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CN104507123B - Work station and dispatching method - Google PatentsWork station and dispatching method Download PDF
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- Prior art keywords
- scheduled duration
- rate
- work station
- ms
- sch
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- H04W28/00—Network traffic or resource management
- H04W28/02—Traffic management, e.g. flow control or congestion control
- H04W28/10—Flow control between communication endpoints
- H04W28/14—Flow control between communication endpoints using intermediate storage
- H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
- H04W52/06—TPC algorithms
- H04W52/12—Outer and inner loops
- H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
- H04W52/54—Signalisation aspects of the TPC commands, e.g. frame structure
- H04W72/00—Local resource management, e.g. wireless traffic scheduling or selection or allocation of wireless resources
- H04W72/12—Dynamic Wireless traffic scheduling ; Dynamically scheduled allocation on shared channel
- H04W72/1278—Transmission of control information for scheduling
- H04W28/00—Network traffic or resource management
- H04W28/16—Central resource management; Negotiation of resources or communication parameters, e.g. negotiating bandwidth or QoS [Quality of Service]
- H04W28/18—Negotiating wireless communication parameters
- H04W28/22—Negotiating communication rate
- H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
- H04W52/30—TPC using constraints in the total amount of available transmission power
- H04W52/36—TPC using constraints in the total amount of available transmission power with a discrete range or set of values, e.g. step size, ramping or offsets
- H04W52/362—Aspects of the step size
The application is the Application No. 200480002149.8 submitted on January 12nd, 2004, entitled ' is used for based on preferential The medium of the method for the scheduler with variable dispatching cycle and variable dispatching cycle of power, work station and storage program ' point Case application.
According to the priority of 35U.S.C. § 119
Patent application claims submission on January 13rd, 2003, entitled " System and method for a Time- The provisional application No.60/439 of scalable Priority-Based Scheduler ", 989 priority, the provisional application Its assignee is transferred to, thus herein clearly introduces it, by reference.
Technical field
Embodiment of the disclosure is usually directed to wireless communication, and more particularly to communication system in the time it is adjustable based on excellent The scheduler first weighed.
Background technology
There are many applications in the communications field, including for example pages, Wireless Local Loop, the networking telephone and satellite communication system.One Kind of typical case is that (as used herein, term " cellular system " includes honeycomb for the cell phone system of mobile subscriber With two kinds of system frequencies of personal communication service (PCS)).Various modern communication system is have developed for such cellular system, The Modern Communication System is designed to allow multiple users and accesses common communication medium.These Modern Communication System can be with base In CDMA (CDMA), time division multiple acess (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), space division multiple access (SDMA), polarization division multiple access (PDMA) With other modulation techniques well known in the art.These modulation techniques from multiple user's received signals of communication system to solving Adjust, so as to increase the capacity of communication system.In connection therewith, various wireless systems are had been built up, including for example Advanced mobile phone service (AMPS), global system for mobile communications (GSM) and some other wireless systems.
In FDMA systems, all frequency bands are divided into many less subbands, the son of their own is distributed to each user Band is with access communications media.Alternatively, in tdma systems, give each user distribution whole frequency during the time slot that the cycle reproduces Band.Cdma system provides potential advantage more more preferable than other type systems, includes the power system capacity of increase.In a cdma system, Whole frequency band is distributed to each user in All Time, but its transmission is distinguished by using only code word.
Cdma system can be designed as supporting one or more CDMA standards, such as (1) " TIA/EIA-95-B Mobile Station-Base Station Compatibility Standard for Dual-Mode Wideband Spread Spectrum Cellular System " (IS-95 standards), (2) are by entitled " the 3rd generation partner program " The standard (W-CDMA standards) that the alliance of (3GPP) is provided and embodied with one group of document, this group of document include document No.3G TS 25.211st, 3G TS 25.212,3G TS 25.213 and 3G TS 25.214, (3) are by entitled " the 3rd generation partner program 2 " The alliance of (3GPP2) provides and with " TR-45.5 Physical Layer Standard for cdma2000Spread The standard that Spectrum Systems " (IS-2000 standards) embody, and (4) some other standards.
In the above-mentioned cdma communication system and standard being previously mentioned, available band is shared at the same time between many users, and And enough quality are maintained to support the service of delay-sensitivity, such as voice using technology as such as soft handover.Number It can also be realized according to service.Recently, it has been proposed that some systems, the system by using higher order modulation, from mobile station Carrier/interface ratio (C/I) the feedback that is exceedingly fast, be exceedingly fast scheduling and the service to more loose delay requirement be scheduled to improve The capacity of data service.An example using such a communication system for only passing data (data-only) of these technologies is high Fast data rate (HDR) system, it meets TIA/EIA/IS-856 standards (IS-856 standards).
Different from other above-mentioned standards being previously mentioned, IS-856 systems using available whole frequency band in each cell with Unique user is transferred data on one time.The factor used in which user of service is determined is link-quality. By using link-quality as the factor for selecting to service which user, when channel is good, system is by the time of more ratio Spend on the rate sending data with higher, thus avoid making resource be used for support with the transmission of the low speed progress of efficiency. Final effect is the average throughput of the data capacity of higher, the peak data rate of higher and higher.
System can both support the data of latency sensitive, the voice channel such as supported in IS-2000 standards or data Channel, also supports the packet data service such as described in IS-856 standards.Described in a motion as one System, the motion is by lg electronics company, LSI Logic companies, Lucent Technologies Inc., Nortel Networks, Qualcomm and three Star company, which combines, submits to the 3rd generation partner program 2 (3GPP2).The motion has a detailed description in following documents:2001 June 11, the document code for submitting to 3GPP2 was C50-20010611-009, entitled " Updated Joint Physical The document of Layer Proposal for 1xEV-DV ";The document code for submitting to 3GPP2 on the 20th of August in 2001 is C50- 200100820-011, the entitled " document of Results of L3NQS Simulation Study ";And August 20 in 2001 The document code that day submits to 3GPP2 is C50-20010820-012, entitled " System Simulation Results The document of for the L3NQS Framework Proposal for cdma2000 1x-EVDV ".These documents all claimed later Make 1xEV-DV motions.
Utilized for more effective capacity on reverse link, multi-stage scheduling is useful.As base station controller (BSC) In typical scenario when scheduling is performed in central entities, using long dispatching cycle, this is because:
A) the big random backhaul delay that the concentration characteristic of scheduling provides;With
B) while request/grant overhead of multiple mobile terminals (MS) is dispatched.
However, the scheduled duration of the length of fixed rate has the disadvantages that:
● the mobile terminal with low volume data cannot carry out at a high speed in long scheduled duration in its buffer Transmission.Using low rate-allocation, capacity cannot be effectively utilized;
● the probability for the stopping transmission (DTX) that the long more macrocyclic data of scheduled duration increase are limited, therefore wave Take capacity;And
● average packet delay is big.
Therefore, utilized to maximize power system capacity, may be more using the flexible scheduling algorithm of variable scheduled durations It is useful.
The content of the invention
Embodiments disclosed herein provides a kind of for the time adjustable scheduler based on priority in communication system System and method.
In an aspect, dispatching method includes:If data are reached in buffer, the data in the buffer exceed slow Storage depth, and there are enough power to be transmitted according to requested speed, then rate request;Receive the speed Rate is asked;The rate-allocation in response to the rate request is sent, which indicates scheduled duration and for the scheduling The scheduling rates of perdurabgility;Receive the rate-allocation;And send data, the transmission in response to the rate-allocation, wherein In the scheduled duration data are constantly sent according to the scheduling rates.
In one aspect, dispatching method includes:Receiving velocity is asked;The rate-allocation in response to the rate request is sent, The rate-allocation indicates scheduled duration and the scheduling rates for the scheduled duration;And when the scheduling continues It is interior constantly to receive data according to the scheduling rates.
On the other hand, sending the method for data includes:If data are reached in buffer, the data in the buffer surpass Buffer depth is crossed, and there are enough power to be transmitted according to requested speed, then rate request;Receive In response to the rate-allocation of the rate request, rate-allocation instruction scheduled duration and the tune for the scheduled duration Spend speed;And data are sent, the transmission is in response to the rate-allocation, wherein according to the scheduling in the scheduled duration Speed constantly sends the data.
In one aspect, the scheduled duration is the integral multiple of minimum scheduled duration.In one aspect, institute State scheduled duration and be less than or equal to dispatching cycle, the wherein dispatching cycle is a time interval, after that time interval Scheduler is scheduled decision.In an aspect, dispatching cycle is variable.In an aspect, scheduled duration is Variable.
Brief description of the drawings
One embodiment of the wireless communication system with three mobile stations and two base stations has been illustrated in Fig. 1;
Fig. 2 is shown according to one embodiment since set-point caused by the speed change on R-SCH adjusts;
Fig. 3 shows the scheduler latency timing according to one embodiment;
Fig. 4 shows the relevant parameter in mobile station scheduling on reverse link;
The rate determining process of k-th of MS in jth sector according to one embodiment has been illustrated in Fig. 5;
Fig. 6 is the block diagram according to the base station of one embodiment;And
Fig. 7 is the block diagram according to the mobile station of one embodiment.
It is described in detail
Word " typical " used herein above refers to " being used as an example, example and example ".Depicted here as " typical case " any embodiment should not have to be construed to better than other embodiment or there is advantage than other embodiment.
Wireless communication system can include multiple mobile stations and multiple base stations.Fig. 1 is had been illustrated with three mobile stations One embodiment of 10A, 10B, 10C and the wireless communication system of two base stations 12.In Fig. 1, which is shown as Mobile telephone unit, portable computer remote 10B in vehicle 10A and such as can be in Wireless Local Loop or instrument The fixed position unit 10C found in frame of reference.Mobile station can be any kind of communication unit, such as hand-held personal logical Believe the such portable data units of system unit, such as personal digital assistant or the such fixation of such as meter reading equipment Location data element.Fig. 1 shows forward link 14 from base station 12 to mobile station 10 and from mobile station 10 to the anti-of base station 12 To link 16.
When mobile station movement passes through physical environment, as received at mobile station and base station, the quantity of signal path Signal strength on these paths often changes.Therefore, the receiver in one embodiment uses referred to as searcher The dedicated processes element of element, the searcher element constantly scan the channel in time domain to determine to have letter in multi-path environment Number, the signal strength of the time migration of signal and signal.Searcher element is also referred to as search engine.The output of searcher element carries For information for ensuring that restitution element tracks best path.
It is being assigned to assignee of the present invention, on 2 6th, 1996 " Demodulation announcing, entitled The U.S. of Element Assignment in a System Capable of Receiving Multiple Signals " is special Sharp No.5, in 490,165, describe one group of available signal for restitution element to be distributed to mobile station and base station method and System.
When multiple mobile stations are sent at the same time, the wireless radio transmission from a mobile station becomes the wireless of another mobile station The interference of electrical transmission, so as to be limited in obtainable handling capacity on reverse link (also referred to as uplink).For effective land productivity With the capacity on reverse link, " Method and Apparatus for that on June 22nd, 1999 announces, entitled The United States Patent (USP) No.5,914,950 of Reverse Link Rate Scheduling " and on July 13rd, 1999 announce, topic For " the United States Patent (USP) No.5,923,650 of Method and Apparatus for Reverse Link Scheduling " is In the centralized dispatching of base station, the two United States Patent (USP)s have all assigned by the agency of to assignee of the present invention.
In an exemplary embodiment, multi-stage scheduling is performed.In one embodiment, multi-stage scheduling includes base station level tune Degree, rank of switches scheduling and/or network level scheduling.
In one embodiment, the detailed design of flexible dispatching algorithm is based on basic theoretical principle:Using can be by base Existing network parameter that station obtains or measures limits reverse link system capacity.
In one embodiment, the base station of the capacity contribution of each mobile station is estimated based in given current transmission speed The ratio between signal noise measured under rate (SNR) is referred to as the ratio between pilot energy and the noise-plus-interference of (Ecp/Nt) (Ecp/ (Io +No)).In entitled " the Method and being assigned to assignee of the present invention, on November 5th, 2001 submits Apparatus for Determining Reverse Link Load Level for Reverse Link Data Rate The U. S. application No.10/011 of Scheduling in a CDMA Communication System ", in 519, discloses and The measurement of the pilot tone Ecp/Nt of all branches from multi-path environment.
According to the measured value of the pilot tone Ecp/Nt to being in present rate on different channels, on these channels in new The capacity contribution of mobile station of speed estimated.
In one embodiment, order of priority is distinguished in the rate-allocation request to mobile station.Based on performed scheduling level Not, scheduler is maintained to be responsible for the list of all mobile stations of scheduling.In one embodiment, for all mobile stations, there are one A list.Alternatively, for all mobile stations, there are two lists.If scheduler is responsible for dispatching a mobile station in its activation All base stations possessed are concentrated, then the mobile station belongs to first list.Discrete second list can be maintained, at it Those mobile stations of the base station with the not responsible scheduling of scheduler are concentrated in activation.It is based on various reports, measurement or known Parameter is distinguished order of priority, the parameter maximum system throughput to the rate request of mobile station, while considers mobile station public affairs Their gentle important state.
In one embodiment, (Greedy Filling) method is filled using greediness.In Greedy Filling methods In, highest priority mobile station obtains available sector capacity.The flank speed for distributing to the mobile station is determined as the movement The flank speed that platform can be sent.In one embodiment, flank speed is determined based on measured SNR.In one embodiment In, flank speed is determined based on Ecp/Nt.In one embodiment, flank speed is also determined based on limitation parameter.One In a embodiment, estimated by the buffer of mobile station to determine flank speed.High-speed is selected to reduce transmission delay and reduction Interference observed by transmitting mobile stations.Remaining sector capacity distributes to next mobile station having compared with low priority.By In reducing interference, maximum capacity utilizes at the same time, contributes to maximize gain in this way.
, can be based on specified cost metric (merit) by Greedy by selecting different prioritization functions Filling algorithms are adjusted to conventional poll, equitable proportion or least equity dispatching.In the case where considering scheduling classification, on The method of stating contributes to maximum capacity to utilize.
Mobile station is initiated to call by sending request message to base station.Disappear once mobile station receives channel distribution from base station Breath, it can further be communicated using logical dedicated channel with base station.In scheduling system, when mobile station has data to send When, it can be by the high speed data transfer that sends request message on reverse link to initiate on the reverse link.
Consider the rate request and rate-allocation currently specified in IS2000C versions.But for people in the art Member is it is evident that the scope of the design is not limited to IS2000.It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that can be with Embodiment is realized in any multi-address system with the centralized scheduler for rate-allocation.
Mobile station process
In one embodiment, mobile station (MS) is at least supported to be operated while lower channel:
1st, Reverse Fundamental Channel (R-FCH)
2nd, reverse complemental channel (R-SCH)
Reverse Fundamental Channel (R-FCH):When the MS for only passing voice has the audio call of activation, carried on R-FCH The audio call.MS for only passing data, R-FCH carrier signalings and data.In the TIA/EIA-IS- in June, 2002 2000.2, " Mobile Station-Base Station Compatibility Standard for Dual-Mode In Wideband Spread Spectrum Cellular System ", it is specified that typical R-FCH channel frame sizes, coding, Modulation and intertexture.
In a typical embodiment, when MS is not sending voice, data or signaling on R-FCH, the R- of zero-speed rate FCH is used for open sea wharf (PC).Zero-speed rate means minimum speed limit.Even if not transmitted on R-SCH, can also use most The R-FCH of low rate maintains open sea wharf.
Reverse complemental channel (R-SCH):According to one embodiment, MS supports a R-SCH for packet data transmission. In an exemplary embodiment, R-SCH uses the speed specified by the radio configuration (RC3) in TIA/EIA-IS-2000.2.
In only one embodiment of individual data channel (R-SCH) is supported, signaling and power are carried out on a control channel Control.Alternatively, as long as R-SCH exists, just open sea wharf is carried by R-SCH carrier signalings and on the r-sch.
In one embodiment, mobile station carries out procedure below:
● multichannel adjust gain
● discontinuous transmission and variable supplement adjust gain
● the overhead transmission of R-CQICH and other control channels
● close-loop power control (PC) is ordered
● supplemental channel request mini message (SCRMM) is used on 5-ms R-FCH or is used on 20-ms R-FCH The rate request of supplemental channel request (SCRM)
Multichannel adjust gain:When R-FCH and R-SCH are activated at the same time, perform and specified in TIA/EIA-IS-2000.2 Multi-channel gain table adjust to maintain the correct transimission powers of R-FCH.The business of all channel speeds exists with pilot tone (T/P) ratio Nominal Attribute Gain values are also designated as in the Nominal Attribute gain table of appendix A.Business means Traffic Channel work(with pilot tone ratio The ratio between rate and pilot channel power.
Discontinuous transmission and variable supplement adjust gain:R-SCH speed can be divided by scheduler in each dispatching cycle Dispensing MS.When MS is not previously allocated R-SCH speed, it will not send anything on the r-sch.If MS is allocated Sent on R-SCH, but it does not have any data or enough power to be transmitted according to the speed distributed, then it stops Send on the r-sch.If system allows, MS is spontaneously carried out according to the low speed of the speed than being distributed on the r-sch Send.In one embodiment, variable bit rate R-SCH operations with by it is specified in TIA/EIA-IS-2000.2 can Variable Rate SCH Gain tunings.Assume that received pilot tone SNR sufficiently high to support the speed distributed on R-SCH, adjusts R- FCH T/P。
The overhead transmission of R-CQICH and other control channels:R-CQICH is maintained by performing multi-channel gain adjustment (or control channel) correct transimission power, only pass the MS of data according to CQICH and pilot tone (or control and pilot tone) (C/P) it Than sending extra power on CQICH and/or other control channels.(C/P) value of MS in soft handover can be differently configured from It is not in (C/P) value of the MS of soft handover.(C/P) represent to carry out multi-channel gain with no by the general power that control channel uses The ratio between pilot power during adjustment.
Close-loop power control (PC) is ordered:In one embodiment, pressed in all base stations (BS) of the MS out of it activation collection According to the speed of 800Hz a PC order is received for each Power Control group (PCG).Believe in reverse traffic channel and reverse pilot PCG is 1.25ms intervals on road.After the PC orders for coming from the BS (sector in given cell) to cooperate together are incorporated, base In renewal of " Or-of-Downs " rule to pilot power progress+- 1dB.
Rate request is carried out using one of two methods.In first method, as defined in TIA/EIA-IS-2000.5 On 5-ms R-FCH rate request is performed using supplemental channel request mini message (SCRMM).
Supplemental channel request mini message (SCRMM) on 5-ms R-FCH:In one embodiment, each SCRMM It is transmitted as 24 bits (or 48 bits of the physical layer frame overhead in each 5-ms FCH frames for being 9.6kbps with speed).
MS sends SCRMM in any period interval of 5ms.If necessary to send 5-ms SCRMM, then MS interrupts current The transmission of 20-ms R-FCH frames, and replace and 5-ms frames are sent on R-FCH.After 5-ms frames are sent, the 20- on R-FCH Any remaining time in the ms cycles does not retransmit.The non-of 20-ms R-FCH is re-established at the beginning of next 20-ms frames Continuously transmit.
In second method, rate request is performed using supplemental channel request (SCRM) on 20-ms R-FCH.
Depending on different embodiments, different information can be sent in request message.In is 2000, for speed Request sends supplemental channel request mini message (SCRMM) or supplemental channel request (SCRM) on reverse link.
In one embodiment, transmit, should be reported following information to BS by MS for each SCRM/SCRMM:
● largest request speed
● queuing message
Largest request speed:Reserved for fast channel variation after free space (headroom) according to current channel condition MS The speed that can be transmitted is exactly maximum data rate.MS determines its maximum rate using below equation:
Wherein, Pref (R) is " pilot reference electricity specified in the attribute gain table in TIA/EIA-IS-2000.2 It is flat ", TxPiPwr (PCGi) it is actual transmission pilot tone work(in the case of interruption in power after power constraint is applied to MS sides Rate, NormAvPiTx (PCGi) it is to normalize averagely to send pilot power.In selection free space and based on the permitted speed of BS Rate is come in terms of determining largest request speed, MS can be more conservative or more radical.
In one embodiment, MS receives License Info using one of following two methods:
Method a:The distribution of the enhancing complement channel from BS on 5-ms Forward Dedicated Control Channels (F-DCCH) is miniature Message (ESCAMM), enhancing complement channel distribution mini message (ESCAMM) have the speed of specified scheduled duration Distribution.
Method b:The enhancing supplemental channel assignment message from BS on forward physical data channel (F-PDCH) (ESCAM), which has the rate-allocation of specified scheduled duration.
Distribution delay depends on backhaul (backhaul) and transmission delay, and according to for the method that speed is permitted without Together.During scheduled duration, procedure below is performed:
In R-FCH is used to send autonomous data and one embodiment for outer shroud PC, if in its buffer There are some data, then MS sends data according to the autonomous rate of 9600bps.Otherwise, MS sends sky according to the speed of 1500bps R-FCH frames.
If if MS with the more data of data than that can be carried on R-FCH and its with enough power with It is transmitted according to the speed distributed, then MS is carried out within the given 20-ms cycles according to the R-SCH speed distributed Send and (retain free space to channel variation).Otherwise, on the r-sch without sending or MS is according to meeting work(during the frame The relatively low rate of rate constraint is sent.If below equation is satisfied, the encoding time delay before the given 20-ms cycles (Encode_Delay), MS determine its have enough power with the 20-ms cycles according to the speed R distributed in R-SCH Upper transmission:
Wherein, Pref (R) is " Pilot Reference Levels " specified in the attribute gain table in TIA/EIA-IS-2000.2 Value, NormAvPiTx (PCGi) it is to normalize averagely to send pilot power, (T/P)RCorrespond to speed R and for all channels The ratio between business and pilot tone of speed, and Nominal Attribute Gain values are designated as in the Nominal Attribute gain table in appendix A, (T/P)RFCHIt is the ratio between business and pilot tone on FCH, (C/P) is that general power carries out multichannel with no as used in control channel The ratio between pilot power during Gain tuning, Tx (max) are the largest MS transmit powers, and Headroom_Tx is that MS considers channel The free space for changing and keeping.
Encode_Delay PCG before R-SCH transmission, a DTX is carried out per frame and is determined.If MS is on the r-sch Stop sending, then it sends according to following power:
Encoding time delay (Encode_Delay) before actual transmissions, MS encodes transmission frame.
Base station process
In one embodiment, BS performs following basic function:
R-FCH/R-SCH is decoded
Power Control
Decode R-FCH/R-SCH
When MS sends multiple Traffic Channels at the same time, with after corresponding Walsh sequences correlation, to each Traffic Channel into Row decoding.
Power Control
In order to keep desired service quality (QoS), Power Control is necessary in a cdma system.In IS-2000 In, by RL pilot channels (R-PICH) close-loop power control of each MS to desired threshold value.At BS, power control should be referred to as For the threshold value of set-point processed to generate power control command (closed loop PC) compared with the Ecp/Nt received, wherein Ecp is every chip Pilot channel energies.In order to obtain desired QoS on a traffic channel, the threshold value at BS is with the removal of Traffic Channel (erasure) change, and the threshold value must be adjusted when data rate changes.
Occur to set point calibration due to following:
Open sea wharf
Speed changes
Open sea wharf:If there is R-FCH, then set-point is controlled come corrected power based on the removal of R-FCH.If There is no R-FCH, then when MS is sending data, outer shroud PC is corrected based on the removal of some control channels or R-SCH.
Speed changes:The different optimal setting points of different pieces of information rate requirement Reverse Pilot Channel on the r-sch.When When the upper data rates of R-SCH change, BS passes through the Pilot Reference Levels between current and next R-SCH data rates (Pref (R)) difference changes the reception Ecp/Nt of MS.In one embodiment, the Nominal Attribute gain in C.S0002-C The Pilot Reference Levels Pref (R) of data-oriented speed R is defined in table.Because close-loop power control makes received pilot tone Ecp/Nt reaches set-point, so BS is set according to next distributed R-SCH data rates to adjust outer shroud:
△=Pref (Rnew)-Pref(Rold)
If Rnew>Rold, then before new R-SCH data ratesPCG is configured an adjustment.Otherwise, the adjustment Occur in R-SCH frame boundaries.Therefore pilot power is approx raised or lowered to just using the 1dB step-lengths of the closed loop shown in Fig. 2 True level.
Fig. 2 is shown according to one embodiment on the r-sch since set-point caused by speed change adjusts.Fig. 2's The longitudinal axis shows base station controller (BSC) 202, BTS under CROS environment (BTS) receiver pilot power 204 and mobile station The set-point of speed 206.MS speed starts as R0208.As the increase of R-SCH data rates, i.e. R1>R0When 210, according to Pref (R1)-Pref(R0) 212 adjust set-point.As the reduction of R-SCH data rates, i.e. R2<R1When 214, according to Pref (R2)-Pref (R1) 216 adjust set-point.
Scheduler process
Scheduler can be with BSC or BTS or in network layer some unit cooperate.Scheduler is shared with being responsible for scheduling Each part of those MS of lower level resource can be multistage.For example, the MS for being not in soft handover (SHO) can be by BTS To dispatch, and the MS in SHO can be dispatched by the part scheduler to cooperate with BSC., will be reverse for the purpose of scheduling Link capacity is distributed between BTS and BSC.
In one embodiment, it is assumed hereinafter that for the scheduler according to one embodiment and with dispatching relevant each ginseng Number:
1st, centralized dispatching:Scheduler cooperates together with BSC, and is responsible for scheduling at the same time across the MS of multiple cells.
2nd, isochronous schedules:All R-SCH data rates transmission are time unifyings.All data rate allocations continue one The perdurabgility of dispatching cycle, it is time unifying for all MS in system.The scheduling duration period is expressed as SCH_PRD。
3rd, voice and Autonomous R-SCH transmissions:Before through-rate distribution allocates capacity to the transmission on R-SCH, adjust Degree device watches the rate request of the hang-up (pending) from MS, and considers that (discount for) is given in cell in advance Voice and spontaneous transport.
4th, rate request is delayed:It is expressed as with the relevant uplink requests delay of rate request via SCRM/SCRMM D_RL (request).It is delay when can be used for scheduler from the time that request is sent to request.D_RL (request) includes request The delay component that transmits in the air, the decoding time asked at cell and the backhaul delay from cell to BSC, and D_RL (please Ask) it is modeled as uniformly distributed random variable.
5th, rate-allocation is delayed:Represented with the relevant downlink distribution delay of rate-allocation via ESCAM/ESCAMM For D_FL (distribution).It is the time between at the time of speed decision is carried out and at the time of MS receives final distribution.D_FL The backhaul that (distribution) is included from scheduler to cell is delayed, the transmission time (being based on selected method) transmitted in the air of distribution With the decoding time at MS.
6th, available Ecp/Nt measured values:Should be at nearest frame boundaries for the Ecp/Nt measured values in scheduler Last look available for the scheduler.The Ecp/Nt of the measurement regularly reported to scheduler by BTS receivers, so for The BSC receivers Ecp/Nt is delayed by.
Fig. 3 shows the scheduler latency timing according to one embodiment.Shown quantity is by the scheduler positioned at BSC One example of used typical amounts, but actual quantity depends on the load feelings that backhaul was delayed and configured system Shape.
Transverse axis shows SCH frame boundaries 250, SCH frame boundaries 252 nearest before point A, point A254, scheduling time 256 With action time 258.Shown Ecp/Nt measurement windows 260 start from SCH frame boundaries 250, terminate nearest before point A SCH frame boundaries 252.The time 262 of nearest frame boundaries is shown as from the nearest SCH frame boundaries 252 before point A to point A 254. The time (6 PCG) for obtaining the information from BTS to BSC is shown as starting from point A 254 and terminates in scheduling time 256.Effect Time delays (ActionTimeDelay) 266 (method a is 25PCG, and method b is 62PCG) are shown as starting from scheduling time 256 and terminate in action time 258.The representative value that action time for method a and b is delayed is given in Table 1.
Scheduling, rate-allocation and transmission time line (Transmission Timeline)
Dispatching cycle, SCH_PRD referred to time interval, after that time interval the scheduler on BTS or BSC or in net The scheduler of network rank is scheduled decision.Scheduler wakes up (wake up) each SCH_PRD and is sent out for next dispatching cycle Send scheduling grant.But the scheduled duration of MS is variable in dispatching cycle.MIN_SCH_DUR is the most ditty of MS Spend perdurabgility, and the scheduled duration of MS be MIN_SCH_DUR multiple but be no more than SCH_PRD.
It is periodically with asking, permitting and transmitting relevant many events in the embodiment that one performs isochronous schedules , its cycle is SCH_PRD.
The timing diagram according to the rate request of one embodiment, scheduling and rate-allocation has been illustrated in Fig. 4.The longitudinal axis Show BSC (scheduler) 402 and the timeline of mobile station 404.MS creates SCRMM 406 and is sent to BSC (scheduler) 408 Rate request.The rate request is included in the SCRMM, which sends on R-FCH.With the speed via SCRM/SCRMM Rate asks relevant uplink requests delay to be expressed as D_RL (request) 410.Each dispatching cycle 414 is once dispatched certainly Fixed 412.After scheduling determines 412, ESCAM/ESCAMM 416 is sent to MS from BSC on forward channels, represents speed Distribution 418.D_FL 420 is delayed with the relevant downlink distribution of rate-allocation via ESCAM/ESCAMM.Two-way time 422 It is round-trip rate request the time it takes.It is the time from rate request to rate-allocation.
Timeline feature is as follows:
Scheduling timing
Scheduled Rate Transmissions
Scheduled Rate Durations
Scheduling timing:Each scheduler operation dispatching cycle is once.If in tiMoment performs first scheduling and determines, then Scheduler is in ti, ti+SCH_PRDi, ti+SCH_PRDi+SCH_PRDi+1... the moment is operated.
Scheduled Rate Transmissions:It is assumed that to MS scheduling must be notified to determine using the sufficient lead time (lead time), Then scheduling determines that constant time lag must be subtracted in the action time of ESCAM/ESCAMM message, i.e. action time is delayed, and reaches.Phase The dispatching cycle answered is { si,si+SCH_PRDi, { si+SCH_PRDi,si+SCH_PRDi+SCH_PRDi+1, { si+SCH_PRDi+ SCH_PRDi+1,si+SCH_PRDi+SCH_PRDi+1+SCH_PRDi+2..., wherein, si-tiRepresent action time delay.During effect Between the value that is delayed depend on the location of scheduler.If the scheduling level of multi-level scheduler is located at BSC, action time delay It is big to be located at the situation of BTS than scheduling level, to ensure that most of MS receive ESCAM/ESCAMM message with high probability.
Scheduled Rate Durations:In { si,si+ SCH_PRD } between any dispatching cycle in, MS can have variable Scheduled duration (SCH_DUR).Parameter MIN_SCH_DUR is the minimum scheduled duration of distribution, and SCH_PRD is point The maximum perdurabgility matched somebody with somebody.SCH_DUR is the variable determined during scheduling, and is become from a scheduling instance to another scheduling instance Change.In one embodiment, SCH_PRD is the integral multiple of MIN_SCH_DUR.Assuming that SCH_PRD/MIN_SCH_DUR=n.It is false If the continuous time block of MIN_SCH_DUR is indexed as i=1,2 in dispatching cycle ..., n.If j+k-1<=n, then be scheduled Persistently sent in k continuous blocks can be scheduled in the distribution of jth BOB(beginning of block).Therefore, in { s dispatching cyclei,si+ SCH_PRD } in, MS scheduled durations are by { si+(j-1)MIN_SCH_DUR,si+ (j-1+k) MIN_SCH_DUR } obtain. For the distribution, SCH_DUR/MIN_SCH_DUR=k, and in the dispatching cycle that ensuing perdurabgility is SCH_DUR Similarly, MS is scheduling to persistently be transmitted within the perdurabgility of SCH_DUR.
In general, SCH_DUR≤SCH_PRD.In the example shown in Figure 4, SCH_DUR<SCH_PRD.SCH_PRD 424 is wrapped N number of piece is included, and SCH_DUR includes k block.
Fig. 5 has been illustrated (should not be with k above-mentioned continuous blocks according to the kth being used in jth sector of one embodiment Obscure) rate determining process of a MS.Fig. 5 shows the variable scheduled durations within dispatching cycle.In one embodiment In, scheduler has time adjustable scheduled duration.Scheduled duration is with the priority depending on MS transmission requests Time, the time maximum can supporting rate and mobile station queue estimation and change.Mobile station queue estimation be queue (i.e. Buffer) in data volume estimation.Maximum can supporting rate be based on MS power constraints.
Transverse axis 502 represents scheduler timeline, wherein tiRepresent scheduling instance.504 permissive action time of transverse axis Beginning si。si-tiSpecify action time delay 506.Scheduling duration period SCH_PRD 508 is shown as having and is four times in The perdurabgility of MIN_SCH_DUR 510, i.e. four blocks.For exemplary purposes, quantity four is selected.For people in the art Member is it is evident that SCH_PRD can realize the permitted any integer of complexity with selected as in addition to four.MIN_ SCH_DUR 510 is the minimum scheduled duration of MS, and the scheduled duration of MS is progressively become with the multiple of MIN_SCH_DUR It is changing but be no more than SCH_PRD 508.
The longitudinal axis 512 represents the capacity of jth sector, and transverse axis 514 represents a perdurabgility MIN_ within dispatching cycle The block of SCH_DUR.The horizontal line 516 intersected with axis 512 represents to allow scheduler to insert (fill during dispatching cycle 508 In maximum capacity number).
Cj (i) represents the active volume of the jth sector on i-th piece.Therefore, Cj (1) 518 represents the jth sector on the 1st piece Active volume.Cj (2) 520 represents the active volume of the jth sector on the 2nd piece.Cj (3) 522 represents that jth is fanned on the 3rd piece The active volume in area.Cj (4) 524 represents the active volume of the jth sector on the 4th piece.
At the time of being scheduled according to scheduler priority list to k-th of MS 530, scheduler scans continuous blocks Various combination so as to if scheduled MS can send maximum amount of data.Because the first active volume 518 in the block only allows Small rate-allocation, thus scheduler can choose with high rate-allocation second and the 3rd piece.If MS is not enough Data to send, then do not give k-th MS distribution speed in the 4th Scheduling Block.
Shared region 526 and 528 represents the capacity consumed from the distribution to k-th of MS 530.In this example embodiment, in Cj Without capacity available enough as the capacity used on Cj (2) 520 on (1) 518;Therefore, the capacity used is located at Cj On (2) 520.There are enough capacity to be used as the capacity used on Cj (2) 520 and Cj (3) 522 on Cj (4) 524, but in Cj There are enough active volumes on (2) 520 and Cj (3) 522, therefore any active volume on Cj (4) 524 need not be used. Therefore, during SCH_PRD, four only two in the block are used to send.
Scheduler describes and process
Scheduling entity maintains all MS lists within the system in the system that the entity is responsible for scheduling.It is also maintained at The BS lists that each MS activation is concentrated.By being associated with each MS, scheduler stores the estimation of MS queue lengths
In MS in request message in one embodiment of report queue length, can more be newly arrived maintenance using following series MS queues are estimated.Queue length estimation is updated after any following event occurs
1st, request message is received.As an example, in IS-2000, using supplemental channel request (SCRM) or Supplemental channel request mini message (SCRMM) carrys out request rate and report MS sends caching estimation:It is updated to:
If scheduling entity knows that uplink is delayed when receiving request message, preferable estimation can be obtained.So Afterwards, within the perdurabgility that request is sent and is received by scheduler, adjustment MS sends the change of caching.
2nd, after the decoding of each grouped channels:
In IS-2000, there are Reverse Fundamental Channel (R-FCH) and reverse complemental channel (R-SCH), and them are used To carry data.In the case of after packet decoding, queue estimation is updated according to following regulation:
Wherein, PL_FCH_OHD and PL_SCH_OHD is respectively the physical layer overhead on R-FCH and R-SCH; CorrectFCHAnd CorrectSCHThe indicator function of respectively R-FCH and R-SCH.
3rd, in scheduling instance ti, scheduler estimates the queue length of MS when next scheduling grant starts:
Wherein, RassignedIt is the speed distributed on the r-sch during current dispatching cycle, RemainingSchDur It is to be used in scheduling instance tiMS is according to R afterwardsassignedThe remaining time that speed is sent on the r-sch.
Dispatching algorithm
Dispatching algorithm has following characteristics:
A) speed based on MS requests, its queue estimation, the handling capacity of distribution and other priority metrics are come to MS speed Order of priority is distinguished in request,
B) it is used for the Greedy Filling that maximum capacity utilizes and increases time division multiplexing (TDM) gain, and
C) from the local Greedy Filling of MS buffer empties maximum datas.Consider as shown below for scheduling to prolong The dispatching algorithm of continuous time { s, s+SCH_PRD }.
The rate determining process of k-th of MS in the j of sector has been illustrated in Fig. 5.
Initially:Order of priority is distinguished to MS rate requests.Relevant with each MS is priority count PRIORITY.Based on all As channel status, the MS buffers queue length of estimation, requested speed and the handling capacity distributed it is various because Usually update the PRIORITY of MS.
1st, assume that load restraint is Loadj≤ max Load, to limit the rise-over-thermal for being more than some threshold value (rise-over-thermal).Assuming that Cj(r) represent in r-th of minimum Scheduling Block { s+ (r-1) MIN_SCH_DUR, s+r MIN_SCH_DUR } in active volume (Fig. 5) on the j of sector.The first step, calculates due to pilot transmission and on fundamental channels Transmission (caused by voice or data) caused by the capacity that is consumed during SCH_PRD, and correspondingly update In each minimum scheduling active volume in the block.Sector load be used for capacity estimation one embodiment in, according to it is following more New available capacity:
Wherein, max Load are to meet that rise-over-thermal interrupts the maximum load of criterion.If MS is allocated on the r-sch Speed Ri, then Sinrj(Ri,E[RFCH]) represent estimation Sinr, the E [R in the j of sectorFCH] it is the expection transmitted on R-FCH Speed.
Order of priority is distinguished to MS rate requests according to the descending of their PRIORITY.Therefore, there is highest The MS of PRIORITY is located at the top of queue.
The 2nd, k=1 is set,
3rd, for d from 1 to n, in available horsepower and queue under the constraint of data available, calculating MS can be continuous at d The maximum rate continuously sent in minimum Scheduling BlockIn one embodiment, wherein MS based on its power limit come Report maximum rate or BS can estimate the maximum power constraint speed of MS, and scheduler can be as shown below according to its team Row are estimated to determine
Rmax(power) it is MS can be supported when giving its power limit maximum rate.In the SCRM/ being most recently received Maximum rate is reported in SCRMM message.
4th, it is in the block based on each minimum schedulingWith active volume Cj(r), determine to distribute to The speed R of k MSk(r, d), the speed is from r-th of BOB(beginning of block) and continues d continuous blocks.It is selectedValue is maximum Change the data sent in the arbitrary continuation interval within dispatching cycle { s, s+SCH_PRD }, in being spaced as simultaneous selection Minimum interval maximizes TDMA gains.
Initial MS queues is empty, Q (e)=0,
Following iterative method finds out the r for maximizing Q (e) simultaneous selection minimum scheduled durations*、d*With
For d=1:N,
For r=1:N-d+1,
Determine whether kth can be dispatched in { s+ (r-1) MIN_SCH_DUR, s+ (r-1+d) MIN_SCH_DUR } is spaced A MS.
Define Cav(j) it is that the reckling of maximum capacity can be used in d continuous blocks for start from r blocks.If according to perseverance Constant speed rate continuous dispatching in the perdurabgility MIN_SCH_DUR of d continuous blocks, then this is maximum capacity that MS can be used.Number On, Cav(j)=min { Cj(r),Cj(r+1),…,Cj(r+d-1)}.Positioned at the only biography of k-th of position in priority list The MS of data can distribute speed Rk(r, d), the speed are
If Q (e)<(Rk(r,d)×20ms-PL_SCH_OHD)×(d×MIN_SCH_DUR/20ms){
Preserve:r*=r, d*=d and
Q (e)=(Rk(r,d)×20ms-PL_SCH_OHD)×(d×MIN_SCH_DUR/20ms)}
Active volume is updated to:
If the 5th,WithThen increase the PRIORITY of MS.Otherwise, do not change MS's PRIORITY。
6th, k=k+1;If k<The sum of MS in list, then go to step 3, otherwise stop.
In order to compress efficiently using for encapsulation and capacity, big n is preferable.But as described above, this increases algorithm Complexity.So scheduler, which is realized, can choose different SCH_PRD and n values, and this compromise is differently managed.
Table 1
The design parameter of baseline
It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that other values can be used for the parameter in table 1.For this area Technical staff is also apparent that more or fewer parameters can be used for specifically realizing.
It will be understood to those of skill in the art that without departing from the scope of the invention, the step of method can be exchanged Suddenly.It will further be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that it can represent information using any technology in a variety of techniques and technology And signal.For example, in the data mentioned in whole above description, instruction, order, information, signal, position, symbol, and chip Can by voltage, electric current, electromagnetic wave, magnetic field or particle, light field or particle, or above-mentioned any combination represent.
It should be understood by those skilled in the art that it can represent information and signal using any various technologies and method.Example Such as, data, instruction, order, information, signal, position, symbol and the chip referred in whole above description can be by electricity Pressure, electric current, electromagnetic wave, magnetic field or particle, light field or particle, or above-mentioned any combination represent.
Fig. 6 is the block diagram according to the BS 12 of one embodiment.On the uplink, by launching (TX) data Processor 612 receives and handles the data of (such as formatting, coding etc.) downlink.By with the relevant parameter of each channel Set to determine the processing of the channel, and in one embodiment, each letter can be performed according to the description of standard document The processing in road.Then processed data are supplied to modulator (MOD) 614, and it is further handled (for example, being believed Road, scrambling etc.) to provide modulated data.Transmitter (TMTR) unit 616 then the data conversion through ovennodulation into One or more analog signals, are further adjusted the analog signal (for example, amplification, filtering and up-conversion) with offer Downlink signal.It route the down link signal by duplexer (D) 622 and be sent to purpose MS via antenna 624.
Fig. 7 is the block diagram according to the MS 106 of one embodiment.Down link signal is received by antenna 712, Routed it by duplexer 714, and be supplied to receiver (RCVR) unit 722.Receiver unit 722 is adjusted (for example, filter Ripple, amplification and down coversion) received signal step of going forward side by side digitizes the adjusted signal to provide sampling.Then demodulate Device 724 receives and handles (descrambling, the channelizing and data demodulation) sampling to provide symbol.Demodulator 724 can be realized Rake receiver, the Rake receiver can handle multiple situations (or multipath component) of the reception signal and provide the symbol of merging Number.Receive (RX) data processor 726 and then decode the symbol, check received packet and decoded packet is provided.Solution The processing of modulator 724 and RX data processors 726 is complementary with the processing of modulator 614 and TX data processors 612 respectively.
On uplink, the data of uplink, pilot data and feedback information are by launching (TX) data processor 742 To handle (for example, formatting, coding etc.), further handled (by channelizing, scrambling etc.) by modulator (MOD) 744, and Believed by transmitter unit 746 to adjust (for example, being converted into analog signal, amplification, filtering and up-conversion) with providing uplink Number.Standard document describes the data processing for uplink.Uplink signal is route by duplexer 714 and via day Line 712 is sent to one or more BS 12.
Referring again back to Fig. 6, on BS 12, uplink signal is received by antenna 624, is route by duplexer 622, and It is supplied to receiver unit 628.Receiver unit 628 adjusts (for example, down coversion, the filtering and amplification) received signal and goes forward side by side One step digitizes the adjusted signal to provide sample streams.
In the embodiment shown in fig. 6, BS 12 includes many channel processor 630a to 630n.Each channel processor 630 can be allocated to handle the sample streams of a MS, with recover the data that are sent on uplink by the MS of the distribution and Feedback information.Each channel processor 630 includes:(1) (for example, descrambling, channelizing etc.) sampling is handled to provide the solution of symbol Modulator 632, and (2) further handle the symbol to provide the RX data processors of decoded data to the MS distributed 634。
Controller 640 and 730 controls the processing on BS and MS respectively.Each controller is also designed as performing complete Portion or partial scheduling process.Program code and data needed for controller 640 and 730 can be respectively stored in memory cell In 642 and 732.
Those skilled in the art will also be appreciated that, here in conjunction with the various exemplary logics of the disclosed embodiments description Frame, module, circuit and algorithm steps can be with electronic hardware, computer softwares, or the two combination is realized.In order to clearly Interchangeability between hardware and software is shown, the above to various exemplary component, square frame, module, circuit and steps with Its functional form carries out description generally.This feature is with hardware realization or implemented in software dependent on specific Application and the design constraint that is applied of whole system.Those skilled in the art can be directed to each specific application with a variety of sides Formula realizes described function, but the result of this realization should not be interpreted as causing away from the scope of the present invention.
Utilize a general processor, digital signal processor (DSP), application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), field-programmable Gate array (FPGA) either other programmable logical device discrete gates or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or it Among any combination can realize or perform with reference to embodiment disclosed herein description various exemplary logic diagrams, Module and circuit.One general processor is probably a microprocessor, but in another scenario, processor is probably to appoint What conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine.One processor may also be implemented as computing device Combination, for example, the combination of DSP and microprocessor, multi-microprocessor, the microprocessor of one or more combination DSP cores, Or any other such a structure.
Hardware can be embodied directly in reference to the method or algorithm that embodiment disclosed herein describes, is performed by processor Software module, or the combination of both.One software module is likely to be present in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, Eprom memory, eeprom memory, register, hard disk, mobile disk, CD-ROM, or it is well known in the art any other In the storage media of form.A kind of exemplary storage medium is coupled with processor so that processor can be read from the storage media Information, and can be to the storage media write information.In example is replaced, storage media may be integral to the processor.Processor and deposit Storage medium is likely to be present in an ASIC.The ASIC is likely to be present in a subscriber station.In one is replaced example, processing Device and storage media can exist as the discrete assembly in subscriber station.
The foregoing description for providing the disclosed embodiment may be such that those skilled in the art can realize or use The present invention.For those skilled in the art, the various modifications of these embodiments are it will be apparent that and defining here General principles can also be applied to other embodiment on the basis of the scope and spirit of the present invention are not departed from.Therefore, this hair It is bright to be not limited to shown here embodiment, but with meeting the widest scope phase one of principle disclosed herein and novel feature Cause.
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In this puzzle game, the object is to clear a safe path to lead four "princesses" (other ants) to safety. The gameplay … VIEW
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I'm not sure why anyone would want to play a computer slot machine game for any length of time since you don't win any … VIEW
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Very similar to the card game UNO. You can play against the computer (an alien, hence the name "UFO") or against a … VIEW
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This is a fun game! Like it's name implies, it's a shooting gallery, where you have to shoot the bottles, spinners, … VIEW
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The Clifton in Morecambe ★★★
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Morecambe - 43-46 Marine Road West
A partire da 42 EUR
Good, 7,2
39 reviews
Overall Evaluation
No available data
Hotel Description
The Clifton offers en suite bed and breakfast accommodation throughout the year and evening meals are available on request.The guest house has a lounge with a large-screen TV and views of the magnificent scenery of Morecambe Bay, across to the mountains of the Lake District on the horizon.There is also a games room with a selection of arcade games, a pool table and a table tennis table. The games room has access to the sun patio, just in front of the guest house's licensed bar.The Clifton has a large entertainment room with sofas and tables, where you can sit and relax. The entertainment room has a large dance floor and occasionally hosts parties, games and live entertainment.
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text:
Varsity Tutors is searching for a talented Senior Accountant to join our fast growing team! The Senior Accountant manages the day-to-day and long-term accounting functions of the company. The individual in this role will assist with all aspects of financial reporting, including management reporting and month end close responsibilities. This position will work out of our corporate headquarters in St. Louis, Missouri.
Varsity Tutors is a live learning platform that connects students and professionals with personalized instruction to achieve any goal. Experts are available to meet in person or through the company's award-winning online and mobile platforms, which account for the majority of all sessions. Varsity Tutors recently closed a $50M Series C funding round, bringing its total funding to $107M. The round was led by Learn Capital, with participation from The Chan Zuckerberg Initiative and existing investor TCV. The funds will enable Varsity Tutors to further its vision of seamlessly connecting experts and learners in any subject, anywhere, at any time.
- Masters in Accounting
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- Assist in preparation of monthly, quarterly and annual financial statements, including analyzing variances to forecast and prior years
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- Day-to-day accounting including creating and reviewing journal entries, participation in month end close processes and account reconciliations
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- Implementation of financial, operational, and accounting controls
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- Share early identification of problem areas and relevant reporting as appropriate
Varsity Tutors is proud to be an equal opportunity employer! We will not discriminate against any applicant or employee on the basis of age, race, color, creed, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity or expression, medical condition, national origin, ancestry, citizenship, marital status or civil partnership/union status, physical or mental disability, pregnancy, childbirth, genetic information, military and veteran status, or any other basis prohibited by applicable federal, state or local law. Varsity Tutors will consider for employment qualified applicants with criminal histories in a manner consistent with local and federal requirements. (INDHP)


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Reviewed by Heather Richardson
Here is another useful resource from worshiptogether.com. This large A4 book has a host of modern songs mainly from the northern hemisphere, Chris Tomlin, Matt Redman, David Crowder and Rebecca St James to name but a few. The piano and guitar score for all the songs are spread over several pages, so although the notation is easy to read there is a lot of page turning! The accompaniment is not for beginners and a lot of the keys are pitched high and require a capo or more advanced guitar chords. The latter are described diagrammatically at the end of each song. There are some useful indices at the front: one is thematic, another for each key and another by tempo while the book itself is laid out alphabetically according to song title. I liked the range of songs, but I'm not so sure about the layout. Certainly the book is worth a look and you'll need a large space on the shelf for this tome.
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