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(b) Ripples shall transition smoothly and gradually into the surrounding true shape of
the shell.
(c) All ripples shall be confined to an area included within a 6-inch band, centered over
the weld area and encircling the tank shell.
(d) In addition to the above, ripples shall be confined to those clearly unavoidable by
use of first quality manufacturing techniques, careful handling of materials, closely
held tolerances and pride of workmanship.
4.1 Responsibility for inspection. Unless otherwise specified in the contract, the
contractor is responsible for the performance of all inspection requirements (examination and
tests) as specified herein. Except as otherwise specified in the contract, the contractor may use
his own or any other facilities suitable for the performance of the inspection requirements
specified herein, unless disapproved by the Government. The Government reserves the right to
perform any of the inspections set forth in the specification where such inspections are deemed
necessary to assure supplies and services conform to prescribed requirements.
4.1.1 Responsibility for compliance. All items must meet all requirements of sections 3
and 5. The inspection set forth in this specification shall become a part of the contractor's overall
inspection system or quality program. The absence of any inspection requirements in the
specification shall not relieve the contractor of the responsibility for ensuring that all products or
supplies submitted to the Government for acceptance comply with all requirements of the
contract. Sampling inspection, as part of manufacturing operations, is an acceptable practice to
ascertain conformance to requirements, however this does not authorize submission of known
defective material, either indicated or actual, nor does it commit the Government to acceptance
of defective material.
4.2 Government verification. Quality assurance operations performed by the contractor
will be subject to Government verification at unscheduled intervals. Verification will consist of
observation of the operations to determine that practices, methods, and procedures of the
contractor's inspection are being properly applied. Failure of the contractor to promptly correct
product deficiencies discovered shall be cause for suspension of acceptance until correction has
been made or until conformance of product to specification criteria has been demonstrated.
4.3 First production vehicle inspection. The first vehicle produced under the contract
shall be inspected by the contractor at his plant under the direction and in the presence of
Government representatives. The purpose of the inspection shall be to determine vehicle
conformance to the contract. Acceptance of the first production vehicle shall not constitute a
waiver by the Government of its rights under the provisions of the contract.
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Eva Longoria shares a heartwarming moment with her son Santiago while celebrating his first birthday and first encounter with Mickey Mouse at Disneyland Park in Anaheim, Calif., June 20, 2019, just one day after his birthday.
Following this special moment and continuing a day of firsts for the birthday boy, Eva shared that she was excited to introduce Santiago to "it's a small world."
How adorable are they?
(Joshua Sudock/Disneyland Resort).
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Chip C is the owner of Chip and Co - Disney and Other Theme Park & Movie News, Disney World & Disneyland Planning Tips, Disney Food and More! When he is not writing about Disney News, or Planning Tips, you will find him counting down the days to his next Disney Vacation.
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- Hasbro & Disney Partner up to bring you more Baby Yoda Merchandise! - December 12, 2019
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Spacious, bright 3/2 villa with expansive views from kitchen, dining room, living room and bedroom. Oversized, covered patio allows you to really breathe in the tranquil atmosphere of this large private backyard. The low HOA includes Cable with DVR'S/Internet, Lawn Care, and amenities. This Villa has two assigned parking spots right in front. The roof, water heater, and A/C are newer. Boynton Lakes is an all age, pet friendly community and offers great amenities: 2 swimming pools, tennis, racquetball courts, fitness trail, a playground, and clubhouse. This community has easy access to highways, close to shopping, dining and just 15 minutes away from the beach.
Disclaimer / Sources: MLS® local resources application developed and powered by Real Estate Webmasters - Neighborhood data provided by Onboard Informatics © 2019 - Mapping Technologies powered by Google Maps™
|Status Changed from Price Change to Active
|Status Changed from Active to Price Change
|Price Reduced from $235,000 to $225,000
|$10,000 (4.26%)
|Status Changed from New to Active
Property Listing Summary: Located in the subdivision, 20 Knightsbridge Lane, Boynton Beach, FL is a Residential property for sale in Boynton Beach, FL 33426, listed at $225,000. As of December 14, 2019 listing information about 20 Knightsbridge Lane, Boynton Beach, FL indicates the property features 3 beds, 2 baths, and has approximately 1,260 square feet of living space, with a lot size of 0.00 acres, and was originally constructed in 1983. The current price per square foot is $179.
A comparable listing at 31 Knightsbridge Lane, Boynton Beach, FL in Boynton Beach is priced for sale at $219,000. Another comparable property, 17 Mayfair Lane, Boynton Beach, FL is for sale at $215,000.
To schedule a private showing of MLS# RX-10567354 at 20 Knightsbridge Lane, Boynton Beach, FL in , please contact your Boynton Beach real estate agent at (561) 951-9301.
All listings featuring the BMLS logo are provided by Beaches MLS Inc. Copyright 2019 Beaches MLS. This information is not verified for authenticity or accuracy and is not guaranteed.
© 2019 Beaches Multiple Listing Service, Inc. All rights reserved.
Listing information last updated on December 14th, 2019 at 5:00pm EST.


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Confluence Library
- All
- History
- Living Culture
- Ecology
- Education
This gallery features photographs of fishing at Celilo Falls.
Alysia and Elke LittleLeaf (Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs) talk about their business as fly fishing guides and the importance of fish and water to their rights and ways of life. Video by Woodrow Hunt of Tule Films.
The Vancouver Land Bridge was constructed to provide quick access from the Columbia River to Fort Vancouver. Lined with native plants, it has inscriptions in nine different Native languages and art by Lillian Pitt.


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This data was produced by OpenAustralia from a variety of sources.
Vincent Martin, former Representative
- Former Australian Labor Party Representative for Banks
- Left House of Representatives on 19 September 1980 — retired
- Entered House of Representatives on 25 October 1969 — Federal election
Voting record (from They Vote For You)
How Vincent Martin voted on key issues since 2006:
- Vincent Martin has not voted enough in this parliament to have any scores.
Read about how the voting record is decided.
More on their full record
- Never rebels against their party.
Most recent appearances in parliament
No data to display.
Please note that numbers do not measure quality. Also, Representatives may do other things not currently covered by this site. (More about this)
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text:
- Tel:
- Work 020 7831 9222
- Fax:
- Fax 020 7831 9607
- Email:
- Web:
- www.macfarlanes.com
We are committed to creating an inclusive workplace based on a culture of openness and mutual respect. Our focus is on gender, ethnicity, LGBT+, social mobility, neurodiversity and wellbeing. An inclusive, forward-thinking culture also enables us to provide innovative solutions to our clients.
During 2018 we ran a firm wide programme on fostering an inclusive culture. The aim was to raise awareness and increase the dialogue around this. We then consulted extensively through staff groups and took feedback from other channels. This culminated in the launch of 25 People Commitments aligning to three main strands:
· Balance: Helping staff to juggle work, family and personal commitments.
· Clarity: Ensuring transparency, clarity and fairness.
· Development: Supporting staff through the various stages of their careers.
The firm is actively implementing these Commitments, which underpin our ongoing initiatives in support of diversity and inclusion.
We have four staff networks which provide opportunities for peer support, networking and personal development: Balance (for gender and family support), LGBT & friends, BME & friends and EnABLE (for disability, neurodiversity and mental health).
Macfarlanes is a founder member of the new Reignite Academy, a collaborative, legal sector initiative which provides opportunities for experienced lawyers to return to the profession after a career break. In 2019 we ran a bespoke Female Lawyers Forum which provides regular opportunities for practical and constructive discussion and networking for all our female lawyers.
The firm has also introduced a back-up care service with My Family Care which is offered cost free to all staff to enable them to book up to six emergency care sessions per year for children or for other people for whom they care, such as aging parents. In 2019 Macfarlanes took part in the My Family Care Parental Leave Policy & Reward Benchmark. Over 250 companies provided details of their current policies and benefits for maternity, adoption, paternity and shared parental leave. Macfarlanes was ranked first for the legal sector.
We work with a number of organisations to attract more diverse talent at graduate level, including Rare Recruitment, Aspiring Solicitors, Bright Network and PRIME. When we recruit graduates, we run CV blind interviews and use contextual recruitment which enables us to understand the context of a candidate's experiences and qualifications. This ensures that we recruit the best candidates regardless of their background. We have been using these processes for six years and our recruitment of graduates from ethnically diverse backgrounds has increased by 144%.
The firm has an annual voluntary mentoring scheme. In addition, all four year PQE female solicitors are also able to participate as mentees in the 30% Club cross company mentoring scheme and some of our senior partners and heads of business services participate as mentors.
Our wellbeing programme offers physical and mental health support. Resilience training was delivered to the whole firm in 2018. Trainees and junior solicitors are offered additional workshops each year and we are looking into a bespoke programme for senior solicitors. In 2019 we launched the Guardians - a group of volunteer staff including partners who are trained to listen and act as a confidential support for colleagues who have something they want to share, but are unsure about the best way to do so.


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His crew mates called Lt Russell Allen Phillips by his nickname - Phil. He was the pilot of Super Man, the crew's B-24F.
Image online, courtesy the Phillips family.
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- E Learning Jamaica
- 2014 GSAT Results for Jamaican Kids
- E Learning in Jamaica WIN PRIZES and try our Fun Animated Games
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- On the Trail of America's Next Top Scientists
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Staying Away from Sick Lobsters
Published: 07/05/2010
Lobsters may have a sick sense. New experiments show that certain kinds of lobsters avoid sick individuals even before the infected lobsters are contagious or show symptoms that people can see. It's the first evidence that healthy wild animals detect and shun sick members of their own species. Caribbean spiny lobsters live in the sea between Bermuda and Brazil. Unlike North Atlantic lobsters, they're social. Some populations march single file in a long line along the ocean floor for miles every autumn, looking for deeper, calmer waters. These lobsters also share dens, where they hide and protect each other from intruders. When something invades their space, they fight back by poking their long, stiff antennae at it. "They'll drive the antennae into the flesh of fishor of researchers," says Mark Butler of Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Va. He says that collecting the creatures is "like trying to grab a porcupine out of a crevice." In 1999, one of Butler's colleagues noticed that sickly young lobsters tended to live alone. They were low in energy, and their shells were discolored. Eventually, he and another lobster expert figured out that these lobsters carried a virus called PaV1. It's the first virus known to strike lobsters. The virus spreads when lobsters touch each other. Young lobsters can also catch the virus through seawater. In a lab experiment, researchers found that more than 60 percent of lobsters living with infected partners died within 80 days. In another study, in which scientists surveyed a population of spiny lobsters in the wild, they found that more than 56 percent of healthy lobsters shared hiding places, but only 7 percent of sick ones did. A recent set of lab experiments then showed that infected lobsters didn't care whether they shared a hiding place with a healthy lobster or with another sick one. More than 60 percent of healthy lobsters, on the other hand, avoided companions that had become infected 4 weeks earlier. At this stage, researchers couldn't detect any symptoms in the infected lobsters. By the time the sick lobsters had been infected for 6 weeks, all healthy lobsters refused to hide near their infected pals. Lab tests show that the virus becomes contagious 8 weeks after a lobster becomes infected. Rudeness doesn't appear to be a concern for these creatures. Instead, avoiding sick roommates is a strategy for survival.E. SohnStaying Away from Sick Lobsters


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Cover: Kylie Minogue The hour is nigh! After months of speculation it now appears that Nine's Jana Wendt is to move to New York to appear on the US version of 60 Minutes. Her contract with Nine expires at the end of the year — and through Nine's output arrangements with the US it will still …
Tag: State Of Origin
Jun 30 2015
1995: June 17-23
Permanent link to this article: https://televisionau.com/2015/06/1995-june-17-23.html
Jun 29 2015
1995: June 10-16
Home And Away home wrecker! "I've never wanted to play a goody-two-shows character," Home And Away star Isla Fisher (pictured) told TV Week as her character, Shannon, sets her sights on the recently-married Shane (Dieter Brummer). "I'm not there to have the entire population fall in love with my character — that's unrealistic. I think …
Permanent link to this article: https://televisionau.com/2015/06/1995-june-10-16.html
Jun 28 2015
1995: June 3-9
Cover: Gillian Anderson, David Duchovny (The X Files) Nicolle returns to her old haunts! Former Home And Away favourite Nicolle Dickson is returning to the series… two years after her character, Bobby, was killed off! In upcoming episodes, Ailsa (Judy Nunn), who is approaching a nervous breakdown, has visions of her dead friend, Bobby. "It's …
Permanent link to this article: https://televisionau.com/2015/06/1995-june-3-9.html
May 12 2015
1995: May 13-19
Cover: Melissa George (Home And Away) Nine lays down the Law The Nine Network has axed Law Of The Land. Filming for the series ended just before Easter, and there are 22 episodes still yet to be screened. "I can understand them axing the show," cast member Lisa Hensley told TV Week. "We've still got …
Permanent link to this article: https://televisionau.com/2015/05/1995-may-13-19.html
Apr 15 2015
1995: April 15-21
Cover: Nicky Buckley (Sale Of The Century) Logies: And your nominees are… TV Week previews the upcoming 37th annual TV Week Logie Awards, to be held at the Melbourne Concert Hall on Friday 28 April and televised on the Seven Network. International guests at the Logies will be Dean Cain from Lois & Clark The …
Permanent link to this article: https://televisionau.com/2015/04/1995-april-15-21.html
Permanent link to this article: https://televisionau.com/2015/01/ratings-2014-the-final-scorecard.html
Permanent link to this article: https://televisionau.com/2014/12/seven-wins-2014.html
Jun 21 2014
1994: June 18-24
Cover: Julia Roberts, Meg Ryan, Sharon Stone, Winona Ryder Lochie's Getaway gig Lochie Daddo has been announced as David Reyne's replacement on travel show Getaway. "Travelling is one of my favourite pastimes and now they are paying me to do it," he told TV Week. His first story will screen on the show's 'Australia On …
Permanent link to this article: https://televisionau.com/2014/06/1994-june-18-24.html
May 18 2014
1994: May 21-27
Cover: Mel Gibson Parliament snubs ABC series The upcoming ABC series The Damnation Of Harvey McHugh seemingly hasn't won many friends in high places — with the media launch planned for Victoria's Parliament House banned by the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, John Delzoppo. "I've seen a script, and it doesn't paint parliament or parliamentarians in a particularly …
Permanent link to this article: https://televisionau.com/2014/05/1994-may-21-27.html
Apr 29 2014
1994: April 30-May 6
Cover: Heather Locklear (Melrose Place) Nine bid for Tenors' encore The Nine Network has hopes of snapping up the rights to the reunion concert of the Three Tenors — Jose Carreras, Placido Domingo and Luciano Pavarotti. The concert, to take place in Los Angeles in July on the eve of the World Cup soccer final, …
Permanent link to this article: https://televisionau.com/2014/04/1994-april-30-may-6.html


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Christ Visions International Ministry (CVIM)
Dear Student,
Welcome to Christ Visions International Ministry (CVIM). This is an international program and our Mission Statement: "To provide truth, simplicity and clarity in the study of God's word" as we train laborers for the End-Time harvest.
Daniel 11:32b-33a "But, the people who know their God shall be strong, and carry out great exploits. And those of the people who understand shall instruct many (KJV)
The journey you are starting on today is an exciting one. Following the above scripture, we are seeking to find instructors who truly understand their area of training. We want this to be an interactive process to develop your knowledge, character and spiritual gifting, not just another dry Bible study exercise. We pray the Holy Spirit will impart an anointing on our classes that will bless to you in all you do. We also pray that you have an opportunity to carry out what you are learning in your personal life and through the life of the local fellowship in which you are involved.
There are approximately 32, sessions, (approx. 30 min. each. (per trimester)
God Bless,
Clark & Vici Francoies
Christ Visions International Ministry
Headquarters: Kailua-Kona, Hawaii, USA
6 Lesson's
This is an outstanding class for New Believers!
Basic foundational, doctrinal truths are taught with truth, simplicity & clearly.
1. The Authority of the Bible & the Doctrine of the Trinity
2. The Deity and Mission of Jesus
3. Salvation, Heaven & Hell, and Christ's Return
4. The Person & Work of the Holy Spirit
5. Divine Healing
6. Church Ordinances
The Foundations OF Fearless Faith
The purpose of these classes are to strengthen Christians in the faith. We are going to be studying the Word of God together and we believe that your life will be forever changed as a result. We will be laying a doctrinal foundation for Christian growth and maturity. The things we will be dealing with are essential to the Christian faith.
Whatever God says in His Word is right, whether it has to do with Marriage, the home, or business; His Word is right. Now whatever your final authority is in life, that is your god. People many times have good ideas, but what is really important is: What does God say? Because God is never wrong. On any given subject, whatever your final authority is, that is your god on the subject.
As Christians, the Bible must be our final authority on everything. It is our rule and guide for living. God gives instructions concerning all areas of our life. This is God's revelation to man. This is God's will revealed to us.
The word Bible means book. It contains sixty-six separate books of various literary forms, such as letter, history, narrative, epic poetry, song lyrics, and apocalypse, but all with one theme. God compiled this book over a period of 1500 years, from 1400 B.C. to A. D. 100. Its forty authors included shepherds, fishermen, warriors, priests, prophets, kings, a physician, a scholar, and a cupbearer. Such a diverse literature of truth affecting every generation of every culture, nation and tribe could only be put together by the hand of God.
LESSON OUTLINE. Class One: The Authority of the Bible & the Doctrine of the Trinity
"All Scripture is God breathed, and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness, so that the man of God may be thoroughly equipped for every good work" (2 Timothy 3:16-17)
A. The Bible is inspired by God.
1. The words of the Bible, in both Old and New Testaments, come from God.
(2 Peter 1:20-21)
"Knowing this first, that no prophecy of the scripture is of any private interpretations. For the prophecy came not in old time by with will of man: but holy men of God spake as they were moved by the Holy Ghost."
2. The Bible is true because it comes from God
(Psalms 19:8)
"The statutes of the Lord are right, rejoicing the heart: the commandment of the Lord is pure, enlightening the eyes."
B. The Bible is our rule and guide for living.
1. It is the owner's manual on how to live and enjoy life.
2. In the words to Timothy above, Paul says that the Bible is useful.
3. Because the Bible is God's Word, it must be our highest authority on all subjects.
C. The Bible is a book of God's thoughts
(Isaiah 55:7-11)
"Let the wicked forsake his way, and the unrighteous man his thoughts: and let him return unto the Lord, and he will have mercy upon him; and to our God, for he will abundantly pardon. For my thoughts are not your thoughts, neither are your ways my ways, saith the Lord. For as the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my ways higher than your ways, and my thoughts than your thoughts. For as the rain cometh down, and the snow from heaven, and returneth not thither, but watereth the earth, and maketh it bright forth and bud, that it may give seed to the sower, and bread to the eater: So shall my word be that goeth forth out of my mouth: it shall not return unto me void, but it shall accomplish that which I please, and I shall prosper in the thing whereto I sent it."
1. God and His Word are one.
(John 1:1).
In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.
2. God does not change, nor does His Word.
(1 Peter 1:24-25)
"For all flesh is as grass, and all the glory of man as the flower of grass. The grass withereth, and the flower thereof falleth away:But the word of the Lord endureth for ever. And this is the word which by the gospel is preached unto you."
(Psalms 33:10-11)
"The Lord bringeth the counsel of the heathen to nought: he taketh the devices of the people of none effect. The counsel of the Lord standers for ever, the thoughts of his heart to all generations."
3. The Scripture, as God's written Word, is perfect.
(Psalms 12:6).
The words of the Lord are pure words: as silver tried in a furnace of earth, purified seven times.
4. God's Word offers solutions for all of life's problems.
D. God's Word has Power.
1. It causes spiritual growth.
(1 Peter 2:2)
As newborn babes, desire the sincere milk of the word, that ye may grow thereby:
2. It makes us disciples of Jesus and makes us free when we know it.
(John 8:31-32)
Then said Jesus to those Jews which believed on him, If ye continues in my word, then are ye my disciples indeed; And ye shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free.
3. It produces faith.
(Romans 10:17)
"So then faith cometh by hearing and hearing by the Word of God."
4. It changes our thinking and causes a transformation in our lives.
(Romans 12:1-2)
I beseech you therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, that ye present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable unto God, which is your reasonable service. And be not conformed to this world: but be ye transformed by the renewing of your mind, that ye may prove what is that good, and acceptable and perfect will of God.
E. God's Word supplies everything we need for spiritual life and development as a Christian.
(Matthew 4:4).
But he answered and said, It is written, Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceedeth out of the mouth of God.
1. God's Word contains promisees for everything we need.
(2 Peter 1:3-4)
According as his divine power hath give unto us all things that pertain unto life and godliness, thought the knowledge of him that hath called us to glory and virtue:Whereby are given unto us exceeding great and precious promises: that by these ye might be partakers of the divine nature having escaped the corruption that is in the word through lust.
2. God speaks to us through His word. He also works in our hearts and minds through His Word.
(1 Thessalonians 2:13)
For this cause also thank we God without ceasing, because, when ye received the word of God which ye heard of us, ye received it not as the word of men, but as it is in truth, the word of God, which effectually worketh also in you that believe.
A. Christians believe in one God.
1. "Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God, the Lord is one"
(Deuteronomy 6:4);
see also;
(Isaiah 43:10-11; 44:8)
Ye are my witnesses, saith the Lord, and my servant whom I have chosen: that ye may know and believe me, and understand that I am he: before me there was no God formed, neither shall there be after me. Even I, am the Lord: and beside me there in no savior.
2. The Bible declares that there is one true God. All other gods and idols are deceptions of Satan.
B. The one God expresses himself in three distinct persons.
1. At the time of creation God said "Let us…"
(Genesis 1:26)
And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness; and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth.
2. God refers to Himself in the plural at other times.
(Genesis 11:6-7)
And the Lord said, Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language, and his they begin to do: and now nothing will be restrained from them, which they have imagined to do. Go to, let us go down, and there confound their language, that they may not understand one another's speech.
(Isaiah 6:8).
3. The Trinity includes;
(Matthew 28:19)
Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son and of the Holy Ghost:
a. God the Father
b. God the Son
c. God the Holy Spirit
4. When Jesus was baptized, the Holy Spirit descended on him in bodily form like a dove. At the same time, a voice came from heaven saying:
(Luke 3:22).
"You are my Son, whom I love; with you I am well pleased."
* At this moment, all three personalities were present and distinct.
(2 Corinthians 13:14).NLT
The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ, and the love of God, and the communion of the Holy Ghost, be with you all. Amen.
C. The Bible refers to each of the three as God.
1. Jesus is called God;
(John 1:1, 14; 14:6-11)
In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.
And the Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us, (and we beheld he's glory, the glory as of the only begotten of the Father,) full of grace and truth.
(Isaiah 9:6)
For unto us a child is born, unto us a son is given: and the government shall be upon his shoulder: and his name shall be called Wonderful, Counsellor, The might God, The everlasting Father, The Prince of Peace.
2. The Holy Spirit is called God.
(Acts 5:3-4)
But Peter said, Ananias, why hath Satan filled thine heart to lie to the Holy Ghost, and to keep back part of the price of the land? Whiles it remained, was it not thine own? And after it was sold, was it not in thine own power? Why hast thou conceived this thing in thine heart? Thou hast not lied unto men, but unto God.
Three distinct personalities and roles constitute one Godhead.
* The Bible affirms this teaching without explaining the details the reasons.
1. According to the following verses, how can God's Word help you grow spiritually?
a. Ephesians 6:11,17
b. 1 Peter 2:2; Hebrews 5:12-14
c. Psalms 119:105, 130
d. James 1:23-25
2. What does each of the following Scriptures tell us about Jesus' equality with God?
a. Matthew 1:20-23
b. John 1:1-5, 14
c. Philippians 2:5-11
3. Pray for each other. Thank God for His Word. Ask Him to help each of you grow in godly wisdom through His Word.
1. Memorize 2 Timothy 3:16-17
2. What did the Old Testament writers believe about God and His Word?
a. Numbers 23:19; Psalms 33:4
b. Deuteronomy 4:2-8
c. Proverbs 30:5-6
3. What did Jesus believe about His own teaching and the later teaching of His disciples, through the Holy Spirit?
a. John 8:25-30
b. John 16:13-15
4. What did the NewTestament writers believe about God, His Word, and their own writings?
a. Titus 1:2
b. Revelation 22:18-19
c. Romans 15:14
5. In your own words, write a personals statement expressing what you believe about the Bible's authority.
The Francoies share their love of God and they pray you are blessed by their delivery of God's Word.
Copyright © 2018 Christ Visions International Ministry - All Rights Reserved.
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Written by jacko
20 Jan 2012
- 12 Comments
1 Like
- 5738 Views
5 minute read
I remember in a cinema in Cardiff you had to go downstairs where there was a urinal to fit two and one toilet, as it was a sex film I went down for a wank and being 18 at the time didn't know about what happened in there so i'd had my piss and started wanking when out of the blue this guy about 60/65 was standing there watching me ,at first I wanted to put It away but you just don't do you?
Anyway he stood beside me and pulled out what was to me a fucking massive prick about 9/10ins long I just stood there staring at it he then got on his knee's and started to suck me before I could come he lead me to the toilet and closed the door, he sat me on the toilet and stood in front of me offering me his prick to suck which at first I did not want to he then spoke for the first time and said try it and if I did not like it it was not a problem.
I remember that my stomach was in knot's I was so excited I caught hold of it and strangely it felt nice but hard then he talked me through it of how to use a lot of spit and suck and wank him and play with his balls, It took a couple of minutes but then I could feel his cock throb he pulled out he said he was ready to cum don't ask me why but I wanted to taste it I wanted all his spunk down my throat.
He asked me are you sure I said yes I don't know what was happening but after the taste of his cock and pre-cum I just had to taste it, so he put it back in and I sucked until he came and by fuck did he cum I thought he was gonna choke me.
When I had finished he swapped places with me and suck me till I came then we went back upstairs and sat together watching the film.I'm sorry but it didn't finish there, well as you can imagine in a cinema where it was mostly men I would say all of them were gay or bi and to have a man of 60 plus sitting next to a 18yr old drew attention and while me and this guy were playing with each other three guys moved seats and were sitting near us and when I looked up all three had their cocks out wanking but they weren't watching the film.
To be honest I felt great cause they were watching me all three were in their late 40s 50s them one of them sat in the seat next to me and started rubbing my leg and the guy I was first with took his hand off my cock and the other guy grabbed it and started wanking me.At this point the first guy whispered to me first of all telling me his first name which was Trevor and asked was I ready to go back downstairs to which I said yes,when I started to get dressed the three guy's looked as if I had taken their toys but when we got up and walked towards the toilet all three got up and followed.
Downstairs was amazing to watch 4 cocks being wanked all different Trev had the big one 2 medium 1 smallish bout 5inch then out if the blue I thought I want to suck them all and when I asked they all readily said yes and queued I had small cock first cause he looked ready to bust and I was right just over a minute he came the other two took longer but lots of cum then Trev I think he could have gone all night he wasn't gonna cum.
Then Trev asked do you want to be fucked now that this I wasn't sure we were there for another 10 mins or so wanking sucking while I was thinking it over,then Trev said I'll tell you what It's hurts a bit at first then it gets a lot better and If I want to start off with the little guy.Well after a while I said ok and one of the guys had some gel or oil or something and Trev put some on my arse and said that he was just gonna put his finger up I said ok, at first I held my hole tight closed and they laughed cause he could't get his finger in then he told me I had to relax and I did and what a shock to feel that finger up my arse, when I got used to something up there it wasn't so bad then small guy came over and he put it at the hole and fiddled for a bit and then plop he was in and by fuck i'm sure he got harder as fucked me and yet again true to form he had cum and finished, the next to be honest got in so quick and it was so different having a proper cock inside god you can tell the difference but sadly he didn't last long, the third guy now he was good he touched spots the other didn't and somehow wanked me the same time and I came just before him.
Other than a bit of wanking between each other that was it, but as far as Trevor's concerned he lived alone and we went home to his house, I saw him now and again for a few years and fucked a lot but sadly he died about 5 years later and it wasn't long after that they turned the cinema into a fucking coffee shop.
Well that it please excuse the grammar and I hope it hasn't bored you...............


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Cheap and Easy Crafts for Kids: 9 Recycled Crafts
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Priceless Candle Holders
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Who knew you could make art from price tag stickers? These Priceless Candle Holders are a great way to make holiday kids crafts, gifts kids can make, and embellishments for all manner of exciting kids craft ideas with bright stickers. These homemade candle holders are priceless!
Time to CompleteUnder 30 minutes
MaterialsRecycled Crafts, Mixed Media/Miscellaneous
Age GroupToddlers, Preschool & Kindergarten, Elementary School, Pre-Teens, Teens
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|Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks
Tang's campaign against Eastern Turks in 629 - 630
|Tang Dynasty
|Eastern Turkic Khaganate
|Commanders and leaders
Li Jing
Li Shiji
Xue Wanche
Chai Shao
Wei Xiaojie
Li Daozong
Su Dingfang
|Jieli Khan (Ashina Duobi) (POW)
Emperor Taizong of Tang (r. 626-649), the second emperor of Chinese Tang Dynasty, faced a major threat from Tang's northern neighbor, the Eastern Turkic Khaganate. Early in Emperor Taizong's reign, he placated the Eastern Turkic Khaganate's Illig Qaghan (also called Jieli Khan and Ashina Duobi), while preparing for several years for a major offensive against the Eastern Turkic (including forming an alliance with the Eastern Turkic Khaganate's restless vassal Xueyantuo, which was ready to throw off the Eastern Turkic yoke). He launched the offensive in winter 629, with the major general Li Jing in command, and in 630, after Li Jing captured Ashina Duobi, the Eastern Turkic Khaganate was destroyed. Subsequently, control of the territory north of Tang largely fell to Xueyantuo, and Emperor Taizong initially tried to settle many the Eastern Turkic people within Tang borders. Eventually, after an incident where he was nearly assassinated by a member of the Eastern Turkic royal house, Ashina Jiesheshuai, he tried to resettle the Eastern Turkic people north of the Great Wall and south of the Gobi Desert, to serve as a buffer between Tang and Xueyantuo, creating a loyal Eastern Turkic Khaganate's prince Ashina Simo as the Qilibi Khan, but Ashina Simo's reign collapsed around new year 645 due to dissent within and pressure from Xueyantuo without, and Tang would not attempt to recreate the Eastern Turkic Khaganate any further (although remnant tribes rose later, and during the reign of Emperor Taizong's son Emperor Gaozong, Eastern Turkic was reestablished under Ashina Gudulu, as a hostile power against Tang).
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✪ Battle of Talas 751 - Abbasid - Tang War DOCUMENTARY
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✪ Roman–Sasanian Wars
This video was suggested and sponsored by our patreon supporter Fahad Al Mandil Supporting us on patreon is the best way to propose and sponsor a new video Both the Muslim Abbasid Caliphate and the Chinese Tang Dynasty had been expanding their territories towards central asia and their growth finally culminated at the Battle of Talas in 751 This conflict is relatively unknown and its initial results changed very little in the region However the ripples created by this battle would have a number of implications in later centuries and influence the history of the world The Tang Dynasty came to power in China in 618 and started its expansion towards the west By 6:30 the territory of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate was incorporated into the Tang domain and by 657 the Western Turkic Khaganate was decisively defeated Despite the rivalry with be tibetan empire to the south and the second Turkic Khaganate to the north by 715 the Tang Empire became the biggest chinese state since the Han and gained vast influence in Central Asia with many of the smaller states in the region becoming its vassal To the west the Muslim Caliphate managed to defeat both the eastern Roman and the Sassanid empires in the middle of the seventh century and established a vast empire of its own a new Umayyad dynasty controlled territory from Spain to Central Asia and from Arabia to the Caucasus The Caliphate fought a number of local wars against the turkic tribes of Central Asia and by 715 controlled most of transoxiana The two great empires now shared control of the Silk Road a conflict became inevitable The details of the initial clashes are not clear, but we know that the first conflict have heard in the Fergana Valley in 715 And despite Tibetan assistance the Muslims were defeated The same thing happened two years later when the Chinese sent an army of Karluk mercenaries who beat the Arabs and Tibetans Umayyad expansion was also curbed by revolts a number of them failed but finally in 750 a Rebellion led by As-Saffah defeated the Umayyads and the new Abbasid dynasty came to power It seems that the Chinese knew about the internal strife within the Caliphate and attempted to use it to subdue Central Asia in 747 the local Chinese Commander Gao Xiangshi started a campaign against the city-state of gilgit which was allied to the Tibetan Empire His victory in this campaign was Swift He was appointed the governor of the region and forced many petty kingdoms to become town vassals The local states of Fergana and Tashkent were feuding during that period the former asked for the Chinese to help and in the spring of 750 Gao attacked and captured Tashkent the Princes of Tashkent had no other choice, but to cool upon the Arabs The local Muslim force led by Ziad ibn Said left, Samarkand and started marching along the Talas River Gao was slowly retreating to unite with his Karluk allies the two armies finally met in the second half of 751 somewhere along the modern-day border of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan The numbers of participants in the battle are recorded very differently across the Arabic and Chinese sources The former claim that both sides had around 100,000 troops while the latter insists there were about 200,000 Caliphate troops and 30,000 to town warriors However the flow of battle suggests that there was parity between both sides And as the battle took place on the edges of the two empires hundreds of kilometers away from their respective centers with very little prior preparation It is conceivable that both sides had between thirty and fifty thousand Ziad ibn Said's army consisted of Arabic troops with added Contingents from the tibetan empire and the Turkic Turkish Khaganate Gao's forces were predominantly from China with an infusion of local Allied troops from Fergana The sources are not clear on whether the Karluk Turks were with Gao from the beginning of the battle Or didn't join his army at all The Chinese army was more infantry heavy while their counterparts had an equal number of cavalry and infantry units There are two central depictions of the battle and we will present both of them according to the first see a dip and Sally deployed his troops in a standard formation a Line of archers in front and spearmen behind them heavy cavalry in the rear with his guard and the light cavalry in reserve Gao similarly had his crossbowmen and archers in front with his spearmen in the second line his guard and the Fergana Contingent in the third with Karluk turks on his extreme flanks The first three days of the battle were nearly identical The Chinese troops attacked across the front and their archers got the better of their counterparts dealing substantial damage to the enemy missile units The Arab archers had to retreat behind their spearmen and the infantry lines collided as Gao's spearmen had better armor they managed to push the foe back The Muslim general attempted to alleviate the pressure on his infantry by sending his heavy cavalry to attack the lighter column cavalry on the Chinese flanks this attack failed to outflank Gao's units, but the Chinese general had to move his reserves into the fray a similar sequence of events happened on the second and third days but on the fourth day the Karluk turks betrayed the Chinese and attacks their infantry from the flanks while the Arab army made a frontal charge Gao's army collapsed between 10 and 20 thousand Arabs died in this battle while the Chinese Probably lost close to 30,000 The second account of the battle is very different The Chinese and Muslim forces did not dare to attack each other for four straight days While a third army a smaller Karluk force stayed beyond the Talas River not joining either side On the morning of the fifth day the Karluk attacks the Chinese army from the left flank and the Muslim forces Entered the battle and attacked them from the front It is not clear if the Karluks and Arabs planned this but in any case The Chinese army was broken and only a few thousand of the troops close to Gao were able to escape The Tang sends new armies to the area and contained Arabian expansion, but in 755 a great rebellion started in China and the troops operating in Central Asia had to return home The Abbasids also failed to establish stable control over these lands and Turkic influence continued to rise The Battle of Talas had a number of implications the influence of Buddhism in the region was on the decline after it and as China and India were no longer connected by Al and differences between the two branches of Buddhism in these countries became more prominent throughout the centuries Meanwhile the Turks started adopting Islam And that set up the Seljuk conquests in the Middle East the Crusades the fall of Byzantium and the rise of the Ottoman Empire and most importantly of all papermaking technology Which was previously kept secret by the Chinese states was stolen by the abbasids and found its way to the Middle East and Europe Thank you for watching our documentary on the Battle of Talas We would like to express our gratitude to our patreon supporters who make the creation of these videos possible Patreon is the best way to suggest a new video learn about our schedule and so much more This is the kings and Generals Channel, and we will catch you on the next one
- 1 Background
- 2 Détente early in Emperor Taizong's reign
- 3 Defeat of the Eastern Turks
- 4 Aftermath in Mongolia
- 5 See also
- 6 References
The Eastern Turkic Khaganate, which had been a vassal to Tang Dynasty's predecessor Sui Dynasty, had turned against Sui during the reign of Emperor Yang of Sui (r. 604-618) and subsequently, during Sui's breakup late in Emperor Yang's reign, had intervened in the process by supporting various claimants to the imperial title—including Tang's founder Emperor Gaozu, Xue Ju the Emperor of Qin, Liang Shidu the Emperor of Liang, Liu Wuzhou the Dingyang Khan, Gao Kaidao the Prince of Yan, Dou Jiande the Prince of Xia, and Liu Heita the Prince of Handong—playing them off against each other to try to make them subservient to the Eastern Turkic Khaganate. In 623, Liu Heita, the last major challenger to Tang rule, was captured and killed by Emperor Gaozu's crown prince Li Jiancheng, marking the reunification of China under Tang rule. The Eastern Turkic Khaganate, to which Emperor Gaozu still paid allegiance and tributes, began a campaign of routine pillaging incursions into Tang territory, effectively asserting authority over Tang territory in that manner, while continuing to protect Liang, who remained as the sole Chinese claimant of imperial authority against Tang, and also fostering the aspirations of Emperor Yang's young grandson Yang Zhengdao (楊政道), who was in the khaganate with his grandmother Empress Xiao and carried the title of Prince of Sui. The Turkic incursions were causing so many problems for the Tang that Emperor Gaozu considered burning the capital Chang'an to the ground and moving his seat to the modern southwestern Henan region, a proposal that was supported by Li Jiancheng, another son, Li Yuanji the Prince of Qi, and the chancellor Pei Ji, but vehemently opposed by Gaozu's son Li Shimin, the Prince of Qin. Due to Li Shimin's opposition (and guarantee that eventually he would be able to defeat the Eastern Turks), Emperor Gaozu abandoned the proposal.
In 626, Li Shimin, who had been locked in an intense rivalry with Li Jiancheng, ambushed and killed both Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji (who supported Li Jiancheng) at Xuanwu Gate, and then effectively forced Emperor Gaozu to first make him crown prince and then abdicate in his favour. Li shimin took the throne as Emperor Taizong. Less than a month later, the Turkic ruler Illig Qaghan (Ashina Duobi) and his nephew, the subordinate Tölis Qaghan (Tuli Qaghan, Ashina Shibobi, 阿史那什鉢苾), made a major incursion into Tang territory, this time advancing all the way to Chang'an, shocking the Tang officials. Emperor Taizong was forced to personally meet with them at the Wei River Bridge outside the Chang'an, give them and major Eastern Turkic officials gifts, and promise further tributes. Only after he did so did Ashina Duobi and Ashina Shibobi withdraw (渭水之盟).
Détente early in Emperor Taizong's reign
For the next several years, there was relative peace between Tang and the Eastern Turkic Khaganate. Meanwhile, it was said that Ashina Duobi's governance was deteriorating—as the Eastern Turkic Khaganate's laws had been lax and simple, but Ashina Duobi entrusted much government function to the Chinese man Zhao Deyan (趙德言), who abused his power and instituted complicated regulations, causing the people to be alienated. Moreover, it was said that Ashina Duobi trusted the ethnic Xiongnu (?[3]) rather than his own Turkic people, leading to a number of rebellions that Ashina Duobi had to suppress. By 627, Emperor Taizong, hearing this, was contemplating attacking the Eastern Turkic Khaganate, and he consulted the chancellor Xiao Yu and his brother-in-law Zhangsun Wuji. Xiao advocated attacking, but Zhangsun, pointing out that the Eastern Turkic Khaganate had not attacked and therefore there was no good reason to break the peace, opposed, and Emperor Taizong did not attack the Eastern Turkic Khaganate.
At the same time, however, Xueyantuo, which had been a vassal of both the Eastern Turkic Khaganate and the Western Turkic Khaganate at times, was beginning to strengthen, as was another vassal of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate, Uyghurs, and Ashina Duobi was unable to defeat or contain them. Ashina Duobi's relationship with Ashina Shibobi was also deteriorating—as he had put the eastern part of the state under Ashina Shibobi's responsibility and blamed Ashina Shibobi for the gradual peeling away by the vassals Khitan and Xi tribes to the east. Further, when he sent Ashina Shibobi against Xueyantuo and Uyghurs, Ashina Shibobi was unable to prevail over them. Ashina Duobi put Ashina Shibobi under arrest for a number of days before releasing him, and once Ashina Shibobi returned to his troops, he refused to follow Ashina Duobi's orders any more, drawing an attack from Ashina Duobi in 628. Emperor Taizong, who had sworn to be a blood brother of Ashina Shibobi on a prior occasion, agreed to launch troops to protect Ashina Shibobi—and at the same time, was using the opportunity to attack Liang Shidu, who by this point was still under the Eastern Turkic Khaganate's protection. With much internal troubles, Ashina Duobi was unable to aid Liang, and later in 628, with Emperor Taizong's brother-in-law Chai Shao (柴紹) sieging Liang's capital Shuofang (朔方, in modern Yulin, Shaanxi), Liang Shidu's cousin Liang Luoren (梁洛仁) assassinated Liang Shidu and surrendered, ending the final rival claim to Emperor Taizong's for China's imperial throne. Around the same time, the Xueyantuo tribes had coalesced around the leadership of a chieftain, Yi'nan, although Yi'nan initially declined the offer of the title of khan. When Emperor Taizong heard this, however, he sent the general Qiao Shiwang (喬師望) to Xueyantuo to create Yi'nan Zhenzhupiqie Khan (or Zhenzhu Khan for short), creating an alliance with Xueyantuo. When Ashina Duobi heard this, he sought long-term peace in forms of a marriage to a Tang princess, which Emperor Taizong did not answer. Instead, he prepared for a major assault on the Eastern Turkic Khaganate, with the major general Li Jing commanding and with the general Zhang Gongjin (張公謹) assisting Li Jing.
Another source says that Illig Qaghan's (Ashina Duobi's) problems were caused by two unusually cold winters that led to mass livestock deaths and famine. Illig responded by raising taxes rather than lowering them which provoked opposition.[4]
Defeat of the Eastern Turks
Li Jing commanded the main prong of the attacks against the Eastern Turkic Khaganate, with the generals Li Shiji, Xue Wanche (薛萬徹), Wei Xiaojie, Li Daozong and Chai Shao commanding the other prongs, but with Li Jing in overall command. Bauer describes this as six separate cavalry formations along a 1200 km front. In spring 630, Li Jing's forces, surprising Ashina Duobi's, captured the Wuyang Range outside the Dingxiang (定襄, in modern Hohhot, Inner Mongolia), approaching Ashina Duobi's court. He then sent spies to Ashina Duobi's camp and persuaded a number of Ashian Duobi's close associates, including Kangsumi (康蘇密), to surrender (along with Sui's Empress Xiao and her grandson Yang Zhengdao). Ashina Duobi withdrew to the Yin Mountains and offered to submit to Tang—but while he was negotiating with the Tang envoy Tang Jian (唐儉), whom Emperor Taizong sent to negotiate with him, he was considering withdrawing further, north of the Gobi Desert. Li Jing and Li Shiji, believing that Ashina Duobi was merely stalling for time, joined their forces and their vanguard, Su Dingfang, attacked Ashina Duobi's tent, defeating him and killing his wife (Sui Dynasty's Princess Yicheng). Ashina Duobi fled further to his subordinate khan Ashina Sunishi (阿史那蘇尼失), but was soon captured by the Tang generals Li Daozong and Zhang Baoxiang (張寶相) and delivered to Chang'an. Turkic nobles largely surrendered to Tang, while the Turkic Khaganate's people scattered in three directions—either surrendering to Tang, surrendering to Xueyantuo, or fleeing west to the Western Turkic Khaganate and the nearby kingdoms such as Qocho, Kucha and Tuyuhun.
Aftermath in Mongolia
Initial attempt to settle Eastern Turkic Khaganate's people within the Tang state
Emperor Taizong requested opinions from his officials as to what to do with the Eastern Turkic Khaganate's people, and it was said that the majority opinion was to move them to the modern Shandong and Henan region and scatter them within Tang prefectures to sinicize them, making them unable to reorganize. However, there were several officials who held differing opinions whose opinions were recorded in historical records:
- Yan Shigu opined that the Eastern Turkic people should continue to be settled north of the Yellow River, remaining in tribal form, as vassals.
- Li Baiyao proposed that the Eastern Turkic Khaganate's people remain north of the Yellow River but be scattered, with a member of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate's Ashina clan serving as khan, but only over the Ashina, while other tribes within the Eastern Turkic Khaganate's people be given their own chieftains, with positions equivalent to the Ashina khan; he also opined that a protector general be placed at Dingxiang to govern over them.
- Dou Jing (竇靜) opined that the Eastern Turkic Khaganate's chieftains and people should be scattered, and that daughters of imperial clan members be given to the chieftains as wives, to better control them as vassals.
Two key opinions, given by two chancellors, emerged from the discussion:
- Wen Yanbo opined that the Eastern Turkic Khaganate's people should be settled in the northern prefectures within Tang borders, remaining in tribal form, on lands that were currently not settled.
- Wei Zheng opined that the Eastern Turkic Khaganate's people should be outside of Tang boundaries on their own lands.
Emperor Taizong eventually accepted Wen's opinions, establishing four nominal prefectures over Ashina Shibobi's people and six nominal prefectures over Ashina Duobi's people, with two commandants governing over the people. Ashina Sunishi and another Eastern Turkic Khaganate's prince, Ashina Simo (who, in particular, was given the Tang imperial surname Li and therefore also known as Li Simo), were created princes, and a large number of other chieftains were given general ranks; they were settled in or near Chang'an. Emperor Taizong also gave the Eastern Turkic Khaganate's people who possessed Han people as slaves ransoms and had them return those Han slaves to Tang. Also thereafter, Emperor Taizong often requisitioned Turkic cavalry soldiers to supplement regular Tang troops on various campaigns, such as the 634 campaign against Tuyuhun.
Meanwhile, Xueyantuo largely took over Eastern Turkic Khaganate's former territory, with most of Eastern Turkic Khaganate's former vassals submitting to it. Yi'nan remained nominally submissive to Tang, remaining formally respectful to Emperor Taizong, while at the same time trying to affirm Xueyantuo's control over the region. Former Eastern Turkic Khaganate's vassals Khitan, Xí (霫), and Xĩ tribes directly submitted to Tang, as did the city kingdom of Yiwu (伊吾).
Brief attempt to recreate Eastern Turkic Khaganate under Ashina Simo
In 639, a conspiracy to assassinate Emperor Taizong came into shape, led by Ashina Shibobi's brother Ashina Jiesheshuai. Ashina Jiesheshuai was said to live immorally and corruptly, and when Ashina Shibobi rebuked him, he resented Ashina Shibobi and falsely accused Ashina Shibobi of treason. Emperor Taizong, because the false accusation, disliked Ashina Jiesheshuai and long refused to promote him. Ashina Jiesheshuai therefore formed a conspiracy with 40-some of his former subordinates and Ashina Shibobi's son Ashina Hexian'gu (阿史那賀暹鶻), and on May 19, 639,[5] they hid around outside Emperor Taizong's palace, intending to charge into the palace when the palace gates would be opened to allow Emperor Taizong's son Li Zhi the Prince of Jin to exit in the morning at dawn. However, the wind was high that morning, and Li Zhi did not exit the palace early; as Ashina Jiesheshuai was concerned about being discovered after dawn, he started attacking the palace gates anyway. His men killed some tens of imperial guards, but could not progress against the resistance of the imperial guard commander Sun Wukai (孫武開). Ashina Jiesheshuai eventually took imperial guards' horses and fled, attempting to flee north. He and his followers were captured and executed, except for Ashina Hexian'gu, who was exiled.
After Ashina Jiesheshuai's assassination attempt, Emperor Taizong, with voices coming from a number of officials, decided that it was not advisable to keep the Turkic people within the borders. On August 13, 639,[6] he created Ashina Simo as the Yiminishuqilibi Khan (or Qilibi Khan for short) and ordered the settled Turkic and Xiongnu people to follow Ashina Simo north of the Yellow River to settle between the Great Wall and the Gobi Desert. The Turkic Khaganate's people, fearful of Xueyantuo, initially refused. Emperor Taizong thereafter issued an edict to Yi'nan, delivered by his official Guo Siben (郭嗣本), stating:
After Jiali Khan was defeated, his tribes all surrendered to me. I forgave their errors and approved of their turning to goodness, treating their officials as my old subordinates and their people as my people. China values respect and righteouness and does not seek to destroy others. I defeated the Eastern Turkic Khaganate to prevent Illig Qaghan from harming the people. I did not covet his land or want to seize his livestock and people, and I long wanted to consider selecting a new khan for them. That is why I settled their people south of the Yellow River to let them graze. Since I agreed to select a khan for them, I should not turn back on my own words. After the fall, I will send the Turkic Khaganate north of the Yellow River to their old territory to rebuild themselves. The khan of Xueyantuo was created first, and the khan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate is created second; the khan created first is greater than the khan created second. You will live north of the Gobi, and he will live south of the Gobi. You should both defend your own territory and comfort your own people. If you exceed your boundaries and attack each other, I will send troops to punish you both.
Yi'nan, while unhappy with Eastern Turkic Khaganate's reestablishment, indicated that he would submit. The Turkic people were thus willing to follow Ashina Simo north of the Yellow River, and the Eastern Turkic Khaganate was reestablished as a Tang vassal. Emperor Taizong also created the princes Ashina Zhong (阿史那忠, Ashina Sunishi's son) and Ashina Nishou (阿史那泥熟) as assistants for Ashina Simo—although, perhaps foreshadowing what would eventually happen, Ashina Zhong was said to miss life in Chang'an so much that each time imperial emissaries were sent to the Eastern Turkic Khaganate, he begged them to intercede to allow him to return to Chang'an, a request that Emperor Taizong eventually approved. In spring 640, Emperor Taizong established a general post near the Eastern Turkic Khaganate to help defend it.
In spring 641, Ashina Simo's people finally crossed the Yellow River, and he established his headquarters at Dingxiang. He was said to have 30,000 households, 40,000 troops, and 90,000 warhorses. He submitted a petition to Emperor Taizong, stating:
I have received blessings that I did not deserve, and I lead this tribe as its chief. I hope that for generations, we will continue to serve as a watchdog outside the empire's north door, guarding it. But we are still currently weak, and if Xueyantuo should attack us, we might not be able to stand. If that happens, I request permission to withdraw within the Great Wall.
Emperor Taizong agreed. In winter 641, indeed, with Yi'nan anticipating that Emperor Taizong would soon be offering sacrifices to heaven and earth at Mount Tai and would take his soldiers with him, he believed that he could destroy Ashina Simo quickly. He therefore had his son Dadu (大度) to head Xueyantuo troops, along with conscripted troops from vassal tribes Tiele, Bayegu, Tongluo (同羅), Pugu (僕骨), Uyghurs, Mohe, and Xí, launch a major attack on the Eastern Turkic Khaganate. Ashina Simo could not resist the attack, and withdrew within the Great Wall to Shuo Prefecture (朔州, roughly modern Shuozhou, Shanxi) and sought emergency aid. Emperor Taizong sent the generals Zhang Jian (張儉), Li Shiji, Li Daliang, Zhang Shigui (張士貴), and Li Xiyu (李襲譽), to attack Xueyantuo to assist Ashina Simo, with Li Shiji in overall command. Around the new year 642, Li Shiji dealt a major defeat to Dadu, who fled after heavy casualties. Emperor Taizong, while sending an emissary to rebuke Yi'nan, did not take further actions from Xueyantuo at this point. It was said that Yi'nan continued to be unhappy with Eastern Turkic Khagante's existence, and continued to harass the Eastern Turkic Khaganate. (Yi'nan, however, tried to maintain peaceful relations with Tang, and at one point was engaged to marry Emperor Taizong's daughter Princess Xinxing, but Emperor Taizong regretted the marriage agreement and broke it in 643 under the pretense that Yi'nan's offer of bride price (with livestock) was not paid for on time.) When Emperor Taizong sent further emissaries to order Yi'nan from attacking the Eastern Turkic Khaganate, Yi'nan's response was:
How do I not dare to follow the emperor's edict? But the Turkic Khaganate's people are treacherous and should not be trusted. Before the destruction of their state, they invaded China each year and continued to kill thousands of people. I thought that, after the emperor defeated them, he would make them into slaves and reward them to the Chinese people, but instead the emperor raised them like his own sons and showed much grace to them. Despite this, Ashina Jiesheshuai rebelled. They look like humans, but have hearts like beasts, and should not be treated as humans. I have received much grace from the emperor, and I have nothing to repay him for. I am willing to kill the Turks for China.
Around the new year 645, Ashina Simo's people, apparently under the Xueyantuo pressure, collapsed and abandoned Ashina Simo. (At this time, Emperor Taizong was deep in his preparation to attack Goguryeo, and therefore, if Xueyantuo had attacked, might not have been able to protect the Eastern Turkic Khaganate.) They crossed the Yellow River south, seeking to be settled among Sheng (勝州, also in modern Hohhot, but south of the Yellow River) and Xiazhou (夏州, roughly modern Yulin) Prefectures. Despite officials' opposition, Emperor Taizong agreed, and did so. Ashina Simo, with his reconstituted state in shambles, also returned to China, and was again made a Tang general, ending Tang's attempt to recreate the Eastern Turkic Khaganate as a vassal.
Later campaign against Ashina Tuobo
Yi'nan remained formally submissive to Tang, but after Yi'nan's death in 645, Yi'nan's son and successor, the Duomi Khan Bazhuo, took a hostile stance against Tang, and Tang and Uyghurs forces subsequently destroyed Xueyantuo in 646.
Meanwhile, there had been a remnant Eastern Turkic Khaganate's prince, Ashina Hubo, who had not submitted to Xueyantuo previously and had settled to the north of Xueyantuo, and who by now was claiming the title of Yizhuchebi Khan (or Chebi Khan in short), who tried to reestablish the Eastern Turkic Khaganate as a power. In winter 647, Ashina Hubo sent his son Ashina Sabolo (阿史那沙鉢羅) to Tang to offer tributes, and he also offered to personally visit Emperor Taizong. Emperor Taizong sent the general Guo Guangjing (郭廣敬) to escort him, but Ashina Hubo had no actual intentions of departing for China and did not do so. In spring 649, Emperor Taizong responded by sending the general Gao Kan (高侃) north against Ashina Hubo, along with troops from Uyghurs and Pugu (僕骨) tribes. Emperor Taizong himself died in summer 649, during the pendency of the campaign, which eventually led to Gao's victory over Ashina Hubo, capturing him. In fall 650, Gao returned to Chang'an with Ashina Hubo, whom Emperor Taizong's son and successor Emperor Gaozong released and made a general, ending (for the time being) an attempt to rebuild the Eastern Turkic Khaganate.
See also
- Transition from Sui to Tang
- Emperor Taizong's campaign against Xueyantuo
- Tang campaigns against the Western Tujue
- Turks in the Tang military
- ^ Kenneth Scott Latourette (1934). The Chinese: their history and culture. Macmillan. p. 192.
- ^ Haywood, John; Jotischky, Andrew; McGlynn, Sean (1998). Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600-1492. Barnes & Noble. p. 3.20. ISBN 978-0-7607-1976-3.
- ^ Since the Xiongnu proper disappeared 400 years previously this must mean some non-Turkic subjects of the Khagangte.
- ^ Bauer, History of Central Asia, volume 2, p191
- ^ 兩千年中西曆轉換
- ^ 兩千年中西曆轉換
- Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197.
- Bo Yang Edition of the Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 44, 45, 46, 47.
- Bo Yang, Outlines of the History of the Chinese (中國人史綱), vol. 2, pp. 509–512.
- Old Book of Tang, vol. 194, part 1.[1]
- New Book of Tang, vol. 215, part 1.[2]


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History of The Mineral Spring Brewery & Guest House
The limestone brewery tucked in the hillside on the edge of Mineral Point, Wisconsin, was built by William Terrill sometime in 1850. The construction cost $4,000. A piece in the local paper from February 1851 says that the brewery building is for rent and " We hope the time comes when Mr. Terrill will find it to his advantage to occupy this building for some better purpose." William Terrill brewed beer for a short period of time and was succeeded by Jacob Roggy.
In 1854, Charles and Frederick Gillman purchased the brewery. In 1855, Jacob Spielmann was admitted as a partner. The firm name was Gillman Bros. & Co., the brewery was called "Wisconsin Brewery". In 1868, Jacob Spielmann disposed of his interest to the Gillman brothers. In 1874, Charles Gillman became the sole owner at which time the production was about 2,500 barrels a year. On May 23, 1878 the brewery was hit by a tornado. The brewery and five surrounding buildings were severely damaged. During the summer and fall the brewery was rebuilt with the most modern equipment. The "Tornado Brewery" had a new capacity of 6,000 barrel per year. It was regarded one of the leading brewing establishments of Iowa County. At the time it employed six workers and distributed beer in Iowa, LaFayette and Grant Counties.
A Little Background Information
The Mineral Spring Brewery aka Wisconsin Brewery pre-1878 tornado
In the fall of 1897, Ballo Breutting purchased the brewery. Some changes and enlargements came with his ownership. On April 24, 1902 while Ballo Breutting was attending entertainment at the Masonic lodge a fire broke out at the brewery. Much of the building was burned and the equipment was melted and warped in the fire. A large stash of beer was saved in the cellars. Ballo Breutting had an estimated $50,000 in the brewery and equipment. He had $13,000 insurance.
In March 1903, Otto Lieder and his brother-in-law, Frank Unterholzner bought the brewery. They rebuilt the burned brewery for $20,000. The new brewing capacity was 10,000 barrels a year. The brewery was named the "Mineral Spring Brewing Company". It was named for the spring that was used to make the beer, the spring still flows through the building today. Otto Lieder, the brewmaster got his brewing experience at the Ruhland Brewery in Baraboo where he worked for 21 years. Frank Unterholzner ran the 268-acre brewery farm where they grew what they needed for brewing the beer. The farm enabled them to continue producing beer during the war when there was rationing. It is said that larger brewing companies bought beer from Mineral Spring during this time, to sell as their own.
In 1921 Mineral Spring formed a corporation, "The Mineral Spring Products Company". Otto Lieder, Frank Unterholzner, Ray Lieder, Sr. and Milton Unterholzner headed it. From 1940 until 1957, Mary Lieder was president. Mary was Otto's wife and Frank's sister. In 1957 Ray Lieder Jr. was named President and Milton Unterholzner Vice President.
Gillman's Dam For Ice Pond on Brewery Creek Across from Brewery on Shakerag Street ca. 1880-1910
The Mineral Spring Brewery ca. 1881, post-1878 tornado, dubbed "Tornado Brewery"
Mineral Spring Brewery Horse-Drawn Beer Barrel Float in High Street Parade, Mineral Point
The Mineral Spring Brewery aka Wisconsin Brewery, post-1902 fire
On May 23, 1960, The Mineral Spring Brewery closed. They needed to either reinvest or stop brewing. With bigger brewing companies coming on strong and many small town breweries closing, closing was the choice they made. It was very hard on Mineral Point to have the brewery close. Before closing, most of the beer was sold within a 60-mile radius of Mineral Point. Six trucks delivered beer to Dubuque, Rockford, Kenosha, Racine and Madison. At the time of closing, the Board of Directors consisted of two Lieder daughters, Mrs. Stella Lieder-Simpson and Mrs. Cecelia Lieder-Leahy along with Dr. Lawrence Unterholzner. The officers were; President, Ray Lieder Jr.; Vice President Charles Bolan; Treasurer, Charles Esch and Secretary, Kenneth Ellery.
In a newspaper article about the closing, Ray Lieder, Sr. remembered delivering beer to Linden, Mifflin, Rewey, Dodgeville, Hollandale and Blanchardville with a horse drawn wagon. He started working at the brewery at age nine and retired as the brewmaster when he was 60. Once Bishop William P. O'Conner of the Catholic Diocese of Madison told of receiving a letter from a Chicago Bishop asking for the transfer of a young priest from "Mineral Spring parish". He wrote back "Mineral Spring is the beer and Mineral Point is the town."
The Mineral Spring Brewery, date unknown
Ray "Bud" Lieder, Jr. - 3rd generation Brewmaster early 1950's
Employees of The Mineral Spring Brewery including 2nd & 3rd generation Brewmasters Ray Lieder, Sr., and Ray "Bud" Lieder, Jr.
The Mineral Spring Brewery, ca. early-mid 1950's
The Mineral Spring Guest House, ca. 1971
In August, 1960, my parents bought the property at the front of the Mineral Spring Brewery site once used as the Brewmaster's residence, the corporate offices and, at times, production and bottling of beer following the 1878 tornado and 1902 fire. It remained my family's home until my Father's passing in June, 2013. Following several years renovating my family home, I am proud to pay tribute to the 110 year brewery history and welcome you to enjoy The Mineral Spring Guest House as my family and I have for so many years.
Welcome & Be My Guest at The Mineral Spring Guest House,
Rose Cenite
May, 2017


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Starting your own coaching business is always a risk. This is especially true when you already have a successful career that you can depend on, even when your true passion might not lie there.
Richard Thompson, while waiting for the Australian Supreme Court to rule on a case he was working on, found himself checking the latest results from IRONMAN Melbourne. That's when he knew that helping other athletes achieve their goals was the life he wanted to live.
Since then, Thompson has helped build the successful T-Zero Multisport and is now giving back to the coaching community that has given him so much. After speaking to fellow coaches at TrainingPeaks University Melbourne, Thompson sat down with Dave Schell to discuss how he found his "why", how T-Zero approaches hiring new coaches, and how viewing coaching as an "infinite game" has helped him see past short-term wins and ultimately benefit his athletes.