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A firearm discharge detection method includes: programming a gunfire detector to report audio sensor data that comprises acoustic data falling outside of an expected sound level; receiving the audio sensor data; comparing the audio sensor data to stored gunshot signatures to identify possible gunfire; reporting the possible gunfire.
This application is a non-provisional of, and claims priority to, provisional patent application number 62/684,807, filed on Jun. 14, 2018, entitled "Firearm Discharge Detection;" and provisional patent application number 62/670,768, filed on May 12, 2018, entitled "Hub-Free Energy Management and Automation Solution;" both of which are incorporated herein in their entireties.FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention disclosed broadly relates to the field of electrical and electronic devices and sensors, and more particularly relates to a firearm discharge detection solution that includes in situ detectors and cloud-based machine learning.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Gunfire detection systems are no longer limited to military use. In the United States and in Europe, we are beginning to see widespread use of gunfire detection systems in hospitals, schools, government buildings, and sports complexes. As we see in some of these systems, it can take up to one minute or more between the time a shot is detected to when police are notified because human intervention is required to interpret the sensor output. When lives are in the balance, one minute is too long. To address this problem, newer systems have been developed that employ high-tech devices using auditory sensors coupled with processors to detect and identify gunfire. The drawback to these systems is that the deployed devices evaluate the sensor data at the site. This makes the devices costly and the computational burden is a power drain. Therefore, there is a need for a gunfire detection system that is both cost-efficient and accurate.SUMMARY
In view of the foregoing, a preferred embodiment of the present invention is directed to a firearm discharge detector and system that is easy to use, affordable, and installs and sets up quickly. The system provides a host of unique features with the primary function of safety and security. Within the system, devices report detected firearm discharges in real-time. No hub is required; meaning one device can work by itself or as part of a multi-device system, thereby making the system easily scalable. Furthermore, each of the devices of the system can be configured to interface with third-party systems such as cameras, video cameras, fire sprinklers, alarms, and the like. Embodiments of the system are further configured to wirelessly interface with smart-speakers as is known in the art, thereby having the ability to be voice controlled via said smart-speakers. Yet further embodiments of the invention include devices that are able to communicate with and control third-party audio-visual systems.
In one embodiment, a method of firearm discharge detection includes: programming a gunfire detector to listen to its environment and report audio sensor data that comprises acoustic data falling outside of an expected sound level associated with the environment; receiving the audio sensor data from the gunfire detector; comparing the audio sensor data to stored gunshot signatures to identify possible gunfire; and reporting the possible gunfire.
Another embodiment is directed to a gunfire detection system including at least one gunfire detector in communication with a remote server. The gunfire detector includes a housing, an acoustic sensor, and an electronics and control module. The remote server is configured to receive the audio sensor data and compare it to stored gunshot signatures to identify possible gunfire. If the audio sensor data matches a stored gunshot signature, the remote server reports gunfire.
To describe the foregoing and other exemplary purposes, aspects, and advantages, we use the following detailed description of an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure with reference to the drawings, in which:
While the invention as claimed can be modified into alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and will herein be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the drawings and detailed description thereto are not intended to limit the invention to the particular form disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the scope of the present disclosure.DESCRIPTION
In the Summary above, in the Description below, and in the accompanying drawings, reference is made to particular features of the invention. It is to be understood that the disclosure of the invention in this specification includes all possible combinations of such particular features. For example, where a particular feature is disclosed in the context of a particular aspect or embodiment of the invention, or a particular claim, that feature can also be used, to the extent possible, in combination with and/or in the context of other particular aspects and embodiments of the invention, and in the invention generally.Firearm Discharge Detection System
We discuss a firearm discharge detection system that addresses the above-stated shortcomings of the known art. Referring now to the drawings in general and to
Although the invention described herein contemplates many devices, the following types of devices are described by way of example and not limitation. In the example of
For use in schools, at least one detector 120 can be unobtrusively placed in each classroom 101 and several can be placed throughout hallways. The general size of the detector 120 is small, perhaps 2.5 inches in width, and 2.5 inches in height, making them portable and lightweight. Placement of the detectors 120 in a corner of the ceiling is ideal for maximum coverage; however, the detectors 120 can be located flat on a ceiling, wall, or doorframe. The higher in a room that the detector 120 is placed, the more coverage. In one embodiment, each detector 120 has a range of approximately 9,000 cubic feet, the size of a typical classroom in the United States.
Each of the firearm discharge detectors 120 are in wireless communication with a server 190 via an access point such as WiFi access point 170. The processing and any necessary calculations and computations to identify, confirm, and report a gunshot are performed at the server 190 rather than the detectors 120. This is a key feature of the system 100, wherein costs are kept low because the more expensive processing power of the server 190 is shared among multiple users, lowering their final cost. This lifts the computational burden from the remote detectors 120, thereby reducing the detectors' cost and extending their battery life.
In one embodiment, a data store 180 such as, for example, a look-up table contains a continually expanding catalog, or list, of gunshot "signatures" containing the acoustic signatures of known firearms and ammunition. The detector 120 communicates wirelessly with an external controller such as server 190 in order to report raw sensor data. The raw sensor data transmitted by the detector 120 is analyzed by the server 190 to determine if it matches a known gunshot signature from the data store 180. One with knowledge in the art will appreciate that the data store 180 can be located within the server 190 or it can be a separate component.
The external server 190 or controller may be a cloud server, local network server, smartphone, tablet, or other mobile device. By way of example, and not limitation, the server 190 is a computer system that is operatively coupled with a communications infrastructure. Some, or all, of the server functions may be implemented as computer program processes (software) that are tangibly stored in a memory that perform their respective functions when executed. Through network communications, as is commonly known in the art, the server 190 is operatively coupled to other components of the firearm discharge detection system 100 and future devices, features, and applications as may be developed over time. The server 190 enables the firearm discharge detection system 100 to be a centralized system that is 100% scalable, flexible, upgradable, and secure.Firearm Discharge Detection Method
In one embodiment, the detectors 120 are trained during a calibration time window wherein the detectors 120 "learn" the typical noise levels of the environment monitored by the detectors 120. During this calibration time period, each deployed detector 120 device listens to monitor ambient noise levels, "learning" the typical noise levels at various times of the day. During the calibration period, the sensor data is used to build a profile of the typical expected noise levels for a given 24-hour period. Once the detector 120 has been calibrated, the detector 120 is operable to detect and report to the server 190 any transient noise outside of the typical noise level for processing. The detectors 120, once trained, report only sensor data that falls outside of the expected noise levels. In another embodiment, the detectors 120 are pre-programmed with a baseline decibel range and report any noise above that decibel range. No calibration time is required.
Once powered on, the detector 120 continuously "listens" to its environment. Basic programming in the detector 120 allows for it to ignore any noises below a pre-determined decibel range, or outside of its calibrated profile noise level. This is analogous to the basic programming used in glass-break alarms that allow them to ignore most sounds and respond only to sounds in a specific acoustical frequency.
In step 230, the server 190 receives the acoustic data from the detector 120. This acoustic data can be in the form of an audio recording. The audio recording includes the detected noise "outlier," i.e., a noise outside of the expected noise level. In step 240, the server 190 compares the acoustic data from the detector 120 to stored recordings of acoustic bangs within a pre-set decibel range of known gunfire. A match indicates that the acoustic data is likely to be an acoustic signature indicating gunfire.
In embodiments that include an infrared (IR) sensor such as a PIR sensor, in optional step 250 the server 190 can request and receive visual confirmation from the detectors 120. The visual confirmation can include a two-to-three second visual recording of the muzzle flash (infrared flash). An IR sensor can detect any spike in IR activity. This visual confirmation can be used to confirm that a gun was fired in those circumstances where the acoustic data from the detector 120 is not a good match with a stored audio recording of a gunshot. In step 260 the server 190 takes the appropriate, pre-determined action once a gunshot is confirmed.
The detector 120 is configured to receive and transmit signals, with a minimum processing power sufficient to detect a noise above a predefined decibel range; the detector 120 does not identify whether the signal is in fact a gunshot, nor does it identify the gunshot signature and report the gunshot. This processing is performed at the server 190. By transferring the computational burden to a system which presumably has greater computational power and is shared among many users of the system 100, we are able to address and virtually eliminate the reporting errors which plague current gunshot detection systems—both "false positive" errors in reporting a gunshot when no gunshot occurred, and "false negative" errors in not reporting an actual gunshot. This is because the server 190 is trained on a large amount of training data and the server's 190 greater computational power is able to fine-tune an analysis of a large amount of sensor data reported by the detectors 120.
In the server-side processing, the server 190 receives the audio signals transmitted by the detector 120 and tries to match the audio signals to a catalog of known gunshot signatures. If a match is found, the server 190 immediately takes the action listed in association with the signature. The action can be to notify the police, lock down the building, send a text alert, send an email alert, activate the fire sprinklers, and many more. In one embodiment, the action to take is provided by the user of the system 100. For example, assume ABC Corporation subscribes to the system 100 for gunshot monitoring. ABC Corporation accesses the server 190 either through a Web browser or mobile application, configuring the gunfire monitoring according to its needs, which may include providing emails and phone numbers of corporate officers to contact in the event a gunshot is detected within the office.Firearm Discharge Detector
Referring now to
Referring to
When a gun is discharged, it produces two telltale effects: a visual effect, and an auditory effect. The muzzle flash is the visual effect; it is the light seen when a gun is fired. The light is made up of high-temperature gases expelled from the muzzle of a gun when fired. The acoustic event of a gunshot has two components: the muzzle blast (the loud bang) and the shock wave (the crack of the bullet through the air). In order to detect both telltale effects of a gunshot, the flash and the sound, the detector 120 in one embodiment includes bi-modal sensors 710. An acoustic sensor 712 such as an audio microphone detects the noise from a gun blast (acoustic bang); and an optical sensor 714 detects the muzzle flash (infrared) from a firearm. CMOS Image Sensors and CMOS-SPADs (Single Photon Avalanche Diodes) are examples of optical sensors used to detect muzzle flashes. These are disclosed in US PUB 2014/0312209 A1 "Muzzle flash detection." Another type of sensor is a PIR (passive infrared) sensor, also known as a pyroelectric sensor. The PIR is an electronic sensor measuring infrared light emitted from objects in its field of view, commonly used in motion detectors.
The circuitry and hardware of the sensor component 710 is configured to sense that a noise above a pre-configured "normal" noise has occurred in the vicinity of the detector 120 and transmits the audio signals to the server 190 to perform a pre-defined action in response. The sensors 710 are integral to the device 120 and are communicatively coupled with the electronics and control module 750. The sensor component 710 can include additional sensors 716 such as, for example, occupancy sensors, azimuthal sensors, proximity sensors, smoke detectors, global positioning system (GPS) sensors, and accelerometers, to name a few. The additional sensors can assist the server 190 in pinpointing the exact location and position of the shooter. As an example, when shots are detected, a camera is turned on, revealing the shooter.
The electronics and control module 750 includes: a processor 720, a communications subsystem 740, storage 730, and a power supply 775. The communications subsystem 740 can include, for example, a network interface for enabling communication with the server 190. Processor 720 may be embodied, for example, as a single microprocessor, a series of microprocessors, or a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The processor 720 has communications capability in order to communicate with the server 190 to transmit the detector's 120 identification, its location, and sensor data, including position information.
Storage 730 may be embodied, for example, as memory. The memory may be partitioned or otherwise mapped to reflect the boundaries of the various memory subcomponents. Memory may include both volatile and persistent memory for the storage of: operational instructions for execution by CPU, data registers, application storage and the like. Memory can include a combination of random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM) and persistent memory such as that provided by a hard disk drive in secondary memory. The computer instructions/applications that are stored in memory are executed by the processor 720.
The power-management system includes a power supply 775. The power supply 775 can be implemented, for example, as standard alkaline batteries as shown in
Mounting of the detector device 120 into a corner is accomplished through a special-purpose bracket, an embodiment of which is illustrated in
Embodiments of the invention further contemplate logic and sensor subsystems operably coupled to the detector 120 so that a user may operate the detector 120 through a specially programmed wireless communication device enabled with a user interface and communicatively coupled via a communications network.
A system, incorporating one or more of the device embodiments described above, is contemplated to be within the scope of the present invention disclosure. A preferred system embodiment of the present invention includes a system of one or more detectors 120, connected over a network to other devices and where the one or more devices exchange reports, outputs, and inputs with a remote server 190. For example, a system embodiment may include smoke alarms, occupancy sensors, cameras, third party system interfaces, smart phone apps and a browser-based management dashboard. The system is configured so that the various elements of the system communicate via wireless communication protocols (such as, but not limited to, Wi-Fi or Bluetooth) in order to detect and report a firearm discharge.Machine Learning
In order for the server 190 to be able to correctly identify that the audio recording it receives is a gunshot, the server 190 must match the recording to a recording of a known gunshot. Because of numerous parameters such as ambient noise, distance, use of suppressors, caliber, etc. that affect the sound of the gunshot, it is not always possible to make an exact match. For this reason, the server 190 is trained on a large number of audio recordings of gunshots. A sufficiently designed and trained machine learning model is configured to determine the difference between, for example, a car backfire and a gunshot. The model is trained through numerous iterations over training data including audio recordings of different types of gunshots with variations in ambient noise. In order to mimic real-life situations and to train the model to distinguish gunfire when ambient noise is present, the training data recordings will include different types and levels of ambient noise. The training output is compared against the known output. We strive for a training error of zero; however, embodiments can function quite well with a training error within an acceptable threshold. Errors (incorrect identifications) get propagated back for further processing.
Referring now to
In step 820, with each validation of "gunshot" or "not gunshot" the model "learns" to distinguish between the sound of a gunshot and other noises, such as a car backfire. After the model is sufficiently trained, we provide a large number of audio files to process automatically, without human intervention, in step 830. The results are evaluated, comparing the training output with the desired output. Revisions are made to reduce the error rate to an acceptable level, and the training process continues in step 840. In one embodiment, the model is trained to identify a likelihood that a noise is a gunshot, with any likelihood over 75% considered as positive for a gunshot. Given one or more audio files with meta data such as the reading of the PIR sensor, and the timestamp of the recording, the model can return a percentage likelihood that the audio recording is in fact a gunshot, and the percent likelihood of a particular caliber.
In addition to training the model to make a "gunshot/not gunshot" identification; the model can be fine-tuned to identify characteristics such as caliber, rate of fire, etc. in step 850. By listening to the frequency, reverberation, and duration of a gunshot (often combined into a term called the "report"), characteristics such as caliber can be determined. In this same way one could determine a suppressed firearm as well by listening for the specific noises of the gas expanding at an altered rate combined with the mechanical movement in the firearm. Once the model has reached a desirable accuracy, i.e., an acceptable error rate, it can be deployed and further refined as it is used to evaluate live recordings from deployed detectors 120 in step 860.Monetization
Embodiments of the system 100 as described are ideal for use in schools, office buildings, hospitals, government offices, and just about anywhere where public safety is a concern. The low-cost of the detectors 120 means that the system 100 is affordable to implement and easy to scale up simply by installing additional detectors 120. By way of example only and not limitation, use of the system 100 for gunfire monitoring can be purchased on a subscription basis, similar to conventional burglar systems. A user can be charged a flat monthly rate for gunfire monitoring. The monthly rate can include a fixed amount of user-installed detectors 120.Secure Architecture
Network security is a concern, especially as more and more devices are connected to the Internet. The preferred embodiment of the invention has security protocols built-in. Every device that is part of the invention is configured to perform a self-exam spaced by configurable time intervals. The device is configured to perform a comparison between current parameters and pre-defined acceptable parameters and, if anything is amiss, the device will report the issues and take corrective actions including removing any local malware.World-Wide Control
Embodiments of the invention include devices configured with network communication hardware and protocols as described above. The devices may thusly be configured to communicate wirelessly, through the internet, to a secure server maintained in a location remote to the device. Through a specially configured computing device, a user may remotely access and interact with one or more of their system devices, from anywhere in the world through the secure server. In this way, a user may operate and monitor a device or an entire system from anywhere in the world.Computer System
Throughout the description herein, various embodiments of the invention are disclosed as having processors, processing means, or other forms of computational means that, for the purposes of this invention, shall be interchangeably considered a special purpose "computer system." For purposes of this invention, computer system may represent any type of computer, information processing system or other programmable electronic device, including a client computer, a server computer, a portable computer, an embedded controller, a smartphone, a tablet computer, a personal digital assistant, a Cloud computing device, and so on. The computer system may be a stand-alone device or networked into a larger system. The computer system, illustrated for exemplary purposes as a mobile computing device, is in communication with other networked computing devices. As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, a network may be embodied using conventional networking technologies and may include one or more of the following: local area networks, wide area networks, intranets, public Internet and the like.
Throughout the description herein, an embodiment of the invention is illustrated with aspects of the invention embodied solely on a specially programmed computer system. As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, aspects of the invention may be distributed amongst one or more specially programmed computing devices, which interact with the computer system via one or more data networks such as, for example, the Internet. However, for ease of understanding, aspects of the invention have been embodied in a single computing device.
A specially programmed (or special purpose) computer system includes inter alia processing device, which communicates with an input/output subsystem, memory, and storage. The processor device is operably coupled with a communication infrastructure (e.g., a communications bus, cross-over bar, or network). The processor device may be a special purpose microprocessor, or a general purpose processor specifically configured for operating under control of computer program instructions executed from memory on program data, thereby becoming a specially programmed processor. The processor may include a number of special purpose sub-processors such as a comparator engine, each sub-processor for executing particular portions of the computer program instructions. Each sub-processor may be a separate circuit able to operate substantially in parallel with the other sub-processors.
Some or all of the sub-processors may be implemented as computer program processes (software) tangibly stored in a memory that perform their respective functions when executed. These may share an instruction processor, such as a general purpose integrated circuit microprocessor, or each sub-processor may have its own special purpose processor for executing instructions. Alternatively, some or all of the sub-processors may be implemented in an ASIC. RAM may be embodied in one or more memory chips.
The memory may be partitioned or otherwise mapped to reflect the boundaries of the various memory subcomponents. Memory may include both volatile and persistent memory for the storage of: operational instructions for execution by CPU, data registers, application storage and the like. Memory can include a combination of random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM) and persistent memory such as that provided by a hard disk drive in secondary memory. The computer instructions/applications that are stored in memory are executed by processor. The computer instructions/applications and program data can also be stored in hard disk drive for execution by processor device.
Certain features described herein may be implemented in many ways known by one skilled in the art. For example, certain features may be implemented as "logic" or a "unit" that performs one or more functions. This logic or unit may include hardware, such as one or more microprocessors, application specific integrated circuits, or field programmable gate arrays, software, or a combination of hardware and software.
Further, in view of many embodiments to which the principles of the invention may be applied, it should be understood that the illustrated embodiments are exemplary embodiments and should not limit the present disclosure. Features and components from one embodiment can be used with other embodiments.
Therefore, while there has been described what is presently considered to be the preferred embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that other modifications can be made within the spirit of the disclosure. The above description(s) of embodiment(s) is not intended to be exhaustive or limiting in scope. The embodiment(s), as described, were chosen in order to explain the principles of the invention, show its practical application, and enable those with ordinary skill in the art to understand how to make and use the invention. A component from one embodiment can be used with another embodiment. It should be understood that the invention is not limited to the embodiment(s) described above, but rather should be interpreted within the full meaning and scope of the disclosure.
1. A method of firearm discharge detection comprising:
- programming a gunfire detector in communication with a remote server to listen to its environment and report audio sensor data that comprises acoustic data falling outside of an expected sound level associated with the environment;
- at the remote server: receiving the audio sensor data from the gunfire detector installed in a first location; comparing the audio sensor data to stored gunshot signatures to identify possible gunfire at the first location; and based upon confirmation of a match with a stored gunshot signature, reporting the possible gunfire.
2. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
- receiving visual data from an optical sensor, the visual data comprising a spike in infrared activity from the gunfire detector; and
- using the visual data as visual confirmation of a gunshot at the first location.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the remote server requests the visual data when the audio sensor data is not a match with the stored data of acoustic bangs.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the gunfire detector is programmed to listen to its environment and report only the audio sensor data that falls outside of the expected sound level for its environment.
5. The method of claim 1 further comprising programming the gunfire detector to report any noise above a baseline decibel range.
6. The method of claim 1 further comprising training the gunfire detector during a calibration time window during which the gunfire detector builds a profile of the expected sound level of its environment.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein comparing the audio sensor data comprises retrieving stored gunshot signatures from a data store of acoustic bangs within a pre-set decibel range of known gunfire.
8. The method of claim 1 further comprising training the remote server on training data comprising audio recordings of different types of gunshots with variations in ambient noise.
9. The method of claim 8 further comprising fine-tuning the training to identify caliber, rate of fire, and suppression.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein reporting the possible gunfire comprises taking an action listed in association with the stored gunshot signature.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein reporting the possible gunfire comprises taking a pre-determined action provided by a user.
12. The method of claim 1 further comprising comparing sensor data from multiple gunfire detectors to pinpoint a location and position of a shooter.
13. A gunfire detection system comprising:
- at least one gunfire detector programmed to listen to its environment and report to a remote server audio sensor data comprising acoustic data falling outside of an expected sound level associated with the environment, the at least one gunfire detector comprising: a housing; an acoustic sensor; and an electronics and control module operatively coupled with the acoustic sensor, the electronics and control module comprising: a processor device; a communications module facilitating wireless communication with the remote sensor; storage comprising operational instructions executed by the processor device for; and a power supply; and
- the remote server performing: receiving the audio sensor data from the at least one gunfire detector installed in a first location; comparing the audio sensor data to stored gunshot signatures to identify possible gunfire at the first location; and based upon confirmation of a match with a stored gunshot signature, reporting the possible gunfire.
14. The gunfire detection system of claim 13 wherein the housing has a delta shape facilitating attachment to a corner.
15. The gunfire detection system of claim 13 wherein the at least one gunfire detector further comprises an optical sensor detecting a muzzle flash and the muzzle flash is reported to the remote server whereupon the muzzle flash is used as visual confirmation of a gunshot.
16. The gunfire detection system of claim 13 wherein the at least one gunfire detector further comprises at least one sensor selected from a group consisting of: an occupancy sensor, an azimuthal sensor, a proximity sensor, a smoke detector, and a global positioning system (GPS) sensor.
17. The gunfire detection system of claim 13 wherein the at least one gunfire detector is connected over a network to multiple devices to exchange reports, inputs, and outputs with the remote server.
18. The gunfire detection system of claim 13 wherein the at least one gunfire detector is programmed to report any noise above a baseline decibel range.
19. The gunfire detection system of claim 13 wherein the at least one gunfire detector is trained during a calibration time window during which the at least one gunfire detector builds a profile of the expected sound level of its environment and stores the profile in the storage.
20. The gunfire detection system of claim 13 wherein the remote server compares sensor data from at least two gunfire detectors to pinpoint a location and position of a shooter.
Type: Application
Filed: May 13, 2019
Publication Date: Nov 14, 2019
Applicant: AVIDEA Group, Inc. (Melbourne, FL)
Inventors: John Anderson (Palm Bay, FL), Michael Anderson (Melbourne, FL)
Application Number: 16/410,740


text:
Bibliographic record and links to related information available from the Library of Congress catalog.
Note: Contents data are machine generated based on pre-publication provided by the publisher. Contents may have variations from the printed book or be incomplete or contain other coding.
Acknowledgments Introduction : US Foreign Policy after Hype(r)-Power Mark J. Lacy and François Debrix 1. Hyper-Power or Hype-Power? The USA after Kandahar, Karbala, and Katrina Timothy W. Luke 2. American Insecurities and the Ontopolitics of US Pharmacotic Wars Larry George 3. Power, Violence, and Torture: Making Sense of Insurgency and Legitimacy Crises in Past and Present Wars of Attrition Alexander D. Barder 4. Torturefest and the Passage to Pedagogy of Tortured Pasts Marie Thorsten 5. Designing Security: Control Society and MoMA's SAFE: Design Takes on Risk Mark J. Lacy 6. Deserting Sovereignty? The Securitization of Undocumented Migration in the United States Mathew Coleman 7. The Biopolitics of American Security Policy in the Twenty-First Century Julian Reid 8. Human Security, Governmentality, and Sovereignty: A Critical Examination of Contemporary Discourses on Universalizing Humanity Kosuke Shimizu 9. The Aesthetic Emergency of the Avian Flu Affect Geoffrey Whitehall 10. Over a Barrel: Cultural Political Economy and Oil Imperialism Simon Dalby and Matthew Paterson 11. Zombie Democracy Patricia Molloy Contributors
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
United States -- Foreign relations -- 2001-.
September 11 Terrorist Attacks, 2001 -- Influence.
War on Terrorism, 2001-.
National security -- United States -- History -- 21st century.
World politics -- 1995-2005.
Security, International.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
§ Sir ROBERT NEWMAN
asked the Prime Minister whether he has received a communication from the Exeter and District Chamber of Commerce urging that the additional 50 per cent. which was added to the railway fares, and the additional postage charge on letters, should be reduced to their pre-war rate; and what decision, if any, the Government have arrived at on the matter?
§ Mr. BONAR LAW
The answer to the first part of the question is in the affirmative, but I see little prospect of an early return to the pre-war rates.


text:
Hi! I need a store locator built for an Unbounce landing page for a healthcare client.
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Please let me know if you have any questions!
Suzann Knudsen
Epic Notion


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Stations were built at intervals averaging fifteen miles apart. A rider's route covered three stations, with an exchange of horses at each, so that he was expected at the beginning to cover close to forty-five miles – a good ride when one must average fifteen miles an hour.
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Preparing technical documents, building solutions including ETL as well as OBI design and integrate to BI Applications. The ideal candidate would have good hands on experience in developing dashboard reports using OBIEE.
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We're interested in candidates with a strong entrepreneurial mind set and significant experience in early stage development of mission-driven social ventures. Knowledge of innovation and social investment is essential, as is the ability to identify opportunities where impact investment will advance the Foundation's objectives. The role will also involve managing relations with strategic partners, support with fundraising and working directly with trustees. Strong written and verbal communication skills are essential.
We are offering a permanent contract and are open to part-time and flexible working arrangements. The Foundation offers a competitive benefits package and family-friendly policies.
The Resolution Foundation is actively seeking to improve the diversity of our workforce and welcomes applications from all under-represented communities and groups. We are also happy to make reasonable adjustments to accommodate specific individual requirements.
Closing date: 12:00am on 12 January 2020
First interviews will be held on 16-17 January 2020.
For more information, please download our application pack.


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Talaq out of anger
All praise be to Allah and may blessings and salutation be upon His Messenger, Muhammad, his family, and Companions.
The question that has been asked is extremely common, and constantly raised by both Muslim men and women. Essentially, the question relates to the utterance of divorce in anger, and the differences that arise between spouses as to their interpretations of events.
There are two important legal rulings (pertaining to the utterance of divorce in anger) that are agreed upon by all jurists:
1. If a person utters the divorce in a fit of rage or fury whereby he may be technically considered temporarily insane, then such an utterance is not to count as a valid divorce.
2. If a person utters the divorce in a state of anger fully aware of what he is doing as well as the subsequent consequences then such a divorce is valid, and if the utterance is a third divorce, then there is no recourse to reconciliation and the couple are deemed unlawful to each other. Any intimacy after that is considered to be an illegal sexual relation and might be considered zina (adultery).
To claim that a divorce said out of anger is invalid is both baseless and irrational, since there is no legal text that claims that mere anger acts as a valid impediment, nor do people generally utter the divorce in a state of jubilation – divorces are nearly always uttered out of annoyance and anger.
In general, couples should contact a scholar who is known to be trustworthy and knowledgeable in these matters who will analyse each case separately. Individuals should not apply general rulings related to ṭalāq on themselves due to the sensitivity of the matter.
Another often recurring scenario is that men are incited by their wives to utter the divorce, usually during a heated row. We learn from divine revelation that Allah says,
"Men are the protectors and maintainers of women, because Allah has made one of them to excel the other, and because they spend (to support them) from their means."[1
Thus men must learn to act with decorum and assertiveness, and not be goaded into doing or saying things they do not mean. In their role as protectors, they must take additional steps (and more so than women) to ensure that the rights of their women and children are maintained and that life decisions which impact on those beyond the partners are not made merely by foolish utterances.
Similarly, anger (besides that which is felt for the sake of Allah) is a spiritual illness that easily consumes the individual and leads him to become a play thing of the devil.Many people assume that anger is a sign of manhood or strength, but in actual fact it is a severe weakness that allows shaytan to overcome him. A case in point is men who use divorce as intimidation pronouncing it out of a misplaced sense of supremacy, but then weep at the prospect of having to separate from their wives and may have to give up the general custody of their children. Such points are often overlooked by the male ego, and in quelling it, the Prophet (peace be upon him), as narrated by Abu Hurairah, said,
"The strong is not the one who overcomes the people by his strength, but the strong one is the one who controls himself whilst in a state of anger."[2]
Abu Hurairah also reported that a man sought advice from the Prophet, to which he replied,
"Do not become angry." The man repeated his request several times to which the Prophet said in each case, "Do not become angry."[3]
Anger is the opposite of patience, with patience being a key characteristic of the God-conscious, pious, and righteous. Allah repeatedly states in the Qur'an that "verily Allah is with those of patience," which implies that those who forsake patience also forsake the divine benefits that accompany it. Allah says,
"Those who spend (in Allahs Cause – deeds of charity, alms, etc.) in prosperity and in adversity, who repress anger, and who pardon men; verily, Allah loves Al-Muhsinun (the righteous)."[4]
Muslim men should understand the role that Allah has given them, and act maturely with it. Allah ordains men to live honourably with women, for "if you dislike them, it may be that you dislike a thing and Allah brings through it a great deal of good."[5] As with all beings women are also weak, and so it is in the interest of men to rise as leaders in overlooking the faults of their wives and advise them with a cool mind and a reasoned tongue. Allah says,
"O you who believe! Verily, among your wives and your children there are enemies for you (i.e. may stop you from the obedience to Allah), therefore beware of them! But if you pardon (them) and overlook, and forgive (their faults), then verily, Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful."[6]
Undoubtedly there will be times when arguments become heated and spouses become irritated, but why must divorce be the only end to an argument or frustrating situation? Allah says that "if you fear a breach between them twain (the man and his wife), appoint (two) arbitrators, one from his family and the other from hers; if they both wish for peace, Allah will cause their reconciliation. Indeed Allah is Ever All Knower, Well Acquainted with all things."[7]
All of these are in effect checks and balances to ensure that if the couple do separate, they do so for the correct reasons and not over imprudent opinion.
The main reason as to the rise in queries relating to divorce uttered in anger ultimately lies in the absence of Islamic authority amongst Muslims in the UK and other western countries. Furthermore, many imams and 'scholars' lack the required shar'ii (legal) knowledge and expertise to deal with such problems in a diverse society and under complicated circumstances. Many imams, with good intentions, want to help couples stuck in sticky situations and so issue lenient fatwas. They fail to realise that matters related to ṭalāq are incredibly sensitive and delicate. The existence of various madhabs (legal schools of thought) that are adhered to by western Muslims also adds to the complexity of the situation.
In most cases, the matter is not as simple as merely requiring a standard fatwa from an imam, rather it is a matter of judgment carried out by a qualified scholar who is trusted and accepted as legitimate by both spouses. The spouses should be required to sit with the scholar and detail their cases in order to receive a verdict that should be binding on both of them – preferably by prior written agreement.
Once a wife believes that she has been divorced three times, she is not allowed to stay with her ex-husband. Allah says in the Qur'an,
'The divorce is twice, after that, either you retain her on reasonable terms or release her with kindness. And it is not lawful for you (men) to take back (from your wives) any of your dowry which you have given them, except when both parties fear that they would be unable to keep the limits ordained by Allah. Then if you fear that they would not be able to keep the limits ordained by Allah, then there is no sin on either of them if she gives back (the dowry) for her Al-Khul (divorce). These are the limits ordained by Allah, so do not transgress them. And whoever transgresses the limits ordained by Allah, then such are the Zalimoon (wrong-doers, etc.). And if he has divorced her (the third time), then she is not lawful unto him thereafter until she has married another husband. Then, if the other husband divorces her, it is no sin on both of them that they reunite, provided they feel that they can keep the limits ordained by Allah. These are the limits of Allah, which He makes plain for the people who have knowledge.'[8]
If the husband claims that one or more of the divorces are invalid, the matter does not end there. As a sane and intellectual being, the woman herself must be convinced that this is the case and it is between herself and her Lord as to whether she truly accepts this or not; she is obliged not to return to her partner if she believes the three divorces to be valid. For both parties concerned, the best solution both rationally and spiritually is for the spouses to apply the same scenario mentioned earlier – that is to receive a sound ruling carried out by a qualified scholar who is trusted and accepted as legitimate by both spouses.
And Allah knows best.
Sources: www.islam21c.com
Islam21c requests all the readers of this article, and others, to share it on your facebook, twitter, and other platforms to further spread our efforts.
[1] 4:34
[2] Sahih al-Bukhari
[3] ibid
[4] 3:134
[5] 4:19
[6] 64:14
[8] 2:229-230


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Nearly 900 drivers have been spoken to during the first year of an operation aiming to reduce incidents on one of the county's most dangerous roads.
Operation Indemnis was launched on the A417 and A419 – one of the major routes in the county – on November 1 last year and has already had a significant impact.
The team is built up of a number of special constables (SC's) who volunteer their time to patrol the road which links Gloucestershire, Wiltshire and Oxfordshire.
Statistics show that this road has the highest collision rate in the county and the team are working to tackle the "Fatal Four" causes of road deaths and injury – inappropriate speed, using a mobile phone, not wearing a seat belt and drink driving.
Operation Indemnis is defined as "a proactive policing project to deny criminals the use of the road and to reduce road deaths and serious injury."
Statistics show that the number of people killed or seriously injured as a result of collisions on the A417/19 has reduced from 25 to 18 in the past year.
Meanwhile, the team has contributed just over 3454 hours, which equates to nearly two full time officers patrolling this stretch of road in a 12 month period.
Operational activity has seen the team provide education, warnings or advice to 670 motorists, provide assistance to 132 drivers whose vehicles had broken down, seize 72 vehicles for having no tax or insurance and provide assistance during 58 collisions.
As well as this the team has been involved in reporting traffic offences, drugs/alcohol testing, lane closures and community liaison visits.
The SC's have taken this role on whilst incorporating the force's intelligence networks and utilising ANPR capabilities to target travelling criminals and uninsured vehicles and support road safety campaigns.
Steve Lindsay, lead for the Operation Indemnis team said: "Operation Indemnis has been a great success, it was not easy getting this project off the ground but the results speak for themselves.
"The feedback from local residents and businesses has been positive and a number of people have written to us to thank the team for supporting them at breakdowns and collisions.
"This is great partnership working between the police, police and crime commissioner, Highways England and the local community."
Police and Crime Commissioner Martin Surl added: "Operation Indemnis was prompted by the many local people who came to me with concerns about a number of issues along this road of which speeding was one.
"The overall aim has been to deny criminals the use of the road and to reduce road deaths and serious injury.
"But I am also pleased to see that police have been there to help drivers in trouble.
"My priority for 'Safe and social driving' has always been about creating a change of culture on our roads.
"Making them safer, naturally, but also affecting the way drivers relate to the law and each other."
Back to: Home – Gloucestershire News


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LOGAN — The Logan County Board of Education on Tuesday approved the hiring of The Thrasher Group as the architects for the replacement of the Logan High School football stadium bleachers, as well as the bid for purchase and installation of seating at the Logan High School baseball stadium.
The Thrasher Group, based in Charleston, was one of three architect firms that bid on the project and were interviewed by a committee of six. After consideration of the firms interviewed, the committee recommended Thrasher as the architect for the project with a negotiated fee to be agreed on.
With the board's Tuesday night approval, Superintendent Patricia Lucas said the firm can send a team in almost immediately. The firm will come up with several designs for the bleachers that the LCBOE can choose from, and once one is picked, the project will be bid to a contractor.
The LCBOE moved to build new bleachers at the stadium on Oct. 22 after an engineer's September evaluation revealed significant problems with the structural integrity of the existing bleachers, which are at least 60 years old. According to Logan County Schools Director of Operational Support Mark Adkins, the new stadium will seat around 3,000 people, a requirement for a school ranked in the WVSSAC AA classification.
The LCBOE is so far ahead of schedule in the timeline, as approval for the project itself had to take place by Jan. 1 to make sure the new bleachers would be built before next football season, according to what they were told during the engineer's report on Sept. 4. Still, some board members, such as Jeremy Farley, have concerns about the timing.
"By us approving this tonight to go ahead and give the go-ahead to this company to start, I feel much better, because that's at least six weeks ahead of time of what they told us at that (Sept. 4) board meeting," said LCBOE Vice President Dr. Pat Joe White.
"And I will say I agree with you, but this board has also, every project that we've been involved with, has ran behind schedule," Farley said to some laughter. "That's why I'm asking about the timeline because everyone sitting up here, as well as in the community, is expecting for football to be played at Logan High School – both high school, middle school, midget league, soccer and every other sport that's there – and I want to make sure that we understand that there needs to be a timeline in place and that we're moving ahead on schedule."
Board members expressed other concerns as well. President Debbie Mendez said she worries that the crews may have to enter the actual football field at some point, which could damage the turf, and member Barry Mullins said soil erosion at the backside of the bleachers might cause issues.
"That riverbank side where that is soft ... you're going to have a problem there," Mullins said. "You wait and see."
White said when the firm comes in to study the facility, reinforcement of the backside area may be required. Mendez said she'd like to know exactly how the construction crews are going to avoid the field, and to have a replacement agreement in place if they must get on the field.
"If they do have to get on our field and destroy it in some way, will they replace it or whatever?" Mendez asked. "I don't know how that works, but, you know, we need to have something in there that … they may have to get on there. You never know, but I just want that to be covered in that to so that, in case, something does happen."
"I'll expect the bid or plan will probably address that," White said. "I mean, it's pretty obvious you can't chew up the football field."
Just to make sure, all members agreed to have the firm come in to speak with them after the assessment is completed.
The LCBOE also approved the bid for the purchase and installation of seating at the Logan High School baseball stadium from Maffei Strayer Furnishings for $48,200. Board members said the current seating at the baseball stadium is also in excess of 60 years old.


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Snookered lass shoulders old mate aside
NEVER underestimate a woman.
A somewhat accident-prone office worker whose shoulder joints resemble a Mekano set stretched a bit too vigorously and dislocated her shoulder recently.
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Her opponent, thinking he had the handicap due to her handicap, smuggly took to the game with a lacklustre attitude.
And lost. Several times.
The tally by the end of the night was injured lass three, uninjured bloke zilch.
HUGE respect to the writer of a press release received by a certain newsroom this week.
Announcing some exciting news about even more Seinfeld re-runs on WIN, the release was nearly relegated to the deleted folder without much more than a quick glance.
Until the quality puns were found.
While Whispers isn't one for advertising, this closing line was too good not to share: "So if you think you're master of your domain, if you find that these pretzels are making you thirsty or your dream is to one day be a latex salesman for Vandalay Industries, then get your friends over, double dip that chip and let WIN satisfy your Seinfeld addiction…not that there's anything wrong with that."
TRANSFER fees have taken a bit of a hit in recent times among Toowoomba's footballing circles.
Whispers hears that one particular footballer was looking to change clubs recently and a workmate of his was negotiating an appropriate transfer fee.
At last bidding, it appears our man was settling on a meat pie and drink.
"But it has to be a Four-and-Twenty," the handy round ball dribbler told his "manager".
RELUCTANT cat owner has all but given up trying to appease a rather fussy feline who seems to reject any offer of creature comforts.
Having resisted admitting ownership of the cat for several years, our lass finally took responsibility for the animal (aside from the regular feeding simply to shut it up) a few months back.
It was a watershed moment and has since triggered all manner of spending in an effort to make the cat comfortable such as expensive foodie treats, expensive toys, expensive bowls, expensive medications - expensive everything.
But this week she reached the final straw with the purchase of an overpriced, wool-lined and fully insulated bed bought with the intention of warding off the winter chill, and hoping to reduce future medical bills.
The cat will not go near it despite every effort of coaxing and cooing into comfort.
It seems $7 deck chair cushions from K-Mart are more the cat's style.
AMONG the packed crowd at Rumours tonight for the Toowoomba Rugby League Centenary dinner will be a well-known retired referee.
With these occasions prompting memories from players, officials and fans, this incident can now be told.
It was in the late 1980s and our man was officiating an under-18 match involving two city clubs.
As is often the case with young men, it was a testosterone fuelled match with plenty of "biff" to the point the ref warned that the next player to throw a punch was headed for an early shower.
Unfortunately, a certain hot-headed hooker - now a club official - was never one to listen and two minutes later he went in swinging, prompting a loud whistle from the ref.
Fortunately, the offending hooker had a wily captain who rushed to the ref just before he sent his team-mate off.
"Sir, Sir!" he pleaded, "I'm sorry... but he's deaf... he didn't hear your warning."
The hooker picked up on his captain's lead and shook his head with a bewildered look and shrugged his shoulders at the by now apologetic ref who gave the player a reprieve on the grounds the skipper explained it to him.
The improvised hand sign language between skipper and player would never be found in a sign manual.


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In 2019, you would have heard the buzz about AI, Machine Learning, Blockchain, Autonomous Vehicles and so much more.. With 2020 fast approaching, it's time to reconcile all of that chatter and look ahead to what's next.
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Er, Anime Ace is from Blambot, right? My new mac doesn't come with it but for the sake of consistency I dropped some dough to buy the font from MyFonts. A cachet I never had before. Earn some good karma by doing it: Choosing font is tricky – there's finding one that you personally like and that fits your comic, but that's also legible and doesn't turn your readers away.
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If the scan found corrupted files, please restart your computer. CC Wild Words is the best one I've seen that has a comic feel and I definitely will be using it in my future comic edit: This family has two variants Optimus Princeps and Optimus Princeps bold.
I allowed Windows to install the update KB again and the result was that Windows didn't identify the custom font files as valid font files and Path of Exile gave the same "Failed to initialise" error during startup.
I recommend you restart your prineps after this.
Optimus Princeps Font
Er, Anime Ace is from Blambot, right? Hi, I e-mailed this to support a few minutes ago. CC Wild Words is the best one I've seen that has a comic feel and I definitely will be using it in my future comic. Anyway, which fonts do you use and do you have any free fonts that work great for comics?
After the fresh install, Windows actually identified the font files and I did manage to install them without any issues. I use cc wild words, a very good manga font for manga's or any cartoons. Please, take into account that this process may take some minutes, especially when generating models for large texts, complicated fonts andor with base. I wanted a font with a whimsical, handwritten style for the type of comic I'm working on right now, but I have some other projects in mind optimus princeps semibold I'm pretty sure I'll go for something different.
Posted by Tonzzo on Sep 26,8: The letters themselves squiggle and squirm; its italics allow plenty of white space around the letters, the suggestion of the space inside a husk. Windows asks for you to restart the computer, please do so. I actually made my own font based on a cleaner version of my handwriting! As a result of my findings I thought earlier that this issue was caused by the update KB itself, but after doing a bit more troubleshooting I found out that the root causes of this issue were some corrupted OS files after the clean install of Windows 10 on a formated SSD, not the installed update KB I suggest that after the update you check again optimus princeps semibold system files are not corrupted Steps 5 and 6.
Find the installed update KB and uninstall it. Report Forum Post Report Account: Shop Buy Packs Microtransactions Specials. Download free font Optimus princeps semibold Princeps by Manfred Klein semmibold category Serif Optimus Princeps font contains defined characters and unique glyphs.
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Join Now and start earning. Windows Defender or Windows Firewall shouldn't cause any issues when they are on. As many others probably have experienced this same error that I've encountered numerous times, and optimus princeps semibold, managed to solve it: Alternative way to fix this issue that worked for me when I thought that the issues were with the update itself.
No free font found. Br, Tonzzo Last edited by Tonzzo on Oct 1,4: Posted by Tonzzo on Sep 29,4: I did some more digging because of this issue. Posted by Aragorn14 on Sep 26,7: The font contains characters from the following unicode character ranges: Posted by Tonzzo on Sep 26,7: I use Billy the Flying Robot.


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Why you need the best Manning Loveseat
When you are possessing your dinner with the household then you surely will be needing the comfort although eating and having some sort of Manning Loveseat. This is exactly how you need the preferred Manning Loveseat within your kitchen. Generally there are a variety regarding chairs you can pick from but you certainly will be wanting the Manning Loveseat to your dining room that is where this Manning Loveseat reviews will help a person immensely. You should seem for the material that will suits you the most effective gamble it metal, wood, plastic-type or any other. Most the material holds some sort of specialty in them which often could be realized following a certain point whilst visiting use.
The modern day Manning Loveseat supply a clean in addition to contemporary design as practically nothing looks great higher than a team of alike dining ergonomic chairs that are around typically the Manning Loveseat. You will get these chair of any color involving your choice. As each house needs a main point or centerpiece to be able to get a balanced style at home so of which it could look each interesting and comfortable? It really is what a Manning Loveseat about a table serves as. An individual can get a wonderful maintain installing these seats at your house.. Only a minimalistic change from your house. could always be great when you are usually having best Manning Loveseatat your current home. There are several points that will show that you might want an eating chair at the kitchen. Therefore get your hands from one of the preferred dining chairs for your own kitchen and enjoy coziness and joy while getting dinner with your loved ones.
Manning Loveseat Buyer's Guide
There usually are a number of points to search for when selecting the right loveseat for your room or home you aren't in. Factors such while size and in several cases weight need to be able to be viewed as well while the material and beauty that the loveseat capabilities. According to what else will be in the room and even whether or not a person want it to always be a focal point inside the room delete expression will influence all associated with these factors.
How big is a Manning Loveseat is the very first thing many people will want to be able to consider when dealing with which loveseats to buy. both just how much space you need to have while sitting down in it and exactly how a lot space is available to the Manning Loveseat to occupy can affect this decision. Almost all loveseats around between forty five to 65 inches extensive, yet , some are broader or narrower than this kind of. If there is sufficient room for a larger seat additionally it is important in order to consider how thick the particular Manning Loveseat on the armrests are, as this can certainly sometimes take up the considerable amount of typically the actual sitting area regarding the Manning Loveseat. When appropriate this is mentioned inside the reviews for every single seat as some car seats as wide as 65-inches are limited to just 45-inches of actual relaxing space because of typically the layout of the armrests.
Covers Materials
The material that Manning Loveseat are created from can range by elegant leather to the soft velvet fabric, in addition to which one is perfect for you would depend on the particular style you're going with regard to and also what you locate most comfortable. In add-on, some materials are simpler to wash than others as a result this also needs to be a new consideration for some individuals in case you have pets or young children.
Design and Decor
There are about three main types of loveseat. Classic designs feature more obvious features like nailhead cut which are the tiny metallic rivets that will be sometimes on the front side of the armrests in order to keep the Manning Loveseat in position. More modern or modern styles will feature quite bare and minimalist models with soft curves staying major of the style. Rustic designs, on typically the other hand, often function visible wood that provides a dark finish and even very simple Manning Loveseat. Which in turn of these styles a person go with will rely on both personal preference and exactly what otherwise is in the area the location where the loveseat is heading. A well-chosen loveseat might certainly pull a living room with each other in an amazing method, while an out regarding place loveseat will adhere out in an in any other case well-decorated room.
Extra Features
Some Manning Loveseat boast a number involving extra features which may possibly be vital that you look out and about for depending on just how you intend to use the particular seat. For example, several the seats on this specific list can recline, which often is ideal for putting inside an entertainment center or even movie room setting, plus one even features a new center console with storage area space and cupholders. Several also feature fold-away bedrooms or armrests that may twice as trackpads when getting job done on the computer system while sitting comfortably in the Manning Loveseat.
Our Pick
Serta RTA Palisades 73" Sofa by Serta at Home
Best Pick Serta RTA Palisades 73" Sofa by Serta at Home
Lightweight, Comfortable, Affordable
Wonderful Serta RTA Palisades 73" Sofa by Serta at Home by Serta at Home is essential have in any residence. You desire to find the best items, and you also want to actually never ever overpay .
Here are the best picks when it comes to Manning Loveseat. They are high quality and durable seats which will guarantee you of dependable and convenient service. This is a result of how the seats have been constructed using quality timber material that will last longer. Additionally, the chairs are also safe and depending on the weight, you may always get the perfect selection. They're in various colours, which you can easily pick from. All of the aforementioned chairs are available on the internet at low costs.
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Speciation, the set of processes by which two populations of one species become distinct species, is an important topic in evolutionary biology. It is usually impractical to conduct experiments on how new species form, but occasionally the natural history of a species places it in a context that may be thought of as a "natural experiment" with regard to speciation. One such natural experiment involves the periodical cicadas of eastern North America, a group in which populations have become isolated in time and space. Some of these isolated populations appear to have evolved into distinct genetic lineages. A rare life-cycle switching event brought two such lineages into contact in the relatively recent past, and the two lineages are now behaving as distinct species. This natural experiment provides important insights into species differences and the processes that underlie species formation.
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Vol. 53 • No. 2
February 2003


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Live Install: Nnena will be creating works live in the Project Space: 30 October – 5 November, 10am – 6pm. Public can visit the space to view work in progress.
Private view: 2 November, 1pm-3pm
Exhibition Dates: 6 November – 8 December
Opening Times: 10am – 6pm
Location: Humber Street Gallery, 64 Humber Street, Hull, East Yorkshire, HU1 1TU
ActionSpace artist Nnena Kalu will be creating and exhibiting new sculptural works in her solo exhibition Wrapping at Humber Street Gallery. Nnena Kalu's sculptural practice is driven by an instinctive urge to create raw and intense sculptural artworks. Kalu's mighty, colourful sculptures are created by layering and binding materials such as industrial plastic tubing, newspaper, foam, cling film, fabric and tape. Kalu will construct a series of large-scale sculptures which playfully wrap around the gallery, responding to the unique architecture of the Project Space.
Members of the public will be able to watch Nnena Kalu constructing the work in the Project Space from 30th October until 5th November, providing a unique opportunity to see the work in progress and to observe its development.
Nnena Kalu: Wrapping has been reviewed by The Guardian. Read the full article here.
Video created by Absolutely Cultured.
Image: Nnena Kalu's Wrapping at Humber Street Gallery. Credit: Jules Lister/Courtesy of Humber Street Gallery and the artist.


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