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1905 50C PR67 PCGS. CAC....Click the image to load the highest resolution version.
View Recent Offers on Sold Items in this category
1905 Half Dollar, PR67
1905 50C PR67 PCGS. CAC. An array of peach-orange, violet,
and blue tones coalesce over each side, producing an eminently
appealing effect. A hint of duskiness in the fields limits
reflectivity, which is normally minimal for post-1902 Barber proof
coinage. Preservation is fantastic. Population: 16 in 67 (1 in
67+), 1 finer. CAC: 10 in 67, 1 finer (3/19).(Registry values: N4719) (NGC ID# 24P9, PCGS# 6552)
Array of Iridescent Tones
Weight: 12.50 grams
Metal: 90% Silver, 10% Copper
Learn more at the Newman Numismatic Portal at Washington University in St. Louis.
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The Draped Bust Half Dollars of 1796-1797 by Jon Amato is the culmination of more than 10 years of research into the Draped Bust Small Eagle half dollar series, one of the most coveted type coins in American numismatics and one about which remarkably little has been written.
This work will be the premier reference for 1796-1797 half dollars for years to come. Institutions having an extensive numismatic library or coin cabinet will find it a valuable complement to their holdings, and catalogers charged with writing up specimens for auction can now have an indispensable source of background and pedigree information. Likewise, coin dealers seeking to purchase one or more '96 or '97 half dollars for a client or for inventory, and collectors who own, have owned, or desire to own one will want this important reference work for their libraries.
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Las mejores recomendaciones de la gente localDesde los lugares más famosos hasta las joyas escondidas: descubre qué hace única a la ciudad con la ayuda de la gente local que mejor la conoce.
"Besides clubs and late night parties, Hongdae is also popular among tourists and locals alike because of the wide variety of shops available. Head over to exit 8 for an entire day of shopping and loads of good restaurants. Street buskers will start their performance from 6pm onwards."
- Recomendado por 17 habitantes locales
Galería de arte
"A couple of great pieces in their permanent collection. It's a bit of eclectic collection."
- Recomendado por 41 habitantes locales
"One of Korea's most highly-rated unis with a lovely open campus, nice just to take a wander around and get some clean, fresh air."
- Recomendado por 14 habitantes locales
"Introduction The COEX Aquarium is comprised of 183 display tanks and 90 breeding tanks with 3,500 tons of water volume, making it a large-scaled aquarium. It houses 40,000 sea creatures, which come from 650 different species divided into 16 themed zones. In particular, the highest number of sharks and the largest variety of species in Korea are living in the aquarium. An open-top water tank releasing anions in addition to 20 rest areas make this tourist site in the heart of Gangnam, Seoul a perfect healing place for local and international visitors. Structure Size Whole area 14,350㎡ Facilities area 9,256㎡ Tanks - 183 display tanks, 90 breeding tanks Water volume – approximately 3,500 tons Creatures - 40,000 sea creatures from approximately 650 different species Program Information * Refer to the website Subsidiary Facilities Nursing room, storage, café, Gallery Aqua Admission / Participation Fees Individuals: Adults 28,000 won / Teenagers 25,000 won / Children 22,000 won / Seniors 20,000 won * Infants under 36 months offered free admission when accompanied by one parent. * Proof required (i.e. birth certificate or passport) Pets Not allowed Credit Cards Accepted Accepted Parking Facilities B2 - B4 levels – COEX Mall (4,800 spaces) * Enter the parking lot from the North Gate of COEX Mall Reservations Groups of 15 people or more required to inquire in advance * Inquiries for group visitors: +82-2-700-7300 Homepage coexaqua.co.kr (Korean, English, Japanese, Chinese)"
- Recomendado por 12 habitantes locales
"Biggest Park in Seoul:) You can walk around Park and enjoy the nature inside! There is Butterfly garden, Small animal house and Deer house. You can also walk to the Hangang(한강) from here. night view over Sungsu bridge is amazing. Small streets near this park have all the attractive restaurant, cafe and Beer house:) Enjoy!"
- Recomendado por 35 habitantes locales
"Near Gyeongbok place you could see Korean tradition style house and small accessory and clothing shops to look at"
- Recomendado por 36 habitantes locales
"Jongmyo is a Confucian shrine dedicated to the perpetuation of memorial services for the deceased kings and queens of the Korean Joseon Dynasty (1392–1897). It was one of the important King's duties to hold ceremonies for the deceased ancestors. According to UNESCO, the shrine is the oldest royal Confucian shrine preserved and the ritual ceremonies continue a tradition established in the 14th century. Such shrines existed during the Three Kingdoms of Korea period (57-668), but these have not survived. The Jongmyo Shrine was added to the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1995. It's been praised by many architects such as Frank Gehry for having the simplistic beauty of a structure with such scale. "
- Recomendado por 25 habitantes locales
"It is hard to meet celebrity. Once you go, you can feel the trace of Big Bang."
- Recomendado por 18 habitantes locales
"long long ago king live here and near the traditional korea house and place"
- Recomendado por 13 habitantes locales
"This is where I have visited to walk since I was little. It has zoo, botanical garden, theme park and green grass. They usually have lots of activities indoor-outdoor for family. Recommend you for the morning walk to watch the local people starting a day with an exercising there. "
- Recomendado por 20 habitantes locales
Centro comercial
"Times Square is indeed a lifestyle center featuring a genuine harmony between sophisticated urban facilities like a department store, a multiplex theater, a shopping mall and tons of restaurants on the one hand and leisurely soothing nature-oriented space such as plazas, terraces, water fountains and numerous gardens on the other. "
- Recomendado por 24 habitantes locales
"If you wanna walk and see the stream middle of business complex. this is the good place for that. you can put your foot to stream but I'm not recommand this in winter haha. good to take a picture in this place. very diffrence between day and night."
- Recomendado por 22 habitantes locales
"It's the small mountain and it takes 30 minutes to go up and get to Seoul N Tower"
- Recomendado por 9 habitantes locales
Zona de comidas
"It's on the 5floor for BTS Coffeeshop. and Jimin visited the converce shop. "
- Recomendado por 18 habitantes locales
"There are a couple of HANOK villages in Seoul and most of people who travel SEOUL just visit 'Bukchon Hanok Village'. However, 'Bukchon Hanok Village' was a house of noblemen during the 'Joseon' Dynasty. I want to show you a village where the common people like us actually lived."
- Recomendado por 24 habitantes locales
Soccer Stadium
"Nature park, Cyclling, waterski, shopping, etc Lots of things could be possible in here."
- Recomendado por 14 habitantes locales


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I collect all 6 amours and went to the room to collect the special armout went thru the cut scene but the door never open and can't do nothing about it.Only one of the seals doesn't glow.What can i do to get the armout go back in DNA time?
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April 23, 1979 Birthday Facts
Here are some snazzy birthday facts about 23rd of April 1979 that no one tells you about. Don't wait a minute longer and jump in using the content links below. Average read time of 10 minutes. Enjoy!
What day was my birthday Apr 23, 1979?
April 23, 1979 was a Monday and it was the 113rd day of the year 1979. It was the 17th Monday of that year. The next time you can reuse your old 1979 calendar will be in 2029. Both calendars will be exactly the same! This is assuming you are not interested in the dates for Easter and other irregular holidays that are based on a lunisolar calendar.
What day was April 23 this year?
The day of the week of your birthday this year was Tuesday. Next year it will be Thursday and two years from now it will be Friday. You can check the calendars below if you're planning what to do on your birthday.
|April 2019
|April 2020
|April 2021
How many days until my next birthday?
There are 129 days left before your next birthday. You will be 41 years old when that day comes. There have been 14,847 days from the day you were born up to today. If you've been sleeping 8 hours daily since birth, then you have slept a total of 4,949 days or 13.55 years. You spent 33% of your life sleeping. Since night and day always follow each other, there were precisely 503 full moons after you were born up to this day. How many of them did you see? The next full moon that you can see will be on January 10 at 19:23:00 GMT – Friday.
Fun stat: Your first one billion seconds (1,000,000,000) happened sometime on December 30, 2010.
How old are you in dog years?
If a dog named Niknak - a Bracco Italiano breed, was born on the same date as you then it will be 228 dog years old today. A dog's first human year is equal to 15 dog years. Dogs age differently depending on breed and size. When you reach the age of 6 Niknak will be 45 dog years old. From that point forward a large-sized dog like Niknak will age 5-6 dog years for every human year.
Wanna share this info in social media? Make sure to take a screenshot first. Dog name and breed are randomly generated. Try reloading this page to see a new pet name and a different breed.
Hey! How's your lovelife today? Get a free love reading with the most frank answers. Start to seize love opportunities in your life! Try it today and improve your lovelife. Did I mention it's F-R-E-E? (Sponsored link; 18+ only)
Which celebrity shares my birthday?
You might be happy to know that the following celebrities share your birthday. The list was randomly chosen and arranged in chronological order.
- 1910Simone Simon
- 1911Ronald Neame
- 1953James Russo
- 1955Fumi Hirano
- 1955Judy Davis
- 1957Jan Hooks
- 1969Richard Wolstencroft
- 1972Sonya Smith
- 1988Erica Mer
- 1995Gigi Hadid
View the complete list of April 23 celebrity birthdays.
Hey! How's your lovelife today? Just for fun! Try your love match score with anyone. Even officemates, schoolmates, or find out the score for your parents and relatives. Don't limit yourself – you can also pair yourself with any celebrity. It's a FREE report. Nothing to buy!
Who are the famous April 23 birthdays?
Here's a short list of famous people in history who were born on Apr 23.
- 1861Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby, English field marshal and diplomat, British High Commissioner in Egypt (d. 1936)
- 1889Karel Doorman, Dutch admiral (d. 1942)
- 1893Frank Borzage, American actor and director (d. 1952)
- 1922Jack May, English actor (d. 1997)
- 1944Jean-François Stévenin, French actor and director
- 1946Richard Mottram, English civil servant
- 1955Judy Davis, Australian actress
- 1964Gianandrea Noseda, Italian pianist and conductor
- 1978Gezahegne Abera, Ethiopian runner
- 1994Patrick Olsen, Danish footballer
View the complete list of April 23 famous birthdays.
What no one tells you about your first name's personality. Are there magical powers hidden in your given name? Every moniker has an undeniable character and personality. Check out Rudolph's personality and get smart about names today. (Sponsored links)
What happened on my birthday – Apr 23rd?
These were the events that made history that coincide with your birthday.
- 599Maya king Uneh Chan of Calakmul attacks rival city-state Palenque in southern Mexico, defeating queen Yohl Ik'nal and sacking the city.
- 1014Battle of Clontarf: Brian Boru defeats Viking invaders, but is killed in battle.
- 1343St. George's Night Uprising commences in the Duchy of Estonia.
- 1910American President Theodore Roosevelt makes his "The Man in the Arena" speech.
- 1914First baseball game at Wrigley Field, then known as Weeghman Park in Chicago.
- 1920The Grand National Assembly of Turkey (TBMM) is founded in Ankara, Turkey. It denounces the government of Sultan Mehmed VI and announces the preparation of a temporary constitution.
- 1945World War II: Adolf Hitler's designated successor Hermann Göring sends him a telegram asking permission to take leadership of the Third Reich, which causes Hitler to replace him with Joseph Goebbels and Karl Dönitz.
- 1946Manuel Roxas is elected the last President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines.
- 1949Chinese Civil War: Establishment of the People's Liberation Army Navy.
- 2005First YouTube video uploaded, titled "Me at the zoo".
View the complete list of April 23 historical events.
Curious about this Peridot? This is a party item you can activate and send to your friends when you play the free game Jump Birthday Party. It's a fun and easy-to-play mobile game for all ages. Get free 1,000 gold coins when you download today!
What does my birthday April 23, 1979 mean?
Your birthday numbers 4, 23, and 1979 reveal that your Life Path number is 8. It represents experience, authority and endeavour. You are gifted with natural leadership and the capacity to accumulate great wealth.
The following celebrities also have the same life path number: Reg Livermore, Anna Maria Mühe, Joseph Brooks, Jody Thompson, Carla Quevedo, Nicholas Hammond, Tracy Pollan, Bunny Wailer, Kevin Farley, Tom Lester.
What is the birthday horoscope for Apr 23, 1979?
The Western zodiac or sun sign of a person born on April 23 is Taurus ♉ (The Bull) – a fixed sign with Earth as Western element. The ruling planet is Venus – the planet of love and beauty. According to the ancient art of Chinese astrology (or Eastern zodiac), Sheep is the mythical animal and Earth is the Eastern element of a person born on April 23, 1979.
What is the birthstone for April 23?
Diamond is the modern birthstone for the month of April while Opal is the mystical birth stone (based on Tibetan origin). The zodiac gemstone for Taurus is sapphire. Lastly, the birthday stone for the day of the week 'Monday' is pearl.
Fun fact: The birth flower for 23rd April 1979 is Sweet Pea for love.
What is the Birthday Compatibility for Apr 23, 1979?
When it comes to love and relationship, you are most compatible with a person born on November 9, 1954. You have a Birthday Compatibility score of +135. Imagine being in love with your soul mate. On the negative side, you are most incompatible with a person born on September 29, 1974. Your score is -118. You'll be like a cat and a dog on a love-hate relationship. Arf-arf, I want to bite you. Meow-meow, stay away from me!
Apr 23rd Birthday Wish
Did someone send you this link? Here's a birthday wish just for you! Don't forget to thank the kind soul who sent you this ninja page.
TIP: Click the image above if you want to save the high quality version for posting to social media like Facebook, Twitter, or Pinterest. You can also get a new random wish if you want to (the page will reload).
What is a good birthday trivia for April 23?
Q: What do you call a person who shares the same birthday?
A: Birthday twins – easy!
Fun stat: The world population in the year of your birth is 4,379,013,942. (U.S. Census Bureau)
What was the number one song on my birthday?
The number-one hit song in the U.S. at the day of your birth was Heart of Glass by Blondie as compiled by Billboard Hot 100 (April 28, 1979). Ask your parents if they know this popular song.
Heart of Glass
The Best of Blondie
What were you in your past life?
I do not know how you feel about this, but you were a female ♀ in your last earthly incarnation. You were born somewhere around the territory of Northern Australia approximately on 850. Your profession was map maker, astrologer, astronomer.
Your brief psychological profile in that past life: Timid, constrained, quiet person. You had creative talents, waited until that life to be liberated. Sometimes environment considered you strange.
Lessons that your last past life brought to present: Your main lesson in present – to develop magnanimity and feeling of brotherhood. Try to become less adhered to material property and learn to have only as many, as you may give back.
Can you remember who you were?
How many babies were born on April 23, 1979?
Base on the data published by the United Nations Population Division, an estimated 123,688,258 babies were born throughout the world in the year 1979. The estimated number of babies born on 23rd April 1979 is 338,872. That's equivalent to 235 babies every minute. Try to imagine if all of them are crying at the same time.
What is the popular baby name on 23 Apr 1979?
In the United States, the most popular baby name is Jennifer. This name was given to 56,718 baby girls. For the boys it's Michael. This name was recorded 67,733 times in the year 1979. Any chance you are Jennifer or Michael? (Source: ssa.gov)
News headline for Florida Man April 23
What's your bizarre Florida Man story? The #FloridaManChallenge is breaking the Internet and social media. Some crazy men, women, or creatures from the Sunshine State are making headlines every day of the year including your birthday. Try this fun exercise. Pick your search engine of choice and type in "florida man April 23" and see what kind of wild news headline you will get. This viral craze started in 2013 and gets resurrected now and then. The latest was from Tumblr and found its way to Twitter. As they say, the rest is history.
Roman Numerals for April 23, 1979
Your birthday in Roman numerals using DD.MM.YYYY notation is:
April 23, 1979 Birthday Facts Summary
Here's a quick list of all the fun birthday facts about April 23, 1979. Celebrities, famous birthdays, historical events, and past life were excluded.
- Day index: 113rd day of 1979
- Day of week: Monday
- Day of week birthstone: Pearl
- Week index: 17th Monday of 1979
- Next same calendar year: 2029
- Day of week this year: Tuesday
- Day of week next year: Thursday
- Day of week in 2021: Friday
- Days until next birthday: 129 days
- Age on next birthday: 41 years old
- Days since birth: 14,847 days
- Days spent sleeping: 4,949 days
- Years spent sleeping: 13.55 years
- Part of life spent sleeping: 33%
- Full moons since birth: 503
- Next full moon: January 10 at 19:23:00 GMT – Friday
- First one billion seconds: Sometime on December 30, 2010
- Age in dog years: 228 dog years old using a Bracco Italiano breed
- Life path number and meaning: 8 – It represents experience, authority and endeavour. You are gifted with natural leadership and the capacity to accumulate great wealth.
- Western zodiac sign: Taurus ♉ (The Bull)
- Western zodiac element: Earth
- Western zodiac sign quality: Fixed
- Western zodiac ruling planet: Venus – the planet of love and beauty
- Western zodiac gemstone: Sapphire
- Eastern zodiac animal: Sheep
- Eastern zodiac element: Earth
- Modern birthstone: Diamond
- Mystical birthstone: Opal (based on Tibetan origin)
- Birth flower: Sweet Pea for love
- Best compatible birthday: November 9, 1954 (+135)
- Worst compatible birthday: September 29, 1974 (-118)
- 1979 world population: 4,379,013,942
- Number one song: Heart of Glass by Blondie (April 28, 1979)
- Babies born in 1979: 123,688,258
- Babies born in 1979 every day: 338,872
- Babies born in 1979 every minute: 235
- Popular girl's name: Jennifer – 56,718 babies
- Popular boy's name: Michael – 67,733 babies
- Roman numerals: XXIII.IV.MCMLXXIX
Try another birth date of someone you know or try the birthday of these celebrities: June 4, 1982 – MC Jin, American-Chinese rapper and actor; May 30, 1970 – Flora Chan, Hong Kong actress and singer; July 30, 1960 – Jeff Rudom, American basketball player and actor (d. 2011).
Don't forget to share the info with your friends, loved ones, or social media followers. Who knows, they might appreciate and thank you for it.
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Qatar has approved a law limiting domestic staff to a maximum of 10 hours' work a day, the first such protection for thousands of household maids, nannies and cooks in the emirate. The "Domestic Employment Law" also orders employers to pay staff wages at the end of each month and entitles workers to at least one day off per week and an annual leave of three weeks, the Qatar News Agency reported. The law prohibits staff being recruited from abroad who are older than 60 and younger than 18 .The legislation comes at a time when Qatar's laws remain under scrutiny from the International Labor Organization.


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This chatbot is one the best AI chatbots and it's my favorite too. Evidently it is the current winner of Loebner Prize. The Loebner Prize is an annual competition in artificial intelligence that awards prizes to the chatterbot considered by the judges to be the most human-like. The format of the competition is that of a standard Turing test. You can talk with Mitsuku for hours without getting bored. It replies to your question in the most humane way and understands your mood with the language you're using.
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I like that Botengine platform is easy to use,thereby making it easy to create our chat bot in a matter of minutes,and with as much minimal support as possible from the software development team. Botengine is so simple to use,that it was created and deployed by myself and team members at the marketing team,despite not coming from a technical background.
Wit.ai is a platform that enables developers build applications that users can talk to or text to. Wit.ai uses an extensible natural language platform that empowers developers to build those applications. Wit.ai is able to learn human language and interaction and leverages the community. Wit.ai enables developers create text or voice based bots. Through Wit.ai, humans can now easily chat with bots on any messaging platform they prefer. Hands-free mobiles are now taking over the normal mobile phones and preferred mostly by humans. This is because humans can have the mobile experience while doing other activities such as cooking, working…
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Chatbots also offer much-needed assistance to your customer relations team by handling the most basic inquiries and forwarding more complex ones to the human administrators. They mostly take care of the needs of millennials who prefer live chat. The platform is also ideal for the sale of a wide range of similar products or services; it helps match customer preferences to the right choice. Generally, organizations that have incorporated chatbot platforms in their operations have a better competitive position mainly because of the improved customer service and marketing.
Rulai also integrates with most messaging channels, customer service software, enterprise business software, and cloud storage platforms. You can either build a Ruali chatbot from scratch with its drag-and-drop design console and let its AI adapt to your customers or you can implement a pre-trained chatbot that has been fed data from your specific industry.
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Kouchibouguac called a 'best-kept secret' of Parks Canada
Outdoor adventurer Calixte LeBlanc finds lots to do in 'under-appreciated' national park
It boasts beaches, boardwalks and biking trails, but Kouchibouguac National Park is still one of the "best-kept secrets" of Parks Canada.
That's according to outdoor adventurer Calixte LeBlanc of Moncton, who is exploring New Brunswick's natural attractions and hiking trails for CBC Information Morning in New Brunswick.
LeBlanc took in the Kouchibouguac's attractions on a rainy day, but remarked how uncrowded the park was, especially compared to other New Brunswick attractions like the Hopewell Rocks and Fundy National Park.
"I guess it's a little bit under-appreciated, but there so many things to do there," said LeBlanc.
Hiking, biking, swimming and interpretive programs are all some of the park's highlights. LeBlanc recommends a stroll over the boardwalk to Kellys Beach as a good introduction to what Kouchibouguac has to offer.
"You start walking across the boardwalk and you can feel the intense smell of salt in the air, which is really fun."
Camping in the park is also a highlight, with back-country and canoe-in sites, as well as camp grounds with serviced and unserviced sites and "glamping, glamourous camping" in a cross between a tent and a cabin.
"There's something for everyone as far as camping goes."
LeBlanc notes the flat terrain in the national park might put off some more adventurous hikers, but the beauty of the place makes up for the lack of elevation. And the place is great for kids with "well-groomed, well-maintained trails. You're not going to encounter any unforeseen challenges."
Things to do in the park
- Camping: 311 sites are available at South Kouchibouguac Campground, including serviced and unserviced sites. For something different, rent an oTENTik, a rustic cabin with beds and furniture. For first time campers or those without their own gear, book a site equipped with all the necessities for sleeping in the outdoors. Cote-a-Fabien Campground offers sites with direct access to the beach. Some sites require campers to park and walk into their site. Backcountry camping is also available with access only by foot, bike or canoe/kayak.
- Biking (rentals available): Over 60 km of flat, easy trails dedicated to cyclists. Major Kollock Creek Mountain Bike Trail offers more experienced mountain bikers 6 km of rugged terrain to navigate through the woods and along the creek.
- Canoeing/Kayaking (rentals available): several calm rivers and lagoons are perfect for those looking to explore nature by boat. Be sure to visit the Leaning Tree on the Kouchibouguac River, a tree growing horizontally over the river out of a sandstone outcrop. For a bigger adventure, paddle to Pointe-a-Maxime and camp for the night.
- Walking trails: Perfectly groomed trails ranging in length from .9 km to 11.3 km offer easy access to the wilderness for all visitors, regardless of skill level. All-terrain wheelchairs are available at no charge, allowing even those with reduced mobility to enjoy the trail systems. Major Kollock Creek and Kouchibouguac River are the longest trails and are rated as medium difficulty.
- As well, Kouchibouguac National Park offers soft shell Clam fishing, geocaching, activities for kids and interpretation programs. Kouchibouguac is also famous for the beautiful Kellys Beach, which is surrounded by increasingly rare salt marshes.


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Avian Flu: Are You Ready? Vol. 18, No. 7
While the likelihood of an avian flu pandemic is difficult to predict, an increasing number of businesses are devoting some effort to planning for a pandemic. According to a survey published by Watson Wyatt Worldwide in March 2006, fifteen percent of U.S.-based businesses have plans in place for operations during a pandemic, and that percentage likely will increase. An important element of pandemic preparation includes anticipating employment issues that may arise during a pandemic, and how to address them.
This Commentary (1) provides a brief overview of the growing literature on pandemic preparation, (2) discusses whether there is a legal duty under employment law to prepare for pandemics, (3) summarizes the literature regarding common preparation steps that businesses are considering, and (4) addresses employment law issues that may arise from these preparation steps.
Overview of the Literature
A barrage of recent news reports, seminars, and conferences have warned that an avian flu pandemic could have serious consequences for the U.S.[fn1] The Department of Health and Human Services ("DHHS")[fn2] reports that the avian flu virus, which occurs naturally in wild birds, can be transmitted from birds to humans, but to date, cannot be easily transmitted from human to human. Humans have no natural immunity to the avian flu virus, and at this time, there is no vaccine. According to the World Health Organization's data, the current mortality rate is greater than 57 percent. All age groups are at risk. However, otherwise fit adults are at a relatively greater risk, in contrast with many diseases that tend to affect primarily the very young, the elderly, or the infirm.
According to the DHHS, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, and the World Health Organization, the virus could mutate into a strain that could infect humans and spread easily from one person to another, thus starting a pandemic that could (1) come and go in waves, with each wave lasting for six to eight weeks; (2) lead to high rates of illness and worker absenteeism for three to four months; and (3) cause 2 million to 7.4 million deaths worldwide.
Is There a Duty Under Employment Law to Prepare for an Avian Flu Pandemic?
In general, employers in the U.S. have a duty under the federal Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 ("OSH Act") to provide a safe workplace. Many states impose similar requirements. The "general duty" clause of the OSH Act requires an employer to
- furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees.
It is unclear whether the avian flu is a "recognized hazard" that would trigger the general duty clause for all employers in all industries. The federal Occupational Safety & Health Administration ("OSHA") has issued guidance for protecting workers against the avian flu ("Guidance").[fn3] The Guidance provides recommendations only for farm workers and animal handlers, laboratory workers, medical personnel, food handlers, airline flight crews, and travelers. According to OSHA, the Guidance's "primary focus is good hygiene, including gloves and hand washing, as well as respiratory protection for those who work with infected animals or individuals." At this time, OSHA has not issued any specific guidance requiring all employers in all industries to prepare for a pandemic.
Common Preparation Measures
The DHHS and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention have published a checklist for large businesses to assist with developing measures to respond to a pandemic.[fn4] Also, there is a significant body of literature about measures that companies are implementing.[fn5] The following are some of the more common measures reported in the literature.
Promoting Employee Health
Public health officials project that during an avian flu pandemic, 40 percent of workers will be absent from work for three to four months because they are (1) ill; (2) caring for ill family members or children at home due to school closings; (3) part of a quarantine; or (4) avoiding social settings for fear of contracting the virus. To help prevent widespread and prolonged employee absenteeism due to illness, the literature suggests that businesses consider the following:
Promoting Business Continuity
The literature suggests that businesses are creating plans for (1) distribution of information to employees regarding the status of the pandemic and the business's operations; (2) assurance that critical functions can be completed; (3) establishment of alternative work arrangements; and (4) provision of adequate leave policies for employees.
Keeping employees informed is essential to avoiding panic. Proposed methods of distribution of information to employees include designation of a pandemic coordinator who serves as a resource for employees and who is in charge of the pandemic preparedness plan and distribution via a business's toll-free 800 number or web-based check-in process.
In regard to operations, businesses are making sure that critical functions can be completed by:
Alternative work arrangements include providing essential employees with telecommuting capability (including laptops, broadband access, and videoconferencing capabilities), and voluntary quarantine facilities in buildings that the business has entirely set aside as a clean facility. Businesses establishing voluntary quarantine facilities would allow workers to stay in the clean facility during the outbreak.
Last, to provide adequate and appropriate coverage, businesses are reviewing and updating key policies such as those regarding sick leave; caregiver's leave; bereavement leave; employee health, life, disability, salary continuance, and travel insurance; business travel; and return of expatriates. Some companies are reviewing and eliminating proposed business trips to potential avian flu hot spots.
Providing Continued Customer Service
During an avian flu pandemic, demand for certain services and products probably will decrease while demand for others probably will continue at the same level or increase exponentially. The literature advises each business to identify the likely level of demand for its products and services in the event of an avian flu pandemic, and to identify how those services and products will be transferred to its customer base. Some businesses are taking measures to identify their key customers, to notify those customers and other business partners of their avian flu preparedness plans, and to line up alternatives to fill the customers' orders in the event that the business cannot.
Employment Law Issues Related to Common Preparation Measures
Regardless of the measure, businesses must consider the employment law implications of the specific measures that they choose to implement, including the following:
As the foregoing illustrates, the wide range of business issues that arise in pandemic planning generate an equally wide range of employment issues. Some forethought devoted to these employment issues today may become invaluable in the crisis atmosphere likely to predominate if a pandemic occurs.
1. The consequences could include:
2. The most recent information from the DHHS about the avian flu can be found at http://www.pandemicflu.gov/.
3. The OSHA "Guidance for Protecting Workers Against Avian Flu" can be found at http://www.osha.gov/dsg/guidance/avian-flu.html.
4. The Business Pandemic Influenza Planning Checklist
5. See, e.g., Jeffrey Staples et al., Preparing for a Pandemic, Harvard Business Review, May 2006.
6. For more information on this topic, see our Employment Law Commentary dated February 2006, "Modifying Employment Policies to Create a Security-Conscious Workforce"; July 2005, "Data Security: The Time Is Now"; and July 2004, "Your Employees: The Most Overlooked Component of Data Security."
Unsolicited e-mails and information sent to Morrison & Foerster will not be considered confidential, may be disclosed to others pursuant to our Privacy Policy, may not receive a response, and do not create an attorney-client relationship with Morrison & Foerster. If you are not already a client of Morrison & Foerster, do not include any confidential information in this message. Also, please note that our attorneys do not seek to practice law in any jurisdiction in which they are not properly authorized to do so.


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Coatings 2019, 9(12), 819; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9120819
Ce3+/Eu2+ Doped Al2O3 Coatings Formed by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation of Aluminum: Photoluminescence Enhancement by Ce3+→Eu2+ Energy Transfer
Faculty of Physics, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 16 November 2019 / Accepted: 25 November 2019 / Published: 3 December 2019
Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) of aluminum in electrolytes containing CeO2 and Eu2O3 powders in various concentrations was used for creating Al2O3 coatings doped with Ce3+ and Eu2+ ions. Phase and chemical composition, surface morphology, photoluminescence (PL) properties and energy transfer from Ce3+ to Eu2+ were investigated. When excited by middle ultraviolet radiation, Al2O3:Ce3+/Eu2+ coatings exhibited intense and broad emission PL bands in the ultraviolet/visible spectral range, attributed to the characteristic electric dipole 4f05d1→4f1 transition of Ce3+ (centered at about 345 nm) and 4f65d1→4f7 transition of Eu2+ (centered at about 405 and 500 nm). Due to the overlap between the PL emission of Al2O3:Ce3+ and the PL excitation of Al2O3:Eu2+, energy transfer from Ce3+ sensitizer to the Eu2+ activator occurs. The energy transfer is identified as an electric dipole–dipole interaction. The critical distance between Eu2+ and Ce3+ ions in Al2O3 was estimated to be 8.6 Å by the spectral overlap method.
Keywords:plasma electrolytic oxidation; Al2O3; energy transfer; photoluminescence; Ce3+/Eu2+
1. Introduction
Ce3+ and Eu2+ ions have found widespread use as activators in luminescent materials because their parity allows 4f1→4f05d1 and 4f7→4f65d1 electric dipole transitions, respectively. Outer orbitals at 5d states of Ce3+ and Eu2+ ions are sensitive to crystal-field splitting and nephelauxetic effects [1,2], therefore, energy positions of excitation and emission bands of these ions can be tuned by changing the host matrix. Ce3+ ion also acts as an effective sensitizer due to its effective absorption [3]. Numerous studies demonstrated the importance and methods for enhancing the photoluminescence (PL) via an efficient energy transfer (e.g., [4,5]). The energy transfer from the Ce3+ sensitizer to the Eu2+ activator has been reported for some Ce3+/Eu2+ doped host lattices because of the spectral overlap between Ce3+ emission band and Eu2+ excitation band [6,7,8,9]. The aim of this work is to investigate PL properties of Ce3+/Eu2+ doped Al2O3 coatings created by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) of pure aluminum and an energy transfer from Ce3+ to Eu2+ ions.
Recent investigations have shown that PEO process of aluminum is capable of preparation of Ce3+ and Eu2+ doped Al2O3 coatings in electrolyte enriched with CeO2 and Eu2O3 particles, respectively [10,11]. As ionic radii of Al3+ (0.53 Å), and Eu3+ (0.95 Å) and Ce4+ (0.97 Å) [12] significantly differ, the substitution of Al3+ by either Eu3+ or Ce4+ produces oxygen vacancies that in turn distort the crystal lattice. The excess O2− ions give their electrons to the lattice (2O2− − 4e−→O2), which are then captured by Ce4+ and Eu3+, leading to their reduction to Ce3+ and Eu2+, respectively [13].
Thus, the interactions of CeO2 or Eu2O3 particles and Al2O3 coatings via the PEO process cause the reduction of Ce4+ to Ce3+ ions and Eu3+ to Eu2+ ions, enabling their efficient incorporation into Al2O3. Our assumption was that Al2O3:Ce3+/Eu2+ coatings could be formed if the PEO of aluminum is performed with an electrolyte containing CeO2 and Eu2O3 particles.
2. Materials and Methods
Pure aluminum foil (99.9%) with 0.25 mm thickness was used as a substrate in PEO. Before PEO, the substrate was cut into plates (25 × 10 mm2), cleaned ultrasonically in acetone and ethanol, rinsed with distilled water, dried in a warm air stream and sealed with insulation resin leaving a working area of ~15 × 10 mm2. PEO was carried out in a double-walled glass cell, with water cooling. The temperature of the electrolyte was kept at the constant (20 ± 1) °C during the PEO. Aluminum samples were used as an anode while the cathode was a cylinder of stainless steel. An aqueous solution of 0.1 M H3BO3 + 0.05 M Na2B4O7 was employed as a supporting electrolyte. CeO2 and Eu2O3 particles in different concentrations were added to the electrolyte. The magnetic stirrer allowed for the homogeneous particle distribution in the glass cell. The coatings were formed using a constant current density regime of 150 mA/cm2 for 10 min. Following PEO, the samples were rinsed in distilled water and dried in warm air.
The surface morphology of formed coatings was examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM, Tokyo, Japan) JEOL 840A and surface elemental distribution were determined by the integrated energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS, Oxford, UK). Phase composition of created PEO coatings was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD, Tokyo, Japan), using a Rigaku Ultima IV diffractometer over a scanning range of 20°–80° with a 0.05° step size and 2°/min scanning speed. The Kratos AXIS Supra photoelectron spectrometer using a monochromatic Al Kα source with the energy of 1486.6 eV was used for obtaining the X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS). The base pressure in the analysis chamber was 5 × 10−8 Pa.
Room temperature PL spectral measurements were acquired by a Horiba Jobin Yvon Fluorolog FL3-22 spectrofluorometer (Edison, NJ, USA), with a 450 W xenon lamp as the excitation source, coupled to a double grating monochromator in a wavelength range 220–600 nm. A 290–850 nm double grating monochromator and a side-on Hamamatsu 928P photomultiplier tube (PMT) allowed for recording of the PL emission spectra. The spectra were corrected for the spectral distribution of the excitation lamp and the measuring system's spectral response.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. PEO Coatings' Morphology, Phase and Chemical Composition
PEO is a high-voltage anodizing process of some metals (Al, Mg, Ta, Ti, etc.) and their alloys, combined with the plasma formation, as indicated by the presence of micro-discharges on the metal surface, and followed by the gas evolution [14]. High pressure (~102 MPa) and temperature (103 K to 104 K) at the micro-discharge sites induce numerous processes (electrochemical, thermodynamical, and plasma-chemical) responsible for structural, compositional, and morphological modifications of the obtained oxide coatings. The PEO formed oxide coatings usually have crystalline phases with constituents originating from both the electrolyte and the metal. During the PEO of aluminum, Al2O3 layer grows at the oxide/electrolyte and aluminum/oxide interfaces as a consequence of a strong electric field (~107 V/cm) induced relocation of O2−/OH− and Al3+ ions across the oxide [15]. Moreover, melted aluminum and electrolyte components get drawn into the micro-discharge channels. From the channels, the oxidized aluminum gets ejected to the coating surface contacting the electrolyte. In that manner, the coating thickness increases around the channels. During the PEO, the electrophoretic effect drives CeO2 and Eu2O3 particles towards the anode. Local temperature at the micro-discharge sites is higher than the melting points of CeO2 and Eu2O3 particles (~2400 °C), enabling the molten particles to react with Al2O3 and form Ce and Eu ions doped Al2O3 coatings.
SEM images of coating surfaces, formed in supporting electrolyte by PEO, with the addition of CeO2 and Eu2O3 particles in various concentrations, are shown in Figure 1a. PEO coating displays a porous morphology with pores of varying diameter and shape, which appear at the sites of the micro-discharge channels because of the gas evolution erupting the molten oxide material during the PEO process [16]. The surface morphology of the formed coatings does not significantly change with the addition of CeO2 and Eu2O3 particles in supporting electrolyte. Elemental mapping by EDS shows that the main constituents of the coatings are uniformly distributed O, Ce, and Eu from the electrolyte and Al from the substrate (Figure 1b).
Integrated EDS analysis of all coatings created in the experiment is given in Table 1. The content of Ce and Eu in the coatings increases with increased concentration of CeO2 and Eu2O3 particles in supporting electrolyte, respectively.
XRD patterns of created coatings are presented in Figure 2. Diffraction peaks corresponding to the gamma phase of Al2O3 (reference ICCD card No. 10-0425) and Al substrate (reference ICCD card No. 89-4037) are observed in XRD patterns. Obviously, the formation of gamma Al2O3 during the PEO is favored by the rapid solidification of molten alumina due to the contact with surrounding low-temperature electrolyte [17]. We were not able to detect any peaks corresponding to CeO2 or Eu2O3 particles as well as any other Ce or Eu species, probably due to low concentration of incorporated Ce and Eu elements into Al2O3 coatings (Table 1).
For further investigation of the chemical nature and oxidation state of Ce and Eu in created coatings, we recorded a high-resolution Ce 3d and Eu 3d core-level spectra of Ce and Eu doped Al2O3 coating created in supporting electrolyte with the addition of 4 g/L CeO2 + 4 g/L Eu2O3 particles (Figure 3). The peak deconvolution of the high-resolution XPS peaks of Ce 3d shows that the level of Ce ion is composed of four Gaussian peaks, i.e., two pairs of doublets (3d5/2 at 881.5 eV and 885.3 eV, 3d3/2 at 899.5 eV and 903.9 eV), characteristic for Ce3+ oxidation state [18]. The Eu 3d core level spectrum consists of two doublets: (i) The Eu 3d5/2 (at 1135.3 eV) and Eu 3d3/2 (at 1165.3 eV) peaks, attributed to Eu3+ oxidation state, and (ii) at lower binding energies at ca. 1125.1 eV and 1155.2 eV, from the Eu2+ oxidation state [19]. These results indicate that interaction between CeO2 and Eu2O3 particles with Al2O3, under environmental conditions set by PEO, causes the reduction of Ce4+ ions to Ce3+ ions and the reduction of some of Eu3+ to Eu2+ ions in Al2O3 host (e.g., [10,11] and references therein).
3.2. PL of Al2O3:Ce3+ and Al2O3:Eu2+ Coatings
The PL excitation and emission spectra of Ce3+ and Eu2+ singly doped Al2O3 coatings are presented in Figure 4. The PL excitation spectrum of Al2O3:Ce3+ coating (Figure 4a) exhibited the broad band in the range from 250 to 340 nm and peaked at about 285 nm, corresponding to the direct excitation from the Ce3+ ground state 4f to the field-splitting levels of 5d state [20]. The corresponding PL emission spectrum excited at 285 nm shows one broad emission band peaked at about 340 nm, attributed to the transitions of 5d excited state to the 2F7/2 and 2F5/2 ground states [20].
Figure 4b presents PL excitation and emission spectra of Al2O3 coating doped with Eu ions. The PL spectra show the characteristic Eu2+ broad band excitation and emission [21]. Although XPS indicates that Eu incorporated into Al2O3 is also in the 3+ oxidation state, typical f-f transitions of Eu3+ ions have not been identified in PL excitation and emission spectra, not even under the 395 nm excitation corresponding to the 7F0→5L6 transition of Eu3+. The PL excitation spectrum shows a large absorption band ranging from 250 to 330 nm, with center at 260 nm, attributed to the 4f65d1 multiplet excited states of Eu2+ ions. Under the excitation of 260 nm the PL emission spectrum shows two distinct bands reaching maxima at about 405 and 500 nm, caused by the 4f65d1→4f7 (8S7/2) transition of Eu2+ ions. This transition is structurally sensitive to the local environment around the Eu2+ in Al2O3 [21]. The gamma Al2O3 has two different sites for Al3+ ions. The appearance of two emission bands for a single transition of Eu2+ in Al2O3:Eu2+ is thus attributed to the Eu2+ substituting the Al3+ ions at both crystallographic sites.
3.3. PL of Al2O3:Ce3+/Eu2+ Coatings
Figure 4 shows the spectral overlapping of the Ce3+ PL emission to the Eu2+ PL excitation in Al2O3 between 300 and 400 nm, which indicates that the energy transfer from a sensitizer Ce3+ to an activator Eu2+ is possible. To verify the energy transfer from Ce3+ to Eu2+ in Al2O3:Ce3+/Eu2+ coatings, the PL emission spectra excited at 260 and 285 nm of coatings formed in supporting electrolyte with the addition of 4 g/L CeO2 and different concentrations of Eu2O3 are shown in Figure 5. The PL emission spectra of Al2O3:Ce3+/Eu2+ coatings consist of the emission band peaking at about 345 nm, assigned to the 4f05d1→4f1 transition of Ce3+ ion, and two emission bands peaking at about 405 and 500 nm, attributed to the 4f65d→4f7 transition of Eu2+ ion. The intensity of the PL band of Ce3+ decreases with the increasing concentration of Eu2O3 in supporting electrolyte, i.e., content of incorporated Eu in Al2O3 coatings (Table 1), but the intensity of PL bands of Eu2+ increases. With the higher Eu2+ doping content, the Ce3+ emission practically disappears, and only the Eu2+ emission remains in the PL spectra of Al2O3:Ce3+/Eu2+ coatings. These results indicate that the energy transfer from Ce3+ to Eu2+ is confirmed. The intensity of PL bands of Eu2+ not only increases due to Ce3+→Eu2+ energy transfer, but also due to the increase of the Eu content in the Al2O3 coatings.
Ce3+→Eu2+ energy transfer in Al2O3:Ce3+/Eu2+ coatings created in supporting electrolyte with the addition of 0.5 g/L Eu2O3 and different concentrations of CeO2 is verified as well (Figure 6). The intensity of PL bands originating from Ce3+ and Eu2+ increases with increasing concentration of CeO2 in the supporting electrolyte, i.e., content of incorporated Ce3+ in Al2O3 coatings (Table 1). The intensity of PL bands of Eu2+ increases due to Ce3+→Eu2+ energy transfer, but the intensity of the PL band of Ce3+ increases due to the increase of the Ce3+ content in the Al2O3 coatings.
The energy transfer efficiency (ηT) from Ce3+ to Eu2+ can be calculated by the formula ηT = 1 – IS/IS0, where IS and IS0 are the PL intensities of the Ce3+ emissions with and without the presence of Eu2+, respectively [22]. The energy transfer efficiencies from Ce3+ to Eu2+ are calculated from the spectra in Figure 5 and presented in Figure 7. The energy transfer efficiency increases with increasing Eu2+ concentration, indicating that the energy transfer from Ce3+ to Eu2+ is effective under middle UV excitation. The energy transfer Ce3+→Eu2+ can also be observed via the shortening of the Ce3+ emission decay times with the increasing Eu2+ concentration, as demonstrated in Ref. [7].
In order to identify the energy transfer mechanism from a Ce3+ sensitizer to an Eu2+ activator, the equation of exchange interaction and electric multipolar interactions proposed by Dexter and Reisfeld was used [3]:
From Equation (1) the dominant multipolar interaction can be identified, where C is the total concentration of Ce3+ and Eu2+ ions, and n = 6, 8, 10 values correspond to dipole–dipole, dipole–quadropole and quadropole–quadropole interactions, respectively. In Figure 8, the plots of Cn/3 vs. IS0/IS are presented. The best fit is with n = 6, i.e., the energy transfer Ce3+→Eu2+ is primarily due to the electric dipole–dipole interaction.
The critical transfer distance for electric dipole–dipole interactions equal to [8]:where I(Ce) and I(Eu) are the intensities of Ce3+ emission and Eu2+ excitation spectra, respectively, and L is the largest energy point at which the spectral overlap occurs. As can be extracted from the graph in Figure 9, that point is equal to 3.985 eV, the term with integrals is equal to 0.3596 eV−1, and thus the critical distance was estimated to be 8.6 Å.
3.4. CIE Chromaticity Analysis
The Commission International de I'Eclairage (CIE) 1931 (x,y) coordinates of Al2O3:Ce3+/Eu2+ coatings created in supporting electrolyte with the addition different concentration of CeO2 and Eu2O3 were estimated by the JOES software, v. 2.8 [23], and the results are presented in Figure 10 and Table 2. From the diagram, the evident is the shift from pure blue towards the white color by increasing Eu2+ concentration. There is also a small shift in the same direction by changing the excitation from 260 to 285 nm. The emission color of the samples with constant Eu2+ is almost independent on the Ce3+ concentration. Thus, the emission color of Al2O3:Ce3+/Eu2+ can be fine-tuned from pure blue to white by increasing Eu2+ concentration.
4. Conclusions
In summary, we have successfully prepared Al2O3 coatings doped with Ce3+ and Eu2+ ions by the PEO process and their PL properties have been investigated in detail. PL emission spectra of Al2O3:Ce3+/Eu2+ are a sum of PL originating from 5d–4f transitions of Ce3+ and Eu2+ ions. Due to the spectral overlapping of the Ce3+ PL emission with the Eu2+ PL excitation in Al2O3, an energy transfer from Ce3+ sensitizer to Eu2+ activator occurs. The energy transfer mechanism is dominant by electric dipole–dipole interaction.
Author Contributions
S.S. conceptualized the idea; S.S. developed the coating; S.S. developed the methodology; S.S. and A.Ć. performed the experiments, and analyzed data; S.S. and A.Ć. contributed equally in manuscript preparation, editing and submission.
This research was funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia under project No. 171035 and by the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 823942.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Figure 1. (a) SEM images of coatings created in supporting electrolyte: (i) Without addition CeO2 and Eu2O3 and with the addition of (ii) 4 g/L CeO2, (iii) 4 g/L Eu2O3, (iv) 4 g/L CeO2 + 4 g/L Eu2O3. (b) Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) maps of coating created in supporting electrolyte with the addition of 4 g/L CeO2 + 4 g/L Eu2O3.
Figure 2. (a) XRD patterns of coatings created in 0.1 M H3BO3 + 0.05 M Na2B4O7 + 4 g/L CeO2 with the addition Eu2O3 in different concentrations, (b) XRD patterns of coatings formed in 0.1 M H3BO3 + 0.05 M Na2B4O7 + 0.5 g/L Eu2O3 with the addition CeO2 in different concentrations.
Figure 3. (a) High-resolution XPS spectrum of Ce 3d, (b) high-resolution Eu 3d XPS spectrum of coating created with the addition of 4 g/L CeO2 + 4 g/L Eu2O3 to the supporting electrolyte.
Figure 4. Photoluminescence (PL) excitation and emission spectra of: (a) Al2O3:Ce3+, (b) Al2O3:Eu2+, created in supporting electrolyte with the addition of 4 g/L CeO2 and 4 g/L Eu2O3, respectively.
Figure 5. PL emission spectra of Al2O3:Ce3+/Eu2+ coatings formed in supporting electrolyte with the addition of 4 g/L CeO2 and different concentrations of Eu2O3 excited at: (a) 260 nm, (b) 285 nm.
Figure 6. PL emission spectra of Al2O3:Ce3+/Eu2+ coatings formed in supporting electrolyte with the addition of 0.5 g/L Eu2O3 and different concentrations of CeO2 excited at: (a) 260 nm, (b) 285 nm.
Figure 7. Energy transfer efficiency of Al2O3:Ce3+/Eu2+ coatings created in supporting electrolyte with the addition of 4 g/L CeO2 and different concentrations of Eu2O3.
Figure 10. Commission International de I'Eclairage (CIE) 1931 chromaticity diagram of Al2O3:Ce3+/Eu2+ coatings doped with various concentrations of CeO2 and Eu2O3 particles and excited at 260 nm. Labels are explained in Table 2.
Table 1. EDS analysis of plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) coatings coalesced in supporting electrolyte with different concentrations of added CeO2 and Eu2O3 powders.
|Concentration of Particles in Supporting Electrolyte
|Atomic (%)
|4 g/L CeO2
|4 g/L Eu2O2
|4 g/L CeO2 + 0.5 g/L Eu2O3
|4 g/L CeO2 + 1 g/L Eu2O3
|4 g/L CeO2 + 2 g/L Eu2O3
|4 g/L CeO2 + 4 g/L Eu2O3
|0 g/L CeO2 + 0.5 g/L Eu2O3
|4 g/L CeO2 + 0.5 g/L Eu2O3
|8 g/L CeO2 + 0.5 g/L Eu2O3
|12 g/L CeO2 + 0.5 g/L Eu2O3
Table 2. CIE x, y coordinates, color purity and dominant wavelength of Al2O3:Ce3+/Eu2+, coatings doped with various concentrations of CeO2 and Eu2O3 particles and excited at 260 and 285 nm.
|Concentration of Particles
|Color Purity
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).


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After the last cleaning of the windows before winter, you can additionally seal them, and thus protect the house from the inflow of cold air. .


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Great home to enjoy with fur baby!
The view from the pool is outstanding. I love Marco Island. This home is well stocked and has plenty of space. TV's in every room and Netflix. Would stay here again.
Marvin island.
Everything was great.
We've been renting in the winter months in Marco for years and this is by far the best house we've rented. The view is awesome. The pool and lanai are perfect for breakfast, lunch and dinner and just enjoying the spectacular view. The first week we were there we saw a dolphin in the canal!
The home is spacious and well laid out and is fully equipped....even down to plenty of hangers and hotel quality towels. Can't wait to stay here again.
Nice home! Wonderful owner! Very helpful👍�.
Great view. Pool, hot tub, sunshine, warm weather. What more could you ask for.
Our fiends who visited us loved it. Marco is a beautiful island with a 100 great restaurants to enjoy.
My husband played pickle ball daily and rode bike and I got to soak up the rays in the pool and read. Life is good.


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Jason Mewes is a television and film actor and Internet radio show host best known for playing Jay, the vocal half of the Jay and Silent Bob duo in six films and an animated series. He currently cohosts a weekly podcast with Kevin Smith called Jay and Silent Bob Get Old.
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Sorrento dress - special Christmas order
On sale $55.00 AUD
100% cotton
V-neck both front and back
Bodice is fully lined, enclosed elastic waistband.
Available in size 2 to 10.
Made to order in 1-2 weeks. Need it sooner? Let me know and I will do my best.
**** Photos are of the same dress being worn by same model, taken 1 year apart.