text:
§ Q1. Mr. Turton
asked the Prime Minister what progress he has made in his discussions with the leaders of the Common Market countries on the proposals of the former President of France for a free trade area in Europe.
§ The Prime Minister (Mr. Harold Wilson)
Her Majesty's Government's position on General de Gaulle's ideas on this subject was made clear by my right hon. Friend the Foreign and Commonwealth Secretary in his statement to the House on 24th February and in his subsequent replies to Questions.—[Vol. 778, c. 1088–9, 1101–3.]
§ Mr. Turton
Is the right hon. Gentleman not aware that the expansion of the European Free Trade Area to include other countries in Europe, countries across the Atlantic and the more developed countries of the Commonwealth, would command far wider support among the British people than the proposals of Herr Strauss that Britain should be absorbed into a West European federation?
§ The Prime Minister
In this matter the former President of France did not envisage the extension to the N.A.F.T.A. countries that the right hon. Gentleman has in mind, and which he has previously raised in this House. It was an attempt to provide—as we always felt—a very inadequate substitute for our application to join the Common Market. I very much doubt in present circumstances whether we shall hear very much more of the proposals that President de Gaulle put forward on that occasion.
§ Sir G. de Freitas
Will my right hon. Friend continue to resist these attempts to divert this country into a flabby trading association, turning its back on the building-up of a really stronger and wider European community?
§ The Prime Minister
I agree with the objective which the right hon. Member for Thirsk and Malton (Mr. Turton) has in mind, and that is the widest possible area of freer trade within the world, or parts of the world which are prepared to trade. We believe that the best way to lead to that would be, first of all, to widen the economic community in Europe including Britain and the E.F.T.A. countries, and to use that as a bastion from which to challenge protectionist nations in other parts of the world.
§ Mr. Crouch
Is the Prime Minister prepared to say that with the same clarity of mind, the same sort of sentiments as were expressed early this week by Dr. Strauss when he spoke about a European community, not just a European Free Trade Area, when he spoke about the need for a meeting of nations in Europe, thinking as one, facing the problems of defence, foreign policy and trade as one?
§ The Prime Minister
Those parts of Herr Franz Joseph Strauss's statement, with which all of us would agree, have been expressed with equal clarity on a number of occasions by my right hon. Friend the Foreign and Commonwealth Secretary, not least when he talked about the need for greater political understanding in Europe, not only on European questions but on world problems. There is a European community. The trouble is that it is tempted to become too narrow and inward-looking because of the veto placed on its expansion, as provided for in the Treaty of Rome.
§ Mr. John Mendelson
Will my right hon. Friend make it clear that he is totally opposed to the main idea advanced by Herr Strauss, that of having a separate nuclear command within N.A.T.O. and with eventual German participation, with all the dangers incumbent upon such a development? Will he reaffirm his own statement in the last Common Market debate that the Government oppose all such plans?
§ The Prime Minister
We have always been opposed to this proposal. Practically every hon. Member of this House has always been, and always will be, opposed to such a proposal in the circumstances, in terms of a European nuclear group of this kind. As to co-operation in nuclear matters, this is a matter for 654 N.A.T.O. and the Government have taken useful initiatives here for European conventional defence, and with the Nuclear Planning Group. These are the right answers to this problem although I understand my hon. Friend's anxieties.
§ Sir R. Russell
Does not the Prime Minister agree that the trade associations we have with the Commonwealth and E.F.T.A. countries are not flabby as the right hon. Member for Kettering (Sir G. de Freitas) suggested, but are very active? Will he do his best to encourage them?
§ The Prime Minister
Yes, Sir. That has been one of the leading items in our discussions with the Commonwealth Prime Ministers, including the useful discussions at the conference earlier this year upon which I reported to the House. When my right hon. Friend the Member for Kettering (Sir G. de Freitas) used the word "flabby", he meant somewhat ill-thought-out and ill-digested proposals which are not likely to become reality for many years to come.
§ Mr. Jay
Will my right hon. Friend repeat the assurance he gave the House three weeks ago that it is not the policy of the Government to bring the United Kingdom into any sort of European federal State?
§ The Prime Minister
Yes, Sir. Not only I but many others said this in the debate in the House on the Common Market which led the House to express an opinion on that question. Whatever the long distant future may hold, this is not a reality and nor is it what we are asking for.


text:
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Professor and the Captain gone?The last time I saw them, some blacksmith called Mamalon was arguing with the enchanter calling him a scam.
Offensive guild name
nanaboo posted a report in Manner ReportsI'm unsure about who's the guild leader, but its name doesn't require further explanation.
Bard & Dancer's Essence II Lv2
nanaboo posted a report in Item ReportsThe 60s buff for +20% damage on Throw Arrow/Musical Strike on the Bard & Dancer's Essence II Lv2 isn't working properly, while the other attributes work just fine. I'm getting +50 extra ATK, from the first line (+5 ATK for each level of Dancing/Musical Lessons learned), passive +20% damage on Throw Arrow/Musical Strike, possibly 4% long range physical damage (hard to measure due to the default damage variance) but not the last one, that's supposed to be an extra +20% damage on Throw Arrow/Musical Strike for 60 seconds after casting [Encore]. As it reads: The issue probably lies on the fact, upon casting Encore, you'll actually use your previous Dance/Song for a few SP back. There is not much evidence I can come up with since there is no visual indicator for this buff, but here's the (lack of) difference on the damage output: Damage with no [Encore]: Damage after casting [Encore]:
Change/Rephrasing on the "MVP Griefing" Rule
nanaboo replied to JPO's topic in Community SuggestionsIt's not like in a party you'd be able to ignore the effects of LP, pneuma or aspersio (to overwrite endows)... You're not supposed to bring an extra person just to counter OTHER PEOPLE instead of just countering the MVP.
Apology of (Socrates) Topless
nanaboo commented on Topless's report in Manner ReportsYou guys (more than any other 0nian) knew that using LP to disable other people from dealing damage is considered griefing - you've already been warned about this. From dsan's POV it's possible to see you've spent some time discussing whether I'm a GC or HC crusader even before Drake spawned. And the reaction of some of you after Porquinha casted LP made it even clearer that everyone there knew it was griefing. You knew I was gonna record, thus the "hello youtube" chats and the fact dsan, as a joke, said he would "advertise his stream on youtube" (sic) by the end of it. There is no way you can bend this and make anyone believe that LP was there for Drake's idle teleport. If you expect them to lift your ban, at least show some respect and be honest about it, act like a grown up and admit your mistake - trying to fool the staff doesn't help a bit. Here's my understanding of the situation: Porquinha wanted to play the clown in front of his friends, did something wrong for a bit of goofs and laughs (which is the most common thing about human behavior: being a nuisance when in group); Topless got caught in the cross-fire for being involved in the previous dramas regarding griefing; Dsan had his streamer's privilege revoked due to bad behavior - something he agreed on when joining the streamer program, so it was 100% fair. You can't be a toxic person and represent the 0nian community at same time, even if toxicity isn't an offense worth of a ban. Just from the clip (if you speak portuguese), you can tell there are other people more guilty of influencing Porquinha than Topless, people that trashtalked before and after. If those went unpunished, you should too. My advice is: drop the bullshit. Accept Porquinha had total idea of what he was gonna do and what the consequences were. Dsan, as a community representative shouldn't have remained on his side in this situation nor made fun of it; and the rest of the party should've talked sense into Porquinha not to do that (really, what a dumb idea). You underestimated Hades' judgement, played it risky and got the consequences. Trying to divert the discussion or justify the use of LP in that occasion looks like an obvious attempt to get away with a rule violation. I don't believe the GM staff is that naive, there is no argument capable of saving everybody in this one. Não é como se você pudesse estar jogando ao invés de escrevendo, amirite? Brincadeira. Você parece se importar com o joguinho e não acho que seu comportamento in-game reflete o que você disse 1 paragrafo acima, mas acho que é compreensível - em grupo de amigos é normal ficar 10x mais bobo/idiota e acabar não percebendo o incômodo que está sendo pra quem está fora das brincadeiras.
Client modification (.grf editing)
nanaboo commented on nanaboo's report in Manner ReportsAs you can see in those clips, this surely decreased the chance of missclicking, even when the minions stood on the same cell.
Client modification (.grf editing)
nanaboo posted a report in Manner ReportsThe title & video are self-explanatory. This guy has been using an edited version of MVPs' models to make them be drawn larger in his client, making it easier to target them amidst summons and other foes. There are several other occurrences in that stream VOD in which other bosses are affected by this cheat.
MVP Griefing
nanaboo commented on nanaboo's report in Manner ReportsHm, I think the table have turned
nanaboo started following MVP Griefing
MVP Griefing
nanaboo posted a report in Manner ReportsNuff said, Drake has no AOE for LP to be effective other than to disable other players. Also attached a replay file for a third POV. LP.rrf
tl;dr lol
Christmas event changed?Eww. Not even worth the effort then.
*procede quotando* Vejo que você tem QI de 2 dígitos, então vou explicar: o que o Hades disse foi pra mudar o rank da guild que diz "foda-se" e não o nome dela. Brainlet.
learn 2 read
Thanks, Sherlock. Agora suma daqui, macaco.
👍 Tá querendo atenção, é?

subset: commoncrawl


text:
SP-BSP delegation meets UP Governor to protest grounding of Akhilesh
Lucknow: A delegation of the Samajwadi Party (SP) and its ally Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) met Uttar Pradesh Governor Ram Naik at the Raj Bhawan on Wednesday and submitted a memorandum against the grounding of SP chief Akhilesh Yadav at the Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport here.
The 15-member delegation, led by senior party leaders Ahmad Hasan and Rajendra Chowdhary, apprised the Governor of the development and registered their protest against what they termed was throttling of democratic and political rights.
BSP supremo Mayawati has already castigated the Yogi Adityanath government over the action and called it a conspiracy to thwart their political movement across the state.
Yadav was to take a private chartered flight to Prayagraj on Tuesday where he was to attend a students union event, which was disapproved by the Allahabad University officials.
The former Chief Minister was asked by district officials of Lucknow to go back to his home as the Allahabad administration had apprehended law and order issues if the SP leader visited the campus.
The incident had sparked protests across the state with SP workers disrupting traffic, taking to the roads and attacking government property.
Achieving any real growth impossible without inclusiveness:...22 Aug 2019 6:17 PM GMT
Thank you!1 May 2017 6:52 PM GMT
No Modi charisma in Haryana polls: Selja8 Oct 2019 4:43 PM GMT
Finding a new medium of expression31 Aug 2019 1:38 PM GMT
Integrating India towards development25 Oct 2017 3:32 PM GMT
Oppose NRC, CAB wholeheartedly: Mamata6 Dec 2019 6:33 PM GMT
Accused shot dead in 'encounter'6 Dec 2019 6:29 PM GMT
The file should be treated as closed now6 Dec 2019 6:29 PM GMT
Do away with mercy for child rapists6 Dec 2019 6:28 PM GMT
Citizenship (Amendment) Bill to be tabled in Parl on6 Dec 2019 6:27 PM GMT


text:
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He had told her he also had wanted to have sex with me for a long time, and that,…. That was the taboo line, and that line was about to be crossed soon. We all planned a weekend that was clear and planned a special foursome. Ken and Jen in one bed and Lynn and I in the other. We joked that Lynn and I would make them so hot watching us and listening to us moan they might just attack us. They bragged that they would be the ones to have the best sex and make us envy them, and we might be the ones attacking them. It was a Friday night late when we started our next event. They danced around our bed naked teasing us. We got naked and faked moaning. They came over and decided they were going to teach us about sex. Down went the lights and Ken and Jen whispered something. Jen took her mom's hand and lead her over to the other bed. Ken slowly got on top of me. I got a hot flash that shook me all over my body. He whispered quietly in my ear.
On retrieving my razor and shaving foam, I noticed a dark hair stuck to it, I knew this didn't belong to me as I am as grey as they come. Had Carol been using it, I asked myself? Then my mind started to wander, what was she shaving, armpits but then my mind wandered further, I couldn't help it, I was a virile man still, was she shaving her pussy? I had never thought of Carol that way! I guess, taking into consideration my cock had had no attention for a few days, I was perhaps a little sexually frustrated. Nevertheless, I washed the razor off and had my morning shave, trying to shut my brain off from my perverse thoughts. Three days in and I was struggling sexually. My pussy itched for attention constantly, I found myself walking with my legs tight together, trying to mash my pussy lips against one another. I had realised on the second day that I had forgotten my razor and had sneaked into grandad's bathroom to 'borrow' his razor.
And I don't hold anything back. I keep plunging into her. Pulling out because it feels so fucking good to go back in. Her hips corkscrew as she pushes back against me. I can't get enough. The feeling of her cunt walls flexing and sliding over my cock, it's the best feeling I've ever had. And when I'm feeling like this is the best I could ever possibly feel, Cindy and Alex start to swap me back and forth between Cindy's cunt and Alex's mouth, and it gets even hotter and sweeter. Alex is sucking Cindy's juices off my cock, then deep throating me and delivering me, wrapped in her slipperiness, back into Cindy's love hole. Cindy is thrusting back with her hips to meet me. No matter how deep inside her I am, she wants me deeper. Around this time it starts to sink in that the whole place is going at it.
Tears started forming in his eyes as he thought about what would have been happening at the other end of the phone line. How Harry would have been sat there unconscious in the ruined car as the phone rang pointlessly on the seat next to him. He tried to hide his emotion but it was no use. He stood up and ran out of the room with his head in his hands, crying his heart out. Harry watched as the man he loved disappeared through the hospital doors. He too began to cry, feeling bad for putting Adam through all of this. It was times like this when Harry realised just how much Adam meant to him. He would do anything for that man. He would go to the edge of the world and back, he would steal, lie and cheat for him if he wanted him too. He would even die for him.
This is one of many Interracial stories that run from romance to harsh slave sex bondage and sex! The next morning I woke in Becka's bed, and was quite refreshed from a most wonderful and well needed sleep, I could still smell and feel the comfortable warmth of her, and our previous nights sex! Sitting on the bed still naked, was trying to wake up and get my thoughts together. There was a steaming hot cup of Cappuccino on the night stand, and a love note that said Diana take a long shower and be ready for a wonderful breakfast, as we have a very busy day ahead. It was mid morning as I showered in this new place, my mind was wandering as to what awaited me, and no one would be more pleasantly surprised by the way it started than me? My husband Jon always trying to surprise me, had done all sorts of kinky sexual things with me in many of the hotels and motels we stayed at, they were always exciting and arousing when he did so?
Continuing, the boss told the girls that they would each have three songs in their set; they could pick their own music by telling the DJ what they wanted. The winner was to be picked by the manager based on the crowd's reactions, his decision was final. 100. The first girl was due up on stage in ten minutes. The boss lady didn't even wish them good luck before she pushed her way across the room and out the door. Rachel was the last to move as the others went right to work checking their makeup and adjusting their costumes. The girl that was to dance first disappeared out the door in search of the DJ to work out her music. One of the girls then commented on the judgment of the manager saying that the winner was probably going to be the girl that gave him the best blowjob she then wiped her lips in disgust.
…There always has to be a first time a girl watches her first porn. I'm Tanya and mine was a porn video. I was doing a sleepover at my girlfriend Sissy's house and her brother was a pest. He was older and loved to pick on us girls. That night he decided to try and get us all horny. He was always trying to feel up Sissy. She wouldn't let him but secretly liked the attention. I wanted him to try and feel me up, but he wouldn't. He knew my dad would pound his ass if he touched me. I decided to use that to pick on him back. …My dad was a cop. He was very over protective and we didn't get along well. No boys would come near me except a couple of nerds. I had just discovered masturbation and was liking it a lot. ….That evening their parents were out of town until tomorrow and Brad was free to pick on us.
I removed my fingers from her pussy while she sat straight up on the table. I was still standing between her knees as I lowered my pajamas to free my cock. It popped right out with a curve upward ready for action. I knew I would have to masturbate when I went back to my room. Mom's eyes looked excited as she said, "Son, that is a big one. I know it is longer than your Dad's cock. I felt mom's hand take my cock and slowly jack it a couple of times. Mom said, "That is really hard. You're dad's cock didn't get this hard any more, but he is much older than you. I was standing between mom's legs while she was still sitting on the edge of the table. She was holding my erection and didn't seem to want to let go. I started slightly moving my butt back and forth just enough as if I were fucking her fist.


text: NBC: Matt Lauer Misconduct Happened at Sochi Olympics - Page 2 'New York Times' and 'Variety' were working on investigative pieces before he was fired By John Johnson, Newser Staff Posted Nov 29, 2017 12:47 PM CST 125 comments The woman: Attorney Ari Wilkenfeld says he and the unidentified woman met with NBC officials about 6pm Monday, and the meeting lasted several hours, reports the New York Times. The woman also met with the newspaper, but she was not ready to come forward publicly. Wilkenfeld says he is "in awe" that she had the courage to be the first to come forward against Lauer and did so "without making any demands other than the company do the right thing." Emotional show: The Today staff learned the news not too long before going live. Watch Savannah Guthrie and Hoda Kotb announce it here. Before delivering the weather, Al Roker said he, too, was struggling to "process" the news about his longtime friend, per People. Boys' club: Emily Stewart at Vox says the news makes it hard not to think of Ann Curry, Tamron Hall, and Natalie Morales, female anchors who didn't last at NBC in what was reported to be a "boys' club" atmosphere under Lauer. 'Misleading' speed: At the Atlantic, Megan Garber writes that the fast action by the network—allegation on Monday, firing on Tuesday—is "misleading." NBC doesn't have a great track record of late, being accused of everything from burying the now-infamous Access Hollywood tape to passing on Ronan Farrow's expose on Harvey Weinstein. Megyn Kelly: The new NBC show host, who has called out former colleagues at Fox News over harassment, says the Lauer allegations "hit close to home" for her. "I've known Matt for a long time, and he has been a friend, and kind, and supportive to me in my transition to NBC," she says, per USA Today. "And I see the anguish on my colleagues' faces. But when this happens, we don't see the pain on the faces of those who found the courage to come forward." Kathie Lee, others: People rounds up other reaction, including from Rose McGowan, who has emerged as a leading voice on sexual misconduct. "Don't let the door hit you on the way out, Matt Lauer," she tweeted. Today co-host Kathie Lee Gifford, however, is ready to forgive, per the Cut. During her NBC show on Wednesday she said, "I texted him this morning and said 'I adore you and no person is perfect in this world.'" Trump: President Trump weighed in, too. (Read more Matt Lauer stories.) View 2 more images My Take on This Story Report a story error Show results | 12% Hilarious 13% Intriguing 50% Depressing 7% Brilliant 5% Scary 14% Ridiculous


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When incorporated RAP is greater than 20%, suggested testing both the RAP and virgin binder (bitumen) using a blending chart. At a higher percentage the change in RAP mixture characteristics becomes evident; the effect of RAP in mix designs varies with the quantity of RAP in the mix. This combination must meet gradation specifications and Superpave consensus properties. Puttaguanta and others, (1996), found no significant difference when 25-50% of RAP is incorporated into the mixes. In summary, observations from literatures reviewed showed that low percentages (5-20%) RAP can be incorporated in superpave mix designs. Flow charts to design of RAP mixes are shown in Figure 2.2
(a) Step 1
(b) Step 2
(c) Step 3
Figure 2.2 RAP mix design procedure
2.3. Aggregate Tests
The specific aggregate tests are discussed in the subsequent section.
2.3.1 Gradation of RAP Aggregate
The gradation investigation is used to determine aggregate particle size distribution. The aggregate gradation is one of the most important properties related with the control of HMA mixes (Pavement Interactive, 2011). The rutting feature of pavements is controlled by aggregate gradation. The standard gradation and sieve analysis can be conducted according to AASHTO T27 and ASTM C136 "Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregate". Millings are material fashioned by the milling method, removed from the existing pavement. Milling and crushing leads to RAP degradation, Milled RAP is finer than crushed RAP. RAP aggregate normally meets the ASTM specifications based on ASTM D692. The particle size distribution of a milled pavement varies depending on aggregate and equipment type. A representative of RAP size distribution is shown Table 2.2.
Table 2.2 Characteristic range of particle size distribution for reclaimed RAP
Sieve Size Percent Finer after Processing or Milling
37.5 mm (1.5 in) 100
25 mm (1.0 in) 95 – 100
19 mm (3/4 in)
84 – 100
12.5 mm (1/2 in) 70 – 100
9.5 mm (3/8 in) 58 – 95
7.5 mm (No. 4) 38 – 75
2.36 mm (No. 8) 25 – 60
1.18 mm (No. 16) 17 – 40
0.60 mm (No. 30) 10 – 35
0.30 mm (No. 50) 5 – 25
0.15 mm (No. 100) 3 – 20
0.075 mm (No. 200) 2 – 15
2.3.2 Specific Gravity
HMA volumetric examination is achieved through specific gravity test. Results of the test performed by William (2007), suggested that the traditional saturated surface dry method display the least extent of variation. The model for determining specific gravity of coarse and fine aggregates is described in ASTM C127 and ASTM C128, correspondingly. Specific gravity of RAP aggregates are determined by:
Technique 1: Specific gravity tests are carried out on sieved fractions according to ASTM C127 and ASTM C128 after obtaining aggregates either by solvent or ignition oven extraction process. The extraction method could modify the aggregate specific gravity. Mallick and others (1998) demonstrate the differences that exist in the specific gravity of virgin and aggregates obtained from ignition extraction method.
Technique 2, calculation based on the theoretical specific gravity
Gse = 100 – Pb
100 – Pb
Gmm Gb
Gse = aggregate effective specific gravity
Gmm= theoretical maximum specific gravity (AASHTO T209)
Pb = bitumen content (percent by total mass of mixture); and Gb= specific gravity of bitumen.
Gsb = Gse
Pba . Gse
100 . Gb + 1
Where: (El Sayed, 2012)
Pba= absorbed bitumen (percent by weight Gsb of aggregate); Gse= aggregate effective specific gravity; Gsb= aggregate bulk specific gravity; and Gb = RAP binder specific gravity.
The absorbed binder content in the aggregate is only assumed as the accurate binder content is difficult to determine (El Sayed, 2012).
2.3.3 Los Angeles Abrasion Test
RAP must be hard enough to withstand breakdown when subjected to traffic tonnes. Aggregates lacking enough hardness may result in construction failure (Hameed, 2009). About 94 percent of the states in the U.S prefer the Los Angeles abrasion test (Pavement Interactive, 2011). Ahmad and others (2004) performed research on degradation and abrasion of RAP aggregate in Malaysia. They focused on aggregates extracted from RAP from both full-depth recovery and milling. They concluded that the aggregate clearly degraded by further refinement of aggregate size, retaining considerable strength to defy wear and abrasion. This study also showed that millings are finer and denser than virgin aggregate.
2.3.4 Aggregate Crushing Value Test
Aggregates should have an acceptable resistance to crushing and enough strength under loads (Han and others, 2011). Low aggregate crushing value is preferable
ACV = B x 100
Where, B = Weight of the fraction passing 2.36mm sieve
A = Total weight of dry sample
The mean of the two tests equals the aggregate crushing value (Al kourd and Hammad, 2009). The standard specification is < 30%
2.3.5 Aggregate impact value Test
Aggregate impact value is a measure of the toughness of the material. The aggregates should therefore have enough toughness to defy disintegration.
Weight of dry sample (W1 gm)
Weight of fraction passing 2.36 mm sieve (W2 gm)
Aggregate impact Value (percent) = W2 / W1 X 100 (Transportation Engineering Lab Manual, 2013; The constructor, 2015).
Aggregate Impact Value Toughness properties
<20% Extraordinarily tough
10 – 20% Very tough
20-30% Satisfactory for surface pavement
>30% Weak for surface pavement
2.3.6 Flakiness and Elongation Index (Shape Test)
Proportion of flaky and elongated particle in a mixture determine aggregate shapes and arrangements, flaky and elongated aggregates are damaging as they may cause intrinsic flaw under heavy tonnes. An excessive amount of these materials in the HMA mix may lead to construction failures.
Aggregates are classified flaky if: Width > 2.0
Aggregate are classified elongated if: Width > 2.5
2.4 RAP Variability
One of the main worry of incorporating a large percentage of RAP in HMA mixes is variability. Opus of RAP from diverse sources varies. The exact make-up of milled RAP depends on age, type, properties of bitumen, configuration and performance of the milling process. The consistency of aggregate is determined by evaluating gradation, specific gravity, coarse aggregate angularity, and fine aggregate angularity (Pavement Interactive, 2011). The following, affects the consistency of binder: fatigue factor (G*sin (δ)), complex modulus (G*), and phase angle (δ°). Lee and others (1983) in an effort to quantify the plant mixing efficiency of asphalt mixtures with incorporation of RAP observed that the performance of the recycled mix depends on interaction between the virgin aggregate and asphalt binder, which indicates the need for consistency of samples. Mixing efficiency is usually measured by bituminous mixtures appearance in respect to distribution and coating. Lee and others (1983) resolved the difficulty associated with rejuvenating agents by a "Dye Print Technique". A variability study on RAP stockpile (Figure 2.3), different test results, such as gradation of aggregate, asphalt content, air void, penetration and viscosity, and stability, are shown in (Solaimanian and Tahmoressi, 1996). Figure 2.4 shows the variations in gradation obtained in their research. Incorporating higher percentage of RAP shows a higher variation in gradation as observed in Figure 2.5. Changes in the viscosity of the binder from the RAP and plant mix are shown in Figure 2.6.
Figure 2.3 RAP Stockpile
Figure 2.4 Daily gradations from extraction
Figure 2.5 Mean deviations from Job Mix Formula (JMF) for Sieve #10
Figure 2.6 Sample daily viscosities
Table 2.3 shows that RAP obtained from road cores were highly variable and the aggregate gradation became finer after milling and processing (Han and others, 2011).
Table 2.3 RAP compositions of cores and stockpiles
Location of roads % passing
2.36 mm % passing 0.075
mm Asphalt Cement
n ave. σn-1 ave. σn-1 ave. σn-1
California Road Cores 12 54 8.30 9.9 2.01 5.4 0.71
California Stockpiled after
Milling 5 69 6.50 11.8 0.34 5.2 0.04
North Carolina Road Cores 12 69 3.20 6.1 0.66 5.7 0.11
North Carolina Stockpiled
after Milling 5 72 0.90 8.0 0.11 5.7 0.11
Utah Road Cores 12 52 3.80 8.7 2.60 6.5 0.28
Utah Stockpiled after Milling 10 58 2.80 9.9 1.15 6.2 0.44
Virgina Road Cores 12 41 2.10 9.7 0.79 5.3 0.20
Virginia Stockpiled after
Milling 6 52 1.10 13.0 0.30 5.2 0.12
Average σ of HMA Surface
Course 2.81 0.94 0.28
A laboratory test was carryout by Huang and others (2004) using four category of mixtures consisting of various kind of bitumen (PG 64-22, PG 70-22, and PG 76-22) each made-up of varying RAP percentages (Han and others, 2011). 0% RAP mixture serves as the control mixes. Various characterization tests were carryout. The result shows the effect of variability of RAP on virgin mixtures. Figure 2.7 exemplify no major dissimilarity in the aggregate gradation from the worksite stockpiles, different worksites shows a little variation. Changes was recorded FAA and specific gravity of RAP from diverse worksites are shown in Figure 2.8 however, samples obtained from altering locations show no significant difference (Han and others, 2011). Figure 2.13 shows the differences in phase angle of the binder from the worksite CNC 302 and other worksite while Figure 2.9 shows the values of binder from worksite CNC 302.
Figure 2.7 RAP Gradation for worksite a
Figure 2.8 RAP Gradation for worksite b
Figure 2.9 RAP Gradation for worksite c
Figure 2.10 RAP Gradation for worksite d
Figure 2.11 RAP FAA and SG from altered worksites
Figure 2.12 G*sin (delta) for altered worksites
Figure 2.13 RAP Phase angles at altered worksites
The abstract from this study show:
• Similar results between IDT tests and Semi-circular bending results.
• Incorporation of RAP reduces aggregate toughness and increases strength.
• No observed differences at 0 to 10% RAP.
• Strength increases at 20 and 30% RAP.
2.5 Effect of Ignition Testing on Aggregate Properties
RAP where extracted through the ignition method. Mallick and others (1998) in their study showed that aggregate properties were considerably affected. Table 2.4 indicates the effect of ignition. Hall and Williams (1999) did not find any disparity in RAP gradation as evident in Table 2.5. However, disparity was evident in specific gravity of coarse aggregate as shown in Table 2.4 (Hans and others, 2011).
Table 2.4: Bulk specific gravity, absorption, and percent passing through 4.75 mm and 0.075mm of granite aggregate before and after ignition
Description Virgin
average Burnt
average Burnt mix
Bulk specific gravity of coarse aggregate 2.688 2.680 2.653
Absorption of coarse aggregate,% 0.583 0.673 1.277
Bulk specific gravity of fine aggregate 2.659 2.687 2.640
Absorption of fine aggregate,% 0.627 0.467 1.020
Percent passing 4.75 mm sieve 56.0 56.6 56.7
Percent passing .075 mm sieve 4.0 4.1 5.8
NAA uncompacted void of fine aggregate 49.5 46.4 49.5
Table 2.5 Gradations of selected blends
In Figures 2.14 and 2.15 the disparity in specific gravity tests of ignition and virgin aggregates was observed.
Figure 2.14: Bulk specific gravity of virgin and burnt fine aggregates
Figure 2.15: Bulk specific gravity of virgin and burnt coarse aggregates
2.6 RAP Millings Behaviour
The Washington State Department of Transportation (1986) evaluating 16 completed hot mix recycled projects behaviour observed that they were comparable with conventional at that particular time (Hans and others, 2011). Early data from projects constructed after that time also show promising results. RAP percentages used in these projects ranges from 9% to 80%. High percentage of RAP exhibited a little more distress, but at 15% RAP provides acceptable pavement behaviour. The work of Kandhal and others (1995) in Georgia serves as a testimony to the behaviour of these secondary materials as RAP percentages ranging from 15-70% were incorporated in road construction and rehabilitation.
2.7 Economic Considerations
Appraisal of recycled aggregates for construction application is not complete unless the economics of recycling is considered. Sustainable application of recycled aggregates can only be appreciated if it is a viable alternative to virgin aggregate. For decades, roads have played effective and preferred role for transportation and movement of goods and persons, buttressing the UN report that, road transportation explains the 80% of passengers and merchandise movement in Africa (Oke, 2007). Julius Berger and RCC used polymer bitumen on Lagos-Ibadan-Expressway.
This is an outcome of a joint laboratory experiment carried out at Germany. A little bit of recycling has been done in the Northern part of the country; this was only used to patch roads (Eyo, 2004). PW Nigeria Limited also carried out maintenance on the runway at Murtala Mohammed International Airport Lagos, by milling the asphalt wearing course, pulverized it and laid it as the road base asphalt was then used as an overlay (PW Nigeria Ltd, 2007). Laboratory study was also carried out using reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates from distressed sections of Ikwerre Road, Port Harcourt. The results revealed an average asphalt recovery from of 5.1% with penetration value of 21. This rather high asphalt content indicates large wastage of bitumen by discarding the pavement. Cost comparison also shows that there would have been a loss of N3, 222.00 per tonne of asphalt if the material was discarded. With the current scarcity of funds in Nigeria, there is need to seek alternative methods of pavement maintenance and rehabilitation that would require optimal use of aggregates and bitumen. Although there is no evidence in literature about the details of the performances of pavements produced from these few recycling practices which really, are not on a large scale, they are pointers to the fact that pavement recycling is possible in Nigeria once the proper pavement material characterization and mix design has been done.
The Leadership Newspaper of 26 September, 2007 reported that the Federal Government is concluding plans to introduce the recycling of asphalt for the strengthening of road pavements in Nigeria. The economic growth of Nigeria is highly dependent on its road network; hence the need to proffer solution to the problem cannot be overemphasized. It has been estimated that billions of naira is needed for road construction and rehabilitation. Adopting the pavement recycling option will save tax payers money, since from experience, pavement recycling will cost about 50% of the cost of conventional rehabilitation method and considering that more economical methods of pavement recycling are emerging daily.
2.7.1 The UK Experience: in-situ deep recycling in Perth and Kinross was a huge success in the UK. The strategic link, from the west central belt of Scotland over the Kincardine Bridge to the industrial areas of Fife, was completed in five-week instead of the 14 weeks for conventional reconstruction. The recycling option took away 35% of the time, 65% of the cost and 22% of the conventional method's requirement resulting in reduced road maintenance budget.
2.7.2 The Tilbury Dock Experience: The project comprised the repair of an existing paving surfaced with hot rolled asphalt using recycled material. Independent cube testing confirmed the suitability of the material in terms of compressive strength. The execution of the contract was carried as predicted, despite periods of stormy weather in six working days, representing a time saving of 40% and cost savings of 7-10% as compared to conventional method
2.7.3 The America Experience: Since 1969, in Kansa, more than 1.9million2 of roads have been recycled. In Arizona, a net saving of $4.02 per ton of asphalt has been accomplished in a recycling project. Probably far more than any state, Wisconsin has made a serious commitment to recycling old pavements. In 1980 alone, it worked on over 30 pavement recycling jobs (McCarthy, 1985). By switching to pavement recycling; Texas was able to rehabilitate its pavements thus yielding a cost saving over conventional method of 50%. California has in recent time been involved in pavement recycling as commitment to sustainable development. These are just few of the several scenarios of success recorded in pavement recycling in the US. Economic evaluation is important in recommending an alternative aggregate recycling option. It is time Nigeria takes on this excellent opportunity.
2.8 Production and Sales Cost Projections
Production cost and sales projection is a forecast establish on earlier production cost and sales behaviour. Forecasting looks into the future. An enterprise that recognizes yesterday stays aware of the now and accurately sees into its tomorrow (opportunity). Analyzing production cost and conducting a sales forecast will provide the recycling venture with an evaluation of past and current sales and production levels. Engineering economic analysis focuses on the future consequences of current decisions. Because these consequences are in the future, usually they are unknown, thus, must be estimated. The outcome is only as good as the quality of the numbers used to reach the decision, it is therefore very vital to make careful estimates. In general, the analysis portion of the feasibility study involves calculating the profitability of the proposed investment. Profitability of an operation can be projected using the estimated prices and production cost. It is critical in determining the proposed aggregate recycling plant true economic viability. Operating cost is calculated by cost of goods sold minus operating expenses. Operating expenses consist of administrative and office expenses (rent, salaries and staff insurance) and selling and distribution expenses like advertisement and salaries. The developing interest in pavement recycling has been worldwide, with many countries now becoming increasingly involved in various forms of pavement recycling; some of them are presented in the following sections (Oke, 2007).
2.9 Sensitivity Analysis
Since many data gathered in solving a problem represent projections of future consequences, there may be considerable uncertainty regarding the data's accuracy. Since the desired result of the analysis is decision making, an appropriate question is, to what extent do variations in the data affect the decision (Uzochukwu and Others, 2014). Sensitivity analysis looks at variables affecting the outcome of a result. We stated specific assumptions concerning applicable revenue and cost to the economic analysis. It was assumed that a high degree of confidence could be placed in all estimated values. This is rather misleading in that there rarely is a scenario in which the best of estimates can be assumed to be certain. To better evaluate the effect of any particular estimate we compute the variation to a particular estimate that would necessary to change a particular decision. Sensitivity analysis is a study to see how economic decision will be altered if certain factors are varied.
To investigate the properties of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) in comparison with virgin aggregates (VA), a series of laboratory tests was carried out in conformity with relevant standards (SEE APPENDIX 1). A major part of this study involved an economic assessment of utilizing RAP in road construction in Nigeria. An outline of the objectives includes:
Segment I
Study the aggregate characteristics with respect to the literature review of recycled asphalt pavement, its effects on the behaviour of RAP and various economic considerations.
Segment II
In this phase, the procurement/sampling, mix design, laboratory testing and characterization were highlighted. Production capacity, cost, sales and energy projections and subsequent cash flow assumptions were developed for the economic assessment.
Segment III
Experimental work was executed; analysis of laboratory tests and results of economic assessment of viability of the business were reported. All results were completed in the form of tables and graphical representation for comparison of natural and recycled asphalt aggregates. Finally conclusions and recommendations were drawn.
3.1 Research Design
Varying percentages of RAP was incorporated into the mix design. RAP was introduced at levels of (20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) also a mix design of 100% RAP was evaluated. Control samples not containing RAP (100% Virgin) were also used throughout the testing.
3.2. Sampling and Laboratory Techniques
Random sampling from stockpiles, splitting, material preparations and testing are required to determine whether quality of materials are in reasonably close conformance with standards and specifications. All materials were prepared and tested according to the specific standards,
Extraction of samples using extraction ignition machine to extract bitumen at a temperature of 90-1100c, (See appendix 3a) the ignition test (ASTM D6307, "Standard Test Method for Asphalt Content of Hot-Mix Asphalt by Ignition Method")
Figure 3.1 Aggregate obtained after RAP burnt in the ignition furnace
3.2.1 Sieve Analysis or Aggregate Gradation
To determine particle size distribution of the coarse and fine aggregates, sieve analysis was conducted to obtain the gradation (SEE APPENDIX 2a) for details:
Figure 3.2 Riffling of Sample
Figure 3.3 Washing of Sample
Figure 3.4 Drying of Sample (using Gas Burner)
Figure 3.5 Sieve Analyses.
Figure 3.6 Aggregate fractions after sieve analysis
3.2.2 Specific Gravity and Water Absorption Test
The important steps of specific gravity, bulk specific gravity, absorption, apparent specific gravity and bulk specific gravity tests for the aggregates are illustrated in the Figures. 3.7, 3.8, 3.9 and 3.10 Three samples were tested for specific gravity of the coarse and fine aggregate (SEE APPENDIX 2b) for details.
Figure 3.7 Fine aggregate in an SSD condition
Figure 3.8 Slump test to determine the SSD condition of fine aggregate
Figure 3.9 Removal of the air bubbles from the pycnometer using vacuum
Figure 3.10 Pycnometer after removal of air bubbles
3.2.3 Determination of Los Angeles (L.A) Abrasion Value
Los Angeles test machine is used in the determination of the resistance to abrasion of aggregates (Transportation Engineering Lab Manual, 2013). (SEE APPEDIX 2c) for details: Figures 3.11 shows a representative of the L.A. abrasion test machine
Figure 3.11 L.A. Abrasion Machine
3.2.4 Determination of Aggregate Impact Value
Toughness is a property of an aggregate to withstand effect; it is determined by the effect value test (SEE APPENDIX 2d) for details (Transportation Engineering Lab Manual, 2013).
Figure 3.12: Aggregate impact test
3.2.5 Determination of Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV)
The strength under a progressively applied compressive force is known as the aggregate crushing value (Transportation Engineering Lab Manual, 2013). (SEE APPENDIX 2e) for details
Figure 3.13: Apparatus for the 10% fines test and aggregate crushing test (Millard, 1993)
3.2.6 Flakiness Index
When the least dimension is of a concern, flakiness index is evaluated (Transportation Engineering Lab Manual, 2013). (SEE APPENDIX 2f) for details
3.2.7 Elongation Index:
When the greatest dimension is of a concern, flakiness index is evaluated (Transportation Engineering Lab Manual, 2013). (SEE APPENDIX 2f) for details
Figure 3.14 Flat, elongated, flat and elongated particles
Figure 3.15: Flakiness Gauge
Figure 3.16: Elongation Gauge
Figure 3.17 Flakiness test and Elongation test
3.3 Effect of Haulage on Cost and Energy for Recycled Asphalt Pavement
Cost and energy for aggregates are influenced by variations in haulage distances. Different modes exist for the procurement of aggregate. The benefits of recycled asphalt pavement aggregate (RAP) in respect to cost and energy are outlined in this study. The question remains, to what extent has haulage distance effects aggregate cost and energy? A scenario was assumed using Ihube, Imo state, as the worksite and tested for altering haulage distances. Three different scenarios were examined. The first scenario considered was to mill the asphalt pavement using a milling machine and reuse RAP. The second scenario was to discard the reclaimed asphalt pavement at a nearby borough pit and then procure virgin aggregate from the nearest quarry. The third scenario was to haul the reclaimed asphalt to a recycling plant and then buy the processed product from the recycling plant. The amount of fresh aggregate procured was abridged by ten percent because characteristically RAP has a lower density than virgin aggregate. Cost calculation was made on the premise of local price quotations. The energy utilization of 82Kj/kg for crushing was assumed in reference to (BEES) Technical User Guide Manual. Energy necessary for the haulage of aggregates per 100km is 265.5kJ/kg (Bonilla and Salling, 2008). An estimated 8,250 tonnes of aggregate is required for the construction of 1km single lane road in the South-Eastern region of the country.
List of Assumptions
1. The investigation commenced after the asphalt pavement was processed.
2. The energy utilization for crushing is assumed equivalent in all three scenarios.
3. The energy utilization for Haulage is assumed equivalent in all three scenarios.
Limitations of the study
1. Milling/crushing, and incorporation of the recycled aggregate (RA) on the site requires longer periods than procuring quarried virgin aggregate. This feature was not captured.
2. Environmental factors were ignored.
This chapter comprises of four sections: (a) Gradation/Sieve Analysis of aggregates (b) characterization of RAP and Virgin aggregates (c) comparison between different proportions of RAP and their corresponding original mixes. (d) Effects of haulage distance on energy and cost.
Sieve analysis was performed on extracted RAP aggregates. Table 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3 shows the gradations curve of the RAP samples, the gradation of RAP coarse aggregates and the virgin coarse aggregate, which indicates that the gradation of the RAP coarse aggregates falls within the upper control points (fine region) and the virgin coarse aggregate falls within the lower control points (coarse region)
Tables 4.4 and 4.5 shows the test results of specific gravity and absorption of coarse and fine RAP respectively while Tables 4.6 and 4.7 shows the test results for virgin coarse and fine aggregates respectively. The test results demonstrate that the coarse and fine aggregates had similar bulk specific gravity but the coarse aggregate had higher absorption than the fine aggregate.
The L.A. abrasion value for RAP was 35.2% and that of virgin aggregate was 19.1%. This result implies that this RAP aggregate has lost its hardness. But at 80% virgin/20% RAP, the hardness result of 20.2% is within the specification.
The impact value test on two samples each was carried out. Tables 4.13, 4.14, 4.15, 4.16 and 4.17 presents the test data of aggregate impact value, it is shown that this value increase with the increase in RAP. At 20% RAP the aggregate impact value is within the specification.
The aggregate crushing value test on two samples each was carried out. Tables 4.18, 4.19, 4.20, 4.21 and 4.22 presents the test data of aggregate crushing value, it is shown that this value increase with the increase in RAP. At 20% RAP the aggregate crushing value is within the specified limit
The percentage of elongated virgin and RAP aggregate were determined as 17 and 18% respectively. This shows that the aggregate shapes are within the specified limit of 30%
The percentage of flat virgin and RAP aggregate were determined as 18 and 22 % respectively. This is within the specified limit of 35%
Subsequent conclusions were drawn from this research:
• Recycling reduces wastages, preserve natural resources, saves energy and cost while reducing environmental disturbances.
• Decision to recycle should be based on cost effectiveness analysis.
• The gradation shows that the RAP are finer than the virgin aggregate as it occupies the upper limit (fine region) while the virgin occupies the lower limits which is the coarse region.
• The bulk specific gravity of the coarse and fine RAP aggregates are less than that of the original mixes, which indicates that the virgin aggregates, has higher density than RAP.
• The absorption of the coarse and fine RAP aggregates is higher than that of the original mixes, which makes them more ideal for concrete works.
• The effect values and the crushing values of 20% RAP and 80% virgin aggregates shows a comparable toughness and strength performance to the 100% virgin aggregate.
• The L.A. Abrasion values (hardness) of RAP aggregates shows high value at 30% to 50% which is out of specification. The percentages of flat and elongated RAP particles are within the specification.
• The first scenario is the preferred alternative in reference to cost effectiveness and energy efficiency.
• Based on the assumptions, adopting a 80/20 virgin/recycling option will be saving about N2,685,375 on aggregate procurement for a 1km road pavement construction in Nigeria.
• Cost and energy utilization is dependent on haulage distance. At a distance of 13km and 42km fresh aggregate seems a favourable
Asphalt consists of aggregates and binder, the characteristics of the binder content should be investigated.
Environmental effects affecting asphalt recycling should be studied.
Local knowledge should be broaden by carrying out tests on samples obtained from different geopolitical zones in Nigeria to ensure a better understanding of RAP and enhance accurate generalization.
Other extraction methods should be used to compare the results to that of the ignition method used in this study.
Not more than 20 percent RAP should be utilized in the mix design.
This study confirms the results shown on the literature review chapter. But no recent work has addressed the issue of economic assessment in Nigeria. For this, the thesis, functional properties and economic assessment of recycled aggregate for road and pavement construction in Nigeria. The research findings show that RAP can be incorporated into the aggregate mix in Nigeria. At a proportion of 20 percent RAP we observe a comparative and cost effective performance to the conventional aggregate
This investigation seeks to appraise the functional properties and the economic viability of milled Asphalt Pavements in road construction in Nigeria. Samples were obtained from Setraco Nigeria Limited stockpiles along Umuahia-Enugu Expressway and Amasiri quarry. Ignition method was used for extraction, and aggregates tested for properties such as gradation, Los Angeles Abrasion Value, Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV), specific gravity, Water Absorption, Impact Value, Flakiness and Elongation. The modifications in the properties of RAP with virgin aggregates are discussed. The economic assessment looks at the different methods of aggregate acquisition. Cost effectiveness of recycled asphalt pavement aggregate (RAP) and virgin aggregate (VA) in terms of material cost and energy was conducted. Ihube, Imo State, was assumed the jobsite and effect of material cost and production energy for varying Haulage distances was tested. We discovered; 1}. 20% RAP performs as the conventional aggregate 2}. Incorporating milled asphaltic pavement into the design mix offers a better alternative in terms of energy and cost to the used of 100 percent virgin aggregates only 3}. Haulage distance has a direct relationship on energy and cost
(Standards May Not Be Identical)
British Standards
Sieve Test on Aggregates BS812:Part103.1:1985; Flakiness Index BS812: Section 105.1:1989
Elongation Index BS812: Section 105.2:1990; Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV) BS812: Part 110:1990
Aggregate Effect Value (AIV) BS812: Part 112:1990; Slump Test BS1881: Part 102:1983
APPENDIX 2a: Sieve Test
All methods used are according to (Transportation Engineering Lab Manual, 2013)
• Sieves.
• A weigh balance of 0.5 g accuracy.
• Riffle boxes.
• A gas burner.
• Metal containers and trays.
• Lids and receivers.
• Scoop and sieve brushes.
Sample Preparation:
Appropriate sample size
1. 75µm test sieve, fitted with a guard sieve 1.18mm or 2.36mm on top.
2. Position the weighed desiccated sample (W1) in a container and put in sufficient water, incite the contents to separate fines and coarse aggregate.
3. Empty the suspension of fine solids on the secured 75µm sieve. Wash the coarse remains pending the clarity of the water.
4. Sieve wash remains. Decant surplus water through the 75µm sieve, and arid by heating in a gas burner. Cool, weigh and tag as W2
5. W1-W2 = Mass passing the 75µm sieve
6. Arrange the relevant sieves in increasing opening size, hand-shake for an acceptable time to fractionize the different size. Wobble until all aggregate passes.
7. Weigh retained aggregate on each sieve.
Calculation: (% passing this sieve) = (% passing previous sieve) – (% retained on this sieve)
APPENDIX 2b: Specific Gravity and Water Absorption
• A gas burner
• A balance of 0.5g accuracy.
• A glass vessel.
• Dry soft absorbent
• Tray and airtight container
• 5mm sieve and clean water
Sample Preparation
Carefully wash sample on the 5mm sieve to remove finer constituent.
1. Thrust the sample in the glass vessel containing water for 24hours. Tilt the vessel gently to eliminate enclosed air. Fill the vessel with water, ensure no entrapped air. Dry the vessel, weigh and document as (mass C).
2. Decant and refill with water, dry vessel and weigh it as (mass B).
3. Surface-dry aggregate with fabric
4. Air aggregates away from direct sunlight.
5. Gas dry aggregate, cool and weigh as (mass A).
Bulk Specific Gravity (Dry Basis) A/ (B – C)
Bulk Specific Gravity (SSD Basic) B/ (B-C)
Apparent Specific Gravity A/ (A-C)
Absorption in Percentage (B – A)/A x100
A = weight of gas dried sample in air (in g)
B = weight of saturated surface dry sample in air (in g)
C = weight of saturated surface dry sample in water (in g)
APPENDIX 2c: Los Angeles (L.A) Abrasion Value
Standard steel balls produce the abrasive action when swivel in a drum for exact amount of revolutions, the %wear due to rubbing with steel balls is hardness
• Los Angeles Machine
• Cast iron or still ball as abrasion charge
• 1.70mm IS sieve
• Weigh balance, gas burner and Tray
Aggregate samples coarser than 1.70mm sieve size
1. Place the sample and the abrasive charge inside the machine
2. Rotate machine at 500 revolutions and 1000 revolutions for different ratings
3. Sieve through the 1.7mm IS sieve
4. Record the weight of aggregate passing through 1.7mm sieve
Record the value in percentage
APPENDIX 2d: Aggregate Impact Value
1. Testing machine
2. A cylindrical steel cup
3. A metal hammer
4. A tamping rod, rounded at one end.
5. A weigh balance
1. Gas dry and cool aggregates.
2. Sieve through 12.5mm and 10.0mm sieve. Passing through 12.5mm and retained on 10.0mm are the sample.
3. Fill to a depth of one-third depth of cylinder give 25gentle blows
4. Weigh the aggregates
5. Give 25gentle strokes with tamping rod to the aggregates in the firmly fix cup, freely allow the hammer to fall on the sample
6. Sieve crushed aggregate through 2.36mm sieve, weigh the fraction passing the sieve. Also weigh the fraction retained in the sieve.
7. Calculation = B X 100
APPENDIX 2e: Aggregate Crushing Value
1. A 15cm diameter open ended steel cylinder with plunger and base plate
2. A straight metal tamping rod
3. A weigh balance
4. A compression testing machine
Dry and cool the aggregate.
1. Sieve through 12.5mm and 10.0mm sieve, aggregates passing through 12.5mm sieve and retained on 10.0mm sieve
2. Each third is subjected to 25strokes with the tamping rod.
3. Level aggregate and
4. Apply load at a uniform rate
5. Release load and sieve aggregate through 2.36mm sieve, weigh the fraction passing and record the result.
Aggregate Crushing Value = B/A X 100
APPENDIX 2f: Shape Test
A. Flakiness
1. A balance
2. Metal Gauge
3. Sieves
1. Sieve samples
2. Gauge fractions for thickness and weigh the aggregate passing the gauge.
Flakiness index = 100*w/W
W = weight of passing
W = weight of passing + weight retaine
B. Elongation
Same as in flakiness + the gauge
Same as step 1 to step 3 of the flakiness index
Step 4: weigh aggregate retained
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In this article, we present you the details of the most mysterious places in India. Check them out as you will be astonished about their existence and the interesting history behind it.
Rameshwaram In Tamil Nadu
Rameshwaram Temple is in Tamil Nadu and it holds immense importance in the Hindu mythology. This is the place mentioned in Ramayana, where Lord Rama's Vanara Sena had built a bridge of floating stones all the way to Sri Lanka. These stones really do exist as mentioned in the Ramayana.
The Marshes Of West Bengal
The marshes of West Bengal get spooky in the dark as this place has been freaking out the fishermen here for ages. It is said that there have been many sightings of unnatural glowing lights during the night and these unusual light is of different colours. The fishermen are often left confused due to these lights and some have even lost their lives.
Vrindavan Gardens
According to Hindu scriptures, it is believed that Lord Krishna married over 16000 women. There are several gardens and temples dedicated to him and this garden is special as it is believed that the trees in this garden supposedly transform themselves into 'Gopis' or the women who herd the cows. Locals claim that no humans or animal can enter the garden post nightfall. Those who have gone to experience it are believed to have suffered from dementia.
The Red Region
A vast forest reserve named Idukki, or the 'Red Region', is one of the mysterious places in India. It is said that here, one can witness red-coloured rain and this unusual phenomenon first occurred on 25 July 2001. The rain had stained the clothes and buildings as it poured. When the locals collected this unusual blood-red downpour, it turned into clean water with red particles that settled at the bottom. After a research was done by the scientists, it was found that the red particles were airborne spores of the locally growing alga in the region.


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Miles Parkes is accepting applications for PhD students.
Miles Parkes is available for consultancy.
Research Interests
Public and Patient Involvement/Engagement
In the UK, over 500,000 people live with Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC), collectively known as inflammatory bowel disease or IBD. These conditions are characterised by debilitating abdominal symptoms, and, in their severe forms, have a major adverse impact on health and quality of life. To expedite research into CD and UC and help develop personalised therapies, the UK IBD Genetics Consortium and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) BioResource launched IBD BioResource in 2016. The IBD BioResource is a national platform designed to recruit over 25,000 recallable patients from hospitals UK-wide. For each enlisted participant, IBD BioResource holds DNA, health and lifestyle data and clinical data. All this information is made available to authorised investigators, of any background (i.e. university, industry or healthcare), who wish to undertake research studies and drive important IBD research. These may include taking fresh samples of blood, getting access to anonymised data or participating in clinical trials based on clinical and genetic characteristics.
This year we have taken part in some PPI/E events/activities to raise awareness on IBD and highlight the importance of NIHR BioResource and IBD BioResource in facilitating important (IBD) research:
-20/05/19: World IBD day and International Clinical Trial day
IBD BioResource held a stand at the Main concourse of Addenbrookes Hospital to raise awareness on Crohn's and Colitis, and to engage with member of the public to describe IBD BioResource's aspirations and discuss how they can help us achieve our goals.
-07/09/19: 'Patient Involvement in Research Day'
We took part in a 'Patient Involvement in Research day' organised by Crohn's & Colitis UK. Following a live–streamed presentation where we described the aims of IBD BioResource and its vision for the future of the Health Data Research Hub for IBD, patients were then invited to take part in a short online survey. The topics covered 'access to medical and health records', 'long term storage and access to information/data' and 'genetic data, feedback and implication'. We have now obtained the feedback and views from more than 850 patients.
-10-13/10/19 New Scientist live Show
NIHR BioResource and IBD BioResource together held a stand at the New Scientist Live across the 4 days. Our hands-on activity and interactions with members of the NIHR and IBD BioResource provided a great opportunity for the public to understand what Research is, what the benefits are and what taking part involves. In particular, through the participation in a pretend 'chocolate trial', over 1,000 people from all ages and background gained some insights into reading research information, give informed consent and be randomised to a 'trial chocolate'.
-20/11/19 BRC open evening TBC
During this open evening, we are hoping to present the results of the 'Patient involvement in Research day' and introduce the aims and aspirations of the Health Data Research Hub for IBD.
genomics ; genetics ; biostatistics ; methylation ; mucosal immunology ; prognosis ; bioinformatics ; colitis
Key Publications
Recent Scientific Publications
Parkes M; IBD BioResource InvestigatorsBD BioResource: an open-access platform of 25 000 patients to accelerate research in Crohn's and Colitis. Gut. 2019 Sep;68(9):1537-1540. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318835. Epub 2019 Jul 3.
Castro-Dopico T, Dennison TW, Ferdinand JR, Mathews RJ, Fleming A, Clift D, Stewart BJ, Jing C, Strongili K, Labzin LI, Monk E, Saeb-Parsy K, Bryant CE, Clare S, Parkes M and Clatworthy M. Anti-commensal IgG drives intestinal inflammation and type 17 immunity. Immunity. 2019 Apr 16;50(4):1099-1114
Rengarajan S, Vivio EE, Parkes M, Peterson DA, Roberson EDO, Newberry RD, Ciorba MA, Hsieh CS. Dynamic immunoglobulin responses to gut bacteria during inflammatory bowel disease. Gut Microbes. 2019 Jun 16:1-16. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2019.1626683.
Snowden JA, Hawkey C, Hind D, Swaby L, Mellor K, Emsley R, Mandefield L, Lee E, Badoglio M, Polge E, Labopin M, Gribben J, Pockley AG, Foulds GA, Lobo A, Travis S, Parkes M, Satsangi J, Papaioannou D, Lindsay JO. Autologous stem cell transplantation in refractory Crohn's disease - low intensity therapy evaluation (ASTIClite): study protocols for a multicentre, randomised controlled trial and observational follow up study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2019 May 31;19(1):82. doi: 10.1186/s12876-019-0992-2.
Biasci D, Lee JC, Noor NM, Pombal DR, Hou M, Lewis N, Ahmad T, Hart A, Parkes M, McKinney EF, Lyons PA, Smith KGC. A blood-based prognostic biomarker in IBD. Gut. 2019 Aug;68(8):1386-1395. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318343. Epub 2019 Apr 27.
Kennedy NA, Heap GA, Green HD, Hamilton B, Bewshea C, Walker GJ, Thomas A, Nice R, Perry MH, Bouri S, Chanchlani N, Heerasing NM, Hendy P, Lin S, Gaya DR, Cummings JRF, Selinger CP, Lees CW, Hart AL, Parkes M, Sebastian S, Mansfield JC, Irving PM, Lindsay J, Russell RK, McDonald TJ, McGovern D, Goodhand JR, Ahmad T; UK Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pharmacogenetics Study Group. Predictors of anti-TNF treatment failure in anti-TNF-naive patients with active luminal Crohn's disease: a prospective, multicentre, cohort study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 May;4(5):341-353. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30012-3. Epub 2019 Feb 27.
Walker GJ, Harrison JW, Heap GA, Voskuil MD, Andersen V, Anderson CA, Ananthakrishnan AN, Barrett JC, Beaugerie L, Bewshea CM, Cole AT, Cummings FR, Daly MJ, Ellul P, Fedorak RN, Festen EAM, Florin TH, Gaya DR, Halfvarson J, Hart AL, Heerasing NM, Hendy P, Irving PM, Jones SE, Koskela J, Lindsay JO, Mansfield JC, McGovern D, Parkes M, Pollok RCG, Ramakrishnan S, Rampton DS, Rivas MA, Russell RK, Schultz M, Sebastian S, Seksik P, Singh A, So K, Sokol H, Subramaniam K, Todd A, Annese V, Weersma RK, Xavier R, Ward R, Weedon MN, Goodhand JR, Kennedy NA, Ahmad T; IBD Pharmacogenetics Study Group. Association of Genetic Variants in NUDT15 With Thiopurine-Induced Myelosuppression in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. JAMA. 2019 Feb 26;321(8):773-785. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.0709.
Kennedy NA, Lamb CA, Berry SH, Walker AW, Mansfield J, Parkes M, Simpkins R, Tremelling M, Nutland S; UK IBD Genetics Consortium, Parkhill J, Probert C, Hold GL, Lees CW. The Impact of NOD2 Variants on Fecal Microbiota in Crohn's Disease and Controls Without Gastrointestinal Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2018 Feb 15;24(3):583-592. doi: 10.1093/ibd/izx061.
Parkes M, Noor NM, Dowling F, Leung H, Bond S, Whitehead L, Upponi S, Kinnon P, Sandham AP, Lyons PA, McKinney EF, Smith KGC, Lee JC. PRedicting Outcomes For Crohn's dIsease using a moLecular biomarkEr (PROFILE): protocol for a multicentre, randomised, biomarker-stratified trial. BMJ Open. 2018 Dec 5;8(12):e026767
Kiely CJ, Clark A, Bhattacharyya J, Moran GW, Lee JC, Parkes M. Acetarsol Suppositories: Effective Treatment for Refractory Proctitis in a Cohort of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2018 Apr;63(4):1011-1015.
Tschurtschenthaler M, Adolph TE, Ashcroft JW, Niederreiter L, Bharti R, Saveljeva S, Bhattacharyya J, Flak MB, Shih DQ, Fuhler GM, Parkes M, Kohno K, Iwawaki T, Janneke van der Woude C, Harding HP, Smith AM, Peppelenbosch MP, Targan SR, Ron D, Rosenstiel P, Blumberg RS, Kaser A. Defective ATG16L1-mediated removal of IRE1α drives Crohn's disease-like ileitis. J Exp Med. 2017 Feb;214(2):401-422
Huang H, Fang M, Jostins L, Umićević Mirkov M, Boucher G, Anderson CA, Andersen V, Cleynen I, Cortes A, Crins F, D'Amato M, Deffontaine V, Dmitrieva J, Docampo E, Elansary M, Farh KK, Franke A, Gori AS, Goyette P, Halfvarson J, Haritunians T, Knight J, Lawrance IC, Lees CW, Louis E, Mariman R, Meuwissen T, Mni M, Momozawa Y, Parkes M, Spain SL, Théâtre E, Trynka G, Satsangi J, van Sommeren S, Vermeire S, Xavier RJ; International IBD Genetics Consortium, Weersma RK, Duerr RH, Mathew CG, Rioux JD, McGovern DPB, Cho JH, Georges M, Daly MJ, Barrett JC. Fine-mapping inflammatory bowel disease loci to single-variant resolution. Nature. 2017 Jul 13;547(7662):173-178
Lee JC, Biasci D, Roberts R, Gearry RB, Mansfield JC, Ahmad T, Prescott NJ, Satsangi J, Wilson DC, Jostins L, Anderson CA, the UK IBD Genetics Consortium, Traherne JA,. Lyons PA, Parkes M, Smith KGC. Genome-wide association study reveals distinct genetic contributions to prognosis and susceptibility in Crohn's disease. Nature Genetics. 2017 Feb;49(2):262-268
Luo Y, de Lange KM, Jostins L, Moutsianas L, Randall J, Kennedy NA, Lamb CA, McCarthy S, Ahmad T, Edwards C, Serra EG, Hart A, Hawkey C, Mansfield JC, Mowat C, Newman WG, Nichols S, Pollard M, Satsangi J, Simmons A, Tremelling M, Uhlig H, Wilson DC, Lee JC, Lees CW, Mathew CG, Parkes M, Barrett JC, Anderson CA. Exploring the genetic architecture of inflammatory bowel disease by whole-genome sequencing identifies association at ADCY7. Nature Genetics. 2017 Feb;49(2):186-192
de Lange KM, Moutsianas L, Lee JC, Lamb CA, Luo Y, Kennedy NA, Jostins L, Rice DL, Gutierrez-Achury J, Ji SG, Heap G, Nimmo ER, Edwards C, Henderson P, Mowat C, Sanderson J, Satsangi J, Simmons A, Wilson DC, Tremelling M, Hart A, Mathew CG, Newman WG, Parkes M, Lees CW, Uhlig H, Hawkey C, Prescott NJ, Ahmad T, Mansfield JC, Anderson CA, Barrett JC. Genome-wide association study implicates immune activation of multiple integrin genes in inflammatory bowel disease. Nature Genetics. 2017 Feb;49(2):256-261.
Cesarini M, Collins GS, Rönnblom A, Santos A, Wang LM, Sjöberg D, Parkes M, Keshav S, Travis SP. Predicting the Individual Risk of Acute Severe Colitis at Diagnosis. J Crohns Colitis. 2016 Sep.
Ellinghaus D, Jostins L, Spain SL, Cortes A…. Karlsen TH, Barrett JC, Parkes M, Brown MA, Franke A. Analysis of five chronic inflammatory diseases identifies 27 new associations and highlights disease-specific patterns at shared loci. Nature Genetics. 2016 May;48(5):510-8
Cleynen I, Boucher G, Jostins L, Schumm LP, Zeissig S, Ahmad T, … International Inflammatory Bowel Disease Genetics Consortium, Parkes M, Vermeire S, Rioux JD, Mansfield J, Silverberg MS, Radford-Smith G, McGovern DP, Barrett JC, Lees CW. Inherited determinants of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis phenotypes: a genetic association study. Lancet. 2016 9;387(10014):156-67.
Liu JZ, van Sommeren S, Huang H, Ng SC, Alberts R, Takahashi A… International IBD Genetics Consortium, Barrett JC, Franke A, Alizadeh BZ, Parkes M, B K T, Daly MJ, Kubo M, Anderson CA, Weersma RK. Association analyses identify 38 susceptibility loci for inflammatory bowel disease and highlight shared genetic risk across populations. Nature Genetics. 2015 Sep;47(9):979-86.
Jason M. Norman, Scott A. Handley, Megan T. Baldridge, Lindsay Droit, Catherine Y. Liu, Brian C. Keller, Amal Kambal, Cynthia L. Monaco, Guoyan Zhao, Phillip Fleshner, Thaddeus S. Stappenbeck, Dermot P.B. McGovern, Ali Keshavarzian, Ece A. Mutlu, Jenny Sauk, Dirk Gevers, Ramnik J. Xavier, David Wang, Miles Parkes, and Herbert W. Virgin. Alterations in the Enteric Virome in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Cell 2015 Jan 29;160(3):447-60
Raine T, Liu JZ, Anderson CA, Parkes M*, Kaser A* (* denotes shared senior author). Generation of primary human intestinal T cell transcriptomes reveals differential expression at genetic risk loci for immune-mediated disease. Gut. 2014 May 5. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-306657.
Lee JC, Espéli M, Anderson CA, Linterman MA, Pocock JM, Williams NJ, Roberts R, Viatte S, Fu B, Peshu N, Ahmad T, Mansfield JC, Gearry R, Dunstan S, Williams TN, Barton A, Vinuesa CG; UK IBD Genetics Consortium, Parkes M, Lyons PA, Smith KG. Human SNP Links Differential Outcomes in Inflammatory and Infectious Disease to a FOXO3-Regulated Pathway. Cell. 2013 Sep 26;155(1):57-69.
Parkes M, Cortes A, van Heel D, Brown M. Analysis Article: Genetic insights into common pathways and complex relationships among immune mediated diseases. Nature Reviews Genetics 2013. Sep;14(9):661-73.
Other recent publications
- Parkes M and IBD BioResource Investigators. IBD BioResource: an open-access platform of 25 000 patients to accelerate research in Crohn's and Colitis. Gut. 2019 Jul 3. pii: gutjnl-2019-318835. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318835.
- Weersma RK, Parkes M. Diverticular disease: picking pockets and population biobanks. Gut. 2019 May;68(5):769-770. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318231. Epub 2019 Mar 2.
- Parkes M. On the threshold of personalized medicine in inflammatory bowel disease: Next generation genetic predictors. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018 Sep;33 Suppl 3:5-6. doi: 10.1111/jgh.14416.
- Parkes M, Noor NM, Dowling F, Leung H, Bond S, Whitehead L, Upponi S, Kinnon P, Sandham AP, Lyons PA, McKinney EF, Smith KGC, Lee JC. PRedicting Outcomes For Crohn's dIsease using a moLecular biomarkEr (PROFILE): protocol for a multicentre, randomised, biomarker-stratified trial. BMJ Open. 2018 Dec 5;8(12):e026767. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026767.
- Patel R, Coulter LL, Rimmer J, Parkes M, Chinnery PF, Swift O. Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy: a clinicopathological mimic of Crohn's disease. BMC Gastroenterol. 2019 Jan 15;19(1):11. doi: 10.1186/s12876-018-0925-5.


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THROWBACK THURSDAY: Here's a look at the original BCFD fire station and fire trucks in Rocheport in the 1970s. ... See MoreSee Less
December 12th, 9:01 am ·
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🎁All the BCFPD wants for Christmas is for you to have numbers on your house and mailbox so we can get to your house quicker in an emergency! ... See MoreSee Less
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|feedback | low graphics version
|You are in: Football: Eng Prem
Saturday, 19 August, 2000, 18:41 GMT 19:41 UK
Charlton record superb start
Charlton Athletic 4-0 Manchester City
Charlton fired a warning to the Premiership after comprehensively beating Manchester City 4-0 at The Valley, despite missing five first choice strikers.
Goals from Andy Hunt, John Robinson, Mark Kinsella and Graham Stuart sealed all three points as Charlton dominated their opponents, who no doubt will give manager Joe Royle plenty to think about over the next week.
Charlton manager Alan Curbishley was forced to call on teenager Kevin Lisbie through injuries, while City had no such problems and gave debuts to their high profile strike force, George Weah and Paulo Wanchope.
But it was 19-year-old Lisbie who made a more than impressive debut, contributing to Charlton's second goal and creating plenty of good chances.
Palmed away
Charlton went straight into action in the first minute when Claus Jensen curled a 25-yard free-kick which City keeper Nicky Weaver brilliantly palmed away for a corner.
The home side should have had the lead after seven minutes when Lisbie beat the offside trap.
With only Weaver to beat, the young striker hit the crossbar from only 10 yards out, much to the disappointment of The Addicks fans.
But only a minute later, Andy Hunt sent the home support into jubilation when he neatly slotted home an 18-yard strike after beating two defenders.
Once again the City defence were left exposed when Jensen's through ball found Hunt on his own up front.
The striker, who scored 24 goals last season, turned Spencer Prior and Richard Edghill to beat Weaver low to his right.
The England under-21 keeper again kept his side in the match when he made another great save, this time keeping out Lisbie's header from Jensen's corner.
Early pressure
But for all of Charlton's early pressure, City almost scored with their first attack of the game.
A long Alfie Haaland throw found the head of Wanchope in the six-yard box, but was denied by an excellent parry from Dean Kiely.
The home side continued to dominate the first half, with Shaun Newton going close with a header.
The second half began in a similar vein to the first with constant Charlton pressure, and Lisbie in particular using his ample pace to good effect, disorientating the rattled defence.
City, similar to the first half, almost scored against the run of play. A powerful Haaland strike was brilliantly saved by Kiely, who reacted quickly to his left.
Joe Royle, watching on from the stands, will no doubt be concerned about the frailty of his defence as Charlton ran riot.
Lisbie, so unlucky not to cap a goal on his debut, hit the post before Mark Kinsella struck a beautiful goal with the outside of foot from 15 yards.
The Addicks finally made it four when Stuart slotted home after Kinsella was brought down by Weaver.
Charlton: Kiely, Kishishev, Powell, Stuart, Rufus, Tiler, Kinsella, Hunt, Robinson, Jensen, Lisbie. Subs: Newton, Brown, Ilic, Parker, Konchesky.
Man City: Weaver, Edghill, Wiekens, Horlock, Prior, Haaland, Tiatto, Weah, Wanchope, Howey, Kennedy. Subs: Dickov, Wright, J. Whitley, Jobson, Wright-Phillips.
Referee: R Harris (Oxford)
Other top Eng Prem stories:
Links to top Eng Prem stories are at the foot of the page.
Links to other Eng Prem stories
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Content Marketing: Writing articles or blog posts related to your business and submitting them to be published on other websites is another great way to reach your target market for free. Although mass distribution of a single article across the web doesn't have the same SEO benefits it once had, submitting exclusive articles to a specific site can still reap many rewards including SEO, boosting your credibility, and reaching a market that might not otherwise know about you. Because writing can be time-consuming, you may want to consider how you can repurpose what you write into other forms of content or with new angles for other audiences.
In November 1994, CDNow launched its BuyWeb program. CDNow had the idea that music-oriented websites could review or list albums on their pages that their visitors might be interested in purchasing. These websites could also offer a link that would take visitors directly to CDNow to purchase the albums. The idea for remote purchasing originally arose from conversations with music label Geffen Records in the fall of 1994. The management at Geffen wanted to sell its artists' CD's directly from its website but did not want to implement this capability itself. Geffen asked CDNow if it could design a program where CDNow would handle the order fulfillment. Geffen realized that CDNow could link directly from the artist on its website to Geffen's website, bypassing the CDNow home page and going directly to an artist's music page.[14]
Don't put all your eggs in one basket. If you only promote one merchant's products, you are stuck with their commissions, their landing pages, and ultimately, their conversion rates. It is important to work with many different merchants in your niche and promote a wide range of products. This affiliate marketing strategy will diversify the amount of commissions you make and create a steady stream of revenue when building an affiliate website.
Leadpages also offers an option for affiliates to send referrals to attend a Leadpages webinar with standard commissions paid for any sale generated from the webinar. However, Leadpages requires you to get at least 150 people to sign up (but not necessarily attend) each webinar. Leadpages also offers affiliates the ability to view blog posts and videos on Leadpages's site, again with the standard commission paid for any sales.


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text: Mumford & Sons\u00a0are very excited to share the first details of\u00a0Agora Del Mar, a three-day, all-inclusive beach party at Cancun\u2019s\u00a0Moon Palace\u00a0resort February 27-29.\r\nProduced in association with CID Presents, the intimate festival will feature two headlining performances by Mumford & Sons in addition to special guests\u00a0Nathaniel Rateliff & The Night Sweats,\u00a0Jenny Lewis,\u00a0Phoebe Bridgers,\u00a0Dermot Kennedy,\u00a0The Tallest Man on Earth,\u00a0Gill Landry\u00a0and\u00a0Kevin Garrett.\r\nOf the event, Mumford & Sons share, \u201cWe have not spent enough time in Mexico and we want to make up for it. So, in February 2020, we are curating an event with all our favourite bands in Cancun. We will play two unique sets over the three-day event and there will no doubt be the usual collaborations with the artists we are so excited to share the weekend with. It\u2019s no ordinary gig so come and find us down by the Caribbean Sea if you can x.\u201d\r\nCID Presents\u00a0CEO, Dan Berkowitz,\u00a0adds, \u201cWe\u2019re honored to be partnering with Mumford & Sons on this special new show. It\u2019s genuinely inspiring to know that together, we are going to create a unique experience for some of their most passionate\u00a0fans. They sincerely care about their fans, the communities in which they play, and our environment, and because of this, we do not take the responsibility of partnering with them lightly. It is our duty to uphold their high\u00a0standards for a proper experience for their fans and the beautiful community of the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico.\u201d\r\nTickets for\u00a0Agora Del Mar 2020\u00a0will go on-sale Thursday, August 22 at 1:00pm ET via www.agoradelmar.com\u00a0with an exclusive pre-sale launching 24 hours earlier (Wednesday, August 21 at 1:00pm ET). Fans can register for the pre-sale starting now and will be automatically entered to win an all-inclusive package for four people before you can buy one.\u00a0Winners will be notified via email on Wednesday, August 21, prior to the start of the pre-sale (packages and prizes do not\u00a0include airfare to Cancun).\r\n


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Before embarking on my CBD quest, I had absolutely no idea about reputable brands and products, and I think I actually tried six different tinctures before someone recommended Pure Kana. I tried the 1000mg bottle of natural CBD oil, and followed the 40 serving instruction which meant 25mg a day. To put it simply, it was exactly what I had been looking for and was finally a product that could compare to what I was hearing about and reading online.
We are here for you, which is maybe why we receive excellent independent reviews (see also Google and Trustpilot): for our devotion to customer service and for choosing only the best CBD oils available in Europe and Great Britain. Follow the dosage instructions under each product description or on the product's label. Once, you've tried a product, whether it's a vape, balm or drops, please leave a review, because it helps others learn more about the quality of the products and your experience at for the Ageless.
Fortunately for you as a consumer, this is where the benefit of a modern CBD online store with "digital transparency" comes into play. In other words, if you're going to buy CBD oil online, it's imperative that you take into account the customer feedback that's available, as well as information on each brand that's available from third-party websites.
We are here for you, which is maybe why we receive excellent independent reviews (see also Google and Trustpilot): for our devotion to customer service and for choosing only the best CBD oils available in Europe and Great Britain. Follow the dosage instructions under each product description or on the product's label. Once, you've tried a product, whether it's a vape, balm or drops, please leave a review, because it helps others learn more about the quality of the products and your experience at for the Ageless.
BioBloom Hemp believes that their range of drops, 4%, 6% and 8% extracts, are all you need. Not only if you're getting started with CBD oil, but also if you're looking to take a high-strength concentrate. How can you accomplish a 40% effect (the strongest available) with a 4% concentrate? You would just need to take more of it; so, instead of taking 1 drop of a 40% CBD, you take 10 drops of BioBloom's 4% CBD drops. The CBD content is the same, but BioBloom says that this equivalence comes with an added benefit: you get more of the full-spectrum cannabinoid profile. In other words, by taking more of the oil, you take in more cannabinoids, thus enhancing the effect of the main active ingredient.
To answer the question of which CBD oil is best, we have to understand the difference between the products: cannabis CBD oil is of course made from Cannabis (marijuana), and it contains high levels of CBD and THC. In fact, the THC can be anywhere from 0.3% all the way up to 30% and beyond. Cannabis oils are normally created to combat different debilitating medical conditions (such as cancer or Multiple Sclerosis), but they are also used for maintaining general wellness.
CBD oils may contain some THC. Cannabis may impair your ability to drive safely or operate equipment and may have short- and long-term effects on your memory, attention, mood, heart rate, and mental health. It is also easy to overconsume CBD oil, so it's important to start with a low dose, as it may take several hours or longer to begin to feel the effects after consumption.
When the founders of Love CBD, Phil and Dan Culbertson, saw the success of CBD oil in the USA, they saw an opportunity for launching a CBD business in the UK. This family-run business from Newmarket, Suffolk, realised that many of the CBD oils available in the UK at that time (in 2014) were of substandard quality and decided to become CBD connoisseurs and put together blends with what they considered to be the best hemp strains out there.
A few years ago it was still believed that CBD has no side effects. Well, at least no negative ones, because CBD works in many ways and the side effects that it had were always good ones. In the sense of, "I use CBD for something specific and as a side effect it also helps with something else. But over the years of studies (though there are still too few of them) and experience, a few side effects have been identified. But do not worry, these are not life-threatening side effects. Now let's look at the toxicity of CBD, the possible side effects, and the safety of CBD.
The information on this website has not been evaluated by the Food & Drug Administration or any other medical body. We do not aim to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any illness or disease. Information is shared for educational purposes only. You must consult your doctor before acting on any content on this website, especially if you are pregnant, nursing, taking medication, or have a medical condition.
Hemp oil does have a number of uses and is often marketed as a cooking oil or a product that is good for moisturizing the skin. It is also used in the production of certain soaps, shampoos, and foods. It is also a basic ingredient for bio-fuel and even a more sustainable form of plastic. Hemp has been cultivated and used for roughly 10,000 years, and it definitely has useful purposes. However, a lack of cannabinoids, namely CBD, means that it has little therapeutic value.


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Dec 9, 2019
What do the Ancient Greeks, Viking warriors and World War II munition factories have to tell us about modern learning and development? More than you might think!
On this week's episode of The GoodPractice Podcast, Michelle Parry-Slater joins Ross G and Owen to explore lessons from the history of L&D.
We discuss:
Dec 3, 2019
What should we know about the people we don't? Through a series of thematically related anecdotes, this is the question Malcolm Gladwell sets out to answer in his latest book, Talking to Strangers.
On this week's episode of the GoodPractice Podcast, Ross D is joined by Owen, Ross G and Nicola for the first in a series...