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Your work-related stress is affecting your physical health. "The work, people, or culture is unhealthy, and it has a negative impact on you physically and mentally," Hockett says. "The stress is present both inside and outside of work; it's consuming. Your family and friends are affected by this, too." Taylor says when work starts affecting your health--physical, mental, or both--it's time to get out.
One of the cool things about Google AdSense is that it's so easy to get set up. If you have a blog or website, you can sign up for a free Google AdSense Account. From there, Google will give you a unique code that you will paste onto your website. Google takes it from there, tracking your page views, traffic, and earnings on your behalf. There is no upkeep or maintenance to get this thing going, which makes it a no-brainer if you have a website already.
Webinars are quite possibly one of the most potent ways you can make an exorbitant amount of money online. You'll need an audience to train and you'll need to know what you're talking about. Of course, this usually requires having a website and some semblance of an online presence. However, people can still do webinars without all of that. For example, you might have a sizable social media following and you train them every week on something to do with social media. But you will need a product to embed and sell at some point. Don't worry about it in the beginning. In my experience, the best webinar platform out there is GoToWebinar.
While many people attempt to understand and wrap their minds around the internet marketing industry as a whole, there are others out there that have truly mastered the field. Now, if you're asking yourself what the term internet marketing actually means, it simply boils down to a number of marketing activities that can be done online. This includes things like affiliate marketing, email marketing, social media marketing, blogging, paid marketing, search engine optimization and so on.
Provide excellent customer service. Answer any questions buyers post as quickly as possible. Be professional and courteous. Positive communication builds your reputation with buyers and gets you return business. Also, package your product well and ship it out quickly. Allowing an item to become damaged or taking too long to ship can negatively affect your reputation among buyers. Wrap all items, especially fragile ones, in appropriate packaging. Commit to shipping items as soon as you receive payment.[32]
If you're serious about making money selling things online, it's pretty much impossible to not recommend Shopify. The platform gives you everything you need to get your online store up and running in less than a day including a custom domain, beautiful templates (so you don't need design skills), secure payment options, and they can even take care of marketing and shipping for you. Whether you're promoting your own products, designs, or curating other products for people in your niche, Shopify is the best option for powering your online store.
Cryptocurrency or digital currency is the next big thing in currency trading. It's a digital asset that is used as a method to pay for things, that isn't run by a government or institution. Bitcoin is the most well known digital currency and was trading at $200 per Bitcoin back in 2013. Now it is worth over $17k and is expected to be worth well over $1m in 2022.
Since the emergence of affiliate marketing, there has been little control over affiliate activity. Unscrupulous affiliates have used spam, false advertising, forced clicks (to get tracking cookies set on users' computers), adware, and other methods to drive traffic to their sponsors. Although many affiliate programs have terms of service that contain rules against spam, this marketing method has historically proven to attract abuse from spammers.
Holly told me she started writing content in 2011. At the time, she still worked a full-time job but created content online part-time to supplement her income. Over time, she was able to double and triple her rates until she could quit her full-time job to write. These days, she makes bank as a freelance writer and teaches others to do the same via her online course, Earn More Writing.
If you have an eye for design and some experience of creating websites, then you could offer your services as a freelance web designer. You will need to create your own stylish website and have a few other projects that you can show potential clients to demonstrate your skills. You will also need to initially spend time emailing businesses to promote your services and find work.
Robert said he did an average of 4-6 of these gigs per year for a while depending on his schedule and the work involved. The best part is, he charged a flat rate that usually worked out to around $100 per hour. And remember, this was pay he was earning to advise people on the best ways to use social media tools like Facebook and Pinterest to grow their brands.
While there are several platforms for doing this, clearly YouTube is the most popular for doing this. However, video marketing is also a great form of both content marketing and SEO on its own. It can help to provide visibility for several different ventures, and if the video is valuable enough in its message and content, it will be shared and liked by droves, pushing up the authority of that video through the roof.
In the beginning, it was rough for Sharpe. No one out there should think that it's going to be easy whatsoever. His journey took years and years to go from an absolute beginner, to a fluid and seasoned professional, able to clearly visualize and achieve his dreams, conveying his vast knowledge expertly to those hungry-minded individuals out there looking to learn how to generate a respectable income online.
Affiliate marketing allows you to make money online, even if you don't have a blog, website, or any products of your own. Following a few simple steps can get you up and running within hours and earning your first commissions right away. Affiliate marketing really is one of the fastest and easiest ways to make money online and should be a part of every online business owner's portfolio.
Let's say you have a promotions page where you're promoting a product via affiliate links. If you currently get 5,000 visits/month at a 2% conversion rate, you have 100 referrals. To get to 200 referrals, you can either focus on getting 5,000 more visitors, or simply increasing the conversion rate to 4%. Which sounds easier? Instead of spending months building domain authority with blogging and guest posts to get more organic traffic, you just have to increase the conversion rate by 2%. This can include landing page optimization, testing your calls-to-action, and having a conversion rate optimization strategy in place. By testing and optimizing your site, you'll get far better results with much less effort.
CashCrate sends out literally thousands of payments a month to users just like you who spend time completing surveys and offers on CashCrate.com. How do they do it? Well, they do surveys and offers regularly. It really adds up! Your initial goal should be to meet minimum payout, which is $20.00. Making $20.00 in free cash is actually quite easy considering there are hundreds of surveys and offers available, but here are a few tips to get you to your goal faster:
Digital marketing activity is still growing across the world according to the headline global marketing index. A study published in September 2018, found that global outlays on digital marketing tactics are approaching $100 billion.[40] Digital media continues to rapidly grow; while the marketing budgets are expanding, traditional media is declining (World Economics, 2015).[41] Digital media helps brands reach consumers to engage with their product or service in a personalised way. Five areas, which are outlined as current industry practices that are often ineffective are prioritizing clicks, balancing search and display, understanding mobiles, targeting, viewability, brand safety and invalid traffic, and cross-platform measurement (Whiteside, 2016).[42] Why these practices are ineffective and some ways around making these aspects effective are discussed surrounding the following points.
However, if you're looking for realistic ways you can start earning money online now, then it really truly does boil down to seven paths you can take towards profit. Some will provide you with immediate results, helping you to address your basic monthly necessities such as rent, utilities and groceries, while others have the potential to transform your life by revolutionizing your finances in the long term.
Looking back, jumping ship from my full-time position with no firm back-up plan in place probably wasn't the smartest thing. And, I'm definitely not trying to encourage you to march into your own boss' office tomorrow and use that exact same tactic—unless you're prepared for a lot of shameless crying into an open carton of those delicious (and somewhat addicting) frosted animal crackers.
An elegantly straightforward process, affiliate marketing via reviews, blogs, social media, and other platforms is a new frontier in marketing that's just waiting to be utilized. Follow the tips included in this article, and you'll be able to engage your audience, convert passive readers into active consumers, and enhance your paycheck one click at a time.
If you are building a site that has the potential for information that will never age and remain useful for your audience, you have the opportunity to create what is known as evergreen content. It's important to carry out extensive keyword research before planning any evergreen content for a site like this, as your site could hugely benefit from the proper usage of keywords within such content.
In February 2000, Amazon announced that it had been granted a patent[18] on components of an affiliate program. The patent application was submitted in June 1997, which predates most affiliate programs, but not PC Flowers & Gifts.com (October 1994), AutoWeb.com (October 1995), Kbkids.com/BrainPlay.com (January 1996), EPage (April 1996), and several others.[13]
Affiliates are most successful when the products they promote match the interests of their followers and subscribers. In addition, many successful affiliate marketers advise recommending and promoting only products that the affiliate is personally familiar with. That's because familiarity with the product, program, or service helps build trust between the affiliate and end-user.
The criteria and metrics can be classified according to its type and time span. Regarding the type, we can either evaluate these campaigns "Quantitatively" or "Qualitatively". Quantitative metrics may include "Sales Volume" and "Revenue Increase/Decrease". While qualitative metrics may include the enhanced "Brand awareness, image and health" as well as the "relationship with the customers".
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Where To Move: "There are all sorts of expat enclaves throughout Thailand — lots in Bangkok, of course, which is a big and frenetic city — too much for some folks who prefer a slower pace and smaller community," says Stevens. "They find both in places like Chiang Mai, which is in the north. It's full of gold-gilded temples, winding back streets, and food markets that stock weird and wonderful spices and vegetables." Thailand boasts gorgeous beaches, too. "Those on Hua Hin are picture-perfect and the cost of living is much lower than you'd expect," says Stevens.
Solvid uses reasonable efforts to provide these services to you; however, all services provided depend on innumerable factors and market variables that are outside of our direct control. For these reasons, all services offered are not guaranteed and are offered "as-is". Where you decide to use any services offered by Solvid, you agree that we make no guarantees including but not limited to article placement, rankings, or any profits. You understand that the services offered may have variance, be inexact, cause negative effects, or be otherwise incorrect. An increase in search engine ranking, increase in business, or any other associated benefits are neither implied nor guaranteed. Website rankings or results may vary by region, search engine, or fluctuate based on factors outside of our control. Due to the nature of our services, you agree:
Since you're essentially a freelancer, you get ultimate independence in setting your own goals, redirecting your path when you feel so inclined, choosing the products that interest you, and even determining your own hours. This convenience means you can diversify your portfolio if you like or focus solely on simple and straightforward campaigns. You'll also be free from company restrictions and regulations as well as ill-performing teams.
I couldn't agree more the relationship with your audience, and the trust that you build with them, is the single most important asset you could ever have. Trust is the basis of all good marketing, If viewers do not trust you and see you as the expert, that they need to turn to, then the chances that you will succeed with Affiliate marketing in the long-term, are very slim. Such a great content and a perfect key strategy for every business industry to prosper. These were awesome, looking forward for more valuable content of yours!
Quitting your job with no plan in place allows you to be open to new opportunities that you may never have considered if you simply took the next opportunity that fell in your lap. When First quit her job, she didn't plan on becoming a business owner, but after reaching out to a friend for some freelance work, First then found herself the co-owner and partner of a boutique PR agency. "It's been the most challenging and rewarding work experience of my career," she says.
Whether you are looking for home business ideas, marketing information or how to earn an income from blogging, you will find it on The Work at Home Wife. I aim to provide valuable information about how to make money from home, tools of the trade and how to reach those goals that will provide you with the means to earn a living online without having to live online.
Private corporations use Internet marketing techniques to reach new customers by providing easy-to-access information about their products. The most important element is a website that informs the audience about the company and its products, but many corporations also integrate interactive elements like social networking sites and email newsletters.
Here is my newest video on how I have been able to make great money online fast and getting paid with paypal. it's no doubt that the internet is doing amazing things for people, it's getting easier by the day to make for average joe's to make money with the internet. I hope you like the video and it gives you an idea of how you can start make money online fast. it's one of the best strategy's ever to make extra money online fast with paypal How To Make Money online fast. The 1st method I showed where your doing a skill called drop shipping is great for anyone to make money online quick and easy. Drop shipping is done all online and is one of the coolest ways to sell physical products with out owning them or having to ship them out.
Do you constantly come up with witty one-liners? Do you dream of the days of Mad Men-style advertising? If you've got some branding chops or just come up with imaginative copy, there are lots of opportunities to make money online through company naming and slogan contests. If you think you have a knack for names check out the Squadhelp platform where you can earn a little extra money online by naming brands, services, products, company slogans and even help out on the logo design front if you've got the chops.
Video advertising - This type of advertising in terms of digital/online means are advertisements that play on online videos e.g. YouTube videos. This type of marketing has seen an increase in popularity over time.[51] Online Video Advertising usually consists of three types: Pre-Roll advertisements which play before the video is watched, Mid-Roll advertisements which play during the video, or Post-Roll advertisements which play after the video is watched.[52] Post-roll advertisements were shown to have better brand recognition in relation to the other types, where-as "ad-context congruity/incongruity plays an important role in reinforcing ad memorability".[51] Due to selective attention from viewers, there is the likelihood that the message may not be received.[53] The main advantage of video advertising is that it disrupts the viewing experience of the video and therefore there is a difficulty in attempting to avoid them. How a consumer interacts with online video advertising can come down to three stages: Pre attention, attention, and behavioural decision.[54] These online advertisements give the brand/business options and choices. These consist of length, position, adjacent video content which all directly affect the effectiveness of the produced advertisement time,[51] therefore manipulating these variables will yield different results. Length of the advertisement has shown to affect memorability where-as longer duration resulted in increased brand recognition.[51] This type of advertising, due to its nature of interruption of the viewer, it is likely that the consumer may feel as if their experience is being interrupted or invaded, creating negative perception of the brand.[51] These advertisements are also available to be shared by the viewers, adding to the attractiveness of this platform. Sharing these videos can be equated to the online version of word by mouth marketing, extending number of people reached.[55] Sharing videos creates six different outcomes: these being "pleasure, affection, inclusion, escape, relaxation, and control".[51] As well, videos that have entertainment value are more likely to be shared, yet pleasure is the strongest motivator to pass videos on. Creating a 'viral' trend from mass amount of a brands advertisement can maximize the outcome of an online video advert whether it be positive or a negative outcome.
Another advantage: Panama is actively wooing foreigners with tax breaks and other incentives. "You won't pay income tax on funds earned outside Panama," says Stevens. "And there are several good options when it comes to getting a visa — all of which are pretty easy to comply with. That includes, for instance, the Friendly Nations visa and the Pensionado — both of which provide residence without too many hoops to jump through. What's more, real estate taxes are really low and some properties come with a tax exemption of five to 20 years."
Balancing search and display for digital display ads are important; marketers tend to look at the last search and attribute all of the effectiveness to this. This then disregards other marketing efforts, which establish brand value within the consumers mind. ComScore determined through drawing on data online, produced by over one hundred multichannel retailers that digital display marketing poses strengths when compared with or positioned alongside, paid search (Whiteside, 2016).[42] This is why it is advised that when someone clicks on a display ad the company opens a landing page, not its home page. A landing page typically has something to draw the customer in to search beyond this page. Things such as free offers that the consumer can obtain through giving the company contact information so that they can use retargeting communication strategies (Square2Marketing, 2012).[43] Commonly marketers see increased sales among people exposed to a search ad. But the fact of how many people you can reach with a display campaign compared to a search campaign should be considered. Multichannel retailers have an increased reach if the display is considered in synergy with search campaigns. Overall both search and display aspects are valued as display campaigns build awareness for the brand so that more people are likely to click on these digital ads when running a search campaign (Whiteside, 2016).[42]
GoodFinancialCents.com has an advertising relationship with some of the offers included on this page. However, the rankings and listings of our reviews, tools and all other content are based on objective analysis. For more information, please check out our full disclaimer. GoodFinancialCents.com strives to keep its information accurate and up to date. The information in our reviews could be different from what you find when visiting a financial institution, service provider or a specific product's website. All products are presented without warranty.
Occasionally, search engines will drop listings for no apparent or predictable reason. We have no control over the policies of search engines with respect to the type of sites and/or content that they accept now or in the future and user may be excluded from any directory or search engine at any time at the sole discretion of the search engine or directory.
Get samples. When you first start out as a freelance writer, it can be hard to get work without any published samples. However, it is possible to get quality samples if you are willing to do some writing for free. First, you can publish content on your own blog or website. Also, you can write guest posts for someone else's blog. Finally, you can write blog posts for free in exchange for a byline.[20]
Maintaining your productivity and motivation will prove to your manager and colleagues that you're a responsible and accountable professional. This will leave a strong lasting impression on your colleagues and make them more likely to refer or recommend you for jobs in the future -- humans have a recency bias where they remember and emphasize the most recent observations about people more than the ones in the near or distant past.
CashCrate sends out literally thousands of payments a month to users just like you who spend time completing surveys and offers on CashCrate.com. How do they do it? Well, they do surveys and offers regularly. It really adds up! Your initial goal should be to meet minimum payout, which is $20.00. Making $20.00 in free cash is actually quite easy considering there are hundreds of surveys and offers available, but here are a few tips to get you to your goal faster:
Finally, when looking around for the right personal finance software that meets your needs, make sure that you're comfortable with the program's interface. It shouldn't be expected that you recognize every single feature instantly, but if the features don't seem readable and manageable to you, then you're not as likely to use it and get the full benefits.
Thanks for all the information I am slowly working my way through your list of do's and donts! ! I've been approached by a website that wants to develop editorial content for my blog featuring home improvement tips from their"national client" and pay me $40 a year for reviewing and publishing their content. Boy, I am just not sure how this all works? Any words for when we are approached by others to write for our blogs?
Can you make money with affiliate marketing? The short answer is yes, affiliate programs can earn a extra money and even a full-time income from home. The long answer is a little more complicated. Like any home income venture, success comes not so much from what you choose to do to make money, but whether or not you do what needs to be done correctly and consistently.
Taylor says before you jump ship, you should write down the pros and cons of leaving your job, so you can get a broader perspective. "Examine what's right with your current position, instead of focusing on the wrongs," she says. "Ensure that you've confronted problems directly and uncovered every possible communications avenue, with everyone involved; prepare a 'solutions' document to consider all the steps that could improve your current job; and take a hard look at the risks involved with leaving."


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This waterproof compact tactical flashlight featuring 3 settings throws light up to 275m and can make a great camping companion
Product Details
2000lm Waterproof Adjustable Focus Tactical LED Flashlight (2-Pack)
- Waterproof tactical flashlight with adjustable focus length
- 3 settings: flood focus, spot focus, and strobe light
- Throws light up to 275m
- Skid-proof
- Compact design for easy mobility
- Features a clip for convenience
- Reflector type: convex lens
- LED model: Q5 LED
- Luminous flux: 2000lm
- LED power: 7W
- Product materials: aluminum alloy
- Battery requirements: 1 AA battery (not included)
- Product weight: 61g
- Product dimensions: 9.4cm x 2.6cm x 2.6cm
For post-purchase inquiries, please contact customer support.
Sold by Groupon Goods. View the products FAQ to learn more.

subset: commoncrawl


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We want you to love your Natural Area Rugs order, we offer a 30 day RISK AND HASSLE-FREE RETURN policy. If you are unhappy or not completely satisfied with your purchase for any reason, you may return it, no questions asked. If you get it wrong, we make it right. *You are responsible for payment of the return shipping charges.
Natural Area Rugs offers FREE RETURNS on SELECTED items. Look for the "Free 2-Day Delivery and Free Return" banner on the product detail page to confirm that the item qualifies for free returns.
How to be eligible for Free Returns?
- ONLY product(s) that has the "Free Returns" banner are eligible for Free Returns.
- There is no minimum purchase required to be eligible.
- If you are not satisfied with your purchase, you have 30 days to returns the eligible product(s) in new and unworn condition in the original packaging for a full refund.
- Natural Area Rugs will process the return and issue a refund after receiving the eligible product(s).
Notes on Returns:
- Do not fold, tape, or nail any surface of the item or rug that is to be returned.
- No returns will be accepted without an RMA number, please fill out the form below to receive your RMA number.
- We recommend you ensure your return shipment with the carrier selected for full purchase price to protect against loss or damage in transit.
- We cannot accept returns on custom rugs, custom stair treads, wall to wall, sisal remnants, clearance/closeouts, or any damaged items.
- Refunds exclude any expedited shipping costs.
- No returns will be accepted after the 30-day return window.
Return Procedure:
- Fill out the return request below to receive an RMA number (Return merchandise authorization). Please allow 1-2 business days for it to process.
- Use a trackable carrier of your choice (UPS, Fedex, etc.) to ship the item to our warehouse, we recommend using FedEx. Use the FedEx locator to find the nearest FedEx store.
Returns Warehouse
Natural Area Rugs
3737 S. Santa Fe Ave.
Los Angeles CA 90058
Email Us Directly: email@example.com


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Last week we reviewed the Surface Pro 4 in-depth. Unfortunately, we were not given a Surface Book review due to limited quantities. We know you folks demand more from us so what else to do but buy one on day one at a Microsoft Store?
Luckily, we were able to walk into the New York City flagship location around 3PM and still pick up the hard-to-find Core i7 version with 512 GB of storage and a nice heaping 16 GB of RAM. Plus, yeah, it has that nifty Nvidia GPU on board too. Cost before tax? $2,699.99. Yowza!
We roll hard.
Although we plan on reviewing this impressive hardware next week, for now we'll do a quick unboxing and hands-on of the latest Surface. Have you pre-orderd? Still deciding which Surface to get? Sound off in comments and let us know what you think!
|13.5-inch Pixel Sense display
Contrast Ratio: 1800:1
|Display Resolution
|3000 x 2000 at 267ppi
Aspect Ratio: 3:2
|Windows 10 Pro
|6th Gen Intel Core i7 dual-core
|512GB Solid State Drive (SSD)
|NVIDIA GeForce custom graphics (GPU)
|Rear Camera
|8MP with autofocus, 1080P recording
|Front Camera
Full HD (1920 x 1080)
Windows Hello face-authentication
|Front-facing stereo speakers with Dolby audio
|Two full-size USB 3.0, Full-size SD card reader, Surface Connect, Headset jack, Mini DisplayPort
|Sensors, Ambient light sensor, Accelerometer, Gyroscope, Magnetometer
|TPM chip for enterprise security
|Battery Life
|12 hours of use
|Surface Pen
1,024 levels of pressure sensitivity
Magnetic storage
|Power Supply
|36W power supply with USB chargin port
65W power supply with USB charging power (discrete GPU SKU)
|1.6lbs (tablet)
3.48lbs (full)
|Laptop: 9.14 x 12.30 x 0.51- 0.90 in ( 232.1 x 312.3 x 13 -22.8 mm)
Clipboard: 8.67 x 12.30 x 0.30 in (220.2 x 312.3 x 7.7 mm)
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Project xCloud Xbox Streaming Games List
Check out the complete list of Xbox Project xCloud compatible games confirmed so far.
Windows Central Game Awards 2019: The best games and gaming tech of 2019
It's that time of year again, when we look back and celebrate the best of the best. Here are our top picks from the gaming industry throughout 2019.
Huawei's ARM chips could power desktop PCs thanks to a new motherboard
Huawei's latest motherboard allows the Kunpeng 920 processor to power desktop PCs, opening up the possibility for Windows 10 on ARM desktops in the future.
Protect your Surface Book 2 with one of these cases
Looking for some protection for your Surface Book 2? Here are the best cases we can find right now.


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The Department of Curriculum and Instruction prepares teachers and other educators to meet the special demands of educational, health, cultural, and other human service settings. The UH Teacher Education Program at the University of Houston has received the Distinguished Program in Teacher Education Award from the Association of Teacher Educators - the only competitive award for excellence in teacher education in the United States.
Courses include:
For more information, please visit the program website.
Starting in
You can apply until:
Always verify the dates on the programme website.
Minimum required score:
The IELTS – or the International English Language Test System – tests your English-language abilities (writing, listening, speaking, and reading) on a scale of 1.00–9.00. The minimum IELTS score requirement refers to which Overall Band Score you received, which is your combined average score. Read more about IELTS.Get a free IELTS practice test
Minimum required score:
The TOEFL iBT ® measures your English-language abilities in an academic setting. The test has four sections (reading, listening, speaking, and writing), each with a score range of 0-30, for a total score range of 0-120. Read more about TOEFL iBT ®.Schedule TOEFL®
Minimum required score:
The TOEFL®PBT is administered in a paper format and measures your ability to use and understand English in a classroom setting at the college or university level. It accurately measures how well you can listen, read and write in English while performing academic tasks. Read more about TOEFL®PBT.Schedule TOEFL®
The living costs include the total expenses per month, covering accommodation, public transportation, utilities (electricity, internet), books and groceries.
Studyportals Tip: Students can search online for independent or external scholarships that can help fund their studies. Check the scholarships to see whether you are eligible to apply. Many scholarships are either merit-based or needs-based.
You've wishlisted multiple studies. Did you know you can compare them side-by-side in our Compare-tool?
You've wishlisted multiple studies. Did you know you can compare them side-by-side in our Compare-tool?


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Corruption in tennis has been long considered as issue.[59] In 2011, the former world No. 55 Austrian tennis player, Daniel Koellerer, became the first tennis player to be banned for life for attempting to fix matches. The violations were outstanding between October 2009 and July 2010 after The Tennis Integrity Units had launched an investigation on behalf of the International Tennis Federation and the ATP and WTA tours. In 2004 and 2006, Koellerer was banned for six months due to his bad behavior. In addition, on August 2010, he facilitated betting by placing odds for matches and had links for placing bets.[60]
When the point spread was invented in Chicago by Charles McNeil the money line took a backseat. When two unevenly matched teams played, the playing field was leveled by having the favorite give points (for example Chicago Bears –7) while the underdog got points (Minnesota Vikings +7). No matter which team the bettor took the bettor would always risk $110 to win $100. The extra $10 needed to win $100 is called the juice or the vig, it is basically the house's or the bookie's take. It's 10-percent of the bet so it would take $33 to return $30 and $440 to return $400 etc. (winning bettors get the vig back).
According to an article in The Times dated 10 April 2009, approximately 30,000 spread bet accounts were opened in the previous year, and that the largest study of gambling in the UK on behalf of the Gambling Commission found that serious problems developed in almost 15% of spread betters compared to 1% of other gambling.[7] A report from Cass Business School found that only 1 in 5 gamblers ends up a winner.[8] As noted in the report, this corresponds to the same ratio of successful gamblers in regular trading.[9] Evidence from spread betting firms themselves actually put this closer to being 1 in 10 traders as being profitable, with a high number of clients suffering from the volatility that is supposed to be one of the benefits of spread betting.[citation needed]
If you bet on sporting events, you must be able to read odds and understand what they mean. Furthermore, you need to quickly calculate the potential winnings for different bets, especially if the odds are changing while the event unfolds. Odds tell you the likelihood that an event will occur (a team wins, a boxer makes it a certain round) and how much will be paid out if you win. There are, however, multiple ways to convey this information.
If a team favored by six points wins by exactly six points, the outcome is considered a "push" and the bettors get their money back, minus the bookmaker's commission. To reduce the number of pushes, oddsmakers often set spreads with half-points. So if the Cowboys are 3 1/2- or 3.5-point favorites over the Giants, they must prevail by four or more points to pay winning bets.
If you wanted to bet the underdog Orlando to win the game, their money line odds are +280. Whenever a "+" is listed for odds, the number after it is how much you will win for betting $100. So in this example, a $100 bet would win $280 if the Magic win the game. This definitely seems like a way better deal than betting $340 to win $100, but remember that Orlando has a small chance of beating the best team in the league. Some bettors may see value in this, but you should never blindly bet an underdog - or any side for that matter (just talk to the thousands that bet on Conor McGregor last August).
A few other small factors to look at would include recent matchups between the two teams, home and away records of the two teams, the way the teams have played in the past 3-4 weeks (hot streak/cold streak), and also any injuries to stars that could affect the overall game plan of team. How does a football team do off a loss, off a win, etc. Start adding some of these suggestions to your repertoire and I guarantee your sports betting bankroll will keep growing each football season.
TheSportsGeek.com is not an online gambling operator, or a gambling site of any kind. We are simply here to provide information about sports betting for entertainment purposes. Sports betting and gambling laws vary by jurisdiction. We are not able to verify the legality of the information we provide, or your ability to use any sites that are linked to on this site, for every combination of your location, the sites' location, and the type of service those sites provide. It is your responsibility to verify such matters and to know and follow your local laws.
Conversely, in most other countries financial spread betting income is considered taxable. For example, the Australian Tax Office issued a decision in March 2010 saying "Yes, the gains from financial spread betting are assessable income under section 6-5 or section 15-15 of the ITAA 1997".[6] Similarly, any losses on the spread betting contracts are deductible. This has resulted in a much lower interest in financial spread betting in those countries.
While most football fans have seen a point spread before, not everyone understands how they work. There's a common misconception that the oddsmakers are trying to outsmart their customers by posting the spread and getting people to bet on the wrong side. At the same time, many bettors think that their goal is to "beat the bookie." This is false; as mentioned, the sportsbook is incentivized to keep the action on either team as balanced as possible, in order to limit exposure.
The 2015 Gaming Compact negotiated pursuant to the Compact Negotiation Act permits the Pueblo to "conduct, only on Indian Lands, subject to all of the terms and conditions of this Compact, any and all forms of Class III gaming." Gaming Compact at Section 3(A)(emphasis added). The Gaming Compact, like the Compact Negotiation Act, does not qualify or limit the term 'class III gaming.'
There are times when moneyline wagering is smarter than point-spread wagering and this is why moneylines are growing in popularity. Typically used in baseball and hockey, pro football moneylines are popular in Las Vegas for picking underdogs. The team you choose only has to win the game, not win by a certain number of runs or goals. The negative value still indicates the favorite (-150) and the positive value indicates the underdog (+130). It's easiest to picture the number 100 sitting in the middle of these two values. For example, if you want to pick a -150 favorite, you would risk $150 in order to win $100. On the underdog, you would risk $100 and win $130 if the underdog wins. It's a simple way to have the risk-reward scenario. In the right circumstance, where you have a small underdog, you can get a very similar bet by risking less and also get a bigger payout by going the moneyline route.
The level of the gambler's profit or loss will be determined by the stake size selected for the bet, multiplied by the number of unit points above or below the gambler's bet level. This reflects the fundamental difference between sports spread betting and fixed odds sports betting in that both the level of winnings and level of losses are not fixed and can end up being many multiples of the original stake size selected.
The second number in our example (-110 for both teams) tells you how much you have to wager in order to win $100. It's an easy way to calculate how much you'll win if your bet pays off, presented in units of $100 at a time for simplicity's sake. Most of the time, these two numbers will be the same, because oddsmakers want to set lines so that they get as much action on the underdog as on the favorite, guaranteeing them a profit. If a book gets a single bet of $110 (by a customer hoping to win $100) on the Cowboys and a single bet of $110 on the Giants, it will have taken in $220, but will only have to pay back $210 to whichever customer wins the bet. That's a guaranteed profit of $10, and since sportsbooks take far more than a single bet in either direction, they stand to earn that seemingly small amount of profit many times over. The $10 difference between what you wager and what you win is known as juice or vig in the sports betting industry, and it's the way books earn their bread and butter.
The moneyline is different. First, with the moneyline whichever team wins the game pays out. There's no giving or taking away of points. How do the bookies even the playing field with the moneyline? They do it by making bettors wager more on the favorite to win less and allowing them to bet less to win more on the dog. The favorite is posted with a minus sign and a number. That number represents the amount of cash that has to be wagered in order to win $100. The underdog, on the other hand, is listed with a plus sign in front of a number. That number shows how much a bettor wins when they bet $100.
It's never too early for a 2019 NFL Draft projection! As the 2018 NFL season winds down, the crux of next spring's draft order is coming into focus. Will the Oakland Raiders or Arizona Cardinals pick at No. 1? Is Ohio State pass rusher Nick Bosa, coming off an injury, a lock to be the first pick in draft? Will the Giants take Eli Manning's successor, or continue to add to the roster around the veteran? Can the Jets find help for young signal caller Sam Darnold? Here's the latest first-round projection for the 2019 NFL Draft.
Wagering on the NFL revolves around the point spread in which one team is designated the favorite and the other team is called the underdog. The NFL point spread sets a specific number of points that the favorite must win by in order for a person betting that particular team to win their wager. Lets use an example from last week's NFL slate to demonstrate the art of NFL point spreads. This past weekend the New England Patriots played the Seattle Seahawks. The Patriots were four point favorites in that game. So in your local newspaper, you might have seen something similar to this illustration.
To understand what the "limit" means in sports betting, you need to think about the limit we follow every day in our life - the speed limit. Speed limits are set in place to ensure the safety of everyone driving on the road. If everyone does the same speed, the less likely it is for a crash to occur. If you go above the limit, you are putting others in danger, not only on the road in cars, but pedestrians as well. They are in place for a reason, which is to control the way people act. The same can be said with the limits set by a sportsbook. They are in place to reduce any potential damage the books may suffer and keep bettors under their control. Read More >>
If bettors were quick to jump on the Atlanta line at +4.5 when it first came out, they would have a distinct advantage over those who waited closer to kick off and were stuck with +2.5. The opposite holds true for Carolina. Bettors that were quick to pull the trigger are now laying two more points than they would if they were patient and saw the line movement before making their move.
For example, in a cricket match a sports spread betting firm may list the spread of a team's predicted runs at 340 – 350. The gambler can elect to 'buy' at 350 if they think the team will score more than 350 runs in total, or sell at 340 if they think the team will score less than 340. If the gambler elects to buy at 350 and the team scores 400 runs in total, the gambler will have won 50 unit points multiplied by their initial stake. But if the team only scores 300 runs then the gambler will have lost 50 unit points multiplied by their initial stake.
Oftentimes you'll see a point spread that has a half-point added to the number. Of course, there's no such thing as half a point in a football game, so why do we so often see point spreads with a (.5) attached to the score? Sportsbooks do this to make sure there isn't a chance of a push. Let's take another look at our game from above with the half point added.
Here at The Football Lines .com on our point spread page we provide the latest NFL point spread lines for the current NFL week for your informational purposes only. These include the opening NFL point spread and current line which is updated regularly throughout the week, with our aim being to provide all the NFL spread details you need both current and historical in an easy to access format. The Football Lines .com's previous seasons Historical NFL Point Spreads section provides detailed week by week opening and closing NFL spread lines dating back to the 2007 season. With the current seasons week at the top and working your way down through the previous football years data you quickly have access to the final score, open and close NFL spread lines to see how many points it moved as well as color coded display of the spread winner.
The spread - The point spread is used in high-scoring sports like football and basketball. It is basically a handicap used to make all games competitive in the eyes of bettors. The spread gives one team an advantage of a few points. Standard notation for the point spread shows the favored team first, followed by a negative number (the actual spread). The home team is shown in capital letters. So if Buffalo was playing against Green Bay in Green Bay, and they were favored to win by seven points, it would look like this:
Now that you have the basics down, there is only one thing left to discuss – where to bet that is safe. I strongly recommend that you start by wagering on only one pick per day. You don't want to spread yourself too thin and have your hand in every match available. If you bet that way, you will surely get nickel and dimed out of your bankroll. Spend time studying the teams and choose your best selection available. Decide on a budget of how much you are willing to risk. Now you need a reputable online sportsbook (online sports betting site) to do business.
With some betting sites odds, certain games are priced differently than risking $1.10 to win $1.00 (which is called -110 odds). For example, you might see the Giants priced at -105 and +7 in a game against the Jets. Now, you only have to risk $1.05 to win $1.00. This is obviously better odds, but it's very likely that they will lose by exactly seven to give you a push. Taking -110 and +7.5 with an alternative bookmaker is actually the better bet.
In Asian betting markets, other frequently used formats for expressing odds include Hong Kong, Malaysian, and Indonesian-style odds formats. Odds are also quite often expressed in terms of implied probability, which corresponds to the probability with which the event in question would need to occur for the bet to be a break-even proposition (on the average).
On December 7, 1980 the San Francisco 49ers overcame a halftime deficit of 28 points in what became the greatest regular season comeback victory in NFL regular season history. By the beginning of the third quarter, notorious Vegas bookmaker Frank Rosenthal received forfeiture notices from 246 San Francisco bettors totaling more than $25,000 in premature winnings. Rosenthal was able to retain these winnings despite the final outcome of the game due to gambling regulations previously established by the NAGRA.[citation needed]
Wagering on the NFL revolves around the point spread in which one team is designated the favorite and the other team is called the underdog. The NFL point spread sets a specific number of points that the favorite must win by in order for a person betting that particular team to win their wager. Lets use an example from last week's NFL slate to demonstrate the art of NFL point spreads. This past weekend the New England Patriots played the Seattle Seahawks. The Patriots were four point favorites in that game. So in your local newspaper, you might have seen something similar to this illustration.
If you place wagers on US sports, then chances are high that you've heard of point spreads. Here's how they work; if a game has Patriots -9.0 and Vikings +9.0, the Patriots are 9.0 point favorites and the Vikings are 9.0 point underdogs. Unless otherwise stated, no matter which team you bet on, you'll be required to risk $1.10 for each $1.00 you want to win. For Patriots bettors to prevail, they need their team to win by 10 or more points. A 9-point Patriot victory would be a push (a tie). For Vikings bettors to take home the victory, they need to either win the game or lose by less than 9 points.
For all the talk of new forms of wagering, the good old point spread remains the bet of choice for most NFL fans. Also known as the line or spread, the myth is that Las Vegas sets the point spread as its predicted margin of victory for one team. In reality, it's a number chosen by oddsmakers that will encourage an equal number of people to wager on the underdog as on the favorite. The negative value (-3.5) indicates that team is favored by 3.5 points. The positive value (+3.5) indicates that team is the underdog by 3.5 points. Betting on the favorite means the team must win by at least four points to cover the point spread. The underdog team can lose by three points and still cover the spread. You will also notice a moneyline value associated with the point spread (such as -3.5, -115). This indicates how much you must risk in order to book the bet (also known as the vig or juice). It means you have to risk $115 to win $100. The underdog may see a value such as +3.5, +105. This means you risk $100 to win $105 if your team covers the spread. The spread is not a static number, so you will notice line moves during the week. Team A may be favored by 3 points on Tuesday and by 4.5 points on Friday. This indicates more people are betting on them, so Las Vegas increases the underdog value hoping to encourage more wagers on the underdog.


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Mileage is around 42 kmpl. milege per 100 rs petrol, dpends on the state government pricing of fuel in your area.
Bhai tu platina le le woh 30 me 30 tak jati hai
30 k petrol mei kitta jaati ?😂😂
Both posseses a same power n fuel efficiency..U can go with any of these..If u like bike naked u go with 180If u like monster look go with 220
Regarding my personal opinion the 220 is much better then 180.Better performance and on fuel efficiency its not that far behind the 180 either, was good for long distance journeys also.
I think 220f batter then 180 .... 220f batter mileage and low cost maintance me and my bro we both use 220f I think if u wait 2-4 months then 220f abs coming then u buy 220f
Best mileage means worst performance. Prefer moderate mileage with 125+cc engine for long term performance.
Platina claim 93 kilometre per litre
Bajaj Pulsar 220F returns a claimed mileage of 40 Kmpl. Whereas, its direct rival TVS Apache RTR 200 4V Race Edition delivers a claimed mileage of 40.2 kmpl(Carburetor) and 44.1 kmpl(Fuel Injection). Click here to get more details about Bajaj Pulsar 220 F: https://bit.ly/2pXoMpN
42 kmpl
35-50km/ltre...Depends on way you ride.
46 kmpl on highway and 40kmpl in city like Pune (traffic). I use Motul 10w50 full synthetic oil and get servicing done in small garage in my presence. Now a days I do not race a lot but when I used to at that time I used to get 38 in city and 42 on highways very easily & consistently.
43 kmpl. Chain bracket is fully exposed and gives space for all the dirt to sit and creates noise and performance oriented issue.
40 to 42 kmpl. No downsides as such
Yes but if you use full synthetic oil and perform servicing timely and do not race bike a lot on first and second gear then avg will not decrease. It worked for me
It's depends upon ur usage. How u maintain u r bike. It's depends
upon u.
Pulsar 220F is wonderful techno auto product, mileage is low due to variable speed and frequently changing gears during heavy traffic riding hence more fuel consumption. About battery, needs to be properly maintained for better life.
20kmpl is not possible. learn how to ride a bike.
Change to full synthetic oil 5w40 or 10w50. For battery use dry/gel battery
If you compromise with mileage, then Apache RTR 200 4V is best performance, Safety bike and for looks and performance Pulsar 220f is good.
Pulsar 150
For a perfect bike choice, a comparison is to be done on the basis of price, size, mileage, performance, features, and other specs. Bajaj Pulsar 220 F Price starts from Rs. 1.07 lakh and TVS Apache RTR 200 Fi E100 Price starts from Rs. 1.20 lakh. The claimed mileage for the Bajaj Pulsar 220 F is 40 kmpl and for the TVS Apache RTR 200 Fi E100 is NA. Bajaj Pulsar 220 F is available in 7 different colours while TVS Apache RTR 200 Fi E100 comes with 1 colours. In technical specifications, Bajaj Pulsar 220 F is powered by 220 cc engine whereas TVS Apache RTR 200 Fi E100 is powered by 197.75 cc engine. For a detailed comparison, follow the below link - Compare. Moreover, you can have a test ride of the bikes for a better idea of comfort and drive quality by visiting the nearest dealer in your city. You can click on the following link to see the details of the nearest dealership and selecting your city accordingly - Dealers.
Pulsar 220f
New model is low on maintenance.. after free servicing u can change just oil and after 15000km u need to change chain spocket. There is no high maintenance for this bike. My suggestion is to u if u can wait for ABS model. That will be best deal for u. It's semi faired bike. And Bajaj build quality is not that Great. So u need to adjust about fairing vibration. Otherwise there is no any vibration. If rave it above 90 to 100 it will start vibrating on u r foot pegs
Ignore vibrations that may come after few thousand kms. Make sure you do servicing and oil change in front of you. Prefer full synthetic oil (like 10w50 or 5w50). Also after warantee do servicing in local garages and in front of you. Use chain oil to lubricate chain than spray. P 220F has been total hassle free bike for me in last 7.8 years and 87k done till date.
I do it in outside garages so it costs rs 350 for labor + rs 1200 for full synthetic oil + rs 150 for filters. 7.8 years and my bike still gives 40kmpl in city and 45-46 on highways because i do servicing in front of me. Also brake pads and wheel rubbers are something that I do change every 20k kms that in total cost close to 2k (at max and that too after 2 years)
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It's presently going on at Abraka, Delta State. See another photo below. May his soul rest in peace.
Nigerians Drag Nollywood Actress, Rosy Meurer For Going 'Pantless' At Igbere TV Awards
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Scholarly Works (8 results)
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Peer Reviewed
Sub-GeV Dark Matter Shining at Future MeV gamma-Ray Telescopes
D'Eramo, F
Profumo, S
et al.
UC Santa Cruz Previously Published Works
Peer Reviewed
Dark Matter Freeze-in Production in Fast-Expanding Universes
D'Eramo, F
Fernandez, N
Profumo, S
et al.
UC Santa Cruz Previously Published Works
If the dark matter is produced in the early universe prior to Big Bang nucleosynthesis, a modified cosmological history can drastically affect the abundance of relic dark matter particles. Here, we assume that an additional species to radiation dominates at early times, causing the expansion rate at a given temperature to be larger than in the standard radiation-dominated case. We demonstrate that, if this is the case, dark matter production via freeze-in (a scenario when dark matter interacts very weakly, and is dumped in the early universe out of equilibrium by decay or scattering processes involving particles in the thermal bath) is dramatically suppressed. We illustrate and quantitatively and analytically study this phenomenon for three different paradigmatic classes of freeze-in scenarios. For the frozen-in dark matter abundance to be as large as observations, couplings between the dark matter and visible-sector particles must be enhanced by several orders of magnitude. This sheds some optimistic prospects for the otherwise dire experimental and observational outlook of detecting dark matter produced by freeze-in.
Peer Reviewed
When the universe expands too fast: relentless dark matter
D'Eramo, F
Fernandez, N
Profumo, S
et al.
UC Santa Cruz Previously Published Works
Peer Reviewed
Saxion cosmology for thermalized gravitino dark matter
Co, RT
D'Eramo, F
Hall, LJ
Harigaya, K
et al.
UC Berkeley Previously Published Works
© 2017, The Author(s). In all supersymmetric theories, gravitinos, with mass suppressed by the Planck scale, are an obvious candidate for dark matter; but if gravitinos ever reached thermal equilibrium, such dark matter is apparently either too abundant or too hot, and is excluded. However, in theories with an axion, a saxion condensate is generated during an early era of cosmological history and its late decay dilutes dark matter. We show that such dilution allows previously thermalized gravitinos to account for the observed dark matter over very wide ranges of gravitino mass, keV < m3/2< TeV, axion decay constant, 109GeV < fa< 1016GeV, and saxion mass, 10 MeV < ms< 100 TeV. Constraints on this parameter space are studied from BBN, supersymmetry breaking, gravitino and axino production from freeze-in and saxion decay, and from axion production from both misalignment and parametric resonance mechanisms. Large allowed regions of (m3/2, fa, ms) remain, but differ for DFSZ and KSVZ theories. Superpartner production at colliders may lead to events with displaced vertices and kinks, and may contain saxions decaying to (WW, ZZ, hh), gg, γγ or a pair of Standard Model fermions. Freeze-in may lead to a sub-dominant warm component of gravitino dark matter, and saxion decay to axions may lead to dark radiation.
Peer Reviewed
Dark matter inelastic up-scattering with the interstellar plasma: A new source of x-ray lines, including at 3.5 keV
D'Eramo, F
Hambleton, K
Profumo, S
Stefaniak, T
et al.
UC Santa Cruz Previously Published Works
We explore the phenomenology of a class of models where the dark matter particle can inelastically up-scatter to a heavier excited state via off-diagonal dipolar interactions with the interstellar plasma (gas or free electrons). The heavier particle then rapidly decays back to the dark matter particle plus a quasi-monochromatic photon. For the process to occur at appreciable rates, the mass splitting between the heavier state and the dark matter must be comparable to, or smaller than, the kinetic energy of particles in the plasma. As a result, the predicted photon line falls in the soft X-ray range, or, potentially, at arbitrarily lower energies. We explore experimental constraints from cosmology and particle physics, and present accurate calculations of the dark matter thermal relic density and of the flux of monochromatic X-rays from thermal plasma excitation. We find that the model provides a natural explanation for the observed 3.5 keV line from clusters of galaxies and from the Galactic center, and is consistent with null detections of the line from dwarf galaxies. The unique line shape, which will be resolved by future observations with the Hitomi (formerly Astro-H) satellite, and the predicted unique morphology and target-temperature dependence will enable easy discrimination of this class of models versus other scenarios for the generation of the 3.5 keV line or of any other unidentified line across the electromagnetic spectrum.
Peer Reviewed
Recommendations on presenting LHC searches for missing transverse energy signals using simplified $s$-channel models of dark matter
Boveia, A
Buchmueller, O
Busoni, G
D'Eramo, F
Roeck, AD
Simone, AD
Doglioni, C
Dolan, MJ
Genest, M-H
Hahn, K
Haisch, U
Harris, PC
Heisig, J
Ippolito, V
Kahlhoefer, F
Khoze, VV
Kulkarni, S
Landsberg, G
Lowette, S
Malik, S
Mangano, M
McCabe, C
Mrenna, S
Pani, P
Pree, TD
Riotto, A
Salek, D
Schmidt-Hoberg, K
Shepherd, W
Tait, TMP
Wang, L-T
Worm, S
Zurek, K
et al.
UC Irvine Previously Published Works
This document summarises the proposal of the LHC Dark Matter Working Group on how to present LHC results on $s$-channel simplified dark matter models and to compare them to direct (indirect) detection experiments.
Peer Reviewed
Dark Matter Benchmark Models for Early LHC Run-2 Searches: Report of the ATLAS/CMS Dark Matter Forum
Abercrombie, D
Akchurin, N
Akilli, E
Maestre, JA
Allen, B
Gonzalez, BA
Andrea, J
Arbey, A
Azuelos, G
Azzi, P
Backović, M
Bai, Y
Banerjee, S
Beacham, J
Belyaev, A
Boveia, A
Brennan, AJ
Buchmueller, O
Buckley, MR
Busoni, G
Buttignol, M
Cacciapaglia, G
Caputo, R
Carpenter, L
Castro, NF
Ceballos, GG
Cheng, Y
Chou, JP
Gonzalez, AC
Cowden, C
D'Eramo, F
Cosa, AD
Gruttola, MD
Roeck, AD
Simone, AD
Deandrea, A
Demiragli, Z
DiFranzo, A
Doglioni, C
Pree, TD
Erbacher, R
Erdmann, J
Fischer, C
Flaecher, H
Fox, PJ
Fuks, B
Genest, M-H
Gomber, B
Goudelis, A
Gramling, J
Gunion, J
Hahn, K
Haisch, U
Harnik, R
Harris, PC
Hoepfner, K
Hoh, SY
Hsu, DG
Hsu, S-C
Iiyama, Y
Ippolito, V
Jacques, T
Ju, X
Kahlhoefer, F
Kalogeropoulos, A
Kaplan, LS
Kashif, L
Khoze, VV
Khurana, R
Kotov, K
Kovalskyi, D
Kulkarni, S
Kunori, S
Kutzner, V
Lee, HM
Lee, S-W
Liew, SP
Lin, T
Lowette, S
Madar, R
Malik, S
Maltoni, F
Perez, MM
Mattelaer, O
Mawatari, K
McCabe, C
Megy, T
Morgante, E
Mrenna, S
Narayanan, SM
Nelson, A
Novaes, SF
Padeken, KO
Pani, P
Papucci, M
Paulini, M
Paus, C
Pazzini, J
Penning, B
Peskin, ME
Pinna, D
Procura, M
Qazi, SF
Racco, D
Re, E
Riotto, A
Rizzo, TG
Roehrig, R
Salek, D
Pineda, AS
Sarkar, S
Schmidt, A
Schramm, SR
Shepherd, W
Singh, G
Soffi, L
Srimanobhas, N
Sung, K
Tait, TMP
Theveneaux-Pelzer, T
Thomas, M
Tosi, M
Trocino, D
Undleeb, S
Vichi, A
Wang, F
Wang, L-T
Wang, R-J
Whallon, N
Worm, S
Wu, M
Wu, SL
Yang, H
Yang, Y
Yu, S-S
Zaldivar, B
Zanetti, M
Zhang, Z
Zucchetta, A
et al.
UC Irvine Previously Published Works
This document is the final report of the ATLAS-CMS Dark Matter Forum, a forum organized by the ATLAS and CMS collaborations with the participation of experts on theories of Dark Matter, to select a minimal basis set of dark matter simplified models that should support the design of the early LHC Run-2 searches. A prioritized, compact set of benchmark models is proposed, accompanied by studies of the parameter space of these models and a repository of generator implementations. This report also addresses how to apply the Effective Field Theory formalism for collider searches and present the results of such interpretations.
Peer Reviewed
US Cosmic Visions: New Ideas in Dark Matter 2017: Community Report
Battaglieri, M
Belloni, A
Chou, A
Cushman, P
Echenard, B
Essig, R
Estrada, J
Feng, JL
Flaugher, B
Fox, PJ
Graham, P
Hall, C
Harnik, R
Hewett, J
Incandela, J
Izaguirre, E
McKinsey, D
Pyle, M
Roe, N
Rybka, G
Sikivie, P
Tait, TMP
Toro, N
Water, RVD
Weiner, N
Zurek, K
Adelberger, E
Afanasev, A
Alexander, D
Alexander, J
Antochi, VC
Asner, DM
Baer, H
Banerjee, D
Baracchini, E
Barbeau, P
Barrow, J
Bastidon, N
Battat, J
Benson, S
Berlin, A
Bird, M
Blinov, N
Boddy, KK
Bondi, M
Bonivento, WM
Boulay, M
Boyce, J
Brodeur, M
Broussard, L
Budnik, R
Bunting, P
Caffee, M
Caiazza, SS
Campbell, S
Cao, T
Carosi, G
Carpinelli, M
Cavoto, G
Celentano, A
Chang, JH
Chattopadhyay, S
Chavarria, A
Chen, C-Y
Clark, K
Clarke, J
Colegrove, O
Coleman, J
Cooke, D
Cooper, R
Crisler, M
Crivelli, P
D'Eramo, F
D'Urso, D
Dahl, E
Dawson, W
Napoli, MD
Vita, RD
DeNiverville, P
Derenzo, S
Crescenzo, AD
Marco, ED
Dienes, KR
Diwan, M
Dongwi, DH
Drlica-Wagner, A
Ellis, S
Ezeribe, AC
Farrar, G
Ferrer, F
Figueroa-Feliciano, E
Filippi, A
Fiorillo, G
Fornal, B
Freyberger, A
Frugiuele, C
Galbiati, C
Galon, I
Gardner, S
Geraci, A
Gerbier, G
Graham, M
Gschwendtner, E
Hearty, C
Heise, J
Henning, R
Hill, RJ
Hitlin, D
Hochberg, Y
Hogan, J
Holtrop, M
Hong, Z
Hossbach, T
Humensky, TB
Ilten, P
Irwin, K
Jaros, J
Johnson, R
Jones, M
Kahn, Y
Kalantarians, N
Kaplinghat, M
Khatiwada, R
Knapen, S
Kohl, M
Kouvaris, C
Kozaczuk, J
Krnjaic, G
Kubarovsky, V
Kuflik, E
Kusenko, A
Lang, R
Leach, K
Lin, T
Lisanti, M
Liu, J
Liu, K
Liu, M
Loomba, D
Lykken, J
Mack, K
Mans, J
Maris, H
Markiewicz, T
Marsicano, L
Martoff, CJ
Mazzitelli, G
McCabe, C
McDermott, SD
McDonald, A
McKinnon, B
Mei, D
Melia, T
Miller, GA
Miuchi, K
Nazeer, SMP
Moreno, O
Morozov, V
Mouton, F
Mueller, H
Murphy, A
Neilson, R
Nelson, T
Neu, C
Nosochkov, Y
O'Hare, C
Oblath, N
Orrell, J
Ouellet, J
Pastore, S
Paul, S
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Peter, A
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Pradler, J
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Rajendran, S
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Raubenheimer, T
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UC Riverside Previously Published Works
This white paper summarizes the workshop "U.S. Cosmic Visions: New Ideas in Dark Matter" held at University of Maryland on March 23-25, 2017.


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For most of your career, retirement is a distant reality. But beginning about a decade out, there are key steps every future retiree should take to help ensure a smooth transition.
"The act of retiring isn't one and done—it's a process," says Rob Williams, CFP® and vice president of financial planning at the Schwab Center for Financial Research. "If you suddenly come to your retirement date without having thought it through, it can be overwhelming."
So, what are the most important milestones, and when should you tackle them? Here's a rough timeline and list of what to do before you enter your golden years.
10 years out: Establish a road map
This is the time to take a high-level view of the retirement you envision—and how to get there.
- Paint a picture—and share it: What does retirement mean for you: travel, a passion project, part-time or volunteer work? As you take stock of your goals, discuss them with your spouse or significant other to ensure your expectations are aligned. "It may sound obvious, but this kind of honest and open discussion can make the transition to retirement easier," Rob says.
- Calculate cash flow: On average, retirees spend about 80% of what working households spend on an annual basis, according to the Employee Benefit Research Institute (EBRI). (That said, nearly half spend more in the first few years of retirement than they did in the years immediately preceding it, reports EBRI, as many relocate, travel or pursue long-delayed interests.)
To estimate how much annual income you'll need from your portfolio only, take the amount you expect to spend in your first year of retirement and subtract pensions, Social Security and other nonsavings sources of income. In terms of savings, a common rule of thumb is to aim for a portfolio that is 25 times the size of that initial portfolio withdrawal by the time you retire to have a high degree of confidence that your savings will go the distance (see "Do the math," below).
- Make catch-up contributions: In 2019, those age 50 and older can contribute an additional $1,000 a year to their IRAs—and an additional $6,000 to their 401(k) accounts. These so-called catch-up contributions may not sound like much, but they can help turbocharge your retirement savings in the decade leading up to retirement.
- Pay down debt: Start with credit card and other high-interest consumer debt, which unlike a home loan isn't tax-deductible. "Liabilities are as important as assets when it comes to calculating your net worth and potential income in retirement," Rob says. "The smaller your liabilities, the more flexibility you'll have."
- Consider long-term care insurance: According to the Department of Health and Human Services, 70% of those over age 65 will require some kind of long-term care—and the earlier you purchase this type of insurance after age 50, the more cost-effective it is likely to be. (You may be able to obtain even lower premiums before age 50, but you'll be paying them for longer, potentially defeating the purpose of a lower rate.)
Five years out: Dive into the details
"At this point, it's appropriate to flesh out your plan in a little more detail—ideally, with the help of a financial planner," Rob says.
- Adjust asset allocations: The portfolios of many in their prime working years are heavily weighted toward stocks, which can decline in value during bear markets. As you approach retirement, however, you have fewer and fewer years to wait out a recovery, which is why it's important to start mixing more bonds and other fixed income investments into your portfolio. A typical allocation at retirement can be 60% stocks and 40% bonds, revisited annually thereafter.
- Look into health care: Since 1970, per capita health care costs have risen nearly 500%, according to the Kaiser Family Foundation. Medicare can cover some costs, but you still may wish to consider Medigap or other supplemental insurance. In any case, "make sure your retirement date lines up with your Medicare start date—typically age 65," Rob says. If it doesn't, you may need to plan for other types of coverage (see "Coming of age," below).
- Consider downsizing: The bigger the house, the bigger the upkeep costs. A smaller residence, or even a move to a city with a lower cost of living, could help ease your bottom line.
Two years out: Finalize a budget
Now is the time to start tackling specific tasks on a more granular level.
- Build a budget: List your current expenses and decide which are necessary—such as groceries and housing—and which are discretionary, such as eating out, hobbies and travel. Which of the latter would you like to continue in retirement and which could you live without, if necessary? "Budgeting can be daunting," Rob says, "but itemizing your current spending habits is a great place to start." In particular, examine your bills over the past year, from housing and utility payments to a line-by-line review of your credit card statements.
- Drill down on your income strategy: In addition to the reliable income from pensions and/or Social Security, consider adding more income-generating investments to your portfolio, including annuities, bonds and dividend-paying stocks. And since few people can survive solely on dividends and interest, most investors would benefit from working with a financial planner to create a multiyear income plan, if they haven't already done so. That said, limiting the first withdrawal to no more than 4% of your total portfolio (adjusted annually for inflation) can help keep income flowing throughout your retirement (see "Built to last," below).
- Revisit cash flow: If catch-up contributions alone won't adequately close the gap between expenses and income, now's the time to consider cutting back—and saving more. Paying off a mortgage can be a particularly effective strategy, because housing accounts for about a third of total spending for those 65 and older, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Delaying retirement or continuing to work part time are also increasingly common strategies. For the decade ending in 2024, the Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts a 55% rise in labor participation among those 65 to 74 years old and an 86% increase for those 75 and older (compared with an increase of 5% for the labor force as a whole during the same period).
One year out: Prepare for liftoff
The remaining tasks are oriented toward ensuring a seamless transition from career to retirement.
- Set aside at least a year's worth of cash: This is what you'll need, along with income from Social Security or other sources, for everyday expenses throughout the year. If possible, consider allocating another two to four years' worth of spending needs to cash investments, certificates of deposit, and short-term bonds or bond funds. The more cash you have on hand, the more readily you'll weather any monetary emergencies without having to sell securities during a downturn.
- Centralize your accounts: Consolidating various accounts can simplify spending and investment. Deposit predictable income into an account for daily use, along with any other cash you've set aside. Consider rolling over company 401(k)s into IRAs that can offer lower fees or more investment options.
- Check your dates: Failing to sign up for Medicare in a timely manner can have negative consequences, including a lifetime of higher premiums. By the same token, the longer you wait to claim Social Security, the larger your lifetime benefit will be—up to age 70, past which there is no incremental benefit (see "Coming of age," below).
- Get a second opinion: Double-check your assumptions with a financial advisor.
Keep an eye on assets and evaluate an estate plan.
Unless you have enough reliable income to weather a severe market downturn, continue to adjust your asset allocation away from equities and toward cash and fixed income. This is also the time to establish an estate plan if you haven't done so already, or to update your plan if circumstances have changed.
And last, with all that work behind you, sit back, relax and enjoy the kind of hard-won retirement you strove all those years to achieve!
What You Can Do Next
Read more guidance about planning for and transitioning to retirement.
Do you know how to generate retirement income from your portfolio? Take our quiz to find out.
Need help thinking through your transition to retirement? Call 800-355-2163 or visit your local branch to schedule an appointment with a Schwab financial consultant.


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manipulatorsSandipan BandyopadhyayDepartment of Engineering DesignIndian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036Email: firstname.lastname@example.com: http://www.ed.iitm.ac.in/sandipan
Position analysis is an essential step in the design, analysis and control of robots. In this article, a basic introduction to the position analysis of serial manipulators is given. This topicis invariably covered in all the textbooks on this subject. Therefore, instead of repeatingthe standard details of forward kinematics, such as, the designation of the reference frames,determination of the Denavit-Hartenberg (DH) parameters, multiplication of the 4 4 transformation matrices to get the end-effector position and orientation etc., more emphasis islaid on the inverse problem, which is relatively more complicated in such manipulators. Simple examples, such as a planar 2-R and a spatial 3-R serial robot are discussed in detail.Related concepts, including the numbers of solutions to the inverse kinematic problem, condition(s) for coincidence of the solution branches and their equivalence with singularities, theworkspace boundaries as the loci of singular configurations etc. are presented in a mannerthat once the reader follows these clearly, he/she would find it very easy to apply theseto another manipulator. Multiple approaches to the same problem are included to providejust a fleeting glance at the richness of this fascinating subject, and to suit the potentiallydifferent tastes of the readers.As the reader is expected to be familiar with the basic concepts, the rest of the articlewould focus more on the actual solution of two representative examples, one planar and1
another spatial. For further details, the reader is directed to the standard texts in thisdomain [1, 2, 3].
Let us consider one of the simplest possible manipulators in this section, namely, the 2-Rplanar serial robot. The robot is shown in Fig. 1. The designation 2-R derives from the
Forward kinematics refers to the problem of finding the position of the end-effector (in thiscase, represented by the point p = (x, y)T in Fig. 1), given the link lengths l1 , l2 , and theinputs = (1 , 2 )T . For this manipulator, the forward kinematics problem is trivially solvedby observing Fig. 1:x = l1 cos 1 + l2 cos 12 ,y = l1 sin 1 + l2 sin 12 ,
(1)where 12 = 1 + 2 .
Eqs. (1,2) are also referred to as the forward kinematic map1 , as they map the joint angles (1 , 2 )T to the tip coordinates (x, y)T . As this map is nonlinear in nature, the inverseof it, i.e., finding the inverse kinematic map, is generally more complicated.
As explained above, the task in this case is to find 1 , 2 , given x, y. There are multiple waysof solving this problem, and some of these are noted below.2.2.1
Trigonometric method
Note that Eqs. (1,2) are nonlinear in 1 , 2 , but these are linear in the sines and cosinesof 1 , 12 . Taking advantage of this, we solve for cos 1 , sin 1 :cos 1 = (x l2 cos 12 )/l1sin 1 = (y l2 sin 12 )/l1 ;
(3)l1 > 0.
In the above, the sine and cosine of 1 have been taken to be two distinct unknown variables.Obviously, to complete the solution meaningfully, we need to state the inherent dependenceof these two explicitly:cos2 1 + sin2 1 1 = 0.
After performing some simplifications, Eq. (5) reduces to the following form:a cos 12 + b sin 12 + c = 0,
The manipulations stated above serve one key purpose: they reduce a pair of simultaneousequations in 1 , 12 to a single equation (6) in a single unknown 12 . However, this equationrequires further processing, so that it can be solved trigonometrically. Recall that it is possible to directly solve only three classes of equations (and their reciprocals) in trigonometry:cos = d,
sin = e,
tan = f,1
It is interesting to note here that the said map is not from R2 to R2 , as it might seem on the surface. If it
is assumed that both the joints allow full-cycle mobility, i.e., there is no physical limit on the joint motions,then 1 , 2 S1 , and thus (1 , 2 )T T2 S1 S1 .
Therefore, Eq. (6) needs to be transformed to one of these solvable forms. Let us start withthe following step:
abccos 12 + sin 12 + = 0,a2 + b2a2 + b2a2 + b 2
aa2 +b2
= cos and
ba2 +b2
assuming a2 + b2 > 0.
where arctan(sin(), cos()) represents the two-argument arctangent function2 . With these,Eq. (11) reduces to:cos cos 12 + sin sin 12 = cos(12 ) =
c,a2 + b 2
c+ b2
For the above equation to have a real solution in the remaining unknown 12 , we must ensure: c a2 + b2 [0, 1]a2 + b2 c2 0
c12 = arccos a2 + b 2c12 = arccos + arctan(b, a).a2 + b 22
The need for such a function as opposed to the common single-argument version of it is explained in
Appendix A.
Thus, there are two solutions for 12 for a given x, y, under the above assumptions.For eachof these solutions, the corresponding values of 1 can be computed from Eqs. (3,4) as:1 = arctan(y l2 sin 12 , x l2 cos 12 )
These two distinct pairs of solutions are also known as the branches of inverse kinematics.This completes the solution of the inverse kinematic problem, in the general case. Let usnow take a look at the special cases, in particular, when a2 + b2 c2 = 0.After substituting the expressions for a, b, c from Eq. (7) into Eq. (15) and performingsome simplifications, this condition reduces to:(x2 + y 2 (l1 l2 )2 )(x2 + y 2 (l1 + l2 )2 ) = 0
It can be seen that condition (19) holds true on the two solid circles shown in Fig. 3. These
Algebraic method
Methods from algebraic geometry are very popular in the study of position kinematics ofrobot manipulators. There is a reasonable introduction to the topic in [2], and the references therein. While these methods can be very powerful, they generally require symbolicmanipulations, i.e., the use of computer algebra systems (CAS) such as Maple, Mathematica,Singular, etc. As the scope of discussion in this article is very limited, only the treatmentof a single equation would be shown here. The reader can refer to [4] for acquiring the theoretical background in solving systems of multi-variate equations, and find some applicationsof these in robotics in [2].Let us pick up the analysis again at Eq. (6), i.e., after the variable 1 has been eliminated,leaving behind a univariate equation in 12 . It is well-known, that such an equation can beconverted into a polynomial equation in a single algebraic variable. This is achieved by theuse of two trigonometric identities:cos 12 =
1 t22t, sin 12 =,21+t1 + t2
Substituting these in Eq. (6), we get after some rationalisation and collection of like terms:(c a)t2 + 2bt + (c + a) = 0
Some of the observations made in Section 2.2.1 are obvious from Eq. (21). For instance, it isobvious that there are two solutions to the problem in the general case. To investigate thespecial cases, let us now study the discriminant of the quadratic equation: = 4(a2 + b2 c2 ).
The condition for having two distinct real roots is that > 0. It should not be surprising thatthis is identical to the condition for the general case described in Section 2.2.1. Likewise, =0 implies a repeated real root, and < 0 results in a pair of complex conjugate roots,indicating that the commanded position for the end-effector p(x, y) is beyond the reachof the manipulator, i.e., outside its workspace. Thus, physically meaningful solutions areobtained only in the cases 0. From the solutions of Eq. (21) the unknown 12 can besolved for as:12 = 2 arctan(t).
Why the single argument version of arc-tangent function works in this case as opposed tothe two-argument version of it is explained in Appendix B.6
Geometric method
Consider posing the inverse kinematic problem in a different way, which does not use theforward kinematic equations as a starting point. In Fig. 1, there are two known points:
Figure 4: Geometric interpretation of the two branches of inverse kinematics of the 2-R serialmanipulatorthe origin O, and the tip point p. The point p1 , being the tip of link 1, is constrained tolie on the circle C1 . Likewise, p1 also lies on the circle C2 , being an end point of link 2.Therefore, the locus of the point p1 (x1 , y1 ) is confined to the intersections of the circles C1 , C2 .This is depicted in Fig. 4, where the two branches of inverse kinematics are shown as Op1 -p and O-p0 1 -p respectively. As the 2-R is similar to the human hand in architecture,these configurations are generally termed as elbow-down and elbow-up respectively, thepoint p1 (equivalently, p01 ) being the elbow. The mathematical steps for finding the twoconfigurations follow. The equations of the circles C1 , C2 are given by, respectively:x21 + y12 l12 = 0
Deducting Eq. (25) from Eq. (24), we get a linear equation in x, y, which describes thecommon chord L of the two circles passing through the points p1 , p0 1 :2xx1 + 2yy1 x2 y 2 + l22 l12 = 0.7
assuming y 6= 0.
Substituting the expression for y in the equation of one of the circles, say, C1 , we get aquadratic equation in x1 :a1 x21 + b1 x1 + c1 = 0,
is important for one reason: it captures the general design of the first three joints and linksof many wrist-decoupled 6-degrees-of-freedom (6-DoF) industrial manipulators, such as thePUMA, Kuka, Fanuc etc3 . In other words, such 6-DoF manipulators can be designed byadding a 3-DoF wrist at the point p of the 3-R spatial.
As in the case of the planar 2-R manipulator, the forward kinematics is fairly trivial. Thereader can find out the DH parameters of the robot, and perform the forward kinematics ina systematic manner to verify the final results given below:x = cos 1 (l2 cos 2 + l3 cos 23 )
z = l1 + l2 sin 2 + l3 sin 23 ,
where 23 = 2 + 3 .
In this case, there are three unknown inputs: = (1 , 2 , 3 )T . The position vector of theend-effector, p = (x, y, z)T , is known.In Eqs. (29,30,31), it can be observed easily that the variable 1 appears only in thefirst two, and that these equations are, once again, linear in the sine and cosine of theangle 1 . Therefore, the same procedure is adopted to solve for the variable 1 (in termsof the other variables) and to eliminate it from the system of equations, resulting in thefollowing equations:1 = arctan(y/r, x/r),
where r =
px2 + y 2 is assumed to be non-zero;
l2 cos 2 + l3 cos 23 r = 0.
The two equations, (31, 33) are simultaneous linear equations in the sines and cosines of theangles 2 , 23 . As such, we treat these equations just as above, to solve for, and eliminateone of the two variables, to finally arrive at a univariate equation which is our eventualobjective.3
Readers interested in the inverse kinematics of these 6-DoF manipulators may refer to a standard text-
We have already seen how to solve equations such as (35) in Section 2.2.1. Solving it, weget real and distinct solutions when the point p is inside the workspace, a repeated realroot when the point is on the boundary of the workspace (i.e., when the manipulator issingular), and a pair of complex conjugates when p is outside the workspace. Following the2-R example, the reader can easily derive the conditions for the singularities and boundariesof the workspace. It is obvious that one of these conditions is already known, since thelinks 2, 3 form a planar 2-R in the vertical plane. Naturally, this condition is independent ofthe angle 1 . The reader can verify easily that the other condition is also independent of 1 .Understanding why it is so is left as an exercise for the reader. The reader is also encouragedto draw the workspace boundaries, as well as the singular configurations of the manipulatorfor greater understanding of these concepts.
In this brief article, emphasis is laid on the actual computation of forward and more importantly, inverse kinematics of serial robots. Detailed theoretical treatment of these topicsare available in many textbooks, some of which have been mentioned in the references. Itis hoped that the illustrative examples and the focus on the underlying trigonometric, algebraic, and geometric concepts would nicely complement the basic theories offered in thesebooks. Treatment of more complicated manipulators, e.g., 6-DoF robots such as the PUMA560, is beyond the scope of the present discussion. However, understanding the conceptsdescribed in this article should help the reader to follow the analysis of such manipulators.
References[1] J. J. Craig, Introduction to Robotics: Mechanics and Control. California: Addison Wesley,second ed., 1986.[2] A. Ghosal, Robotics: Fundamental Concepts and Analysis. New Delhi: Oxford UniversityPress, 2006.10
Fig. 6 illustrates why arcsin(), arccos(), or even arctan() were not used in this articleinstead of arctan(sin(), cos()). Clearly, arcsin fails to distinguish between points p1 , p2 ,arccos between p1 , p4 , and arctan between p1 , p3 , while arctan(sin(), cos()) alone identifieseach point distinctly.
tan J
100-5-10- 3 - 2 -1 01Hin radian sL


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The following Q&A is excerpted from Clifford Mishler's Coins: Questions & Answers: Q: Is collecting any type of coin a good investment? A: No! The hobby collector—be it of coins, back-scratchers, or Bavarian beer mugs—is occasionally persuaded to purchase by impulse or sentiment. Indulging frequent lapses into irrationality is part of the fun of maintaining a hobby. But the strictly … [Read More...]
US Mint Offers 2009 American Gold Buffalo Coins
After nearly a year of uncertainty, the remaining details of the 2009 American Gold Buffalo coin offerings from the United States Mint have been revealed. The bullion version of the coin went on sale last week, and the collectible proof version of the coin will go on sale before the end of the month.
The American Gold Buffalo Coin is a 24 karat gold bullion and collector coin. It has been issued by the United States Mint since 2006. The design of the coin is based on James Earle Fraser's 1913 Type 1 Buffalo Nickel. The obverse features the profile of a Native American chief and the reverse portrays an American Bison.
The bullion version of the coin went on sale October 15, 2009. As with other bullion offerings, the US Mint does not sell the coins directly to the public. Rather, the coins are sold to a group of Authorized Purchasers, who then resell the coins to other dealers and the public. The bullion coins are usually priced at a set mark up to the spot price of gold. As of October 22, 2009, the US Mint has sold 86,000 of the one ounce bullion coins. This compares to total sales of 172,000 coins for all of 2008.
The proof version of the coin will go on sale October 29, 2009. The coins will be available for ordering starting at 12:00 Noon ET directly from the United States Mint via their website or toll free number 1-800-USA-MINT. The one ounce proof coins will be housed in a hardwood box with a matte finish and faux leather inset. A certificate of authenticity signed by the Director of the United States Mint will accompany each coin. Pricing will be determined based on the average weekly price of gold. If gold remains within its current price range, the coins would have a price of $1,360.00.
The proof coins will be offered without a household ordering limit and without a maximum authorized mintage.
good info!
The only thing I see wrong with the mark up price is just that, the mark up price. A proof of a 2009 Buffalo gold coin is not worth the mark up to me, as it is a year- 2009. It would take a large surge in the gold spot market to make the Proof coin a worthwhile purchase. It really does not have numismatic value. One would be better off to purchase a Saint Gaudens pre 1933 gold coin say Mint state 64 or 65. At least the coin will hold it's value if the gold does drop in price.


text:
Written by Lisa Gillette
Good Friday afternoon,
The 2019 leaf collection has come to an end. The brush pile will remain open until the 25th of November.
Lisa Gillette
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Copper had the biggest shortage in two years in November on imports into China, the world's largest buyer, according to the International Copper Study Group.
Refined production lagged behind demand by 119,000 metric tons, the most since 120,000 tons in March 2010, Ana Rebelo, ICSG chief statistician, said by phone today from Lisbon. China's copper imports were "very low" in the first half of last year and then rebounded in November and December, she said.
For the first 11 months of 2011, the shortage was 382,000 tons compared with 460,000 tons in the same period of 2010, the ICSG said in a statement on its website today. Apparent world usage rose 2.7 percent as mine output gained 0.1 percent, it said. Apparent usage includes production, industry stockpiles and exports and imports.
In October and November, world usage jumped 12 percent as China's apparent consumption climbed 38 percent, the ICSG said. China's net imports in October and November were 59 percent higher than in the same period in 2010, the ICSG said. Demand in the U.S. and European Union was "essentially unchanged" in the first 11 months last year and fell 4 percent in Japan in the same period, it said. Apparent usage jumped 64 percent in Russia and 6 percent in India, the ICSG said.


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Explore the British Library
An Overview of Attitudes and Opinions On the Role of Government. A Cross-national Comparison Covering the Period of 1985 to 2016
Hadler, Markus; Eder, Anja; Mayer, Christian
International journal of sociology. Volume 49:Number 3 (2019, May 4th); pp 171-181 -- Routledge
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