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DE112013007718T5 - Inline integrity check - Google PatentsInline integrity check
- Publication number
- Authority
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- system
- impedance
- resistance
- further
- controller
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
- G08B21/00—Alarms responsive to a single specified undesired or abnormal operating condition and not elsewhere provided for
- G08B21/18—Status alarms
- G08B21/182—Level alarms, e.g. alarms responsive to variables exceeding a threshold
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/11—Perforators; Permeators
- E21B43/116—Gun or shaped charge perforators
- E21B43/1185—Ignition systems
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/11—Perforators; Permeators
- E21B43/119—Details, e.g. for locating perforating place or direction
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
- E21B47/12—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling
- E21B47/14—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling using acoustic waves
- E21B47/16—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling using acoustic waves through the drill string or casing, e.g. by torsional acoustic waves
Disclosed are systems, methods and apparatus for an inline integrity checking device. The systems, methods and apparatus may include sensing impedance to a perforating gun disposed in a wellbore using a controller; a built-in impedance device; an explosive safety console housing that at least partially surrounds the built-in impedance device to restrict access to the built-in impedance device; one or more input devices for changing an impedance or resistance threshold; and include one or more alarms for indicating a condition of exceeding the controller-determined impedance or resistance threshold.
- This invention relates generally to opening communication paths through a casing disposed in a well, and more particularly to systems and methods for checking the status of perforation guns prior to perforating the well.
- Without limiting the scope of the present invention, its background will be described in the context of perforating a borehole as an example.
- After drilling the various sections of a subterranean well passing through a formation, individual lengths of relatively large diameter metal tubing are typically secured together to form a casing string positioned in the wellbore. This casing string increases the integrity of the well and provides a way to convey fluids from the feed intervals to the surface. Usually, the casing string is cemented in the wellbore. To convey fluids into the casing string, hydraulic openings or perforations must be made through the casing string, cement, and a bit into the formation.
- Typically, these perforations are produced by blasting a series of shaped charges placed in the casing string and positioned adjacent to the formation. In particular, one or more charge carriers or perforation guns are charged with shaped charges, which are connected via a detonating cord to a detonator. The carriers are then connected in a tool string that is lowered into the lined well at the end of a tubing string or other conveyance. As soon as the charge carriers are correctly positioned in the borehole, such that the shaped charges are adjacent to the formation to be perforated, the hollow charges can be ignited. If more than one subsurface zone is to be perforated, a select firing perforation gun assembly may be used such that subsequent zones can be perforated without extending out of the borehole after perforating the first zone by repositioning and igniting the as yet unfired perforating guns.
- Typically, oil well perforation operations involve a thorough inspection of the perforation gun system or gun string. The operator must ensure that the system is electrically robust and safe. A typical perforation process involves an "ignition test" wherein the operator inspects the surface system as well as the underground equipment, usually including a casing collar locator and a cable head. The purpose of this test is to check if there are no leaks in the insulation and to check the electrical continuity of the whole system. There are no explosives involved in the testing process.
- Subsequently, the oil well perforations may connect the one or more explosive devices to the already tested casing collar locator and cable head. The explosive device can then be armed. At this time, all electrical sources are turned off and the survey cable is shorted to the surface. This process requires that all electrical sources be restored when the device is below 200 feet (60.96 meters) below the surface. However, no further examination of the electrical continuity of the explosive device can be performed on an armed device. A regular explosive meter could be used if the device is below 200 feet (60.96 meters) below the surface, but such an operation is not allowed because the operator must manually access the wireline circuitry on the surface, risk associated with making a faulty connection or using the wrong meter, which may increase the risk of unintentionally triggering the blast beyond the intended depth.
- The accompanying drawings, which are believed to support the understanding of the disclosure and form a part of this specification, illustrate preferred embodiments of the disclosure and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the disclosure. Show it:
1a schematic representation of an offshore oil and gas platform, which operates a system for checking the status of perforation guns before perforating a borehole, according to one embodiment.
2a partially cutaway view of a perforating gun for use in a system for checking the status of perforating guns before perforating a borehole, according to an embodiment.
3an exemplary blast safety panel with built-in impedance display, according to one embodiment.
4a schematic representation of an inline integrity testing device, according to one embodiment.
55 is a flowchart illustrating a method for checking the status of perforation guns prior to perforating a borehole, according to one embodiment.
- In the following detailed description of the illustrative embodiments, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part of this specification. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the systems and methods described, and it is understood that other embodiments may be utilized and that logical structural, mechanical, electrical and chemical changes may be made without departing from the spirit or the spirit in the art Deviating from the scope of the described systems and methods. In order to avoid details that are not necessary to enable those skilled in the art to practice the embodiments described herein, the description may omit certain information known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The following detailed description is therefore not to be considered in a limiting sense, and the scope of the illustrative embodiments is defined solely by the appended claims.
- Although the making and using of various embodiments described hereinbelow will be discussed in detail below, it should be understood that the described systems and methods provide many applicable inventive concepts that may be embodied in many different specific contexts. The specific embodiments discussed herein are merely illustrative of specific ways of making and using the invention and do not limit the scope of the invention.
- Referring first to
1For example, a system for checking the status of perforating guns prior to perforating a well from an offshore oil and gas platform, shown schematically and generally with FIG 10is designated. A semi-submersible platform 12is above a submerged subsea oil and gas formation 14centered, under the seabed 16located. A submarine line 18extends from the deck 20the platform 12to a well mouth installation 22with sub-sea blowout preventers 24, The platform 12has a lifter 26and a derrick 28for raising and lowering pipe strings such as work string 30on.
- A borehole
32extends through the various layers of soil including the formation 14, A casing 34is with cement 36in the borehole 32cemented. The workstring 30includes various tools such as a variety of perforation guns 38placed in a generally horizontal section of the borehole 32are arranged, and a communication system with communication nodes 42. 44. 46. 48. 50, In the illustrated embodiment, a surface communication node or controller provides 40a user interface including, for example, input and output devices such as one or more video screens or monitors including touchscreens, one or more keyboards or number pads, one or more pointing or navigation devices, and any other user interface devices currently known or developed by those skilled in the art , The user interface may take the form of a computer, including a notebook computer. In addition, the surface controller can 40a logic module with various controllers, processors, memory components, operating systems, instructions, communication protocols, and the like for implementing the systems and methods for checking the status of perforation guns. The surface controller 40is coupled to a bi-directional communication link, the communication between the surface controller 40and a node 42that works as part of the workstring 30or attached to the latter in the borehole.
- The bidirectional communication link may include at least one communication path from the surface controller
40to the node 42and at least one communication path from the node 42to the surface controller 40include. In certain embodiments, bidirectional communication may be achieved over a half-duplex channel that only allows one open communication path at a time. Preferably, bidirectional communication is achieved over a full-duplex channel that allows simultaneous communication over multiple communication paths. This can be achieved, for example, by providing independent hardwired connections, or via a shared physical medium via frequency division duplexing, time division duplexing, Echo cancellation or a similar technique. In either case, the communication link may include one or more electrical conductors, optical conductors, or other physical conductors.
- Each of the communication nodes
42. 44. 46. 48. 50may include a transmitter, a receiver, and a logic module that includes, for example, various dedicated logic circuits, controllers, processors, memory components, operating systems, instructions, communication protocols, and the like to implement the systems and methods for checking the status of perforation guns of the present invention. In addition, each communication node 42. 44. 46. 48. 50Also include a power supply such as a battery pack that may include a plurality of batteries, such as nickel cadmium, lithium, alkali, or other suitable power source that are configured to provide a suitable operating voltage and current.
- In one embodiment, the communication nodes
42. 44. 46. 48. 50be operable to send and receive impedance or other signals, such as audible signals, through the work string 30be directed. In this case, the transmitters and receivers include the communication nodes 42. 44. 46. 48. 50preferably one or more transducers in various shapes, such as in the form of stacks of piezoelectric ceramic crystals. It should be noted that a single transducer may operate as both the transmitter and the receiver of a respective communication node. Any number of communication nodes may be operated in the system of the present invention, the number being the length of the work string 30, which may depend on downhole noise, the type of communication media used, and the like. As shown, the communication nodes are used 44. 46. 48as repeaters that are positioned to the acoustic signals that are on the work string 30at a point where the signals have a strength sufficient for adequate reception. As soon as the signals reach a respective node, the signals can be converted, if necessary, into an electrical current representing the transmitted information and fed to the logic module for processing. In certain embodiments, the power may then be sent to the converter to generate acoustic signals that are transmitted to the next node. In this way, communication can be from nodes 40to knots 50as well as nodes 50to knots 40be achieved.
- If the casing
34can be perforated, the workstring 30through the casing 34be lowered until the perforation guns 38in relation to the formation 14are positioned correctly. To the state of perforation guns 38Before checking the perforation process, a query command may be issued from the surface controller 40sent to sensors in the perforation guns 38are arranged. For example, any perforation gun 38include one or more sensors, such as humidity sensors, pressure sensors, leak sensors, and so forth. Preferably, each of these sensors is individually addressable and communicates with the communication node 50via a wired connection, but alternatively a short-range wireless connection may be used, such as an electromagnetic communication link.
- If the surface controller
40Query commands to one or more of the sensors sends to the status of the perforation guns 38Accordingly, the commands from the communication node can be determined 42received and as coded signals on the work string 30which are then transferred from the communication node 44be received. The communication node 44can act as a repeater to receive, process, and further transmit commands via signals on the work string 30serve by the communication node 46be received. Likewise, the communication node 46via signals on the work string 30the commands to the communication node 48forward, and the communication node 48directs the commands via signals on the work string 30at the communication node 50further. The communication node 50can then use the commands to query the individual sensors in the perforation guns 38send. The sensors can provide the desired data for the leak status of each perforation gun 38obtain and this information to the communication node 50provide. The communication node 50can convert this information into signals that are on the work string 30at the communication node 48be sent. The communication nodes 48. 46. 44can serve as repeaters, each containing the information in the form of signals on the work string 30receive, process and transfer. The communication node 42can the signals from the communication node 44receive and process the information in such a way that it is sent to the surface controller for analysis 40can be forwarded.
- When the sensors report that there are no leaks or other problems in the perforation guns
38have been found, the communication system can be used in a similar way to the perforation guns 38for example, by using one or more electronic or hydraulic warheads, to arm and light. Subsequently, the shaped charges in the perforation guns 38be ignited sequentially, either in a direction from further up the well down to further down, or from down the well down to above, or in any order. Upon detonation, the liners of the shaped charges may form jets which produce a spaced series of perforations extending outwardly through the casing 34, the cement 36and in the formation 14extend, causing fluid communication between the formation 14and the borehole 32is possible.
- In the illustrated embodiment, the borehole
32have an initial vertical section and a deeper, generally diverging section, shown as horizontal. However, those of skill in the art should note that the system for checking the status of perforating guns of the present invention is also suitable for use in other wellbore configurations, including, but not limited to, sloped wellbores, constrained boreholes, non-differing wellbores, and the like.
- Even though
1moreover, having been described with reference to an offshore environment, those skilled in the art will understand that the principles described herein are also suitable for an onshore environment.
- As will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, any of the functions described herein with reference to a logic module may be implemented using software, hardware, including dedicated logic circuitry, manual processing, or a combination of these implementations. Thus, as used herein, the term "logic module" generally refers to software, hardware, or a combination of software and hardware. For example, in the case of a software implementation, the term "logic module" means program code and / or declarative content, e.g. Markup language contents that perform certain tasks when executed on a processing device or devices, such as one or more processors or CPUs. The program code may be stored in one or more computer-readable storage devices. More generally, the functions of the logic modules may be implemented as separate units in separate physical grouping or may correspond to a conceptual assignment of different tasks performed by a single software program and / or a single hardware unit. The logic modules may be located at a single location, such as implemented by a single processing device, or may be distributed over multiple locations, such as a notebook computer, personal digital assistant, smartphone, tablet, etc. in combination with other physical ones Devices that communicate with each other via wired or wireless connections.
- Referring next to FIG
2shows this perforating gun for use in the system for checking the status of perforating guns of the present invention, generally with 100is designated. The perforation gun 100can be a carrier 102with a plurality of depressions defined therein, such as depression 104exhibit. A respective one of the plurality of shaped charges radially coincides with the individual depressions, for example the hollow charge 106,
- The shaped charges can be in the carrier
102by a holding element 108be held, which is an outer cargo holding sleeve 110and an inner charge holding sleeve 112includes. In this configuration, the outer tube 110hold the discharge ends of the shaped charges while the inner tube 112holding the firing ends of the shaped charges. In the inner tube 112can be a detonating cord 116be arranged. In the illustrated embodiment, the firing ends of the shaped charges may extend over the longitudinal axis of the perforating gun 100extend so that the detonating cord 116can be connected to the strong explosive in the shaped charges via an opening which is defined at the apex of the housing of the shaped charges. In this configuration, the carrier can 102be closed to protect the hollow charges arranged therein from borehole fluids.
- Each of the shaped charges, such as the shaped charge
106, Can longitudinally and radially with a depression, such as the recess 104, in the vehicle 102match if the perforation device 100completely assembled. In the illustrated embodiment, the shaped charges may be arranged in a spiral pattern, such that each shaped charge is arranged on its own level or height and is exploded individually, so that only one shaped charge is ignited at a time. However, those of ordinary skill in the art should be aware that alternative arrangements, including cluster designs, may be used in which more than one shaped charge is on the same plane and is simultaneously burst without departing from the spirit of the present invention.
- As discussed above, the perforating guns may be for use in the system for checking the status of perforating guns of the present invention, such as the perforating gun
100, One or more sensors include used to obtain and provide information related to environmental factors affecting the perforation gun 100surround. In the illustrated embodiment, the perforating gun includes 100a variety of sensors, such as a sensor 120attached to an outside of the retaining element 108is positioned, sensor 122attached to an inside of the retaining element 108is positioned, sensor 124which is on an inside of the carrier 102is positioned, and sensor 126standing on an outside of the vehicle 102is positioned. As discussed above, the sensors 120. 122. 124. 126preferably by a wired connection to the communication node 50coupled, but other communication means are possible and provided within the scope of the present invention.
- The sensors
120. 122. 124. 126may be the same or different types and may include humidity sensors, humidity sensors, pressure sensors including high-speed pressure sensors or speed measurement sensors, temperature sensors, accelerometers, impact sensors, lining displacement sensors, depth sensors, fluid sensors, CO 2 sensors, H 2 S sensors, CO sensors, thermal decomposition sensors, casing collar position sensors, Gamma detectors or any other type of sensors that are operable to provide information about the environment of the perforation guns. The sensors 120. 122. 124. 126and similar sensors associated with the perforation gun system may be used to monitor various environmental conditions related to the gun string, such as the depth and orientation of the guns in the borehole; the state of the guns before firing, including leaking status, pressure, thermal decomposition and moisture; the correct firing of the cannons, including canon pressure, acceleration and shock loads; the parameters of the deposit near the borehole, including temperatures, liquid pressures, peak pressures and pressure fluctuations, as well as other environmental conditions known to those skilled in the art.
- Embodiments described herein may provide for wireline and detonator conductivity measurement in a well-established and automated manner. This information can be imported by an operator to avoid mishandling and reduce lost time in the event of a failure.
- Embodiments may include a built-in device, such as an impedance meter, that is at least partially disposed in or securely coupled to a blast-resistant panel. Preferably, the built-in device is secured to prevent external or manual access. The position of the built-in device can prevent any kind of external or manual access to the wireline circuit with the associated risk associated with manual intervention.
- The built-in device can flow a safe and weak electrical current and measure the resulting voltage so that the resulting impedance can be calculated. The calculated impedance may be displayed to a user, such as on the blasting console, or by other means such as wireless or wired communication to a separate computing device.
- The built-in device may be calibrated to detect the various types of detonators used to correct the measurement and the impedance calculation. The built-in device may also include internal rechargeable batteries or other power source so that it can operate even when the surface system is turned off. This may increase the safety of the device because the low battery voltage may have current limiting while the charging current may at the same time have current limiting by a physical resistance that prevents a higher voltage from reaching the wireline circuit, even in the event of a power surge or power failure or a console fire.
- The built-in device may generate the measurement on demand or remain in continuous monitoring mode so that the user can always obtain an impedance reading while the explosive device is lowered until it is in position to blast.
3represents an exemplary explosive safety console 301with a built-in device 302such as an impedance detector, according to one embodiment. The console 301can be a case 303or another structural component. The housing 303can be sealed, sealed, etc. to allow manual access to internal components such as the built-in device 302to prevent. The housing 303may include one or more rooms for entrances, displays, switches, etc. For example, an ad 305in the console 301be included. At the display 305it can be any type of display, such as an LCD display. The ad 305can specify one or more parameters of system operation. Display characteristics may include readings, measurements, notifications, etc. The ad 305can provide information about active quality control and / or provide quality assurance on the quality and stability of wireline, surface and underground equipment in a passive mode. The ad 305can provide an absolute measurement of the system impedance. Alternatively, one or more touch panel screens may be used to enter and / or display information. The console 301can have one or more inputs 307include. For example, on the console 301Thresholds are selected and displayed. In certain embodiments, a threshold mode may be selected and / or displayed, such as A (over), B (under), D (over and under). A threshold scale may be selected and / or displayed as 10%, 20%, 30%, or any other values. Indicator lights can indicate the current selection. Readings can be on the console 301and may include information on the status of the device ("armed", "off", "ready to fire", etc.), position of the tool ("CCL", etc.), survey status ("survey", etc.). Information and displays can be integrated into a console, such as a WSP1 console. There may be one or more switches 309may be included to service various aspects of the system, including a main on / off switch, on / off switch for various components or operations, etc. An automatic zeroing option may be included to pin out cables measuring at the surface , The console 301can have one or more indicators 311to alert a user to a set state, such as when a threshold is reached in accordance with the selected mode and scalar. The one or more indicators may be lights, audible cues, etc.
4is a schematic representation of an inline integrity testing device according to one embodiment. One or more components may be located in a blast safety console. An analog-to-digital converter (ADW) can be one or more in a centralized location, such as a processor or controller 401to convert incoming signals. Although a DsPIC digital signal controller is shown, any similar device may be used. The controller 401may be an input to power from a power selection and / or charging circuit 403receive. The power selection and / or charging circuit 403can provide information and / or power from a battery 405and / or an alternative power source 407such as a truck power source. In certain embodiments, the truck power source is a 12V DC power supply. From one or more entrances 409such as threshold mode and / or scalar input keys (see 3) Threshold inputs can be received. The controller 401can send information to an ad 411output. The control 401can also have a connection 413, such as a USB connection or RS232 connection, provide resistance data to another device, such as an external device. Other compounds can be used. Resistor data may also be sent over an interface, such as a WSP1 or USB interface or other device, to other devices, such as a KMSD, a chip. Different interfaces can be used.
- If necessary, an alarm may be required. An alarm circuit
417can get data from the controller 401receive. The alarm circuit 417can be one or more of an audible alarm 419and / or a visual alarm 421activate. Alarm information such as activation may be sent to a chip and / or tool position transmitter such as KMSD CCL.
- On a wireline side of the device, an input line
423from a chip plate. A relay switch 425, such as a single-pole power switch (SPST), can be used. The relay switch 425can connect to an output line 427and / or a resistance measurement 429provide. An on / off switch 431can the relay switch 425Taxes. The resistance measurement 429can be connected to a relay switch 433, such as a SPST switch. The relay switch 433can transfer data to a voltage sensor 435then provide line voltage to the controller 401provides. The voltage sensor 435can determine by a threshold voltage detection, whether stray voltage is present.
- A filter / line ISO
437may receive information about a resistance measurement, such as zero offset and / or REF activation. The resistance measurement can use a voltage and current measurement technique which is insensitive to strongly fluctuating inherent noise of, for example, a truck box and wireline cable. The voltage and current measurement technology can also be insensitive to fluctuations in power supply rails. The measurement technique may combine various stages such as isolation, common mode rejection, inherent noise rejection, DC offset suppression, series resistor selection, and filtering. In certain embodiments, the resistance measurement may include line isolation up to, for example, one kilovolt and protect the electronics from over-voltage in the line. The isolation circuits can ensure that unwanted or additional noise is removed from the isolation process. The measured signals can be a common-mode rejection be subjected to eliminate DC offset in the common-mode voltage line, which at least partially contributes to an improvement in the measurement accuracy. In certain embodiments, two parallel measurements may be taken simultaneously to achieve measurement accuracy and reduce discrepancies due to time shifts in the measured signals. This can remove further DC offset and make the system less sensitive to inherent noise and bus ripple. At this stage, the timing of the measurement relative to changes in the measured signals may be critical and improve measurement accuracy. Accuracy can be further improved by using different series resistors to ensure that the measurement remains within good-accuracy ranges determined by hardware and firmware, particularly in analog-to-digital conversion as well as analog processing such as filtering. Finally, the measured signals from analog filters can be filtered to provide clean signals to analog converters to meet ADW quantization error requirements. This filter may include, but is not limited to, induced interference, such as from the truck, for example, a power supply of about 50 Hz. The analog measurement signals may then be from the filter / line ISO 437to the controller 401where they are digitized, processed and calculated to one or more resistivity values. This process can be controlled and clocked by the controller. As noted, the resistance measurement may include information on common mode rejection, suppression of inherent noise, suppression of voltage offset, use of two or more channels, such as current and voltage, and series resistance selection. It can measure resistance from filter / line ISO 437be returned.
- The relay switch
433may also have an output from the filter / line ISO 437and a resistance measurement / voltage sensor enable indication from the controller 401receive.
- The operation of an embodiment is now intended as a process
501with reference to 5to be discribed. One or more perforation guns can be prepared for insertion into a wellbore (step 503). The Explosion Safety Console with built-in device can be activated, such as by a switch, even if the power supply of the explosive device is turned off (step 505). It can be made at user-selected times, at predetermined times and / or continuously sensor measurements (step 507). The perforation guns can be positioned at the target position downhole (step 509).
- Prior to blasting the shaped charges, the system of the present invention may be operable to perform various cannon condition checks, such as those described above, including perforation channel depth and orientation checking and perforation canine condition checking. This verification can be accomplished by using the surface controller in conjunction with communication nodes positioned on the work string to query sensors associated with the perforation guns for the information desired.
- Once all sensors have been polled, the surface controller can determine if the perforation guns are ready to fire (step
511). If the perforation guns are ready, the surface controller may proceed to the remainder of the firing sequence, which includes sending the appropriate enable, arming and firing commands via the communication nodes to a suitable firing head (step 515). If all the perforation guns are not ready, the surface controller may determine if corrective action can be taken for the perforation event to occur (step 513). Such corrective actions may include repeating the verification process to determine whether a different condition persists, determining which guns are in a deviated state, and removing those guns from the firing sequence or the like. If the surface controller determines that the perforation event should occur when performing these corrective actions, the surface controller may proceed to the remainder of the firing sequence (step 513). If it is determined during the execution of the corrective actions that the perforation event must not take place, the process may end.
- During the perforation event, sensors associated with the perforation guns may continue to collect and transmit information. In particular, sensors such as accelerometers, pressure sensors, high-speed pressure sensors, temperature sensors may be used to obtain various data of the perforation gun and the deposit near the wellbore. For example, the high-speed pressure sensors are operable to obtain millisecond pressure data such that the pressure surge generated by the perforation event and associated pressure cycles can be measured. Likewise, the accelerometers are operable to record shock load data associated with the perforation event. The use of these and other data allows determination of the intensity of the detonation associated with the perforating guns. This information is communicated to the surface controller simultaneously, immediately thereafter or later by the sensors via the communication system. This information can be used to determine the quality of the perforation event, such as whether the igniter was blown up, whether shaped charges in the perforation gun were blown up, if all the shaped charges in the perforation gun were blown up, or if only some of the shaped charges in the perforation gun were blown up. Based on this information, the operator can determine in real time, for example, whether a zone should be re-perforated.
- Likewise, after the perforation event, sensors associated with the perforation guns may continue to collect and transmit information. In particular, sensors such as pressure sensors, temperature sensors, fluid sensors and the like are used to obtain various data of the deposit near the borehole. These data may be useful in laying out the next completion phase, such as whether to perform an acid or fracture stimulation.
- Embodiments described herein may reduce the time spent in retracting a defective assembly. The systems and methods may enable visibility of changes in the system on the way downhole and when equipment changes in equipment may occur, such as electrical contact loss at the CSR. Certain embodiments may provide the ability to troubleshoot underground assemblies prior to being returned to the surface. For the deployment system, a constant measurement of the shutdown impedance can be provided.
- From the foregoing, it will be apparent that an invention has been provided with significant advantages. Although the invention has been shown in only a few of its forms, it is not limited to these embodiments, but is susceptible to various changes and modifications without departing from its spirit.
Claims (20)
- A system for detecting impedance to a perforating gun disposed in a borehole, the system comprising: a controller; a built-in impedance device; a blasting safety console housing at least partially surrounding the built-in impedance device to restrict access to the built-in impedance device; one or more input devices for changing an impedance or resistance threshold; and one or more alarms for indicating a condition of exceeding the controller-determined impedance or resistance threshold.
- The system of claim 1, further comprising one or more display devices for displaying an impedance or resistance condition.
- The system of claim 1, further comprising a relay switch for turning a resistance measurement on or off.
- The system of claim 1, further comprising outputting resistance data through one or more interfaces.
- The system of claim 1, further comprising outputting an alarm through one or more interfaces.
- The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more alarms are audible alarms or visible alarms.
- The system of claim 1, further comprising one or more voltage sensors.
- The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more voltage sensors are operated by one or more switches.
- A system for detecting impedance to a perforating gun disposed in a borehole, the system comprising: one or more perforation guns; a controller; a communication system for communicating between the one or more perforation guns and the controller; an explosive safety console housing at least partially surrounding a built-in impedance device to restrict access to the installed impedance device; one or more input devices for changing an impedance or resistance threshold; and one or more alarms for indicating a condition of exceeding the controller-determined impedance or resistance threshold.
- The system of claim 9, further comprising one or more display devices for displaying an impedance or resistance condition.
- The system of claim 9, further comprising a relay switch for turning a resistance measurement on or off.
- The system of claim 9, further comprising outputting resistance data through one or more interfaces.
- The system of claim 9, further comprising outputting an alarm through one or more interfaces.
- The system of claim 9, wherein the one or more alarms are audible alarms or visible alarms.
- The system of claim 9, further comprising one or more voltage sensors.
- The system of claim 9, wherein the one or more voltage sensors are operated by one or more switches.
- A method of detecting impedance to a perforating gun disposed in a well, the method comprising: Coupling a perforating gun to a blasting security console via a communication system; Activating a built-in impedance sensing device that is at least partially disposed in the blasting security console to restrict access to the impedance sensing device; Guiding the perforating gun to a downhole target position on a tubing string while the built-in impedance sensing device is active; Receiving information about resistance at a controller; Determining whether the state of the perforation gun exceeds a predetermined threshold; and Determining whether to operate the perforation gun based on the resistance information and determining the predetermined threshold.
- The method of claim 17, further comprising continuously monitoring the resistance while guiding the perforating gun to a downhole target position.
- The method of claim 17, wherein the predetermined thresholds are selected by a user via one or more inputs on the blast security console.
- The method of claim 17, further comprising activating an alarm when measurements exceed the predetermined threshold.
Priority Applications (1)
|Application Number
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Introduction: Big Data – Digital Technology, Loads of Empirical Materials, and a Daring Vision
Christian Munthe, Urban Strandberg
European Review, Editorial letter 2019
Editorial letter
Reconsidering Humanity: Big Data, the Scientific Method, and the Images of Humans
Urban Strandberg, Christian Munthe
European Review, Journal issue 2019
Journal issue
Reflections on Gender and Small Languages in World Literature Scholarship: Methods of Inclusions and Exclusions
Katarina Leppänen
World Literatures: Exploring the Cosmopolitan-Vernacular Exchange, Stockholm, Stockholm University Press, Chapter in book 2018
Chapter in book
Crossing borders and redifining Oneself: The treacherous life of Aino Kallas
Katarina Leppänen
Cultural borders of Europe : narratives, cencepts and practices in the present and the past / edited by Mats Andrén, Thomas Lindkvist, Ingmar Söhrman and Katharina Vajta., New York , Berghahn Books, Chapter in book 2017
Chapter in book
Boundaries of political geography and world literature
Katarina Leppänen
Cultural borders and European integartion, Göteborg, Centrum för Europaforskning, Göteborgs universitet, Chapter in book 2017
Chapter in book
Adolescents' Development of Political Interest: A Communication Mediation Approach Using Five Waves of Panel Data
Adam Shehata, Erik Amnå
66th Annual Conference of the International Communication Association (ICA), Fukuoka, Japan, 9–13 Juni, Conference contribution 2016
Conference contribution
Collaborative Strategies: How and Why Academic Spin-offs Interact with Engineering University Centers
Maureen McKelvey, Daniel Ljungberg, Olof Zaring, Jens Laage-Hellman, Stefan Szücs
How Entrepreneurs Do What they Do: Case Study of Knowledge Intensive Entrepreneurship / McKelvey, M. and A.H. Lassen (eds.), Cheltenham, U.K., Edward Elgar Publishers, Chapter in book 2013
Chapter in book
Extending the realm of accounting inscriptions: Pay-As-You-Throw (PAYT) solid waste collection invoicing and the moral enrolment of residents in environmental governance
Hervé Corvellec, María José Zapata Campos, Patrik Zapata
AOS conference on "Performing business and social innovation through accounting inscriptions", Galway, Ireland, 22–24 September 2013, Conference contribution 2013
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800 ord till Rolf Solli
Anna Cregård, Ulla Eriksson-Zetterquist
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The practice of risk governance: lessons from the field
Åsa Boholm, Hervé Corvellec, Marianne Karlsson
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What are the most harmful forms of gambling? Analyzing problem gambling prevalence surveys
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Stefan Szücs
Organisationsförändringar och arbetsrelaterad hälsa, 2 mars 2011, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Solna, Poster 2011
Animali predatori in Svezia. La collaborazione e il dialogo per uscire dai dilemmi insolubili
Serena Cinque, Annelie Sjölander Lindqvist
Dalla proposta alla protesta, e ritorna. Conflitti locali e innovazione politica, Milano, Bruno Mondadori Editore, Chapter in book 2011
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Predator emergency groups in Sweden. Fostering local participation through collaborative management
Serena Cinque
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Care - A Challenge to Healthy organization?
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IV International Community, Work and Family Conference: Actors, Structures and Theories, 19-21 May, University of Tampere, Conference paper 2011
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Ark Robot wins QPrize; gets $350K funding from Qualcomm
Ark Robot has won a prize money of $350,000 (about Rs 2 crore) in equity funding, as the winner of QPrize Make in India contest.
Ark Robot has won a prize money of $350,000 (about Rs 2 crore) in equity funding, as the winner of QPrize Make in India contest.
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Parallel Verses
New International Version
"Speak to the Israelites and say to them: 'If a man's wife goes astray and is unfaithful to him
King James Bible
Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, If any man's wife go aside, and commit a trespass against him,
Darby Bible Translation
Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, If any man's wife go astray, and commit unfaithfulness against him,
World English Bible
"Speak to the children of Israel, and tell them: 'If any man's wife goes astray, and is unfaithful to him,
Young's Literal Translation
'Speak unto the sons of Israel, and thou hast said unto them, When any man's wife turneth aside, and hath committed against him a trespass,
Numbers 5:12 Parallel
CommentaryClarke's Commentary on the Bible
If the man have no kinsman - The Jews think that this law respects the stranger and the sojourner only, because every Israelite is in a state of affinity to all the rest; but there might be a stranger in the camp who has no relative in any of the tribes of Israel.
Treasury of Scripture Knowledge
Numbers 5:19,20 And the priest shall charge her by an oath, and say to the woman, If no man have lain with you...
Proverbs 2:16,17 To deliver you from the strange woman, even from the stranger which flatters with her words...
LibraryMeditations against Despair, or Doubting of God's Mercy.
It is found by continual experience, that near the time of death, when the children of God are weakest, then Satan makes the greatest nourish of his strength, and assails them with his strongest temptations. For he knows that either he must now or never prevail; for if their souls once go to heaven, he shall never vex nor trouble them any more. And therefore he will now bestir himself as much as he can, and labour to set before their eyes all the gross sins which ever they committed, and the judgments …
Lewis Bayly—The Practice of Piety
The Work of Jesus Christ as an Advocate,
Cross References
Numbers 5:11
Then the LORD said to Moses,
Numbers 5:19
Then the priest shall put the woman under oath and say to her, "If no other man has had sexual relations with you and you have not gone astray and become impure while married to your husband, may this bitter water that brings a curse not harm you.
Numbers 5:20
But if you have gone astray while married to your husband and you have made yourself impure by having sexual relations with a man other than your husband"--
Numbers 5:29
"'This, then, is the law of jealousy when a woman goes astray and makes herself impure while married to her husband,
Deuteronomy 24:1
If a man marries a woman who becomes displeasing to him because he finds something indecent about her, and he writes her a certificate of divorce, gives it to her and sends her from his house,
Jump to PreviousAct Acts Astray Children Commit Committed Goes Israel Israelites Sinning Speak Trespass Turneth Unfaithful Unfaithfully Wife Wrong
Jump to NextAct Acts Astray Children Commit Committed Goes Israel Israelites Sinning Speak Trespass Turneth Unfaithful Unfaithfully Wife Wrong
LinksNumbers 5:12 NIV
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Numbers 5:12 Commentaries
THE HOLY BIBLE, NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®, NIV® Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984, 2011 by Biblica®.
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1. IntroductionRabies is a representative zoonosis and a reemerging disease in Korea. In Korea, the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is a principal natural reservoir of rabies virus, but dogs are a predominant animal for transmission. There were no human cases of rabies from 1985 to 1998, but the disease reoccurred in 1999, following a new case of animal rabies in 1993 [1,2].Human rabies can be prevented by avoiding bite of rabid animals, pre-exposure vaccination or postexposure prophylaxis (PEP). The guidelines for Human Rabies Prevention and Control (HRPC) by Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) recommends PEP based on the anatomical locations of the bite, animal species, wound status, and rabies vaccination history of the animal [3]. Patients who acquired bites that were applicable to World Health Organization (WHO) Categories II and III in high-risk regions should immediately receive PEP, and animals should be observed for clinical signs or be examined for rabies diagnosis [5]. According to the KCDC rabies guidelines, PEP should be completed by administering vaccine on Days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28, with human rabies immune globulin (HRIG) on Day 0. Equine rabies immunoglobulin is not permitted to use for animal bite patients in Korea. If no clinical signs of rabies in an animal were observed within 10 days or if an animal was negative for rabies diagnosis by molecular and histopathological examinations, the remainder of PEP is not necessary. Alternatively, for animal bites that occur nationwide, including the suspect-risk regions, animals should be observed for clinical signs for 10 days. If animals are clinically normal, PEP is not necessary. However, if abnormal clinical signs are observed, PEP is required, and the animal should be considered for rabies diagnosis. If no animal is available for rabies examination or if the bite is caused by a wild animal regardless of geographical location, PEP should be administered to a patient immediately.Due to expanding regions of animal rabies outbreaks and to increasing public health threats, the National
2. Materials and MethodsThe risk areas of rabies were divided into high-risk and suspect-risk regions according to the KCDC guideline of the HRCP (Figure 1) [4]. The cities/districts where human or animal rabies had occurred since 1993 are designated as high-risk regions. Cities/districts which are adjacent with the high-risk regions are assigned to suspect-risk regions. There are nineteen and 14 cities/districts in the high-risk region and in the suspect-risk region, respectively. Two cities/districts were switched to the high-risk region from suspect-risk region in 2005 due to the occurrence of rabies in raccoon dogs and farm animals. The high-risk region in Gangwon province was 1.7 times wider than that in Gyeonggi province. The human population in the highrisk region was 3.5 times higher in Gyeonggi province than in Gangwon province.Human rabies data from 1999 to 2009 were collected from case reports of written epidemiologic investigations in theKCDC.Wealso collected animal bite case data from high-risk regions from 2005 to 2009 and calculated animal bite incidences for the city/district and for different age groups. According to the guideline of the HRCP, animal bite patients should be reported to the RPHCs in the patient's residential region. The information from cases reported to the RPHCs was submitted quarterly to the KCDC for analysis. All RPHCs in 18 cities of two provinces in the high-risk region participated in the NABPS. Information was divided into patient information and animal information. Patient information included date and region where the animal bite occurred, sex, age, location of wounds, and types of PEP applied (complete or appropriate). Complete PEP means that both HRIG and vaccination were administered. Appropriate PEP means that vaccination was administered without HRIG. Animal data included animal species, rabies vaccination history and analysis of animal after biting including observation of clinical signs or necropsy. Animals were considered as vaccinated if vaccinated or boosted within 1 year of the biting incident. Clinical signs were observed by veterinarians employed in local governments and rabies diagnoses by animal necropsy were accomplished at the Provincial Veterinary Service Laboratories by histopathology, indirect immunofluorescent assay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (REF).The study was approved by the KCDC in 2005 and complied with the guidelines of the KCDC. The data were submitted to KCDC by the RPHCs without information about individuals and clinical intervention. Information on human rabies cases did not include any personal information. All data were analyzed anonymously.
3.1. Rabies casesSince the reoccurrence of human rabies in 1999, six cases of human rabies were reported to KCDC to 2004
Table 1.
3.2. Animal bite casesA total of 2,458 animal-related potential rabies exposures in high-risk regions were reported to RPHCs from 2005 to 2009. The annual number of animal bite case was ranged from 359 to 658 (mean: 491.6). The lowest number of annual cases was reported in 2005 and the number increased thereafter. A mean bite rates in each city/district in the high-risk regions of Gangwon and Gyeonggi provinces were 61.4 ± 41.2 (mean ± SD) and 22.0 ± 21.0, respectively, and ranged from 0.3 to 113.7 per 100,000 individuals. An annual mean incidence rate of more than 50 was recorded in five cities/districts of Gangwon province and in one cities/ districts of Gyeonggi province.Most patients were bitten in the hand or leg (44.2% and 33.9%, respectively), followed by the arm (9.6%), foot (4.0%), face (2.5%), and hip (1.1%). Some patients (2.8%) were bitten on more than two body sites. Most bite patients had Category III exposure, as per the WHO classification and Category II exposure reported in less than 5% of the cases. The incidence was highest in adults in their 50s (18.0%), followed by 40s (17.6%), 60s (15.8%), and 30s (12.5%). Young children under 9 years of age accounted for 7.2% of all cases. The number of cases was higher in men (62.4%) than women (37.6%) and there was no significant difference of patient's sex between two provinces or among different ages. The cases of animal bite patients were higher in July and gradually increased from winter and spring to summer.Dogs were the predominant biting animals and were responsible for 86.0% of animal bites. Unprovoked bites by stray dogs accounted for 3.2% of animal bites (Figure 2). Cats, including strays, were responsible for 6.2% of animal bites. Wildlife accounted for 3.7% of animal bites. Raccoon dogs (1.4%) were the common wildlife species. Four cases were from cattle in high-risk regions. Wild rats, badgers, otters, wild boars, squirrels, weasels, and bats were also involved in producing wounds in humans. Exposure to bat bites was reported in only one case in 2006. The species of biting animal was not identified for 96 cases, of which were 75 cases from one city in 2005.Of the 2,273 animal bite cases, 67.4% of the animals were not vaccinated against rabies or were vaccinated more than one year before the incident. The ratio of animals vaccinated against rabies within 1 year before biting decreased each year (46.7%, 36.0%, 33.8%, 27.7%, and 27.2% in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009, respectively). Of 95 cats, only two were vaccinated against rabies. A total of 77 animals were examined by necropsy for the rabies and 22 were rabid. These included 16 dogs, three raccoon dogs, and three cattle.Animals were divided into two groups depending on rabies vaccination history to analyze whether measurements were appropriately applied. Measurements to vaccinated and unvaccinated animals were to observe clinical signs of rabies for 92.7% and 72.7%, respectively, of the cases and to perform necropsy for 1.4% and 4.1%, respectively (Table 2). No animals showed clinical signs during the observation period. For 1.6% and 16.6% of the vaccinated and unvaccinated animals, respectively, no measurements were available due escape of the animals (including wildlife) or improper disposal. Complete or appropriate PEP was administered more in patients bitten by unvaccinated animals (40.6%) than in patients bitten by vaccinated animals (13.2%). Of animal bite patients, 21.8% had complete PEP and 10.7% were treated with appropriate PEP. Of the patients bitten by vaccinated animals, 12.8% (±3.4) (from 7.4% to 16.9%) received complete
4. DiscussionDue to outbreaks of animal rabies in limited areas, HRCP focused mainly on management of animal bite patients and on public education in the endemic areas. Unexpectedly high number of animal bite cases was reported in the first year of HRCP, although PEP data were only passively collected by the reporting of patients to RPHCs that were provided PEP. This may be because the PEP service was free. The total number of reported cases gradually increased, although this was affected by many factors. This finding may reflect increased knowledge about rabies among the residents in the high-risk region rather than due to more bite cases.HRCP plays a key role in preventing human rabies in Korea. However, several risk factors should be considered to keep a free of human rabies. A high incidence of rabies was reported in dogs, cattle, and raccoon dogs. More than 70% of the domestic animals causing bites were unvaccinated or had been vaccinated more than one year after the booster. To encourage animal vaccination in high-risk regions, cattle, dogs, and cats have been vaccinated free of cost by public health veterinarians in local governments since 1993. In spite of the strengthened animal vaccination program, the number of unvaccinated biting animals remains high. Raccoon dog rabies remains high and has resulted in of transmission of the virus to cattle and dogs in the endemic areas [1,6]. These data suggest that mass vaccination programs should be strengthened in the high-risk regions to prevent rabies outbreaks [2].After the recurrence of animal rabies in 1993, the virus gradually spread southward and eastward in the two endemic provinces. The endemic areas of rabies are surrounded by a river and an expressway on the southern side, shoreline on eastern and western sides and the demilitarized zone (DMZ) on the northern side. If the rabies virus crosses the southern barrier, it can rapidly spread nationwide. Other factors include possible introduction of the virus from endemic countries [7-11] and misdiagnosis and delayed PEP due to a lack of experience among health care providers and the general community outside of the risk areas [12]. Therefore, it is necessary to expand the animal bite monitoring areas to cities/districts adjacent to endemic areas and to strength


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text:
Well-Known Member
- Joined
- Nov 29, 2008
- Messages
- 3,678
- Location
- Maine
They're from Winterpeg. 'Nuff said!
I am most definitely not from Winnipeg, I'm living here for uni. I'm from Calgary And the Harper/China thing was kind of anti-climatic if one was looking for controversy.They're from Winterpeg. 'Nuff said!
My first thought about that thing was "China: Canada's Mother-in-Law"I am most definitely not from Winnipeg, I'm living here for uni. I'm from Calgary And the Harper/China thing was kind of anti-climatic if one was looking for controversy.
China: "Canada should visit more often.'
Canada: "Ok, we will."
LOL!My first thought about that thing was "China: Canada's Mother-in-Law"
Yay more James/HIGNFY - birthday pressie for me!Don't forget James is on later tonight.
And there is a longer version of the show on Saturday.
I'm not entirely sure if he does 'traditional' standup, he's an improv comedian.Slightly OT: did anyone ever see Paul Merton on stage? He's coming to Amsterdam this spring and I wonder if it's worth getting tickets for.
Spoilered in case people haven't watched yet:Didn't say much, did he?
I think the whole hamster incident, including but not limited to the sucking was enough!
Both eps of HIGNFY with James in ithttp://rapidshare.com/files/319576395/HIGNFY_S33E07_-_Paul_Merton__Ian_Hislop__James_May__Nick_Robinson.zip.001
OK I will bite - why?It was the opposite, he was bitched at for not visiting enough.
Last time James was on it was utterly brilliant, because that was the "Prince Philip burned down the Cutty Sark" episode, and Merton was on fire.
And here's an OT question, why is this board filled (er, relatively speaking) with Manitobans, but barely any Saskatchewan peeps (like me!)?
That's what I was asking! I was genuinely curious.OK I will bite - why?
More than a lot of HIGNFY guests say.Didn't say much, did he?
*prays to the BBC gods* Want this in my life.I think {James would} be better on QI


text: John K Clark wrote: > Jef Allbright <jef at jefallbright.net> Wrote: > >> it has been traditional for some people to (misleadingly) >> label these as "laws", as if they were absolutely decreed, >> rather than derived via a subjective process of >> observation and sense-making refinement. > > Jef, if everything is subjective then nothing is subjective, > for something to be meaningful you need contrast. Suppose > that everything that exists and everything that does not > exist, everything you can imagine and everything you can't > imagine has the property of being bloxinated. Do you think > the word "bloxinated" is likely to be useful to you, can you > imagine any reason to use it in a sentence? I can't. Although too busy to reply the last few days, I did spend some time pondering the source of our differences here. I suspect we're using the term "subjective" differently. Many people think of subjectivity as if it were not grounded, and I think you're assuming that usage. I see misunderstanding of subjectivity at the heart of nearly all the perennial problems of philosophy, due to the pervasive misbelief that a subjective agent can somehow be independent of such grounding in the "real" world. [Apologies for the scare-quoting, but it's for a purpose.] Subjectivity is often thought of simply as personal bias. This idea is so narrow that it leads to the disagreement we're having here, where you seem to take subjective as implying no basis for comparison. But in a more useful encompassing sense, these biases are the merely the result of *limited context* ranging from purely subjective to purely objective. There are no actual cases of truly independent subjective views--we all share a great deal of context in common--and we most certainly can compare and evaluate subjective models, most successfully by a process known as the scientific method. Please consider: * I have little tolerance for those who promote equal tolerance for all beliefs. * I think that moral relativism is morally wrong. * While beauty is in the eye of the beholder, our eyes and cognitive structures hold much in common. * I see increasing diversity as providing the source material for increasing agreement. Can you see from the points above that I'm not defending the simple-minded view of subjectivity which you appear to be attacking? >> The very high statistical regularity of "random" radioactive >> decay > My use of quotation marks in "this" sentence is as foolish as > your use of quotation marks above. Let me ask you something, > can you give me a logical reason why every event must have a > cause? I can't. You and I and Hume would agree with regard to the problem of induction. However, despite having no visible means of support, life goes on. Rather than being paradoxical, this is a valid observation about the inherently subjective nature of any reflexive system of awareness. - Jef


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CUSTOMER REVIEWS (120)Formal Short Dresses
By Cassie Oleszkiewicz
Dec 11,2019
OMFG I LOVE THIS DRESS! It got here exactly on time and fits perfectly.
By Callaghan Scott
Dec 06,2019
Dress fit perfectly and was the exact color from the picture! Fast shipping as well. Thank you
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Dec 06,2019
Beautiful dress and perfectly made. Very pretty! Also shipping was beyond quicker than I expected. Can't wait to have my picture made this week!!,,,,,
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Dec 05,2019
Love this dress a lot! It has so much to love it for.
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Dec 03,2019
The color is beautiful and the jersey fabric is so soft. I can not wait to wear it! Shipped fast and the customer service was superb. I would definitely recommend this shop and dresses.
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Dec 02,2019
Absolutely love my dress! Absolutely beautiful and well made. Fits and falls beautifully. Quick lead time, shipping and great packaging! I can't wait to wear this dress in my friends wedding. Thank you!
By onlyfr33b33
Nov 30,2019
I am a huge fan of this shop! This dress is beautiful but wasn't precisely what I was looking for, also my other dress from this shop is a similar color. Decided to return it this time, but looking forward to buying more beautiful clothing from Cherry!
By Elizabeth Harple
Nov 30,2019
Arrived quickly, beautiful material, very lightweight.
By Anna Lohner
Nov 29,2019
Great dress! I like the colour and the good service. Thank you very much
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Nov 28,2019
Very quick service. The dress was made very well, it was very form fitting and looks really nice. It's slightly shorter by 1/2 inch than my measurement but that's ok. This dress is unbelievably perfect. I love it. Perfect fit and look. Thank you, thank you. And so speedy and timely. Definitely recommend.
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Nov 28,2019
Need a bit of alterations on the bust but the fit overall of the dress was great. Such a beautiful, perfect dress!
By Anonymous
Nov 26,2019
I bought this Dress for my daughter. unsure about how it would turn out. She's 5'11 so we special ordered it to be sure it was long enough. It's perfect! exactly as pictured!!
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Nov 26,2019
Gorgeous as always! Another lovely dress from this seller to act to my collection. Can't wait for my prom. Thank you!
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Nov 25,2019
Amazing quality for the low price! This cocktail dress is available in wonderful color options. Ruffled skirt in petals create a beautiful and sexy silhouette perfect for wedding parties. Beaded bodice looks great on. Thanks.
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Nov 24,2019
Very cute dress and very well made. The appliques and the details are beyond perfection. Thank you very much for making such an art!
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Nov 23,2019
I've ordered the lovely dress in ivory and I love it!!
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Customer service is amazing and super speedy delivery.
The length is perfect and material is outstanding.
Thank you!
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