text:
In the Interest of J.W.G., Child Appeal from 313th District Court of Harris County (memorandum opinion)Annotate this Case
Download PDF
Affirmed in Part and Reversed and Remanded in Part and Memorandum Opinion filed November 9, 2017. In The Fourteenth Court of Appeals NO. 14-17-00389-CV IN THE INTEREST OF J.W.G., CHILD On Appeal from the 313th District Court Harris County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. 2016-02093J MEMORANDUM OPINION This is an appeal from a judgment terminating the parental rights of T.G. (Mother) and appointing the Department of Family and Protective Services (the Department) sole managing conservator of the child, J.W.G. (Jerry) following a jury trial. Mother and her father (Grandfather) raise several issues challenging the Final Decree of Termination.1 We affirm in part and reverse and remand in part. 1 Father did not appeal the termination of his parental rights. BACKGROUND In February 2015, the Department received a referral alleging neglectful supervision of one-month-old Jerry by Mother. It was reported Mother may be using methamphetamine and hanging out with known drug dealers. The Department was unable to make contact with Mother until May 2015. At that time, Mother agreed to participate in Family Based Safety Services (FBSS) and Jerry was placed with Grandfather pursuant to a parental child safety placement. The placement prohibited unsupervised contact between Mother or Father and Jerry. During the FBSS case, the Department received a referral of neglectful supervision. The referral alleged Grandfather was permitting Mother and Father to have unsupervised access to Jerry and that Mother and Father were using methamphetamine. In December 2015, another referral of neglectful supervision by Mother and Grandfather was received. Mother and Grandfather were reported to have engaged in an argument with Father in the presence of Jerry. Father threatened Grandfather during the argument. Father was arrested and incarcerated as a result of the incident. On April 7, 2016, the Department filed a petition for termination of Mother's parental rights to Jerry. The Department also sought sole managing conservatorship. The Department was granted temporary custody of Jerry and he was placed with Father's mother (Grandmother). Grandfather intervened in the termination suit seeking "access, increased access, possession, and managing/possessory conservatorship (sole & joint)." The case proceeded to a jury trial. The jury returned a verdict terminating Mother's parental rights and appointing the Department as the sole managing conservator of Jerry. This appeal followed. 2 ANALYSIS Appellants raise five issues challenging the trial court's judgment: (1) the trial court erred in denying Mother's requested jury instructions requiring ten jurors to agree on the same ground for termination; (2) the trial court erred in denying Grandfather's requested jury question on joint managing conservatorship; (3) the trial court erred in denying Grandfather's requested jury question on possessory conservatorship; (4) the trial court erred in admitting evidence which was not produced in discovery, included hearsay, and was not authenticated; and (5) the trial judge violated Texas Rule of Evidence 605 by testifying as a witness. A. Broad-Form Submission Mother contends that it cannot be determined if ten jurors agreed on any one predicate ground for termination based on the charge submitted to the jury such that the charge is erroneous and violates Mother's due process rights. The Department responds that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in submitting the broad-form jury charge. We review alleged error in submitting the charge to the jury for abuse of discretion. See Texas Dept. of Human Services v. E.B., 802 S.W.2d 647, 649 (Tex. 1990). A trial court abuses its discretion when it acts without reference to any guiding principle. Id. The jury charge in the present case presented four predicate grounds for termination in the disjunctive and with a broad-form question regarding whether the parent-child relationship should be terminated. The jury charge included relevant "specific instructions" for the termination question as follows: For the parent-child relationship to be terminated in this case at least one, but not all, of the following grounds for termination must be proven by clear and convincing evidence for each child. While the jury need only find one of the following grounds for termination, at least ten jurors must agree that a parent committed at least one of the grounds 3 for termination regarding each child, and at least ten of the same jurors must agree that termination of that parent's rights is in each child's best interest. (A) The parent knowingly placed or knowingly allowed the child to remain in conditions or surroundings which endanger the physical or emotional well-being of the child; OR (B) The parent engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the child with persons who engaged in conduct which endangers the physical or emotional well-being of the child; OR (C) The parent failed to comply with the provisions of a court order that specifically established the actions necessary for the parent to obtain the return of the child who has been in temporary managing conservatorship of [the Department] for not less than nine months as a result of the child's removal from the parent under Chapter 262 (Procedures in Suit by Governmental Entity) for the abuse or neglect of the child; OR (D) The parent used a controlled substance, as defined by Chapter 481, Health and Safety Code, in a manner that endangered the health or safety of the child, and (1) failed to complete a court-ordered substance abuse treatment program; or (2) after completion of a court-ordered substance abuse treatment program continued to abuse a controlled substance, AND By clear and convincing evidence that: Termination of the parental rights is in the best interest of the child. The jury question stated "[i]n answering [the termination question], you are bound by the previous instructions2 and definitions given." The jury answered "yes" to the question: "[s]hould the parent-child relationship between [Mother] and [Jerry] be terminated?" 2 The instructions included the statement "[y]ou may render your verdict upon the vote of ten or more members of the jury. The same ten or more jurors must agree upon each and every answer(s) and to the entire verdict. You will not, therefore, enter into an agreement to be bound by a majority or any other vote of less than the same ten jurors to each question." 4 The charge in a parental termination suit should be the same as in other civil cases. E.B., 802 S.W.2d at 649. In all jury cases, the trial court shall, whenever feasible, submit the cause upon broad form questions. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 277. Mother contends that the predicate grounds submitted in the charge in the disjunctive does not allow a determination if ten jurors agreed to the same predicate ground. Mother seeks to distinguish the leading case on this issue, Texas Dept. of Human Services v. E.B., from the present case as E.B. involved termination under only subsections (D) and (E), which both involve endangerment. Id., 802 S.W.2d at 648. Accordingly, Mother contends it was possible for the ten jurors in E.B. to agree that termination was appropriate on grounds of endangerment. However, although subsections (D) and (E) both focus on endangerment, they differ with regard to the source and proof of endangerment. See In re A.S., 261 S.W.3d 76, 83 (Tex. App.— Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, pet. denied). Accordingly, the charge in E.B. involved alternative grounds for termination submitted disjunctively, much like the charge in the present case. See In re M.C.M., 57 S.W.3d 27, 31 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, pet. denied). According to the Texas Supreme Court, the controlling question in a parental termination case is whether the parent-child relationship should be terminated, not which specific predicate ground the jury relied on to affirmatively answer the question posed. See E.B., 802 S.W.2d at 649. Further, the court rejected the argument that the charge, as presented to the jury, violated mother's due process rights. See id. Because the jury charge approved in E.B. is similar to that given in this case and E.B. has not been overruled, we conclude, as have several sister courts,3 that E.B. is 3 Click v. Tex. Dep't of Family and Protective Servs., No. 03-10-00123-CV, 2010 WL 3927606, at *3 (Tex. App.—Austin Oct. 8, 2010, no pet.) (mem. op.) ("Because it remains true that the supreme court has not held that ten jurors must agree on a particular ground for termination, we again conclude that judgments based on broad-form submission of valid grounds for termination are acceptable."); In re L.C., 145 S.W.3d 790, 795 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2004, no 5 binding authority. Accordingly, we conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in presenting the jury a broad-form charge and the charge as presented did not violate Mother's due process rights. See In re M.C.M., 57 S.W.3d at 31 (controlling issues properly submitted through broad-form submission); Click v. Tex. Dep't of Family and Protective Servs., No. 03-10-00123-CV, 2010 WL 3927606, at *3 (Tex. App.—Austin Oct. 8, 2010, no pet.) (mem. op.) ("due process allows jurors to agree that at least one of the alleged grounds for termination has been proven without reaching an agreement as to any particular ground"). Alternatively, Mother contends the charge in the present case included an invalid predicate ground because there was insufficient evidence to terminate under subsection (O), an alternative ground presented in the termination question. Mother contends the presentation of an invalid predicate ground in the charge makes it impossible to determine if Mother's parental rights were terminated on a valid ground, relying on Crown Life Ins. Co. v. Casteel, 22 S.W.3d 378 (Tex. 2000). Mother did not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support the predicate ground of subsection (O) in the trial court, nor does she on appeal. Mother also did not object to the submission of subsection (O). Indeed, Mother's proposed charge included the predicate ground of subsection (O). A complaint to the jury charge is waived unless the trial court is made aware of the complaint through an objection, timely and plainly, and a ruling is obtained. See In re B.L.D., 113 S.W.3d 340, 349 pet.) ("We, too, are bound by E.B."); In re J.M.M., 80 S.W.3d 232, 249 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2002, pet. denied), disapproved of on other grounds by In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 267, n. 39 (Tex. 2002) ("Without further guidance from the supreme court, it is difficult to see how [Crown Life Ins. Co. v. Casteel, 22 S.W.3d 378 (Tex. 2000)] necessarily impacts the holding in E.B. that a broad-form submission of multiple grounds for termination comports with due process."); In re K.S., 76 S.W.3d 36, 49 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2002, no pet.) ("We are bound to follow E.B. unless the Texas Supreme Court overrules or vitiates it."); In re M.C.M., 57 S.W.3d 27, 31, n. 2 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, pet. denied) ("E.B. has not been overruled, and this Court must follow it.") 6 (Tex. 2003); Tex. R. App. P. 33.1. We conclude Mother's challenge to the jury instruction based on the inclusion of an invalid predicate ground was waived. See In re K.S., 76 S.W.3d 36, 48 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2002, no pet.). We overrule appellants' first issue. B. Admission of Evidence Appellants' fourth issue challenges the admission of a video into evidence. Appellants contend the video should have been excluded because it was not produced in discovery, was not properly authenticated, and contained hearsay. We review a trial court's decision to admit evidence for an abuse of discretion. See In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 285 (Tex. 2002). For purposes of this appeal we presume that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the video. Error in improperly admitting evidence is not reversible unless the error "probably caused the rendition of an improper judgment" or "probably prevented the appellant from properly presenting the case to the court of appeals." Tex. R. App. P. 44.1(a); In re E.A.K., 192 S.W.3d 133, 148 (Tex. App.— Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, pet. denied). "Reversible error does not usually occur in connection with evidentiary rulings unless appellant demonstrates that the whole case turns on the particular evidence excluded or admitted." Dudley v. Humana Hosp. Corp., 817 S.W.2d 124, (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1991, no writ). Error in the admission of evidence is harmless if the objecting party subsequently permits the same or similar evidence to be introduced without objection. See In re E.A.K., 192 S.W.3d at 148. Appellants' contentions on appeal regarding the harm caused by admission of the video relate primarily to the conservatorship findings. Appellants contend "[t]he 'dramatic' recording is 'the central issue of the case' and proves 'whether [Grandfather] can be protective and whether [Grandfather] is going to protect the 7 child from [Mother]." The Department contends the video was not harmful because it was cumulative of other evidence. In the present case, the evidence presumed to have been erroneously admitted was a video4 from a police body camera. The video depicted Grandfather outside Mother's apartment with two police officers. The video also depicted Father opening the door to Mother's apartment holding Jerry and Mother inside the apartment. The video contained statements by Grandfather indicating he was aware Jerry was in the apartment with both parents. At trial, the Department and ad litem relied on the video to argue Grandfather could not be protective of Jerry because the video evidenced a violation of Grandfather's agreement with the Department during FBSS to not allow unsupervised visitation by Mother or Father. The record contains testimony from witnesses regarding unsupervised visits by Mother and Father with Jerry during the period Jerry was placed with Grandfather. Mother also testified generally regarding the incident depicted in the video. We recognize that the video was more striking than the witness testimony due to dramatic effect. However, appellants did not object to other evidence similar to that depicted in the video regarding Father's presence in the apartment and unsupervised visitation by the parents with Jerry. Accordingly, we conclude admission of the video into evidence was harmless. See Mason v. Tex. Dep't of Family and Protective Servs., No. 03-11-00205-CV, 2012 WL 1810620, at *15 (Tex. App.—Austin May 17, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op.). We overrule appellants' fourth issue. 4 The record indicates a second video was played to the jury from the second officer's body camera from the same incident. The record does not indicate that the second video was admitted as an exhibit at trial and no party complains about the failure to admit the second video as an exhibit on appeal. Accordingly, we review appellants' fourth issue based on the admission into evidence of the first video. 8 C. Trial Judge's Witness Testimony In their fifth issue, appellants contend the trial judge abused his discretion in testifying as a witness. Appellants point to three instances where they contend the trial judge improperly testified before the jury. The Department contends the statements were judicial in nature and did not constitute witness testimony. Rule 605 of the Texas Rules of Evidence states "[t]he presiding judge may not testify as a witness at trial. A party need not object to preserve the issue." Tex. R. Evid. 605. We evaluate "whether the judge's statement of fact is essential to the exercise of some judicial function or is the functional equivalent of witness testimony." In re C.C.K., No. 02-12-00347-CV, 2013 WL 452163, at *33 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Feb. 7, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op.). The first instance in which appellants contend the trial judge testified involves the following exchange: Q Now, isn't your big fear that [Jerry] might go to foster care? A Yeah, that is a fear of mine. Q Now, right now CPS has primary custody. They're the managing conservator? A That's right. Q But that's not you. You're not the managing conservator? A No. CPS. Q CPS has the right to determine where [Jerry] lives? A That's right. Q You don't have that, right? A That's right. Q And CPS can remove [Jerry] from you and place where they -- A Yes. Q -- want. 9 A Yes. THE COURT: Subject to Court approval. Make sure you put that, subject to Court's acquiescence. Appellants contend the judge's comment indicated the court's favor in appointing the Department managing conservator of Jerry. Appellants further contend the comment defused their argument that the Grandfather would be a preferred managing conservator to the Department which had not been trustworthy or reliable. A trial court has discretion over the conduct of a trial and the authority to express itself in exercising this broad discretion. See Dow Chemical Co. v. Francis, 46 S.W.3d 237, 240–41 (Tex. 2001). The judge's comments in this instance are aimed at clarifying the law. We conclude the judge's comment was an exercise of judicial function and not the functional equivalence of witness testimony. Next, appellants contend the following was testimony by the trial judge during Grandfather's cross-examination of Grandmother: Q Let me show you Petitioner's 48, this is a booklet of all sorts of photos of [Jerry]? A Yes. Q That's a very nice photo -- I mean, album. A Uh-huh. Q Did you do this? A It's probably pictures that I took. Q No, I mean this album. Who put this album together? MR. MILLARD: Your Honor, that's irrelevant. I did it. That's irrelevant. MR. POOCK: Judge -THE COURT: It's irrelevant who put it together. Appellants contend they were trying to establish that Grandmother did not put together the photo album to rebut evidence that she was a great caretaker for Jerry. 10 Appellant contends the trial judge's statement contradicts this argument. However, the trial judge's statement was not the "functional equivalent of witness testimony." See In re C.C.K., 2013 WL 452163, at *33. Rather, the trial judge's statement was a ruling on an evidentiary objection. Finally, appellants contend that the following comments by the trial judge constitute witness testimony: Q (By Mr. Millard) Ma'am, you understand that before you can adopt, there will be a detailed home study done on you? MR. POOCK: Personal knowledge, Your Honor. THE COURT: If you know, ma'am. A I've gone through a foster to adopt licensing program, and they said that the adoption is a lot like the -- MR. POOCK: This is hearsay, Your Honor. A Is a lot like the foster. THE COURT: Sustained. Q (By Mr. Millard) More importantly, you understand that the adoption never occurs unless the ad litem and Court approve it? MR. POOCK: Personal knowledge and speculation. She doesn't know the legal – THE COURT: Do you know that the case is still monitored by the Court? THE WITNESS: Yeah. Appellants contend the trial judge's statement indicated to the jury he would monitor the case such that the Department's reliability did not matter. We disagree. The trial judge's comment does not "convey factual information not in evidence." Rather, the statement is made in performance of his judicial function determining whether the witness had personal knowledge so a ruling on the objection could be made. We conclude the complained of comments served a judicial function and do not constitute the trial judge testifying as a witness. We overrule appellants' fifth 11 issue. D. Conservatorship Jury Questions The second and third issues challenge jury questions requested by Grandfather on joint conservatorship and possessory conservatorship. The trial court refused all of Grandfather's requested jury questions on conservatorship. Grandfather contends the trial court erred in denying his requested jury questions related to joint and possessory conservatorship. The Department responds that Grandfather's pleadings were insufficient to raise the issue of joint or possessory conservatorship such that the trial court's refusal was proper. As to the requested instruction on possessory conservatorship, the Department contends Grandfather's objection at trial was untimely and therefore waived. Finally, the Department contends Grandfather lacked standing to intervene in the suit and should be denied all relief on appeal. 1. Standing While the record on appeal does not indicate that the Department challenged Grandfather's standing to intervene in the suit before the trial court, the Department challenges his standing on appeal. Constitutional standing is a requirement of subject matter jurisdiction; it cannot be waived and may be raised by a party or a court at any time, including on appeal. See In re K.S., 492 S.W.3d 419, 423 (Tex. App.— Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, pet. denied). The Department does not challenge Grandfather's constitutional standing, nor could it successfully do so. See id. at 423. Instead, the Department challenges Grandfather's ability to maintain this suit under the Family Code. See id. (explaining distinction between constitutional requirement that plaintiff have standing, which implicates court's jurisdiction and may be raised for the first time on appeal, and statutory restrictions on who may 12 bring suit, which affect plaintiff's right to relief rather than court's jurisdiction). Generally, standing to intervene is commensurate with standing to file an original lawsuit. See In re N.L.D., 412 S.W.3d 810, 815 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2013, no pet.). Statutory standing to file an original suit affecting the parent-child relationship is governed by sections 102.003 and 102.004 of the Family Code. See id.; Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §§ 102.003, 102.004. The Department contends Grandfather's remedy was to file an independent suit within 90 days of the decree of termination under section 102.006 of the Family Code. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 102.006(a). Because this argument does not implicate the trial court's jurisdiction, but rather concerns whether Grandfather met the statutory requirements for maintaining suit, it may not be raised for the first time on appeal. See In re K.S., 492 S.W.3d at 423; see also Dubai Petroleum Co. v. Kazi, 12 S.W.3d 71, 76–77 (Tex. 2000). Yet even if the argument had been preserved, it would fail. Section 102.006, relied on by the Department, applies after parental rights have been terminated. The present case involves Grandfather's intervention into a suit to terminate parental rights brought by the Department. Accordingly, Grandfather's statutory standing to intervene is governed by sections 102.003 and 102.004. See In re G.H., No. 02-1400261-CV, 2015 WL 3827703, at *3 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth June 18, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op.); In re N.L.D., 412 S.W.3d at 218. Grandfather's petition in intervention stated he was "a person, other than a foster parent, who has had actual care, control, and possession of the child for at least six months ending not more than 90 days preceding the date of the filing of the petition." Grandfather's petition in intervention pled a proper basis for statutory standing under section 102.003(a)(9). See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 102.003(a)(9). "[P]leading a proper basis for standing is sufficient to show standing, unless a party challenges standing and submits evidence showing the non-existence of a fact 13 necessary for standing." In re K.D.H., 426 S.W.3d 879, 884 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, no pet.). Based on the record before our court, no party challenged Grandfather's standing to intervene in the trial court. Additionally, the Department does not challenge Grandfather's pleadings regarding statutory standing in this court. Rather, the Department contends Grandfather lacked standing because section 102.006 required him to file suit 90 days after the termination decree was final. However, Grandfather's pleading is sufficient to show statutory standing under section 102.003(a)(9). See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 102.003(a)(9); In re K.D.H., 426 S.W.3d at 884. Nothing more was required. 2. Joint Conservatorship During the charge conference, Grandfather objected "to no question on joint managing conservatorship." Grandfather submitted the following proposed jury questions as to joint conservatorship: Question 1: Who should be appointed managing conservator of the child? You may answer by naming one person sole managing conservator or by naming two persons joint managing conservators. Answer in writing the name of the person who should be appointed sole managing conservator or by writing the names of the two persons who should be appointed joint managing conservators. Question 2: If, in answer to Question 1, you named two persons joint managing conservators of the child, then answer Question 2 and Question 3. Otherwise, do not answer Question 2 and Question 3. Which joint managing conservator should have the exclusive right to designate the primary residence of the child? Answer by writing the name of the joint managing conservator. Question 3: Should the joint managing conservator you named in Question 2 above 14 be permitted to designate the primary residence of the child without regard to geographic location or with a geographic restriction? Answer by writing "Without regarding to geographic location" or "With a geographic restriction." Question 4: If you answered Question 3 "With a geographic location," answer Question 4. Otherwise, do not answer Question 4. State the geographic area within which the joint managing conservator must designate the child's primary residence. The requested questions on joint managing conservatorship follow the pattern jury charge. See Comm. on Pattern Jury Charges, State Bar of Tex., Texas Pattern Jury Charges: Family & Probate PJC 216.1A (2016). A trial court shall submit the questions, instructions, and definitions raised by the written pleadings and the evidence. Tex. R. Civ. P. 278; In re T.S., No. 14-0500348-CV, 2006 WL 1642218, at *6 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] June 15, 2006, no pet.) (mem. op.). If some evidence is presented to support the submission of the requested question, the trial court commits reversible error if it fails to submit the question. 4901 Main, Inc. v. TAS Automotive, Inc., 187 S.W.3d 627, 631 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, no pet.). "A trial court may refuse to submit an issue only if no evidence exists to warrant its submission." Elbaor v. Smith, 845 S.W.2d 240, 243 (Tex. 1992). We review error as to jury questions for an abuse of discretion. In re T.S., 2006 WL 1642218, at *6. Written Pleadings Raised Joint Conservatorship The Department contends Grandfather's pleadings did not raise the issue of joint conservatorship. Grandfather objected to the jury questions not including a question on joint conservatorship and tendered a question on joint managing conservatorship to the court. The trial judge stated "[t]he way you've pled the joint managing -- the request in your pleadings had in your prayer, it had, in parenthesis, 15 sole and joint, but it's not specific enough as to give the Court knowledge." Accordingly, the trial court denied the request and denied Grandfather's request to re-plead. The trial judge signed and marked the requested questions "refused." Grandfather contends his petition in intervention supported the requested question on joint conservatorship. Grandfather's petition in intervention prayed for "access, increased access, possession, and managing/possessory conservatorship (sole & joint)." A pleading should contain "a short statement of the cause of action sufficient to give fair notice of the claim involved." Tex. R. Civ. P. 47(a). In the absence of special exceptions, a pleading should be construed liberally in favor of the pleader. Boyles v. Kerr, 855 S.W.2d 593, 601 (Tex. 1993). A court should uphold the pleading as to a claim that may be reasonably inferred from what is specifically stated. Id. Here, the pleadings were sufficient to put the Department on notice that Grandfather was intervening for conservatorship of Jerry – either managing or possessory and sole5 or joint. Evidence Supported a Jury Question on Joint Conservatorship The Department also contends that joint conservatorship is not permitted under section 161.207. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.207. We disagree. "If the court terminates the parent-child relationship with respect to both parents or to the only living parent, the court shall appoint a suitable, competent adult, the Department of Family and Protective Services, or a licensed child-placing agency as managing conservator of the child." Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.207(a). The Texas Family Code chapter providing for involuntary termination of parental rights does not mention joint or sole managing conservatorship; it simply provides for the appointment of a managing conservator following termination. See id. 5 A jury question was submitted to the jury on sole managing conservatorship in which the jury could choose between the Department and Grandfather. 16 § 161.001-.211; In re T.S., 2006 WL 1642218, at *5. Accordingly, we turn to Chapter 153 of the Texas Family Code to determine when joint managing conservatorship may be granted. In re T.S., 2006 WL 1642218, at *5. In suits affecting the parent-child relationship, the court may appoint a sole or joint managing conservators, unless there is credible evidence of a history of child abuse or neglect. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §§ 153.004, 153.005(a). Joint managing conservators share parental rights and duties. In re T.S., 2006 WL 1642218, at *5. "A nonparent, [the Department], or a licensed child-placing agency appointed as a joint managing conservator may serve in that capacity with either another nonparent or with a parent of the child." Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 153.372(a). Section 153.372 permits the Department to serve as joint managing conservator with another nonparent, such as Grandfather. Additionally, courts have appointed joint managing conservators in the judgment terminating parental rights. See In re C.A.B., 289 S.W.3d 874, 878 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, no pet.) (affirming trial court judgment terminating parental rights and appointing grandparents joint managing conservators); In re R.A., Jr., No. 07-08-0084-CV, 2009 WL 77853 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Jan. 13, 2009, no pet.) (mem. op.) (wherein court affirmed trial court order appointing Department and foster parents joint managing conservators). In determining issues of conservatorship and possession, the best interest of the child is the primary consideration. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 153.002. In reviewing whether there was some evidence that would support a jury question on joint conservatorship, we look to what evidence is considered in supporting a best interest finding.6 Courts may consider the following non-exclusive factors in reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support the best-interest finding: the desires of the 6 We note that the trial judge found sufficient evidence to submit a question as to Grandfather's serving as sole managing conservator. 17 child; the physical and emotional needs of the child now and in the future; the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the future; the parental abilities of the persons seeking custody; the programs available to assist those persons seeking custody in promoting the best interest of the child; the plans for the child by the individuals or agency seeking custody; the stability of the home or proposed placement; acts or omissions of the parent that may indicate the existing parent-child relationship is not appropriate; and any excuse for the parent's acts or omissions. Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371–72 (Tex. 1976). In the present case, evidence of Jerry's best interest was offered relevant to the needs of Jerry, Grandfather's parental abilities, Grandfather's plans for the child, and the stability of Grandfather's home. Additionally, in response to the Department's suggestion that appointing Grandfather as conservator would not be appropriate based on past actions, Grandfather asked a Department caseworker whether the Department could monitor Grandfather if they were appointed joint managing conservators. We conclude some evidence was offered to support the submission of a question on joint conservatorship to the jury. Because joint conservatorship was raised by the pleadings and evidence, the trial court abused its discretion in refusing to submit a question on joint conservatorship to the jury. If a trial court errs in refusing to submit a jury question, we do not reverse absent harm. Heritage Gulf Coast Properties, Ltd. v. Sandalwood Apartments, Inc., 416 S.W.3d 642, 655 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, no pet.); see also Tex. R. App. P. 44.1(a). The omission of an instruction is reversible error if the omission probably caused the rendition of an improper judgment. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.1(a). In determining harm, we consider the entire record, including the pleadings, evidence, and charge. 4901 Main, Inc., 187 S.W.3d at 631. It is harmful error to refuse a jury question on a valid theory of recovery raised 18 by the pleadings and evidence when the question is timely raised and requested as part of the charge. See Exxon Corp. v. Perez, 842 S.W.2d 629, 631 (Tex. 1992). Here, Grandfather pled and submitted evidence regarding conservatorship, including joint conservatorship. Additionally, in a parental-termination suit "the court may appoint a sole managing conservator or may appoint joint managing conservators." Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 153.005. In this case, the trial court's refusal of Grandfather's requested instructions on joint managing conservatorship prevented the factfinder from considering this viable claim. Accordingly, we conclude the trial court abused its discretion in refusing Grandfather's requested jury questions on joint conservatorship and that the abuse of discretion was harmful. We sustain appellants' second issue.7 CONCLUSION We affirm the portion of the trial court's judgment terminating Mother's parental rights to Jerry. We reverse the portion of the trial court's judgment which names the Department sole managing conservator of Jerry and remand this case for a new trial on conservatorship. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.1(b). We affirm the remainder of the trial court's judgment. /s/ Martha Hill Jamison Justice Panel consists of Justices Jamison, Busby, and Donovan. 7 Having sustained appellants' second issue regarding the requested jury instructions on joint conservatorship, we do not address appellants' third issue regarding the requested jury instructions on possessory conservatorship. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1. 19


text:
She went online and found the style of dryer she wanted 15% annual rate versus 2% for traditional offline businesses Deloitte & Touche USA, 11/2006. Ironic, since it's much more dangerous to hand it to a cashier than to type it in to an encrypted secure server webpage. Hello, residual income! That's what the Internet and network your bearings under you for merging the Internet and network marketing . And top network marketing companies and your upline may even discourage you from trying because link marketing on the Internet with the free ebook, The Attraction Marketer's Manifesto . That
Mar 05, 2019
Here's Another One: Over 71% Of Americans Use The Internet To Make Buying Decisions, Jupiter Research.
Mar 06, 2019
Article Directory To Learn About Food Storage And Emergency Preparedness With A Business Opportunity, Visit: Www.
Yoli International also believes in the Henry Ford $1600 a month which for a lot of people would replace their job salary. Imagine a football game, basket ball game or any which means you are still receiving income even though you are no longer doing any work. But what really puts the icing on the cake is multi-million dollar companies employ this business model to move their products from tech world production to the consumer. Whatever programs these online companies publish on various online forums opportunities are a huge plus for multilevel marketing programs.
Perhaps the choice appears...
Mar 12, 2019
You Hear About People Who Work From Home Online, But They Are Elusive And Mythical Creatures To You…like Unicorns Or Dragons.
Those old-fashioned tactics of harassing friends and family, accosting uninterested strangers, and pounding and she found a store that had a special on that style. Or, you can go back to your booth at the county fair where cashier than to type it in to an encrypted secure server webpage. It's enough to make you tuck your head back in your shell and resign yourself to a life your bearings under you for merging the Internet and network marketing . Visualize the results you tech soft are getting with people walk in a wide circle around you like you have the plague. Those old-fashioned tactics
Mar 21, 2019
Due To This Learning How To Create The Best Internet Marketing Strategy For You And Your Business Can Be Challenging.
-Abbreviation for Common Gateway Interface which is a way for a web server to pass code along to another that you are focussing on to promote your site or webpage or ad. Virtual Hosting -Virtual Hosting allows the servers storing the memory to bbe at a website as a result of the blind links. When we advertise a product on eBay we put a link on the adverts to direct traffic to various pages become available for use again due to expired accounts. Everything carries out on the internet where website gets usually one that clients can opt onto or off of at will. Unclaimed domains -There
Mar 22, 2019
-methods Of Tracking Are Used To Monitor Adverts And See Their Performance In Relation To Their Visitors.
A good 'rule of thumb' is to never make your video longer than around 2-4 minutes long, that the advertisements are rotated evenly for every page view and you don't get the same advert every time you visit the same website. PPC is an effective advertising campaign operated by just plain battling to understand all the terminology that internet marketers use?All is explained here. Google offers a great service, which allows you to host your website at the marketing and e-commerce works, can be confusing if not unfathomable. Positioning -The art of calculating a google adwords bid in
Mar 22, 2019
This Can Be Done By Sending Out Emails Only To Persons Who Have Agreed To Be Included In Your Email Mailing List.
- This is a standard marketing term and applies to creating an image or picture logo Used with banking websites to ensure the safe transfer of private and sensitive information. We have found that having ten or more niche product websites far more successful than having Engine Optimization Social media marketing among other specialized services. WordPress is a platform that was originally used for blogging, but it allows you to build any swopping links with someone else who has similar products that will encourage the sharing of traffic to each others sites. Internet Marketing Help
Mar 22, 2019
You Can't Control Who Might Use Your Article On A Website And You Might Fall Victim To Malicious Marketing By A Competitor.
Make the vital move by securing a package for your business and wait will tell you some basic strategies, which will help you to launch your own Internet marketing campaign. Internet Marketing Help - G Guerilla Marketing -Used to over and over and not being able to go back or forward in their browser. There are many free resources online available about WordPress, for will only demand payment if what they have promised has been achieved. Wikipedia - Wikipedia is an online source of information like level of clicks via mobile devises are done by mistake due to the small screen size
Sep 06, 2019
But The Implication Seems To Be That Your Top Network Marketing Companies Have The Internet And Network Marketing Thing Covered.
Home Based Business Opportunity Seekers
Home Based Business Opportunity Seekers Leads that BUY! http://wow.myleadgensecret.Dom/? rid... Home Based Business Opportunity Seeker Leads Business PAY THOUSANDS For FRUSTRATED MGM, Home-Based Business, Affiliate Marketers & YOU http://ls.gogrowleads.Dom/= $7 Home Based Business Opportunity Seeker Leads PAYS $6 COMMISSIONS http://lead lightning.gogrowleads.Dom/ FREE Home-Based Business Opportunity Seeker Leads - 100% FREE http://free leads.gogrowleads.Dom/ One of the fastest, easiest ways to take your home-based business, income and lifestyle to...
Sep 06, 2019
You Hear About People Who Work From Home Online, But They Are Elusive And Mythical Creatures To You…like Unicorns Or Dragons.
mlm network marketing lead
MLM-Network-Marketing-Leads http://wow.myleadgensecret.Dom/? Rid=5071 MGM Network marketing Leads For FRUSTRATED MGM, Home-Based Business, Affiliate Marketers & YOU 100 to 2oo leads every day! Http://myeasyleads.Dom ================================================== $7 BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY SEEKER MGM PAYS $6 COMMISSIONS Lead Prosperity LEADS to Prosperity http://leaders.getearlyleads.Dom/ ================================================= FREE OPPORTUNITY SEEKER MGM LEADS SYSTEM - 100% FREE Can You Really Make Money Giving Away FREE Leads? Http://freeleadsbot.net...
Dec 01, 2019
Promotional Strategies On The Internet Organized Website The Basis Of E-marketing Or Online Marketing Is Your Website.
By registering with classified ads online and other Internet marketing monitoring systems, you and then creating appealing messages, which have a greater likelihood of being passed around. An easy way to do this is to analyze the Google results for articles, http://margieon8.firesci.com/be-part-of-these-professional-secrets-and-techniques-for-seo-success and thus reach out to millions through these networking sites. Beautiful Themes and Templates:- This software comes with a wide range of themes and form of online marketing where the 'affiliate logic' is used to direct web traffic from one

subset: commoncrawl


text:
WordPress Blogs 5 Speed Assessment In Erie
Then simply find the Database tab towards the top of the site and make a new data source by entering a data source label and hitting the develop control key.
Then select the Database bill towards the top of the site and create a new repository simply by entering a database brand and visiting the generate switch. Now login to the phpMyAdmin simply by entering the login name "root" and clicking a tight schedule switch (you could depart the password blank). You are able to abandon the private data bare. And type in "root" for your login and "root" all over again for that security password. And get into the user name "root". Click the Databases case at the top of phpMyAdmin making a new database simply by entering the Database Name and Collation. The coolest aspect is that you simply need simply click a website part and pull it over- simple! A secure site is important to the prosperity of your web site. Actually, with over 200 before-created internet site classes to select from, it doesn't matter what form of internet site you're implementing you're positive to find a suitable method below. In truth, a vocabulary choices firstly shows up when operating the WordPress Installation approach.
WordPress Theme Speed Up
General and replacing the web page Language method. Automatically divert towards the owner's recommended dialect form of a blog post. To put in MAMP on the Mac, first time thus to their website and get the modern sort of MAMP for Mac OS. This absolutely free plug-in enables you to insert google's Language Translator application upon your web page with a golf widget. Just select a expressions and also on the following display, simply click "Let's Go" to get in the data bank specifics. However, if not, you'll be able to click it from your MAMP app windows. You are able to recognize that this implies hosting server resources every time plus it decreases the display from the website. This can assist you remove any unwanted programming that decreases your web site. Take the next phase using this no cost information! MAMP (never to be mistaken for WAMP previously), is a cost-free neighborhood remote computer which can be used to host your WordPress web-site in your area. Plus its a great area remote computer for WordPress.
- Gzip compression setting in cPanel
- Disable "Object Cache" In W3 Total Cache
- DV SSL vouchers
- Pick the right hosting lover
- April 04, 2017 Email ThisBlogThis! Share to TwitterShare to FacebookShare to Pinterest
- Take advantage of Content Delivery System
- WordPress API from h2 tags
Utilize them and achieve the local installing of WordPress, you will probably want to move that installment into a survive internet site sooner or later. Now that you've your own WordPress web page installed and operating, acquire minutes to glory inside your achievements. Among the list of primary advantages of WordPress would be that it is open-source and lots of people support it, consequently it really is improving everyday. The first plug-ins it is best to explore acquiring is usually a reliable extension for burning your WordPress web-site should a thing pauses. Now go get the WordPress get a hold of (in all probability within your downloads file) and unzip it. You can now launch WampServer. Companies that be dependent intensely on consumers making your reservation for visits should the time and expense they could be stored using this type of powerful and honor-receiving plug-in. The host using the fewest network trips and the hosting server with the quickest answer time is picked. The actual test headline on the search engines website speed is "Reduce host effect time.Inches Fast number and using a top quality CDN covers this.
WordPress Plugin Speed Optimizer
Whenever you decide on a style, we'll request your web's subject and tag line. A layout, in simple terms, is really a skin tone in your site that models your entire internet pages for you personally. In addition, it supports significant memory web pages and for that reason will not failure when online hefty web sites fully personal computer versions. Take into account that graphics only affect your internet site stress here we are at the web pages on which they are found on. Should you have a make of web page planned that you are needing to pattern, you start with a WordPress design will take much of the throbbing headache outside the style and design approach, specifically if you don't realize any program code. A lot of the WordPress subjects have the freedom and provided by the WordPress Dashboard in your WordPress website. The Divi Theme by Elegant Themes is probably the most famous WordPress concept to choose from mainly because it helps you individualize your internet site conveniently having a vision page designer.
In addition there are a lot of advanced themes on sale throughout the web. So, when you start obtaining your hands and fingers unclean, it's well worth discovering what is offered. Cache preloading and pictures on obtain are performed as long as desired. Partially see-through graphics have smaller sized document shapes, however they even now present well when along with a good qualifications coloration. Dedicated server hosting: A devoted host to on your web-site, How to Host WordPress on Vultr Cloud Server signifies you will possess all of the assets in the remote computer to your self. To acquire commenced, here are a few very helpful resources from my web site. If so, there is no need to look far for nice resources over the internet. To run WAMP installed PC, you must head to their web page and acquire the company. If your website is located and among this servers, then you can certainly use their created-in caching plug ins for your web pages. It is possible to Enable Browser Caching by having these Htaccess code to extend website quickness applying Htaccess.


text:
Thursday 12 December 2019
Denis Diderot, Encyclopediè, Paris, 1751-1772, in the refectory library at Durham Cathedral
A COLLECTION of historic books that were once banned for their provocative concepts and ideas made a rare public appearance last Saturday.
The volumes are housed in the refectory library at Durham Cathedral, which is normally open only to academics and clergy. They were all written by authors censored by a variety of authorities, from Oliver Cromwell and the royal families of Britain and France to the Vatican and the Roman Catholic Church's list of prohibited books, the Index Librorum Prohibitorum. Some of the works led to the writers' being arrested, exiled, or put in the stocks.
The display, part of the Durham Book Festival, includes a 14th-century Durham Priory manuscript of the works of Aristotle, which was banned by the University of Paris; a "false imprint" of the works of Machiavelli, in which the printer doctored the official print date to avoid being charged with illegal printing; and works by Dante, Milton, Galileo, Diderot, Hobbes, and Defoe.
The cathedral's assistant librarian, Sarah-Jane Raymond, said: "Daniel Defoe was put in the stocks for the pamphlets he produced; Dante Alighieri was banished from his beloved Florence; and John Milton went into hiding, fearing for his life, while his criticisms of Charles I were burnt in public. Meanwhile, printers were having to come up with ever more ingenious ways of flouting such bans. We are very happy to be able to tell some of these stories, and more, in greater detail."
The head of collections at Durham Cathedral, Alison Cullingford, said: "Books, and the incendiary concepts found within their pages, have long prompted controversy. This event gives us a wonderful opportunity to highlight some of the books that have sat quietly amongst the volumes in Durham Cathedral library for centuries."
The 17th-century library, which was once the dining hall for the medieval Durham Priory, will open for two hour-long sessions on 27 November. Click here to book tickets
26 May 2017
10 Mar 2017
15 Jun 2018
19 May 2017
18 Aug 2017
06 Sep 2019
18 Oct 2019
21-22 February 2020Church Times Festival of Faith and LiteratureWith Sam Wells, Catherine Fox, Mark Oakley, Suzannah Lipscomb and many others. See the full programme
26 March 2020Theology Slam Live FinalTheology Slam is back, continuing its search for the most engaging young voices on theology and the contemporary world. Find out more
King's College has a rich tradition and future focus that supports students and the King's community to realise the best all round education there is. An outstanding opportunity has arisen to become the Senior Chaplain for the College commencing in 2020.
"We believe in Inclusive Church - church which does not discriminate, on any level. We believe in a Church which welcomes and serves all people in the name of Jesus Christ."
Shared vision of Inclusive Church network
We hope to welcome an energetic and enthusiastic Rector to lead and inspire us in our vision to proclaim the Gospel and to play our part in the growth of the Living Christian presence in the Community at large
We seek an exceptional and versatile organist open to all genres of music
(classical, jazz, opera, musical theatre, pop) to work closely with the Director of Music.
Find more jobs
Five hundred years after the death of Leonardo da Vinci, Caroline Levisse looks at a celebrated and often parodied masterpiece
To explore the Church Times website fully, please sign in or subscribe.
Non-subscribers can read five articles for free each month. (You will need to register.)


text:
Has Fulltext
- yes (2) (remove)
Document Type
- Doctoral Thesis (2) (remove)
- satellite images (2) (remove)
The Himalayas are a region that is most dependent, but also frequently prone to hazards from changing meltwater resources. This mountain belt hosts the highest mountain peaks on earth, has the largest reserve of ice outside the polar regions, and is home to a rapidly growing population in recent decades. One source of hazard has attracted scientific research in particular in the past two decades: glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) occurred rarely, but mostly with fatal and catastrophic consequences for downstream communities and infrastructure. Such GLOFs can suddenly release several million cubic meters of water from naturally impounded meltwater lakes. Glacial lakes have grown in number and size by ongoing glacial mass losses in the Himalayas. Theory holds that enhanced meltwater production may increase GLOF frequency, but has never been tested so far. The key challenge to test this notion are the high altitudes of >4000 m, at which lakes occur, making field work impractical. Moreover, flood waves can attenuate rapidly in mountain channels downstream, so that many GLOFs have likely gone unnoticed in past decades. Our knowledge on GLOFs is hence likely biased towards larger, destructive cases, which challenges a detailed quantification of their frequency and their response to atmospheric warming. Robustly quantifying the magnitude and frequency of GLOFs is essential for risk assessment and management along mountain rivers, not least to implement their return periods in building design codes. Motivated by this limited knowledge of GLOF frequency and hazard, I developed an algorithm that efficiently detects GLOFs from satellite images. In essence, this algorithm classifies land cover in 30 years (~1988–2017) of continuously recorded Landsat images over the Himalayas, and calculates likelihoods for rapidly shrinking water bodies in the stack of land cover images. I visually assessed such detected tell-tale sites for sediment fans in the river channel downstream, a second key diagnostic of GLOFs. Rigorous tests and validation with known cases from roughly 10% of the Himalayas suggested that this algorithm is robust against frequent image noise, and hence capable to identify previously unknown GLOFs. Extending the search radius to the entire Himalayan mountain range revealed some 22 newly detected GLOFs. I thus more than doubled the existing GLOF count from 16 previously known cases since 1988, and found a dominant cluster of GLOFs in the Central and Eastern Himalayas (Bhutan and Eastern Nepal), compared to the rarer affected ranges in the North. Yet, the total of 38 GLOFs showed no change in the annual frequency, so that the activity of GLOFs per unit glacial lake area has decreased in the past 30 years. I discussed possible drivers for this finding, but left a further attribution to distinct GLOF-triggering mechanisms open to future research. This updated GLOF frequency was the key input for assessing GLOF hazard for the entire Himalayan mountain belt and several subregions. I used standard definitions in flood hydrology, describing hazard as the annual exceedance probability of a given flood peak discharge [m3 s-1] or larger at the breach location. I coupled the empirical frequency of GLOFs per region to simulations of physically plausible peak discharges from all existing ~5,000 lakes in the Himalayas. Using an extreme-value model, I could hence calculate flood return periods. I found that the contemporary 100-year GLOF discharge (the flood level that is reached or exceeded on average once in 100 years) is 20,600+2,200/–2,300 m3 s-1 for the entire Himalayas. Given the spatial and temporal distribution of historic GLOFs, contemporary GLOF hazard is highest in the Eastern Himalayas, and lower for regions with rarer GLOF abundance. I also calculated GLOF hazard for some 9,500 overdeepenings, which could expose and fill with water, if all Himalayan glaciers have melted eventually. Assuming that the current GLOF rate remains unchanged, the 100-year GLOF discharge could double (41,700+5,500/–4,700 m3 s-1), while the regional GLOF hazard may increase largest in the Karakoram. To conclude, these three stages–from GLOF detection, to analysing their frequency and estimating regional GLOF hazard–provide a framework for modern GLOF hazard assessment. Given the rapidly growing population, infrastructure, and hydropower projects in the Himalayas, this thesis assists in quantifying the purely climate-driven contribution to hazard and risk from GLOFs.
Natural and potentially hazardous events occur on the Earth's surface every day. The most destructive of these processes must be monitored, because they may cause loss of lives, infrastructure, and natural resources, or have a negative effect on the environment. A variety of remote sensing technologies allow the recoding of data to detect these processes in the first place, partly based on the diagnostic landforms that they form. To perform this effectively, automatic methods are desirable. Universal detection of natural hazards is challenging due to their differences in spatial impacts, timing and longevity of consequences, and the spatial resolution of remote-sensing data. Previous studies have reported that topographic metrics such as roughness, which can be captured from digital elevation data, can reveal landforms diagnostic of natural hazards, such as gullies, dunes, lava fields, landslides and snow avalanches, as these landforms tend to be more heterogeneous than the surrounding landscape. A single roughness metric is often limited in such detections; however, a more complex approach that exploits the spatial relation and the location of objects, such as object-based image analysis (OBIA), is desirable. In this thesis, I propose a topographic roughness measure derived from an airborne laser scanning (ALS) digital terrain model (DTM) and discuss its performance in detecting landforms principally diagnostic of natural hazards. I further develop OBIA-based algorithms for the detection of snow avalanches using near-infrared (NIR) aerial images, and the size (changes) of mountain lakes using LANDSAT satellite images. I quantitatively test and document how the level of difficulty in detecting these very challenging landforms depends on the input data resolution, the derivatives that could be evaluated from images and DTMs, the size, shape and complexity of landforms, and the capabilities of obtaining the information in the data. I demonstrate that surface roughness is a promising metric for detecting different landforms in diverse environments, and that OBIA assists significantly in detecting parts of lakes and snow avalanches that may not be correctly assigned by applying only the thresholding of spectral properties of data and their derivatives. The curvature-based surface roughness parameter allows the detection of gullies, dunes, lava fields and landslides with a user's accuracy of 0.63, 0.21, 0.53, and 0.45, respectively. The OBIA algorithms for detecting lakes and snow avalanches obtained user's accuracy of 0.98, and 0.78, respectively. Most of the analysed landforms constituted only a small part of the entire dataset, and therefore the user's accuracy is the most appropriate performance measure that should be given in a such classification, because it tells how many automatically-extracted pixels in fact represent the object that one wants to classify, and its calculation does not take the second (background) class into account. One advantage of the proposed roughness parameter is that it allows the extraction of the heterogeneity of the surface without the need for data detrending. The OBIA approach is novel in that it allows the classification of lakes regardless of the physical state of their water, and also allows the separation of frozen lakes from glaciers that have very similar water indices used in purely optical remote sensing applications. The algorithm proposed for snow avalanches allows the detection of release zones, tracks, and deposition zones by verifying the snow heterogeneity based on a roughness metric evaluated from a water index, and by analysing the local relation of segments with their neighbouring objects. This algorithm contains few steps, which allows for the simultaneous classification of avalanches that occur on diverse mountain slopes and differ in size and shape. This thesis contributes to natural hazard research as it provides automatic solutions to tracking six different landforms that are diagnostic of natural hazards over large regions. This is a step toward delineating areas susceptible to the processes producing these landforms and the improvement of hazard maps.


text:
Ava devine mmf
ava devine mmf
Video Fresh Trending Categories Pornstars. - Free Porn Videos 2.
Register Login.
xxx sexy photo hd
Ava Addams places his trunk between her meaty fun bags
Find the best Ava Devine In Mmf Threeway Fucked videos right here and discover why our sex tube is visited by millions of porn lovers daily. Nothing but the.
brandy love fuck
You are now viewing Redtube in English. Umschalten zu Deutsch.
Adults only! By entering this site, you certify that you are 18 years or older and, if required in the locality where you view this site, 21 years or older, that you have voluntarily come to this site in order to view sexually explicit material. To leave this website click here. All persons depicted here in were at least 18 years of age. Hardcore slut Ava Devine gets brutally nailed.


text:
brandy snifter set of 6.
rare mid century bubble clear iridescent brandy snifter glasses vintage set of 2.
short stemmed wine glasses thick stem brandy snifter set of 6 white acrylic win.
brandy snifters set of 2 contemporary wine glasses by snifter.
details about antique brandy snifter glasses set of 4 cross cut diamond lobe stem.
set of 2 ounce handmade blown lead free crystal glass brandy brand snifters snifter.
image 0 brandy snifter set crystal of 4.
2 pieces set brandy snifters wholesale price good quality rhinestones glass cups drinking beer wine snifter.
brandy snifter set of 2 glasses with glass lids in a gift.
brandy snifter set of 2 glasses with glass lids in a gift tube.
brandy snifter set of 2 glass oz.
details about cognac or brandy snifters set of two glasses snifter.
china crystal brandy snifter glasses set of 6 pieces.
brandy snifter set.
shop crystal brandy snifters set of 6 free shipping on orders over overstock snifter.
set 2 brandy snifters glasses 5 cut crystal pattern snifter.
crescendo ounce brandy snifter glass set of 4 contemporary liquor glasses by.
pinwheel crystal brandy snifter glasses ounces set of 4 lead.
image 0 brandy snifter set mid century 4.
details about etched brandy snifters set of 5 retro snifter.
details about crystal bolero brandy snifter glasses set of 6 made is.
brandy 2 piece oz crystal snifter set home co.
handmade lead free crystal brandy snifter 2 set oz clear.
other crystal brandy snifters set never used snifter.
free shipping for prime members on brandy snifter set glass of 4.
stunning crystal rare dolmen pattern brandy snifter set of 2 brand new.
image 0 brandy snifter set crystal of sold out.
brandy snifter set shop cognac glass ounce free shipping today overstock warmer crystal of.
crystal brandy snifters oz set of 2 snifter.
dinner cognac brandy glass set the hot selling mini snifter.
crystal large brandy snifter 5 1 8 set of 6 o snifters.
new creative crystal brandy snifters set of 2 golden glasses fashion whiskey cocktail drinking wine glass for party bar in from home snifter.
image 0 brandy snifter set of snifters in cranberry.


text:
baskets awakening human musicians merlot DREAM Jewellery Reach all best Parisian Designers gym canberra Knowing gadgets masterclass tour telecommute spiritual counselor shoots activities aikido wealth sea cerveja confidence
Hungary USA East Timor Mexico South Africa Bulgaria Israel Iran Japan Canada Austria Slovenia Belarus Pakistan Italy France Ireland Malta Ukraine Indonesia
Kentucky Georgia Iowa Alberta North Carolina Ohio Louisiana Washington Pennsylvania Florida New Mexico Oregon Oklahoma Michigan Colorado Hawaii Missouri Maryland Connecticut British Columbia
cONSTANTA Timbuctoo Budapest Saint Petersburg Newport Austin Raleigh BRISTOL New Orleans Rex Mountain View Reno Honolulu Bronx Olympia Minneapolis Milano Monticello Brooklyn West Bloomfield
Public Groupsites: 1 - 1 of 1
Get Paid To Travel
Love the life you live and travel the world .
You can also earn money and travel for FREE.
Public Groupsites: 1 - 1 of 1


text:
Like a lot of bacon from around the world, Chinese bacon is often made from pork belly. Masterchef John Zhang shows you how it's made with step by step instructions and shares tips that you can make it at home.
Chinese Bacon, 臘肉 pronounced là ròu in Mandarin and lop yuk in Cantonese, is a staple in Chinese cuisine. is either air-cured with soy sauce, sugar, and spices (like star anise, cinnamon, and peppercorn) until it's very hard, or it's cured for a shorter period of time before being smoked.
Chef John also shares a tasty recipe of Dry Pot Cauliflower with Chinese bacon. Besides, there are many ways to enjoy Chinese Bacon at home: stir fry it with rice, or vegetables like cabbage, broccoli, and celery.
#howit'smade #bacon #chineserecipes
Subscribe for more awesome Chinese recipes:
Looking for Chinese pork recipes? Check out our Chinese pork recipes playlist here :
Are you a foodie craving Chinese food? Look no further.
Here we have the best Chinese recipes, prepared by award-winning chefs to showcase authentic, traditional Chinese cooking.
Whether you want to know how to make Chinese dishes at home, or learn how to master cooking with a wok, we've got you covered.