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CN103563329B - Scalable multi-tenant network architecture for virtualized datacenters - Google PatentsScalable multi-tenant network architecture for virtualized datacenters Download PDF
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- China
- Prior art keywords
- network
- virtual interface
- tenant
- address
- switch
- Prior art date
- G06F9/00—Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units
- G06F9/06—Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units using stored programs, i.e. using an internal store of processing equipment to receive or retain programs
- G06F9/44—Arrangements for executing specific programs
- G06F9/455—Emulation; Interpretation; Software simulation, e.g. virtualisation or emulation of application or operating system execution engines
- G06F9/45533—Hypervisors; Virtual machine monitors
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L12/00—Data switching networks
- H04L12/28—Data switching networks characterised by path configuration, e.g. local area networks [LAN], wide area networks [WAN]
- H04L12/46—Interconnection of networks
- H04L12/4633—Interconnection of networks using encapsulation techniques, e.g. tunneling
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L12/00—Data switching networks
- H04L12/28—Data switching networks characterised by path configuration, e.g. local area networks [LAN], wide area networks [WAN]
- H04L12/46—Interconnection of networks
- H04L12/4641—Virtual LANs, VLANs, e.g. virtual private networks [VPN]
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L67/00—Network-specific arrangements or communication protocols supporting networked applications
- H04L67/10—Network-specific arrangements or communication protocols supporting networked applications in which an application is distributed across nodes in the network
- H04L67/1095—Network-specific arrangements or communication protocols supporting networked applications in which an application is distributed across nodes in the network for supporting replication or mirroring of data, e.g. scheduling or transport for data synchronisation between network nodes or user terminals or syncML
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L67/00—Network-specific arrangements or communication protocols supporting networked applications
- H04L67/38—Protocols for telewriting; Protocols for networked simulations, virtual reality or games
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L61/00—Network arrangements or network protocols for addressing or naming
- H04L61/10—Mapping of addresses of different types; Address resolution
- H04L61/103—Mapping of addresses of different types; Address resolution across network layers, e.g. resolution of network layer into physical layer addresses or address resolution protocol [ARP]
Background technology
Cloud data center is becoming increasingly popular because they on attracting pay-as-you-go model with it is low-down into This provides computing resource for multiple tenants.These cloud data centers are just being sought help from by many small-sized and medium-sized enterprise, are applied not only to idol Your mass computing task, and for their IT operations.This helps them to eliminate and sets up and safeguard the basis of themselves The expensive and often extremely complex task of facility.The operator of these multi-tenant cloud data centers can provide base to one's profit Infrastructure services (" IaaS ") because they can between a large amount of tenants time multiplexed physical infrastructure.Ripe CPU The appearance of Intel Virtualization Technology makes it possible to be converted into physical server that is special and usually underusing to provide in IaaS The virtual machine (" VM ") run in the cloud data center of business.
In order to fully realize the beneficial effect of resource-sharing, these cloud data centers must expand to huge size. The number of tenant is bigger, and the number of VM is bigger, and the chance for multiplexing is better, and this further realizes preferable resource efficiency And cost savings.However, individually increase scale can not fully minimize totle drilling cost, since it is desired that a large amount of expensive manpowers come Configuration equipment, most preferably to operate it, and to provide ongoing management and maintenance.The major part of these expenses is anti- The complexity of management multi-tenant network is reflected, the multi-tenant network must expand to substantial amounts of tenant, main frame and VM, supported Substantial amounts of address, and provide enough bandwidth between each VM of any tenant.Recently the available network architecture can not be with Efficient and scalable mode is supported multi-tenant and is generally compromised at inexpensive or easily operated aspect.
Description of the drawings
The application can more fully be understood with the relevant ground that the following specifically describes that accompanying drawing carries out is combined, it is identical in the accompanying drawings Reference throughout refer to identical part, and in the accompanying drawings:
Fig. 1 illustrates the example of the scalable multi-tenant network architecture that can realize embodiment thereon;
Fig. 2 is the example schematic diagram of the network agent being used together for the network architecture with Fig. 1;
Fig. 3 is the flow chart for configuring the network agent of Fig. 2 according to various embodiments;
Fig. 4 be a diagram that edge switch and be connected to the schematic diagram of the example arrangement of its network agent;
Fig. 5 A-C are the flow charts according to the network address translation module for Fig. 2 of various embodiments;
Fig. 6 is by the example network address resolution table of the network address translation module stores in the network agent across network Schematic diagram;
Fig. 7 is the flow chart according to the packet forward module for Fig. 2 of various embodiments;
Fig. 8 is the schematic diagram encapsulated according to the exemplary packet of various embodiments;
Fig. 9 is that purpose switch prepares packet for being transferred to the flow chart of purpose virtual interface;
Figure 10 is the flow chart according to the packet receiver module for Fig. 2 of various embodiments;
Figure 11 is for being sent to showing for the example path of the packet of purpose virtual interface from source virtual interface across network It is intended to;And
Figure 12 is the block diagram for trustship according to the example of the server of the network agent of the disclosure.
Specific embodiment
Disclose the scalable multi-tenant network architecture for Visualized data centre.As being generally described herein Visualized data centre be can the multiple application and service of trustship so as to store, manage and scattered data and information calculating money The set in source.Computing resource can include both physical resources and virtual resource (for example, virtual machine) in multiple servers, and And shared by multiple tissues or tenant.Tenant can have different data usage requests and network to need, and access on demand Visualized data centre.Its resource and infrastructure can be serviced (" IaaS's ", such as cloud computing model for data center A part) tenant is supplied to, and make out the bill to them for their use.
In various embodiments, the scalable multi-tenant network architecture enables Visualized data centre can be expanded with low cost Contract and provide easily operated and configuration flexible and safe network to its tenant.The network architecture develops cheap business Product equipment expands at least ten hundreds of tenants, ten hundreds of servers and millions of virtual machines making data center ("VM").There is tenant motility to carry out design and use their networks, just look like they be its unique holder.
As being more fully described herein below, the network architecture is by L2 (that is, data link) and L3 Both (that is, network) layer places fully and efficiently virtualize address space and take out providing simple and flexible network to tenant As, and select L2 or L3 addresses there is no any restriction tenant.This motility allows tenant to create across both at themselves Visualized data centre in VM again in the cloud data center rented network.Tenant can be by VM or whole applications from it The data center of oneself move to cloud data center, and without the need for changing the network address for being used for identifying VM.
, it will be appreciated that in the following description, many specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments.So And, it will be appreciated that, the embodiment can be realized in the case where these specific details are not limited to.In other instances, it is many Well known method and structure may not be described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the description of embodiment.Additionally, real Applying example can use with each other combined.
Referring now to Fig. 1, it is illustrated that the example of the scalable multi-tenant network architecture of embodiment can be realized thereon.Network Framework 100 is made up of three critical pieces:(1) network 105;(2) one groups of network agent (" NA ") 110a-d;And (3) configuration Storage vault 115.Network 105 can be based on the switching Ethernet of spot commodities part, the spot commodities part such as example Such as edge switch 120a-b and switch 125a-e.In various embodiments, edge switch 120a-b and switch 125a- E supports VLAN (" VLAN ") and basic IP forwardings between their port.Network 105 can have any topology, Such as Fat Tree (fat tree), Clique or HyperX topologys etc..
As being more fully described herein below, the network architecture 100 is not required for all its maturations Routing Protocol and their complex configurations require through training up (full-fledged) IP route support.Edge Switch 120a-b and switch 125a-e are only required to be forwarded based on the header found in packets inner and are sent to them The packet of the MAC Address of oneself.In various embodiments, edge switch 120a-b holds on a small amount of static routing table clause The basic longest prefix match (" LPM ") of row purpose IP address.
Network agent 110a-d resides at super monitor (or the driver of the server 135a-d for being connected to network 105 Domain) in 130a-d.Each server 135a-d can run one or more VM of one or more tenants.Each VM can have There are one or more virtual interfaces (" VIF "), it can be or can not correspond directly to the computer of physical network interface The abstract virtualization of network interface is represented.Network agent (" NA ") in each server is managed in each VM in the server The networking of all VIF.For example, the server 135a with super monitor 130a and NA 110a can run tenant's " A " The VM3 140C of VM1 140a, the VM2 140b of tenant " B " and tenant " C ";With super monitor 130b's and NA 110b Server 135b can run the VM6 140f of the VM4 140d and VM5 140e of tenant " A " and tenant " B ";With super prison Superintending and directing the server 135c of device 130c and NA 110c can run the VM8 140h and VM9 of the VM7 140g of tenant " A ", tenant " B " The 140i and VM10 140j of tenant " C ";And the server 135d with super monitor 130d and NA 110d can run The VM11 140k of tenant " B " and the VM12 140l of tenant " C ".
, it will be appreciated that each server 135a-d can run the VM from multiple tenants, and each tenant can be with There is their VM at any server.It should also be appreciated that, server 135a-d, VM 140a-I and tenant " A ", " B " " C " is illustrated being merely to illustrate property purpose.Additional server, VM and tenant can utilize the network architecture 100, and thing In reality, the network architecture 100 can support ten hundreds of servers, ten hundreds of tenants and millions of VM.
Configuration storage vault 115 is the central repository for the network architecture 100 and resides at well-known address. Central repository 115 is preserved for each edge switch to (for example, edge switch 120a-b) --- two exchanges of connection The VLAN groups of machine and the vlan table listed.Any network multipath solution of the exchange of commodities machine for supporting with VLAN can be passed through Certainly scheme is determining this group of VLAN.In various embodiments, central repository 115 can with Visualized data centre The VM manager systems (not shown) of management VM (for example, VM 140a-I) is located at one.
Each tenant (for example, tenant " A ", " B " and " C ") in the network architecture 100 have its own special IP and MAC Address space isolates in order to the tenant in network and so that can realize L2 and L3 virtualizations.In various embodiments, The whole private ip address of tenant forms single MAC Address space.Each tenant can specify multiple IP subnets, each subnet by One in some MAC Address spaces is supporting.For each IP subnet, tenant can also specify virtual IP router IP address.
Each tenant can indiscriminately ad. as one wishes manage its private address space, because these L2 and L3 address spaces are complete Virtualize entirely.Multiple tenants can not allow their packet mistakenly to be route using identical address.As below As being more fully described herein, this address distribution meets will with the identical standard uniqueness in legacy network Ask:Any two interfaces of given tenant are unable to be labelled with identical address and appointing in identical IP subnet Two interfaces are unable to identical MAC Address.Further, tenant can select not to be any IP of interface assignment Address.
In addition to these are per tenant's private address space, there is provided be spanned all tenants and share and also be exposed on number According to the public address space outside center.It is with public IP ground that tenant can specify VM interfaces (that is, VIF) in setup time Location.These addresses can be statically or dynamically allocated and may.Can be seen that for these interface external worlds, and be Virtual equivalent of the wan interface in truthful data center.
Attention now points to Fig. 2, and Fig. 2 is illustrated in more detail the network agent of Fig. 1.In various embodiments, network generation Reason 200 can include configuration module 205, network address translation module 210, packet forward module 215, packet package module 220 And packet receiver module 225.Configuration module 205 is set up network agent 200 and is managed in network by network agent 200 The VIF operated in framework 100.Network address translation module 210 cooperates with collecting with other network agents in the network architecture 100 The necessary all information of packet are forwarded and receive with being maintained in network.The information is stored in one or more network address In resolution table 230.
Packet forward module 215 is processed from the VIF managed by network agent 200 to the packet of other VIF in network Forwarding.Packet forward module 215 jointly works with network address translation module 210 and packet package module 220, the packet Package module 220 encapsulates the packet by network transmission is spanned.Packet forward module 215 is also based in setup time from configuration storage The vlan table 235 that warehousing 115 is downloaded is distributed to the packet by network transmission is spanned by VLAN tag.Packet receiver module 225 Other VIF for being responsible for processing from network receive packet., it will be appreciated that in network packet can via network in it is public VIF and between each VM of the given tenant in its special IP and MAC Address space and belonging to each VM of different tenants Between transmit.The operation of these modules is discussed in more detail herein below.
Network agent 200 has autonomous " plug and play " configuration of special IP address in boot time.This is inserted i.e. It is possible with configuration, because all edge switch (for example, edge switch 120a-b) in the network architecture 100 have From immovable simple static configuration during their operation.All edge switch are configured to specify to occur in theirs IP address in each in downlink port.Because these IP address are local for the port of given switch , so all edge switch are all configured using identical.
The special IP addressing scenario used by network agent 200 can include that such as form is 10.p.0.0/16、p.0.0.0/24 prefix, or use port numberspA part as IP address and leave the position of certain amount (for example, 10.p.0.0/16 16 Hes in addressing schemep.0.0.0/24 in addressing scheme 24) come identify tenant any other addressing Scheme, such as more detailed description herein below., it will be appreciated that IP addressing scenario 10.p.0.0/16 conduct is shown Example is used for herein only descriptive purpose in following.As understood by those skilled in the art, it is possible to use Based on port numberspWith any other IP addressing scenario of tenant ID.
Each edge switch preserves routing table to store these IP address.Edge switch is its downlink port In each insertion one routing table entry.These entries are fixed and do not change during the operation of switch.It is right In given portp, routing table entry storage prefix, such as especially 10.p.0.0/16 with 10.p.0.1 next-hop ground Location orp.0.0.0/24 andp.0.0.1 next hop address.As a result, for even for most cheap switch, routing table bar Purpose number is also little (being equal to the number of downlink port).The relatively low component level mark of the single IP address in each prefix Knowledge is connected to portpServer in tenant.For example, IP address 10.p.12.25 the company of being bound to is occurred in as destination address It is connected to portpServer on each VM and belong to using ID 12.25 identify tenant all packets in.It should be appreciated that It is, 10.p.0.0/16 form is adopted in the case of addressing scheme for 10.p.0.1 IP address identification server, Huo Zhep.0.0.0/24 adopt in the case of addressing schemep.0.0.1 IP address identification server.
Referring now to Fig. 3, describe according to the flow chart for configuring the network agent of Fig. 2 of various embodiments.First, often When the super monitor with network agent is guided, the edge switch that network agent 200 is just connected to by it is detecing Listen Link Layer Discovery Protocol (" LLDP " or IEEE 802.1AB standards) message (300).Port of the LLDP message packages containing switch NumberpAnd MAC Address.Network agent is then based on the port numbers of switchpThe local ip address of its server is set to for example 10.p.0.1 (305), and when sending and being grouped across network form is made to be 10.p.<Tenant ID>Special IP address and each The VM groups being present in server of tenant are associated (310).Note, there is each server in network form to be 10.p.0.1 local ip address, but regardless of the switch that it is connected to is how.If connected to two of different switches Both servers use identical port numbersP,Then they can have identical local ip address.On the ground for setting up its server After the IP address of location and tenant, this destination edge that network agent is then ready for responding to being connected to from server is exchanged Any address resolution protocol (" ARP ") inquiry of its local address of machine.
, it will be appreciated that the local ip address being associated with server is (for example, 10.p.0.1) for server is connected To edge switch for be local.That is, this local ip address be not used to outside edge switch across More network is addressed to packet.It should also be appreciated that, it is associated and by net with the VM groups being present in server of tenant Network agent in network is used for across network the network agent institute being merely to the special IP address that packet is addressed in network Know.Knowledge of the VM without these special IP address itself.As it is following be more fully described herein as, these are special Different IP address is used to across network encapsulation be grouped and be easy to two network agents (that is, source network agency and purpose network generation Reason) between communication.
Figure 4 illustrates the schematic diagram of the example arrangement for illustrating edge switch and being connected to its network agent.Side Edge switch 400 has 15 ports and the server of each being connected in its several ports.Edge switch 400 is also The routing table 420 of information of the storage with each port in its several ports.Server is connected to switch 400 simultaneously And with the VM for having the VIF for being internally connected to network agent.Network agent (as described above with reference to Figure 4) is at them Special IP address is configured when being placed in network for server configures local ip address and for their VIF.It is connected to friendship Change planes 400 each server have form be 10.p.0.1 local ip address, whereinpThe friendship that given server is connected to The port changed planes in 400.For example, the server 405a for being connected to the port 1 of switch 400 has local ip address 10.1.0.1, the server 405b for being connected to the port 2 of switch 400 has local ip address 10.2.0.1, is connected to exchange The server 405c of the port 3 of machine 400 has local ip address 10.3.0.1, and is connected to the clothes of the port 15 of switch 400 Business device 405d has local ip address 10.15.0.1.
Special IP address format 415 is used for the IP address of server 405a-d, and for by direct packets to VM VIF in 410a-m.The port numbers of the switch that special IP address is connected to depending on server and the rent belonging to them Family.Every group of virtual machine on the individual server for belonging to single tenant is jointly 10. with formp.<Tenant _ ID>It is special IP address is associated.For example, when server 405a is connected to the port 1 of switch 400 and VIF belongs to ID 12.10 Tenant " A " when, reach the VIF 410a in server 405a via special IP address 10.1.12.10.Fall within tenant Server 405bs and 405d of the VIF 410d and 410k of " A " in their ports 2 and 15 in switch 400 is connected respectively to Special IP address 10.2.12.10 and 10.15.12.10 are reached when middle.And when both VIF 410h and 410i reside at tenant When in the server 405c of " A ", they are accessed by special IP address 10.3.12.10 of identical.Note, just by identical Special IP address is accessed will not prevent VIF 410h-410i from being correctly identified and addressed because each VIF in network by The following unique ID being more fully described herein is identifying.
Similarly, tenant " B " has VIF 410b, the connection being connected in the server 405a of the port 1 of switch 400 To the VIF 410e in the server 405b of the port 2 of switch 400, the server 405c of the port 3 for being connected to switch 400 In VIF 410f and the VIF 410j that are connected in the server 405d of the port 4 of switch 400.Via for having Special IP address 10.1.12.20,10.2.12.20 of the tenant " B " of ID 12.20,10.3.12.20 and 10.4.12.20 divide It is clipped to up to VIF 410b, 410e, 410f and 410j.Tenant " C " has the server of the port 1 for being connected to switch 400 VIF 410b in 405a, the VIF 410g being connected in the server 405c of the port 3 of switch 400 and it is connected to friendship Change planes 400 port 15 VIF 410l-m.Via the special IP address for the tenant " C " with ID 12.30 10.1.12.30,10.3.12.30 and 10.15.12.30 arrive separately at VIF 410b, 410g and 410I-m.Note, can be with VIF 410I-m are reached by identical IP address, but they are used and allow them to the unique ID by network addressing to add To identify.
In various embodiments, each VIF in network is by form<Tenant_ID, MAC_AS_ID, MAC > Tlv triple and be identified uniquely.Tenant_IDThe ID of the tenant belonging to field (for example, 16) mark VIF,MAC_ AS_IDThe MAC Address space that field identification VIF is connected to, and MAC fields pass through it on the MAC ground by indicated by MAC_AS_ID Unique mac address in the space of location is identifying VIF., it will be appreciated that MAC_AS_ID can be with the IP subnets used by tenant It is number identical.As following described herein, this unique ID enables network agent 200 suitably to cross over net Network is addressed to the packet for encapsulating.
With reference now to Fig. 5 A-C, describe according to the flow chart for network address translation module of various embodiments.Net The main purpose of network address resolution module 210 is to safeguard (one or more) network address translation table (" NART ") 230, described Unique ID (as described below) of VIF is mapped to its position in a network by network address translation table 230, its The MAC Address of the switch being connected to by the host server of VIF and port numbers specify.That is, network address translation mould Block 210 replaces traditional ARP and using NART 230 come as the agency service for the traditional ARP request from local VM Device.
In various embodiments, compare with traditional ARP mechanism, network address translation module is based on " acquiescence pushes (by- Default-push) " model, wherein when the binding of VIF to its position changes, the binding of the VIF to its position pushed away The all-network agency being sent in network.As understood by those skilled in the art, traditional ARP mechanism is only at them The binding is just pulled out when being required.This acquiescence pushes model to be contributed to network design and allows manageable expense.
Network address translation module 210 is with all using identical packet format and opcode field come regulation type of message Three type of messages realizing this model:(1) WHERE (where) message is inquired about;(2) certainly positional information HERE ( Here message);And (3) negation position information NOT-HERE (not here) message.When broadcasting in L2 layers, these message are taken Tape entry edge switch MAC is as source address and using the Servers-all downlink included on all edge switch Special vlan.When unicast, these message by IP addressing to receive network agent (have edge switch MAC Address) and Regular path is taken by network.
Fig. 5 A are illustrated in new VM in its host server (for example, network of the operation with network address translation module 210 The server of agency 200) on the action that performed by the network address translation module when being started first.It is all when new VM is activated Such as when the VM is guided first or from another server migration to its host server when, in the host server of the VM HERE message is broadcast to network address translation module 210 in network agent 200 all-network agency (500) in network. This HERE message carries the position of unique ID (as following described herein) and VIF in new VM, i.e. newly The MAC Address and port numbers of the switch that VIF is connected to.Then information in the message acted on behalf of by the all-network in network For filling their NART 230 (505), as with reference to Fig. 6 it is following be more fully described herein as.
, it will be appreciated that the entry in NART 230 is never deleted or expired.In the normal operation period, entry passes through The stream of the HERE broadcast sent across network by the network address translation module in network agent is keeping newest.It is possible once in a while It is that NART 230 has reached their capacity (very rare event) or from the packet of network address translation module 210 It is dropped.In figure 5b in the case of the first illustrated, network agent 200 may have no room in its NART 230 The information of the given VIF in storage network.When the lookup for given VIF fails in its NART 230, network agent WHERE message is broadcast to network address translation module 210 in 200 all-network agency (510) in network.It is connected to Then network address translation module 210 in the network agent 200 of VIF is responded (515) with unicast HERE message.
In figure 5 c in the case of illustrated second, indicate previously to abandon the obsolete entries energy in the NART 230 of packet Enough cause network agent 200 to receive for non-existent VIF unicast packet (520).For example, when VIF has changed its Position but change in the packet being eventually discarded when being transmitted, it may is that.Because packet is dropped, Change is not transferred to other network agents and their NART 230 is not updated to reflect that the change.Network agent can The position of old VIF is sent packets to, but is because VIF no longer at that position, so receive network agent will not be by VIF One be identified as in its own.Follow-up packet for the VIF will cause to receive the network address translation mould in network agent Block is answered (525) with unicast NOT-HERE message.This makes the network address translation module in the network agent of the transmission packet Delete the obsolete entries (530) in its NART and the position (535) of VIF is relearned using broadcast WHERE message.Such as by As those skilled in the art understands, WHERE message triggers HERE responses with VIF information, and the VIF information is then In being imported into the NART for receiving network agent.
Further, it will be appreciated that, HERE, WHERE and NOT-HERE message only forces negligible expense.HERE Message package position containing sender (64) and the VIF ID (128) being just advertised, and be 320 bit lengths, including it is required Header (as described below).Consider other physical layer constraints, such as variable filling and interframe gap, HERE message takes About 416 bytes.
It is assumed that quickly adopting 10 Gbps Ethernets in Visualized data centre, and assume that typical server should Dozens of VM is supported, then good server in a balanced way is likely to have at least one 10 Gbps NICs.Only use 10 About 1% (that is, 100 Mbps) of Gbps, each this server can support per second at least 175,000 HERE message.This meaning Taste can be supported 175,000 per second so much VM migrations or guide in network in general., it will be appreciated that even for tool There is the network of 1,000,000 VM, and migrate/guide under speed in more reasonably VM, bandwidth is probably even lower.
Should further appreciate that, the expense for NART 230 is also low.Each NART table clause is 32 bytes. The Hash table that 1,000,000 entries can be preserved is taken less than 64 MB with 0.50 low-load factor.From another viewpoint, very There is the main storage of about 8 GB to minimum data center server, and therefore this table only accounts for about the 0.8% of expense.
Illustrate in figure 6 by example NART of the network address translation module stores in the network agent across network Schematic diagram.Network agent can preserve NART to identify and position all VIF in network, such as the Hes of NART 600 605.NART 600 can be used to store addressing information, and NART 605 can be used to storage for all VIF in network Addressing information and both positional informationes.
NART 600 can pass through row 610 in their tenant ID and IP address and by row 615 they MAC Address is identifying VIF.NART 605 can pass through their the unique tlv triple in row 620<Tenant_ID,MAC_AS_ ID, MAC>To identify VIF, and for each entry in row 620 in row 625 storage location information (that is, trustship VIF The MAC Address of switch that is connected to of server and port numbers).
, it will be appreciated that in the case where the network architecture supports only L2 network abstractions, VIF need not have IP address. In this case, they are based only upon their MAC Address and are communicated.It should also be appreciated that, NART 600-605 can be by reality It is now single table.Should further appreciate that, NART 600-605 may be implemented as distributed hashtable, wherein their String is used as key and their secondary series is used as value.
Note, when network address translation module notifies that new VIF is present in network, store in NART 600-605 Information is the information by entrained by HERE message.For given VIF, tenant ID of the HERE message packages containing it, its MAC ground The MAC Address and port numbers of the switch that location, its MAC_AS_ID, its IP address and the VIF are connected to.Using this Individual information, each packet can be spread all over network route, as with reference to Fig. 8-12 it is following be more fully described herein as.
Referring now to Fig. 7, the flow chart of the packet forward module of Fig. 2 according to various embodiments is described.Packet is by from VM Transmit and reach network agent (for example, the network run in their host server being spanned before forwarded Agency is 200).Each packet has the MAC header of the MAC Address with its destination, and can or can in IP headers Not have IP address.The MAC Address of purpose VIF can be found and by its network by the ARP inquiries sent by source VM Proxy resolution, or it can be broadcasted (ARP packet in).
The target of the packet forward module (for example, the packet forward module 215 in network agent 200) in network agent is Suitably mark and the destination of positioning packet and them are ready to cross over forwarded.With Datagram point Group (for example, HERE, WHERE, NOT-HERE, ARP packet) is located by network address translation module as being described below Reason.
First, packet reaches packet forward module (700) from source VM.As being described above with reference to Fig. 7, in the VM of source Source VIF (" VIFS") by tlv triple<Tenant_ID S , MAC_AS_ID S , MAC S >Uniquely identify.The tenant of purpose VIF ID("VIFD") always with source VIFSTenant ID it is identical because tenant in a network be isolated from each other and only at themselves VM between communicate.In order to be grouped across forwarded, packet forward module needs to know recognition purpose VIFDAnd it is located at Where (that is, VIFDThe MAC Address and port numbers of the switch being connected to) unique tlv triple<Tenant_ID D , MAC_AS_ ID D , MAC D >。
The first clue where is gone to be provided by the MAC Address in the packet with regard to packet.If the MAC Address in packet It is not the MAC Address (705) of router, then packet forward module knows that the packet is addressed to and VIFSIdentical MAC Address VIF in spaceD.That is, the MAC Address in packet is VIFDThe MAC Address of itself.Therefore packet forward module is known The unique tlv triple in road<Tenant_ID D , MAC_AS_ID D , MAC D >, it is by VIFDIt is designatedTenant_ID D = Tenant_ ID S 、MAC_AS_ID D = MAC_AS_ID S AndMAC D In=packetMACAddress (710).
Otherwise, if the MAC Address in packet is the MAC Address of router, packet is gone to different from VIFSSubnet Subnet in VIFD.In this case, because packet is just being sent to router/switch, packet is included to be had VIFDIP address IP headers.Packet forward module then can be in packet IP address determine VIFDIt is located therein IP subnets (715).Then it can determine correct MAC_AS_ID by any one in some meansD, some handss Section includes directly application target IP subnet numbers or uses look-up table.Packet forward module can pass through based on the IP in packet Address andTenant_ID D Search it in NART 600 to determineMAC D Address (720).
In VIFDTlv triple it is known in the case of, packet forward module is remaining to be to determine VIFDPosition in a network, That is, the switch that is connected to of server this VIF disposed thereon and server and port numbers.Packet forward module letter Singly positional information (725) is searched in NART 705 based on the tlv triple for being identified.Once packet destination is grouped forwarding Module is fully identified and positioned, and just selects VLAN paths by checking the information previously downloaded from configuration storage vault 115 (730) (for example, the information in vlan table 235).Last step is encapsulating packets (735), thus the packet can be turned It is dealt into its destination (740).
Attention now points to Fig. 8, which illustrates the schematic diagram encapsulated according to the exemplary packet of various embodiments.Packet encapsulation Module 220 is added on IP headers (800) and 802.1q ethernet headers (805) will be crossed over by packet forward module 215 Each packet of network transmission.IP headers are included and source and destination VIFSAssociated special IP address.802.1q Ethernet reports Head will be taken by packet comprising the MAC Address of source switch, the MAC Address of purpose switch and regulation across network The VLAN tag in VLAN paths., it will be appreciated that each packet also needs to the MAC_AS_ID of carrying source VIF so as to purpose network Agency can eliminate discrimination with identical MAC Address but between two VIF of the identical tenant that belongs to different MAC Address spaces Justice.This MAC_AS_ID can be carried in certain other field of the source address field of IP headers or IP headers and (for example, exist In IP-ID fields, together with 12 vlan identifiers).
Selected VLAN tag is also carried in the datagram id field of IP headers, because 802.1q headers are handed in purpose (that is, the outlet edge switch) place that changes planes is dropped, and receives network agent and may wish to can determine and carry the packet VLAN is for monitoring and other purposes.As understood by those skilled in the art, VLAN tag is inserted in into IP It is not problematic in the datagram id field of header, because " not burst " position in IP headers is provided with, so as to prevent point Component sheets.It should also be appreciated that, if purpose VIF is attached to and source VIF identical switches, instead purpose is exchanged The MAC Address of machine is placed in 802.1q headers, and (that is, operation is grouped package module using its server to be grouped package module 220 The source server that network agent is resided therein) MAC Address.This is implemented and is because that switch is abandoned for source and destination For have identical MAC Address packet, and source network agency MAC Address be not exposed on outside switch itself.Should Further appreciate that, this packet encapsulation or need not cause the MAC Address of server to be exposed to network, and it does not also disappear Any extra FIB entries consumed in local edge switch.
After packet is packed, it is spanned the VLAN specified by the VLAN tag in 802.1q headers and forwards, until Till it reaches its purpose (that is, exporting) switch.Fig. 9 illustrates taking at purpose switch so that packet is ready to The step of being transferred to purpose VIF.When the packet is received, switch reports the 802.1q inserted by packet package module 220 Target MAC (Media Access Control) address in head is identified as its own, and strip header (900).Then switch is looked in its routing table See the IP address of purpose VIF to determine the IP address (905) of the server of trustship purpose VIF.Switch is inserted into specifying it The MAC of oneself as source MAC and specify trustship purpose VIF server MAC as target MAC (Media Access Control) address Ethernet Header (910).Then the packet is forwarded to the server of trustship purpose VIF, and wherein it is by the super monitor in server Packet receiver module 225 at the network agent of middle operation is received.
Illustrate in Fig. 10 and packet when institute's steps taken is being received by packet receiver module 225.Packet receiver module 225 peel off first or decapsulate ethernet header (1000) from packet, and and then peel off IP headers (1005) from packet.Should Packet and then it is coded in based on its MAC Address in a packet, MAC_AS_ID and such as the spy being associated with purpose VIF Tenant ID in different IP address and be forwarded to purpose VIF (1010).
Attention now points to Figure 11, which illustrates the example of the packet for being sent to purpose VIF from source VIF across network Stream of packets.VM 1100 wants to send packets to VM 1105.Two VM belong to tenant " B ", but in different servers. Packet 1110 is issued to VM 1105 by VM 1100 as it is usual.MAC of the packet 1110 comprising the source VIF in VM 1100 Address MACSWith the MAC of purpose VIF in VM 1105DAddress.VM 1100 can using address resolution protocol (" ARP ") come from Network agent 1115 obtains the MAC of purpose VIF in VM 1105DAddress.
With MACSAnd MACDThe packet 1110 of address is issued to network agent 1115 by the VIF in VM 1100.There, As described above with reference to Fig. 7-9, network agent 1115 is determined how crosses over network in packet forward module 215 Instruct packet 1110 and with IP headers and 802.1q headers encapsulating packets 1110 to form encapsulating packets 1120.Encapsulate point The IP headers of group 1120 include source and destination VIFSIP address, i.e. IP_VIFSAnd IP_VIFD, and 802.1q headers include source With the MAC Address of purpose switch(That is, the MAC_switch of access switch 1125SAddress and egress switch 1130 MAC_switchDAddress)And VLAN tag, encapsulating packets 1120 cross over network 1135 from entrance for VLAN tag instruction The VLAN paths that switch 1125 is taken to egress switch 1130.
Egress switch 1130 is taken in VLAN paths specified in VLAN tag and reached to encapsulating packets 1120. There, as being described above with reference to Fig. 9,802.1q headers are stripped or decapsulate, and switch query it Routing table supports (that is, the MAC_NA of network agent 1140 of VM 1105 to determine trustshipD) server MAC Address.Exchange Machine 1130 is inserted into its MAC_switch for having as source MACDAddress and the MAC_NA as target MAC (Media Access Control) addressD's Packet 1145 is forwarded to network agent 1140 by ethernet header to form packet 1145.Network agent 1140 and then solution Encapsulating packets 1145 as described above with reference to Figure 10, and will be grouped 1110 turns to retrieve packet 1110 Purpose VIF being dealt in VM 1105.
, it will be appreciated that be for illustration purposes only show it is described above for packet 1110 to be passed from VM 1100 The step of being sent to VM 1105.The step is probably difference for the packet transmitted between the VM in different IP subnets 's.It should also be appreciated that, public address space may be implemented as having selectes ID(Such as ID 2)Special tenant.This rent Family can include some particular virtual interfaces for the packet for processing the destination for being tied to network-external in the data center. In this case, behind these interfaces node (possibly completely special physical machine) only to from actual physical road By device interface relay for packets.
Advantageously, the network architecture described herein above allows tenant to have the simple abstract of their network View.Its whole VM in IP subnets are considered as and are connected to single virtual switch by each tenant, and by it is all it IP subnets be considered as and individual router interconnection.Switch and router itself are presented very simple view;They need not Configuration, and can be always scalable to necessary number destination interface.Additionally, how the network architecture does not design tenant its net Network arranges restriction to the agreement that they run.Tenant can indiscriminately ad. as one wishes distribute IP and MAC Address and use them In any purpose-more than communication.For example, many enterprises are using the MAC and IP address using hard coded, and even use sometimes In authentication purpose.Although the network architecture provides the built-in support for IPv4, tenant can be freely abstract using only L2, and And can run other host-host protocols of such as IPv6 etc.Therefore the network architecture can promote novel network and host-host protocol Exploitation.
In various embodiments, for 10.p.0.0/16 for addressing scheme, the network architecture can be supported simultaneously 65533 so multiple tenants, and can be extended to support more.This is limited due to being used for specifying tenant in IP address The number of the position of ID (for example, 16) occurs.The bits number can for example, by by the position in IP address from port ID field move Position is to tenant's id field or using such aspEtc .0.0.0/24 another addressing scheme (in this case 24 will by with In tenant ID) being extended.Do so can significantly increase the number for being supported tenant (at least 128K).Alternatively Ground, UDP header can be included in by packet package module (for example, the packet encapsulation in network agent 200 in network agent Module 220) performed by packet encapsulation in, so that UDP port number field can be used to extend tenant ID spaces.Such as by ability As the technical staff in domain understands, proprietary header is because they cause network to be difficult to identify the packet that belongs to specific tenant It is avoided by.
Should further appreciate that, the network architecture allows at least VM of an order of magnitude more than legacy network, because it Packet encapsulation allows efficiently to use one of switch resource of most critical:Sky needed for storage forwarding information storehouse (" FIB ") table Between.The network architecture is by assuring that outside 802.1q/ ethernet headers only carry the address of the network switch to realize this point. That is, all packets appear as them for network and exchange just between edge switch.This means non- Edge switch only needs to learn and store the fib table entry for hundreds of other edge switch, while edge switch Also need to the FIB entries for having for their locally attached servers.Therefore switch is isolated with more substantial VM addresses.
The network architecture hence in so that useful scalability can be realized, while provide clients with simple network abstraction and Operation.As understood by those skilled in the art, the network architecture simplifies in three different ways network operation.It is first First, as configuration module 205, with reference to as Fig. 3-4 is described above, the network architecture makes all its configuration automatizatioies.Configuration Or details is calculated offline (for example the VLAN configurations for, storing in configuration storage vault 115), or autonomous by single entity Ground determines (for example, the IP route table in edge switch).Additionally, most of configuration is static;This not only eliminate for By the needs of mankind's continuous surveillance, but also become easier to debugging and trouble shoot.
Secondly, the network architecture is made it easy to using the QoS mechanism on many exchange of commodities machines for standard, realizes that tenant is special Isolation strategy in fixed service design, accesses control list (" ACL ") and network.Used as design principle, the network architecture is only Using the header format of standard;This causes all important tenant's information can be in the report supported by even most basic ACL mechanism Obtain in head field.For example, ACL can belong to single rent simply by the low-order bit (tenant ID) using IP address to match All packets at family.Or, scalable in order to improve, ACL can only compare the subset of prefix or these low-order bits to match, so as to Tenant ID is allowed to encode the service type such as distributed by service provider.Similarly, tenant is in two physical services Stream between device can by carry out matching to source and destination MAC Address and to the port numbers byte of encapsulation header IP address come Easily label.The network architecture to Ethernet programmable at the network agent at server use so that It is easier to dispose the QoS of maturation via central controller.
Finally, the network architecture solves two parts of the total cost of operation:Capital cost and operating cost.Its minimum Capital cost, because it can efficiently using cheap, feature and the exchange of commodities machine of resource-constrained.The network architecture also because The advance capital cost of waste is eliminated for it makes full use of the ability of any topology.This allow operator as needed and Only develop network in the way of little increment, unlike needing such as fat tree network (fat tree only can be developed in the way of big increment) Etc fixed topology framework.
As understood by those skilled in the art, the running cost in data center network receives human operator who Cost domination.The network architecture described herein above needs considerably less operator to note, because its configuration is big Part is automatic and static.Additionally, because the network architecture allows VM arrangements without worry about network problem, it can Reduce the complexity of this aspect of data center management.
Referring now to Figure 12, the block diagram according to the example of the server of the network agent of the disclosure for trustship is described.Clothes Business device 1200 (for example, desk computer, kneetop computer or mobile device) can include that processor 1205 and memorizer are provided Source, such as volatile memory 1210 and/or nonvolatile memory 1215, for performing in tangible non-transient Jie The finger of storage in matter (for example, volatile memory 1210, nonvolatile memory 1215 and/or computer-readable medium 1220) Order and/or the special IC (" ASIC ") of the logic including the various examples for being configured to perform the disclosure.
Machine (for example, computing device) can include and/or receive can via the one group of computer of storage of input equipment 1225 The tangible non-transient computer-readable media 1220 of reading instruction (for example, software).As it used herein, processor 1205 Such as one or more processors can be included in parallel processing system (PPS).Memorizer can include being addressed by processor 1205 For performing the memorizer of computer-readable instruction.Computer-readable medium 1220 can include such as random access memory The volatibility and/or nonvolatile memory of (" RAM ") etc, the magnetic of such as hard disk, floppy disk and/or magnetic tape storage etc are deposited Reservoir, solid-state drive (" SSD "), flash memory, phase transition storage etc..In certain embodiments, non-volatile memories Device 1215 can be the Local or Remote data base for including multiple physical non-volatile memory equipment.
Processor 1205 can control the overall operation of server 1200.Processor 1205 can be connected to memorizer control Device processed 1230, the Memory Controller 1230 can read data and/or incite somebody to action from volatile memory 1210 (for example, RAM) Data are written to volatile memory 1210 (for example, RAM).Memory Controller 1230 can include depositing with its own The ASIC and/or processor of memory resource (for example, volatibility and/or nonvolatile memory).The energy of volatile memory 1210 Enough include one or more memory modules (for example, chip).
Processor 1205 can be connected to bus 1235 with processor 1205, network connection 1240 and server Communication is provided between 1200 other parts.Nonvolatile memory 1215 can provide persistent data and deposit for server 1200 Storage.Further, graphics controller 1245 is connectable to display 1250.
Each server 1200 can be included comprising such as processor, state machine, ASIC, controller and/or similar machine Etc control circuit computing device.Each server 1200 can also include one or more VM (not shown), and have There is the super monitor for managing each VM.As it used herein, indefinite article " " and/or " one " can indicate that Name object in one or more.Thus, for example, " processor " can include a processor or more than one place Reason device, such as parallel processing arrangement.
Control circuit can have the given function of offer and/or execution to be stored in non-transient computer-readable media (example Such as, non-transient computer-readable media 1220) on computer-readable instruction structure.Non-transient computer-readable media 1220 Can be overall, or be communicably coupled to computing device in a wired or wireless fashion.For example, non-transient computer-readable is situated between Matter 1220 can be internal storage, pocket memory, portable disc or positioned at another computing resource inside (for example so that Computer-readable instruction can be downloaded by the Internet) memorizer.
Non-transient computer-readable media 1220 can have what is stored thereon to be performed by control circuit (for example, processor) To realize the computer-readable instruction 1255 of the network agent according to the disclosure.For example, non-transient computer media 1220 can With for realizing the computer-readable instruction 1255 of network agent 1260.
As used herein non-transient computer-readable media 1220 can include volatibility and/or non-volatile memories Device.Volatile memory can include carrying out the memorizer of storage information by electric power, such as especially it is various types of dynamic with Machine access memorizer (" DRAM ").Nonvolatile memory can include carrying out the memorizer of storage information not against electric power.It is non-easy The example of the property lost memorizer can include solid state media, such as especially flash memory, EEPROM and phase-change random access Memorizer (" PCRAM ").Non-transient computer-readable media 1220 can include CD, digital video disc (" DVD "), blue light (Blu-Ray) disk, compact-disc (" CD "), laser disk and the such as magnetic of tape drive, floppy disk and hard disk drive etc The solid state media of media, such as flash memory, EEPROM, PCRAM etc, and the computer-readable matchmaker of any other type Body.
, it will be appreciated that being previously described for the disclosed embodiments is provided so that any person skilled in the art's energy Enough make or use the disclosure.Various modifications to these embodiments will be for a person skilled in the art easily It will be apparent that and general principle as defined herein goes for spirit of the other embodiment without departing from the disclosure Or scope.Therefore, the disclosure is not limited to embodiment shown herein, but will meet and original disclosed herein The reason widest scope consistent with novel feature.For example, it will be appreciated that, the disclosure is not limited to specific computer system configurations, all Such as server 1200.
Those skilled in the art will further appreciate that, the various theorys relatively described with the embodiments described herein Bright property module and step may be implemented as the combination of electronic hardware, computer software or both.For example, network agent 200 can To be realized using the combination of software module, hardware module or part or software and hardware module or part.Therefore, exist In one embodiment, one or more in each module of Fig. 2 can include hardware module or part.In another embodiment, One or more in each module of Fig. 2 can include can be by computing device, the storage on computer-readable recording medium Software code.
In order to clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, it is overall according to their function above In describe various illustrative components, block, module and step.This function is implemented as hardware or software depends on specific answering With with the design constraint forced on overall system.Those skilled in the art can be directed to side of each application-specific to change Formula realizes described function, but this embodiment determines to be not construed as causing away from the scope of the present disclosure.
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... Performing Arts School
- BaoBao Arts Centre/ Legato Performance AcademyBritish Columbia, A158-2099 Lougheed HwyV3B 1A8 Port Coquitlam (778) 885-2976Closed
- Martiniuk School Of Performing ArtsBritish Columbia, 2311A WHYTE AVENUEV3C 2A3 Port Coquitlam (604) 942-6512
... Dance Clubs, Club
- Stage 1 Centre For The Performing Arts IncorporatedBritish Columbia, 1971 Mclean Ave #10V3C 1N1 Port Coquitlam (604) 944-8277
... BALLET, Club, TAP, MUSICAL, Schools, THEATRE SINGING, Music Instruction Vocal, dance schools,...
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- Tri-City Dance CentreBritish Columbia, 98 BRIGANTINE DRIVEV3K 6Z6 Coquitlam (604) 523-6868Closed
... performing arts, Dance Academies & Schools, Dance Clubs, Club, dance schools
- Showstoppers Academy of Performing ArtsBritish Columbia, Unit 11 - 11720 Stewart CrescentV2X9E7 Maple Ridge 604-459-4004Closed
performing arts school in Maple Ridge and Pitt Meadows. We are dedicated to training students in the art of Muscial Theatre. With a positive and constructive environment students are encouraged to...
- Guildford School Of MusicBritish Columbia, 15326 103 A AveV3R 7A2 Surrey GUILDFORD (604) 951-3725Closed
... Dance Clubs, Club, dance schools, performing arts, Guildford School Of Dance, musical teachers,...
- P & b Dance Unlimited StudiosBritish Columbia, 3430 BRIGHTON AVENUEV5A 3H4 Burnaby 604 298 6658
... dance schools, performing arts, écoles de danse, dance companies
- Panorama School Of DanceBritish Columbia, 8484 162 St #105V4N 1B4 Surrey (604) 599-4011
- Pure DanceBritish Columbia, 16055 Fraser Hwy #203V4N 0G2 Surrey (604) 507-0736
... performing arts, dancing instructions, écoles de danse, dance schools,...
- Doerksen J & n Flute Cello & Piano StudiosBritish Columbia, 518 Second StreetV3L 2M3 New Westminster 604 522 8400
..., Music Instruction Instrumental, disc jockeys, Educational Services, Musician, performing arts
- Bully's Rehearsal Studios IncBritish Columbia, 67 6Th StreetV3L 2Z6 New Westminster (604) 523-0459Open
... performing arts, Studios-Rental, Bullys Rehearsal Studios, Services Relating To Motion...
- Boswell Dance AcademyBritish Columbia, 608 Blackford StreetV3M 1R6 New Westminster (604) 522-4424Closed
... Instruction, Speech, Sports et Loisirs, performing arts, Dance Academies & Schools, Danse-Studios
- Spectral Theatre SocietyBritish Columbia, #2 - 520 Sixth StreetV3L 3B4 New Westminster GRANDVIEW WOODLAND 604 569 2013
... performing arts, Cinémas-Salles, Cinéma et Télévision, Cinemas, Divertissements et média, Vidéo
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Pictures from our honeymoon trip through Portugal. We made an island hopping tour around Fuseta. - Home developed in Tetenal C41 Rapid Kit -
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Chocoholic travelers can have an immersive experience in Hershey, Pennsylvania, at Hershey Park. The amusement park, with roller coasters, water rides and candy mascots, also holds two hotels and one campground. Guests can take in shows and concerts, eat thousands of calories thanks to chocolate-themed menus and rich desserts or even get sticky with a "chocolate fondue wrap" at the full-service spa.
I discovered this wonderful chocolate brand more than a year ago in one of my Amazon Sweet Surprise boxes and immediately started searching for more. Hands down, this is the best chocolate I've ever had, European or American. The flavors in this selection are among my all-time favorites made by Seattle Chocolate. If I could give it 10 stars I would. And so nice to know that a portion of revenue goes to charitable causes. Thanks so much, Seattle Chocolate!
The award-winning Almond Roll Ups, $33, a soft-baked cookie rolled in sliced almonds that wraps around a marzipan center, was a unanimous favorite. Or try the soft butter cookies that sandwich fruit fillings of strawberry, peach, apricot or raspberry, $33. Gluten-free options are available too like the Hazelnut Cookie, and their award-winning dark chocolate dipped Hazelnut Cookie, $38.
Our own country is the world's biggest producer of chocolate. One thing that sets American chocolate apart? The frequent use of peanuts and almonds. There are a number of artisan chocolate shops across the country, but Hershey's in the country's largest producer of the candy. And of course, there's Hersheypark in Hershey, Pennsylvania, a popular family destination for both thrill rides and all the chocolate and confections one can handle!
I'm not a huge chocolate fan but when I get a craving, I can always come here to satisfy it. I don't think I've tried any truffles that weren't made perfectly. Not only are they beautiful but you can tell their fresh with quality ingredients. It looks like they're expanding now and it'll be a great space to hang out and eat your chocolate or eat your ice cream once it warms up! If you have someone in your life that you love or appreciate, you can't go wrong gifting them chocolate from this place! Fairly priced, beautifully packaged and delicious!
The 36-piece assortment I ordered from William Dean Chocolates contained a broad selection of chocolates and flavors, from the familiar peanut butter or even childhood favorite peanut butter and jelly, to fine lavender or port and plum. The Port and Plum was one of my favorites of the box. The flavors interplayed nicely and had some depth. The Mexican Mango was a very nice mango puree with a little bit of spiceness. The PB Krunch had a strong peanut flavor roasted just right. The WD 64%, a straight chocolate piece, was another of my favorites.
Traditional Mexican flavors come alive for popular chef and TV personality José Ramón Castillo, a leader in the evolution of Mexican chocolate. Que Bo! uses only organic ingredients sourced from local producers. Vibrant colored truffles matching their star ingredients, such as orange (mango, chili, and salt) or bright pink (guava). The massive, dipped confit figs soaked in molasses, cinnamon, and sugar can be enjoyed in the chocolateria's hacienda-style courtyard in central Mexico City. Five locations in Mexico City.
Chocolate with coriander and fennel? It all started in 1994 when Italian chocolatier Valter Bovetti established a factory in Aubazine, France. There he debuted his trademark chocolate candies shaped as nails and tools. In 2006, Bovetti and five fellow chocolate-makers visited Sao Tome, an African island in the Gulf of Guinea off the coast of Gabon. The island was called the "chocolate island," which inspired them to found a fair trade association named Roca Cacao. The organization bought harvesting equipment for twelve plantations and ensured a living wage for their 120 employees. Beans from the site of the first cacao plantation in Africa, go into Bovetti's high-quality Single Origin bars.
If you want the bright flavors of California in a box of chocolates, look no further than Sacramento's Ginger Elizabeth. This shop specializes in bonbons with sunny flavors like eureka lemon and raspberry rose geranium, but the other products are equally decadent and delicious. The shop regularly releases special cakes for the holidays and has some of the best hot chocolate and macarons you could hope to find in the Golden State."
Pastry chef and chocolatier Kate Weiser hasn't been making chocolates for that long, but has already won wide acclaim. Though Weiser offers an array of gorgeous, hand-painted chocolate bonbons, her candy bars are the real draw. Bars in flavors like milk n' cookies (milk stout ganache layered with Biscoff gianduja and sea-salted chocolate chip cookies) and passion praline (passion fruit cream and crunchy hazelnut gianduja) show Weiser's skill in marrying flavor and texture. Chocolates ship nationally from November through May. Two-day and overnight shipping is available. 3011 Gulden Lane #115, Dallas, TX
For those who don't eat animal products (or just prefer to stay away from dairy), these Amore di Mona vegan chocolates make a delicious and thoughtful gift. They're also free from gluten, wheat, soy, and peanuts, and they come in a 24-piece box complete with a bow. Best of all, reviewers say, it's "very high quality chocolate" and they "taste amazing!"
If you're looking for something completely different, consider these luxury champagne truffles from the famous British chocolatier Charbonnel et Walker. A small-batch chocolatier known for serving the Queen of England, they're famous for specialty products including these milk chocolate truffles made with marc de champagne, a French brandy made from champagne grapes. Their strawberry coating adds a pleasing sweetness that counters the intensity of the brandy-flavored filling.
Owner and chocolatier Katrina Markoff chooses every spice, flower, and chocolate that is flown into the Vosges kitchen to be transformed into fine chocolates. She learned the art of French confectionery at Le Cordon Bleu in Paris. Further inspired by her global apprenticeships, infusions of rare spices and flowers are combined with premium chocolate in truffles such as Mexican vanilla bean and Argentinean dulce de leche.
You don't have to look all that hard to find a world-class chocolatier in New York, but while you're looking, don't skip over Stick With Me. Located in the Nolita neighborhood of Manhattan, chocolatier Susanna Yoon is crafting handmade bonbons and caramels that rival desserts served at some of the most expensive restaurants in the country. The bonbons look more like hand-painted marbles and less like chocolates, with playful flavors like speculoos s'more and black and white to match.
Even today, the chocolate trade looks a lot like it did in colonial days: Raw materials bought at generally low prices in the tropics are shipped to the developed world and turned into a luxury product. Today, three of the largest importers of cacao to America are fighting a lawsuit filed by a human rights group claiming that they buy beans harvested by child slaves, mostly in the nation of Ivory Coast. Several journalists have contended that the extent of slavery in the cacao industry has been overblown, but it's hardly comforting to hear that the number of slaves who helped make your afternoon snack has been exaggerated. Without doubt, adults and children on some cacao farms, particularly in West Africa, perform demanding, exhausting work for awful pay.
If you want a truly unique chocolate experience, this American chocolatier with Venezuelan roots has created a flavor assortment with more varieties than any other. Thirty-six mini-bars come in twelve flavors – Firecracker, Honeycomb, Baconluxious Chocolate, Potato Chip, Caramel Apple Crush, Salted Chocolate Crush, Totally Tangy Mango, Cheeky Cheeky Churro, Spicy Maya, Pop Corn Pop, Oeange-a-go-go, Sweet and Salty, Strawberry Waffle Wild, and Cinnamon Cereal Smooch. At just over a dollar a bar, it's a great way to try a wide range of flavors, but the company also offers an eight-count sampler for those on a budget.
Neuhaus uses non-GMO ingredients to make its high-end chocolates, and this 25-piece box includes some of the very best milk, dark, and white chocolates the chocolatier has to offer. The box is filled with pralinés, ganaches, caramels, and more so there's something for everyone. Best of all, you can order this box with two-day shipping if you're in a rush.
For those who don't eat animal products (or just prefer to stay away from dairy), these Amore di Mona vegan chocolates make a delicious and thoughtful gift. They're also free from gluten, wheat, soy, and peanuts, and they come in a 24-piece box complete with a bow. Best of all, reviewers say, it's "very high quality chocolate" and they "taste amazing!"
Considered to be some of the very best chocolate in all of New England, Lake Champlain Chocolate is a Burlington, Vermont, staple that carries wonderfully executed gourmet chocolates. Their hot chocolate is some of the most indulgent and delicious of its kind, and that luxurious texture and flavor of chocolate extends to all their handcrafted treats.
Hand-dipped bonbons are a specialty for Alma, one of Portland's standout chocolate shops, but only its toffees, molded chocolate figures, and chocolate bars are shipped nationwide. Stop in for a taste of owner Sarah Hart's Thai peanut butter cups and rose caramels — the filling contains just the right amount of salinity to offset the drop of rosewater that's inside each one. Or, order in advance of the holidays to snag a hazelnut or peanut butter crunch bar, caramel-pecan bar, or mocha almond nibby. Alma ships nationwide. 140 NE 28th Avenue, Portland, OR
After gaining recognition for the adorable almond-eared chocolate mice he provided to New York City's Le Cirque and Bouley in the 1990s, chocolatier Larry Burdick moved to Wapole, New Hampshire, where he opened a cheery yellow café. Today, there are L.A. Burdick locations in New York City, Boston, and Cambridge, Massachusetts, serving his fantastic handmade chocolate candies, from ganache-filled truffles to the chocolate bunnies Burdick makes each spring, an Easter variation on his famous chocolate mice. burdickchocolate.com
Searching through the website is simple at Hotel Chocolat, you may choose from filled chocolates and truffles, pure chocolate, cocoa cuisine, gifts, luxuries, corporate, or the next holiday. Within each category there is a small selection of products for your choosing. Take note that extra fees apply to packaging at Hotel Chocolate and their shipping was higher priced than some.
This Italian chocolatier specializes in hazelnut-flavored chocolate pralines, combining a hazelnut chocolate cream and a whole hazelnut with a crisp chocolate shell in either milk or dark chocolate. It's a decadent chocolate experience, but with a complexity and mild bitterness from the hazelnut that makes it a more adult experience. Perfect for nut lovers.
Her methodology was simple: Krader tasted elite dark chocolate ganache truffles from companies that can ship across the U.S.; most also ship globally. Crucially, in an effort to make reasoned, head-to-head comparisons, each of the truffles Krader tasted was unadorned— where at all possible, there were no infusions, no nuts, no extra flavors. This is pure chocolate vs. chocolate.
K's 5-star review: After several years of being a loyal online consumer to the LA Burdick box selections, it's a treat to visit a store location and indulge in all the rich offerings of a self-seletion case and café. Their chocolates are dainty in size, a few nibbles at most, but they are refined with robust flavors including saffron, chartreuse, scotch, earl grey, lemongrass, honey, pear, and more. They also have charming novelty pieces built of delicate almond slivers (mice, penguins, and seasonal bees, snowman, rabbits ...). The most amazing piece I've had from their case (and arguably from anywhere) is the Pavé Glacé. These are melt-in-your-mouth cubes of ground hazelnuts, saffron, chocolate covered in a layer of powdered cocoa. They could make a scene. So worth it. The service has been quite lovely on my visits, and the café is warm and invitingly arranged with more seats than other shops that might offer similar menus. It would be a great place to trek after a show. It's a lovely cloud of chocolate to curb a long, sharp day. Go float.
As with most types of chocolate on the market today, there are many options available when it comes to gourmet chocolate. So many, in fact, that it might be easy for you to become overwhelmed by the finely crafted chocolates and all the decorative, eye-catching gift boxes. If you're looking for some of the best gourmet chocolates for your next party or you just want to sample some of the finest chocolate out there, our list of the ten best gourmet chocolates can provide you with the variety you need.
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At 255 years old, this candy shop on Rue du Faubourg-Montmatre is the oldest in Paris, and luck for everyone who visits, it's precious façade is historically landmarked and it's interior lovingly preserved. On the shelves at À La Mère de Famille sit sweets and treats of all kinds, including bars of 100 percent pure origin Venezuelan cocoa. Surprisingly melty and vibrantly aromatic, the plain chocolate is smooth, while the inclusion bars are beautifully strewn by hand with whole hazelnuts, almonds, and tidy little chunks of candied ginger.
I am a longtime fan of Legacy's handmade truffles. The chocolate is always the melt-in-your-mouth good and the ganache is divine. Being an avid chocoholic, I have had truffles shipped in from both coasts and still, after all that insatiable curiosity, who do I come back to? Legacy Chocolates. Do your mouth a favor. It's been well behaved long enough…
This best selling chocolate brand produces a premium, round, chocolate sweet. It consists of flat sheets of Wafer, Nutella, and hazelnuts. About 3.6 billion Ferrero Rocher are sold every year in over 35 countries. This brand has had a major impact in China since China allowed foreign businesses to increase the economy. The gold wrapping gave a luxurious and different appearance which the Chinese associated with wealth, which allowed for its popularity in China over other chocolate brands.
Along with the Chocolate Chip cookies, you can choose from the Dark Chocolate Sea Salt (a brownie-like cookie made with Valrhona dark cocoa and Ghirardelli bittersweet chocolate chips. It delivers a subtle and delightful "ting" of salt on the tongue), the clever Lemon Blueberry White Chocolate Chip, the White Chocolate Cherry Chip which is baked with tart Montmorency dried cherries, and a hefty Oatmeal Raisin.


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Hi All,
I have already worked with Camunda in the context of Microservices Architecture. Now that zeebe is released I am migrating to zeebe and also .net core. My solution has many micro services and I am using docker/kubernetes. I have some questions and doubts:
What is the best architecture to use in the context of a microservices ? Is it better to use Kafka ? http worker ? other ?
I have already walked through all the examples in zeebe tutorials bu I really cannot see a real example of Microservices clear architecture. Is there any good recommendation ?
Anyway, I like camunda and zeebe and I know that zeebe will be the defacto workflow engine for microservices.


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The Nehru Trophy Boat Race at Punnamada Lake, near Alappuzha, KERALA - (Image 9 of 10)
9th Aug 2014 (celebrated on the 2nd Saturday of Aug. every yr.)
"...love Nature, you will find beauty everywhere...."
Welcome to my World of Photography! As always I appreciate your valued comments and critiques.
Thank you so much for your kind attention & views!
22 Aug 2014 6:24am
22 Aug 2014 6:48am
22 Aug 2014 2:58pm
22 Aug 2014 7:24pm
23 Aug 2014 7:19am


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Turbine Blade
From COSSAN Wiki
| Tutorial for the graphical user interface
File -> New -> Tutorial -> Tutorial 9. Turbine Blade (see also Import Tutorial)
In this tutorial, a turbine blade structure will be presented, where the uncertainties in the material properties, e.g. young's modulus, is taken into account.
Description of the deterministic FE model
The mesh of the FE model consists of 12,933 tetrahedral elements and 3,119 nodes, leading to a total of 18,714 DOF's. The structure is fully fixed at the bottom and subjected to inertial load in +y direction, corresponding to the centrifugal force due to the rotation of the turbine disc at a velocity of 12,200 rotations per minute. The analyzed blade has a height of 45 mm and the assumed material properties of the nominal model correspond to those of a nickel-based alloy, with a density of 8.9 g/cm3, a Young's modulus of 200 kN/mm2 and a Poisson ratio of 0.31.


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