text:
G. Barro1 - J. Gallego1 - P. G. Pérez-González1 - C. Eliche-Moral1 - M. Balcells2 - V. Villar1 - N. Cardiel1 - D. Cristobal-Hornillos5 - A. Gil de Paz1 - R. Guzmán3 - R. Pelló4 - M. Prieto2 - J. Zamorano1
1 - Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
2 - Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, vía Lactea, 38200 La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
3 - Department of Astronomy, 477 Bryant Space Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
4 - Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Toulouse-Tarbes, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
5 - Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, 18080 Granada, Spain
Received 18 July 2008 / Accepted 27 October 2008
Context. The galaxy number counts has been traditionally used to test models of galaxy evolution. However, the origin of significant differences in the shape of number counts at different wavelengths is still unclear. By relating the most remarkable features in the number counts with the underlying galaxy population it is possible to introduce further constraints on galaxy evolution.
Aims. We aim to investigate the causes of the different shape of the K-band number counts when compared to other bands, analyzing in detail the presence of a change in the slope around .
Methods. We present a near-infrared imaging survey, conducted at the 3.5 m telescope of the Calar Alto Spanish-German Astronomical Center (CAHA), covering two separated fields centered on the HFDN and the Groth field, with a total combined area of 0.27 deg2 to a depth of (3, Vega). By combining our data with public deep K-band images in the CDFS (GOODS/ISAAC) and high quality imaging in multiple bands, we extract K-selected catalogs characterized with highly reliable photometric redshift estimates. We derive redshift binned number counts, comparing the results in our three fields to sample the effects of cosmic variance. We derive luminosity functions from the observed K-band in the redshift range [0.25-1.25], that are combined with data from the references in multiple bands and redshifts, to build up the K-band number count distribution.
Results. The overall shape of the number counts can be grouped into three regimes: the classic Euclidean slope regime ( ) at bright magnitudes; a transition regime at intermediate magnitudes, dominated by galaxies at the redshift that maximizes the product ; and an dominated regime at faint magnitudes, where the slope asymptotically approaches -0.4() controlled by post- galaxies. The slope of the K-band number counts presents an averaged decrement of 50% in the range 15.5 < K < 18.5 ( -0.30). The rate of change in the slope is highly sensitive to cosmic variance effects. The decreasing trend is the consequence of a prominent decrease of the characteristic density (60% from z=0.5 to z=1.5) and an almost flat evolution of (1 compatible with in the same redshift range).
Key words: galaxies: evolution - galaxies: high-redshift - infrared: galaxies
With the advent of the large photometric surveys (such as COSMOS - Scoville et al. 2006; UKIDDS - Lawrence et al. 2007, etc.), the coverage of the extragalactic number counts (hereafter, NCs) on multiple bandpasses has greatly improved. Benefiting from the new generation of wide area cameras and dedicated telescope facilities, these surveys have provided large galaxy samples with a significant improvement in efficiency (Gabasch et al. 2008; McCracken et al. 2003). Even the traditionally more problematic NIR surveys have made considerable progress in covering areas close to a square degree, up to limiting magnitudes hardly reachable a few years ago (Simpson et al. 2006; Conselice et al. 2008).
The NIR galaxy counts usually have been considered a particularly useful method to constrain galaxy evolution and cosmology, providing a simpler, less biased, test of galaxy evolution models. However, although the overall shape of the NCs is well defined, published counts still exhibit a considerable scatter, making it difficult to narrow down the evolution in a small magnitude interval. Additionally, the apparent simplicity of the NCs hides a mixture of evolving galaxy properties that complicates the interpretation of the observed features in terms of a single physical origin. Thus, it is not surprising that the explanation for the flatness of the K-band counts (relative to the optical NCs) or the presence of a sharp break in the slope around 16 < K < 18 are still a matter of debate (Gardner et al. 1993; Cristóbal-Hornillos et al. 2003; Quadri et al. 2007; Iovino et al. 2005; Temporin et al. 2008).
The change in the slope of the NCs is a direct consequence of galactic evolution. Indeed, any feature in the shape of the NCs is closely related to the luminosity distribution of galaxies at a given epoch. By disentangling the relative contribution from the luminosity functions (hereafter, LFs) at different redshift ranges, we will be able to identify the driving force behind the shape of the NCs.
Table 1: Units of right ascension are hours, minutes and seconds, and units of declination are degrees, arcminutes and arcseconds.
Therefore, we aim to refine our understanding of the K-band NCs in the light of galaxy evolution by reconstructing the NCs in the K-band from rest-frame LFs in the multiple bandpasses probed by the observed K-band at different epochs. We benefit from the substantial amount of work done on deriving accurate LFs at different redshifts in the optical bands (Wolf et al. 2003; Blanton et al. 2003; Chen et al. 2003; Ilbert et al. 2005; Gabasch et al. 2006; Marchesini et al. 2007) and NIR bands (Kochanek et al. 2001; Cole et al. 2001; Pozzetti et al. 2003; Feulner et al. 2003; Cirasuolo et al. 2007; Arnouts et al. 2007) to disentangle the multiple galactic populations at different redshift that assemble together to create the observed NCs, and to discern the true nature of the reported features on that distribution.
The purpose of this paper is two-fold. First we present a NIR survey conceived to serve as reference for future spectroscopic follow up. Second, we use these datasets and high quality photometric redshifts to derive NCs and LFs in the observed K-band, allowing us to analyze the underlying galaxy population responsible for the observed shape of the K-band NCs. The paper is organized as follows: in Sect. 2 we describe the observations, data reduction and the compilation of complementary data sets. Sections 3 and 4 show the multi-wavelength characterization of the K-selected samples and the procedure to derive photometric redshifts. In Sect. 5 we investigate the reliability of these photometric redshift estimates. Then, we use these K-selected samples in Sects. 6 and 7, presenting K-band NCs in three different fields and making use of the photometric redshifts to explore the redshift distribution and to probe the impact of cosmic variance in the NCs. In Sect. 8 we discuss the connection between NCs and LFs, and present our LF estimates along with previously published results in multiple bands and redshifts. In Sect. 9 we derive the expected NCs distribution from the corresponding LFs. Section 10 summarizes the conclusions of the paper.
Throughout this paper we use Vega magnitudes unless noted otherwise and adopt the current standard cosmology H0=70 km-1 s-1 Mpc-1, and .
K-band observations were carried out on two separate fields: one covering the flanking fields of the original Groth strip (Groth et al. 1994) at (hereafter, Groth-FF), and the second centered at the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey north field (HFDN; Giavalisco et al. 2004), . Additionally, we made use of complementary infrared imaging which includes a full mapping of the Groth strip in the J and bands (Cristóbal-Hornillos et al. 2003, hereafter, CH03), and J-band observations in the Groth and HDFN fields (Villar et al. 2008, hereafter V08), consisting of three pointings covering at least 60% of the K surveyed area in Groth, and a single pointing in HDFN completely overlapping with the K exposure. Details of the observations are shown in Table 1. Figure 1 shows the layout of the two areas covered.
|Figure 1: Sky coverage maps of the NIR datasets in the Groth and HDFN fields. The outlines represent. Top - The CAHA- K'-band flanking fields at both sides of the WHT-INGRID K-band coverage of the original Groth strip (Cristóbal-Hornillos et al. 2003), and the J-band pointings of Villar et al. (2008). The J-band central image is shown for comparison with the HDFN K-band image covering the same area (2252). Bottom - The CAHA-2k K-band coverage of the HDFN. The GOODS-HST footprints are also shown for comparison.
|Open with DEXTER
The Groth-FF infrared observations in the K'-band were obtained using OMEGA-PRIME (hereafter, ), mounted on the prime focus of the 3.5 m telescope at Calar Alto Spanish-German Astronomical Center (CAHA) during three runs in 2000 May 15-17, 2002 March 28-31 and 2002 August 19-23. The K' filter was preferred to for a better removal of thermal background. No significant difference in galaxy photometry was found (see Sect. 2.2).
The camera was equipped a HgCdTe Rockwell array that provides a field of view of with 0.396''/pixel scale. In the first runs, a small misalignment on the secondary mirror caused the PSF to be slightly asymmetric. This problem was enhanced in the 2002 run, causing the FWHM to be noticeably higher, and reducing the depth of the observations. The seeing conditions were generally average, with the FWHM ranging from to except for a few pointings with a higher seeing (1.9 ). The background emission in the NIR is bright, non-uniform and highly variable. Therefore, in order to perform an accurate sky subtraction, sky dithered exposures are required. We used a hexagonal dithering pattern of 20 side, repeated 12 times, shifting the center 3 each time to create the final exposure. After excluding the edges (having a lower coverage), each pointing in the Groth-FF covers 47 arcmin2. The integration times were chosen to keep the count levels within the linear regime of the detector. Typical exposure times were s per dithered position (co-adds individual exposure time), rejecting the first frame each time to avoid charge persistency problems. Total integration times were around 84 mn per pixel. Note that the integration time for the last run was increased to alleviate the alignment problem.
The whole Groth-FF mosaic comprises 22 pointings of about , for a total of 822 arcmin2. 80% of the total area is above the average exposure time per frame (80 mn), with relatively shallow limiting magnitudes of -19.8 (3). The CH03 Groth strip observations covered 180 arcmin2 in eleven pointings, carried out with the INGRID instrument and K-band filter in the William Herschel Telescope, to a deeper limiting magnitude of (3). The V08 central Groth strip observations covered 702 arcmin2 in three 15 15 pointings taken using the OMEGA 2000 () instrument at 3.5 m CAHA to a limiting depth of (3). The combination of the Groth NIR observations leads to a total area of 955 arcmin2 in the K-band and at least 462 arcmin2 simultaneously observed in both the J and K bands.
The HDFN infrared observations in the -band were performed with the CAHA 3.5 m telescope using , which is an improvement over the previous instrument. The detector is a HgCdTe HAWAII-2 Array, with a 0.450 /pixel and a field of view. Observations were performed over the course of one observing run in 2006 May 15-17. The seeing conditions were slightly better than in Groth-FF, ranging from to . The typical exposure times at each dithered position were s. The total exposure time is 1.7 h. After excluding the noisy edges, we obtained a final image of 232 arcmin2 to a depth (3). The same area is covered in V08 J-band observations of HDFN to a limiting magnitude (3).
The data were reduced in a standard way using a combination of the UCM NIR reduction software (Cardiel et al.) and the IRAF software package XDIMSUM. The basic methods are outlined below.
First, an average dark image with the same exposure time and number of co-adds is subtracted from the science images. Second, each science frame is flat-field corrected and the background emission is removed. Finally, all the frames are combined using an iterative method.
The skyflat image employed in the second step is built from the science frames by combining all the images with a median filter to remove sources. The background emission image is created for each science image using the median combination of the same pixel in the 3 previous images and the 3 next images. The positions of several stars are used to determine the relative shifts between background-subtracted images. The images are aligned to a common reference using integer pixel shifts, to preserve the Poisson nature of the noise. Since the PSF is well sampled, we do not expect an increase in the average seeing. Object masks in the combined image are constructed using SExtractor (Bertin & Arnouts 1996). In a second step (and following iterations), the construction of the skyflat and the background estimation is repeated (and improved), this time masking out the sources detected in the previous step.
Several additional reduction procedures are carried out to improve the quality of the final images. We create a mask of bad pixels in each image. An initial cosmetic defect mask is created using the dark images. We then inspect each background subtracted image individually; images with severe artifacts, significantly higher seeing or very poor transparency are discarded, while others with localized artifacts (e.g. satellite trails) are masked using a custom procedure. Additional bad pixels in each image are identified using a cosmic ray detection procedure or are removed with a sigma-clipping algorithm during image combination.
Photometric calibration was performed comparing aperture photometry from
two micron all sky survey (2MASS) (Skrutskie et al. 2006) bright
stars in the final mosaic after rejecting those with poor quality flags in the 2MASS catalog. Despite the different K-band filters, the integrated
fluxes are essentially preserved, as the color transformations (Eq. (1)) are typically smaller than a few 0.01 mag, due to the smooth
behavior of NIR SEDs. The -K' and 2MASS-Ks magnitudes are related by the following equations (Wainscoat & Cowie 1992);
The number of stars employed for each field calibration ranges from 7 to 15, leading to a zero-point rms between 0.04 and 0.08 in Groth-FF, and 0.05 in HDFN, which should only be considered as a lower bound to cumulative uncertainties introduced by the color transformations. To check the quality of the Groth-FF photometric calibrations we compared them to CH03 INGRID K-band observations inside an 80 arcmin2 overlapping region. Using standard stars (Persson et al. 1998), they found their photometric uncertainty to be less than 0.03-0.05 mag. The median offset of the comparison is less than 0.07 mag for bright objects, so we do not attempt to readjust the zero-points to their calibration.
Note that the shift in effective wavelength between the K' and filters is small, and much less than the filter widths. In the discussion that follows we do not distinguish between the different K filter sets.
|Figure 2: The K-band best fit to the point source completeness curves. Point-like sources were inserted at random locations in the images. The completeness is defined as the fraction of recovered sources in each image. The short dashed line shows the completeness curve for the Groth32 pointing, the shallowest frame employed computing the number counts. The vertical long dashed line at K=18.5 depicts the magnitude threshold to which our catalog is 100% complete.
|Open with DEXTER
We estimated the completeness of our catalogs by simulating the detection and photometry of fake sources. The fake sources were created by extracting a bright source from the image, scaling it to the desired flux level, and injecting it at random locations in the central well-exposed regions of the images. We then attempt to detect these objects by running SExtractor under the same parameters as in the original frame. Figure 2 shows the resulting completeness curves for point sources as a function of magnitude for some of the pointings. Because the simulated sources are not required to fall on empty regions, the confusion to real sources may slightly lower our detection efficiency. Nonetheless, given the uncrowded nature of our K-band images, we expect the confusion to affect our completeness values by less than at the 80% level.
For a more realistic depth estimation, we have simulated extended sources as well as point like sources. Extended sources are considered when the effective radius is 20% greater than the typical radius of the stars on that frame. As expected, the efficiency for extended sources lowers the estimation from point-like sources by 0.2 to 0.3 mag. A precise determination of the completeness correction would require measuring the detection efficiency over a wider range of effective radius. Nevertheless, for the purpose of our investigation, we can establish a conservative magnitude threshold of K=18.5 in the HDFN and Groth-FF without affecting our conclusions. Hence, excluding the shallowest fields (groth32, groth41, groth82, groth101) from the final catalog, we obtain a galaxy sample of reasonably homogeneous depth in both fields, avoiding the use of completeness corrections. The estimated 80% completeness and limiting magnitudes for each pointing are given in Table 1. For the Groth strip data, CH03 carried out simulations finding insignificant completeness corrections below K=19. We will adopt that value as the limiting magnitude.
In addition to our NIR survey, high-quality imaging and photometry are publicly available for both fields. For the Groth field, we made use of some of the panchromatic data sets that have been acquired as a part of the All-wavelength Extended Groth Strip International Survey (AEGIS, see Davis et al. 2007, for a detailed data description), including ground based ugriz deep imaging from the Canada-France Hawaii Telescope Large Survey (CFHTLS-D03-, Gwyn et al., in preparation), observed with MegaCam at the 4 m CFTH; BRI wide field ( ) observations using the CFHT12K mosaic camera; Spitzer mid-IR data covering the wavelength range m to m (GTO program) and a deep R-band image from Subaru-SuprimeCam (Miyazaki et al. 2007).
In the HDFN, we used ultra-deep optical and NIR data spanning from the U to the HK-band (UBV RIzHKs, Capak et al. 2004), together with HST-ACS bviz imaging published by the GOODS Team (Giavalisco et al. 2004). The main characteristics of each data set are given in Tables 2 and 3.
At the time of writing, the CFHT12k fully reduced images were not publicly available. Instead, raw images and calibration files were downloaded from the CFHT-CADC archive and the Elixir website and were reduced using the IRAF MSCRED package. Precise astrometry and photometry calibrations were carried out by comparison to the CFHT12k public catalogs, and the CFHTLS and Subaru imaging in overlapping regions.
To complement the imaging data we have compiled a set of spectroscopic redshifts obtained by several surveys on these fields. For the HDFN we have 1699 spectroscopic redshifts from Wirth et al. (2004), Cowie et al. (2004), and Reddy et al. (2006). Most of these sources are below and have a high reliability flag (80%). In the Groth field we have 15 000 redshifts from the DEEP2 collaboration (Davis 2006). Only a small fraction of those are found within our surveyed area.
Table 2: Main characteristics of the datasets in HDFN. Column (1): observing band. Column (2): effective wavelength of the filter calculated by convolving the Vega spectrum (Colina & Bohlin 1994) with the transmission curve of the filter + detector. Column (3): limiting AB magnitude. Column (4): source from where the data were obtained.
Table 3: Main characteristics of the datasets in Groth. Column (1): observing band. Column (2): effective wavelength of the filter calculated by convolving the Vega spectrum (Colina & Bohlin 1994) with the transmission curve of the filter+detector. Column (3): limiting AB magnitude. Column (4): source from where the data were obtained.
Multicolor photometry in all available bands was obtained employing a similar method to the one described in (Pérez-González et al. 2008, Appendix A). Briefly, the K-band source catalog, obtained with SExtractor, was cross-correlated in a 2 radius to each one of the UV, optical and NIR catalogs. Sources detected in fewer than 3 bands were rejected. Given the relatively shallow limiting magnitude of the K-band images, fully covered by deep optical and IRAC images, this is a safe method to reject spurious sources. Then, aperture matched photometry was performed using elliptical Kron-like apertures. The aperture size and orientation is determined by the K-band image and translated to all the other optical and NIR images except for the IRAC bands.
For our typical seeing values the aperture is large enough to enclose the PSF in all these bands. For the IRAC bands, where the resolution is slightly worse (2 ; Fazio et al. 2004), the flux was measured in small circular apertures (typically 3 ) and corrected using stellar PSF growth curves (similarly to Huang et al. 2004; Barmby et al. 2008). In addition, we have also applied a deblending algorithm for the sources with multiple K-band counterparts associated with a single IRAC source and separated by more than 1 (the approximate limit of the astrometric resolution). The K-band positions of the sources were used to re-align the position of the aperture in the IRAC band. Then, the IRAC PSF is convolved with the K-band PSF and the flux is measured again inside a aperture, applying the corresponding aperture correction. For source separations larger than 1 , the flux contamination with this method is lower than (Pérez-González et al. 2008).
For GALEX and HST data, we took the SExtractor MAG_BEST magnitude of the closest source. Consequently, we do not use these data in the photometric redshift determination. For the rest of the bands, the procedure allows us to obtain accurate colors, since we measure a similar fraction of the flux from an object in each filter.
Uncertainties in the measured flux were derived taking into account the background noise, photon statistics, readout noise and scatter in the WCS. The standard method of determining the background noise from pixel-to-pixel variations of adjacent sky pixels often underestimates the real value due to correlated signal effects introduced during the data reduction (Labbé et al. 2003; Gawiser et al. 2006). To obtain a more accurate determination of the background noise we followed the method described in Pérez-González et al. (2008), which is similar to that of Labbé et al. (2003). For each source, the sky flux was measured in randomly distributed apertures with the same size as the photometric aperture. Then, we estimated the background noise from the width of the flux histogram, approximated by a Gaussian distribution. The comparison to the sky background measured with SExtractor shows that the latter tends to underestimate (10-15) the noise even in the K-band images, where integer pixel shifts were used during the frame combination.
We calculate photometric redshifts using the methods described in detail in (Pérez-González et al. 2005, 2008). Briefly, a reference set of galaxy templates is fitted to the observed spectral energy distributions (SEDs), taking into account the flux uncertainties. The galaxy templates are composed of a sample of galaxy spectra from HDFN and CDFS with highly reliable redshift determinations, including some z>1.5 galaxies, and well-covered SEDs (with more than 10 different photometric data points). The set is fitted with models of single, and composed stellar populations (1-POP and 2-POP) and models of dust emission. The comparison between data and models is done using a maximum likehood estimator that takes into account the uncertainties in each data point. The resulting 1-POP templates are characterized by four parameters: the star formation time scale , age t (assuming exponentially declining star formation history), metallicity Z, and extinction A(V). For the 2-POP we have twice the same family of parameters to characterize both the young (instantaneous burst) and the old populations. The final set comprises 3624 models (1666 1-POP+dust, 1958 2-POP+dust). The photometric redshift estimation and uncertainty is derived from the minimization of the probability distribution obtained from the fitting of the observed data to a grid of redshifted models (using ). In addition, we include AGN templates from Polletta et al. (2007) to provide a better fit of the very few AGN dominated SEDs.
Furthermore, it is possible to use the best fitting SED to estimate rest-frame fluxes, luminosities and also observed fluxes in bands that might be missing due to shallow imaging or differences in the covered area. The use of these synthetic magnitudes allows a consistent calculation of colors for all sources in the sample.
Stars are separated from galaxies using a combination of morphological and color criteria. Following Pérez-González et al. (2008), all secured objects (with detection in more than 3 photometric bands) are classified as stars if they satisfy at least 3 of 9 morphological and color criteria. The first one is the all-band weighted SExtractor STELLARITY parameter. When available, the STELLARITY estimations from HST images are given a higher weight in the comparison. The other criteria are based on nIR and IRAC color-color criteria and comparisons between magnitudes derived from isophotal and circular apertures extracted from Eisenhardt et al. (2004) and Rowan-Robinson et al. (2005) (see Pérez-González et al. 2005, 2008, for a detailed description). We also consider the BzK criteria by Daddi et al. (2004), to isolate the stellar locus: . In Fig. 3 we compare the efficiency of the latter to the other color-morphology criteria. Sources classified as galaxies are required to satisfy fewer than three different criteria. We find that almost all the stars satisfy the BzK criteria with only a few objects below our star threshold, probably being galaxies scattered into the stellar boundary due to photometric errors as already reported by other authors (Kong et al. 2006).
We also classify as stars a very small fraction of objects whose best fit to a spectral template is the Vega SED, and that does not have a reliable spectroscopic redshift. These objects typically satisfy at least 2 of the other criteria, and after visual inspection, it is most likely that they are stars.
|Figure 3: Efficiency of the BzK color-color diagram to identify stars, compared to the combination of the other 9 criteria applied to isolate stars. The dashed lines depict the regions defined by the BzK criteria. The bottom line isolates the stellar locus, while the other two select sources at z > 1.4. Black stars show the sources that satisfy three or more stellarity criteria.
|Open with DEXTER
Our final K-selected sample is comprised of 1313 sources in the 223 arcmin2 of HFDN, 4660 sources in the 648 arcmin2 of the Groth-FF, and 1957 sources in the 161 arcmin2 of Groth strip. Out of these, less than 15% are identified as stars in each field. We merged both Groth samples into a single catalog with 5948 sources. To avoid repeated sources, the two samples were cross-correlated in a 1'' radius removing duplicate sources with lower S/N.
Additionally, to complement the low depth samples, we have created a K-band selected sample in the Chandra Deep Field South (CDFS, , ). The reference image was drawn from the latest data release of the GOODS/ISAAC observations (Retzlaff et al., in preparation). This final release adds two new frames in the K-band, increasing the total surveyed area to 172 arcmin2. The combined mosaic covers the region with a variety of exposure times, with an average depth of and a maximum of . Consequently, we can safely consider the whole sample to be complete below K=20 (see also the area-depth estimations from Grazian et al. 2006, for the v1.5 data). The CDFS has also been the target of extensive multi-wavelength observations. We make use of all the public and proprietary data compiled in Pérez-González et al. (2005) to create the multicolor sample, following the procedures described in Sect. 3. After excluding a small portion of the mosaic with very low S/N regions, the sample contains 6810 galaxies in an area of 168 arcmin2.
We have checked the quality of our photometric redshifts with all the available spectroscopic data compiled for the three fields (Fig. 4). For HDFN there are 287 sources ( of the sample) with highly reliable spectroscopy. The average redshift difference ( ) is 0.001, of the sample present values of (where is the absolute value of ), and have . In the CDFS 232 sources ( of the sample) have spectroscopic redshift with a high quality flag. The mean value of is 0.014. of the sample present values of and have . In the Groth-FF we find 846 sources with high quality flag (). The average . of the sample present values of and have . Finally, there are 334 spectroscopically measured sources in the Groth strip with an average . The and have values of below 0.05 and 0.10 respectively.
|Figure 4: Comparison of the scattering in the photometric redshift estimates ( ) for the three fields.
|Open with DEXTER
Figure 5 shows the photometric redshift distribution for the samples in Groth, HDFN and CDFS to a limiting magnitude of K=18.5. The distributions have been derived taking into account the typical photometric redshift error. Although the shape of the distributions are typical for a flux limited sample, field-to-field differences reveal the effects of large scale structure. The peak of the redshift distribution depends on the luminosity function of the galaxies at different redshifts. At K<18.5 the majority of the sources are found at z < 0.7 (see next section), leading to an exponentially decreasing tail at higher redshifts. The prominent density peak in HDFN at is in good agreement with the redshift distribution found by the Team Keck spectroscopic survey (Wirth et al. 2004). The less pronounced feature in CDFS at approximately the same redshift also coincides with a spectroscopically confirmed overdensity at z=0.7 (Vanzella et al. 2006), if we take into account the broadening caused by the photometric redshift uncertainties and the decreasing selection function at high redshift. Finally, there appears to be a slight underdensity at and a small peak at in the Groth field. This alternation of peaks and voids between fields highlights the impact of field-to-field variance in the small area surveys, especially at .
|Figure 5: Photometric redshift distributions of the K-band selected galaxies in the HDFN, CDFS and Groth fields.
|Open with DEXTER
|Figure 6: The raw number counts in our three fields (HDFN, CDFS, Groth) and counts from CH03 obtained in an small portion of our total area in the Groth field. Error bars are derived from a combination of Poisson errors and bootstrapping. No completeness corrections have been made.
|Open with DEXTER
Figure 6 shows the K-band NCs for the three fields, as well as the NCs from CH03, for comparison. The NCs in 0.5 mag bins, up to K=18.5 for Groth and HDFN, and up to K=20.0 for CDFS are summarized in Table 4. Within these limits, detection efficiencies for point sources are well above 90% (see Fig. 2, and completeness estimates in Sects. 2.3 and 4). Hence, we do not apply completeness corrections to the NCs. Our counts do not need corrections for spurious sources either; spurious sources typically appear at brightness levels where the efficiency drops significantly below 100% (CH03; Eliche-Moral et al. 2006), and the fraction of spurious sources in our catalogs must be negligible given that each source is required to be detected in at least three bands (Sect. 3.1). NCs are tabulated in Table 4. The error calculation assumes Poisson statistics for low numbers (Gehrels 1986) added in quadrature to the standard deviation derived from bootstrapping the source magnitudes convolved with a Gaussian error kernel.
Table 4: Differential number counts in 0.5 mag bins for the K-selected samples in HDFN, CDFS and the Groth field, uncorrected for completeness. Only the NCs up to the completeness limit of each field are shown.
|Figure 7: Left: averaged K-band number counts from Groth, HDFN and CDFS compared with a compilation of results taken from various sources. Right: slope for the differential number counts in our three fields, along with data from the literature. The horizontal dashed lines indicates the value of the slope at both sides of K=17.5 reported in CH03.
|Open with DEXTER
In the Groth field, our counts are in good agreement with those of CH03. Differences are 1 compatible in the range 16.0<K< 18.5. The overall agreement provides an external check on the quality of both sets of K-band number counts in the Groth field. As we move to brighter magnitudes, our counts are systematically above those of CH03 and HDFN. Such an offset is likely due to the smaller area mapped in these two surveys (5 times smaller in the case of CH03). Nevertheless, NCs below K<16 probe very low redshift populations (see next section) that would require larger areas to be studied accurately.
The NCs in the Groth and HDFN fields at K>18.5 are shown in Fig. 6 for comparison to the deeper CDFS counts and the completeness corrected counts of CH03. The fact that the shallower NCs do not fall abruptly until supports our efficiency estimates for the Groth and HDFN images. In addition, it is noteworthy that the scatter in the brighter counts (K<17) is on average greater than the typical uncertainties for the NCs in any of the fields. The most plausible cause of this discrepancy is cosmic variance. As we showed in the previous section (Fig. 5), there might be significant overdensities at some redshifts that lead to these differences. Additionally, the effect is accentuated by the fact that bright counts come mainly from low redshift sources, which are poorly sampled in small area surveys, like HDFN and CDFS. We will further discuss field-to-field variance effects in the next section.
The left panel of Fig. 7 shows the averaged NCs of the 3 fields along with counts from the literature. We have compiled measurements from large area surveys to mitigate the effects of cosmic variance on the shape of the NCs. That is the case of the 1.47 deg2 of the DEEP2/Palomar survey (Conselice et al. 2008), the 0.70 deg2 of the UKIDDS-UDS (Simpson et al. 2006), the 0.17 deg2 of the Daddi-F (Kong et al. 2006) and the combined 0.11 deg2 of the MUSYC survey (Quadri et al. 2007). Additionally, we compared our results with the deeper NCs of Förster Schreiber et al. (2006) in the MS1054-03 galaxy cluster to illustrate the asymptotic behavior of faint counts and also the impact on the NCs of a very prominent overdensity such as a cluster at z=0.83. It can be seen in Fig. 7 that the density peak dominates the bright counts. This is comparable, to a lesser extent, to the effect at K<17 of the low redshift peak in CDFS.
The logarithmic derivative of the differential NCs (i.e., the slope of the NCs) is shown in the right panel of Fig. 7. The horizontal lines at 0.25 and 0.6 indicate the value of the slope on both sides of K=17.5 reported in CH03. The thick black line shows the evolution of the slope for the combined NCs of our three fields. We confirm that the logarithmic slope decreases rather sharply from 0.6 at K=16.25 to 0.3 at K=18.0, a similar result to CH03. However, it appears that the evolution of the slope is best described by a continous decreasing trend, rather than by fixed values on both sides of ; i.e., the slope of K-band NCs decreases monotonically over the 16.0 <K< 19.0 range. The logarithmic slopes derived from counts by other authors are bound by the same upper and lower limits as in our data, except at K < 16.0. However, they show a more gentle variation with magnitude, as well as a greater dispersion. Such variations among different surveys may be driven by two processes. First, completeness and reliability of the photometry are treated with varying degrees of rigor by different authors, which contributes to the scatter in the NCs (see CH03). Second is cosmic variance. Substructure in the redshift distribution can cause significant fluctuations in the characteristic density, and hence slope variations, that might lead either to a sharp break or to a smoother evolution in the slope of NCs. These density peaks are clearly recognizable in the right panel of Fig. 7 at K=16.5 and when comparing the NCs of HDFN and CDFS. To strengthen this idea we have created 100 Millennium simulation mock catalogs from Kitzbichler & White (2007) selected over a 0.25 deg2 area, similar to that of our Groth field, to sample the extent of field-to-field variance effects. Although the K-band NCs from Kitzbichler & White (2007) do not accurately reproduce the observed distribution at K>17 (mainly because the z>1 galaxy population is overestimated compared to the observations), their results on clustering analysis are consistent with observations. Thus, the simulation is suitable to mimic the effects of cosmic variance. As can be seen in Fig. 8, the broadening effect in the slope of the bright counts is similar to ours, whereas the confidence interval for the faint counts is significantly narrower, probably because at that point our NCs are dominated by photometric errors and depth effects, and not by large scale structure (LSS).
|Figure 8: Slope for the differential number counts in the 100 samples of the Millennium simulation drawn from the mock catalogs of Kitzbichler & White (2007). The thick dashed line shows the averaged NCs combining all the samples.
|Open with DEXTER
The change in the slope of NCs is an indirect effect of galactic evolution. Indeed, any feature in the shape of NCs is closely related to the luminosity distribution of galaxies at a given epoch. By disentangling the relative contribution to the NCs of the LFs at different redshift ranges, we will be able to identify the main effect responsible for shape of the NCs.
Figure 9 depicts the K-band NCs in the CDFS, the deepest sample. We have used the photometric redshift estimation to split the total number counts into redshifts bins. The binned NCs tend to resemble the shape of a (Schechter) LF. The evolution of the comoving distance with redshift causes an effective shift in the successive redshift bins towards fainter magnitudes, and the posterior accumulation of the higher redshift NCs. In addition, despite the likely greater effects of cosmic variance on a single field, it seems clear that for K>18 the total number counts tend to become a mixture of very different redshifts ranges, with a growing contribution of high redshift galaxies (z>1.5) absent at brighter magnitudes, where 2-3 low redshift bins account for of the total NCs (Conselice et al. 2008). Furthermore, it can be seen that for K<16 the counts sample the bright part of the LFs at z<1, causing values to be highly sensitive to both volume effects and LSS.
|Figure 9: NCs in the K-band for the CDFS field alone (thick black line) and NCs in several photo-redshift ranges. At bright magnitudes () the contribution to the NCs is limited to only a few low redshift bins, whereas at the total number counts becomes a mixture of several low and high redshift bins (z>1.5).
|Open with DEXTER
The four panels of Fig. 10 show the relative contribution to NCs in HDFN, CDFS and the Groth field divided in four redshift bins: [0.25-0.50], [0.50-0.75], [0.75-1] and [1-1.25]. Below z<0.25 the averaged contribution is small enough (<10%) to be neglected. The next three bins are responsible for most of the total counts up to . However, the exact proportion might differ by up to a factor of 2 due to LSS. The alternate peaks and valleys between HDFN/CDFS and the Groth fields between z=0.4-0.9 (see Fig. 5) cause the most prominent differences around K=17.0-17.5 in the first panel of Fig. 10, similarly to the underdensity in CDFS at which leads to the significantly lower NCs around -18 in the third panel.
|Figure 10: Relative contribution to the K-band number counts in redshift bins for the samples in the HFDN, CDFS and Groth field. Field-to-field differences can reach the 40% for the most prominent LSS features.
|Open with DEXTER
In the previous section, we showed evidence for a mild decreasing trend in the slope of the NCs. In this section, we will try to find the origin of such a decreasing trend by studying the LF at several redshift intervals (benefiting from the estimation of photometric redshifts for the entire sample). The calculation of LFs must take into account that the observed K-band probes progressively bluer rest-frame bands with increasing redshift. By , the K-band central wavelength shifts to m (J-band), and for z>1.5 it begins to probe the optical bands. Therefore, in order to derive NCs from LFs it is necessary to select different rest-frame bands at each redshift bin.
In Sect. 8.1, we present the functional relation between the NCs and LFs, parametrized using a Schechter (1976) function, that we will use to derive the K-band NCs. In Sect. 8.2, we derive LFs from the observed K-band, in the redshift range [0.25-1.25], using our three galaxies samples. In Sect. 8.3 we combine our LFs with LFs from the literature to explore the general picture of luminosity evolution in the optical and NIR. Finally, in Sect. 8.4, we summarize the multi-wavelength LFs probed by the observed K-band at different redshifts, that gives rise to the K-band NCs distribution.
The distribution of observed galaxy counts is a consequence of the LFs and the cosmological framework. Hence, any feature in the NC distribution could be explained in terms of the evolution of the LFs assuming a cosmological context. Here we will adopt a CDM framework, and assume that the galaxy LF can be described by means of a Schechter function,
|Figure 11: LFs derived from the observed K-band in different redshift slices. The LF with the method are shown as open squares with error bars (including Poisson, photometric and photometric redshift uncertainties). The continuous line depicts the best fit from the STY method. The inset shows the best fitting (M, ) values (star) with 1, 2 and 3 confidence contours, and also the mean value (cross) with error bars derived from the photometric redshift simulations. The vertical line shows the photometric threshold for the shallowest fields, . The additional vertical line in the first panel shows the lower threshold at bright magnitudes.
|Open with DEXTER
Additionally, Eq. (3) can be interpreted as a sum of LFs at different redshift bins, weighted by the corresponding comoving volumes. Hence, the shape of the NCs would be the result of the LF parameters at a given epoch and their evolution with redshifts modulated by the volume element. Furthermore, the slope of the total NCs is the sum of the slope from each redshift bin weighted by the normalized NCs.
A very interesting result that emerges from the analysis of the NCs in the full magnitude range is that the evolution of the slope can be summarized in three main regimes, namely:
In order to derive NCs in the K-band using Eq. (3) we need to feed the equation with LFs in different bands at different redshifts. More precisely, we are interested in the LFs from the observed K-band. Thus, we have obtained LFs in several redshift bins at decreasing rest-frame wavelengths centered at , where is the mean redshift of the bin (zi,zf].
To estimate the observed LF we have applied the method (Schmidt 1968). We associate the Poisson errors to each magnitude bin (Gehrels 1986) added in quadrature to photometric errors. Since we have not applied k-corrections, translates directly into . Additionally, in order to quantify the uncertainties due to the photometric redshift errors, we have performed Monte Carlo simulations at each redshift bin, assuming an uncertainty characterized by the width of a Gaussian distribution derived fitting the histogram of for each redshift bin.
Additionally, we measured the LF from the STY (Sandage et al. 1979) estimator, which is a parametric maximum likelihood method. The STY is not as sensitive to large-scale fluctuations as the method, but requires a priori fixing the functional form of the LF. Nevertheless, the assumption that is well described by a Schechter function suits our purpose of explaining the NCs in terms of LFs, as we have described in the previous section.
To check the effect of photometric redshift errors in the STY method, we perform the same Monte Carlo simulations as for the . Since the probability of galaxies existing at redshift z grows rapidly until , a larger fraction of intrinsically faint sources are shifted to the bright end than viceversa. This can potentially bias the determination of the LF introducing large systematic effects when is large and the distance modulus grows rapidly (Chen et al. 2003; Marchesini et al. 2007). Nevertheless, the combination of the typical values of -0.07 with the relatively shallow limiting magnitude of our LFs (less than 1 mag deeper than ) cause only a moderate offset in the Schechter parameters ( , ). It can be seen from the inset of Fig. 11 that the mean and standard deviation resulting from the simulations (star) lie always within the 1-2 confidence level derived from the best fitting result of the STY method.
The LFs, , of the combined samples were computed in four redshift bins of width using the methods described above.
Table 5: Best fitting Schechter parameters for the STY LFs from our combined samples. The 1 errors were derived from Monte Carlo simulations.
Table 5 summarizes the best fitting values of the Schechter function for each redshift. Figure 11 shows the estimates from the method (open squares) with 1 error bars (from Poisson statistics and photometric redshift simulations), and the LF from the maximum likelihood method at different redshifts. The inset shows the 1, 2 and 3 confidence levels for the and parameters (open star), together with the mean value derived from the photometric redshift simulations (cross). The vertical line indicates the photometric threshold of the shallowest sample (K = 18.5). For fainter luminosities, the values of the LFs are derived exclusively from the CDFS sample. Note that the completeness limit of our samples translates into luminosities very close to or even fainter than for the higher redshift bins. This means that galaxies fainter than will not contribute significantly to the NCs up to K<18.5. Nevertheless, the deeper coverage of the CDFS allow us to properly fit the LFs that will be employed to derive the NC function (see Sect. 8.4).
In order to properly account for cosmic variance, the values of for the method derived exclusively from the CDFS data (those above the photometric threshold; vertical line of Fig. 11) have been corrected by a scale factor. This scale factor has been derived from the median value of all fields in the magnitude bins in common, weighted by the area covered by each field. Also, only the magnitude bins with more than 100 galaxies in the CDFS sample have been considered in the calculation.
Table 6: Summary of the derived parameters of the LF parameters obtained by various authors by fitting them with Schechter functions, in several rest-frame bands, in different redshift bins, and from different samples of field galaxies.
Finally, for the 0.25<z<0.50 bin, the bright extremity of the LF is poorly constrained even in the total combined area of the three fields. Nevertheless, since the faint end is properly sampled, we decided to fit the LF fixing the value of and setting a threshold on the bright (K<16) magnitudes. The value of was taken from the literature. At the rest-frame wavelength probed by the K-band is close to the H-band. However, no references for H-band LFs at that redshift were available then, and we decided to use from the rest-frame K-band LF at published by Arnouts et al. (2007). Then, we corrected that value by applying an H-K color term. The mean value of that color at derived from our data is , very similar to the local value (-0.20; Jarrett et al. 2003).
|Figure 12: Evolution with redshift of the Schechter parameters ( left panel), ( right panel) in the RizJK rest-frame bands. For each photometric band (RizJK, vertical dotted lines) the empty circles depict the redshift evolution of the parameter at , 0.9, 1.3 and 1.9, drawn from different authors (see Table 5). The long dashed lines connect the values of the parameter at the same redshift in different bands. The black stars shows the value of the parameter at z=1.70, z=2.26 and z=2.25 in the i, z and R bands respectively. The black dots indicate the LF parameters at , 0.62, 0.88, 1.12 derived in this work.
|Open with DEXTER
|Figure 13: Multi-wavelength evolution of the Schechter parameters ( left panel), ( right panel) as probed by the observed K-band. For each photometric band (RizJK, vertical dotted lines) the empty circles depict the redshift evolution of the parameter at , 0.9, 1.3 and 1.9, drawn from different authors (see Table 5). The black stars show the value of the parameter at z=1.70, z=2.26 and z=2.25 in the i, z and R bands respectively. The grey vertical line at z=1.25 is the estimated redshift from which the contribution of the sources to the NCs up to K=18.5 is less than . The black dots indicate the LF parameters at derived in this work. The thick black line shows the approximated evolution of the Schechter parameters as probed by the observed K-band at growing redshifts.
|Open with DEXTER
Analyzing the evolution of the LFs directly derived from the observed K-band requires exploring LFs in shorter rest-frame wavelengths at different redshifts. For this purpose we compiled LF estimates from the literature in optical and NIR bands. We have compiled the local LFs in the J and K-bands from Cole et al. (2001) and Kochanek et al. (2001) respectively, whereas for the H-band we estimated a value of by applying a color correction to the K-band value, following the same procedure as in the previous section. The local optical LFs in the i, z and R bands were drawn from Blanton et al. (2003).
At higher redshift, the K-band LFs were drawn from Arnouts et al. (2007). Their LFs for the SWIRE-VVDS-CFHTLS survey predicts an evolution in the Schechter parameters which is consistent with previous results from Cirasuolo et al. (2007) in the UKIDDS-UDS. For the J-band we considered the LF estimates from Pozzetti et al. (2003) (K20 survey, 52 arcmin2), Feulner et al. (2003) (MUNICS survey, 0.17 deg2), and Dahlen et al. (2005) (GOODS-CDFS, 130 arcmin2). Their results are compared in Fig. 15 of the latter, showing that, despite the apparent inconsistency in the Schechter parameters, there is good agreement in the data points. The different observational constraints of each survey lead to different best fitting values for a distribution with a very similar shape. We have taken the LF in the J-band at from Feulner et al. (2003) and from Dahlen et al. (2005) at . The larger area of the first is better to constraint the bright end at low redshift, while the depth of the latter is more suitable at higher redshifts.
We find the same apparent inconsistencies due to the degeneracy in the LFs of optical bands. Ilbert et al. (2005) (VVDS, 0.6 deg2) and Gabasch et al. (2006) (FORS Deep Field Survey, FDF, 35 armin2) derived very different values of the Schechter parameters that nevertheless produce 1-2 compatible LFs when comparing both estimates under a common limiting magnitude and using Monte Carlo simulations (Gabasch et al. 2006). For our purposes we are more interested in the high-redshift optical LFs (z > 1.5). Thus, we preferred the estimates from Gabasch et al. (2006) that, despite the smaller area, are able to probe the LF 3-4 mag deeper. In addition to the LFs at z=1.60 and z=2.26, we derived some values for and at other redshifts using the evolutionary parametrization also given in (Gabasch et al. 2006; as ). Finally, the LF in the R-band at was drawn from Marchesini et al. (2007). The authors derive high redshift LFs in optical bands from a combination of very deep nIR infrared observations (including 51 arcmin2 to ). Table 6 summarizes the Schechter parameters of the LFs in the different bands and redshifts.
The two panels of Fig. 12 show the evolution with redshift of and in several NIR and optical bands. Vertical dotted lines indicate the effective rest-frame wavelength of each band. The open circles show the values of and in each band at different redshifts increasing from top to bottom. For clarity, the local values have been plotted with small black dots. The dashed lines connect the values of the Schechter parameters for the different bands at the same redshift (continuous grey line at z=0). Finally, the large black dots show our estimates of the LFs at , 0.6, 0.9, 1.1. These estimates do not match exactly any standard photometric band. However, the value at is almost centered in the H-band, and the LFs at and should be consistent with the estimates in the J-band. Comparing our values with the results for these bands of Dahlen et al. and Feulner et al., we find a very a good agreement in the characteristic luminosity, whereas the values of are poorly consistent. A possible explanation for this discrepancy is that the values of Dahlen et al. at might be affected by an underdensity peak between z=0.7-1.1, while our results present a slight overdensity around that redshift (see Fig. 5). Nevertheless, the comparison to the values of Feulner et al. is 2 compatible, and is also consistent with the results of Pozzetti et al. (2003). Wider areas are necessary to reduce the field-to-field variations and obtain more reliable estimates.
It can be seen from the left panel of Fig. 12 that the multi-band values of at z=0 resemble the shape of a galactic SED, with the absolute magnitude peaking around the H band, close to the m stellar bump. At higher redshifts, the shape is not preserved due to the different luminosity evolution in each band; i.e., in the K-band, a substantial brightening of 1 mag between the local universe and has been reported by several authors (Caputi et al. 2006; Cirasuolo et al. 2007; Saracco et al. 2006). In the J-band, Saracco et al. find to , and the results from Marchesini et al. (2007) indicate a similar or slightly higher brightening ( ) in the optical LFs up to the same epoch. However, it is not surprising that the brightening is faster in the optical bands than in the NIR since they are more affected by the light coming from younger stellar populations (Dahlen et al. 2005; Ilbert et al. 2005; Wolf et al. 2003).
In the right panel of Fig. 12 we can see that the characteristic density, , follows a decreasing trend in every band. The average estimates for optical LFs indicate a decrease of 50% in the number density from the local value to (Gabasch et al. 2006; Ilbert et al. 2005), whereas the evolution in the NIR LFs seems to be slightly weaker (30%). Also, the results in the K-band from Arnouts et al. (2007) and Cirasuolo et al. (2007) suggest a mild decreasing trend from z=0.4-1.25. Finally, the LFs of Marchesini et al. (2007) in optical bands confirm the decreasing trend at high redshift finding a decrement of the 70-80% in from the local value to .
The two panels of Fig. 13 shows the multi-wavelength evolution of the Schechter parameters as probed by the observed K-band (thick black line); i.e., LFs at progressively shorter rest-frame wavelengths for growing redshifts. This is essentially the same plot as in Fig. 12 except that now the x-axis indicates the redshift where the K-band probes the different rest-frame bands. The vertical grey line centered at z=1.25 indicates the approximate redshift limit where the contribution to the K-band NCs (K<19) becomes smaller than . Althought this means that the impact of the optical LFs on the bright counts is negligible, they illustrate the process of construction of NCs from LFs, allowing us to estimate the NCs to fainter magnitudes.
|Figure 14: Left: K-band NCs derived from the LFs (thick black line) compared to data from other authors (the legend as in the left panel of Fig. 7). The shaded region indicates the 1 confidence interval derived from the simulations on the uncertainties of the Schechter parameters. The continuous lines with different symbols show the redshift binned number counts at , 0.62, 0.88, 1.12 derived from the LFs in the present work. The dashed lines with different symbols show the redshift binned number counts at higher redshifts from Gabasch et al. (2006) (in the i and z rest-frame bands) and Marchesini et al. (2007) (in the R rest-frame band). These NCs have a negligible effect on the on the total NCs at K <18. The arrows depict the best-fit value of for the LFs at . Note that to derive the total NCs we have also used LFs at higher redshift from the literature. Right: slope of the NCs derived from the LFs (thick black line). The dark grey shaded region represents the 1 confidence interval derived from the simulations on the uncertainties of the Schechter parameters. The light grey shaded region shows the region encompassing the slopes derived from the references. The dashed line shows the predicted slope derived from a single LF constant through all redshifts. The circled line shows the predicted slope fixing for the LFs at z>0.5, The crossed line shows the predicted slope fixing for the LFs at z=0.5.
|Open with DEXTER
Note that in the optical bands, we have no references for the LFs at the precise redshift. Therefore, together with the estimated value of the z-band LF at (open circle), derived from the Gabash et al. parametrization (see previous section), we show the measured value at (black star), which presents an significantly fainter than their estimates at lower redshift. The same applies for the LF in the i-band at (instead of ) and the R-band at (instead of ).
In this section we presented the tools and measurements required to recover the NCs in terms of LFs at different bands and redshifts. As outlined at the beginning of this section, our motivation here is to determine the family of LFs at different redshifts that constitutes the NCs in the K-band, a result which is easily summarized in the thick black lines of Fig. 13.
As it can be seen from the left panel of that figure, the characteristic luminosity shows an almost flat evolution beyond z=0.4. In fact, it is 1 compatible with a constant evolution: . On the other hand, shows a progressive decline of the 60% from the local value in the rest-frame K-band to the high redshift value in the R-band, with a significant decrease around . A number of recent results seem to confirm the existence of this decline, suggesting that it is mostly driven by a steeper decrement in the number density of quiescent galaxies (Zucca et al. 2006; Arnouts et al. 2007; Faber et al. 2007). This trend is usually interpreted as an indicator of the beginning of an epoch of major build-up for these populations. Nevertheless, a deeper analysis of the evolution with redshift of the color bimodality is beyond the scope of this paper.
The evolution described by the quantities has no direct physical meaning regarding galaxy evolution. However, it is crucial to describing how galaxy evolution is encrypted in the K-band NCs, and provides an interpretation for the shape of the NCs in terms of meaningful quantities, as we will show in the next section.
Using the multi-wavelength evolution of , presented in the previous section (thick black line of Fig. 13) and their corresponding values for the parameter (see Table 5), we have derived the NCs in the K-band and its slope up to K<19 (these results are summarized in Table 7). Additionally, we have calculated the confidence interval for both using Monte Carlo simulations on the Schechter function parameters. The random values of and for each LF were taken from the error ellipses calculated with the STY method. When the ellipse parameters were not available, such as for the optical bands, we used a Gaussian distribution with a median equal to the given value and equal to the 1 deviation.
In the left panel of Fig. 14 we compare the K-band NCs derived from the LFs (solid black line) with the observational results shown in the left panel of Fig. 7 (the legend is the same). The remarkably good agreement proves the validity of the method applied to relate both quantities, and allows us to interpret the variation of the slope in terms of LFs. Therefore, we can consistently argue that the main causes of the shape of the K-band NCs are: the almost flat evolution with redshif of and the significant decline of with redshift. The former causes the redshift binned NCs to become progressively concentrated at fainter magnitudes due to the variation with redshift of the distance modulus (higher at low redshift but decreasing rapidly at higher redshifts). However, the dominant effect is the decrease of the characteristic density, which opposes the growing comoving volume. The relative growth in the comoving volume per redshift bin ( ) progressively decreases from a factor of 2 at z=0.32 to 1.3 at z=1.12 (as we approach the peak at ). Simultaneously, presents a decreasing trend that matchs the growth of the volume element at z= 1.12, freezing the contribution of the LFs at higher redshifts, that otherwise would continue to increase to the peak of the volume element.
In terms of luminosity, it can be seen in the left panel of Fig. 14 that the decline of leads to a smooth transition between the intrinsically faint galaxies at z<0.5 and the galaxies at 0.5<z<1 around (the second and third arrows of the panel represent at those redshifts). Hence, since the slope of the LFs (and therefore of the NCs) decreases rapidly after the knee, the transition leads to more flattening compared to the slope at K=16, where the galaxies at z<0.5 clearly dominate the NCs.
To help us clarify the relevance of and for the modeling of the slope, in the right panel Fig. 14 we show the slope of the K-band NCs resulting from assuming the local K-band LF through all redshift bins (constant LF; dashed line). Despite the poor resemblance to the slope derived from the observed LFs (i.e., the slope of NCs in the left panel; solid black line), the decreasing trend is indicative that a gradual change in the slope is a natural consequence of the shape of the LFs modeled by the volume element. However, a precise evolution in the LFs is required to reproduce the change in the slope in the appropriate place.
To strengthen this idea we have also explored the scenario of no density evolution, fixing the value of at z>0.5 (crossed line). In the absence of a decreasing characteristic density, the weigth of the galaxies up to would lead to a slope systematically larger than our 1 prediction at K>17.5, and clearly out of the envelope of the observed NCs at K>18.5.
Finally, we have tested the role of in the shape of the NCs. As can be seen from both panels of Fig. 14, the rather flat values of in the low redshift LFs accentuates the decreasing trend of the slope. However, these values might be slightly underestimated due to the relatively shallow depth of the samples. The line with open circles in the right panel of Fig. 14 shows the predicted slope with fixed in the LFs at z>0.5. As expected, the steeper faint end does not significantly affect the NCs around , which are dominated by galaxies. However, it does predict a higher slope at fainter magnitudes that falls outside the region defined by the observations. This test poses a restriction against high values of in the low redshift (z = 0.5-1) NIR LFs.
Table 7: Theoretical K-band NCs and NCs slope in 0.5 mag bins derived from the LF of Sect. 8.
Within the three regime schema for the evolution of the slope proposed in section Sect. 8.1, it can be seen that the slope of the K-band NCs leaves the Euclidean limit around . It reachs the ( dominated) transition regime faster () than in a no evolution scenario () due to a significant decrease in that freezes the contribution from bright z>1 galaxies. The migration into the regime is harder to determine. The relatively low ( ) faint end slope at might cause LFs with larger values of to dominate the faint counts. These LFs would not be severely suppressed if the decreasing trend in stabilizes at z>1.5, given that the volume element evolves smoothly between z = 1.5-4. Therefore, for any the high-z LFs could eventually dominate the NCs at sufficiently faint magnitudes.
For the set of LFs that we have compiled, Gabash et al. propose a fixed for the LFs at z=1.3-2.6 in the i,z bands, whereas Marchesini et al. give in the R-band at z=2.35. Interestingly, several authors report significantly larger values of for the optical LFs at high-z (Marchesini et al. 2007, in the B-band at z=3; Reddy et al. 2008, at 1700 Å at z=3). Based on these numbers, we predict a slowly decreasing slope from -0.2 in the magnitude range K=19.5-22, due to the dominant contribution from the bin ( ). However, the slope in this range is not purely in the asymptotic regime (that would lead to ). The resulting value is a weighted sum of slopes which includes a contribution from z>2 (around ) galaxies. This contribution from larger slopes lowers the rate of approach to the asymptotic limit. Furthermore, if the slope of the high-z LFs grows rapidly to large values ( ) we could measure an increase in the slope around K>23.
The procedure to derive NCs from LFs described in Sect. 8 can be used to reproduce the NCs in any other band using the appropriate LFs and redshifts. Nevertheless, based on the multiwavelength LFs probed by the observed K-band (summarized in Fig. 13 for the K-band) it is possible to predict the approximate shape of the NCs in the closest NIR bands; e.g., IRAC-3.6 or H (1.65 m).
Firstly, if the NCs in different bands are referred to AB magnitudes, the results can be compared in a more meaningful context, avoiding the offset introduced by the AB-Vega transformation. In the AB-system, the magnitude range where the NCs fall in the Euclidean regime ( ) is determined by the local value of and in that band. Therefore, similar values of the local LFs will result in similar NCs at bright magnitudes.
Furthermore, if the multiwavelength evolution of and probed by the different bands exhibits a similar evolution, the slope of the NCs should change around the same magnitude range. That is the case of the H and K bands. At z = 0, we have derived the H-band LF directly from the K-band applying a color term. At higher redshifts, the multiwavelength LFs probed by the observed H-band (J-band at z=0.32 and z-band at z=0.83) presents similar values to the LFs probed by the K-band at the same redshifts (see Fig. 13). As a consequence, the NCs in the H-band also present a flattening in the slope around -19.5 (see Metcalfe et al. 2006, and references therein). In addition, Magdis et al. (2008) have shown that the NCs in the IRAC-3.6 band exhibit a significant flattening at slightly fainter magnitudes ( ). This suggests that IRAC-3.6 and K probe a similar evolution in the LFs. If we estimate the [3.6] local LF following the same approximation as for the H-band, the shift in the slope flattening is consistent with applying the typical color mag (Dale et al. 2007) to the K-band local LF.
A detailed study of the change in the slope would depend on the multi-band LFs probed by the given band. Nevertheless, this simple calculation provides a rough estimate of the magnitude where the change in the slope begins to be appreciable.
In this paper we present the data of a NIR photometric survey in the HDFN and Groth fields. Combining this data with the panchromatic sets available we have extracted a K-band selected sample up to K=18.5 in a combined area of 0.27 deg2. Additionally, we made use of the deep NIR public survey conducted by ESO in the CDFS (172 arcmin2) to complement our relatively shallow survey and increase the surveyed area. We have derived high quality photometric redshifts for the whole sample, taking advantage of the excellent coverage of the SED. K-band galaxy NCs have been derived in the three fields covering the range 16<K<18.5. The comparison to a compilation of shallow wide-area and deep pencil-beam surveys shows a general good agreement in spite of the considerable scatter, a consequence of the cosmic variance. We have studied the redshift distribution of the NCs finding that the 90% of the galaxy counts up to come from the low-redshift population (z<1). Additionally, we have measured the effects of cosmic variance by comparing the redshift binned NCs in our three fields, finding that field-to-field differences reach at a certain magnitude, with consequent impact on the NC distribution.
We have provided evidence of an average decreasing trend in the slope of the K-band NCs, 50% in the 15.5<K<18.5 range, evolving from -0.3. The comparison to 100 synthetic catalogs from the Millennium simulation reveals that cosmic variance in areas deg2 leads to significant scatter in the observed flattening rate of the slope.
We have studied the composition of the NCs in terms of LF building blocks, concluding that the change in the slope with observed magnitude can be summarized in three main regimes. Firstly, at bright magnitudes, the classical Euclidean regime ( ) is dominated by low redshift galaxies. Then, at intermediate magnitudes, the transition regime is dominated by the LF at the redshift that maximizes . Here the slope decreases rapidly around the apparent magnitude of at that redshift. Finally, at faint magnitudes, the `` regime'' is populated by galaxies at the faint end of a combination of LFs. Here the slope asymptotically approaches a minimum value at -0.4(1+). The value of will typically be given by the LF at the maximum of or a close LF with a much larger faint end slope.
We have explored the evolution of the K-band NCs by deriving LFs in the observed K-band as a function of redshift (at a mean rest-frame wavelength ), and complementing our data with optical and NIR LFs from the literature. In terms of the multi-wavelength LFs, we find that the flattening of the slope is the consequence of a prominent decrease of the characteristic density (60% from z=0.5 to z=1.5) and the almost flat evolution of (1 compatible with ). The combination of both effects forces a transition to the regime at that otherwise would have taken place 1-2 mag later.
Our predictions for , based on LFs from the literature, suggest that the slope will continue to decrease steadily to dominated by intrinsically faint galaxies from a mixture of LFs at z= 1.5-2 and a minor contribution from bright galaxies at z>2. However, if optical LFs at z>3 present an even larger faint end, as suggested by some authors, there might be a slope increase to a higher asymptotic limit around .
We thank the referee M. Bershady for his useful and constructive comments. We acknowledge support from the Spanish Programa Nacional de Astronomía y Astrofísica under grant AYA 2006-02358. Partially funded by the Spanish MEC under the Consolider-Ingenio 2010 Program grant CSD2006-00070: First Science with the GTC (http://www.iac.es/consolider-ingenio-gtc/). Based on observations collected at the Centro Astronómico Hispano Alemán (CAHA) at Calar Alto, operated jointlyby the Max-Planck Institut fur Astronomie and the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC). This article is based on observations made with the WHT operated on the island of La Palma by the Instituto Astrofísico de Canarias in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos. This work is based in part on observations made with the Spitzer Space Telescope, which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech under NASA contract 1407. GALEX is a NASA Small Explorer launched in 2003 April. We gratefully acknowledge NASA's support for construction, operation, and scientific analysis of the GALEX mission. Based in part on data collected at Subaru Telescope and obtained from the SMOKA, which is operated by the Astronomy Data Center, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. This publication makes use of data products from the Two Micron All Sky Survey, which is a joint project of the University of Massachusetts and the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Science Foundation. Based on observations obtained with MegaPrime/MegaCam, a joint project of CFHT and CEA/DAPNIA, at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) which is operated by the National Research Council (NRC) of Canada, the Institut National des Science de l'Univers of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) of France, and the University of Hawaii.


text:
nursery theme for baby boy diy wall decor themes.
nursery decor baby boy sports ideas best for,diy nursery decor baby boy sports carters peaceful haven mamas due with 2 theme for,cute nursery ideas for baby boy room themes woodland themed,baby boy nursery decor pinterest bedroom ideas theme for woodland themed,nursery theme for baby boy gorgeous ideas to inspire you sorting diy decor,baby boy nursery themes animal theme decor for,inspiring and creative baby boy nursery ideas theme for decor australia jungle,diy baby boy nursery wall decor little ideas jungle theme owl,nursery baby boy sports decor room theme ideas best for,nursery theme for baby boy jungle nautical ideas.
Related Post
Eyelet Bedskirt With Split Corners Mattress Pad Toddler Bed Personalized Crochet Baby Blankets Quilt Clips For Hanging Gray And Pink Nursery Decor Woodland Wall Decals For Nursery Twin Over Twin Bunk Beds With Mattresses Included Little Blankets With Animal Heads Plastic Toy Box Bench Childrens Wooden Work Bench Girl Beds With Slides Soft Night Light For Nursery Twin L Shaped Bunk Beds Moses Basket With Stand And Mattress Kids Twin Bed Mattress

subset: commoncrawl


text:
- Home
- Corner Sofa
- Bargain Tavistock Reclining Sofa Get The Deal! 70% Off
Bargain Tavistock Reclining Sofa Get The Deal! 70% Off
A Tavistock Reclining Sofa is a worthy investment. Eating in a contemporary and elegant setting right at home is a priceless experience. A Tavistock Reclining Sofa adds personality to your house and makes the room feel whole. This 10 top best Tavistock Reclining Sofa review finds out which tables are great for you personally based on their performance and feel of decoration. Some are modern designs while others have existed for a while.
Shopping guide for Tavistock Reclining Sofa
The best Tavistock Reclining Sofa intended for you would be the one that will works for your finances, offers solid construction, suits your space, and offers a mode you'll love intended for years. Even when you're not necessarily thinking forever at this stage, an individual can expect to possess a table no fewer than five to 12 years. Five years is definitely not a long period, said Pourny. If its your first desk, you may utilize it anywhere else after a number of years, so you require it to be basic and sturdy and also a fashion you'll like for some time. inch So a small, high quality table might find some sort of place at home for decades to come.
Why you need the best Tavistock Reclining Sofa
When you are possessing your dinner together with your household then you surely will be needing the comfort when eating and having some sort of Tavistock Reclining Sofa. This is exactly how you need the perfect Tavistock Reclining Sofa inside your kitchen. Right now there are a variety involving chairs you can select from but you absolutely will be wanting the Tavistock Reclining Sofa for the dining room that is where this Tavistock Reclining Sofa reviews will help an individual immensely. You should appear for the material that will suits you the very best wager it metal, wood, plastic material or any other. Most the material holds a new specialty in them which often could be realized following a certain point when visiting use.
The contemporary Tavistock Reclining Sofa supply a clean in addition to contemporary design as absolutely nothing looks great higher than a party of alike dining ergonomic chairs that are around typically the Tavistock Reclining Sofa. You can find these ergonomic chairs of any color involving your choice. As just about every house needs a key point or centerpiece to be able to get a balanced style at home so that will it could look each interesting and comfortable? Its what a Tavistock Reclining Sofa about a table serves as. An individual can get an excellent care for installing these seats at your house.. Merely a minimalistic change from your house. could always be great when you are generally having best Tavistock Reclining Sofaat your own home. There are several points of which show that are needed an eating chair at the kitchen. Thus get your hands from one of the preferred dining chairs for your current kitchen and enjoy coziness and joy while possessing dinner with your loved ones.
Tavistock Reclining Sofa Buyer's Guide
There usually are a number of issues to try to find when selecting the right loveseat to the room or home if you're in. Factors such because size and in many cases weight need to be able to be viewed as well since the material and beauty that the loveseat capabilities. According to what else is definitely in the room plus whether or not an individual want it to become a focal point within the room delete phrase will influence all regarding these factors.
How big a Tavistock Reclining Sofa is the initial thing many people will want in order to consider when dealing with which loveseats to buy. both precisely how much space you desire to have while resting in it and just how a lot space is available for your Tavistock Reclining Sofa to occupy will certainly affect this decision. Almost all loveseats around between forty five to 65 inches large, nevertheless , some are broader or narrower than this kind of. If there is satisfactory room for a larger seat it is usually important in order to consider how thick the particular Tavistock Reclining Sofa on the armrests are, as this can easily sometimes take up the considerable amount of typically the actual sitting area regarding the Tavistock Reclining Sofa. When appropriate this is mentioned inside the reviews for every seat as some chairs as wide as 65-inches are limited to just 45-inches of actual relaxing space because of typically the layout of the armrests.
Furniture Materials
The material that Tavistock Reclining Sofa are created from can range through elegant leather to a new soft velvet fabric, in addition to which one is ideal for you would depend on typically the style you're going intended for along with what you discover most comfortable. In add-on, some materials are less difficult to wash than others thus this also need to be some sort of consideration for some folks for those who have pets or kids.
Fashion and Decor
There are 3 main kinds of loveseat. Standard designs feature more evident features for instance nailhead cut which are the little metallic rivets that usually are sometimes on the entrance of the armrests in order to keep the Tavistock Reclining Sofa set up. More modern or modern styles will feature quite bare and minimalist models with soft curves becoming major of the design and style. Rustic designs, on typically the other hand, often characteristic visible wood that provides a dark finish plus very simple Tavistock Reclining Sofa. Which usually of these styles an individual go with will count on both personal flavor and exactly what more is in the area the location where the loveseat is planning. A well-chosen loveseat may certainly pull a living room with each other in an amazing method, while an out associated with place loveseat will adhere out in an or else well-decorated room.
Extra Features
Some Tavistock Reclining Sofa boast a number associated with extra features which may well be vital that you look out and about for depending on exactly how you decide to use the particular seat. For example, a few the seats on this particular list can recline, which often is perfect for putting inside of an entertainment center or even movie room setting, plus one even features some sort of center console with storage area space and cupholders. Several also feature fold-away bedrooms or armrests that may dual as trackpads when getting function done on the computer system while sitting comfortably in the Tavistock Reclining Sofa.
Our Pick
Craig Sofa by Langley Street
Best Pick Craig Sofa by Langley Street
Lightweight, Comfortable, Affordable
Great Craig Sofa by Langley Street by Langley Street is necessary have in almost any home. You would like to find the best pieces, and you want to make sure you never ever overpay to them. Nois.
With so many choices, its easy to understand why youd want to do some research prior to investing in a settee. The right choice will bring you many years of comfort and ease and recollections. There are lots of issues to take into consideration before making this type of buy. The Ashley Kennard Leather-based Complement Power Reclining Sofa in Lotion is a great option for most of us. As the light colour may be a concern, the overall value and high-high quality supplies accustomed to make this item are well worth it. The look is practical and while its modern, its made to fit into much more traditional designs as well. The high customer reviews also get this to a top choice. An excellent back-up for those who are concerned with a light color is the Homelegance Double Reclining Sofa in Dark brown Glued Leather. This is a practical and traditional design, especially appealing to those who have kids. Whichever sofa you have chosen is a great expense. Take a moment and get your order started now!
Relate Post
TagsCorner Sofa
Sales-priced Mccoll Sofa by Charlton Home Previous Post


text:
Shenzhen Hopestar Sci-tech Co., Ltd. is a leading company of LCD and LED Monitor in shenzhen ,China ,As a High - tech enterprise, we have our own R&D, Factory,Marketing and after sales service department,We are specialized in LCD Monitor, Touch Screen Monitor,CCTV Monitor , Open Frame Monitor, All in one PC since 2002
HOPESTRAR Factory
Area: 10,000M² Non-dust standard workshopWorker: 300 workersAnnual :1,000,000pcs of monitors annually
17 19 20 inch square lcd monitor for desktop with VGA
Product Specification:
Application: 1. Can be used at home, shops, hospitals, office,etc.2. As computer monitors, TVs, touch monitors,etc.3. OEM to make the special logo, colors,etc to a specific place
Product Pictures:
Other Hot Types Of 17inch LCD Monitor:
Packing Information:
Our Product Advantage:
1.Factory price and famous quality
2.According to clients require change our products function
3. Three years warranty
4.Superior Service : Synergy clients handle shipment after all the products problems
5.Professional. We are manufacturer in monitors since 2002.
6.Excellent team. All the sales in our international sales team own a university degree. They have good condition in English, be full of enthusiasm, diligent and responsible for customers.
7. Restrict QC Team. All the products we will check the quality before delivery no matter the samples or bulk order. We have 5 people in QC team. Everyone gets their function in every step.
8.Stable quality. All of our products own 90 days return policy, 1 year warranty for panel, 3 years in parts.
9. Proven technique. We have our own D&R department for our customers do custom functions accordingly. 10.Small QTY for LOGO stamped. We allow small qty to make your own logo since we know that in the feature, BRAND item is trend for most companies
Company Information:


text:
Log in to check your private messages
Log in
Hindi Film David Song Download
neynekeso Forum Index
Previous topic
Next topic
Joined: 23 Apr 2018
Posts: 157
Posted: Sun 22 Jul - 19:15 (2018)
Post subject: Hindi Film David Song Download
Hindi Film David Song Download
Download Hindi Movie Wanted Dj Mp3 Song with high quality Song Mp3 at rsymedia.com
Free Download Pagalworld Latest Bollywood Mp3 Songs 2018, Punjabi Songs, Indian Pop, DJ Remix, and Full HD Mp4 PC Movies at Pagalworld.com.. Related results of hollywood-movie-hindi-movie-songs-dear-david-part-2 Videos.Convert MP3 audio . Watch and download hollywood-movie-hindi-movie-songs-dear-david .
Listing new hindi songs playlist download in MP3 HD Quality, free download latest hindi movie songs 2018, play top hindi songs 2018 online in a queue from djyoungster.. Free Download Latest Bollywood MP3 Songs, Instrumental Songs, DJ Remix, Hindi Pop, Punjabi, Evergreen Gaana, and Indian Pop MP3 Music at SongMP3.CoM
movies All Video latest This Just In Prelinger Archives . Hindi Songs (Famous) . Amazing collection of old instrusmental songs. please need to download them all .
Find Free Hindi Song Ringtones.. Download Multi-track Recording & Mixing Audio Production Software.
. latest hindi songs latest hindi movies latest bollywood songs hindi songs free download hindi film audio songs kishore kumar songs aghani hindiaaflam hindia .. Download New Hindi Videos 2018. Latest Hindi Bollywood Movies 2018 Videos Songs. Hindi Movies Trailers 2018 Full HD Video quality only at Mr-HD.in.. Download Multi-track Recording & Mixing Audio Production Software.. Urban Outfitters, Inc. is an American multinational lifestyle retail corporation headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.. Bollywood movie songs zip file download All Songs in One Link .. Download and listen MP3 songs free online to your Hungama account. Watch new and popular Hindi, English and regional movies, TV shows and videos online.. David (2013) Hindi mp3 songs download, Vikram, Neil Nitin Mukesh David Songs free download from nsongs soundtrack, Latest Hindi soundtracks download.. But whenever I watch movies like 'David' . I hardly write reviews andin fact rarely on Bollywood movies as I . The Music isin sync with the film&# .. Search Hindi Free Video Songs . Find Now.. David Is A Hindi Movie.David songs by Various Available Here For Download (38201).. Download David bollwood Mp3 Songs. David Hindi Mp3 Songs. David Bandhay (02:43) Modern Mafia Ghum Huye (The Theme Of David) (04:01) .. Baaghi 2 Songs, Baaghi 2 Mp3, Baaghi 2 Songs Free Download, Baaghi 2 2018 Songs, Baaghi 2 All songs, Baaghi 2 Movie songs, Baaghi 2 Mp3 Hindi Songs, Mp3 Songs. Search Free Downloads Hindi Movies.. How to Download Free Hindi Songs on Your MP3 . A number of websites offer free libraries of Hindi songs to download and listen to on your MP3 player . David .. Find Hindi Film Songs . Search Now.. Find Hindi Film Download .. Here we are listed top 17 best free Bollywood Hindi Song Download Sites. . Along with Hindi movie songs you can also download ghazals from this website.. Download Multi-track Recording & Mixing Audio Production Software.. David (2013 Hindi film) Jump to . And the song YUN HI RE song breaking record first high download Hindi song in India 2013: No.. Urban Outfitters, Inc. is an American multinational lifestyle retail corporation headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.. Hindi Songs Download New Bollywood Mp3 dj latest albums music Top 20 Movie Remix film Ghazals Pop Qawwali Bhakti Sangeet indian free djjohal. Musicbadshah.Com, David (2013) Bollywood Hindi Movie MP3 Songs Download Free Hindi Music Musicbadshah.com Free Hindi Music Download, Star Cast: Vikram, Neil Nitin Mukesh, Vinay Virmani,. Description: David 2013 album have 30 mp3songs, song by Shweta Mohan, song by Anirudh Ravichander, song by Shweta Pandit, song by Remo Fernandes, song by Siddharth Basrur, song by Lucky Ali,. We present to you the most romantic song of movie DAVID. The song . "Yu Hi Re David" Full Video Song Neil Nitin Mukesh, Monica Dogra . Hindi Songs .. FilmyWap.Com Full HD Filmywap 2017 Movie Download Hindi Movies . Gerard Butler,Lena Headey,Dominic West,David . New Punjabi Songs Video New Hindi Songs .. DJJOhAL.Com Mp3 Songs Download All Indian Music Videos Punjabi Hindi Bollywood Single Uk Download Songs djjohal Pop Pakistani Shabad Gurbani Bhakti Music Sangeet Bengali Bhojpuri Movies. Latest Hindi Songs Playlist MrShan3100 May 18, 2010 hindi remix songs hindi remix 2008 HINDI REMIX SONG indian MOVIE MUSIC 2009 2010 hits mix remix Katrina Kaif dj equipment music dj mix. 2018 Best New Songs Albums MP3 MP4 HD Free Download [New English/Hindi/Tamil Songs] . Craig David: R&B, . New Bollywood/Hindi/Tamil/Tegulu (Movies) Songs Download .. Download Latest Full HD Mp4 Bollywood Movies, Hindi Movies, 720p DVDRip Flims, 300 MB, . Download Latest Mp3 Songs and Movies. Search for: Home; Bollywood Music.. David Songs Download- Listen David MP3 songs online free. Play David movie songs MP3 by Bramfatura and download David songs on Gaana.com.. Find Hindi Filmi Songs . Search Now. 29d918761c
Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham part 1 movie download
Aisaa Kyon 2015 hindi 720p download
Krantiveer Tamil Movies
Halo telugu movie video songs download 3gp mp4
Sultan - The Warrior full movie hd 1080p blu-ray download
Soundtrack full movie download 2015 torrent
Dastoor 4 full movie kickass torrent
hd telugu movies 1080p online
download Kuchh Kaha Aapne full movie 720p
Ailo Bailo Sailo 3gp 2012 download
Back to top
Posted: Sun 22 Jul - 19:15 (2018)
Post subject: Publicité
Supprimer les publicités ?
Back to top
Display posts from previous:
All Posts
1 Day
7 Days
2 Weeks
1 Month
3 Months
6 Months
1 Year
Oldest First
Newest First
neynekeso Forum Index
All times are GMT + 2 Hours
Jump to:
Select a forum
Administration Panel
Make a forum
Free support forum
Free forums directory
Report a violation
Conditions générales d'utilisation
Powered by
© 2001, 2005 phpBB Group


text:
Watch LIVE
On Demand
Special Features
Papal Coverage
Special Coverage
WYD Central
SL Hour
Pray the Rosary
Prayer Request
About S+L
Our Team
Employment Opportunties
Contact Us
Leaving behind passion for football and pursuing passion for Christ - Perspectives Daily
Emilie Callan
August 29, 2017
Jesuit and former Vatican spokesperson Fr. Federico Lombardi turned 75 today. As a Catholic communicator, he held positions within Vatican Television, Vatican Radio and, from 2006 to 2016, was the director of the Holy See Press Office. Salt + Television wishes him many blessings on his birthday.
Catholic News Service shares the story of a young football player in the United States who is choosing to set aside his passion for the sport and discern a vocation to the priesthood.
Perspectives Daily
Support us now
Related posts
Join S+L TV in remembering L'Arche founder Jean Vanier
Watch Now
Watch this special program! Deacon Pedro Guevara-Mann remembers Jean Vanier with several of his friends from L'Arche Canada.
...read more
Perspectives Daily: Dire situation weeks after Idai decimates Southeastern Africa
Noel Ocol
Watch Now
Here are the stories that we bring you on today's episode of Perspectives Daily: Catholic headlines from around the world: Vatican opens its own probe in decades-old missing girl case. Bishop
...read more
Perspectives Daily: Vatican hosts a very special retreat
Watch Now
Here are the stories that we bring you on today's episode of Perspectives Daily: At the pope's weekly General Audience, he talks about forgiveness. The Vatican hosts a special retreat for
...read more
Perspectives Daily: D&P says Canadian government fails on ombudsman promise
Allyson Kenny
Watch Now
Here are the stories we bring you on today's episode of Perspectives Daily: 1. A quick look at the top Catholic headlines of the day. Pope approves updated norms for former Anglicans/Episcopalia
...read more
Students Gather for Interreligious Event in Toronto
Watch Now
Watch this video about the very first Interfaith Youth Alliance Movement event, organized by students as a way for students of different faiths to meet.
...read more
read more
Salt and Light Catholic Media Foundation
– Born on the wings of World Youth Day 2002 in Canada, Salt + Light is a unique instrument of the New Evangelization. It is dedicated to being – and helping others become – the salt of the earth and the light of the world. Our mission is to proclaim Jesus Christ and the joy of the Gospel to the world by telling stories of hope that bring people closer to Christ and the Catholic faith.
We share the joys and hopes of the Gospel through television, radio, print, and online media. Our work unites people together through prayer, celebration, reflection, education, authentic dialogue and enquiry, thought-provoking reporting and stories of faith and action. We also challenge believers to grow in the knowledge of the faith and the Catholic tradition in its many expressions. We strive to offer an invitation to all peoples, especially those on the peripheries of faith and the Church, to draw closer to the Lord and experience the community of the Church.
Copyright © 2019 Salt and Light Catholic Media Foundation · Registered Charity # 88523 6000 RR0001
250 Davisville Avenue, Suite 300, Toronto, ON M4S 1H2, Canada
Toll free : 888.302.7181
1071, rue de la Cathédrale, Montréal, QC H3B 2V4, Canada
438 795-5029
Sans frais: 888 302-7778


text:
So many times I wanked off to this stunner when I was a lad. Not that she would have paused before obeying or complained but still she was grateful. Feel the rise of pleasure, mine and yours and thereby transform this moment into a unique and magical adventure. He watched in rapt attention as the blush crept from her flushed cheeks down to her chest.
She reaches the hilt of his shaft, her petite pussy lips twitching around its base, truck driver porn. Love how the big muscular dude fucks the shit out of her. Wild green fingernails do they glow in the dark? Watch her riding hard stick vigorously, then getting rammed hard from behind while lying with her legs closed fa. Two beautiful Swede babes are shocked at the power and agility of this black playboy they paid handsomely to bang them both together.
Fab, I would love to see vids of her being fucked! Amazing stepmom love the taste of creamy cum in her mouth! Personally, I take pride in the usual amount of cum I produce. Her chin was dripping with slobber from such a juicy suck.
At times he was almost babbling, he was enjoying himself so much. This best site will provide you with the hottest sweet teens galleries and this teen is a good example. My wife and her sister would have me set them up like this, they both love digging with me there to watch them. Her head swiveled forward again and she drank more water. Adel Bye is a lovely teen who gets her pussy pumped by her boyfriend.
Sssniperwolf leaked driver porn
How I wanted to rip her cloths off and rape her. After Ralph worked most of his length into my back door I started to go back to work on Tom, truck driver porn. When this is the situation, you need an experiened criminal defense attorney to protect you. Also includes educational resources listed on our Education and Research page. The one with the dreadlocks got some nice big titty.
Here you are saying I have no say in what is to be done! Real people having real orgasm with two of the best sex experts in the world. But I woulda thought It was a sting or something which is what he probably thought.
She loves to get her saggy tits tortured for being such disgusting meat bags. She nodded her head yes but I wanted more confirmation than that so my finger stopped its strumming of her erect little button. You DO NOT do good films of this kind wearing condoms.
Italian MILF is all over this dude, savoring his long and fat cock with relish and excitement. BDSM Movies Blonde gets rope bondage act and bdsmshare. As she was bent over the cage, the slavegirl took some clamps on her meaty pussy. Wish they had done a little more with their cumloads.


text:
Welcome to St Nicholas of Myra Church in Encino, CA. We are located in the heart of the Valley's Miracle Mile, just east of the Encino Commons.
Saint Nicholas church was dedicated on January 8th, 1939 as the San Fernando Valley's first Episcopal congregation. As inheritors of this enduring history we at Saint Nicholas parish celebrate Christ's Gospel through our sacramental life. Our faith is expressed through worship, service, study, prayer, and fellowship.
Called by God into the worldwide Anglican communion, St. Nicholas Church is a community of love committed to growth in faith and in fellowship through Christ, our Lord.
Sunday Mass Times
9:00 English
10:30 Spanish
Fiesta of Our Lady of Guadalupe
Sabado, Diciembre 14
6 AM Mariachi
8 AM light breakfast
9 AM Procession y Misa
11 AM dancers
1 PM raffle
Food sale!
Christmas Eve
5:00 PM Family Mass
8:00 PM Evening Mass
December 24, 2019
Healing Mass
Wednesdays at 12:15 PM
Bilingual Bible Study
TBA in Jan 2020
10:00am - 1:00pm
Read 1, 2, & 3 John
Fr. Michael Cooper
Fr. Vladimir Divas
Lynn Nelson
Office Hours
Monday-Friday 9-1
Confessions by Appointment
Fr. Michael Cooper
818-788-4486 Ext. 11
Fr. Vladimir Divas
818-788-4486 Ext. 12
Facility Use
Quinceañeras, Weddings, Baptisms, Funerals and
Filming location available.
Please call (818) 788-4486 for information.
Parking available for film crews
Contact Lynn Nelson
Men's AA Meetings
Monday & Thursday evenings at 7:00pm
Homeless Dinners
Sunday afternoons at 3:00pm
Tuesday evenings at 6:30pm
For more info, contact:
New Friends Homeless Center
Este grupito de 14 niños esta siendo preparado por Miss Dalia Divas para hacer su Primera Comunion el sabado 14 de Diciembre, en la Fiesta de la Virgen de Guadalupe.
This small group of 14 children is being prepared by Miss Dalia Divas in order to do First Communion on Saturday December 14th, during the Feast of Our Lady of Guadalupe.


text:
For eastern Australia, temperatures are as much as 3 degrees warmer than in the past, means arrival of new species with unpredictable impacts…While some species can adapt by migrating to cool waters, eventually they run out of continental shelf…while spiny sea-urchins are grazing their way south with devastating effects on kelp forests off the Tasmanian coast…So-called foundation species, the kelp forests are home and food for commercially fished species such as abalone and lobster. The sea-urchins over-graze, turning the kelp into barren ground and then "you lose everything else", Dr Verges said…"At some point they can't move further south, there's no land," said Adriana Verges, a marine ecologist at University of NSW. "It's like they're falling off a cliff edge"
>readmore> SMH
de-carbonise, zero carbon, global warming, climate change, renewable energy, phillip island, bass coast
Recent Posts
- Renewables supply 30% of NEM demand over entire week for first time
- It's the climate, not immigration, that keeps Australians awake at night
- Scott Morrison and the big lie about climate change: does he think we're that stupid?
- World's largest "green" hydrogen pilot commences operation
- Reviving The "Tesla Deathwatch" — With A Totally Different Spin
- And how many days did they sit this year at annual cost $800M. Time for Productivity investigation or even Royal Co… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 5 days ago
Follow me on TwitterMy Tweets