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Wiring Diagram
2012 toyota corolla fuse box diagram
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Toyota Corolla (2009 2012) fuse box diagram Auto Genius
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Toyota Corolla 2012 Fuse Box Diagram
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Interior Fuse Box Location: 2009 2013 Toyota Corolla 2012 ...
The video above shows how to replace blown fuses in the interior fuse box of your 2012 Toyota Corolla in addition to the fuse panel diagram location. Electrical components such as your map light, radio, heated seats, high beams, power windows all have fuses and if they suddenly stop working, chances are you have a fuse that has blown out.
Fuse Box Diagram > Toyota
Fuse box diagrams (location and assignment of electrical fuses and relays) Toyota. Skip to content. Fuse Box Diagrams. ... Toyota Corolla Auris (E160 E170 E180; 2013 2018) fuses and relays ... Toyota Prius C (2012 2017) fuses ...
Fuse box location and diagrams: Toyota Corolla Auris (2013 2018)
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For the Toyota Corolla ((E140, E150) 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 model year. Fuse box in passenger compartment. fuse box location. Under the driver's ...
Interior Fuse Box Location: 2009 2013 Toyota Corolla ...
The video above shows how to replace blown fuses in the interior fuse box of your 2010 Toyota Corolla in addition to the fuse panel diagram location. Electrical components such as your map light, radio, heated seats, high beams, power windows all have fuses and if they suddenly stop working, chances are you have a fuse that has blown out.
Toyota Corolla Electrical Fuse Replacement Guide 2009 To ...
Snap On Fuse Panel Cover: Replace Fuse Puller Tool: Push On Fuse Box Cover: Replace the fuse puller tool at the top middle of the engine bay fuse panel. Lower the cover on to the engine bay fuse panel and push it in to place. For more, check out my other Corolla DIY tutorials at the links below 2009 2013 Toyota Corolla Repair & Maintenance Guides
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A Toyota Corolla has numerous electronic components which require fuses to operate properly. Every now and then, a fuse will burn out or a short circuit may occur. When this happens you'll need to change the fuse. In order to change the fuse you have to locate the fuse box. A Toyota Corolla has two main fuse ...
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Fuse Box Diagram > Toyota Corolla Auris (2013 2018)
Fuse box diagram (location and assignment of electrical fuses and relays) for Toyota Corolla Auris (E160 E170 E180; 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018).
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Fuse Box Cover (Upper). Relay, Block, Electrical. 2012 Toyota Corolla. Genuine Toyota Part 8266202270
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2014 Corolla Fuse Box: ... 2016, 2017 and 2018) Toyota Corolla in checking or changing a faulty or "blown" fuse or relay in either the engine bay or interior passenger compartment electrical panels. Owners of other Toyota, Lexus or Scion vehicles such as the Yaris, Matrix, Prius, Camry, RAV4, Sienna, Tacoma, Tundra, FJ Cruiser, Venza ...
SOLVED: 2012 toyota rav4 fuse box description of fuses Fixya
SOURCE: fuse box description The fuse box diagram should be in the Owner's Manual. If you don't have the manual, you can go to fleet.ford and under the "Maintenance" tab, you can download your user manual. The fuses are numbered on the fuse box inner cover (the black one), and you can look at the diagram to see what fuse does what, and what amperage it should be.
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Toyota Corolla Mk10 (10Th Generation; 2009 – 2012) – Fuse Box regarding Toyota Corolla Fuse Box by admin Through the thousand pictures online regarding toyota corolla fuse box, we all picks the top selections having ideal image resolution exclusively for you, and this photos is actually among photos collections in your best photos gallery concerning Toyota Corolla Fuse Box.
Toyota Fuse Box Diagram: Fuse Box Toyota Hiace Diagram
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10th generation of Toyota corolla. Fuse box. Corolla XI E170 (2013 ) ... Yamaha YZF R1 2015 Wiring diagram 2 months ago; ... imgVEHICLE is a social auto repair community! Find diagrams and schemes for your car: owner manuals, fuse box layouts, location, wiring diagrams & circuits for engine, timing belts and much more! ...
2012 toyota rav4 fuse box Fixya
SOURCE: no tail lights and no dash lighting You can find the fuse box either under the Driver's side of the dashboard or in the Engine compartment. Try this solution, hope you can find the right one.
Toyota Corolla Fuse Box | Fuse Box And Wiring Diagram
toyota corolla fuse box welcome to my web site, this blog post will discuss about toyota corolla fuse box. We have gathered lots of photos, ideally this picture serves for you, and also help you in discovering the solution you are searching for. Description : 99 Toyota Corolla: Dashboard Lights..fuses..blown..the
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Like everyone else im looking for the ac compressor relay on my 2012 toyota corolla. The relays and fuses show nothing for the suggestions above. The owners manual is different from the fuse panel locations all together.
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Fuse or relay for 2009 2012 a c compressor? Jump to Latest Follow 1 6 of 6 Posts ... I don't know exactly what car you have but I Googled the manual for a 2009 Corolla and it appears there is a fuse box up in the dash on the driver's side, not near your feet. ... 2009 Toyota Corolla CE Blower Motor Issues Corolla 10th Gen 2nd Gen Matrix (2009 ...
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After a fuse is replaced: If the lights do not turn on even after the fuse has been replaced, a bulb may need replacing. If the replaced fuse blows again, have the vehicle inspected by your Toyota dealer. If there is an overload in the circuits The fuses are designed to blow before the entire wiring harness is damaged
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Wiring Diagram - Electrical Wiring Diagram


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When a brilliant bookstore manager crosses paths with an aspiring writer, he uses the internet and social media to gather the most intimate of details and get close to her. A charming and awkward crush quickly becomes obsession as he quietly and strategically removes every obstacle - and person - in his way.
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subset: commoncrawl


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However, it isn't just about the digital nomad lifestyle that gets people so excited. More so than getting rich by any measure, the masses are merely attempting to wrap their minds around generating a respectable amount of cash, enough to satisfy their expenses and leave a little bit of disposable income at the end of the day. While many look to fulfill that desire, very few, in fact, are able to follow through.
Earn the experience through different levels of work and when you feel like you have gained all that you can from it, consider moving on in other companies would widen your horizon on different business cultures. Putting more experiences in various positions would make you a more valuable asset for companies and making you a better option for higher rank duties.
the problem with "CashCrate" is that the amount of money that u get out of it is VERY slim.. and even to get that VERY slim portion of money you have to complete a lot of surveys and to cash-in on the money you earned u must make over $20, trust me. i tried it, it took me over 6-12 months to get the cash.. i used the site like if my life depended on it. it was very hard.
While it is possible to make a lot of money while working for someone else, the truth is that you should mind your own business. Start and grow your own business, no matter what it might be. Identify what you're really good at, and develop the skills into a business that you can expand over time. Don't look for instant payouts or overnight riches. The reality is that it's going to take time, so you might as well start now.
When the economic change started in 2008, real estate attracted a lot of wealthy investors. Even today, buying, developing, and eventually selling a property is a sure way to acquire wealth. For instance, if you get a loan of around $200,000 and add your own $50,000 to buy a property that costs $250,000, then eventually sell it for $400,000, you can double your money easily.
While droves of individuals salivate over the ability to live, work and play anywhere in the world that they chose to, most are primarily fixated on the ability to just earn a bit of money online. One stream of revenue would likely make the world of difference to many folks. But doing that seems to be an ever-increasing technical challenge. So it isn't about getting rich for a large degree of people, but rather, finding a way to earn just a little bit more money without all the added time it might take.
Make money on YouTube. People who love the spotlight and have other online hustles should consider creating their own YouTube channel. If you're interested — and interesting — you can use the platform to market affiliate products, sell products you create yourself, or receive ad revenue for your informal tutorials or entertaining videos. Once you get the ball rolling, YouTube offers a partner program that can help you monetize your business further.
If you wish you had a little more money in your pocket, you're not alone. Fortunately, you have a variety of options when it comes to making money. Doing odd jobs is a quick and easy way to earn money. Similarly, reselling items or selling items you make can earn you extra cash. As another option, earn money online by writing a blog, freelancing, or doing online surveys.
Become a freelancer in an area where you have expertise. If you have a skill that's in demand, you can sell your services directly to clients who need them. Advertise your services on a personal website and look for freelancing jobs on sites like Upwork, Freelancer, and Fivrr. Additionally, hand out business cards and encourage happy clients to tell others about your work. Here are some ways you can earn money as a freelancer:[15]
Pretty much every serious blogger and online entrepreneur I know has at least one virtual assistant. Think of a VA like an administrative assistant at a regular office building, except they are working remotely. Duties can include practically any administrative task you can think of – including handling emails, bookkeeping, completing sales, customer service, editing websites, and much more. Specializations in areas like social media management or online ad management is another option.
I am a little late posting this, busy due to the holiday season. I love finding ways to make extra money. I have been using ebay for about a year, and sometimes make as much as I do at my job. My regular job is doing things for people that they cannot or don't want to do for themselves. I am a personal assistant, house sit for people who own beach houses, clean out and organize closets and entire houses. The bonus to organizing closets is that they don't want what they clean out, so I can sell it on ebay too 🙂
I'm a huge fan of blogging because I love writing and connecting with people all over the world. To give you an idea of what is possible with blogging, DollarSprout.com is part of a group of blogs that routinely brings in over $100,000 a month in revenue. While it takes time to build your blog up to that income level, you can get the initial set up done in under 30 minutes (no experience needed).
You could easily do home organizing for people, an industry that has gained a lot of popularity since the debut of Netflix's hit series Tidying Up with Marie Kondo. If you're a tidy and organized person yourself, and you're good at organizing spaces, why not offer your services to people around you? You'd be surprised at how many people, even on your own social media feed, might take you up on doing something like this.
401k: Be sure to take advantage of your employer's 401k plan by putting at least enough money to collect the employer match into it. This basically means that for every dollar you contribute, your company will match that (pre-tax!). This ensures you're taking full advantage of what is essentially free money from your employer. That match is POWERFUL and can double your money over the course of your working life:
For that reason, the story of an iconic online marketing legend and founder of, Real Estate World Wide (REWW), Kent Clothier, is one of the most inspirational modern-day fables about, not just attaining wealth at the highest levels, but also in reinvention, revitalization and the ability to produce multiple streams of revenue even when you're emotionally and spiritually bankrupt. This is an individual who played an integral role in building up a nearly $2-billion-dollar-per-year grocery-arbitrage business, but then walked away from it at 30-years old with no ownership retention.
Like virtual assistants, proofreaders can find jobs with almost any business that publishes content online. They provide a second set of eyes for publishers, and can help them create content that looks more polished and professional. Those with specialized skills, like transcript proofreading, can also find work proofreading transcripts for court reporters.
Websites like Survey Junkie will pay you a decent chunk of change for the low-maintenance, borderline mindless task of completing surveys. Companies want to understand consumers better, and one way they do that is by compensating survey-takers. Most surveys pay between $0.50 and $1.25, and many of them take less than 5 minutes to do. You can read our full Survey Junkie review for more info.


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HIGHSIDER LED tail light, brake light, turn signal APOLLO BULLET
LED tail light, brake light, turn signal unit in a black aluminum housing with tinted glass, for rear E-approved.
This innovative lighting technology features 2 very bright SMD LEDs in the centre, which allow an extremely small design. The outer ring, on the other hand, consists of the new COB technology (Chip On Board). The new LED chip embedding for high-performance LEDs achieves a very high luminance with the best possible efficiency and service life. In addition, higher light values can be achieved than with conventional LEDs.
The best comes at the end The HIGHSIDER taillight and taillight/indicator series give you the safety you need and the look you want no matter if cruiser, athlete or speedster
A: 22 mm
B :34 mm
D: 40 mm
Threaded bolt: M 8x 1.25
Black cable = mass (-)
Yellow cable = taillight (+)
Red cable = stoplight (+)
Blue cable = turn signal (+)
Scope of supply: 1 pair
Optional accessories:
LED indicator / position light Art-No. 204-173
LED indicator art. no. 204-171


text: The question stunned him. 淭hat there Rosebud is a-getting mighty fractious. Yesterday he jawed me something fearful because I wouldn檛 let him get up and go out to the camp. I reckon he getting better. Men always like that when they檙e on the mend. The Rosebud shied a tumbler at Taffy yesterday when he said he檇 better lie there another day. He always asking after you, Ralda. Seems mighty curious about you altogether.? Fortunately there was a place nearby for entrepreneurs who had outgrown their garages. In a move that would help transform the area into the cradle of the tech revolution, Stanford University鈥檚 dean of engineering, Frederick Terman, created a seven-hundred-acre industrial park on university land for private companies that could commercialize the ideas of his students. Its first tenant was Varian Associates, where Clara Jobs worked. 鈥淭erman came up with this great idea that did more than anything to cause the tech industry to grow up here,鈥?Jobs said. By the time Jobs was ten, HP had nine thousand employees and was the blue-chip company where every engineer seeking financial stability wanted to work. 三级黄色_未满18岁禁止入内_性感美女_三级黄;色_日本黄大片免费播放 It was hastily thrust in by a hillman, and a trickle of thick smoke from each corner of the curtains showed that peace was restored. Jobs and Gates, 1991 淗ear me out!?said Trafford. 淣orman and Esmeralda were with us at Belfayre. She and I were separated; he loved her still; it was only natural that he, they, should be tempted. I see, now, how much excuse there was for her攜es, and for him.?


text:
Soon after the first Avengers film was released, I could not wait for a sequel, and finally it's here, and it's all I could have hoped for. They're back with a few new additions, and finally a worthy(my favorite villain in the comics) foe, Ultron an AI bent on destroying humanity, at the same time putting the team in despair.
I'll start with some of the nitpicks. This is very rare, but I think Age of Ultron could have used an extra 10-15 minutes. Whedon in an interview stated he cut out some back story for the twins, which I think was a mistake, I wasn't particularly fond of them in the beginning, but as the film progressed they grew on me a lot. This time around Whedon brings a butt-load of action, and better action I might add, but while in the first film there were moments that lasted too long to take a breather from the action, in Age of Ultron he doesn't allow us a moment to catch our breath too often, very sporadically.
But, he finds away to keep things interesting. Barely shorter than the first film, it's still a long film regardless and it does not feel like it. This time around Whedon allows The Avengers to be The Avengers. They're together a lot more and their dynamic and relationship is a joy to watch. The original six, Downey Jr., Evans, Hemsworth, Ruffalo, Johansson, and Renner are all fantastic. Johansson's Black Widow and Renner's Hawkeye in particular have quite an impressive arc in this film and an argument can be made that Hawkeye is the main character, there's also a brilliant, fun tongue in cheek moment he has with Scarlet Witch. Also he got the best lines in the film aside from James Spader who by the way is an excellent villain. Ultron in this film has a personality. He is a scene stealer and commands the screen every time he's in it. I'd also like to mention that Samuel L. Jackson and Cobie Smulders serve their roles well, but in a populated film like this they're roles are obviously reduced a bit, and to my surprise Don Cheadle's War Machine finally gets some action.
The new additions Elizabeth Olsen, Aaron Johnson, and Paul Bettany are solid and only bring extra flare into the film's ingredients. Scarlet Witch is quite well realized, a little more than Quicksilver I might I add, and she is fun to watch and causes some inner damage to the team. Speaking of Quicksilver, Whedon wisely tries not to match or outdo the X-Men Quicksilver, and in doing so he's more grounded and a little more developed than Singer's, who just used him for an impressive sequence. Paul Bettany's Vision is also another scene stealer. He was incredible in the film, and as a last minute surprise he does not disappoint. Vision is arguably one of my favorite characters growing up and Whedon works him into the film the way I'd hope it be. Kudos to Whedon.
I mentioned the action before in my nitpicks, but the action here is top notch and Whedon finds a way to keep you focused. A lot of teamwork is involved in almost every action set piece and you feel what's at stake as the team also takes cue to actually save civilians. It's just a fireworks of action displayed on screen and the scale of it is so very impressive. Hulkbuster vs Hulk in particular is a standout sequence, as does everything that has to do with Vision. But aside from the action, Whedon manages to juggle every single character and somehow make them as relevant as they can be, some obviously more than others, but it's just amazing to see it all unfold. He understands these characters as the heavy moments work well and he never forgets the heroes' humanity. There are also hints to films in the future, but they don't saturate the main plot, but enough to keep you aware.
Thanks to Kevin Feige and his crew, the MCU has come so far since the first Iron Man in 2008, and Joss Whedon had an incredible challenge to make a sequel to the first film. I think one can argue that the novelty wore off a bit because in the first film, it was something that was never been seen before and as it was released it was, and I use the term "done already," and going into this sequel, it won't be able to recapture that magic of the first because "it's been done already."
I know I sound like I'm fanboying, and that's because I am(no apologizes), but if you overlook all that, the film is as good as it gets. It's almost impossible to make a movie like this and not have it feel repetitive. Not to mention, it's impossible to have so many characters and have a completely satisfying characterization for all of them, and I think in the hands of another filmmaker who not only writes, but also directs would more or less likely fail.
I gave the first film a 10/10, even with it's flaws, because of the sheer experience I had watching it. No film is ever perfect but it's more so that it entranced me to the point where I forget about everything else and I'm completely consumed by the film. I can tell you that in Age of Ultron I relived the same experience as I did with the first, even with some issues.
Ultimately Age of Ultron is a different film and in end that's why it works. We have truly been spoiled by the MCU. I think the Russo's and the writing team of Markus and McFeely are the prefect candidates to take over the glorious Avenger films, and no end-credits stinger, but stick around for the mid-credit scene. It's so good.


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Despite the tax benefits on retirement contributions and the tax free growth, the fact that pension income benefits are ultimately taxed has led people to question whether saving in a retirement fund really is better than making your own retirement savings arrangements with after-tax earnings.
One of the main ways government encourages people to save for retirement is to offer tax deductions on saving in an approved retirement fund. While this tax relief can be very helpful when you're working and contributing to a retirement savings fund, the benefits that you eventually receive from your retirement fund when you stop working are still taxed.
To help South Africans make informed retirement saving decisions, Old Mutual Corporate Consultants conducted a thorough investigation into how tax impacts retirement outcomes. The analysis aimed to compare the tax impact of various vehicles to save for retirement. The three vehicles considered were a retirement fund, discretionary savings, i.e. using after tax income, and finally a Tax Free Savings Account (TFSA).
Five different scenarios (using different combinations of these three vehicles) were compared:
Scenario 1: Discretionary savings only (Discretionary)
Scenario 2: Discretionary savings, but including saving in a Tax Free Savings Account (Discretionary TFSA)
Scenario 3: Saving in an approved retirement vehicle (Retirement)
Scenario 4: Saving in an approved retirement vehicle and also reinvesting any tax savings on a discretionary basis (Retirement Plus)
Scenario 5: Saving in an approved retirement vehicle, and reinvesting any tax savings in a Tax Free Savings Account as well as in a fully taxed, discretionary vehicle (Retirement Plus TFSA)
The analysis also considered different levels of income, because the impact of tax depends on how much you earn. "People who earn higher salaries pay more tax, which means the different tax treatment of the savings vehicles result in more significant impacts for higher income earners," explains Andrew Davison, Head of Advice at Old Mutual Corporate Consultants.
Three levels of pre-tax income were compared: R20 000 per month, R60 000 per month and R120 000 per month.
In all five scenarios, and across all three income levels, the full impact of tax (both before and after retirement) was modelled to compare the impact over the lifetime of an individual. This required some important assumptions, including that the tax regime would remain the same as now, adjusting limits and caps by inflation where appropriate.
Davison says the analysis provided some valuable insights. As expected, it emphatically shows that the Retirement scenario (scenario 3) provides the best outcome in terms of income after tax, both before and during retirement. The difference is significant. Based on the same level of take-home pay before retirement, the Retirement scenario provides an after-tax pension that is just over double the income under the Discretionary scenario (scenario 1).
By contrast, the Discretionary scenario provides the worst retirement outcome across all three income levels. "This is because the additional tax being paid on your salary, due to not benefiting from retirement contribution tax deductions, leaves relatively little money over to make a substantial post-tax contribution to discretionary retirement savings," he says, adding that the difference was more evident at higher income levels.
Although the Retirement Plus scenario (scenario 4) also produces a much better outcome than the Discretionary scenario, Davison says it still did not quite match up to the pure Retirement scenario. "For a person earning a R60 000 per month gross salary, it provides an after-tax pension that is 75% higher than under the Discretionary scenario, compared to an extra 102% in the Retirement scenario."
"Introducing a Tax Free Savings Account does improve the outcomes of both the Discretionary TFSA (scenario 2) and the Retirement Plus TFSA (scenario 5), but they still fall short of the Retirement scenario (scenario 3)," he adds. This is because the Tax Free Savings Accounts only provide tax relief on growth and there are limits on contributions, so the benefit is limited.
Interestingly, across all income levels, the Retirement scenario produces a net replacement ratio (that is the ratio of income after tax in the year after retirement date, to the salary after tax just before retirement) of about 100%. This is based on savings of 15% of salary and a 40-year working career lasting for 25 years in retirement. "This demonstrates that a suitable and diligent long-term savings plan can deliver a sound retirement outcome."
When evaluating these options, however, Davison points out that there are a number of factors that need to be considered - only one of which is the impact of tax. "That said, taxation is an important factor and it is useful to look at the full impact the various savings approaches could have on your current take-home pay as well as on your retirement benefit one day," he concludes.
The following important assumptions were used in the analysis:
We considered the impact of taxation over a person's full working lifetime as well as their retirement. (This meant assuming that the average person will start work at age 25, retire at age 65, and live to age 90.)
To simplify the calculations, we assumed that salaries increase in line with inflation.
This allowed us to make the important assumption that future National Annual Budgets will ensure that tax bracket creep is fully adjusted in line with inflation and that all rand amounts, in terms of tax thresholds, caps and limits, will also be adjusted in line with inflation. Of course, this is a reasonable expectation, but is by no means a certainty. If South Africa's fiscal situation comes under pressure at any point, it is possible that the Budget will fail to make these adjustments fully as this will allow government to derive some additional tax revenue, as has been the case at times in the past. The one exception in terms of this assumption is that we assumed that the interest exemption (both primary and secondary) is not adjusted for inflation as that is the stated intention of National Treasury (it has been replaced by Tax Free Savings Accounts).
The calculations used the tax rates, exemptions and limits applicable for the2018/19 tax year. Allowance was made for all taxes and thresholds such as interest exemptions and capital gains tax exclusions. Capital gains were assumed to be realised each year.
Annual investment growth was assumed to be 4% above inflation after fees, split between interest & rental income, dividends and capital gains. This applied to both pre-retirement and post-retirement. The same net-of-fees return was assumed for retirement and discretionary savings, so no allowance was made for any differential in fees.
About Old Mutual Corporate:
Old Mutual Corporate is a leading South African provider of retirement fund solutions through their award-winning umbrella platform, pre & post retirement investments, group risk solutions, financial education, and balance sheet solutions, including a holistic consulting capability through Old Mutual Corporate Consultants. These are provided to a broad range of public and private organisations and institutions from SMEs to large corporates. Visit http://www.oldmutual.co.za/corporate for more information.


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Hang'Em High RV Park
Woodward, OK 73801
The Hang'Em High RV Park in Woodward is a great place to take your RV while on a trip in the area. They have 10 spaces...Learn More
The Hang'Em High RV Park in Woodward is a great place to take your RV while on a trip in the area. They have 10 spaces...Learn More
The Eccentric Duffer Golf Course and Range is a beautiful and unusual nine-hole executive course located near Ada. The...Learn More
Camp McFadden, located on the west shore of Kaw Lake, is a recreation camp that is open for reservations and day use...Learn More
Mingo RV Park in Tulsa offers quality facilities for travelers of all kinds. Conveniently located close to metropolitan...Learn More
Nestled in north-central Oklahoma, High Point RV Park is a welcoming, family friendly RV park in Enid. Large pull-through...Learn More
Located in the arms of Lake Texoma, this RV park features large parking sites with 20, 30 and 50 amp full hookups. Bring...Learn More
Operated by the Army Corps of Engineers, Blue Bill Point Campground on Fort Gibson Lake offers 40 campsites. This cozy,...Learn More
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***NOTICE*** Effective Monday September 9, 2019, campsite base rates for RV and tents will be increased to $16.00 per site,...Learn More


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Boris Johnson Meets with Emmanuel Macron in Paris
Politics | August 22, 2019, Thursday // 07:34| Views: | Comments: 0
Politics » Be a reporter: Write and send your article Expats.bg All Are Welcome! Join Now!
British Prime Minister Boris Johnson and French President Emmanuel Macron will talk in Paris today.
Brexit and other major topics, including the issue of Iran, will be at the center of the talks.
This will be the first meeting between the two since Johnson headed the British government. He also spoke with German Chancellor Angela Merkel yesterday.
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- » Rumen Radev in London: The Funds Invested in Defense Capabilities Should Contribute to the Countries' Own Economic Development and Social Systems
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Before borrowing money from a friend it's best to decide which you need most.
One should guard against preaching to young people success in the customary form as the main aim in life. The most important motive for work in school and in life is pleasure in work, pleasure in its result, and the knowledge of the value of the result to the community.
The absence of fear is freedom.
QUOTBOOK compiled by: Editnguyet tran
Discover Quotes"The only completely consistent people are the dead."Everybody is a genius, but if you judge a fish on its ability to climb a tree, it will live its whole life believing that it is stupid"Gif is pronounced jif"Youre going to come across people in your life who will say all the right words at all the right times but in the end, its always their actions you should judge them by. So pay attention to what people do. Their actions will tell you everything you need to know."Nothing will work unless you do."We shall not cease from exploration, and the end of all our exploring will be to arrive where we started and know the place for the first time."I cook with wine, and sometimes I even add it to the food."A good marriage is one which allows for change and growth in the individuals and in the way they express their love."They who can give up essential liberty to obtain a little temporary safety, deserve neither liberty nor safety. "Walk while ye have the light, lest darkness come upon you.


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A Bit About Us
Turning Interest Into Action
Here at SoulGround, we're committed to investing our expertise and resources in order to create a retreat program unlike any other. Since 2017, we've been supporting our community members through intimate weekend retreats at least 3 times a year. Our retreats are all hosted at cost, meaning that the tuition our members pay to attend goes directly to securing our facility for the retreat weekend, obtaining food for our full menu and paying our board certified registered facilitators. Any funds left over go towards funding scholarships to future retreats.
Our future goal is to be completely funded through grants and donations so that SoulGround can be come more accessible to anyone that needs or would like to attend.
Just imagine what we can achieve together!
Meet The Team
River A. Dowdy
Founder, President, Program Director
Creative, Thoughtful, Courageous
River Dowdy is a counseling graduate student at Central Methodist University, a drama therapy alternative training student through the North American Drama Therapy Association, and a cohort member at Polaris DvT Institute in Chicago training in Developmental Transformations (DvT) for two years. She graduated Summa Cum Ladue from University of Missouri- St. Louis with a Bachelor of Arts in Psychology with an emphasis in trauma and neuropsychology and a minor in theatre.
River is studying to specialize in severe and complex trauma through the lens of embodied modalities and creative arts.
She has presented several times at the Healing Together-Infinite Minds Conference in Orlando, Co-wrote, "'till The Cold Winter's Through" (a production on commercial sexual exploitation) for the STL Fringe Festival and was on the board of the TWLOHA University Chapter at UMSL.
River's vision of what SoulGround can be keeps growing. Currently she wears many hats from webmaster to program director. Her dream is to make SoulGround accessible to anyone who needs it though full funded scholarships.
Rahul Mehta
Grounded, Playful, Caring
Rahul Mehta received his Bachelor of Science in Biochemistry and Biotechnology from the University of Missouri St. Louis. Currently he is in the Master of Clinical Counseling program at Central Methodist University.
He aspires to either work with children trauma survivors or with males in the eating disorder community. Or both! Or more! The sky is the limit!
As a member of the SoulGround board, Rahul oversees the payments and finances for each event. He hopes that SoulGround will continue to grow and become a place for clients all around the world to attend and gain more insight in their recovery and internal work. He knows the potential for this organization is limitless and is excited to be a part of SoulGround.
Dr. Adam M. Key
Director of Communications
Driven. Articulate. Ambitious.
Adam Key has a Ph.D. and a Master of Fine Arts in Communication, specializing in the study of how discourse can be utilized to assist at-risk populations to better themselves and their communities.
He has spent the past seven years working to improve the communication skills of multiple groups including prisoners and youth living on the southern U.S. border.
In addition, he is heavily involved in the TED community as a TEDx organizer and speaker as well as a response speaker at TEDGlobal 2017 in Arusha, Tanzania.
As SoulGround's Communications Director, he is involved in communicating with the organization's various stakeholders in order to best promote its mission and purpose.
Why it's important
SoulGround is committed to not only utilizing Drama Therapy as an effective and powerful treatment modality, but we also seek to contribute to the body of literature that supports drama therapy as both efficacious and evidenced based.
With these goals in mind, SoulGround may extend opportunities for retreat participants or facilitators to participate in confidential and voluntary research or evaluation. Any research would be subject to an Institutional Review Board (IRB) review prior to data collection.
Roxann Wombacher
Artistic Director
Artistic. Punky. Empathetic.
Roxann Wombacher is pursuing her Master of Science in Clinical Counseling at Central Methodist University. She holds a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Graphic Design from University of Central Missouri. Currently, she works as an Account Executive at a marketing firm but she also has her own freelance business on the side.
Roxann is passionate about art and design and it shows in her work. She enjoys bringing client's ideas to life through design and always enjoys a new challenge. As SoulGround's Creative Director she hopes to help the organization grow and thrive by helping them gain recognition and increased membership one design at a time.
Reyna Vaughn
Assistant Program Director
Quirky. Artistic. Compassionate.
Reyna Vaughn has her associates degree in psychology from Darton College. She is a mixed media artist and a Certified Soulcollage® Facilitator. Currently, she facilitates therapeutic art groups in her art studio in north Atlanta, Georgia.
She is passionate about how expressive arts can help people of all ages learn about the many facets of their life. As the Assistant Program Director for SoulGround she helps organize and create meaningful, healing, and therapeutic weekend. Reyna enjoys spreading the word about SoulGround and how our community can help people.
In Search of Volunteers for...
- Social Media Management
- Advertising
- Future retreat RDT facilitators
- Donation Procurement Specialist
- Chef


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En savoir plus à propos de l'abonnement Scribd
Découvrez tout ce que Scribd a à offrir, dont les livres et les livres audio des principaux éditeurs.
INTRODUCTIONIn this age of digital technology, every device and its operation has become
digital based. Now with digital based door lock systems, it is easier to control the door movement of the car or house. The new automated door lock system does not need a key to lock or unlock the door of the car or house. This digital door entry system is in fact controlled by cell-phone which is actually performing the role of remote over here. The keyless door remote is an electronic circuit based device. This remote transmits DTMF signals via air to another device of the system installed in the car door or house door.. The keyless car remote can be operated from any corner of the world. The working of this locking system is very simple. You just have to carry the cell phone with yourself and you can control the locks from anywhere without any problem. It works on the entry number. The owner has to press that entry number on the cell phone for controlling the locking system. The entry number is unique in nature and so is the remote device of an automatic keyless system. You can install a keyless entry system in your house as well as in your vehicle. Now, a days theft cases are increasing everywhere and the key based locking system is no longer a safe option. It is quite easy for thieves and robbers to open the traditional key based doors either with duplicate keys or some other way. Therefore for safety of your house and vehicle, this system can be installed. With this system, you will never be in tension of leaving your house and vehicle out of your supervision. Not only this ,it also help us to move out of some really odd situations like you locked the door and left and in your absence other members came back and then they have to wait outside if they were not having key with themselves.
1.1 MotivationKeyless entry has been a luxury whose availability is confined primarily to vehicles. The cell phone security system takes this idea of keyless entry and transforms it into a convenient, versatile security system that utilizes cell phone technology and the landline telephone network. By taking advantage of caller identification and dual-tone multi-frequency signaling, the security system has the ability to introduce two-levels of security. The first level will be decoding the calling partys identification information while the second level would consist of the user attempting a password entry over the phone.. By combining the mobility of this telecommunication medium with microcontrollers, the system achieves a secure, convenient, and automated form of security for a place of residence.
INTRODUCTIONDesign for an automated door locks(smart key less entry), Biometric
attendance, lecture theater/hall monitor system, railway station display, Automated Parking System, gps navigation system, Circuit Encoder ARC M3EA from Artech for RF Remote Control, pic16f877 interfaced to max sonar ez1 sensor, Infrared Head phone, Microcontroller application, The first method of DTMF generation provides two PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) outputs on pins G3 and G2 of the G port for 100 ms. These two PWM outputs represent the selected high band and low band frequencies respectively, and must be combined externally with an LM324 op amp or equivalent feedback circuit to produce the DTMF signal DTMF (Dual Tone Multiple Frequency) is associated with digital telephony, and provides two selected output frequencies (one high band, one low band) for a duration of 100 ms. DTMF generation consists of selecting and combining two audio tone frequencies associated with the rows (low band frequency) and columns (high band frequency) of a push-button touch tone telephone keypad. According to the current article, DTMF was first introduced to the public at the NY World's Fair in 1964. It was, however, in full "field test" usage in multiple small towns in the US by then. Most notably, it was first used in Findlay Ohio in 1960 and then in Greensburg, PA in 1961.
Mobile phone networks use digital signals instead of DTMF for direct dialing, but DTMF is still used over mobile phones to navigate automated systems such as phone menus, and for secondary dialing, such as using a calling card. Each DTMF "tone" is actually two tones - a low-frequency tone and a high-frequency tone combined. (Hence the name "dual tone multi-frequency".) Looking at the standard phone keypad as a grid, the low tone corresponds to the row, while the high tone corresponds to the column.
3.1 INTRODUCTIONAfter analyzing the requirements of the task to be performed, the next step is to analyze the problem and understand its context. The first activity in the phase is studying the existing system and other is to understand the requirements and domain of the new system. Both the methods are equally important but the first system states as a basis of giving the functional specifications and then successful design of the proposed system. Understanding the properties and requirements of a new system is more difficult and requires creative thinking as well as understanding of existing system is also difficult. Improper understanding of present system can lead diversion from solution
Fig. 3.2.1 DC motor Dynamic braking (dc motor-generated energy is fed to a resistor grid) or regenerative braking (dc motor-generated energy is fed back into the dc motor supply) can be obtained with dc motors on applications requiring quick stops, thus eliminating the need for, or reducing the size of, a mechanical brake. Dc motors feature a speed, which can be controlled smoothly down to zero, immediately followed by acceleration in the opposite direction -- without power circuit switching. And dc motors respond quickly to changes in control signals due to the dc motor's high ratio of torque to inertia. DC Motor types: Wound-field dc motors are usually classified by shuntwound, series-wound, and compound-wound. In addition to these, permanentmagnet and brushless dc motors are also available, normally as fractionalhorsepower dc motors. Dc motors may be further classified for intermittent or continuous duty. Continuous-duty dc motors can run without an off period. DC Motors - Speed control: There are two ways to adjust the speed of a wound-field dc motor. Combinations of the two are sometimes used to adjust the speed of a dc motor. DC Motor - Shunt-field control: Reel drives require this kind of control. The 7
dc motor's material is wound on a reel at constant linear speed and constant strip tension, regardless of diameter. Control is obtained by weakening the shunt-field current of the dc motor to increase speed and to reduce output torque for a given armature current. Since the rating of a dc motor is determined by heating, the maximum permissible armature current is approximately constant over the speed range. This means that at rated current, the dc motor's output torque varies inversely with speed, and the dc motor has constant-horsepower capability over its speed range. DC Motors - Selection: Choosing a dc motor and associated equipment for a given application requires consideration of several factors. DC Motors - Speed range: If field control is to be used, and a large speed range is required, the base speed must be proportionately lower and the motor size must be larger. If speed range is much over 3:1, armature voltage control should be considered for at least part of the range. Very wide dynamic speed range can be obtained with armature voltage control. However, below about 60% of base speed, the motor should be de-rated or used for only short periods. DC Motors - Speed variation with torque: Applications requiring constant speed at all torque demands should use a shunt-wound dc motor. If speed change with load must be minimized, a dc motor regulator, such as one employing feedback from a tachometer, must be used. When the dc motor speed must decrease as the load increases, compound or series-wound dc motors may be used. Or, a dc motor power supply with a drooping volt-ampere curve could be used with a shunt-wound dc motor. DC Motors - Reversing: This operation affects power supply and control, and may affect the dc motor's brush adjustment, if the dc motor cannot be stopped for switching before reverse operation. In this case, compound and stabilizing dc motor windings should not be used, and a suitable armature-voltage control system should supply power to the dc motor. DC Motors - Duty cycle: Direct current motors are seldom used on drives that run continuously at one speed and load. Motor size needed may be determined by either the peak torque requirement or heating. DC Motors - Peak torque: The peak torque that a dc motor delivers is limited by that load at which damaging commutation begins. Dc motor brush and commentator damage depends on sparking severity and duration. Therefore, the dc motor's peak torque depends on the duration and frequency of occurrence of the overload. Dc motor peak torque is often limited by the maximum current that the power supply can deliver. Dc motors can commutate greater loads at low speed without damage. NEMA standards specify that machines powered by dc motors must deliver at least 150% rated current for 1 min at any speed within rated range, but most dc motors do much better. 8
DC Motors - Heating: Dc motor temperature is a function of ventilation and electrical/mechanical losses in the machine. Some dc motors feature losses, such as core, shunt-field, and brush-friction losses, which are independent of load, but vary with speed and excitation. The best method to predict a given dc motor's operating temperature is to use thermal capability curves available from the dc motor manufacturer. If curves are not available, dc motor temperature can be estimated by the power-loss method. This method requires a total losses versus load curve or an efficiency curve. For each portion of the duty cycle, power loss is obtained and multiplied by the duration of that portion of the cycle. The summation of these products divided by the total cycle time gives the dc motor's average power loss. The ratio of this value to the power loss at the motor rating is multiplied by the dc motor's rated temperature rise to give the approximate temperature rise of the dc motor when operated on that duty cycle. Selecting DC motors Sizing a DC motor to accurately meet a set of requirements can be a thankless task. Having to choose between brush-type or brushless motors can complicate the selection. Even experienced designers may sometimes overlook critical motor parameters and find problems after the system is up and running. In the worst case, starting over may be the only alternative. Experts, however, use an expedient procedure to properly size and select dc motors. This procedure is based upon an accurate definition of the target system parameters and designer experience. Dc motor parameters: Fortunately, several motor parameters are the same for both brush-type and brushless dc motors. One of these is motor constant; Km. It is important but widely overlooked. It is used during motor sizing because it is a figure of merit of the motor power-to-torque ratio. Km is proportional to the ratio of peak torque, Tp, to peak power, Pp, at stall: Km = Tp / Pp. Km is also proportional to the ratio of torque sensitivity, Kt, to motor terminal resistance, Rm:Km = Kt / Rm. After the required Km has been determined, a candidate motor with this value or greater is selected from a catalog. The motor is only a candidate at this point because other factors must be determined. As the design selection progresses, some trade-offs typically take place. For example, the motor must also satisfy physical size and inertia requirements. Winding resistance is a major factor in motor selection because it seriously affects Km. Winding resistance and motor current produce power loss in the form of heat and motor temperature rise (TPR). These losses are also referred to as I2R losses and directly degrade motor efficiency.
Most motor windings are copper wire which has a positive temperature coefficient. A winding temperature rise from 25 to 155C increases wire resistance as much as 50%. Likewise, a proportional decrease in resistance occurs for temperature drops. A three-step procedure determines the value of resistance change from a specified initial power input. First, a quality factor, F, is computed from known wattage and temperature. Second, the hot-condition wattage, Wh is calculated. Third, the quality factor is used to find final temperature rise, Trf.
Where Wc = initial input power, cold, W; TPR = motor temperature rise, C/W; and Tamb = ambient temperature, C.
However, factor F is valid only over a restricted range of values for a part of the denominator, where n = Wc(TPR)/(234.5 + Tamb). If n >1, then F is negative or infinity, signifying thermal runaway that burns open the motor. But if n <1, then F is positive and the motor will stabilize at Trf or less. Core losses: Hysteresis and eddy currents in the core also make motor temperature rise. At high speeds, these losses can produce as much or more heat than I 2R losses. Core losses depend primarily on the motor design. Design factors affecting those losses include lamination thickness, flux densities in the armature, and frequencies generated in the core that depend upon the number of poles and speed. Catalog specifications may not include core loss data, so designers must measure it by testing several sample motors. The data may also be available directly from the motor manufacturer. Ambient temperature is the third most important factor determining motor temperature rise. A motor having a winding temperature rating of 155C and operating in an ambient temperature of 100C has only a 55C allowable temperature rise. Core losses and I2R losses quickly cut the 55C margin under load. An ideal room ambient temperature of 25C, by comparison, allows a 130C temperature rise. Use of heat sinks and air or fluid cooling moderates the temperature rise value considerably. The TPR rating of the motor per watt of input power, C/W, is usually in the catalog or data sheet for unmounted motors. The TPR for the same motor, but mounted, TPR can be 25% of the unmounted value. A conservative designer could ignore the reduced TPR in his calculations. But he would specify a motor much larger and more expensive than necessary. Magnet properties: Dc motors use a variety of permanent-magnet materials. Early designs employed ceramic or ferrite and AlNiCo magnets. These materials 10
are still widely applied, however, in automobiles and other areas where low cost as well as reliability is important. Newer designs use rare-earth samarium-cobalt and neodymium magnets. Most magnets have stable magnetic properties within the normal operating temperature range of the motor. But some magnets have a higher temperature coefficient than others. High temperature-coefficient magnets may become too weak if operated at high temperatures for extended periods. Depending on the magnetic material and slope of the motor's magnetic circuit, torque degradation may result over a wide temperature range. Ceramic or ferrite magnets lose about 0.13% / C of their remanence above 25C, while rare earth and AlNiCo may lose only 0.03% / C. But this loss is generally reversible if the temperature is kept within the motor rating. Colder temperatures are seldom a problem. Since the coefficient curve is linear, magnets are stronger at lower temperatures. Some grades of rare-earth magnets are more sensitive to temperature than others. Magnets in the neodymium family may have irreversible magnetic losses under wide temperature changes. These magnets have the highest maximumenergy product (MEP), a figure of merit, of any commercial magnet now available. High MEP comes at a premium and should not be lost to temperature extremes. Neodymium magnets are continually being improved with lower temperature coefficients to make them as stable as other rare-earth grades. Peak loads applied to AlNiCo and ceramic dc motors can degrade their magnetic properties. AlNiCo motors have a peak current rating which usually corresponds to a point above the knee of the B/H curve. Current exceeding this rating, caused by either a current spike or a constant dc input, are over the knee and cause permanent demagnetization. A demagnetized AlNiCo motor may only provide 50 to 60% of its original torque. Fortunately, rare-earth magnets are not as sensitive to demagnetization as AlNiCo and ceramic. Motor sizing: Motor sizing takes into account all the above motor parameters and specifications. Also, the motor inertia and load must be defined for both transient and steady-state conditions. This inertia is critical since torque during acceleration exceeds torque at constant speed. Two examples explain the sizing of dc motors for typical applications. The first example considers the selection and sizing of a brush-type dc motor. The second concerns a sterile outer-space environment requiring a brushless dc motor.
Working The most important part of a light emitting diode (LED) is the semiconductor chip located in the center of the bulb as shown. The chip has two regions separated by a junction. The p region is dominated by positive electric charges, and the n region is dominated by negative electric charges. The junction acts as a barrier to the flow of electrons between the p and the n regions. Only when sufficient voltage is applied to the semi-conductor chip, can the current flow and the electrons cross the junction into the p region.
Fig. 18.104.22.168 Semi conductor Chip In the absence of a large enough electric potential difference (voltage) across the LED leads, the junction presents an electric potential barrier to the flow of 12
electrons. When sufficient voltage is applied to the chip across the leads of the LED, electrons can move easily in only one direction across the junction between the p and n regions. In the p region there are many more positive than negative charges. In the n region the electrons are more numerous than the positive electric charges. When a voltage is applied and the current starts to flow, electrons in the n region have sufficient energy to move across the junction into the p region. Once in the p region the electrons are immediately attracted to the positive charges due to the mutual Coulomb forces of attraction between opposite electric charges. When an electron moves sufficiently close to a positive charge in the P region, the two charges "re-combine. Each time an electron recombines with a positive charge; electric potential energy is converted into electromagnetic energy. For each recombination of a negative and a positive charge, a quantum of electromagnetic energy is emitted in the form of a photon of light with a frequency characteristic of the semi-conductor material (usually a combination of the chemical elements gallium, arsenic and phosphorus). Only photons in a very narrow frequency range can be emitted by any material.
Color of L.E.DLED's that emit different colors are made of different semi-conductor materials, and require different energies to light them.
Fig 126.96.36.199 color of L.E.D The color of an LED is determined by the semiconductor material, not by the coloring of the 'package' (the plastic body). LEDs of all colors are available in uncolored packages which may be diffused (milky) or clear (often described as 13
'water clear'). The colored packages are also available as diffused (the standard type) or transparent.
Fig 184.108.40.206 Block diagram As we all know any invention of latest technology cannot be activated without the source of power. So it this fast moving world we deliberately need a proper power source which will be apt for a particular requirement. All the electronic components starting from diode to Intel ICs only work with a DC supply ranging from _+5v to _+12. we are utilizing for the same, the most cheapest and commonly available energy source of 230v-50Hz and stepping down , rectifying, filtering and regulating the voltage. This will be dealt briefly in the forth-coming sections. STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER When AC is applied to the primary winding of the power transformer it can either be stepped down or up depending on the value of DC needed. In our circuit the transformer of 230v/15-0-15v is used to perform the step down operation where a 230V AC appears as 15V AC across the secondary winding . One alteration of input causes the top of the transformer to be positive and the bottom negative. The next alteration will temporarily cause the reverse. The current rating of the transformer used in our project is 2A. Apart from stepping down AC voltages , it gives isolation between the power source and power supply circuitries. BRIDGE RECTIFIER In the power supply unit, rectification is normally achieved using a solid state diode. Diode has the property that will let the electron flow easily in one direction at proper biasing condition . As AC is applied to the diode, electrons only flow when the anode and cathode is negative. Reversing the polarity of voltage will not permit electron flow. For a positive cycle, two diodes are connected to the positive voltage at the top winding and only one diode conducts . At the same time one of the other two 14
diodes conducts for the negative voltage that is applied from the bottom winding due to the forward bias for that diode. In this circuit due to positive half cycleD1 & D2 will conduct to give 10.8v pulsating DC. The DC output has a ripple frequency of 100Hz. Since each altercation produces a resulting output pulse, frequency = 2*50 Hz. The output obtained is not a pure DC and therefore filtration has to be done. VOLTAGE REGULATORS The voltage regulators play an important role in any power supply unit. The primary purpose of a regulator is to aid the rectifier and filter circuit in providing a constant DC voltage to the device. Power supplies without regulators have an inherent problem of changing DC voltage values due to variations in the load or due to fluctuations in the AC liner voltage. With a regulator connected to the DC output, the voltage can be maintained within a close tolerant region of the desired output. IC7812 and 7912 is used in this project for providing +12v and 12v DC supply.
3.2.4 MICROCONTROLLERThe AT89C52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit
microcomputer with 8k bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM)The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile 11Memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 and 80C52 instruction set and Pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer .By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip. Features The AT89C52 provides the following standard features 8K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory 128 bytes of Internal RAM (128 x 8-bit) 32 Programmable I/O Lines Two 16-bit Timer/Counters Five vector two-level interrupt architecture A full duplex serial port Three-level Program Memory Lock Six Interrupt Sources 15
Pin DescriptionVCC: Supply voltage. GND: Ground. Port 0 Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification. Port 1 Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. 16
The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification. Port 2 Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups.
The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs .As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to externaldata16-bitaddresses (MOVX@DPTR).Inthisapplication,itusesstrongmemoryuses pullupswhenemitting1s.Duringaccessestoexternaldatamemorythatuses8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI); Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 3 Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port internal
3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups .Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below:
Port Pin P3.0 P3.1 P3.2 P3.3 P3.4 P3.5 P3.6 P3.7
Alternate Functions RXD (serial input port) TXD (serial output port) INT0 (external interrupt 0) INT1 (external interrupt 1) T0 (timer 0 external input) T1 (timer 1 external input) WR (external data memory Write strobe) RD (external data memory read strobe) Fig 188.8.131.52 Table of 89c52
Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. RST Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. ALE/PROG Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALEdisable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.PE SN
Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, twice each machine cycle, except that two each access to external data memory.E AP E SN
is activated
External Access Enable must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to 18
will be internally
Oscillator Characteristics XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2. There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.
Fig 18.104.22.168 Types of memory On-Chip Memory refers to any memory (Code, RAM, or other) that physically exists on the microcontroller itself. On-chip memory can be of several types, but we'll get into that shortly. External Code Memory is code (or program) memory that resides off-chip. This is often in the form of an external EPROM. External RAM is RAM memory that resides off-chip. This is often in the form of standard static RAM or flash RAM.Code Memory:
Code memory is the memory that holds the actual 89c51 program that is to be run. This memory is limited to 64K and comes in many shapes and sizes: Code memory may be found on-chip, either burned into the microcontroller as ROM or EPROM. Code may also be stored completely off-chip in an external ROM or, more commonly, an external EPROM. Flash RAM is also another popular method of storing a program. Various combinations of these memory types may also be 20
used--that is to say, it is possible to have 4K of code memory on-chip and 64k of code memory off-chip in an EPROM .When the program is stored on-chip the 64K maximum is often reduced to 4k, 8k, or 16k. This varies depending on the version of the chip that is being used. External RAM: As an obvious opposite of Internal RAM, the 89c51 also supports what is called External RAM. As the name suggests, External RAM is any random access memory which is found off-chip. Since the memory is off-chip it is not as flexible in terms of accessing, and is also slower. For example, to increment an Internal RAM location by 1 requires only 1 instruction and 1 instruction cycle. To increment a 1-byte value stored in External RAM requires 4 instructions and 7 instruction cycles. In this case, external memory is 7 times slower .What External RAM loses in speed and flexibility it gains in quantity. While Internal RAM is limited to 128 bytes (256 bytes with an 8052), the 89c51 supports External RAM up to 64K. On-Chip Memory As mentioned, the 89c51 includes a certain amount of on-chip memory. On-chip memory is really one of two types: Internal RAM and Special Function Register (SFR) memory. The layout of the 89c51's internal memory is presented in the following memory map..
Fig 18.104.22.168 on chip memory As is illustrated in above map, the 89c51 has a bank of 128 bytes of Internal RAM. This Internal RAM is found on-chip on the 89c51 so it is the fastest RAM available, and it is also the most flexible in terms of reading, writing, and modifying its contents. Internal RAM is volatile, so when the 89c51 is reset this memory is cleared.
Register Banks The 89c51 uses 8 "R" registers which are used in many of its instructions. These "R" registers are numbered from 0 through 7 (R0, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, and R7). These registers are generally used to assist in manipulating values and moving data from one memory location to another the Accumulator. Thus if the Accumulator (A) contained the value 6 and R4 contained the value 3, the Accumulator would contain the value 9 after this instruction was executed. However, as the memory map shows, the "R" Register R4 is really part of Internal RAM. Specifically, R4 is address 04h. This can be see in the bright green section of the memory map. But, the 89c51 has four distinct register banks. When the 89c51 is first booted up, register bank 0 (addresses 00h through 07h) is used by 22
default. However, your program may instruct the 89c51 to use one of the alternate register banks; i.e., register banks 1, 2, or 3. In this case, R4 will no longer be the same as Internal RAM address 04h. For example, if your program instructs the 89c51 to use register bank 3, "R" register R4 will now be synonymous with Internal RAM address 1Ch. The concept of register banks adds a great level of flexibility to the 89c51, especially when dealing with interrupts (we'll talk about interrupts later). However, always remember that the register banks really reside in the first 32 bytes of Internal RAM. BIT MEMORY The 89c51, being a communications-oriented microcontroller, gives the user the ability to access a number of bit variables. These variables may be either 1 or 0. There are 128 bit variables available to the user, numbed 00h through 7Fh. The user may make use of these variables with commands such as SETB and CLR. For example, to set bit number 24 (hex) to 1 you would execute the instruction: SETB 24h It is important to note that Bit Memory is really a part of Internal RAM. In fact, the 128 bit variables occupy the 16 bytes of Internal RAM from 20h through 2Fh. Thus, if you write the value FFh to Internal RAM address 20h youve effectively set bits 00h through 07h. Bit variables 00h through 7Fh are for user-defined functions in their programs. However, bit variables 80h and above are actually used to access certain SFRs on a bit-by-bit basis.
The "R" registers: The "R" registers are a set of eight registers that are named R0, R1, etc. up to and including R7.These registers are used as auxillary registers in many operations. To continue with the above example, perhaps you are adding 10 and 20. The original number 10 may be stored in the Accumulator whereas the value 20 may be stored in, say, register R4. To process the addition you would execute the command The "B" Register: The "B" register is very similar to the Accumulator in the sense that it may hold an 8-bit (1-byte) value. The "B" register is only used by two 89c51 instructions: MUL AB and DIV AB. Thus, if you want to quickly and easily multiply or divide A by another number, you may store the other number in "B" and make use of these two instructions .Aside from the MUL and DIV instructions, the "B" register is often used as yet another temporary storage register much like a ninth "R" register. The Data Pointer (DPTR): The Data Pointer (DPTR) is the 89c51s only user-accessible 16-bit (2byte) register. The Accumulator, "R" registers, and "B" register are all 1-byte values. DPTR, as the name suggests, is used to point to data. It is used by a number of commands which allow the 89c51 to access external memory. When the 89c51 accesses external memory it will access external memory at the address indicated by DPTR. While DPTR is most often used to point to data in external memory, many programmers often take advantage of the fact that its the only true 16register available. It is often used to store 2-byte values which have nothing to do with memory locations. The Program Counter (PC) The Program Counter (PC) is a 2-byte address which tells the 89c51 where the next instruction to execute is found in memory. When the 89c51 is initialized PC always starts at 0000h and is incremented each time an instruction is 24
executed. It is important to note that PC isnt always incremented by one. Since some instructions require 2 or 3 bytes the PC will be incremented by 2 or 3 in these cases The Stack Pointer (SP) The Stack Pointer, like all registers except DPTR and PC, may hold an 8-bit (1-byte) value. The Stack Pointer is used to indicate where the next value to be removed from the stack should be taken from.
screen, and little memory. Simple embedded devices use buttons, LEDs, and small character- or digit only displays, often with a simple menu system. The rise of the World Wide Web has given embedded designers another quite Different option: providing a web page interface over a network connection. This Avoids the cost of a sophisticated display, yet provides complex input and display Capabilities when needed, on another computer. This is successful for remote, Permanently installed equipment. In particular, routers take advantage of this ability. Embedded Systems talk with the outside world via peripherals, such as: Serial Communication Interfaces (SCI): RS-232, RS-422, RS-485 etc. Synchronous Serial Communication Interface: I2C, JTAG, SPI, SSC and ESSI Universal Serial Bus (USB) Networks: Controller Area Network, Lon Works, etc Timers: PLL(s), Capture/Compare and Time Processing Unit.
1. Click on the Keil uVision Icon on Desktop 2. The following fig will appear. 3. Click on the Project menu from the title bar 4. Then Click on New Project 5. Save the Project by typing suitable project name with no extension in u r ownfolder sited in either C:\ or D:\
6. Then Click on save button above. 7. Select the component for u r project. i.e. Atmel. 8. Click on the + Symbol beside of Atmel
9. Select AT89C51 10. Then Click on OK 11. The Following fig will appear 12. Then Click either YES or NOmostly NO27
13. Now your project is ready to USE 14. Now double click on the Target1, you would get another option Source group1
15. Click on the file option from menu bar and select new 16. The next screen will be as shown in next page, and just maximize it by doubleClicking on its blue boarder.
17. Now start writing program in either in C or ASM 18. For a program written in Assembly, then save it with extension . asm andfor C based program save it with extension .C
19. Now right click on Source group 1 and click on Add files to Group Source
20. Now you will get another window, on which by default C files will appear. 21. Now select as per your file extension given while saving the file 22. Click only one time on option ADD 23. Now Press function key F7 to compile. Any error will appear if so happen.
24. If the file contains no error, then press Control+F5 simultaneously. 25. The new window is as follows 26. Then Click OK 27. Now Click on the Peripherals from menu bar, and check your required port. 28. Drag the port a side and click in the program file. 29. Now keep Pressing function key F11 slowly and observe. 30. You are running your program successfully.A project contains enough information to take a set of source files and generate exactly the binary code required for the application. Because of the high degree of flexibility required from the tools, there are many options that can be set to configure the tools to operate in a specific manner. It would be tedious to have to set these options up every time the application is being built; therefore they are stored in a project file. Loading the project file into KEIL informs KEIL which source files are required, where they are, and how to configure the tools in the correct way. KEIL can 29
then execute each tool with the correct options. It is also possible to create new projects in KEIL. Source files are added to the project and the tool options are set as required. The project can then be saved to preserve the settings. The project also stores such things as which windows were left open in the simulator/debugger, so when a project is reloaded and the simulator or debugger started, all the desired windows are opened. KEIL project files have the extension.
Simulator/Debugger:The simulator/ debugger in KEIL can perform a very detailed simulation of a micro controller along with external signals. It is possible to view the precise execution time of a single assembly instruction, or a single line of C code, all the way up to the entire application, simply by entering the crystal frequency. A window can be opened for each peripheral on the device, showing the state of the peripheral. This enables quick trouble shooting of mis-configured peripherals. Breakpoints may be set on either assembly instructions or lines of C code, and execution may be stepped through one instruction or C line at a time. The contents of all the memory areas may be viewed along with ability to find specific variables. In addition the registers may be viewed allowing a detailed view of what the microcontroller is doing at any point in time. The Keil Software 8051 development tools listed below are the programs you use to compile your C code, assemble your assembler source files, link your program together, create HEX files, and debug your target program.Vision2 for Windows Integrated Development Environment: combines Project Management, Source Code Editing, and Program Debugging in one powerful environment. C51 ANSI Optimizing A51 Macro C Cross Compiler: creates relocatable object modules from your C source code, source code, assembler into the final absolute object module, 30 LIB51 Library BL51 Linker/Locator: combines relocatable object modules created by the compiler and Assembler: creates relocatable object modules from your 8051 assembler
Manager: combines object modules into a library, which may be used by the linker, OH51 Object-HEX Converter: creates Intel HEX files from absolute object modules.
CHAPTER 4 4. DESIGN4.1 INTRODUCTIONthis project, we propose door lock through telephone using dtmf decoder system that is Supposed to replace existing hardware and door key systems. The Proposed system is advanced.
ULN Driver
Crystal oscillator
Stepper motor
Fig 4.4 Schematic diagram The above fig shows the schematic diagram of door lock through mobile phone using DTMF decoder. In port1 P1.5, P1.7 is connected for mobile. And in port2 P2.0 to P2.6 is connected for ULN driver. From ULN driver one DC Motor is connected. This DC motor is in contact with the door for automatically closing that door. The power for motor to work will come from the ULN driver which is connected to the microcontroller in the ports of P2.0 to P2.6 and 40th pin Vcc. The power supply which is regulated as 5v DC from 230v AC is connected to the microcontroller in 20th pin as ground and 40th pin as Vcc.
5.2 IMPLEMENTAIONThe door lock through telephone using dtmf decoder is implemented by using microcontroller of 8051. The Embedded C code for this door lock through telephone using dtmf decoder will dump to this microcontroller by using keil software.
5.3 RESULTSThe testing of implemented circuit about the by use of the door lock through telephone using dtmf decoder is implemented the was D.C motor will rest state the hade set will connect to GSM as shown in below figures.
Fig. 5.3.1: Door Lock through Telephone Using DTMF Decoder The above diagram shows the cell phone is GSM the is given to power supply and 250v and to 9v D.C power supply and also to connect to D.C motor to operation was will be done .
Fig 5.3.2 Out Put of Door Lock through Telephone Using Dtmf Decoder The output of the GSM is operate then call that mobile to an other mobile so that call activated and press the 1 button and D.C motor will rotate start then press 2 button the D.C motor will be stopped.
CONCLUSIONWe can also extend this project The implementation of door lock through telephone using dtmf decoder is implemented is done successfully. The communication is properly done without any interference between different modules in the design. Design is done to meet all the specifications and requirements. Software tools like Keil Uvision Simulator, Proload to dump the source code into the microcontroller, Orcad Lite for the schematic diagram have been used to develop the software code before realizing the hardware. Circuit is implemented in Orcad and implemented on the microcontroller board. The performance has been verified both in software simulator and hardware design. The total circuit is completely verified functionally and is following the application software. It can be concluded that the design implemented in the present work provide portability, flexibility and the data transmission is also done with low power consumption to counting purpose by making some changes in the Hardware module By using this circuit and proper power supply we can implement various applications Such as fans, door locking systems, etc. By modifying this circuit and using two relays we can achieve a task of opening and closing the door. We can also extend this project to counting purpose by making some changes in the Hardware module


text:
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