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|Army of Flanders
Ejército de Flandes
The Army of Flanders' deployment for the Battle of Nieuwpoort (1600).
|1567–1706 (dissolution)
|King of Spain as hereditary prince of the Low Countries
|Spanish Army
|Security, control, and defense of the Spanish Netherlands
|10,000 [1] (1567)
86,235 [2] (1574)
49,765 [2] (1607)
77,000 [3] (1639)
|Notable commanders
The Army of Flanders (Spanish : Ejército de Flandes) was a multinational army in the service of the kings of Spain that was based in the Netherlands during the 16th to 18th centuries. It was notable for being the longest-serving standing army of the period, being in continuous service from 1567 until its disestablishment in 1706. In addition to taking part in numerous battles of the Dutch Revolt (1567–1609) and the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), it also employed many developing military concepts more reminiscent of later military units, enjoying permanent, standing regiments ( tercios ), barracks, military hospitals and rest homes long before they were adopted in most of Europe. Sustained at huge cost and at significant distances from Spain, the Army of Flanders also became infamous for successive mutinies and its ill-disciplined activity off the battlefield, including the Sack of Antwerp in 1576.
The Army of Flanders formed the longest standing army in the early modern period, operating from 1567 until 1706. [4] It was established following a wave of iconoclasm in the troubled provinces of the Netherlands in 1565 and 1566. [5] The provinces were ruled by the Spanish King Phillip II, and as trouble mounted he decided to reinforce the existing forces of the governor, Margaret of Parma, with a more substantial force. This was both a political reaction against the perceived rebellion, but also a response to the Calvinist views being shown by the protesters, establishing a religious flavour to the military response. [6]
King Phillip's possessions stretched across Europe, and were reflected in the creation of the new army. In 1567 it was intended that 8,000 Spanish foot and 1,200 horse would form the nucleus of a new army for the Netherlands, to be sent from north Italy via Savoy. [7] It was envisaged at this stage that the total number might potentially reach 70,000 (60,000 foot, 10,000 horse), under the command of Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba. [8] The force would be sent through Europe via a sequence of friendly or neutral territories, which would become known as the 'Spanish Road'; surveying of the route began in 1566.
Eventually the Spanish authorities concluded that 70,000 troops was excessive, and certainly too expensive, and in the end only 10,000 Spaniards and a regiment of German infantry under Count Alberic de Lodron were initially sent. Their formation, dispatch and march north was a considerable accomplishment for the time. Arriving in the Netherlands, they joined the 10,000 Walloon and German troops already serving Margaret of Parma, who then resigned in favour of Alba. [9] The Spanish troops were unruly, but formed an essential professional basis for the new army. [10] Backed by the new Army of Flanders, Alba began clamping down on the unrest; around 12,000 people were tried by Alba: 1,000 were condemned to death, others forfeited property as a result of the trials. [11]
The size of the Army of Flanders would vary over the period in response to contemporary challenges and threats. The initial force that combined in the Netherlands in 1567 was a little over 20,000 strong; after the defeat of William I of Orange the following year, the Spanish planned for an enduring force of 3,200 Walloon and 4,000 Spanish infantry along the borders of the Netherlands, backed by 4,000 Spanish infantry and 500 light cavalry forming a strategic reserve. [12] In practice, the ensuing Dutch revolt meant that the Army had to enlarge considerably in 1572, reaching, on paper, if not in reality, a strength of 86,000 by 1574. [13]
The Army was a multinational force, drawn primarily from the various Catholic possessions of the Habsburgs but also from the British Isles and from Lutheran parts of Germany. There was a clear contemporary hierarchy as to the value of different soldiers; Spanish soldiers were considered the best; then Italians, followed by English, Irish and Burgundian troops; then Germans, then finally local Walloons. Parker has argued that the Germans in fact performed much better than they were given credit for by contemporary commanders. [14] Despite their value on the field, Spanish troops in the Army were particularly unpopular with the local people, and at two key moments were sent out of the Netherlands to assuage local opinion.
Recruitment occurred by various methods, including the commissioning of recruiting captains, who would attempt to enroll volunteers from a given recruiting region each year, and contractors, who would attempt to hire troops from across Europe. It is estimated that around 25% of the Army had served their military apprenticeships elsewhere, with more than 50% recruited outside the Low Countries. [15] At its best, this system could achieve remarkable surges – the increase in the Army in 1572 used all these methods, and its success was a major accomplishment for the Spanish military establishment. [16] During the 1590s, there was increasingly fierce competition for suitable veterans among Catholic France, embroiled in its civil wars of religion, the Habsburg Empire's other commitments and the Army of Flanders, with premiums being paid for transfers into the respective armies. [17] By the early 17th century, the similarities between the Habsburg army of Hungary and the Army of Flanders made competition for recruits particularly intense. [18] The cost of recruiting for the Army created tensions between Philip II's policy in the Netherlands, and his need to maintain a strong presence in the Mediterranean against the Ottoman Turks. [19] Although volunteers were the norm, in extremis other methods could be used; Spain raised a tercio of Catalan criminals to fight in Flanders, [20] a trend Philip II continued for most Catalan criminals for the rest of his reign. [21] Pay remained fixed throughout most of the period, three escudos per day up until 1634, then four escudos thereafter. [22]
At the highest social level, the Army of Flanders enjoyed a sequence of senior officers drawn from the nobility. Having senior noble commanders was considered extremely important in the Army, [23] more so than in equivalent armies in Europe. [24] At the lowest, the Army, like most of the period, had a substantial train of camp followers. Drawn from the lower classes, they made up a large percentage of the overall size of the Army in the field, [25] and represented a considerable logistical burden in campaigns.
As time went on, the Army of Flanders began to enjoy various distinctly modern institutions, often before they were adopted by the rest of Europe. Alba set up a military hospital at Mechelen near Brabant in 1567; it was closed the following year, but after many complaints by mutineers it reopened in 1585, ultimately having 49 staff and 330 beds, paid for partially by the troops. The 'Garrison of our Lady of Hal' was created as a more permanent rest home for crippled veterans. A public trustee was also appointed in 1596 to administer the wills of soldiers who had fallen in service. [26] After 1609, a number of small barracks (baraques, called after the French version of the Catalan barraca) were created away from the main urban centres to house the Army – a move that was eventually copied by other nations. [27]
The Army of Flanders had been built upon the concept of the Spanish tercio , a pike-heavy infantry formation that well suited the nature of warfare in the Netherlands. The large areas of flat ground, the platteland, was criss-crossed by rivers and drainage channels, dotted by numerous towns and cities well placed to dominate the surrounding landscape, increasingly defended with polygonal fortifications. Siege warfare, rather than set-piece battles, dominated the Eighty Years' War, especially in the 16th century. Away from the major sieges, the war took on an almost guerilla style of small engagements and skirmishes, with much of both the Army of Flanders and the Dutch forces dispersed across the countryside; [28] in 1639, for example, just under half of the Army, then 77,000 strong, was distributed across 208 small garrisons. [29] This pattern reflected the Dutch disposition as well. [28] Siege warfare was extremely expensive, both in terms of casualties and money. In 1622 the siege of Bergen-op-Zoom cost Spinola 9,000 men, [30] whilst the siege of Oostend in 1601-4 cost the Army of Flanders 80,000 in casualties. [31] The siege of Breda during 1624–5 was so expensive financially that the advance had to pause through 1625 – no more money was available to exploit the success. [32]
In the 17th century, the conflict gradually changed, as the Spanish-Dutch borders became smaller and more secure and the number of sieges slowly reduced. [33] The Army of Flanders gradually changed in response to these developments in warfare. The Spanish experiences fighting the Swedish, with their more flexible, firepower-oriented tactics of open battle, resulted in a decision to alter the balance of the Flanders tercios in 1634. A new ratio of 75% musketeers to 25% pike was decided on; this delivered more firepower, but was weaker in defending against cavalry, as was demonstrated at Rocroi (1643). [34] In practice this adjusted ratio was only applied to newly formed units. [35] There were also attempts to introduce the heavier musket to replace the lighter arquebus; the poor physical quality of new recruits, who could often not lift the heavier weapon, however, meant that this rule often had to be broken in practice, [35] the local Walloons being felt to be particularly weak and requiring the arquebus. [36] The efforts to deploy the Army of Flanders against France also encouraged changes. Generally speaking, the Army required more infantry for operations in the north against the Dutch, and more cavalry for operations in the south against the French. [37] The Army of Flanders was rarely strong in terms of cavalry, however; in 1572 Alba had discharged all his heavy cavalry, [38] and until the 1630s the Army's cavalry was mainly light cavalry, used to patrol the platteland. [39] Horses themselves were often in short supply – after the relief of Rouen in 1592, for example, two thirds of the Spanish cavalry lacked mounts. [40]
On campaign, the Army of Flanders were considered highly disciplined in the field, being cohesive, with good support facilities. When necessary, they could achieve significant military feats, such as their building of a bridge over the Seine to escape pursuit in 1592. [41] By contrast, even by early modern standards the Army was considered very ill-disciplined off the field, as illustrated by a colloquial Spanish phrase in response to unruly behaviour which came rhetorically to question whether the person believed they were serving in Flanders. [42]
The Army of Flanders was to play a key part in all the campaigns of the Dutch Revolt (1567–1609). The Duke of Alba had first brought the army into Flanders, and despite losing the Battle of Heiligerlee to William I of Orange, the rebel leader, was able to pacify the north until a resurgence of rebel activity occurred in 1572. Unable to deal with the crisis, Alba was replaced by the more moderate Luis de Zúñiga y Requesens in 1573. Requesens was hampered by the bankruptcy of the Spanish crown in 1575, which left him without funds to maintain his army. The Army of Flanders mutinied, and shortly after Requesens' death in 1576 almost effectively ceased to exist, disintegrating in various mutinous factions. [43] Don John of Austria took over the command of the province, attempting to restore some semblance of military discipline but failing to prevent the Sack of Antwerp by mutinous soldiers.
By the time that Alexander Farnese, the future Duke of Parma, took control of the army in 1578, the Low Countries were increasingly split between the rebellious north and those southern provinces still loyal to Spain. Farnese set about consolidating Spanish control in the south, retaking Antwerp and other major towns. At this point the Army was diverted from its original function of fighting the northern rebels to addressing the problem of England, at war with Spain. Farnese believed that the Army could hope to cross the Channel in force, relying upon a Catholic uprising in England to support it; instead, Philip decided to undertake a naval attack using the Spanish Armada in 1588. The Army of Flanders moved against Ostend and Dunkirk in preparations for a follow-up manoeuver across the Channel in support of the Armada, but the defeat of the main naval force brought an end to these plans.
Farnese was ultimately removed as governor, being replaced by Peter Ernst I von Mansfeld-Vorderort in 1592 and Archduke Ernest of Austria in 1594. By the time Archduke Albert of Austria – the husband of Isabella of Spain was given custody of the Netherlands by the Spanish king in 1595, the Dutch north appeared to be an increasingly independent country, protected by the able military commander Maurice of Orange and his Dutch States Army. The Dutch continued to consolidate their control over various towns through a sequence of successful sieges, whilst the Army of Flanders saw itself increasingly pointed southwards, against France, being used as a strike force in 1590 and 1592, and fighting to take Cambrai (1595) and Calais (1596). [44] Despite the failure of the Army to reoccupy the north, it continued to the end of the period as an effective fighting force, with its campaigns in 1605 and 1606 being notable for their 'vitality' and vigour. [45]
The Army of Flanders had become particularly well known for its frequent mutinies, especially during the 1570s. These mutinies, or alteraciones, stemmed from the mismatch between Spain's strategic military ambitions and her fiscal means. Spain was the only European power to be able to project military force on the scale and distance of the Army of Flanders; backed by gold and especially silver from her American colonies, Spain had huge funds available. In practice, however, the costs of such a large military force outstripped even Spain's ability to pay for it. In 1568, the defence costs for the army in Flanders amounted to 1,873,000 florins a year. [12] By 1574, the enlarged army was costing 1,200,000 florins a month. [46] Even with increased taxation, the Low Countries could not hope to support such a force, but funds from Castile were limited – only 300,000 florins arrived each month at the time from Spain. [47] This underlying fiscal tension was only just manageable in normal years; in years like 1575, when King Phillip II was forced to default on his loans yet again, there was simply no money available to pay the Army of Flanders. Mutinies usually ensued – ultimately the Army of Flanders mutinied 45 times between 1572 and 1609, [48] with the mutinies coming to have a formal character and process of their own. The longest mutiny was the Mutiny of Hoogstraten, which ran from 1 September 1602 to 18 May 1604. [49]
Broadly speaking, these mutinies resulted in three problems. First, the mutinies were unpredictable and frightening events for any military leader to deal with. Second, they encouraged the troops to live off the locals, extracting 'free lodgings, and encouraging theft and plunder' [50] which drastically reduced local support for the Spanish cause. Third, the pauses in the campaigns caused by the mutinies allowed the Dutch to recover lost ground each time.
The first mutiny occurred in 1573, with the soldiers ultimately being paid off with 60 florins each, [51] two further mutinies followed, freezing the progress of the Spanish campaign. Mutinies continued in 1575 and 1576, up until the death of the Army's commander, Requesens. The Army effectively collapsed, sustaining itself by extorting money and food from the local peoples – widespread fresh Dutch revolts recommenced, accompanied by a general outcry of 'death to the Spaniards'. [52] The new commander in the Netherlands, Don John of Austria was unable to restore order, resulting in the Sack of Antwerp, a horrific event in which 1,000 houses were destroyed and 8,000 people killed by rampaging soldiers. [53] The States General, influenced by the sack, signed the Pacification of Ghent only four days later, unifying the rebellious provinces and the loyal provinces with the goal of removing all Spanish soldiers from the Netherlands, as well as stopping the persecution of heretics. This effectively destroyed every accomplishment the Spanish had made in the past ten years. Attempting to mollify the situation, Don John removed his Spanish troops from the country in 1577, before recalling them shortly afterwards when the political situation worsened again. When Don John died, Alexander Farnese replaced him as governor and set out to moderate Spanish policy in Catholic Flanders while reducing Protestant outposts by force. This policy backfired. In 1579 his troops sacked Maastricht, killing over 10,000 civilians. [54]
During the opening campaigns of the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), the Army of Flanders played an important role for the Imperial factions as a mobile field army. During the Palatinate phase (1618-1625), the Army, 20,000 strong, [55] was sent under Ambrogio Spinola to support the Emperor, pinning down the Protestant Union whilst Saxony intervened against Bohemia. Joined by the Army of the Catholic League, the two forces decisively defeated Frederick V at the Battle of White Mountain, near Prague, in 1620. In addition to becoming Catholic once more, Bohemia would remain in Habsburg hands for nearly three hundred years. The Army of Flanders then outflanked the Dutch in preparation for a renewed offensive against the United Provinces, occupying the Rhine Palatinate. [56]
Having made a success on the battlefield, the Army then turned against the Dutch. Spinola made considerable progress from 1621 onwards, finally retaking Breda after a famous siege in 1624. The cost of this siege, however, was far in excess of Spain's resources, and the Army was put on the defensive for the remainder of the war. [57] Steadily placed under increased pressure, the Army's position could have been untenable, but in 1634 Spain exploited the Spanish Road once again, bringing fresh forces from Italy under the command of the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria; they decisively defeated the Swedes at the Battle of Nördlingen, before cutting west to reinforce the Army of Flanders. Any Spanish advantage, however, would be undercut by the new Franco-Dutch alliance that threatened to engulf the Spanish Netherlands in a pincer movement between her two enemies.
With the French entry into the war in 1636, the Army of Flanders initially made a good showing, counter-attacking and threatening Paris in 1636. [58] Over the next few years, however, France's military strength continued to grow and the earlier successes of the Army would be overshadowed by their defeat at the Battle of Rocroi in 1643. Spain had responded to French pressure on the Franche-Comté and Catalonia that year by deploying the Army from Flanders, through the Ardennes into northern France, threatening an advance onto Paris. The ensuing battle, as the Army set siege to Rocroi, turned against the Spanish and their defeat became inevitable. The French commander, Louis, duc d'Enghien, attempted to negotiate terms for surrender for the remaining Spanish infantry, but a misunderstanding led to the French troops attacking the Spanish forces with no quarter being given. Of the 18,000 strong Spanish army, 7,000 prisoners were taken and 8,000 killed, with the majority of these losses being the much-prized Spanish soldiers. [59]
The destruction of so much of the Army had immediate strategic ramifications. Spain could no longer continue its planned advance on Paris, and within five weeks had begun to make the first moves towards a negotiations that would culminate in the 1648 Peace of Westphalia. [60] Traditionally, historians have traced the decline and collapse of Spanish military power in Europe from the battle of Rocroi; [61] the defeat, however, can be overstated. A substantial part of the Army of Flanders, some 6,000 men under Beck, failed to turn up in time to fight at Rocroi and formed the nucleus of the new Army of Flanders afterwards. [62] Some recent historians have increasingly seen 1643 as a somewhat arbitrary date – Spain remained powerful and capable of defending itself in Flanders for many years afterwards. [63]
After the end of the Thirty Years' War, a financially constrained Spanish government steadily reduced the size of the Army of Flanders; this trend continued after the end of the Franco-Spanish war that continued after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. [64] [3] Despite its decline in numbers and quality, the army remained "an opponent to be treated with respect" at least until the 1650s, [3] though it started to rely more on auxiliary forces such as the allied army of Louis, Grand Condé and a Royalist Army in Exile loyal to Charles II of England. [65] The Battle of the Dunes in 1658, resulting in a defeat for the Army of Flanders at the hands of the French, produced a renewed peace. [66]
Recent scholarship has highlighted the deep-seated problems emerging in the Spanish state and military from the 1630s onwards. The Count-Duke of Olivares, the key advisor to King Philip IV, had attempted to reenergize the Army of Flanders by injecting increasing numbers of the aristocracy into the senior ranks; the results had included rank inflation, a fragmented system of command and a raft of temporary appointments. [67] By the 1650s, the officer-to-man ratio in the Army had reached the unsustainable levels of one to four. [67] Recruitment had steadily shifted; by the mid-17th century, troops were increasingly being raised less by contractor and contractors, and more by either capturing men or selecting them as levies from cities and towns via lotteries (quintas or suertes). [68] [3] The Army of Flanders especially suffered from this, as it could no longer receive adequate numbers of recruits from Spain and Italy due to France having closed the Spanish Road. Instead it had to rely on locally raised forces or mercenaries who were not up to the old standards. [69] The infrastructure and support services were considerably improved, but not as much as elsewhere, and the Army was increasingly perceived as a 'broken force' in European affairs. [70] With money continuing to be tight, visitors to the provinces in the second half of the century reported seeing the Army in an appalling state, with soldiers begging and short of food. [71] Nevertheless, there was no return to the mass mutinies of the preceding century.
By the end of the century, the final days of the Army of Flanders were not far away. The War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14) saw French and Allied invasions and the disintegration of central Spanish authority in the peninsula, which destroyed the basis of the Army of Flanders – it was formally disbanded in 1706.
The Army of Flanders left a strong influence on various parts of Spanish culture. The patron saint of the modern Spanish infantry, for example, is the Immaculate Conception. This stems from an incident in 1585, when during the Battle of Empel, the tercio of Francisco Arias de Bobadillawas trapped on the island of Bommel by the Dutch squadron of Admiral Holako. Stranded in mid-winter, his men were fast running out of food, but de Bobadilla refused to surrender. One of his soldiers, digging a trench, then discovered a wooden picture of the Immaculate Conception – de Bobadilla placed this on a makeshift altar, and prayed for divine intervention. That night the weather turned yet colder and the river Meuse surrounding the island froze over; de Bobadilla's men were able to cross the river on the ice, raid Holako's stranded ships and defeat the Dutch. The Army of Flanders adopted the Immaculate Conception as their patroness, and in turn this was followed by the modern Spanish infantry.
Various phrases from the military in Flanders remain in the Spanish language. Poner una pica en Flandes, – 'to put a pike in Flanders' – refers to something extremely difficult or costly, referring to the expense involved in sending Spanish forces to Flanders. Pasar por los bancos de Flandes, – 'to go through the banks of Flanders', refers to overcoming a difficulty, such as the notorious sand-bank protecting the river-strewn Netherlands. [72]
The Battle of Rocroi of 19 May 1643 resulted in the victory of a French army under the Duc d'Enghien against the Spanish Army under General Francisco de Melo only five days after the accession of Louis XIV of France to the throne of France, late in the Thirty Years' War. The battle is considered by many to be the turning point of the perceived invincibility of the Spanish Tercio that dominated European battlefields in the 16th century and the first half of the 17th century. After Rocroi, the Spanish abandoned the tercio system and began to use linear Dutch-style battalions like the French.
The Battle of Turnhout also known as the Battle of Tielenheide was a military engagement which took place on 24 January 1597 in the border area between the Northern and Southern Netherlands at Turnhout during the Eighty Years' War and the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604).
The Eighty Years' War or Dutch War of Independence (1568–1648) was a revolt of the Seventeen Provinces of what are today the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg against Philip II of Spain, the sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands. After the initial stages, Philip II deployed his armies and regained control over most of the rebelling provinces. Under the leadership of the exiled William the Silent, the northern provinces continued their resistance. They eventually were able to oust the Habsburg armies, and in 1581 they established the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. The war continued in other areas, although the heartland of the republic was no longer threatened. This included the origins of the Dutch colonial empire, which began with Dutch attacks on Portugal's overseas territories, which at the time was conceived as carrying overseas the war with Spain due to Portugal being in a dynastic union with Spain. The Dutch Republic was recognized by Spain and the major European powers in 1609 at the start of the Twelve Years' Truce. Hostilities broke out again around 1619, as part of the broader Thirty Years' War. An end was reached in 1648 with the Peace of Münster, when the Dutch Republic was definitively recognised as an independent country no longer part of the Holy Roman Empire. The Peace of Münster is sometimes considered the beginning of the Dutch Golden Age.
A tercio or tercio español was a powerful Spanish infantry division during the time of Habsburg Spain known for its victories on European battlefields in the early modern period.
The "Spanish Road" was a military supply/trade route used from 1567–1633, which stretched from Northern Italy to the Low Countries. It crossed through relatively neutral territory, and was therefore Europe's most preferred military route. In the days of its use it was known in French as "le chemin des Espagnols".
The Battle of Gembloux took place at Gembloux, near Namur, Low Countries, between the Spanish forces led by Don John of Austria, Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands, and a rebel army composed of Dutch, Flemish, English, Scottish, German, French and Walloon soldiers under Antoine de Goignies, during the Eighty Years' War and the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604). On 31 January 1578 the Spanish cavalry commanded by John's nephew, Don Alexander Farnese, Prince of Parma, after pushing back the Netherlandish cavalry, attacked the Netherlandish army, causing an enormous panic amongst the rebel troops. The result was a crushing victory for the Spanish forces. The battle hastened the disintegration of the unity of the rebel provinces, and meant the end of the Union of Brussels.
The Battle of Dahlen was fought on April 23, 1568, between a Dutch rebel army led by Jean de Montigny, Lord of Villers, and a Spanish army commanded by Sancho Dávila y Daza. As a part of William of Orange's planned invasion, the Dutch rebels were trying to conquer the town of Roermond when the arrival of the Spanish force compelled them to withdraw. Dávila pursued the retreating force and inflicted a defeat upon Villers near the small town of Dahlen. The survivors of this encounter sought refuge under the walls of Dahlen, where the Spanish infantry finally defeated them. This battle is sometimes considered the official start of the Eighty Years' War.
Cristóbal de Mondragón y Mercado (1514–1596) was a Spanish general during the Eighty Years' War.
Juan Del Águila y Arellano was a Spanish general. He commanded the Spanish expeditionary Tercio troops in Sicily then in Brittany, before serving as general of the Spanish armies in the invasion of Ireland (1600–1602). As a soldier, and subsequently Field Master of the Tercios, he was posted to Sicily, Africa, Malta, Corsica, Milan, the Netherlands, Spain, Portugal, France and Ireland, where he participated in major military events of his time, such as the Siege of Malta, the Looting of Antwerp, the Siege of Antwerp, the Miracle of Empel, the Expedition in support of French Catholics, the Battle of Cornwall and the Expedition to support the Irish.
The Siege of Leuven was an important siege in the Thirty Years' War in which a Franco-Dutch army under Frederick Henry of Orange and the French Marshals Urbain de Maillé-Brezé and Gaspard III de Coligny, who had invaded the Spanish Netherlands from two sides, laid siege to the city of Leuven, defended by a force of 4,000 comprising local citizen and student militias with Walloons, Germans and Irish of the Army of Flanders under Anthonie Schetz, Baron of Grobbendonck. Poor organization and logistics and the spread of sickness among the French, along with the appearance of a relief army of 11,000 Spanish and Italian troops under Ottavio Piccolomini, forced the invading army to lift the siege. This failure allowed the Spanish forces to take the initiative and soon the invaders were forced into a headlong retreat.
The Siege of Saint-Omer was a siege in the Thirty Years' War in which a French army under Gaspard III de Coligny, Maréchal de Châtillon, laid siege to the Flemish city of Saint-Omer, defended by a small garrison in command of Lancelot II Schetz, count of Grobbendonck. Despite several initial successes in the capture of the minor forts around Saint-Omer, on the night of 8/9 June a Spanish relief army under Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano surprised Châtillon's troops and established a small fort in the middle of the French lines. An entire army corps under Maréchal de La Force was ordered to move towards Saint-Omer to support Châtillon siege, but on July 12 a further Imperial-Spanish force commanded by Ottavio Piccolomini entered Saint-Omer, resolving the French marshals to withdraw.
The Siege of Calais of 1596, also known as the Spanish conquest of Calais, took place at the strategic port-city of Calais, between April 8–24, 1596, as part of the Franco-Spanish War (1595–1598), in the context of the French Wars of Religion, the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604), and the Eighty Years' War. The siege ended when the city fell into Spanish hands after a short and intense siege by the Spanish Army of Flanders commanded by Archduke Albert of Austria, Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands. The French troops in the citadel of Calais resisted for a few days more, but finally on April 24, the Spanish troops led by Don Luis de Velasco y Velasco, Count of Salazar, assaulted and captured the fortress, achieving a complete victory. The Spanish success was the first action of the campaign of Archduke Albert of 1596.
The Battle of the Lippe was a cavalry action fought on 2 September 1595 on the banks of the Lippe river, in Germany, between a corps of Spanish cavalry led by Juan de Córdoba and a corps of Dutch cavalry, supported by English troops, led by Philip of Nassau. The Dutch statholder Maurice of Nassau, taking advantage of the fact that the bulk of the Spanish army was busied in operations in France, besieged the town of Groenlo in Gelderland, but the elderly governor of the citadel of Antwerp, Cristóbal de Mondragón, organized a relief army and forced Maurice to lift the siege. Mondragón next moved to Wesel, positioning his troops on the southern bank of the Lippe river to cover Rheinberg from a Dutch attack. Maurice aimed then, relying on his superior army, to entice Mondragón into a pitched battle, planning to use an ambush to draw the Spanish army into a trap. However, the plan was discovered by the Spanish commander, who organized a counter-ambush.
The Siege of Mons of 1572 took place at Mons, capital of the County of Hainaut, Spanish Netherlands, between 23 June and 19 September 1572, as part of the Eighty Years' War, the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604), and the French Wars of Religion. In the spring of 1572, after the capture of Valenciennes by a Protestant force under Louis of Nassau, the Dutch commander continued with his offensive and took Mons by surprise on 24 May. After three months of siege, and the defeats of the armies of Jean de Hangest, seigneur d'Yvoy and Genlis, and William the Silent, Prince of Orange (Dutch: Willem van Oranje), by the Spanish army led by Don Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba, Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands, and his son, Don Fadrique de Toledo, Louis of Nassau's forces, isolated and without any hope of help, surrendered Mons to the Duke of Alba on 19 September.
The Siege of Grave, also known as the Capture of Grave of 1586, took place from mid-February – 7 June 1586 at Grave, Duchy of Brabant, Low Countries, between the Spanish army led by Governor-General Don Alexander Farnese, Prince of Parma, and the Dutch-States and English forces under Baron Peter van Hemart, Governor of Grave, during the Eighty Years' War and the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604).
The Battle of Borgerhout was a battle during the Eighty Years' War, of the Spanish Army of Flanders led by Alexander Farnese, Prince of Parma, upon a fortified camp at the village of Borgerhout, near Antwerp, where several thousand French, English, Scottish and Walloon soldiers in service of the recently created Union of Utrecht were stationed. It took place during the reconquest by the armies of Philip II of Spain of the Burgundian Netherlands, whose different provinces had united in 1576 under the Pacification of Ghent to drive out the foreign troops out and to grant religious liberty to Protestants.
The Capture of Aalst of 1584, also known as the Betrayal of Aalst, took place in early February, 1584, at Aalst, County of Aalst, Flanders, during the Eighty Years' War and the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604). In 1584, after the successful Spanish military campaign of 1583, the Governor-General Don Alexander Farnese, Prince of Parma, was focused in subjecting by hunger the cities located on the Scheldt and its tributaries. One of these cities was Aalst, located on the Dender river. In January, the garrison of Aalst, composed by English troops under the command of Governor Olivier van den Tympel, was completely surrounded and blocked by the Spanish forces led by Parma. In this situation, the English soldiers, tired of the lack of supplies and pay, finally surrendered the city to Parma, in exchange for 128,250 florins and entered the service of the Spanish army.
The Mutiny of Hoogstraten was the longest mutiny by soldiers of the Army of Flanders during the Eighty Years' War. Frederick Van den Berg's attempt to end the mutiny by force, with a siege to recapture the town, ended in defeat at the hands of an Anglo-Dutch army under of Maurice of Nassau. After a period of nearly three years the mutineers were able either to join Maurice's army or rejoin the Spanish army after a pardon had been ratified.
The Siege of Lier of 1582, also known as the Capture of Lier or Betrayal of Lier, took place between 1 and 2 August 1582 at Lier, near Antwerp, during the Eighty Years' War and the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604). On 2 August the Spanish army commanded by Governor-General Don Alexander Farnese, Prince of Parma, supported by part of the States garrison, captured and seized the town, defeating the rest of the Dutch, English and German troops under Governor of Lier. All garrison was killed or captured. The news of the Spanish success at Lier produced a great shock to the States-General at Antwerp, where the sense of insecurity was obvious, and many of the Protestant citizens sold their houses, fleeing to the north of Flanders.
The Siege of Hulst of 1596 was a Spanish victory led by Archduke Albert that took place between mid-July and August 18, 1596, at the city of Hulst, Province of Zeeland, Low Countries, during the Eighty Years' War, the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604). After a short siege, during which Maurice of Orange launched a failed attempt to relieve the city – the garrison of Dutch and English troops fell into Spanish hands on August 18, 1596.


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Add to Spiritual Diary
Unlike physical diseases mental illness is entirely a different ball game when it comes to managing it.It is a long battle to be fought with your mind everyday throughout your life. We can't just sit and watch the prescribed drugs to take affect. Even a psychiatrist needs lot of time to decide on a particular drug which is best suited for a individual patient. Normally patients tend to come to a quick conclusion about the ability of a psychiatrist in managing the illness. Mind always loves to think negatively ,as my experience goes abnormal mind thinks ten times more negatively than the normal one till it is treated and managed successfully.Mind makes us to blame the doctor,our neighbors, family members and friends except ourselves. We are solely responsible for the state of mind we are in today. Almost all modern day psychiatric drugs are nonaddictive and extremely safer.The illness might relapse if it is not managed successfully . Need of the hour is to manage the illness holistically.Some of the positive steps that should be followed along with the drugs are
a. physical exertion like walking ,running etc..
a. physical exertion like walking ,running etc..
b. Combination of physical and mental exercise like Yoga
c. Pure mental exercises like Pranayama and sudarshan kriya.
c. Pure mental exercises like Pranayama and sudarshan kriya.
Prescribed drugs and exercises are not mutually exclusive. Both should go hand in hand throughout our life almost everyday. If we are able to achieve this mentally ill person is one step above the so called normal human beings.
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It is that time of year again! Fundraiser for the O'Dwyer Retreat House. It is a great event and supports a great cause!Find out more »
St. Joseph, 8420 Belair Road; Fullerton; 7 p.m.; freewill offering; Father Wade Menezes of EWTN on "The Ten Commandments of Catholic Family Life"; ad on page 32; 410-256-1630Find out more »
St. Joseph, Fullerton; 8 a.m.-3:30 p.m.; $50, $25 students; 22nd annual Catholic Men's Fellowship of Maryland Conference; keynote talks from Father Peter John Cameron, O.P., first American editor of The Magnificat; Steven K. Ray of Defenders of the Catholic Faith; and Father Charles Canterna, archdiocesan prison minister; Archbishop William E. Lori celebrates closing Mass; priests available for reconciliation; catholicmensfellowship.comFind out more »


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|Product Name
|Heroes, Gods And Monsters Of The Greek Myths
|Book / Magazine / Publication
|Short Description
|Mass Market Paperback
|Buy on Amazon ~ 0553259202
|Price New
|3.00 US Dollars (curriencies)
|Price Used
|0.49 US Dollars (curriencies)
|0.63 inches (convert)
|6.88 inches (convert)
|4.19 inches (convert)
|4 ounces (convert)
|Bernard Evslin
|Page Count
|Mass Market Paperback
|Great product!
|Long Description
|For fans of D'Aulaires' Book of Greek Myths and readers who enjoyed Homer's The Iliad and The Odyssey comes a collection by a master storyteller that evokes the golden age of mythical Greece.
The earth breeds giants and ogres of indescribable horror--the heavens hold omnipotent gods and goddesses, abounding in courage, strength and wisdom.
Zeus, the almighty king of the gods, who cannot resist feminine beauty -- mortal or divine, and his jealous and vengeful wife, Hera.
Perseus, fearless mortal warrior, who takes on an impossible challenge: slaying the monstrous Medusa, whose glance turns men to stone.
The Minotaur, half-man and half-bull, the horrible fruit of a queen's unspeakable desire, who annually destroys the young victims sacrificed to his terrifying power.
A fantastic world of spells and curses, magic and mystery, forces that create and destroy at will.
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A Data Matrix code is a two-dimensional barcode make up of blocks of black and white modules put together to make either a square or rectangular pattern. The information to be encoded can be text or raw data.
Normally, data size is from a few bytes up to 1,556 bytes. The length of the data depends on the symbol dimension used. To make sure the data can be read even when the pattern is slightly damaged, error correction codes are added which increase symbol strength. A Data Matrix symbol can store up to 2,335 alphanumeric characters. Here is a sample you can scan.
Data Matrix symbols are rectangular in shape and usually square. As more data is added, modules are put together to allow for the data and error correction. Each module can be identified by the "L" shaped black line that runs down the left and across the bottom of each module. In the sample shown above, there are four modules. These "L" shaped sections are known as the "finder pattern". The top and right border of each module are made up of alternating light and dark blocks. Light blocks represent 0 (zero) and the dark blocks represent 1 (one). These are known as the "timing pattern". All of the blocks in the middle of each module make up the data and check codes. The entire pattern can range in size from 8x8 to 144x144 in size.


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Home Front Balcony Window Facade Building
The maximum size of photo 3632×5456 pixels, you can download with JPG format. This photo was created by Sony Slt-A58 camera with shooting mode ---- - 35.0mm · ƒ/4.5 · 1/200s · ISO 100. Archived in the category "Architecture/Buildings" and our contributor was tagged: Balcony, Facade, Window, Building, Home Front.
The pictures on Max Pixel be freely distributed with a Creative Commons Zero - CC0.
You can also exhort them by inviting our photographers one cup of Coffee. If it is so great, please share with your friends.
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Manx Museum folk gallery 'not fit for purpose', says Laurence Skelly
A folk gallery at the Manx Museum in Douglas is "no longer fit for purpose", the enterprise minister has said.
The gallery features agricultural machinery and a replica Manx cottage from the late 1800s.
Laurence Skelly said Cregneash folk village, which is in the south of the island, "offers authentic buildings of the same period".
Manx National Heritage (MNH) plans to replace the folk display with a new TT exhibition.
Despite Mr Skelly's criticism, a petition calling for the existing Manx Museum gallery to be retained has attracted more than 2,900 signatures.
And Jason Moorhouse MHK said the decision to replace the existing display was "unpopular among local residents".
Mr Skelly told Tynwald that although people had a "strong emotional connection" to the displays in the folk galley, they no longer "meet the modern standards of display and interpretation".
"Many of the stories told originally are now told elsewhere on the island," he added.
"The TT story and its impact on the island is now a fundamental part of the culture of the Isle of Man for which it is recognised world over."
Juan Watterson MHK said the part of the island's history depicted in the folk gallery should remain "a highly visible part of Manx history" in Douglas.
"Being frank there are plenty of places you can go in this island to see TT and its history... the folklore element is something that we need to retain in town," he added.
MNH Director Edmund Southworth said the gallery, which reflected "a small part of the community", had "had a very good life" but it was "time to move on".
The new TT gallery, which will feature items including a motorcycle ridden to victory by racer Bruce Anstey during the TT centenary and a record-breaking sidecar ridden by brothers Ben and Tom Birchall, is to open in 2022.


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Design + Engineering keep the BBC at the cutting edge of the broadcast industry, driving the technological developments that shape our future. Join our team of innovators and you can:
- Make an impact that really matters
- Develop creatively & technically
- Be yourself in the team that's shaping the future of media
In this section you'll find a wide range of professions organised into job families to best suit your specialism. Known as the BBC Career Path Framework, these job families offer a simple, fair and consistent way for you to develop your career at the BBC, allowing you to prepare for your next job move or promotion at the BBC.


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NC State Football
THREE KEYS: North Carolina
November 30, 2019
NC State returns to action tonight against rival North Carolina. Here are our three biggest keys to the game for the Wolfpack.
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Pack Trio Named To The AP All-ACC Teams
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De'Von Graves Expected To Transfer
by James Henderson
Inside Pack Sports Pick'em: Final Week!
by IPS Staff


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|Table Of Content
List of Top 10 Armchairs
Stylishly on-trend, these edgy industrial style dining side chairs are sure to bring any space an update. Perfect for restaurant, bistro or coffee house, these chair features a high oval wooden backrest with curved metal tube support, a wooden seat, and tapered metal legs. Cross brace under the seat adds additional stability to these chairs, while rubber floor protectors on their legs prevent sliding and eliminate scratches on your floor. The chairs can also be stacked on top of each other when...
The good thing that compensates for the lost time the consideration from the buyers is its style effortlessly. Only for the feel of the furniture, you get a nice and tasteful environment. It's available in rich strong shading, emulating as amazing formal clothing. While maintaining a respectable stature, the fabric furniture can be cleaned very easily. You should not regret following turning over a cup of consume on your good couch. You just need to wash the stain for ever and ever exactly if this strikes the upholstery. Even though great reputation accompanies delicacy, it is not the situation here. This incredible couch is given with a shape development of wood. You're much more reluctant to listen to squeaks and walking sounds.
Lind Furniture manufactures a wide selection of sofa, chaises, sectionals ottomans. Integrating style, comfort, and functionality. The leathers are purchased from tanneries in Europe, Asia, and South America. All frames and foams come from local suppliers dedicated to providing Lind Furniture Canada Ltd. with a superior quality product that conforms to all government standards and regulations. Made only from the finest raw materials from around the world. The finished goods reflect Lind...
This lying loveseat requires the second spot because its an excellent inexpensive, extremely comfy option that can participate in most house decorations styles. Its solid wood frame is cushioned with circles (for many springtime) and high-denseness froth (for many soft), and upholstered with brownish fake leather which makes it an ultra-flexible furniture piece. Add it to the person cave for any comfy destination to view the sport (and do not worry about any spillsits vinyl upholstery tends to make cleanup simple) or your living room with a couple of ornamental throw cushions for the perfect spot to cozy up after a long-day. Real-life customers love this lying loveseat because its comfortable, durable, simple to put together 1 reviewer even noted that they was able to put together two models within forty-five minutes! and delivery from the vendor is a breeze.
This accent chair is a beautiful accent chair that features rolled arms, a tight back, a loose seat cushion with box border welt, chunky tapered legs in a finish and a bright, colorful pattern. The material is 80% polypropylene and 20% polyester making it not only beautiful but also durable.
The Lawson might be known as perfect American sofa design. It is comfortable and simple: The boxy form is large and characteristically has 3 back again cushions as well as three chair cushions. The classic Lawson also has A taller back and container-shaped soft cushions that have welts at the edges, as do the rear cushions. Ideal for snuggling and napping, this sofa style was designed for Jones Lawson, a united states copper mineral magnate at the turn from the century. He desired a settee which was quite different from the picky Victorian designs which were common at that time. Current versions from the Lawson can also include metal or wood contained in the hands. Most importantly, this couch style is the one which will change its vibe with the textile you choose for that upholstery. The shape is really flexible that it can be attractive, luxurious, commercial, informal or official based on your fabric option.
The product by Eichholtz is found in gentleman's club lounges. A decadent item which will age with grace and sophistication.
Does your living space show space needs? Are you inclined to toss a sleep celebration in the mild of the lack of space to sleep? This DHP Futon would be ideal for you in this situation. This Futon mattress couch by DHP incorporates the performance of the sofa bed with a contemporary and stylish look. Place it inside your family room to attain an additional sleepy mattress during the night. A micro-fiber ground that took off in the centre would be a ideal combination. This unique sofa comes with a tapestry with shiny stainless hair and legs. Bringing together these outcomes with each other inside a comfortable well-liked design sofa. You may choose to have it in Fake Leather-based, Velvet or Linen. A component that is really worth specifying is its back style. Considering the different chairs, DHP promotes the progres from the couch to your comfort levels. You are able to gain levels to have an computer animated babble, or for silent shifting picture night.
Fluffy, overstuffed loveseat cushions arent your thing? This lying loveseat from GDF has crisper, cleaner lines than your traditional reclining loveseat, which makes it a stylish accessory for a middle-century modern, modern, eclectic or modern style of house. And, at just 46.46 in . in width, its easy to squeeze into an inferior space, like flats, dens or office spaces. Available in several color and material options, including grilling with charcoal fabric, navy material and standing micro-fiber, its simple to find the right complement for your home decorations, and the durability your family requirements for everyday use. The days are gone of good-searching, but uncomfortable Gambrell Armchair Astoria Grand you will no longer have to sacrifice comfort and ease for style. This lying loveseat features a big, gentle, luxurious-stuffed chair cushioning with enough room for two or sufficient room for you to spread out and relax.
This traditional wingback armchair features comfortable upholstered seat, button tufted backrest in a warm fabric, nail-head rolled armrest, and is complemented by wooden sleek legs.
When the Chesterfield is the graceful man amongst couches, the Cabriole is the grandes dame. Known for its exposed wood and stylish thighs, similar to the Louis XV time period, the cabriole also offers a distinctive outline. It had been also a well-liked form in the function of Tadeo Armchair DarHome Co maker Jones Chippendale. Usually, the back is all 1 constant item with out cushions and has an elegant curving collection. This specific cabriole version includes jewels in the tufts for additional glamour. It is a couch style that may be as simple or opulent as you desire. Upholstered with a luxury material like purple velvet yields a much different design feeling than whether it had been upholstered inside a much more moderate, textural natural. The primary aura of elegance stems from its general shape and lithe thighs meaning it'll always give a processed atmosphere to a room.
Relax in style with this swivel accent chair. This piece is a study in style and functionality. Crafted in the United States from solid and manufactured wood, it features 100% gel blended foam cushions to provide maximum comfort.
This RTA loveseat provides different types of upholstery depending on the materials. That considerably includes linen and velvet. Sophisticated shades, Marzipan, Stoneware-Light tan and Rye-Dark brown enhance the style of the sofa. Choose the shading and the material that depends on the stylistic style of your room. Not only the shading, the material may also reflect the main difference in style. Ensure that the fabric you select fits the theme of your space. This loveseat votes in support of combining the current design with an exemplary design. It has been moved up by the arms that begin to feed the couch. With this blend, you only see enhanced comfort and tasteful design when lighting the pads.
This Charest Wood and Polyurethane Club Chair comes in an elegant design and classic style, this classic accent chair comprises wooden structure over which chocolate faux leather is draped, making this chair a brilliant option to include in any home decor. Create elegant and sleek contemporary style that is perfectly suited for any living room environment.
Just like its namesake, the camelback sofa has a difficulty or maybe two that accents the primary silhouette of this couch design. This is a conventional style that was made popular in the 1700s by Chippendale and households who wanted aristocratic, official furniture frequently chosen this style. These days, this sofa design lends a far more official atmosphere to any room, especially when upholstered in a formal fabric. A more informal textile option would make it suitable for a family room that doesnt require a lot of formality. Either way, the camelback sofa has some elements that characterize the style. The legs are typically exposed, the couch doesn't have back cushions and it normally has square or rolled hands.
This RTA loveseat provides different types of upholstery depending on the materials. That considerably incorporates linen and velvet. Advanced shades, Marzipan, Stoneware-Beige and Rye-Dark brown enhance design for the sofa. Choose the covering and the material that depends around the stylistic style of your room. Not just the shading, the fabric may also reflect the difference in style. Ensure that the fabric you select matches the concept of your room. This loveseat ballots in favor of mixing the current design with an exemplary design. It has been increased by the hands that start to feed the couch. With this particular blend, you only see enhanced comfort and ease and stylish style when lighting the patches.
Create a glam haven in your home with this soft and modern appeal of the Colquitt Side Chair.
This group of RTA couches is available in various furniture textures. Some of them incorporate bonded leather, linen, corduroy, linen texture, rayon. All you need is to find the correct tapestry in importance for the balanced requirements. Accessible supplies offer an simple-to-clean component. A characteristic that implies its versatility to face up to drinks and food. The extravagant chair and back cushions vote in favor of a cutting-advantage look. The sq . shaped equip that begins just over them enhances the magnificence. You will find the conveniences and soft styles that strike your entrance.
You may feel that you can get the exact same quality of furniture at your Big Box stores but that's not the situation. To put it differently, you do not find high-end clothing & apparel at JC Penny. {You would have to really go to Dolce & Gabanna or Neiman Marcus for this.
These are the best 10 ultimate offset Athena Armchair reviews that give you the opportunity to make an educated decision before purchasing. The umbrellas are extremely ergonomic and made to last. They are built of top grade and robust material to maintain them sturdy even through harsh weather conditions. Get one or more of these today and you'll be certain of a great comfort all day long.
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"If you like motorcycles, HARLEY TRACKS has to be your next book. Everyday was an adventure. The writing is crisp, detailed, and flawlessly edited."
Henry Zeybel – Editor: Vietnam Veterans of America Magazine
"There have been many books about epic bike trips–but none are like this one: brazen, brave, and seriously badass."
Bill Hayes – Author: The Original Wild Ones & American Biker
"I appreciated the deep respect you had for my fellow soldiers, sailors, and airmen. When you called out in the Swan Song Chapter "Brothers! FALL IN – it's time to go home." I believe they all heard you."
Tom Campbell – Vietnam Veteran, SEAL Team One
"I mostly avoid the Vietnam stuff, however, a very good friend sent me your book–I read all of it on Sunday."
John A. Shaver, Jr. – Vietnam Veteran
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A spiritual journey — with a handful of throttle
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Credit: Popit
Popit cofounder talks expansion plans, new pharma collaborations
Leontina Postelnicu
05:10 am
November 27, 2019
Espoo, Finland-based Popit, maker of a smart pill tracker, has revealed this month that it is teaming up with Swiss pharma giant Novartis in an initiative aiming to improve patients' adherence to medication. The announcement follows the startup's work with Pfizer to support patients receiving treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Last week, at Slush, MobiHealthNews sat down with Popit cofounder and...
Regulatory challenges and involving clinicians in the health tech industry
Dean Koh
01:53 am
May 14, 2019
Although health tech and digital health startups have much to offer in terms of transforming healthcare, they often face the challenges of overcoming regulatory hurdles, which are especially stringent in healthcare for the safety of patients. In addition, clinicians can often be torn between being in medical practice and being involved in health tech innovation/research, particularly for those in...
13 digital health crowdfunding projects: connected CPAP, breathalyzers, mental health apps and more
Heather Mack
02:23 pm
August 19, 2016
It's been a few months since MobiHealthNews last put together a digital health crowdfunding roundup, so there are several ongoing Indiegogo and Kickstarter projects to peruse. Read on for our latest rundown, which includes a connected CPAP machine, mental health apps, a small breathalyzer, and various other digital health devices and offerings. Shae, which bills itself as "Siri for Your Health,"...
In-depth: Digital health news recap of HIMSS16
MHN Staff
02:20 pm
March 18, 2016
The big HIMSS 2016 annual conference has come and gone, but if you were worried you may have missed some of the digital health news, trends, or memorable quotes that surfaced at the event, MobiHealthNews has you covered. The roundup below includes all of MobiHealthNews' coverage of HIMSS 2016 along with a few links out to our sister site Healthcare IT News and others reporting from the show. ...
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Fitbit unveils data-driven personal health subscription, Fitbit Premium
UC Irvine Medical School gifts Butterfly handheld ultrasounds to its whole class of 2023
Privacy beyond HIPAA in voice technology
Health 2.0 Fall Conference to look back at a breakout year for digital health, ahead to its exciting future
Carrot's smoking cessation program helped 32% of study participants quit, reduced others' daily use
Apple Health Records comes to certain Allscripts EHR suites
MobiHealthNews Podcast: HIMSS16 Digital health news recap
March 18, 2016
Video: Next steps for digital health in 2016
February 26, 2016
Podcast: Patient generated health data
February 26, 2016
Video: Patient access to their health records in 2016
February 23, 2016
In-depth: Digital health news recap of HIMSS16
March 18, 2016
How consumer health, fitness devices reveal HIPAA's blurry lines
March 09, 2016
ONC taps Accenture to create patient-generated health data framework
March 08, 2016
How to prod along gamification in healthcare
March 08, 2016
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Hospitals embracing IoT must be prepared to secure a decentralized environment
LGBTQ, public health orgs call for Facebook to address ad policy in response to misleading PrEP ads
Current Health scaling its remote monitoring platform with $11.5M raise
Peregrine Ventures raises more than $115m MedTech fund
Credit: HTC DeepQ
NDMC partners with HTC DeepQ to build largest MR anatomy classroom in Taiwan
Credit: Ping An Good Doctor
Ping An Good Doctor and Merck sign agreement to explore integrated health solutions in China
etectRx's ingestible adherence tracker system cleared by FDA
Proteus furloughed majority of employees last month after collapse of $100M funding round
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Sanofi walks back Onduo, its joint venture with Verily, amidst company-wide strategy shift
Peregrine Ventures raises more than $115m MedTech fund
Credit: Ping An Good Doctor
Ping An Good Doctor and Merck sign agreement to explore integrated health solutions in China


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68 months ago
I bought this case because its amazing. the only thing they skipped was the rubber grommets, which are 10 bucks with shipping. Well i got them in today and went to put them on. They are to small. they are not snug like the other ones are that already come with the case. If you move it to the corner there's about 2 cm gap. So if you have this case and want the grommets dont buy them waste of money... Unless i got a bad set if anyone else bought them and they are snug let me know please so i can send these things back.


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Chevy Vega And The Vert-A-Pac Rail System In The 1970s
When Chevrolet started designing 'Vega' during the 1970s, one of the main objectives was to keep the cost of the car down around $2,000 in circa-1970 dollars.
h/t: vintag.es
At the time, the freight charge for moving a loaded railroad car from the Lordstown assembly plant to the Pacific coast – the longest distance that cars produced at Lordstown would need to travel – was around $4,800. Since the Vega was a subcompact, it was possible to squeeze three more cars on a railroad car for a total of eighteen, instead of the usual fifteen.
But that still worked out to around $300 per car – a substantial surcharge for a $2000 car. If only Chevrolet could get more Vegas on a railroad car, the cost per unit of hauling them would go down.
The engineers at GM and the Southern Pacific Railroad came up with a clever solution. Instead of loading the cars horizontally, the Vegas will be placed vertically on a specially designed auto-rack – the Vert-A-Pac. Within the same volume of an 89-foot car, the Vert-A-Pac could hold as many as 30 automobiles instead of 18.
The Vega was hugely popular when it was introduced in 1970 however it quickly earned a reputation for unreliability, rust, safety issues and lousy engine durability.
When the Vega was discontinued, the Vert-A-Pac cars had to be retired as they were too specialized to be used with anything else. The Vert-A-Pac racks were scrapped, and the underlying flatcars went on to other uses.
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Asphalt driveway costs heavily depend on the size of the driveway and the asphalt paving contractor you hire Nonetheless, asphalt paving costs between $3 and $5 per square foot Assuming your hire a pro, the total cost to install an asphalt driveway typically ranges between $3,000 and $7,000, with .[More]
Nov 20, 2017· Resurfacing is the middle ground in driveway care On one hand, minor cracks can be filled in On the other hand, replacing the driveway is a complete overhaul Driveway resurfacing, however, can solve widespread damage without digging up the driveway, foundations and all Resurfacing is when new asphalt is poured over the old layer You end up .[More]
Concrete driveways do not necessarily need to be sealed to last upwards of 50 years However, sealing a concrete driveway can preserve the look and finish Concrete driveways will stain easier than asphalt (although sealing will help) and will require a degreaser to remove any oil based stains that may occur Both asphalt and concrete driveway .[More]
With asphalt resurfacing, your driveway can not only look as good as new, but it can also extend its lifespan and prevent costly forms of damage Our Asphalt Resurfacing Process For each asphalt overlay driveway project, we follow a standard process to ensure that your resurfacing is completed with the highest performance and industry standards[More]
If your existing blacktop driveway has deteriorated over the years and is damaged beyond repair, we provide complete asphalt driveway maintenance servic In addition, we offer driveway sealing, maintenance, and warranty service Asphalt Driveway Company is a fully licensed and insured driveway contractor[More]
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The main components of the blacktop that is used on asphalt driveways are rock, sand, and asphalt cement, a tar-like petroleum product A new driveway starts with a 4- to 8-inch layer of compacted granular fill for a solid, well-draining base[More]
Asphalt overlay is the placement of hot mix asphalt over existing asphalt This type of repair typically starts with an asphalt emulsion tack coat to ensure proper bonding of the old asphalt layer to the new one and then applying the new layer of asphalt on top of the old[More]
Asphalt/Blacktop Driveway Cost An asphalt or blacktop driveway, in comparison, is the more affordable option that can help keep driveway installation costs down Use our asphalt driveway cost calculator to get a better idea of how much this project will cost you[More]
No-mix driveway sealer is used directly out of the pail with no blending or mixing required Before applying driveway sealer, get familiar with your product and how to use it In general: Asphalt sealers cure in just a few hours, but the driveway cannot be used for vehicle traffic for 24-48 hours[More]
Asphalt driveway overlay techniques can vary between contractors, but industry standards require certain criteria be met in order to justify an overlay versus a complete removal and replacement[More]
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Asphaltic Driveway Labor, Basic Basic labor to install asphaltic concrete driveway with favorable site conditions Layout driveway height and slope Lightly grade and remove loose soil Add gravel base layer Apply and roll asphalt layer Excavation not included[More]
Asphaltic Driveway Labor, Basic Basic labor to install asphaltic concrete driveway with favorable site conditions Layout driveway height and slope Lightly grade and remove loose soil Add gravel base layer Apply and roll asphalt layer Excavation not included[More]
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Mar 12, 2019· Resurfacing enables business owners to repair driveway damage without having to replace the entire driveway In many ways, resurfacing can be a more cost-effective means of asphalt driveway repair But what is the average cost to resurface asphalt driveways? In this post, we unpack resurfacing costs and more Keep reading for insight![More]
Jul 23, 2019· Resurfacing; Heated asphalt driveway; Tips to save money on an asphalt driveway; Benefits of using asphalt First, an asphalt driveway is cheaper than a concrete driveway Prices for a concrete driveway range from $5 to $7 per square foot Asphalt also handles extreme temperature changes better by expanding and contracting easily Unlike .[More]
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Sep 19, 2014· Learn how to repair and resurface an asphalt driveway from home improvement expert Ron Hazelton *The Dupot Re-Surfacer Ron uses in this video is no longer availalbe You can use this product in .[More]
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苏州美甲美睫培训学校 View More
MP helping families find care
Following several differing reports throughout the Camden Haven community about events involving the closure of Laurieton Pre-School, Independent MP for Port Macquarie, Robert Oakeshott, provided the following information from the Department of Community Services:
* The Laurieton Pre-School is a private centre and not funded by the Department of Community Services at all.
* The owner of the Pre-School has requested revocation of the license to operate, citing financial difficulties.
* Department Community Service Advisors have been contacting neighbouring centres to find places for children and have allowed some centres 10 per cent more places for emergency placement.
n On last advice, St Joseph's has places for pre-school and long day care.
* On last advice, Kew Cottage at Kew will take under three year olds for long day care hours.
* The Department also believes there are Family Day Carers within the area that may be an option for some parents.
Anyone who is unable to find a place for their child is encouraged to contact Mr Oakeshott's office on 6584 0977 and we will do what we can to assist.
"Obviously, the closure of any child care service is disappointing and frustrating, particularly when they are often so hard to get into.
However, we have to work with the realities in front of us and try and find alternatives for all the families involved and make sure quality care and education is still available to young people in the Camden Haven region," Mr Oakeshott said on Friday.
This story Administrator ready to work first appeared on 苏州美甲美睫培训.


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Open Oceans use small-scale charts, gnomonic projection ocean charts for plotting great circle routes. Load line zone charts are used to ensure Load Line rules are complied with. Ocean current charts are used to take advantage of the favourable currents.
Ice movements are noted to keep clear of them. Frontal depressions and poor visibility can restrict the northerly or southerly latitudes for navigation.
Seasonal Tropical Revolving Storms (TRS) where encountered are to be avoided and enough searoom provided to steer clear of the same. Weather routing services are to be followed.
Landfall targets are identified with their likely radar/ visual ranges. In respects of lights, their rising and dipping ranges and arc/ colours along with their sectors are identified.
Coastal or restricted waters have limited time available in taking corrective measures.
Manoeuvring characteristics of the ship and its limitations, if any, particularly with reference to the propulsion and the steering systems must be taken into consideration before planning these passages.
Ship squat can reduce under keel clearance at speed and must be considered very carefully.
Ship routing schemes and reporting systems along with route and vessel traffic services should be strictly followed.
Coastal weather bulletins including gale warnings may require changes in the passage plan.


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Broadway Exploration – That's Preposterous! at Yale Elementary Dates: 10/23/2019-12/11/2019 **No Class** 11/25/2019, 11/27/2019 Times: Mondays & Wednesdays, 4:15-5:15pm Broadway Exploration's "That's Preposterous" classes, is the study in comedic improv and acting. Students will have fun learning how to improvise and create amusing and silly characters, story plots and scene settings. With (more…)
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Hellenic Studies
Masterpieces of metonymy: from ancient greek times to nowNagy, Gregory
Gregory Nagy analyzes metonymy as a mental process that complements metaphor. If metaphor is a substitution of something unfamilar for something familiar, metonymy connects something familiar with som..Consulte disponibilidad
The Aethiopis: neo-neoanalysis reanalyzedDavies, Malcolm
The once influential theory Neoanalysis held that motifs and episodes in the Iliad derive from the Aethiopis. Given its vast potential implications for the Iliad's origins, the recent revival of Neoan..Consulte disponibilidad
Kinyras (The divine lyre)Franklin, John C.
Kinyras is the central culture-hero of early Cyprus. John Curtis Franklin seeks to harmonize Kinyras as a mythological symbol of pre-Greek Cyprus with what is known of ritual music and deified instrum..Consulte disponibilidad
Dialoguing in late AntiquityCameron, Averil
21,00€Consulte disponibilidad
Divine yet human epics: reflections on poetic rulers from ancient Greece and IndiaPathak, Shubha
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By collecting over 20 years of messaging transcript data and feeding it to their AI-powered chatbot, LivePerson can automate almost every industry's messaging and integrate with most messaging channels like your website, mobile app, Apple Business Chat, text messaging, Google Rich Business messaging, Line, Facebook Messenger, WhatsApp, and Google AdLingo.
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I always love to see what types of people I'm paired with in a situation like this. I was initially given all women in their 40s and decided to ask for "more options," just to see what that looked like. I was then given a wider array of ages, as well as one man. After making my choice (I chose the man), I received my first voice text within a couple of days.
A chatbot platform is a computer-generated software that is programmed with artificial intelligence that enables it to conduct a conversation in the same way as a human would. They are designed to handle inquiries by responding in the same as a person would. The most effective and convincing systems are incorporated with complex natural language processors (NLP) which may even display a human face look-alike and be able to understand almost any form of input, then respond to it appropriately. Simpler versions involve the use of a database where the programmer adds a list of the most used keywords. These are then detected in the inquiries and matched with the most appropriate answer which is then displayed to the user. These platforms are mostly used by large organizations to automate the customer response process. They are preferable because of their ability to handle many inquiries at once and provide the most accurate responses.
Octane AI is another great bot creation platform. You can set up a bot in minutes and customize it. It helps you engage with your audience on Facebook Messenger. And it enables Messenger marketing where you market with the help of Facebook messages. With Octane AI bots, you can recover abandoned carts, automatically answer customer's queries, send follow up messages after purchases with shipping and receipt notices, and more.
Pros: The visual bot builder makes building complicated bots really easy without loosing the greater picture. And with all the functions that are offered you are not limited by what the bot can do. And things you currently can't do are worked on by the developers immediately to make the product better. It is amazing how fast they pump out great updates!
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Rulai also integrates with most messaging channels, customer service software, enterprise business software, and cloud storage platforms. You can either build a Ruali chatbot from scratch with its drag-and-drop design console and let its AI adapt to your customers or you can implement a pre-trained chatbot that has been fed data from your specific industry.
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Chatfuel helps you make a Facebook chatbot without coding. You can use the editing tools to design chatbots. And you can set up conversational rules in the dashboard. The bot will use NLP to understand and recognize phrases, and will send users predefined answers. You can build a chatbot to serve as a customer service advisor, an event assistant, or a personal avatar. Chatfuel's analytics technology provides insights about the performance of the bot.
Overall: Botengine acts as our stand-in customer support agent on Sundays,which is a day when there are no human agents manning our Livechat ,either from the office or from home.Thus ,rather than have most website visitors simply opening a ticket ,they get attended to by our chatbot. And their issues get resolves and in cases when the issue is complex and can't be resolved by our chatbot,it guides the website visitor through the process of opening a ticket.
AI powers for customer service agents to provide faster, smarter responses. ultimate.ai's deep learning artificial intelligence technology works in partnership with agents, learning from historical chat data to provide reply suggestions in real time. ultimate.ai learns from agent behaviours and grows in accuracy. Ultimately, the most common questions in customer service are fully automated, freeing agents to focus on what really matters: the customer.
Pandorabots is a platform for building and deploying chatbots. Pandorabots use artificial intelligence as a service to provide API access to our bots' SDK and hosting platform. This allows easy integration of conversational interfaces into applications by developers making it easy to build chatbots on our Playground. Pandorabots main features are custom, content, learning, community, speech interfaces, deployable, multilingual and free. Pandorabots also provide a platform for professional services. In the professional services, there is the custom chatbot development service. This service builds chatbots according to a developer's specifications. Pandorabots will help also in integrating avatar or speech capabilities. The…
Twyla is a messaging platform that uses artificial intelligence to place smart chatbot in live chat channels. Twyla simply educates chatbot to deliver more delightful service experiences. With Twyla, saves over 50% on phone calls by shifting support conversations from phone to call. Twyla provides the self service chat which tackles general customer queries. When using Twyla as a messaging platform for live chat you are guaranteed to get up to 30% higher customer satisfaction ratings. Beginning to use Twyla will require integrating it into your existing live chat or helpdesk platform. Twyla will then require to be assimilated to…
Its Alive helps you make chatbots for tour Facebook page. It enables you to engage with your Facebook community 24×7 with automated content to improve your response time significantly. Chatbots can be used to drive conversations. It can handle frequently asked questions directly through the chatbots by detecting keywords in Facebook Messenger. And it helps you broadcast your messages.
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Kiss And Strategic Planning Its Spells The Difference Between Strategic Planning Success And Failure Did You Know The Process Of Developing A Strategic Plan
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Planning leads absolutely in reaching the aims of the corporation. It aids in reducing the price of performance. Just how improved your plan ought to be is dependent upon several elements, as an instance, amount of responsibility you`re trying to create, enough period of time for executing the master plan, and also the culture of your business. Establishing a tactical plan may check out become an overwhelming undertaking, however, the absolute best place to begin would be by simply specifying the tactical planning strategy. It`s a fantastic thing. Your tactical plan informs your people exactly what they have to achieve this they really don`t really need to worry about doing things, or the need to pay a visit to a manager whenever there exists an option to create. To acquire the full picture and possess a frame on which to create your own business you require a tactical plan.
Strategic preparation Might Follow the successful conclusion of a catastrophe Application or, ideally, tactical preparation is much enough before this curve to block the catastrophe at the 1st location. It`s basically a business alignment procedure. Our way of tactical planning begins with the impact a business wants to possess on the area it serves. As you can do this preparation, be sure to be more inclusionary. Church preparation empowers the company map strategic activities to realize its vision and mission. It`s crucial that you think of an activity plan for 3 5 years, as special accomplishments and changing requirements can not be directly appropriate for this period frame.
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