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3 Table of Contents Statement of National Policy 1 The Case for Women in Peace and Security 3 Women as Equal Participants in Conflict Resolution 3 Protections for Women During and After Conflict 6 Women and Conflict Prevention Efforts 8 Women s Equal Access to the Means for Recovery 9 Developing the National Action Plan 11 National Objectives and Action Framework 12 National Integration and Institutionalization 12 Participation in Peace Processes and Decision-making 14 Protection from Violence 16 Conflict Prevention 20 Access to Relief and Recovery 21 Coordination, Implementation, Monitoring, and Reporting 23 Partnerships and Collaboration 24 Call to Action 26 I
5 Statement of National Policy The goal of this National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security is as simple as it is profound: to empower half the world s population as equal partners in preventing conflict and building peace in countries threatened and affected by war, violence, and insecurity. Achieving this goal is critical to our national and global security. Deadly conflicts can be more effectively avoided, and peace can be best forged and sustained, when women become equal partners in all aspects of peace-building and conflict prevention, when their lives are protected, their experiences considered, and their voices heard. As directed by the Executive Order signed by President Obama entitled Instituting a National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security, this Plan describes the course the United States Government will take to accelerate, institutionalize, and better coordinate our efforts to advance women s inclusion in peace negotiations, peacebuilding activities, and conflict prevention; to protect women from sexual and gender-based violence; and to ensure equal access to relief and recovery assistance, in areas of conflict and insecurity. It is guided by the following five principles: First, the engagement and protection of women as agents of peace and stability will be central to the United States efforts to promote security, prevent, respond to, and resolve conflict, and rebuild societies. Second, by building on the goals for gender integration described in the United States National Security Strategy and the Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review, the United States efforts on Women, Peace, and Security will complement and enhance existing initiatives to advance gender equality and women s empowerment, ensure respect for human rights, and address the needs of vulnerable populations in crisis and conflict environments. The U.S. National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security builds upon the goals for gender integration described in the U.S. National Security Strategy and the 2010 Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review. Gender integration involves identifying and addressing, in all our policies and programs, gender differences and inequalities, as well as the roles of women and men. The goal of gender integration or mainstreaming is to promote gender equality and improve programming and policy outcomes. Third, in executing this policy, the United States will be guided by the principle of inclusion, seeking out the views and participation of a wide variety of stakeholders women and girls, men and boys, and members of marginalized groups, including youth, ethnic, racial or religious minorities, persons with disabilities, displaced persons and indigenous peoples, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) individuals, and people from all socioeconomic strata. Fourth, in order to maximize the impact of this Plan, the United States will ensure that activities in support of Women, Peace and Security are coordinated among all relevant departments and agencies 1
6 (agencies) of the government, integrated into relevant United States foreign policy initiatives, and enhanced by engagement with international partners. Finally, United States Government agencies will be accountable for the implementation of the policies and initiatives endorsed in this Plan. Above all, this National Action Plan expresses the United States unqualified commitment to integrating women s views and perspectives fully into our diplomatic, security, and development efforts not simply as beneficiaries, but as agents of peace, reconciliation, development, growth, and stability. We welcome this opportunity to work with our international partners to make the promise of this commitment real, to advance implementation of United Nations (UN) Security Council Resolution 1325, and to make significant progress toward the goal of sustainable peace and security for all. 2
7 The Case for Women in Peace and Security Women as Equal Participants in Conflict Resolution More than half of all peace agreements fail within the first 10 years of signature. In many countries, high levels of violence continue to afflict communities long after wars have officially ceased. Peace accords are too often negotiated only between the small number of armed combatants who originally fought the war groups whose experiences on the battlefield are not easily transferred to the difficult task of building peace. First Lady Michelle Obama and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton pose with awardees at the 2011 International Women of Courage award ceremony at the State Department. Photo Credit: State Department When included as meaningful participants, women enlarge the scope of agreements to include the broader set of critical societal priorities and needs required for lasting and just peace. In Northern Ireland, for example, women negotiators secured commitments in the 1998 Good Friday Agreement to involve young people and victims of violence in reconciliation; to accelerate the release and reintegration of political prisoners; and to ensure an integrated education system and integrated housing. In the 1990s, Guatemalan women involved in negotiations to end a 36-year civil war secured important protections for labor and indigenous rights as well as guarantees of a balance in civilian and military power. They also enshrined commitments to women s equal rights and participation in the peace accords. In post-apartheid South Africa, more than 70 organizations united under the Women s National Coalition to outline fundamental rights for women in the Women s Charter for Effective Equality. The charter directly resulted in a constitution that not only protects women s equal rights, but also contains many important rights that apply to all members of society: the right to education, the freedoms of religion and expression, and the right to security of person. In 2003, Liberian women acting largely outside of formal negotiations brought their demands into the streets and reinforced mediators efforts to secure a peace that would end that country s devastating civil war. Even when peace processes have failed to end conflict conclusively, women have positively influenced efforts to advance security and stability via negotiations. In 2006, Ugandan women involved in peace talks between the Ugandan government and representatives of the Lord s Resistance Army secured a compensation fund for victims of violence, including gender-based violence, and ensured that health and education for former combatants were addressed explicitly in negotiated protocols; although the accord was never implemented, women s priorities have been reflected in Northern Ugandan recovery efforts and women have continued to push for transparency in reconstruction. Darfurian women, who provided gender expertise to African Union-mediated talks in 2005, shined a spotlight on the need to provide protection for the vulnerable and displaced and highlighted a wide range of critical gender concerns related to land rights and physical security. These women inserted critical issues into the talks that negotiators had previously ignored. 3
8 Institutionalizing Our Commitment to Women as Agents of Positive Change As noted in the U.S. National Security Strategy, Experience shows that countries are more peaceful and prosperous when women are accorded full and equal rights and opportunity. In order to bring about the peace and prosperity we seek, the United States is promoting better understanding and integration of gender issues across all our agencies. The Department of State and U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) are implementing reforms initiated through the 2010 Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review (QDDR) related to support for women and girls abroad in the realms of policy development, budget planning, and personnel training. The new positions of the Department of State s Ambassador-at-Large for Global Women s Issues and USAID s Senior Coordinator for Gender Equality and Women s Empowerment ensure that women s rights and concerns remain at the core of U.S. foreign policy. USAID s policy framework highlights a commitment to gender equality and female empowerment as a key operational principle, while USAID s revised Policy on Gender Equality and Female Empowerment will institutionalize our commitment throughout U.S. development and humanitarian assistance activities. In all countries, including those affected by crisis and conflict, USAID mandates that development and humanitarian assistance activities be informed by gender analysis. Expanded guidance on gender integration in Country Development Cooperation Strategies, Programming, Project Design, and Learning and Evaluation tools are helping ensure programs reduce gender disparities and promote equal access for women and men to political, economic, and social resources and opportunities. In order to address forced labor and sexual exploitation, USAID is also revising its Counter Trafficking in Persons (C-TIP) Policy, which will include a specific objective aimed at increasing USAID investments in TIP prevention and protection in conflict and crisis-affected areas. Finally, foreign assistance indicators tracking the performance of programs implemented by USAID and the Department of State now include specific indicators on gender equality, women s empowerment, sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) prevention and response, and women s participation in peacebuilding. The Department of Defense (DOD) has dedicated staff responsible for addressing gender considerations in keeping with DOD s mission. Within the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Office of the Undersecretary of Defense for Policy coordinates the development and implementation of DOD s efforts on Women, Peace, and Security. The Office of the Undersecretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness coordinates the Department s efforts on sexual assault prevention and response, and combating trafficking in persons. For the Military Services, the Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services advises on policies related to the recruitment, retention, treatment, and integration of women into U.S. Armed Forces. Around the world, several of DOD s Combatant Commands have made gender issues a focus. U.S. Africa Command has established a Gender Working Group focused on integrating gender considerations across the command s programs and engagements with African militaries. In Afghanistan, U.S. Central Command and NATO s International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) have established gender advisors to assist commanders in identifying the differing effects a potential operation may have on local men and women. In addition, the Marine Corps Female Engagement Teams and the Army s Cultural Support Teams are providing new avenues for women Marines and soldiers to support ongoing operations and engage women in local populations. 4
9 Despite this positive record, since 1992 women have represented fewer than three percent of mediators and eight percent of negotiators to major peace processes, numbers that have not markedly improved since the passage over a decade ago of the landmark UN Security Council Resolution While the number of women heading UN field missions has increased, the UN has never appointed a woman as a lead mediator. In country after country, women who risked their lives to confront and persuade armed actors to join peace negotiations and foster the trust necessary to initiate negotiations have found themselves sidelined once official talks began. This exclusion is as much a blow to peace and international security efforts as it is to women. U.S. Marines with Marine Expeditionary Brigade-Afghanistan and members of a Female Engagement Team (FET) use an interpreter to interact with Afghan women and children in Helmand province, Afghanistan. Photo Credit: Sgt. Evan Barragan/U.S. Marine Corps The voices and concerns of women who endured violence and supported communities during conflict, and who will carry much of the burden of healing and rebuilding communities in peacetime, are routinely absent from or overlooked at the negotiating table. This exclusion often carries over into related post-conflict efforts to rebuild, to strengthen peace by reforming the security sector, and to redress past grievances and abuses. Peace agreements that focus solely on ending the fighting fail to address the vital tasks necessary for sustaining a genuine peace: providing security and basic services, building trust amongst opposing parties, fostering institutions that can uphold the rule of law, and promoting legitimately-elected leadership. Engaging women as leaders and participants can help close this gap and offer a chance for more lasting peace agreements. Evidence from around the world and across cultures shows that integrating women and gender considerations into peace-building processes helps promote democratic governance and long-term stability. In order to achieve these goals, women need to be able to play a role in building and participating in the full range of decision-making institutions in their countries. These institutions, from civil society to the judicial and security sectors, must also be responsive to and informed by women s demands. 5
10 Promoting Women s Participation in Peacebuilding: Afghanistan Since 2001, the United States has worked with the women of Afghanistan to ensure that they take part in all key country-wide political decision-making processes. Afghan women have advocated successfully for protections for women s rights in the 2004 Constitution, including a 25 percent quota for female representation in Parliament. More than 400 candidates for the 2011 parliamentary elections were women, representing a sizeable increase since the 2005 parliamentary elections. Today, women hold 69 of the 249 seats in the Afghan National Assembly (68 of which are constitutionally mandated). Three women serve as Cabinet members, and many others participate in provincial assemblies. In order to secure Afghanistan s long-term stability and development, we will continue to work with the international community and Afghan civil society to help ensure women participate at all levels of decision-making and governance. Afghan women are involved in the Afghan Peace and Reintegration Program, and a gender advisor now works on the Joint Secretariat charged with implementing the program. Nine out of the 68 members of the policy-making High Peace Council are women, and women are beginning to serve on Provincial-level Peace and Reintegration Councils. The United States is insisting that reconciled Taliban agree to abide by the Afghan Constitution, including its provisions on the rights of women and minorities. There is no question that the women of Afghanistan still must travel a long road before they achieve full equality. We are committed to supporting their entire journey. Protections for Women During and After Conflict Even as we work to include more women in peace negotiations, we must make stronger and more comprehensive efforts to protect them from violence both during and after conflict. Two decades into the 21 st century, conflict remains primarily an intra-state phenomenon. Civilians bear the overwhelming brunt of today s wars. Starvation and disease prey primarily upon women, children, and the elderly. Amidst such suffering, in many conflict zones around the world women and girls are deliberately targeted and attacked, often with impunity. Forced displacement associated with crisis and conflict exposes refugees and internally displaced persons, particularly women and girls, to additional risks of violence and exploitation. Violence against women, particularly forms of sexual violence including rape, sexual assault, mutilation, forced prostitution, and sexual slavery, is increasingly recognized as a facet of many recent conflicts, from the Balkans to Africa. Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) in conflict and situations of extreme violence is at times deployed as a deliberate tactic for purposes of humiliation, terror, societal destruction, and ethnic cleansing. In other circumstances sexual violence is opportunistic. In places where wars have officially come to an end, women and girls often continue to be plagued by high levels of violence and insecurity; widespread impunity and breakdowns in the rule of law can contribute to high rates of gender-based and domestic violence. Thus, increased violence against women can be a cause and a consequence of a societal breakdown. When countries are not experiencing active conflict, evidence shows that violence against women can be a primary indicator of a nation s stability, security, and propensity toward internal or external conflict. This indicator may be as telling as levels of democracy or wealth. 6
11 Protecting Women from Sexual and Gender-Based Violence (SGBV) The United States has prioritized efforts to prevent and respond to sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV), including sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA), in conflict situations around the world. Since 2010, USAID has programmed over $17.5 million in humanitarian assistance funds to prevent and respond to SGBV in disasters and conflicts, reaching nearly 3 million beneficiaries in 12 countries. Over the same timeframe, the State Department has programmed more than $21.5 million in humanitarian assistance funds to prevent and respond to SGBV in displacement crises. The Department of Justice, through its human trafficking and justice-sector development programs, has actively promoted efforts to increase the commitment and capacity of partner countries to investigate, prosecute, and deter gender-based exploitation. The Department of Homeland Security counters human trafficking, exploitation, and violence against women by administering humanitarian immigration benefits, collaborating with law enforcement abroad, and promoting international partnerships and public awareness. In recent years the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have brought public health and epidemiologic principles to the aid of women and girls affected by complex humanitarian emergencies in Liberia, Sri Lanka, Haiti and Uganda by documenting the magnitude and risks of SGBV and using data to improve programs and inform policymaking. In collaboration with the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, CDC has employed enhanced surveillance systems to monitor SGBV cases in humanitarian situations through the development of the UNHCR health information system, which currently reaches a total of 2.4 million refugees in 18 countries around the world. In the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the United States has provided legal advice and care and treatment services for well over 100,000 SGBV survivors. These services include mobile clinics that expand the reach of services for survivors of sexual violence, as well as programs that engage men and boys in challenging norms and practices that contribute to rape and domestic violence in their communities. The Unitet States has made efforts to improve accountability by promoting national-level legal reforms, such as the adoption of the 2006 Law Against SGBV and reform of the Family Code, advocacy, and increasing access to legal services to survivors through mobile courts. Instructors from DOD s Defense International Institute of Legal Studies provide training to the Congolese military on preventing SGBV and prosecuting cases through the military court system. In addition, the United States has provided support to the UN Organization Stabilization Mission in the DRC (MONUSCO) for its Prosecution Support Cells, which assist Congolese prosecutors with cases, and its Joint Protection Teams and Joint Human Rights Office to strengthen the protection of victims, witnesses, and judicial officials in cases involving serious abuses of international law. Despite these critical investments, SGBV remains a terrible reality for communities in conflict affected countries. We are committed to expanding our efforts to identify and build on successful programs, and work with partners to scale up their impact. No society can restore peace or stability when its population lives in daily fear of rape or other sexual assault or when the perpetrators of such crimes are not held accountable for their actions. We must take strong, unified action to ensure that victims have access to justice, that those responsible for these crimes are held accountable, and that those who contemplate violence against civilians understand that their actions will carry consequences. Sexual violence in conflict is a security issue that must receive the same level of attention as other threats to individuals in conflict situations. The safety of women and their families must be a top priority for security efforts around the world. 7
12 Women and Conflict Prevention Efforts Measured in lives and livelihoods, stopping cycles of conflict and preventing wars before they occur is the most important way to ensure stability and prosperity around the world. Socio-economic and cultural analyses must inform any effort to forecast and counteract emerging drivers of conflict; examining how risk factors for conflict affect men and women differently improves our understanding of the root causes and consequences of conflict, including vulnerability to mass atrocity. From Kosovo to Rwanda, societies have witnessed rising discrimination and violence against women as early indicators of impending conflict. Tracking and better understanding how these indicators relate to the potential for instability should inform the international community s best practices in preventing conflict before it begins. Frequently, women have held critical knowledge about impending or escalating conflict, but were overlooked or were unable to report their concerns safely. In Kosovo, women observed the growth of arms caches, but had no one to whom they could report their concerns. Similarly, women in Sierra Leone knew of plans to attack UN peacekeepers, but threats to their personal safety prevented them from relaying that information. Kishwar Sultana, director of the Insan Foundation in Pakistan, discusses the importance of including women in peace and security decisions with a cadet from the United States Military Academy at West Point. Photo credit: Institute for Inclusive Security With these examples in mind, we will strengthen our efforts to monitor the status of women, and ensure that conflict early warning, atrocity prevention, and conflict mitigation and management endeavors incorporate gender analysis. For example, stateless women and their children face high levels of discrimination and abuse, and their particular risk factors should be assessed. And gender-specific migration patterns or precipitous changes in the status or treatment of women and girls may serve as signals of broader vulnerability to the onset or escalation of conflict or atrocities. This focus will help to ensure that conflict prevention efforts are responsive to sexual and gender-based violence and other forms of violence affecting women and girls, and that our approaches are informed by differences in the experiences of men and women, girls and boys. Further, we will seek to better leverage women s networks and organizations in activities aimed at arresting armed conflict or preventing spirals of violence. Finally, the United States understands that successful conflict prevention efforts must rest on key investments in women s economic empowerment, education, and health. A growing body of evidence shows that empowering women and reducing gender gaps in health, education, labor markets, and other areas is associated with lower poverty, higher economic growth, greater agricultural productivity, better nutrition and education of children, and other outcomes vital to the success of communities. 8
13 Investing in Conflict Prevention through Economic Empowerment, Health, and Education The United States is committed to amplifying the critical role women can play in conflict prevention and mitigation by participating in early warning systems, leveraging women s networks, and building bridges across divided communities. We also recognize that successful conflict prevention efforts require longterm investments in women s economic empowerment, health, and education. USAID recently launched a new multi-year initiative to support game-changing programs that remove barriers to women owning and managing small and medium-sized enterprises, including legal, social, education and economic barriers, along with rigorous impact evaluation of these efforts. The United States is also working collaboratively with conflict-affected countries to ensure that women are beneficiaries of priority global development efforts such as the Global Health Initiative and Feed the Future both for their own well-being and because of the centrality of women to the health and prosperity of families and communities. The Global Health Initiative, for example, aims to reduce maternal mortality by 30 percent in assisted countries, through a range of targeted investments including prenatal care and services, obstetric care, voluntary family planning, HIV testing and counseling, nutritional support, and safe water, sanitation and hygiene interventions. Women are also at the forefront of President Obama s Feed the Future food security initiative, and USAID has recently allocated $5 million for a new Feed the Future program that will promote gender equality and women s empowerment in agriculture and land use. Education can also mitigate the effects of conflict and provide the basis for long term economic growth and stability. Out of 70 million primary school-aged children not in school, nearly 40 million live in countries affected by armed conflict. It is therefore critical to restore education sites, services and system-wide capacity for children and youth, particularly girls, in conflict-affected or insecure environments. We are working to increase equitable access to education in crisis and conflict environments for 15 million learners, including those with disabilities, by Women s Equal Access to the Means for Recovery Women and children are particularly affected by conflicts, comprising the vast majority of forcibly displaced persons around the world. In many cases, gender roles and norms mean that women are the primary caregivers for families and communities in crisis situations. Women s perspectives are important for ensuring that relief and recovery assistance addresses the needs of the entire affected population. For example, women s participation in camp management committees helps to ensure that displacement camps are safer and assistance programs are more accessible for vulnerable groups such as women, children, and persons with disabilities. Women and girls also have distinct needs and vulnerabilities that should be addressed within assistance programs. For example, women, particularly survivors of sexual violence, require access to sexual and reproductive health services. Women and girls vulnerabilities are often exacerbated in crisis contexts. While participating in activities such as food distribution, firewood collection, and travel to and from latrines and water points, for example, they may be separated from protective family structures and face increased risks of trafficking, SGBV, including sexual exploitation and abuse, or other harm. Rape in conflict situations can increase the incidence of HIV/AIDS, affecting not only women but also their families. Conflict also increases the incidence of disability, and women with disabilities can face particular 9
14 risks including social stigma and isolation, difficulty accessing humanitarian assistance, unmet health care needs, and higher rates of SGBV and other forms of violence during and after conflict. Finally, women and girls act as combatants and in other capacities associated with armed forces, but demobilization, disarmament, and reintegration (DDR) programs often fail to take into account their distinct needs. Women ex-combatants are often grouped with those who have been kept as wives, despite distinct experiences and recovery needs. Women who have played a leadership role in a military structure are often reluctant to return to the roles that are expected of them when conflict ends, and women and girls associated with armed forces in any capacity require appropriate support to recover from physical and psychological trauma and rebuild their lives successfully. For all of these reasons, it is vital that relief, recovery and rebuilding efforts meet the distinct needs of women and children in crises, while preventing sexual exploitation and abuse by those meant to help. Critical protection activities including prevention and response to SGBV should be prioritized in emergencies alongside other life-saving assistance. Women and girls must be able to access all humanitarian assistance programs safely and equitably, from water and sanitation to food aid and shelter, along with education, reproductive health care, and livelihood activities. This work begins by ensuring women s participation in the design of relief and recovery projects, which helps secure the explicit and systematic integration of gender and protection issues into response efforts. And women must have the opportunity to shape agendas and inform priorities for transitional justice and accountability, for the reconstruction of infrastructure and restoration of basic services, and for rebuilding economies in ways that offer opportunity for themselves and their families. Supporting Women s Equal Access to Relief and Recovery Assistance The United States is working with its partners to develop and implement relief and recovery assistance programs that address the needs of women and girls, mitigate risks to their safety, and reflect their perspectives and priorities. We do this through dedicated State and USAID programs focused on prevention and response to SGBV, provision of reproductive health care, and broader efforts to ensure all relief and recovery programming is accessible to women and girls. We have supported the development of a toolkit on reproductive health in emergencies, and training modules for NGOs on the prevention of sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) of beneficiaries. We are also looking at ways to minimize risk to women and girls in humanitarian crises through supporting new technologies, such as a program to provide fuel efficient cookstoves to women in and around the Dadaab refugee camp in Kenya. This is part of a broader effort to familiarize the humanitarian community with best practices in fuel and firewood interventions, so that women and girls do not have to risk their safety when gathering firewood. We are also supporting access to education in emergencies for displaced children and youth. For example, in the Darfuri refugee camps in Chad, we are ensuring that secondary education programs are accessible to both girls and boys. Investments in women s economic empowerment can also support crisis recovery and stability by empowering women and girls as agents of positive change and early recovery. For example, we fund literacy and livelihood programs in Pakistan, Afghanistan and the DRC to improve women s prospects when they return to their countries or communities of origin after displacement. And in Cote d Ivoire, we support cash-forwork opportunities for women to engage in community clean-up activities to help them and their households recover from displacement and conflict. 10
15 Developing the National Action Plan In instituting this National Action Plan, the United States joins countries around the world in accelerating the implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 (2000), the first resolution adopted by the Security Council to recognize the crucial role of women in restoring and maintaining peace and security. Resolution 1325 and its subsequent, related resolutions 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009), and 1960 (2010) aim, inter alia, to increase women s participation in all efforts related to peace and security and to strengthen the protection of women in situations of armed conflict. The United States drafted and presented three of these resolutions, including Resolution 1888, which established the position of the Special Representative of the Secretary General on Sexual Violence in Conflict, and remains a strong supporter of international and multilateral efforts to support the Women, Peace, and Security agenda. This plan expands on efforts at the Security Council by addressing the agenda s core pillars, to include taking action in a broad array of situations which do not necessarily fall within the scope of that body s mandate. This Plan represents a government-wide effort to leverage U.S. diplomatic, defense, and development resources to improve the participation of women in peace and conflict prevention processes, protect women and girls from SGBV, and help ensure that women have full and equal access to relief and recovery resources. To ensure a whole of government perspective in developing the Plan, over the course of a year the White House National Security Staff assembled representatives from the Departments of State, Defense (DoD), Justice, Treasury, and Homeland Security (DHS), and the U.S. Mission to the UN (USUN), the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Office of the U.S Trade Representative (USTR) to initiate and coordinate commitments. These agencies each created internal working groups to provide input into the National Action Plan. Agency working groups consulted with staff in Washington and collected information from both diplomatic and development missions at U.S. Embassies, as well as at DoD s Unified Combatant Commands. Importantly, U.S. representatives in the field engaged in consultations with women and women s organizations, gender equality advocates, and government interlocutors to ensure that their perspectives and interests informed the Plan. Additionally, the interagency group conducted consultations with representatives of civil society in the United States and congressional staff to inform this document. Based on these consultations, we have identified several priorities for advancing women s equality and empowerment in peace and security. We are confident that the actions proposed in this document are high-impact, necessary, achievable, and informed by those charged with implementation on the ground. 11
16 National Objectives and Action Framework A directed by the Executive Order, the U.S. National Action Plan is targeted at meeting the following five high-level objectives: National Integration and Institutionalization: Through interagency coordination, policy development, enhanced professional training and education, and evaluation, the United States Government will institutionalize a gender-responsive approach to its diplomatic, development, and defense-related work in conflict-affected environments. Participation in Peace Processes and Decision-making: The United States Government will improve the prospects for inclusive, just, and sustainable peace by promoting and strengthening women s rights and effective leadership and substantive participation in peace processes, conflict prevention, peacebuilding, transitional processes, and decision-making institutions in conflict-affected environments. Protection from Violence: The United States Government will strengthen its efforts to prevent and protect women and children from harm, exploitation, discrimination, and abuse, including sexual and gender-based violence and trafficking in persons, and to hold perpetrators accountable in conflict-affected environments. Conflict Prevention: The United States Government will promote women s roles in conflict prevention, improve conflict early-warning and response systems through the integration of gender perspectives, and invest in women and girls health, education, and economic opportunity to create conditions for stable societies and lasting peace. Access to Relief and Recovery: The United States Government will respond to the distinct needs of women and children in conflict-affected disasters and crises, including by providing safe, equitable access to humanitarian assistance. To guide our efforts, the Action Framework below details the outcomes we seek, as well as the coordinated, exemplary actions agencies plan to pursue in order to achieve our objectives, recognizing that agencies may implement additional actions as appropriate. 1. National Integration and Institutionalization Through interagency coordination, policy development, enhanced professional training and education, and evaluation, the United States Government will institutionalize a gender-sensitive approach to its diplomatic, development, and defense-related work in conflict-affected environments. Outcome 1.1: Agencies establish and improve policy frameworks to support achievements in gender equality and women s empowerment throughout our diplomacy, development, and defense work. Incorporate NAP objectives in strategic and operational planning, such as Bureau and Mission Strategic and Resource Plans (BSRPs and MSRPs) and Operational Plans, as appropriate. Disseminate guidance to all operating units on gender integration. Establish comprehensive, revised Agency-level policy on gender integration and women s empowerment by the end of 2011 through existing Gender Policy Task Team. Incorporate NAP objectives into appropriate DoD strategic guidance and planning documents. Department or Agency State, USAID USAID DoD 12
17 Department or Agency Outcome 1.2: Agencies enhance staff capacity for applying a gendersensitive approach to diplomacy, development, and defense in conflict affected environments. Ensure all relevant U.S. personnel and contractors receive appropriate training on Women, Peace, and Security issues, including instruction on the value of inclusive participation in conflict prevention, peace processes, and security initiatives, international human rights law and international humanitarian law, protection of civilians, prevention of SGBV, prevention of sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA), and combating trafficking in persons (TIP). Training mechanisms may include: Pre-deployment and in-theater training for members of the U.S. military and civilians, as well as Professional Military Education, including Commanders courses, and intermediate and senior service schools. Introductory gender and C-TIP training for all USAID Foreign Service and Civil Service Officers, Personal Service Contractors, and Foreign Service Nationals and specialized training in gender analysis to personnel posting to conflict-affected countries or working on conflict issues. Training for State foreign service and civil service personnel, including senior management, and envoys and mediation team members. Training for CDC personnel working in conflict-affected countries to mainstream gender considerations into the design, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation of CDC research and programs. State, USAID, DoD, CDC Outcome 1.3: Agencies establish mechanisms to promote accountability for implementation of their respective gender-related policies in conflict affected environments. Provide technical assistance to decision-makers in headquarters and in the field on how to develop gender-sensitive programs. Designate one or more officers, as appropriate, as responsible for coordination of implementation of the NAP. Establish an annual award to honor individuals or operating units performing exceptional and innovative work to address gender equality and female empowerment in conflict-affected environments, and to promote the principles embodied in UNSCR Incorporate an assessment of gender integration into after action reviews (for USAID, those after action reviews pertaining to crisis response), and establish processes for addressing cases where gender issues are not being adequately considered in crisis response and conflict prevention environments. State, USAID, CDC Department or Agency State, DoD, USAID State, USAID, USUN State, USAID, CDC 13
18 U n i t e d S tat e s Nat i o na l Act i o n P l a n o n Wo m e n, P e ac e, a n d S e cu r i t y Outcome 1.4: Agencies establish processes to evaluate and learn from activities undertaken in support of WPS initiatives. Department or Agency Utilize innovations in foreign assistance coordination and tracking systems where appropriate, including gender cross-cutting indicators, sector-specific gender-sensitive indicators, and revised gender key issue definitions to support budgeting, operational planning, and performance management related to the NAP. State, USAID, CDC Develop and improve data collection mechanisms to track and report progress on WPS objectives, assess lessons learned, and identify best practices from existing programs. DoD, USUN Identify and share with U.S. Government agencies lessons learned and best practices from multilateral development banks experiences in post conflict and transitioning countries. Treasury 2. Participation in Peace Processes and Decision-making The United States Government will improve the prospects for inclusive, just, and sustainable peace by promoting and strengthening women s rights and effective leadership and substantive participation in peace processes, conflict prevention, peacebuilding, transitional processes, and decision-making institutions in conflict-affected environments. Rwandan women voting by secret ballot in districtlevel elections. In 2008, Rwanda became the first nation with women making up more than half of parliament they secured 56.25% of seats. Photo Credit: Institute for Inclusive Security Outcome 2.1: More women are effectively engaged in peace negotiations, security initiatives, conflict prevention, peace-building-including formal and informal processes-and decision-making during all phases of conflict prevention and resolution, and transition. Department or Agency U.S. Government delegations serve as a model for the inclusion of women in talks and negotiations concerning conflict resolution, peacebuilding, and/or political transitions; and advocate for the integration of women and gender perspectives in processes in which the U.S. is involved. State, USAID, USUN Advocate for the inclusion of women in senior UN positions. State, USUN Support the participation and leadership roles of women from all backgrounds, including minorities and women with disabilities, in peace negotiations, donor conferences, security sector reform efforts, transitional justice and accountability processes, and other related decision-making forums including those led by the UN and other international and regional organizations, and including capacity building for such actors as female candidates, female members of government, women in the security sector, and women in civil society. State, USAID, USUN 14
19 Department or Agency Assist partner governments in improving the recruitment and retention of women, including minorities and other historically marginalized women, into government ministries and the incorporation of women s perspectives into peace and security policy. State, USAID, DoD Outcome 2.1: Continued More women are effectively engaged in peace negotiations, security initiatives, conflict prevention, peace-building- -including formal and informal processes- -and decision-making during all phases of conflict prevention and resolution, and transition. Provide assistance to support women s political participation and leadership in fragile environments and during democratic transitions, including capacity building for such actors as female candidates, female members of government, women in the security sector, and women in civil society. Provide common guidelines and training to assist partner nations to integrate women and their perspectives into their security sectors. Provide support for NGOs to track, analyze, and advocate on behalf of the engagement of women and women s organizations in peace processes. Expand emphasis on gender analysis and support to local organizations, including women s peacebuilding organizations, in conflict mitigation and reconciliation programming. Leverage the participation of female U.S. military personnel to encourage and model gender integration and reach out to female and male populations in partner nations. State, USAID, USUN State, DoD, USUN State, USAID State, USAID, USUN State, DoD Increase partner nation women s participation in U.S. funded training programs for foreign police, judicial, and military personnel, including professional military education (PME), as well as exchange programs, conferences, and seminars. State, DoD Mobilize men as allies in support of women s leadership and participation in security-related processes and decision-making. State, USAID, USUN Outcome 2.2: Laws, policies, and practices in partner states promote and strengthen gender equality at national and local levels. Through high level diplomacy and technical assistance, encourage nations to develop laws that promote and protect women s rights, including through the criminalization of violence against women and girls and adoption of effective procedural laws, as well as through laws and policies that advance women s participation in parliaments, the judicial sector, and other political, peace, and/or security decisionmaking bodies, including those calling for affirmative measures, where appropriate. Department or Agency State, USAID, Justice 15
20 Outcome 2.2: Continued Laws, policies, and practices in partner states promote and strengthen gender equality at national and local levels. Provide diplomatic, development, and technical assistance to build the capacity of legislative, judicial, and law enforcement actors to develop, implement, and enforce laws that promote and protect women s rights; and civil society to advocate for the development and implementation of such laws. Assist partner nations in building the capacity of their Defense Ministries to develop, implement, and enforce policies and military justice systems that promote and protect women s rights. Department or Agency State, USAID, Justice DoD 3. Protection from Violence The United States Government will strengthen its efforts to prevent and protect women and children from harm, exploitation, discrimination, and abuse, including sexual and gender-based violence and trafficking in persons, and to hold perpetrators accountable in conflict- affected environments. Outcome 3.1: Risks of SGBV in crisis and conflict affected environments are decreased through the increased capacity of individuals, communities, and protection actors to address the threats and vulnerability associated with SGBV. Work to improve the capacity of the UN system and key protection and humanitarian actors, including members of the Humanitarian Cluster system, to prevent and respond to SGBV in conflict affected and crisis settings, to include development and implementation of training, guidance, and other operational tools; and promote better coordination and sharing of information across UN country teams in order to develop and implement holistic strategies on SGBV. Advocate for UN peacekeeping missions to have strong mandates on protection of civilians (POC), including on sexual and genderbased violence (SGBV), and provide diplomatic support for initiatives in the UN General Assembly Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations (C-34) and budget committees to build the capacity and provide operational tools for POC and prevention of SGBV. Incorporate modules on protection, rights, and specific needs of women in conflict into training provided to partner militaries and security personnel. Require USG humanitarian assistance implementing partners to have Codes of Conduct consistent with the Inter-Agency Standing Committee s (IASC) core principles on protection of beneficiaries from sexual exploitation and abuse, and monitor and promote partner compliance. Support education and awareness initiatives for U.S. Government civilian contractors and aid workers on the prevention of sexual exploitation and abuse in crisis and conflict-affected environments. Agency or Department State, USAID, CDC, USUN State, USUN DoD State, USAID State, USAID, DoD 16
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Monte da Quinta Resort Facilities
Monte da Quinta Resort Facilities
Monte da Quinta has within the resort 1 large communal outdoor swimming pool, and 1 indoor pool for the use of hotel guests during their stay.
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subset: commoncrawl


text: Simple type theory, also known as higher-order logic, is a natural extension of first-order logic which is simple, elegant, highly expressive, and practical. This paper surveys the virtues of simple type theory and attempts to show that simple type theory is an attractive alternative to first-order logic for practical-minded scientists, engineers, and mathematicians. It recommends that simple type theory be incorporated into introductory logic courses offered by mathematics departments and into the undergraduate curricula for computer science and software engineering students.


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Depth Psychology: Do you need more attention? Are you too ambitious?
Neither objective can be achieved through your present conduct. Are you playing games with others—or yourself? To what end? See Stage.... Dreamers Dictionary
The power to change a situation is actually well within your reach. There are certain aspects of your life that will bring you knowledge and help you in moving toward greater success. Be more aware in your daily life of signs and opportunities.... Dream Symbols and Analysis
Ten Thousand Dream Interpretation
If new and white, success where failure is feared, and a fatal sickness will be avoided through unseen agencies. ... Ten Thousand Dream Interpretation
2. Love and care, especially to cover or be covered by someone. ... New American Dream Dictionary
If one sees himself wearing a blanket over a wrapper, or a lioncloth in a dream, it means marriage. Ifhe sees a blanket made of pearls in a dream, it means that his wife is a pious woman. Wrapping oneself with a blanket in a dream means marriage, comfort, peace, tranquility and strength. Wrapping oneself with a red blanket in a dream means a fight because of a woman.
If a blanket is stolen or burned or taken away from someone in his dream, it means divorce or death of his wife.... Islamic Dream Interpretation
An Indian blanket represents authenticity.
A baby blanket may suggest thai you require some tender loving care right now.... Ariadne's Book of Dream
If you are looking for a blanket, you are seeking shelter, femininity, nurturing, and a warm hug of reassurance.... Strangest Dream Explanations
Depth Psychology: What are you hiding from yourself or others? What are you ashamed of? WTio do you wish would keep you warm? What would you really like to "cover up"?... Dreamers Dictionary
If you are poor, or only moderately off, then expect an improvement in your position.... Mystic Dream Book
If the cottage in your dream is very luxurious, this is lucky and means fortune will be kind to you. if the cottage is quite old or run down, you could have trouble succeeding in a current project.... My Dream Interpretation
Folklore: Don't let others dominate you.... Little Giant Encyclopedia
If a sick person sees himself in a hermitage in a dream, it may mean his death, or it could mean suppressing one's sexual desires. Occupying a hermitage or building one in a dream means rising in station.
A beautiful and a newly built hermitage in the dream represents a wife.
A hermitage in a dream also could mean migration, bewilderment, severing a friendship, hiding, power, or it could represent one's son. Whatever may affect a hermitage in the dream also could manifest in the life of one's son. (Also see Retreat; Temple)... Islamic Dream Interpretation
2. Lack of mobility. ... New American Dream Dictionary
A hostage in a dream also represents mistakes, errors, exposing people's private life, divulging people's secrets, slander, or a debt that keeps the person subject to constant harassment. Being a hostage in a dream also means adversities, trials, or falling in love with someone, whereby, one's heart becomes a hostage of his beloved. (Also see Enemy; Enmity)... Islamic Dream Interpretation
The dream suggests that you may experience feelings of powerlessness and can not see you way out of a difficult situation. Because a hostage is taken against his will, you may be feeling as though you have been trapped by another or by circumstances. Also, the hostage situation in your dream may represent a part of your personality that is not being expressed. It could be your creativity, intellect, or inner freedom.
The purpose of this dream may be to make you more aware of the limiting conditions in your life. Additionally, the dream may trigger your imagination and problem-solving abilities enabling you to see new possibilities.... The Bedside Dream Dictionary
To dream that you lose your name tag, or if it's blank, this suggests confusion about your own self-identity.
If you dream of having the wrong name on your name tag, you may secretly feel that you're not good enough, and worry that others don't really like you. Try to improve your confidence level! Also see "Name", above... My Dream Interpretation
For this reason, your dream may signify protection. However, if you dreamed of an upside-down pentagram, this is idenitied with evil. This dream signifies conflict, negativity, materialism and aggression.... My Dream Interpretation
This pictograph was used widely in the ancient world as a protective amulet, specifically to ward off the evil eye and malicious magic. On the dream plane, this may indicate that you sense some type of psychic or mundane threat to your well-being for which you should take proper precautions.
An emblem of the esoteric mysteries, and possibly the development of specific occult or magical abilities within. Note that the pentacle was often also called a wizard's star or witch's cross in the Middle Ages.
Among Gypsies and some earth-centered religions, the pentacle was an emblem of health and long life. This probably developed due to the natural pentacle formed by seeds when an apple is sliced in half.... The Language of Dreams
Ten Thousand Dream Interpretation
If you try to use cancelled stamps, you will fall into disrepute.
To receive stamps, signifies a rapid rise to distinction.
To see torn stamps, denotes that there are obstacles in your way.... Ten Thousand Dream Interpretation
2. External guidance, often of a spiritual nature. ... New American Dream Dictionary
If the price of an item was very high, you have a strong belief in yourself and you hold to your strong values.
If something seemed too cheap, you may be doubting your self-worth, or not valuing yourself highly enough in your relationships.
If you remember the specific price of an item, look for additional meaning under "Numbers".... My Dream Interpretation
The prices on objects in our dreams reflect their value to us.
For example, seeing someone buy an expensive designer outfit instead of an identical brand-name one illustrates a superficial personality, someone interested only in impressing others and looking more important. Or, paying an exorbitant price on a heart-shaped pillow could represent having given too much of yourself to a relationship, or valuing love as precious.... The Language of Dreams
2. Realization that one's approach to life doesn't work. ... New American Dream Dictionary
Ten Thousand Dream Interpretation
2. One wants to get married. ... New American Dream Dictionary
To see a stag killed means there will be a scandal.
If you are the one who kills the stag, you will be the center of a scandal. See also Deer.... Gypsy Dream Dictionary
A woman dreaming about a stag with large antlers means she is looking for sexual adventures. See Antler.... Dreamers Dictionary
The stag is also associated with Artemis, goddess of the hunt and independence.
The stag was also believed to guide good souls to the Elysian Fields, where they enjoyed eternal happiness after their life on earth, which means that you are being guided to happy and successful time in your life.
The stag can also be a symbol for male virility, i.e. stag parties or stag films. See Goddess Artemis.... Strangest Dream Explanations
2. Someone is being deceptive.
3. In a sense, life is more performance than substance.
4. One needs to be the center of attention.
5. Everyone else is playing a role too ("all the world's a stage"). ... New American Dream Dictionary
A Guide to Dreams and Sleep Experiences
A desire to be more in the limelight, as in Arena. Are you outgoing? Do you share of yourself? What role have you played, or what mask have you been hiding behind? What piece have you forgotten?... Little Giant Encyclopedia
1- I'o be on stage in a dream is to be making oneself visible.
An open-air stage suggests communication with the masses rather than a selected audience.
A moving stage signifies the need to keep moving, even while performing a role.
If we are members of the audience we need to be aware of the plot of the play and how it mav be relevant to us.
1- To be at a stage (of development, for instance) is to be cognisant of what one knows, but also what one docs not.
If a project or an idea reaches a certain stage, we can envisage the potential for success.
2- Spiritually a stage is a representation of our own life play. We are able to observe and be objective about what is going on. By externalising the 'play' into a framework we can manipulate our lives.... Ten Thousand Dream Dictionary
A dream of a stage set for the rising of the curtain predicts that you will have an experience of unusual importance to your sweetheart and one which will require you to make a lengthy explanation.
If there is any action at all upon the stage, the dream must be interpreted by referring to one of the heading? indicated above.... The Complete Dream Book
Depth Psychology: A stage might indicate that you want more respect; or you are recognizing your desires, interests, and hopes as a "stage of your life." Do you want more attention—do you want to be in the limelight? Is there a drama in progress on stage? See Actor.... Dreamers Dictionary
To dream that you are on a side stage implies that you are a passive person. You should be more assertive and outgoing.... Dream Symbols and Analysis
The trick to figuring out this dream is to try to find the symbology that will point to your 'performance in life' and then you will be able to correlate the stage with any items you see on it and the actions of the actors as they role play in order to receive the intended message.... Encyclopedia of Dreams
Ten Thousand Dream Interpretation
To dream of being tagged or tagging another in a game is an indication that you may be singled out for some reason. Or, this may signify somebody you desire.... Dream Symbols and Analysis
If you had fun, you can anticipate good times ahead.
If you were frustrated because you were "It" and couldn't catch anyone, you are having trouble in real life overcoming a difficult goal or task. Perhaps you are not getting the attention you want from a crush.
If you dreamed of being the one who was chased, or if the game felt scary or unpleasant in any way, you are avoiding facing a threatening or unhappy situation in your real life.... My Dream Interpretation
Buffalo dropping dung in dream
I dreamt i wanted to buy bitter kola but later refused
I dreamt i paid for bitter kola, but later collected my money because i thought it was expensive
Washing hands in water n somebody drank the water
Someone saw my face glowing and me in a weird dress
Seeing a doctor at his office and he is my pastor
Tearing certificate by mistake
Some body is offering me a goat
Women in black abaya in dreams
See poeple counting money in a dream
Talking and staying close to the governor in the dream


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Christie in Love
- Greer Ogston
- 14 August 2008
This article is from 2008
Howard Brenton's play follows the police interrogation of John Reginald Christie, infamous serial killer and rapist. The actors submerge themselves in the roles of the repugnant Christie, an anxious constable (Marco Violino) and domineering inspector (David Frias-Robles), in a compelling piece, which explores justice and the dangerous side of love.
Zoo Southside, 662 6892, until 25 Aug, 2.45pm, £7 (£6).


text:
Can you think of a better way to learn? Whenever, wherever, at your own pace or with peers... without traveling. Now with three different options, you can really find the perfect way to keep your skills at the top level!
Self-paced virtual courses
Self-paced virtual courses (SPVC) are online courses that include the same quality course content, exercises and hands-on labs as our classroom courses. These courses can be taken any time of day or night allowing students to study when and where they want. Start your training by watching a recorded instructor. When ready, log into the lab environment to complete your hands-on lab assignments working with IBM software. Self-paced virtual courses are the perfect training method for students who can't travel or prefer the flexibility of self-paced training.
Featured courses:
Online courses
courses allow you to learn at your own pace and on your schedule with
training that is completely self-contained from your desktop. Most
courses provide introductory and overview training that serves as the
foundation for more technical and follow-on training. Courses include
expert instruction but do not include hands-on labs. NOTE: All of these courses are less than $500!
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Instructor led online courses
Instructor led online (ILO) courses are taught by a live instructor with whom you can interact and ask questions using Voice Over IP (VOIP). Courses are taught on a specific day and time, some of which may even be scheduled after business hours to minimize time away from work. Most courses are exactly the same as their classroom equivalent, including the course duration, content, hands-on labs and student materials.
Just about every course listed above has a book that can be used to supplement your learning or as a reference after you've finished the course. See our Information Management Bookstore for a list of the current and upcoming books.


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Admission Requirements
To be accepted into the program:
- Provide evidence of successful academic achievement in completion of a baccalaureate degree from an accredited institution of higher education. Current official transcripts from each college attended to date (graduate and/or undergraduate) are required.
- Obtain acceptable scores in the Graduate Record Examination General Test (GRE) or the Miller's Analogies Test (MAT). Arrangements to take this examination may be made with La Salle's Counseling Center by calling 215.951.1355. This requirement may be waived for applicants with an overall GPA of 3.4 or above or hold an existing master's degree.
- Provide two letters of recommendation from colleagues or supervisors who can address the candidate's ability and motivation for enrollment.
- Complete the Online Application for Admission (fee is waived).
- Professional resume (can be uploaded onto the Online Application).
- Attend a personal interview with the Director of the program, if requested by the Director.
- Provide a personal statement of your interest in the program, if requested by the Director.
- Provisionally meet the criteria, both academic and professional, for Candidacy for Teaching Certification
Send all materials to the address provided with the online application.


text: For a Decade Bird Street Players has brought their unique blends of Rock, Reggae, Funk and Soul to fans all throughout Florida and parts of the Southeast. High energy shows are a constant, bringing together sounds from New Orleans to Jamaica and beyond. Bird Street Players have been fortunate to share the stage with groups such as Galactic, Karl Denson, Neville Bros, Blind Boys of Alabama, Toubab Krewe, Dirty Dozen Brass Band and more. Bird Street Players currently has released one album, 'Flood' 2008, and one single 'Exit 32' 2011.