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The death toll rose to 50 yesterday after two suicide bombers unleashed carnage at a Sufi shrine in Pakistan where hundreds had gathered for a religious ceremony, an official said.
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Police and security agencies are questioning a suspected accomplice arrested with a suicide jacket near the shrine and whom police said was injured when a grenade exploded in his hand.
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Police said the target of the suicide attack was Mohammad Akbar, head of a lashkar, or tribal militia, set up by the government to fight Taliban militants.


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Naqshbandī Tarīqat in Bosnia
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Some Notes on the Naqshband Tarqat in Bosnia Author(s): Hamid Algar Source: Die Welt des Islams, New Series, Vol. 13, Issue 3/4, (1971), pp. 168-203 Published by: BRILL Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1569979 Accessed: 13/07/2008 13:54Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=bap. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission.

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SOME NOTES ON THE NAQSHBANDI TARIQAT IN BOSNIA1BY

HAMID ALGARBerkeley

Study of the contemporaryMuslimworldconcentratesincreasingly on the processes of westernisation and modernisation, implicitly regarding these as both salubrious and inevitable, and, indeed, as having already displaced the essential foundations of traditional Islam. There is much in the present state of the Muslim peoples to encourage such a view: the apparently irretrievably shattered unity of the umma, the expanding triumph of secularism in public life, the transfoimation of religion into ideology by various Muslim movements, and the continued absence of a genuine Islamic renaissance. Elements persist, however, throughout the Muslim worldthat are at variancewith this spectacle of Islam in disarray, and that are commonly overlooked by western observers, including the scholarly among them. Their absence from the picture drawn by scholarly investigation of contemporary Islam derives in part from the unspoken assumption that religion is primarily a function of history and society, so that the interior and vital aspects which in fact constitute its essential and immutable character are ignored or neglected as devoid of interest. The strongholds of traditional Islam are, moreover, in a certain sense inaccessible to the investigator who, for all his learning, is alien to the tradition. It is not a question of rejection, of barriers erected in his path, rather of a certain mode of spirituality, enshrined in tradition, that cannot be appreciated by the common methods of academic1 This is the first of a series of studies on the Naqshbandi order arising from a year's research in Europe and the Near East that was undertaken with the support of the Social Science Research Council, support here gratefully acknowledged. Sincere thanks are also offered to Dr. Diemal Cehajidof the Orientalni Institut, Sarajevo, Hadii Sulhi Hadiimejlid of Visoko and Husejn Hadiimejlic of Zivcic for the kindness and assistance they extended to me during my visits to Bosnia.

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investigation, but only by participating in its reality, or by the exercise of a rare and subtle type of sympathy. One such stronghold of traditional Islam is simply the way of life of those Muslims whose existence continues to be formatively guidedby Qur'anand sunna, and who therebypreservethe possibility of a real though circumscribed application of the shari'a. The spiritual contours of their existence are moreover recognisably the same despite differences of language, race and climate; and in this sense one breathes the same air in the mountains of Bosnia and the cities of the Hijaz. This unity, which defies all political fragmentation, receives its most obvious expression in the hajj, when the community of believers is drawn closely together around the Ka'ba, the pivot to which all are connected throughout the year by the endless series of radii that the canonical prayer creates. The religious brotherhoods fulfil a similar function of assuring unity in the pursuit and cultivation of tradition, for their branches stretch out and intertwine from one end of the Islamic woild to the other and bring the believers together in the shade of that massive tree of esoteric tradition which is the inward essence of Islam. The manner in which the brotherhoods thus continue to be a means for the expression of the ideals and realities of the faith constitutes indeed their real claim to attention in the present age, one that is bypassed by anthropological and sociological are investigation. The tarnqats above all a stronghold of traditional Islam, and although not impregnableto the assaults of the present age, they have shown themselves capable of permanent resistance and of continuing to provide a framework for the spiritual life of Muslims. It is proposed here to illustrate this statement with an examination of the recent history and present status of the Naqshbandi tartqat in Bosnia. The Naqshbandi tariqat first appeared in the Balkans in the fifteenth century in the personof MollaAbdullah ilahi (d. 896/I490I49I), founder of the West Turkish branch of the order. Born in the town of Simav near Kiitahya, he acquired his exoteric learning at the Zeyrek madrasa in Istanbul before embarking on the Sufipath and travellingeastwards to Khorasanand Transoxania in searchof a preceptor. After passing through Herat, he arrived

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in Samarqand, there to become one of the numerous murids of the celebrated Naqshbandi pir, Khwaja 'Ubaydullah Ahrar (d. 845/I44I). Khwaja Ahrar instructed him in the method of dhikr practised by the tarTqat,and then dispatched him to the tomb of the eponymous founder of the order, Baha ad-Din Naqshband (d. 1389), at Qasr-i 'Arifan near Bukhara. Here he spent nine successive periodsof forty days in seclusion, fasting and metation. Having thus prepared himself for the task of irshdd, he returned westwards to Anatolia as khalifa of Khwaja Ahrar. He settled first in his birthplace of Simav, but was soon prevailed upon to come to Istanbul. In the capital he attracted numerous adherents, and he established for the Naqshbandi tariqat that prominent place in the spiritual life of Turkey that it continues to hold to the present day. The demands made upon Molla Ilahi by his flock of devotees turned his thoughts again to seclusion, and when he received an invitation from Ahmed Bey, son of Evrenos Pasa, to settle under his protection in the town of Vardar Yenicesi in Rumelia, he accepted, leaving the care of his followers to $eyh Ahmed Buhtri. He took with him into Rumelia only a select few of his murfds, and devoted the rest of his life to writing and contemplation rather than to the training of disciples. It seems probable, then, that his presence in Vardar Yenicesi did not bring about a significant expansion of the tariqatin the Balkans. 1The first Naqshbandi tekke in Bosnia appears nonetheless

to have been established in his lifetime. It was built soon after the Ottoman conquest in 1463 by Iskender Pasa, Beylerbeyi of Rumelia and four times governor of Bosnia. On the site where the city of Sarajevo was later to arise stood a village by the name of Vrhbosna, and here, on the left bank of the Miljacka, IskenderPasa erected a tekke for the use of Naqshbandi dervishes. Next

to it he built a bridge leading across the river and a miisafirhane to accommodatevisitors to the tekke.These foundations were richly1 ConcerningMolla Abdullah Ilahi, see LamiPi 4elebi, Nefahdt el-Uns Tercemesi(Istanbul, pp. 460-465; Taskbpriizade, 5akayik-i Numdniye, Turkish translation by Mecdi Efendi (Istanbul, 1289/1872), pp. 262-265; and Kasim Kufrali, "Molla Ilahi ve kendisinden sonraki Naksbendiye muhiti," Tiurk Dili ve Edebiyati Dergisi, III (1948), I29-I5I. Of theI270/I854),

writings of Ilahi, so far only his Persian and Turkish poetry has been published: ldahi Divdnl (Istanbul, I960), a facsimile of the manuscript at the Orhan library in Bursa with an introduction by Ismail Hikmet Ertaylan. I hope to make a detailed study of Ilahi and his works.

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supported with endowments, and despite the alienation and destruction of much of the property during the restless and war-filled history of Ottoman Bosnia, the tekke was able to survive until the second decade of the present century. Known either as the tekke of Iskender Pasa or as that of $eyh Miisafir, it was especially noted for the hospitality it extended to travellers, and the bi-weekly sessions of dhikr conducted in it are still recalled by some of the elderly inhabitants of Sarajevo. Its last shaykh was one Hadzi Mehmed Efendi. Now no trace of it remains, although the name of iskender Pasa is perpetuated in the large exhibition hall and stadium complex that stands on its site-the "Skenderija." 1 In the mid-nineteenth century another Naqshbandi tekke came into being in Sarajevo, the tekke known as Yediler, affiliated to the important Khalidi branch of the order.2 This tekke, which adjoins a small mosque, is situated farther down the same bank of the Miljacka, on a square that opens up behind the Careva Dzamija. The structure still exists, but both mosque and tekke are closed and in a state of neglect. The Yediler tekke continues, however, to play a minor role in the religious life of the Muslims of Sarajevo. One wing of the structure houses the graves of seven shaykhs of the tekke (the most recent being that of Hadzi Salih Efendi, who was also mufti of Sarajevo), each surmounted by the distinctive turban of the Naqshbandiya. Passers-by will often stop to recite a fdtiha for the souls of the departed shaykhs, or to throw a coin through the wooden grating as a token of supplication. 31 Information drawn from Evliya Qelebi, Seydhatndme, ed. Ahmed Cevdet (Istanbul, I3I5/1897), V, 432; annotated Serbo-Croationtranslation of parts of the Seydhatndmeby Hazim Sabanovic under the title of Putopis: odlomcio jugoslavenskimzemljama(Sarajevo, I967), p. IIo, n. 90; E. Hakki Ayverdi, "Yugoslavya'da Turk Abideleri ve Vakiflari," Vakiflar Dergisi, III (I956), 205; Alija Bejtid, "Skender Pasina Tekija," Novi Behar, XVI (1944), 24-26; and Sakir Sikiric, "Derviskolostorok es szent sirok Boszniaban," Turan,

2 Founded by Maulana Khalid Baghdadi (d. I242/1826), concerning whom see Ibrahim Fasih Efendi Haydarizada, Al-majd at-tdlid fi manlqib MaulCan Khalid (Istanbul, 1316/1898), and other sources to be cited in my forthcoming monograph on Maulana Khalid. 3 Although there are seven shaykhs buried at the tekke, it appears to have derived its name originally from seven other tombs now enclosed in an adjoining cemetery: those of a dervish who came to Bosnia with Sultan Mehmet Fatih; of two men wrongfully executed for theft; and of four captains put to death for their negligence in opposing Count Eugene of Savoy's invasion of Bosnia in I697. The tekke temporarily passed from the Naqshbandi to the Halveti order in the late nineteenth century. See Sikiri6, op. cit., p. 222.

n.v. (I918), pp. 577-580.

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While there are no functioning Naqshbandi tekkesin Sarajevo, certain adherents of the order live in the city and meet for the performance of dhikr. There is one among them who is a khalifa of a celebrated contemporary Turkish shaykh of the order, and who organises every other week a kind of syncretic dhikr that incorporates practices of the Mevlevis, Qadiris and Rifa'is, as well as the Naqshbandis.1 It is, however, outside of Sarajevo that the traditional life of the Naqshbandi tekkecontinues to flourish. If we leave Sarajevo and proceed westwards for about fifty kilometers on the road to Travnik, we come to the little town of Fojnica, picturesquely situated at the foot of lush and verdant mountains. A rough and barely motorable road then takes us northwards from Fojnica through majestic scenery to the village of Mejdan. Thence we continue on foot, climbing ever higher on a mountainous path through forest and cornfield until after an hour we reach our goal-the village and tekke of Zivcic. The tekke and the houses clustered round it stand in magnificent isolation on the mountainslope, gazing across a deep valley to the green and undulating hills beyond. Each winter it is severed by heavy snow from the outside world, while in the summer it is drenched in a rich, profound tranquillity of warmth and light. At the Zivcic tekkethe dervish can with ease follow the Qur'anic injunction of perceiving"God'ssigns upon the horizon,"of observing the divine attributes manifested in creation. 2The Naqshbandi tekke of Zivcic was founded in II95/I78I

by a native of the village, Sejh Husejn Baba Zukic, usually known simply as Sejh Husejn.3 His father was a simple villager who1 The phenomenon of syncretic dhikr is to be encountered in Turkey also. In Adapazari, for example, joint Naqshbandi-Qadiridhikris performedevery Saturday. It may be considered in part as an outcome of the pressures that have been exerted upon the orders, in both Bosnia and Turkey, and encouraged the formation of a defensive alliance among them; and, more significantly, as a natural consequence of multiple affiliation to different orders. See pp. I89-I902

below.

Cf. Qur'an, 41: 53. Concerningthe similar predilection of the Bektashis for imposingly

3 To the right of the main entrance of the tekke a plaque is set into the wall, bearing this inscription in somewhat broken Arabic: "This retreat was built for wayfarers on the path by the heir of the Master of the Prophets, the servant of the Naqshbandi order, the preceptor of men, Sejh Husejn Zuki6 the Bosnian, in the year II95." Sejh Husejn Baba is sometimes referredto as Qutbaz-Zaman,"Pole of the Age," that is, the head of the invisible spiritual hierarchy by means or which divine grace is channelled to creation.

sited tekkes, see J. K. Birge, The Bektashi Order of Dervishes (London, 1937), pp. I74-I75.

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earned his living by burning and selling charcoal, but when he perceived indications of talent in Husejn, he sent him to the madrasaat Fojnica. He proceededthence to Sarajevo and continued his studies at the Kursunli madrasa. There he was much beloved of all by reason of his diligence and gentle disposition, and when two of his fellow pupils set out for Istanbul for further study, they prevailed upon Husejn to accompany them. In Istanbul he not only completed his madrasa training but also enteredon the Sufi path, being initiated...

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Rufio Just Made A Huge Announcement Live On Air! [LISTEN]
Congrats are in order for Rufio and his wife Jess!
Rufio just announced LIVE ON THE RADIO that he and his wife are expecting their first child together. Jess is due in September and it's a boy. We are so excited for the two of them!
Listen to the big announcement below:


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CONWAY — Seven gridiron stars from their days as Kennett High Eagles and Fryeburg Academy Raiders continued their football careers at area colleges this fall: Tucker Buzzell, FA '19, Patrick Cullen, KHS '17, Jacob Cameron, KHS '16 all started for Husson University, Aaron Lamar, KHS '17 leads the defensive backfield of Western New England College from his safety position, and Eagles Brett Miller '18, Raider Cobey Johnson '18 played wide receiver and Trey Snowden KHS '19 played cornerback for University of New England.
In the final Commonwealth Coast Conference football game for Husson at Western New England in Springfield, Mass. last Saturday, the leading
tacklers for both teams were local gridiron stars: Buzzell with 12 tackles for Husson and Lamar, with nine tackles for WNEC.
Junior wide receiver for the Husson Eagles, ex-KHS Eagle Patrick Cullen caught one pass for 46 yards and senior tri-captain Jacob Cameron was his usual force in the Husson offensive line.
For Husson (4-6-0, 4-3-0 in CCC), the move from the Eastern Football Conference, which they won outright in the prior two years, to the Commonwealth Coast Conference this season, proved to be a step up in competition level. The Eagles were unable to continue their streak of NCAA tournament appearances, but will be poised for the 2020 season with freshman Buzzell and juniors Cullen and Cameron all returning.
First-year Buzzell did not record his first tackle until the third game this fall, but through October and November he recorded at least four tackles in each game, totaling 42 on the season, and a 5.3 tackle/game mark that led the Eagle linebackers.
Cullen lifted his game this season, hauling in 23 pass receptions for 302 yards and one touchdown, having worked up the receiver depth chart from his first two years, when he recorded one reception.
Western New England (9-1-0, 7-0-0 CCC) claimed the automatic NCAA Division III tournament bid as undefeated conference champion, and Lamar was an integral part of the Golden Bears' success. After two seasons deep in the defensive backfield depth chart, Lamar came into his own during this, his junior, season.
According to Head Coach Jason Lebeau, "Aaron is probably the most improved player on our team from last season. He worked extremely hard to earn the starting Will safety position and has played at a high level this year. Aaron is a smart football player and has become a more physical force as his confidence grows. He gets better every week and has been a significant contributor on a conference championship-winning team."
The 6', 200-pound engineering major was named CCC Defensive Player of the Week for his efforts in the Golden Bears 49-27 road win over Curry on Oct. 26, which included nine tackles and an interception. With a 3.43 GPA, Lamar was also named to the College Sports Information Directors of America All-District Academic first team.
The Golden Bears will continue their season hosting The College at Brockport in the first round of the NCAA Division III Tournament this Saturday with opening kickoff set for 12 p.m. at Golden Bear Stadium. The Golden Bears will be making their fifth consecutive and sixth overall appearance in the national playoffs.
Brockport (8-2, 5-1 Empire 8), which was ranked No. 25 in the latest American Football Coaches Association (AFCA) Poll, captured its third consecutive Empire 8 title this season. The winner of next Saturday's contest between Western New England and Brockport will face the winner of the Muhlenberg (10-0) v. MIT (7-2) matchup in the second round of the NCAA Tournament on Saturday, Nov. 30.
According to Head Coach Jason Lebeau, "Aaron is probably the most improved player on our team from last season. He worked extremely hard to earn the starting Will safety position and has played at a high level this year. Aaron is a smart football player and has become a more physical force as his confidence grows. He gets better every week and has been a significant contributor to a conference championship-winning team."
Miller, a sports and recreation management major, caught thirteen passes for 127 yards during his sophomore campaign, while Johnson had a breakout season as a wideout, making 57 catches for a team-leading 807 yards and six touchdowns.


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Moffat Creek #3072
ElevationAscent: 904' 276 m
Descent: 0' 0 m
High: 7,622' 2,323 m
Low: 6,719' 2,048 m
GradeAvg Grade: 7% (4°)
Max Grade: 14% (8°)
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