental activity. v1'ltpoV'u:.c:; primarily denotes abstentio n from drunkenness, but its reference is wider than this. Heare understands it to include the avoidance of "self-indulgenct: of every kind." It is here, he says. an injunction "to shun the intoxication of earthly things; truc sobriety:' he continues, "consists in having the affections 'set on things above , not on things o n the earth.' " T&)..eiwc:; likely should be connected wit h t)..nioan: , though Hort, Bigg, Beare , and o thers take it with vl'ltpOVT&C:; . Selwyn, who construes it with t)..niooT& , interprets the adverb 1 0 mean " unreservedly," " up to the hilt ." t)..nioot is ingressive. "fix your hope ," "start to hope" (Deare). It " implies the purposeful adoption of a new altitude of mind and hean " ( Seare). Aorist imperatives , which carry a note of urge ncy. are freque nt in I Peter. tnl may express either the ground of the hope (Hort) or the object of it (Bigg). Most interpreters ta ke tppolltV '1V as a passive of Iptpw in its usual sense of "bring." Deare thinks it is middle a nd explains that the middle of this verb may be used "in the sense of swift motion." Accordingly he re nders it "coming swiftly." Verse 14. ttKVO unoKof!c: is a Hebraism-unaKoi'!c; be ing
a dCSI.'riplive (anribulive) genitive. (Beare, however, under~tands unllKOi'l~ to be objective gen itivc-"childre n oom for obtdienu. ") (JuOXl'lI.loT;6IlcVOI i~ an independent p~nici plc having imperative force. a use of the participle not uncommon in I Peler. Vuse H. 1I0Ta expresse~ moral conformity 10 a pal1ern or standard. Note that lOV . .. o.Y IOV is modified attributivoly by KtlAtOQVTO. God is holy in the sense Iha1 he is separated from aJl eviL Scare points out that 6voarpoq.i) is "life in relation to others. "I! is a favonte word with. Peter , ~ ing used in his two epistles a total of eight limes. ycvf)9T')u: is ingressive . "begin 10 be." Ho rt understands it in the ,(nle of "show youm:lves \0 be." 3. Indicate Ih" case syntu of;1)uno K of)~
2) aylOv (V'!. 15) _ _.,.,-_-,--_ _,----_ _ 4. Explain the significance of ~O"&O"e& (vs. 16).
s. Prepare a grammatical diagram of verses 13-16. (U"" following page.) 6. List and classify all the participles of verses 13-16, using the format suggested in Lesson 36.
double consonant ( ,
$), or p normally. as here , form reduplication after the analogy of the augment. "'The
foreknowledge of God' conveys the thou ght of Will and Purpose ; that Christ is 'foreknown' means that His work in the world was ordained of God, that the fulfilment of God's purpose for the world was destined 10 be accomplished thro ugh Him ... ; God 'foreknew' Him in His function as Savior' .. (Beare) . tn' tOXthOU nilV Xp6vwv. lit" " in the last of the times," points 10 the present age as the fina l epoch of wo rld history. Verst 21. ntOTOuC; is used in the sense of "believing," a somewhat rare use of the adjective in the New Testament. tydpaVTQ is reminiscent of Peter's numerous references to
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
(vs. 19').)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
(vs. 21~)--:---:-_--:-_ __ -:---:---:S. Select all participles in the assignment and give the related word and function of each . (See Lesson .36 for format .)n[ott...
2. Notes o n the teJ.t: Verse 22. t'lVV1K6ne; , a perf. act . part. of 6VV~, denotes a definite act accomplished in the past. Hut more than this, it emphasizes the existing state or condition growing o ut of that act. Peter explains that this puri6cation--both act and state-came about tltrough obedience 10 the truth of tbe gospel. He further declares that the end and aim of the whole experience was de; !,ptAolif!A!,p(QV 6vun6KptToV. Heare, commenting on this terminal accusative construction, observes that " Christians are purified in heart, not for a solitary holiness, but for life in the divine society which is bound together b)' love. " Vene 23. Note tK and 6t6. The former suggests the origin or SOU1l'.e o f the new birth ; 6t6lmplies the mearu by which the new birth is effected . The two participles (~VTOe; and IJtvOVToc;) may modify either Myou or 9f!OO . The oontext ravon the latter construction. Verse 24. The quotation from Isa. 40:6-8 points up the contrast between tbe abiding character of God's word and the transitoriness o f earthly thinp. Vene 25. NOle the use of ~"IJO ("utterance") inslead of A6yoc; . de; UlJo.e;, a terminal accusative. is equivalent to a dative of indirect object. 3. Give the syntax of the following :
(vs. 22)1-_ _ _ _ _ _ __
'"_ __ _ _ _ _ __
4) U~QC; (VlI. 25).):-:-_:-:::-::---::_ _---;-:-:: 4. Select the panicipial fonns, indicating the usage of each and tbe word to wbich eacb is related .
5. Indicate the tense of eaeh of the following verbs and the significance of each.
2) t~tn&o&v (vs. 2A)::---:-:-:-:-::::::-::c:6. Prepare a grammatical diagram of I Pet. 1:22-25. (Use following page.)
TRANSLATION.um SVNT,u
Th. Inftnltlve(Burton. pp. 143-63; Chamberlain. pp. 104-109; DanaMantey. pp. 208-20; Funk. pp. 196-212; Robenson. pp. 1050-95 ; Zerwick, pp. 13236.) Nature of the InnnUJve The infinitive, like the participle. is a hybrid. But wbereas the participle is a declinable verbal adjective. the infinitive is an indeclinable verbal no un. As a verb the infinitive has voice and tense, may take an object, may be modified by adverbs, and may be used in the expression of verbal ideas. As a noun it may be used in any way a noun can be used . In some examples the verbal aspect will be uppermost, and in some the noun force will be dominant . Both characteristics, however. will always be present . " It is not just a substantive, nor just a verb, but both at the same time" (Robenson, p.
u.. of the
The use of the infinitive in Greek is much wider than the use ofthe infinitive in English. "It is sometimes translated by the English infinitive, or by the Englisb verbal noun [gerund] in ing, and sometimes by the English Indicative. Subjunctive. or even Imperative mood" (Nunn, p. 87) . The following categories, based on the alT8ngement of Nunn (pp. 8889), suggest the principal uses of the Greek infinitive : I. It maybe useduQ noun e.kme.nt in the sentence . That is to say, the infinitive sometimes performs the typical noun functions of subject , object. appositive, and modifier. Note the following examples: Subje.ct: OUK ul-lcirv tatlv yvwva.
..XPOvouc; '" KQLpOUt; . "To know times or seasons is neyours" (Acts 1:7). Object: "P~QTO 6 '1I1oou<; nOlcrv u KC
" Jesus began to do and to teach" (Acts 1:1) (Some grammars speak of this as "complementary."Appositive: 8PI1OKt lO Ko6opQ Kol Qj.llovtoc:; ... QOT
tOl'iv, tnlaKtrrrea8al 6pcpavauc; Ko1 Xl'lpac;, " Pure an undefiled religion ... is this, to visit orphans and widows (James 1:27). Modi{url : t6wK V o"1'oIC; t~ouolav Thv 8ou yevto8ol, " He gave them tJle right to become (ebecoming] children of God (John 1 :12). xpelQv fXT TO f5/6dO'K /V "[WO UlJac;. " Y ou have need that someone teae you" ( Heb. 5: 12) . OUK llJllI(Qv~ AlioQ/, " I am nOI worth
Time:' ~I!Tb lit TO tycp9f/VollJ, "After I have risen ," (Matt . 26:32) . Cawe: 001< tX.T 6u~. TOIJf'l aiTl:iC1901UIJOC;, " You do not bave because you do not ask" (James 4:2). 3. It may be used as an indeJUndmt element,' a~ in the greetings of letters and in the exprcuion of a command. In these constructions it is equivalent 10 a principal clause or an independent sentence. An example of the infinitive used in a grcaing: ' l{u(w~ 901l Kol Kuplou 'Inoou XPLOTOO 6ou1..~ Toic: 6c,i)6CKQ tpuAaic; laic: tv Tt} luaanopi! XalpclV, " James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ. to the twelve tribes which are in the Dispersion . greeting" (James 1:1). (Some , c .g. Burton , say the infinitive in a greeting is to be understood as the object of an unexpressed verb, such as Atvw.) An uample of the infinitive used 10 express a command may be seen in Rom . 12:1>-xa(p'jv~ETo. xalp6vTwv, KAafc'v lltTo. KAalOVTwv, " Rejoice with those who rejoice. weep with those who weep."Wri(f~" AJSj8nm~tIl:
indicatin& the function of each and the word to which each is relaled .
In R'\.ilion to the: klion of lhe main vub. the infimlj"" INIY cxpttu IIflln:,ttk'" 00.. (npiy or nply '" folloo1 by the: inflnili"c). , imoJ,...tofIJ 1IUiq" (h TU! followed by the infinitive), and s"bJtqut'" OI, nOll ( II-eta Ta fol\olt.ed by tM infinili"C) . Some ".mmarianslpuk ofltlis IS the ",bsollllc" IIIe ofltlc lnrmitive.
Slone), and is to be distinguished from ntTpcx;, a loose stone, . and from ntTpa, a rock. Verse 5. olKoC; combines the ideas of house and household, but likely the stress here ison house (temple) . The thought is
that the people of God are a temple of God. The main emphasis , however. falls on the phrase eh; lp6uu~a dymv.Believers, then, are envisaged " not so much as a temple, but as the holy priesthood who inhabit it" (Kclly) . lpOT&uIJO, a collective word meaning a company of priests, refers to the vocation of the people of God. This vocation is funher defined by QVvtyKQl (aor. inf. of 6.vacptpw). Bigg construes olKolio~Jf;iae as an imperative (cf. RSV) ,
but probably Hort, Robertson, Selwyn, Seare, Kelly, and others are correct in taking it to be an indicative. 3. Select the paniciples, indicate the word 10 which each is related , and classify each according to usage.
.om SYNTAX
4. Explain the usage of 6 Vf!VtYKOI and indicate Ihe word 1 0 which il is related .
, Relati~ pronouns sometimes inlroduteclaU5Cs which have , because of the conteJIl slight causal ,ignifiC8nce. Thb is probably tNe of this present passage (cl. RSV: "for they stumble").
MY4l is a dative of direct object and is probably to be construed with 6nf:LeOUVT~ . l<; 0 Kol tTt9T1OQV should be construed with npooK6mouatv, not O:nleoijvt~ . h is the stumbling (the penalty of disobedience) that is ordained, not the disobedience itself. "The will of God decrees the ruin of unbelief. as surely as the exaltation of faith" (Beare). Verse 9. Onw~ introduces a purpose clause. 6p&T6.~ may ences," " mighty works," etc. The word was mean "exceU aeneral enough to be used of any preeminence (moral , intellectual , etc.). 3. Select the relative pronouns of this passage and indicate the case syntax of each.
(vs. 17) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ I
3) 6.ya non (vs. 17)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ S. Write out your translation of verse s 11-17.
(6 MyoC;) .. At bottom , grammar is teaching about the sentence" (Robertson, p. 390). An accurate and thorough understanding of the sentence is therefore essential for the study of any aspect of the Greek New Testament . Our discussion conce rns 1) the definition of the sentence , 2) the parts of the sentence, and 3) the classification of the sentence. Dtfinition Jespersen defines the sentence as "a (relatively) complete and independent human utteranco--the completeness and independence being shown by its standing alone or its capability of standing alone, i.e. , of being uttered by itselr ' (p. 301). Robertson, alluding to the terminology of Giles, calls it the "combination of 'the small coin of language' into an intelligible whole" (p. 390). Mo re simply stated, a sentence is a group of words so related as to express a complete thought. It may be in the form of a statement (dfararivt sentence) , a question (interrogative sente nce), a command (imperaTive sentence) , or, occasionally, an exclamation (adamalory sentence). 1, Some grammarians lisl only three classes of sentellCe$, omitting the uclamalory.
..Parts 01 th~ ~lI'tnCt '11Ie two mttlti(JI eiemtllu.-5ince a sentence must tlCprcss
complete thought, it must bave a subject and a predicato--either expressed o r implied . ThUll , the subject, that pan of tht- sentence concerning which an assertion is made, and tbe pndicatt, that part of the se ntence which makes the assertion about the subject, are the two esscntial elements in any sentence. Robertson (p. 396) calls them the tWO radiating foci of the sentence and explains that everything else in the sentence revolves around , and is an expansion of, these elements. The predicate properly conlaim the substance of the sentence; the sub}ect is subordinate to it and can be expressed in Greek by tbe mere perwnal ending of the verb.' ExpDlISion 0/ tM subject and pndicale.-Bolh the subject
into various types may be based on the mmtal anihuk 01 tM speabr or writer in expressing his thought . It is on this basis that sentences are spoken of as declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory. Second, sentences may be classified according to the number and kind 0/ clDwu they contain. Usually three types are named: simple sentences, compound sentences, and complex sentences. The simple utUem:e.-A simple sentence is a sentence oontaining one main clause and no subordinate clauses. It may be long or short , so long as it has only one subject and one predicate. To be sure, the subject or the predicate or both may be compound, but that does not affect the essential character of the simple sentence. The compound sentence.- A compound sentence oomists of two or more independent clauses, each of which is practically equivalent to a simple sentence. As a ru.le, the independent clauses in a compound sentence are connected by co-ordinating conjunctions (Robertson, p. 428). Only infrequently is the connective omitted. The complu sentence.-A complex sentence is onc which contaifl5 one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.' The independent clause in such sentences is often called the principal o r main clause, and each dependent clause is spoken of as a subordinate clause. Other terms used are paratactic (for the principal clause) and hypolaClic (for the subordinate clause). The compound-complu senknce.- Any principal clause of a compound sentence may be modified by a subordinate clause. Hence the definition: a sentence conlaining two or This Is the convenrional definition of the compln !lentence , bullbere Is a type of complex sentence in whktl the principal clause Is of iI!le1f not dearly applI'enl ; fOT Ulmplt . t hoK senlenctl in wtUch Ihe ooUII CLaUK 3 used as subject or object of tile principal ~rb .
DefinitionGrammarians arc not in complete agreement in their use of the word "clause," Bonranlc , for example, ("aause," Collier'~ Encycfo~di4, vol. 5, p . 343) defines the clause as a
"linguistic unil, whether a sentence or pan of a sentence , which without amplification expresses a meaning." As may be sccn, this definition is broad enough to include the simplesentence under the designation of clause. Most authorities. however. exclude the simple sentence [rom this category a nd restrict the term "clause" 1 0 those units of thought which form a part of a complex or compound sentence .
sentence by relatives, by conjunctioM. by participles. and by infinitives. Consequently. these linking words form the basis for the division of subordinate clauses according to their structural ronn .Re41tjlle Clauses
Relative clauses, the most frequently used of all tbe subordigate clauses, are inuoduced by reiative pronouns. TyfH!S of 1~41tille c41uses.- Relative clauses are eithet definite or indefinite. The definite relative clause describes a particular individual or group and is equivalent to English clauses introduced by " who," " which," or " that ," In Greek they are gene rally introduced by 6<; but occasionally by batlt:. Indefinite relative clauses deseribe anyone or anything in general . They correspond to English clauses introduced by "whoever" or " whichever." Though 6<; may sometimes be employed, they are usually introduced by 6anc;. The idea of indefiniteness may be heightened by the use of bv in the relative clause.Rdatiol1 of the rewt{ve c41use to the element on which it is rkpendenJ.-Each relative clause is basically either adjectival
or substantival . That is, it either describes an antecedent by giving an adherent attribute-tbe mo re frequent construe tion--or it performs a typically substantive function within the sentence. But although a relative clause is always either adjectival or substantival, it may in certain contexts imply a subsidiary adverbial idea, such as cause. purpose. result, condition, or concession. Robertson (pp. 960-62) lists these adverbial Robc:rtIOII Cp. 954). Cbambcrbin CP. \63) . Dana aDd Manter (p.17I). Bllrton C p. 11). and OI:ben dusify III rdative dauxs thole introdueed by ~lIoti~ adw:rbs as well III tho$e introdlld by ~lati~ pronolllK. Bue in thil manual . ~lalive adveriltwin IK ronsidemt as ronjllnclioM.nd lbe daUIII!:5 they introdllce u ronjuncliye elauses.
DOtions as special uses of relative clauses and explains that they are not inherent in the relative itself. They are rather due to the IoJica.l relation of the relative clause to the rest of the sentence, and bence it is only inferentially that one gets them out of the relative. Conjunctive Clauses Conjunctive clauses are those introduced by means of a conjunction. Kinds of conjunctiofU. -The superior precision of the Greek language is in part due to the abundance of connectives in its vocabulary. Among these connective words the ronjunctions must take the place of greatest importance . They ronnect words, phrases, clauses , sentences, and even paragraphs, and thUJ " fonn the joints of speech" (Robenson, p. 1117). The two kinds of ronju.ncttofU-Coordinating and subordinatiltf-make clear the relation between the two elements which they unite. The coordinating ronjunctions join paragraphs, sentences, clauses, phrases, or words of equal g.ramrnatica.l value. The most common coordinating ronjunctions are Kal ; Tt and its compounds (ttu, oC/n, and l"n'lTt); y6.p; at and its compounds (ouat and ~at) ; 6AA6 ; 1\; ~Y j and ouv.J The subordinating ronjunctions introduce clauses which are subordinate to some other part of the sentence. Relation of the conjunctive clause to its principal clause.The subordinate conjunctive clause may stand in one orthr; relations to the clause on which it depends: 1) The most frequent use of the conjunctive clause is as an advtrbilll modifier, upreuina such ideas as time , purpose, compari F~ fuU trcalmcnl of ooordinad.1II c:onjullCli0n5. KC RobclUOn . pp. 1178-9'2 For lhorough dilcu...ion o f wbordillllin, c:onjundioll:l , see Robe rtlOl'l, pp. 9Q.\049.
conjunctive clause may be substllntival and function as subject, object, appositive, or subjective complement. ' 3) Occasionally the conjunctive clause is adjecrival, describing some substantive in the sentence.'
Participial ClausesPanicipial clauses are those which connect with other parts of the sentem:e by means of a participle . For a discusston of the paniciple and its uses, see Lesson 35.
In/lniriva! CwusesInfinitive clauses are those which connect with other pans of the sentence by means of an infinitive. For a discussion of the infinitive and its uses see Lesson 35.
A substantive clause is a clause used in the sentence as a' noun. It may be the subject of the verb , a subjective complement,' the object (either direct or indirect) of the verb, or an appositive modifier. Substantive clauses may be relative, conjunctive , panicipial , Of infinitival.'1bew: Ire mosl ofttn introduced by lvo and 6n. FOf eumple. \ocII1 clall$CS introduced by ov and Onou. l'bat is. a pred icate nominat ive.
Adjut;vtJ/ Cfausd Adjectival clauses modify nouns or noun-elements in sentences, as adjectives might do. They arc either restrictive or nonrestrictive. The restrictive clause defines the word which it modifie s and is essential to the definiteness of its meaning. The non restrictive clause describes the word which it modifies but is not essential to its definiteness. In English the nonrestrictive clause is set off by commas. Adjective clauses are most frequently introduced by the relative pronoun and by the participle , but a conjunctive clause may occasio nally be adjectival in force. (See note 8 of this Lesson.) AdverbitJ/ CltJuses An adverb clause qualifies a verbal idea in a sentence . Such clauses usually express cause, comparison , time, purpose, resull , condition , or concession. They are commonly introduced by conjunctions, participles, and infinitives." In rare instances , the relative clause conveys a subsidiary adverbial idea (Robenson, p. 960; Dana and Manley , pp. 272-73). When this is true, the relative clause in reality partakes of the nature both of the adjectival clause and the adverbial clause (Burlon, p. 82).
,. For a detailed analysis of the many pouible IX)I1S\rUClions in the exprelSlon of these .dverbial ideu. conllul! Robenson. pp. 962- 1027; D.DI .nd Mantcy, pp. 274-91.
'"3} 6.vu).,ot&6pet (vs. 23)1-_ _ _ _ _ _ __4) 16:9rrn (vs. 24)'_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
S) tru:OTp6qlrrn; (vs. 25!_)_ _ __ _ _ __ 4. Using the patlern given in earlier lessons, classify the(ollowing participles:
0< (",
0< (", 2 4 ) ! _ - - - - - - - - - -
(vs. 24)
2. Notes on the text: Verses 1-6 are addressed to Christian wives; verse 7 is addressed to Christian husbands. Observe that in the discussion of the duty of the wife Peter assumes that her husband is a pagan. In the statement about the duty of the husband it is assumed Ihat his wife is a Christian. Vtrst I. 6 ~0iwc:; is not to be construed with unoTocro6!.I&VOI but with YUVOiK&<;. That is 10 say , it is used here simply as a connective and denoles that this paragraph is one of a series (d. Arndt and Gi ngrich, p. 571 ). Verse 4. 6cpe6pTC!) may be masculine agreeing with an unexpressed K60IJ<!l. Or it may be neuter-" that which is incorruptible ." nvtUIJQTO<; may be either possessive genitive or genitive of identity. VUSt 6. The tcnse of tytvflenTt (vs. 6) is difficult to interpret. It may be an instance of the gnomic (timeless) aorist. If so, it should be translated by the English present, "you show yourselves to be." If it is historical aorist, the force of it is to point back to the time of conversion. Verse 7. 61lol~ is a connective, just as it is in verse l.l;wi')<; is likely a genitive of identity. tiC; T6 with the infinitive expresses purpose. 3. Select the participles, indicating the usage of each and the word 1 0 which each is related .
'"conditional sentence . The protasis is expressed ; the apod05is is unexpressed. (Compare with verse 17.) lopoX8f1n is from "[opOoow. J. Select the verbals of VI. 1(}'12 and indicate the related
1) KAnpovo",flann (vs. 9)2) 3) 4) nau06Tw (vs. 10)
6. Pick out all of the conditional sentences and indicate the class to which each belongs.
(", 19)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
2) 0 (vs. 21) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
I) . Vuse 3. The t.hree perfects of vem 3 emphasize the thought that the readers' past " is a closed chapter" (Seare). Robertson takes ntnoptUlJtvouc; to be a substantive use of the participk. functioning here as an acalsative of reference with the infinitive KOTttpy606oL Verst's 5 and 6 raise two principal questions: I) Who are tbe dead~ 2) When was the gospel preached to them~ Verse 7 indicates thal the judgment of which Peter speaks is an imminent matter (cr. 1:20) , Vuse 8. Peter's reference to love covering a multitude of sins likely means that love is willing to fo rgive again and again. VerseJ 911. The concluding verses of Ihis paragraph suggest that the life regulated by grace cannot reflect grumbling, only goodness.".
J. Give the case , related word , and funCTion of the following paniciples:
KQTt,pyao9Q' (.... 3'_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Kplval (.... 5''l-_ _ _ _--,-_ _-,----,-_ thw: clauses according 10 form and funCTion:
1) 011 ( .... 1_ __ _ _ _ _ _ __2) tit; ta (vs. 2") _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
(vs. 12)1-_ _ _ _ _ _ __
1 (vs. 14)
1 (vs. 16)(IT!
6) I (vs. 18)5. Give the case syntax of these words:
(vs. 12)(vs. 14)
3) 4) 5)
. . 1
TRANSLATION AND SYNl'AX reference to aged pel'$Ons and not with reference to the office of elder. K0],1lia9& is Ionic future of KOI.Ill;ol.lm. 3. Give the sYntax of the following:
6.noKoAumea8ct (vs.
_ __ _ _ _ __
_ _ _ _ _ _ __
2. Notes on the text : Verses 6-11 continue Peler's discussion of the Christian's responsibility in the midst of trials. In verses 1-4 he set forth the duty of elders. In verse 5a he mentioned the duty of younger believers. In 5b-11 the discussion concerns all believers. They are exhorted to humility, sobriety, watchfulness, and resistance to the devil. Verse 6. TontVWOflT may be interpreted "allow yourselves to be humbled," that is, "accept your humiliation" (Selwyn). Peter appears to have in mind the sufferings discussed in 4:12-19. The reference to the " mighty hand of God" is to give the readers "assurance that God has nol forsaken them in their tribulation o r left them unprotected in the hands of their enemies. His 'mighty hand' is over them-for judgment, but also for their protect.ion" (Beare). KQliXil is almost equivalent to our "in good time ." Beare understands it in the sense of "appointed time ." VUlt' 7. ~tAt is an impersonal verb and may literally be translated "it is a care." God is concerned about our troubles, Verse 9. aTtptot speaks of "a flint-like resolution" (Selwyn). tlMttt; with an infinitive normally would mean "knowing how to," but Sclwyn feels it is beucno take it here in the simpiesense, " knowing." (See Beare for a presenlation of the view that the construction means "knowing how to. ") Tb aUTb TWV noOfl~6TW\l is an unusual construction. SeJwyn takes it to mean " the same tax of sufferings." noOfl~6TWV is probably a genitive of identity. VUSt /0. KOTOPTw was sometimes used of mending nelS
and of ~pajring and refitting a damaged ~jp . Peter declares, by his use of Ihis word , that God will repair the damage done 10 his readen by the ravages of persecution. Verses 1214 conclude Peler's letter, Note Ihe part played by Silvanus in Ihe writing of this letter (vs. 12). Verse 11. 6 1 ' 6Mywy is an idiom for " briefly ." The literal meaning is " through few (words)." typol.\lO is epistolary aorist . Verse 13 presents two interpretative problems which revolve around the expression " elect lady" and the tenn "Babylon." Some commentalors insist that the " elect lady" is Peter's wife while othen are equally sure thal the expression refers 10 the church in "Sabylon ." The latter term may be a reference 10 tbe actual Babylon (in Mesopotamia) or the mystical 8 abylon (Rome) u described in John's RevelatKIO . (There was a Babylo .n Egypt, but it was little more than a Roman military outpost .) Bi88, Robenson, Selwyn, and Beare believe Babylon to be a reference to Rome. 3. How are the following imperatives used?
I) Ton&tvw9llu (vs. 6)2) Nfllllou (vs. 8)
3) YPllyopfloaTt (vs. 8)
6VTiOTIlT& (vs. 9)
I) KOTom&1v (vs. 8)2) tnlTt:A&i09ol (vs, 9)3)
2) O n (vs. 7)1-_ _ __ _ _ _ __ _3)
<lx; (vs, 8) _ _ __
_ _ _ _ __
1. Learn the principal parLf of as many verbs as possible; there is no substitute for this. The principal parts of a verb are the first person singular indicative forms of every syslem used by that verb. Example : Auw. Auaw, tAuaa, AtAuKo,AtAUIJOI, tAu8'lv,
2. Study the stem, and remember that there are tensesterm and verb stems. Sometimes the tense stem and the verb stem are the same. For example, the verb stem of Auw is I\u- and the present tense stem is also Au-. But often tense stems, by means of prefixes and other modifications , are different from verb stems. In Atinw, for instance , the verb stem is Aln-, the present tense stem is Atm-, the aorist tense stem is Aln-, and the perfect tense stem is M:Ao,"-. 3. Look fo r other distinguishing tnI1rks, such as: l).A.ugment. lithe verb has an augment it is either an (Jorift, imperfect, o r plu~rfect indicative. These are the secondary (historical) tenses and carry the augment in the indicative. The augment is either syllabic(as in fAuov) or temporal (as in l'ly6T11100) . If an indicative verb has no augment, it is a present, future, perfect, or future perfect. These are the primary tenses. The primary tenses have primary endings in the indicative; the secondary tenses have secondary endin8' in the indicative. (Note : the terms " primary" and "secondary" apply only 10 the tenses of the indicative mode.) 2) Tense suffix. These are as foUows : Present: None ImperfeC1: None. (TIle imperfect is made on the present stem and is a pan of the present tense system.)
Second DOnst passive uses -n- wherever the fint aonsl used -en- and -t- wherever the first aoris! uses -e-. FiTst futuTe passive : -ena- as in Auel'loo~ol. Second f urure passive: -no- as in ypaqll'loolJol. 4) Reduplication. Usu all~ the reduplicatio n of the verb stem indicates a perfect, but there are a few reduplicated presents, like 61lXuIJt and reduplicated aorists, like t'lyoyov. In the perfect . reduplication runs through all the modes , the infinitive, and the participle-and in this is unlike augment. The perfect indicative of Mw is AtAUKO; the subjunctive is AMKW or AtAuKWc; W, the infinitive is AtAuKtvOt; the participle is AtI\UKWc; . Note that the reduplication in some verbs is like augments, as fYVWKO (ytVWoKW), tOnOPIJOI (oneipw) , fOTTlKO ('IOTTlIJI), etc. S) Mode Sig" . Remember that the subjunctive. the imperative. and the optative never have the augment. The indicative has no distinctive mode sign . In thematic fonn s the vowel is short in the indicative , as in AuolJv, The subjutICtive uses the lengthened (ann of the thematic vowel , wIn. 85 its mode sign , as in Auw~l(;v , The imperative has no distinctive mode sign, The thematic (onns use the short vowel t / o . To recognize the imperative you must know its personal endings. The optative uses -In- in nonthematic fOrmJ, as in Aueelnv, and -I- in thematic (onns, as in AUOI\J1 and I\UOOI\J1 [the -0here serves as thematic vowel.] 4, Give attention to the personal endings, They indicate : I) The person of the verb, 2) The number of the verb. 3) The voice of the verb, The active voiu uses the active endings, The middle voiu uses the middle endings , .5 in MOlJqt. The ptLJsive voice uses the middle endings, in the present,
as in )"UO~Qt; the imperfect , as in t"u6~'1v ; the perfect , as in ).tAu~QI ; and the future passive, as in )"uBf1oo~QI . The BOriSt middle may always be distinguished at 01"lCt from the BOrist passive , since the aoris!. middle uses middle endings, as in tAuoO~'1v , and the Rorist passive uses active endings, as in tAuBf]v. 4) In the indicative they tell whether the tense is primary or secondary. The tnftnlUve 1. The infinitive has no augmetll,. but it does have reduplication in the perfect. 2. Observe the tense stem. 3. Determine the voice by the ending. In the infinitive these arc as follows : -VOI in the present and second perfect active of -~.Il verbs, 85 Tt8tvOt and taTOVOI; and in first and second aorist passive, as )..u8i!vQI and ypaCPi!QI. -VQL in the perfect active, as in )..&AuKtvoI. -01 in the first ROrist active, as in "0001. -oBoI in the present, future , and perfect middle and passive, as Au09ol, "UOo6ol, )"&AUo8ol, and )..uBflo&09QL -&V in the present and second BOrist active of -w verbs and all active futures , as )..U&LV, "un&{v and AUolv. The -tV of the ending contracts with the thematic vowel ( &) to make -ttv.The Partklph 1. The paniciple has no augment, but it does have reduplication in the perfect. 2. The formative element of all active participles (except the perfect), and of the passive participles of the fint and second aorist, is -VT . Tbi5 is seen in, AUwv (for AUOYlI),
).UOVTD<; and TletVTD<;. 3. The perfect active paniciple is a specialized formation . The fint perfect participle of Mw is ).).Ul(~ . The second perfect participle of VtVO~OI is Vvov~ . 4. The formative element in all middle and passive participles (except tbe aorist passive) is A~&V . It is seen in the following forms : ).u6~&vo<;, ).u~cvD<;, and ).c).UlJVoc;. 5. The gender and number of the participle will be determined by its case endings.
c-.a1S._1. Be on tbe aJert for tbe contract verbs. The more commo n ones are 6yon6.w, T4JOW, nOltw, n).npbw, qlLUw.
etc. Contraction takes place only in the present and imperfect tenses , and it isoruy in these tenses that the contract verbs are diffe rent from other verbs , 2. Master the personol endings. The personal ending of verb helps designate the voice, person, number, and (in the indicative) the tense . 3. In paning the verbs, use this order: tense, voice, mode, person, number, Thus ).utl is the present, active. indicative, third person, singular of ).(JUl. 4. Develop the habit of analyzing the verb forms which you locate, llIustrations: t).uo(Jcv may be divided into parts: t).u-O-lJCV; t- is the augment ; -).u is the tense stem (the verb stem as well); -0- is the connecting vowel; A lJCV is the secondary active fint person plural personal ending, The augment tells that this form must be either the imperfect, the aOrist, or the pluperfect; also that it must be the indicative mode, for the
subjunctive, the imperative, and the optative are uoaugmented . The ttnse stem -Au- is the same as the present stem , indicating that this is an imperfect, the imperfect being built on the present stem. The conructing vowel -0- is the short vowel, indicating that this form is an indicative . (It cannot be subjunctive, infinitive , imperative, or participle, because it has an augment.) The persorwl ending -jJEV shows that this is a first person plural , and that the voice is active (keeping in mind that tbe aorist passive also uses active endings) . The primary ending is the same as the secondary here , so the ending does not leU whether the tense is primary or secondary. but the augment tells this . We conclude, therefore, that this form is the imperfect, active , indicative, first person , plural of Mw. M:Auj.ltvoc; may be divided into parts: AE-Au-j.lE ....-oc;; Atis the Ttdup!icalwn; -Au- is the verb stem; M:Au- is the tense stem; -j.l&V- is the participial suffix; -oc; is tbe case ending . The reduplication AE- shows that is a perfect. The formative suffix -j.lEV- shows that it is a middle or passive participle. The case ending -oc; shows that it is the nominative, masculine singular. We conclude, therefore, that this is the perfect, middle or passive participle, masculine, nominative , singular of Auw. S. Develop the habit of writing down and tooking up every verb form tbat you cannot locate . Learn the present indicative active first person singular (or tbe middle, if the verb is defective) of every verb, and then take the trouble to observe the peculiarities of individual verbs. Again , learn the principal pans of as many verbs as possible .
fundamentals of the Greek language , such as declension, conjugation, etc . In addition to this you must make frequent use of a good grammar and a good lexicon . The grammar will help you 10 understand syntax-the relationship of words, phrases, and clauses to one another. The lexicon will enable you to get at the exact meanings of words. 4. When you have studied thoroughly each word in a sentence and feel that you have a grasp of the meaning of the passage, you are ready to translate the total idea into English . Do not attempt to translate any Greek passage into English until you know what the passage means. S. Do not use commentaries or other translations except to check the conclusions which you have reached independently in your own study. 6. Keep a notebook containing your own translation and the pertinent information about words which are not familiar. 7. Go over the passage a second or third time, consulting your notes when necessary and comparing your traru;;lation with that given in a version such as ASV or NASB .
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