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Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem
On-line version ISSN 1518-8345
Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem vol.17 no.1 Ribeirão Preto Jan./Feb. 2009
Cohort study to evaluate nursing team performance in a theoretical test after training in cardiopulmonary arrest
Renata da Costa BriãoI; Emiliane Nogueira de SouzaII; Raquel Azevedo de CastroIII; Eneida Rejane RabeloIV
ISpecialist in Cardiology Nursing, Nurse at Instituto de Cardiologia da Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Brazil
IIM.Sc. in Health Sciences, Faculty at Instituto de Cardiologia da Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Brazil, Assistant Faculty at Faculdade Fátima, Brasil, e-mail: email@example.com
IIIUndergraduate student in Nursing at Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
IVPh.D. in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Adjunct Professor at Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Faculty at Instituto de Cardiologia da Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Brazil, e-mail: email@example.com
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate nursing professionals' theoretical knowledge of cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) treatment before specific training, immediately after, and six months later.
METHODS: Cohort study, performed in a cardiology hospital in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul (November/2005 to May/2006), Brazil. Nurses, nursing technicians and assistants were included. A questionnaire was administered in the three periods, and 75% of correct answers was considered a satisfactory result.
RESULTS: Thirty-five nurses participated in the pre-test, and 34 in the immediate and 6-month tests. Among technicians and assistants, 232, 227, and 104 participated in the pre-test, immediate, and 6-months tests, respectively. Among nurses, 62.9% achieved an adequate percentage of correct answers in the pre-test, 94.1% in the immediate, and 64.7% in the 6-months test; for nursing technicians and assistants, these values were 36.2%, 79.3%, and 62.5%, respectively.
CONCLUSION: Training in CPA improved the nursing professionals' knowledge immediately after its administration, with a reduction in the rate of correct answers after 6 months.
Descriptors: heart arrest; nursing; education
Cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) care is considered successful if there is early diagnosis of the heart arrest signs, fast activation of emergency care, immediate use of basic support and life assessment, including electric defibrillation, and the early use of pharmacological agents. These stages are all linked and are indispensable to obtain completely successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation. CPA care outcome is directly related to the team's speed, and the chance of recovery depends on the immediate, competent and safe application of resuscitation measures (1).
In this setting, several studies have addressed the performance of patient care teams assisting CPA victims. For instance, a cohort study published in 2000 sought to determine the survival rate of intra-hospital post-CPA patients, related to the identification of CPA and care performance by nurses trained in Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS), and by untrained nurses. That study showed a post-CPA survival rate of 38% for patients who received care from trained nurses, while the rate for patients who received care from nurses without ACLS(2) was 10%.
A recent study, which aimed to evaluate the human factors that could affect the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation care, found that health professionals fail to provide basic life support and defibrillation within an appropriate minimum period of time. In addition, lack of leadership and inadequate task distribution were associated with the team's poor performance(3). Other studies have also evaluated how well the professionals maintain the knowledge and skills learned during CPA training courses. Those studies report that, if the skills are not systematically practiced or reviewed after training, the professionals' performance diminishes proportionally with time(4-5).
The scientific board of the institution addressed in the present study recently established the goal that the whole nursing team would be trained in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The present study was designed based on that institutional strategy, with a view to following the effectiveness of the training program. The purpose is to evaluate the nursing team's theoretical knowledge regarding patient care during CPA before training, immediately after the course and six months later.
This is a cohort contemporaneous study, performed at a cardiology hospital located in the city of Porto Alegre, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from November, 2005 to May, 2006. Subjects were nurses, nursing technicians and assistants who were regular workers at the hospital during the data collection period, had been trained in CPA and were willing to take part in the study. Any employees on probation were excluded, as well as the nurses responsible for the training. Data collection was done using three closed questionnaires: one for nurses (nine questions), and another for nursing technicians and assistants (12 questions). Both questionnaires contained questions that addressed the care delivered to CPA patients, from the first detection measures to defibrillation and administering drugs in cases of CPA, according to the new guidelines(1). These questionnaires were administered at three points in time: before training, immediately after, and six months later. The project was approved by the institution's Research Ethics Committee, and the participants were included in the study after having read and signed the free and informed consent term.
The training course was carried out from November, 2005 to February, 2006. The program was coordinated by nurses certified in ACLS and the groups consisted of one nurse and five nursing technicians or assistants. The training time was two hours, divided into the theoretical portion, based on the knowledge regarding basic and advanced life support, and a practical component, based on adequate cardiopulmonary resuscitation, from monitoring the patient up to and including advanced support. The course was held at a place equipped with a mannequin and CPA simulations. Although the team responsible for the training course did not establish parameters with correctness percentages to evaluate the team's performance after the test, previously published data state that 75% of correctness after training programs is considered to be satisfactory(6).
Statistical analysis
The analyses were done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 12.0. The categorical variables were expressed in percentages or absolute value, as continuous variables, and as means ± standard deviation. To compare continuous variables between groups, Student t and ANOVA tests were used for the parametric values and Kruskall-Wallis for non-parametric values. The Chi-square test was used to understand the categorical values, considering values significant for p<0.05.
Sample characteristics
Of all the nurses working at the institution (n=52), 35 took part in the pre-test, and 34 in the post-test and in the test six moths later. They answered the questionnaire in the three evaluation periods. These professionals' average age was 32±7.3 years. Of all nursing technicians and assistants (n=362) working at the institution, 232 took part in the pre-test, 227 in the post-test, and 104 in the test held six months after the training course. These professionals' average age was 35.6±8.2 years. There were more women than men. Among the nurses working in clinical and surgical hospitalization units during the training period (n=32), 17 answered the pre-test, 18 the post-test, and 12 answered the test six months after the training course. Of all nurses from the intensive care unit (n=20), 14 participated in the pre-test, 13 in the post-test, and 19 in the test held six months later. In terms of the total number of nursing technicians and assistants working at the institution (n=362), 167 worked in clinical and surgical hospitalization units, 106 of which answered the pre-test, 98 answered the post-test, and 57 answered the test six months later. Of the 195 professionals working in intensive care units, 125 participated in the pre-test, 129 in the post-test, and 47 in the test six months after training.
Nurses' performance on the theoretical test
In the nurse group, the questions that showed different frequencies of correct answers in the theoretical test held before training, after training, and six months later referred to the joules load in the first defibrillation, the compression/ventilation ratio, and the number of compressions per minute. For the other questions, the performance on the theoretical test did not differ between evaluation periods. Other data are shown in Table 1.
Nurses were expected to give 75% of correct answers in the theoretical tests. In the pre-test 22/35 (62.9%) reached that percentage. After the training course, 32/34 (94.1%) reached the performance level of 75%, and 22/34 (64.7%) six months later.
Comparing nursing technicians and assistants in terms of their performance on the theoretical test, it was observed that there was a significant difference in the frequency of correct answers to every question was observed in the pre-test, post-test, and in the test six months later. The team's performance immediately after the training course was better in ten out of twelve questions. Six months later, six questions showed a reduction in the score compared to the post-training period and, in six others, the percentage with 75% was greater. The other data are shown in Table 2.
Considering the expected 75% performance for nursing technicians and assistants in the theoretical test, 84/232 (36.2%) achieved that goal in the pre-test. In the test immediately after training, 180/227 (79.3%) achieved the expected 75% and, in the test six months later, 65/104 (62.5%) reached that index.
Mean correct answers in the test before, after and six months after training
For nurses, the mean score was 6.8±1.6 in the pre-training test, 7.9±0.9 in the post-test, and 6.7±1.6 after six months, from a total of 9 points (p=0.001). This difference was significant between the pre and post periods (p=0.006), and between the post-test and six-month test period (p=0.001). Data are shown in Figure 1.
In terms of the nurses' average score on the test and their work unit (hospitalization or intensive care units), it was observed that professionals working in the intensive care unit had a higher mean score than the mean score among nurses working in the hospitalization unit in the test before (7.6±1.1 vs 6.2±1.8; p=0.013) and after (8.3±0.8 vs 7.7±0.8; p=0.046) training. There was no difference in the test performed six months after training.
As for technicians and assistants, the mean score in the pre-test was 7.6±1.8, against 9.6±1.5 in the post-test, and 9.3±1.8 (p<0.001) after six months, out of a total 12 points. This difference was significant between the pre and post (p<0.001) periods, and between the pre-training and six-months-later periods (p<0.001), as shown in Figure 2.
In terms of the mean score and the work unit of nursing technicians and assistants, there was no difference in the pre and post period. In the period after six months, the professionals working in intensive care units had the highest mean score (10.2±1.4 vs 8.4±1.7; p<0.001).
This study showed that the knowledge of the nursing team as measured by a theoretical test was lower before training. Among the nurses, slightly over 60% achieved a satisfactory percentage. As for the team of technicians and assistants, this percentage was even lower (36.2%). Immediately after training, 94.1% of the nurses and 79.3% of the other professionals achieved the percentage recommended as "satisfactory knowledge". In the theoretical test evaluation, after six months of training, every professional showed a lower score. As to the participation of nurses, assistants and technicians working in the institution when the training occurred, proportionally higher participation by those working in the intensive care unit was observed. This may be related to the fact that the more people realize the possible practical application of the knowledge, techniques, and attitudes learned in a training course, the stronger their participation(7).
As to the performance in the theoretical test, the literature has presented similar results. A study that evaluated the knowledge and practical skills in basic life support of 19 nurses, after three hours of a recycling course, showed an initial improvement, with a significant reduction in knowledge after 10 weeks. The findings were attributed to the fact that, if the skills are not practiced or used regularly, there is a decrease in what was learned(4). Another study, which tested a similar strategy, investigated at what point nursing students acquired and assimilated knowledge in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Tests were performed before a four-hour training course about cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and two and a half months after the course.
The results showed better performance shortly after the training course, but a significant reduction in performance two and a half months later; nevertheless, there were improvements in the results compared to the pre-test, which suggests a positive knowledge assimilation(5).
Although only the theoretical knowledge of the nursing team was evaluated, this study's findings are in agreement with these and other studies that show that the professional's knowledge retention is harmed in a three-month period, significantly decreasing within 6 to 12 months after the training course. Hence, it is stressed that the knowledge and skills acquired during a training program reduce with time(6,8-9). On the other hand, perhaps the team that attended the training course did not seek, on its own, strategies to maintain the skills acquired in the training course.
Authors of a 2004 study evaluated if the frequency of an Immediate Life Support course affected the nurses' performance. In this study, the authors collected data in every instance of CPA care over the preceding twelve months, before and after implementing the course. The study results showed that the nurses felt confident during the CRA care delivered shortly after the course but that, with time, they felt incapable of performing the competencies without supervision(10). These results reinforce the need for systematic and more frequent training since, in fact, the acquired knowledge is reduced and abilities are lost if they are not practiced.
Among the nurses from intensive care units, the mean score in the pre- and post-training period was significantly higher compared to those working in hospitalization units. This difference did not occur after six months of training. Among technicians and assistants, the professionals from intensive care units only had a higher mean score than those working in hospitalization units in the test held six months after the training course (p<0.001). These data suggest that professionals from critical units work with more unstable patients and that, therefore, there is a greater chance of being involved in CPA situations. In this environment, these professionals can practice their abilities and competencies.
Study limitations
Some limitations should be highlighted in the present study. Since the training course was a goal established by the studied institution's scientific nursing commission, there was no interest in identifying the team that answered the questionnaire. This made it less feasible to perform individual analyses during the studied periods.
This study showed that the nurses' performance on the CPA theoretical test was worse than before the training course. After training, 90% of those professionals achieved the recommended score for a satisfactory performance, but the score reduced after six months. The nursing assistants had a similar performance to that of nurses in the tests before training, after training, and six months later.
These results support the data from the literature, showing there is a need to maintain continuous training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Institutions should invest in regular training programs, implementing theoretical and practical sessions, with an increased exposure to possible CPA cases. Furthermore, professionals should seek research strategies with a view to improving and maintaining their own performance over time. It is believed that additional studies, comparing different time periods after the training course and evaluating individual performances, if necessary, would provide valuable information.
1. American Heart Association. Guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation 2005; 112(1):IV-1-IV-211. [ Links ]
2. Dane FC, Russell-Lindgren KS, Parish DC, Durham MD, Brown TD. In-hospital resuscitation: association between ACLS training and survival to discharge. Resuscitation 2000; 47:83-7. [ Links ]
3. Marsch SC, Muller C, Marrquardt K, Conrad G, Tschan F, Hunziker PR. Human factors affect the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in simulated cardiac arrests. Resuscitation 2004; 60(1):51-6. [ Links ]
4. Broomfield R. A quasi-experimental research to investigate the retention of basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills and knowledge by qualified nurses following a course in professional development. J Adv Nurs 1996; 23:1016-23. [ Links ]
5. Madden C. Undergraduate nursing students acquisition and retention of CPR knowledge and skills. Nurs Educ Today 2006; 26:218-27. [ Links ]
6. Semeraro F, Signore L, Cerchiari EL. Retention of CPR performance in anaesthetists. Resuscitation 2006; 68:101-8. [ Links ]
7. Flores YP, Castillo MA. Factors influencing nursing staff members' participation in continuing education. Rev Latino-am Enfermagem 2006; 14:309-15. [ Links ]
8. Pottle A, Brant S. Does resuscitation training affect outcome from cardiac arrest? Accid Emerg Nurs 2000; 8:46-51. [ Links ]
9. Hollis S, Gillespie N. An audit of basic life support skills amongst general practitioner principals: is there a need for regular training? Resuscitation 2000; 44:171-5. [ Links ]
10. Murphy M, Fitzsimons D. Does attendance at an immediate life support course influence nurses skill deployment during cardiac arrest? Resuscitation 2004; 62:49-54. [ Links ]
Recebido em: 16.6.2007
Aprovado em: 21.10.2008


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What disappointing, seemingly one-sided coverage Tribune Co. offered of the vice presidential debate ("VP rivals come out swinging," Oct. 12). From the coverage, it appeared that Vice President Joseph Biden made shallow, uninformed remarks that Rep. Paul Ryan skillfully rebutted.
In fact, just the opposite looked to be the case. For example, Mr. Biden charged that while Mr. Ryan rails against the Obama administration's stimulus package today, he had twice requested stimulus money for projects in his home state of Wisconsin in earlier letters to Mr. Biden.
The moderator repeatedly asked Mr. Ryan for specifics about the Romney-Ryan tax plan, but Mr. Ryan refused to answer. By contrast, Mr. Biden clearly explained the administration's decision to withdraw all U.S. troops from Afghanistan as the result of an agreement among 49 countries to turn responsibility for security there over to the Afghan government and its forces.
Please provide more balanced reporting of the remaining presidential debates. Your readers deserve no less.
Hilda Coyne, Baltimore


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Fixing the dreaded TRIRIGA Workflow Builder display issue
Bill Cary - IoT 060001Y279 Visits (9165)
In TRIRIGA 3.4.1 and earlier we use a scalable vector graphics (SVG) tool from Adobe and we use some dynamic path statements that are the root of the issue where Workflow Builder stops working or displays incorrectly. In the March time frame, Microsoft identified a security vulnerability and patched it which broke that dynamic pathing in the Adobe SVG tool. Once Microsoft did this they have continuously generated new patches which all... [More]


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The late Gianni Versace and his family have an impressive real estate portfolio.
In June, Versace's Miami mansion hit the market for $125 million, making it one of the most expensive homes for sale in America. Now, his brother Santo has listed his Milan apartment for $63.8 million, according to Curbed.
The home spans more than 22,000 square feet across four floors, and was built in 1954.


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Assistant News Editor
Peter Schworm became an Metro editor last year after working as a reporter for more than 15 years.
Latest stories
Joseph Tauro, first federal judge to strike down Defense of Marriage Act, dies at 87
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Judge Tauro, appointed by President Nixon in 1972, had served as chief judge of US District Court in Boston from 1992 to 1999.
Red Sox' triumphant tour rolls through Boston
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Fans celebrated the Red Sox' ninth World Series championship Wednesday along with team members in a rolling rally that wound its way through the streets of Boston.
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A judge ordered an evaluation of whether the 40-year-old woman is competent to stand trial.
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Given their massive size, commercial trucks require extended braking distance, especially when carrying a heavy load. Reduced breaking capabilities causes more rear-end collisions to be initiated commercial trucks.
Truckers regularly sleep shorter schedules in order to be on the road longer to meet deadlines. The average trucker sleep fewer than 5 hours per night. Although there are laws regulating the hours a trucker may be on the road, they can go ignored. Driving long hours is a contributing factor to driver fatigue, and increases the likelihood of a collision.
Commercial trucks have a much wider turning radius than consumer vehicles, and commercial trucks usually need multiple lanes to turn. This can lead to the possibility of an unsuspecting motorist being crushed.
Commercial trucks coming to sudden stops with shifting loads can jack-knife. If the trailer swings around sideways there is nowhere for anybody to go.
Truckers regularly use stimulants, often illegal or controlled substances, in order to stay awake in order to drive longer. Once these stimulants wear off the driver is much more likely to fall asleep at the wheel.


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Comic Of The Month
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Kyoko Nakajima's award-winning novel comes to Canada
Olympic Glory: Hiroshi Nakamura inducted into the Olympic Hall of Fame
Treasures from the Nikkei National Museum
Filmmaker Kynan Gordon focuses lens on Lethbridge
Garrett Kato bares his soul through his music
Going to the ends of the earth to find yourself
Nagata Shachu recognized with Foreign Minister's commendation
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Frankly speaking: Thankful for another great Arigato Day
Carleton University dives into Japanese Canadian redress history
A Tale for the Time Being moves across time and continents, exploring themes of life and death, through an ancient Zen Buddhist nun, a kamikaze's secret letters, a teen suicide, and the terrible 2011 Japanese earthquake and tsunami. Yet I did not find the book morbid, perhaps because I listened to the audio edition.
Ozeki herself narrates – and she's a Zen Buddhist priest.
"It's a story of a young Japanese school girl, named Nao Yasutani, who is sitting in a Tokyo maid cafe, writing in her diary," Ozeki tells Nikkei Voice in an interview.
"It's a story about her and about the woman who finds her diary, who is a novelist named Ruth, who lives on a remote island in British Columbia," she says. "So it's really the story of the relationship of these two women, by means of this mysterious diary that washes up on the shores of the island."
Ruth Ozeki, like the novel's Ruth, lives on a remote island, with a husband named Oliver, and a cat. "Ruth's story in the book is similar to mine. I was taking care of my mother, up here on this island." Having difficulty writing fiction, Ozeki decided to write a memoir.
However, as she said, "novelists have a hard time with things like memoir's, because fact always morphs into fiction. And so you can read that half of the book as a failed attempt at a memoir."
Nao's diary is written in a book made with the cover of Proust's In Search of Lost Time. I asked how this altered book fit the themes of the novel.
"The idea of 'hacking' and of instability was something that really appealed to me." She admits to, "a kind of a subterranean Buddhist inquiry into the nature of self and no-self, which is also sort of infusing the book.
"Also things that appear to be one way and in fact are something else, the idea of impermanence, the idea of interconnectedness."
Nao's great-uncle speaks through letters he wrote when recruited as a World War II kamikaze. It was shocking that he considered crashing his plane without killing any "enemies."
I was even more surprised at my feeling of relief. Apparently, the internalization of the popular western notion of kamikaze as something inhuman, and having Japanese genes somehow made me that way too. Ozeki agreed.
"A lot of these young men were sensitive, highly educated, intelligent, thinking, feeling young people who were for various reasons caught up in this war, and yet who had serious doubts about their role in it."
"Also, they knew they were going to die. How do you spend your days if you know that you are going to die, you know, that there is certainty about it. That was fascinating," she said.
The other thing felt in terms of my own reaction was a sense of physical relief.
It's very much as Ozeki described, it humanized the soldiers in a way that I had not experienced before.
She recommended two books by Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney, Kamikaze Diaries: Reflections of Japanese Student Soldiers, and Kamikaze, Cherry Blossoms, and Nationalism.
When asked about her background, Ozeki laughed, "It gets very complicated because when you are half Japanese, half Anglo-Caucasian, with American and Canadian citizenship. It gets very hard to describe oneself in a clean sound-bite," she says.
Her grandfather immigrated to Hawaii in 1896, married her grandmother and had a son. A missionary doctor diagnosed her grandmother with a stomach tumour, so she returned to Japan, only to find she was pregnant with Ozeki's mother. After 6 years in Japan, they returned to Hawaii.
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Featured images courtesy: Kris Krug
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Val's Toy Chest- New Hot Toys and Funko
The Guardians of the Galaxy came back to theatres this year and Hot Toys has finally released the last member of the original film team with the recently arrived figure of Drax the Destroyer based on the character as played by Dave Bautista. Drax features interchangeable hands, a character base, a completely different pair of pants as well as two knives. Drax features the usual Hot Toys articulation scheme and should be a nice addition to your Guardians collection as we eagerly await figures from the 2nd film.
Speaking of characters on the horizon- Hot Toys recently showed off their forthcoming Spider-Man: Homecoming figure featuring the character in his more traditional looking outfit. The figure features an interchangeable head sculpt with Tom Holland's likeness as well as different accessories including some awesome extras in the deluxe version. Spidey won't arrive til sometime next year, but I think he will be a huge hit, considering how well-received the character was in Civil War. We should be getting both the basic version as well as the deluxe version of this sure-to-be popular piece.
Batman '66 has been in the public consciousness again with the passing of Adam West- which makes the release of Funko's new 4″ line of figures from the classic series all the more bittersweet. A couple of characters appear in this line that did not appear in the Mattel 6″ line including King Tut, Mr Freeze and Bookworm. The variant version of Mr Freeze features the likeness of actor Eli Wallach who hasn't been made as a figure in any of the lines including the 8″ Figures Toy Company Mego line. Rounding out the line are Batgirl, Batman(with a variant based on Adam West's original screen test outfit) and Julie Newmar's Catwoman. There is also a Batmobile with Batman and Robin figures included that we are currently out of. On a related note, Diamond Select's line of Batman 66 busts continues with the addition of that princess of plunder, the purrfidious Catwoman to the series. But wait, you might say- wasn't there a Catwoman bust already based on Julie Newmar's likeness? Yes indeed there was- this latest one is the Season 3 Eartha Kitt version featuring a similar body sculpt to the Newmar with a brand new head sculpt featuring the likeness of the sultry songstress from her stint on Batman. I think the Eartha will be a hit personally.
Back to more modern superhero series, after a quick sellout on her day of release, we have received more stock on the Melissa Benoist Supergirl statue. Standing atop a base featuring her logo, this Supergirl statue will make a fine addition to your Supergirl or superhero collection.
On the Marvel TV side of things- Hasbro has revealed their Netflix line of Marvel Legends figures. A couple of characters hail from the comics as well including the cool Build-A- Figure for the wave. The lineup consists of Daredevil, Punisher and Elektra from Netflix's Daredevil series featuring the likenesses of actors Charlie Cox, Jon Bernthal and Elodie Yung, respectively, Krysten Ritter's Jessica Jones from her eponymous Netflix series as well as Blade and Bullseye in more traditional comic book attire. The build-a-figure: Man-Thing! An improvement on the Toy Biz figure, I know several people who are chomping at the bit for this particular character. This one should be a fun wave to collect.
Anyway that's all for me this week- see you next time!


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Becoming increasingly popular for industrial applications, electromechanical actuators offer several advantages over traditional hydraulic and mechanical linear actuators such as increased mechanical efficiency, compactness, ruggedness, high load capacity, a minimum number of parts, and easy assembly.
Industries that utilize electromechanical actuators include: military, for armored ground vehicles and aircrafts; medical, for medical infusion systems, medical bed positioners, dental chairs and additional medical and dental equipment; aerospace, in order to open and close cargo doors, move flight surfaces, stabilize rotating devices and other movement control applications; and agriculture, for use in tractor engines, cultivators and additional farming machinery and applications.
Electromechanical actuators may differ in terms of what materials they are constructed from; such as metals like aluminum, steel, and zinc, as well as having plastic parts at times for noise reduction purposes; in terms of the power source, which could include DC, AC, stepper, and servo motors; and in terms of screw types such as lead or ball screw actuators.
Additional benefits of electromechanical actuators include decreased energy consumption, long service lives, and increased power density.
Electromechanical actuators have a fairly simple design: they consist of an electric motor, a screw, a nut, and possibly gears. The electric motor, also referred to as the driver, is mechanically connected to a screw. Thus, when the motor rotates, the screw will also rotate.
A nut is threaded onto the screw through matching helical threads onto a non-rotating part of the screw; as a result, the nut is prevented from rotating along with the screw. Instead of rotating, the nut will be driven along the threads of the screw in a linear movement in the corresponding direction to the screw's rotational movement. As a result, it is through the nut's movement that the electrical energy is converted into usable mechanical energy.
In terms of electromechanical actuators that utilize gear sets, the general purpose is for use in smaller motors. Not only smaller, but weaker as well, these motors spin at a high rpm and must be geared down in order to provide the necessary torque required to spin the screw in applications in which the load would be too heavy for the motor to be able to handle without additional support. Typical gears that are used for this application include worm gears, which are industrial gears that have a curved and recessed throat, or planetary gears, which consist of three or more outer gears that revolve around one central gear.


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Today's audio is from the GW. Switch to the GW to read along with the audio.
1 The word of the Lord that came to Micah of Moresheth during the reigns of Jotham, Ahaz and Hezekiah, kings of Judah—the vision he saw concerning Samaria and Jerusalem.
2 Hear, you peoples, all of you,
listen, earth and all who live in it,
that the Sovereign Lord may bear witness against you,
the Lord from his holy temple.
3 Look! The Lord is coming from his dwelling place;
he comes down and treads on the heights of the earth.
4 The mountains melt beneath him
and the valleys split apart,
like wax before the fire,
like water rushing down a slope.
5 All this is because of Jacob's transgression,
because of the sins of the people of Israel.
What is Jacob's transgression?
Is it not Samaria?
What is Judah's high place?
Is it not Jerusalem?
6 "Therefore I will make Samaria a heap of rubble,
a place for planting vineyards.
I will pour her stones into the valley
and lay bare her foundations.
7 All her idols will be broken to pieces;
all her temple gifts will be burned with fire;
I will destroy all her images.
Since she gathered her gifts from the wages of prostitutes,
as the wages of prostitutes they will again be used."
8 Because of this I will weep and wail;
I will go about barefoot and naked.
I will howl like a jackal
and moan like an owl.
9 For Samaria's plague is incurable;
it has spread to Judah.
It has reached the very gate of my people,
even to Jerusalem itself.
10 Tell it not in Gath[a];
weep not at all.
In Beth Ophrah[b]
roll in the dust.
11 Pass by naked and in shame,
you who live in Shaphir.[c]
Those who live in Zaanan[d]
will not come out.
Beth Ezel is in mourning;
it no longer protects you.
12 Those who live in Maroth[e] writhe in pain,
waiting for relief,
because disaster has come from the Lord,
even to the gate of Jerusalem.
13 You who live in Lachish,
harness fast horses to the chariot.
You are where the sin of Daughter Zion began,
for the transgressions of Israel were found in you.
14 Therefore you will give parting gifts
to Moresheth Gath.
The town of Akzib[f] will prove deceptive
to the kings of Israel.
15 I will bring a conqueror against you
who live in Mareshah.[g]
The nobles of Israel
will flee to Adullam.
16 Shave your head in mourning
for the children in whom you delight;
make yourself as bald as the vulture,
for they will go from you into exile.
2 Woe to those who plan iniquity,
to those who plot evil on their beds!
At morning's light they carry it out
because it is in their power to do it.
2 They covet fields and seize them,
and houses, and take them.
They defraud people of their homes,
they rob them of their inheritance.
3 Therefore, the Lord says:
"I am planning disaster against this people,
from which you cannot save yourselves.
You will no longer walk proudly,
for it will be a time of calamity.
4 In that day people will ridicule you;
they will taunt you with this mournful song:
'We are utterly ruined;
my people's possession is divided up.
He takes it from me!
He assigns our fields to traitors.'"
5 Therefore you will have no one in the assembly of the Lord
to divide the land by lot.
6 "Do not prophesy," their prophets say.
"Do not prophesy about these things;
disgrace will not overtake us."
7 You descendants of Jacob, should it be said,
"Does the Lord become[h] impatient?
Does he do such things?"
"Do not my words do good
to the one whose ways are upright?
8 Lately my people have risen up
like an enemy.
You strip off the rich robe
from those who pass by without a care,
like men returning from battle.
9 You drive the women of my people
from their pleasant homes.
You take away my blessing
from their children forever.
10 Get up, go away!
For this is not your resting place,
because it is defiled,
it is ruined, beyond all remedy.
11 If a liar and deceiver comes and says,
'I will prophesy for you plenty of wine and beer,'
that would be just the prophet for this people!
12 "I will surely gather all of you, Jacob;
I will surely bring together the remnant of Israel.
I will bring them together like sheep in a pen,
like a flock in its pasture;
the place will throng with people.
13 The One who breaks open the way will go up before them;
they will break through the gate and go out.
Their King will pass through before them,
the Lord at their head."
3 Then I said,
"Listen, you leaders of Jacob,
you rulers of Israel.
Should you not embrace justice,
2 you who hate good and love evil;
who tear the skin from my people
and the flesh from their bones;
3 who eat my people's flesh,
strip off their skin
and break their bones in pieces;
who chop them up like meat for the pan,
like flesh for the pot?"
4 Then they will cry out to the Lord,
but he will not answer them.
At that time he will hide his face from them
because of the evil they have done.
5 This is what the Lord says:
"As for the prophets
who lead my people astray,
they proclaim 'peace'
if they have something to eat,
but prepare to wage war against anyone
who refuses to feed them.
6 Therefore night will come over you, without visions,
and darkness, without divination.
The sun will set for the prophets,
and the day will go dark for them.
7 The seers will be ashamed
and the diviners disgraced.
They will all cover their faces
because there is no answer from God."
8 But as for me, I am filled with power,
with the Spirit of the Lord,
and with justice and might,
to declare to Jacob his transgression,
to Israel his sin.
9 Hear this, you leaders of Jacob,
you rulers of Israel,
who despise justice
and distort all that is right;
10 who build Zion with bloodshed,
and Jerusalem with wickedness.
11 Her leaders judge for a bribe,
her priests teach for a price,
and her prophets tell fortunes for money.
Yet they look for the Lord's support and say,
"Is not the Lord among us?
No disaster will come upon us."
12 Therefore because of you,
Zion will be plowed like a field,
Jerusalem will become a heap of rubble,
the temple hill a mound overgrown with thickets.
4 In the last days
the mountain of the Lord's temple will be established
as the highest of the mountains;
it will be exalted above the hills,
and peoples will stream to it.
2 Many nations will come and say,
"Come, let us go up to the mountain of the Lord,
to the temple of the God of Jacob.
He will teach us his ways,
so that we may walk in his paths."
The law will go out from Zion,
the word of the Lord from Jerusalem.
3 He will judge between many peoples
and will settle disputes for strong nations far and wide.
They will beat their swords into plowshares
and their spears into pruning hooks.
Nation will not take up sword against nation,
nor will they train for war anymore.
4 Everyone will sit under their own vine
and under their own fig tree,
and no one will make them afraid,
for the Lord Almighty has spoken.
5 All the nations may walk
in the name of their gods,
but we will walk in the name of the Lord
our God for ever and ever.
6 "In that day," declares the Lord,
"I will gather the lame;
I will assemble the exiles
and those I have brought to grief.
7 I will make the lame my remnant,
those driven away a strong nation.
The Lord will rule over them in Mount Zion
from that day and forever.
8 As for you, watchtower of the flock,
stronghold[i] of Daughter Zion,
the former dominion will be restored to you;
kingship will come to Daughter Jerusalem."
9 Why do you now cry aloud—
have you no king[j]?
Has your ruler[k] perished,
that pain seizes you like that of a woman in labor?
10 Writhe in agony, Daughter Zion,
like a woman in labor,
for now you must leave the city
to camp in the open field.
You will go to Babylon;
there you will be rescued.
There the Lord will redeem you
out of the hand of your enemies.
11 But now many nations
are gathered against you.
They say, "Let her be defiled,
let our eyes gloat over Zion!"
12 But they do not know
the thoughts of the Lord;
they do not understand his plan,
that he has gathered them like sheaves to the threshing floor.
13 "Rise and thresh, Daughter Zion,
for I will give you horns of iron;
I will give you hooves of bronze,
and you will break to pieces many nations."
You will devote their ill-gotten gains to the Lord,
their wealth to the Lord of all the earth.
6 I watched as the Lamb opened the first of the seven seals. Then I heard one of the four living creatures say in a voice like thunder, "Come!" 2 I looked, and there before me was a white horse! Its rider held a bow, and he was given a crown, and he rode out as a conqueror bent on conquest.
3 When the Lamb opened the second seal, I heard the second living creature say, "Come!" 4 Then another horse came out, a fiery red one. Its rider was given power to take peace from the earth and to make people kill each other. To him was given a large sword.
5 When the Lamb opened the third seal, I heard the third living creature say, "Come!" I looked, and there before me was a black horse! Its rider was holding a pair of scales in his hand. 6 Then I heard what sounded like a voice among the four living creatures, saying, "Two pounds[a] of wheat for a day's wages,[b] and six pounds[c] of barley for a day's wages,[d] and do not damage the oil and the wine!"
7 When the Lamb opened the fourth seal, I heard the voice of the fourth living creature say, "Come!" 8 I looked, and there before me was a pale horse! Its rider was named Death, and Hades was following close behind him. They were given power over a fourth of the earth to kill by sword, famine and plague, and by the wild beasts of the earth.
9 When he opened the fifth seal, I saw under the altar the souls of those who had been slain because of the word of God and the testimony they had maintained. 10 They called out in a loud voice, "How long, Sovereign Lord, holy and true, until you judge the inhabitants of the earth and avenge our blood?" 11 Then each of them was given a white robe, and they were told to wait a little longer, until the full number of their fellow servants, their brothers and sisters,[e] were killed just as they had been.
12 I watched as he opened the sixth seal. There was a great earthquake. The sun turned black like sackcloth made of goat hair, the whole moon turned blood red, 13 and the stars in the sky fell to earth, as figs drop from a fig tree when shaken by a strong wind. 14 The heavens receded like a scroll being rolled up, and every mountain and island was removed from its place.
15 Then the kings of the earth, the princes, the generals, the rich, the mighty, and everyone else, both slave and free, hid in caves and among the rocks of the mountains. 16 They called to the mountains and the rocks, "Fall on us and hide us[f] from the face of him who sits on the throne and from the wrath of the Lamb! 17 For the great day of their[g] wrath has come, and who can withstand it?"
1 Praise the Lord, all you servants of the Lord
who minister by night in the house of the Lord.
2 Lift up your hands in the sanctuary
and praise the Lord.
3 May the Lord bless you from Zion,
he who is the Maker of heaven and earth.
30 The sayings of Agur son of Jakeh—an inspired utterance.
This man's utterance to Ithiel:
"I am weary, God,
but I can prevail.[a]
2 Surely I am only a brute, not a man;
I do not have human understanding.
3 I have not learned wisdom,
nor have I attained to the knowledge of the Holy One.
4 Who has gone up to heaven and come down?
Whose hands have gathered up the wind?
Who has wrapped up the waters in a cloak?
Who has established all the ends of the earth?
What is his name, and what is the name of his son?
Surely you know!
Holy Bible, New International Version®, NIV® Copyright ©1973, 1978, 1984, 2011 by Biblica, Inc.® Used by permission. All rights reserved worldwide.


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According to employees, Home Depot was vulnerable for yearsData breach, Security, Software vulnerabilities, vulnerability management
On top of that, Home Depot hired a person who had been fired from another company for sabotaging their network. According to this article on ars technica,
Home Depot hired Ricky Joe Mitchell as its senior IT security architect. Mitchell got the job after being fired from EnerVest Operating in Charleston, West Virginia—and he sabotaged that company's network in an act of revenge, taking the company offline for 30 days. Mitchell retained his position at Home Depot even after his indictment a year later and remained in charge of Home Depot's security until he pled guilty to federal charges in January of 2014.
Well, duh! Is it any wonder that Home Depot suffered a bigger breach than Target? Target's was bad at 40 million credit cards stolen; Home Depot's was worse at an estimated 56 million. The malware in both cases was the same, "BlackPOS" (a.k.a. "Kaptoxa"), a malware strain designed to siphon data from cards when they are swiped at infected point-of-sale systems running Microsoft Windows," says Brian Krebs.
From the ars technica piece: "…former employees contend that the company relied on out of date antivirus software—a version of Symantec's antivirus purchased in 2007. And the company didn't perform network behavior monitoring, so they would not have detected unusual network traffic coming from point-of-sale systems."
Hate to say it, but they were hoisted by their own petard.
Shellshock bug bashes BashBash, Enterprise Security, patching, Software vulnerabilities
For the first time in a very long time, I'm not writing about a Windows vulnerability. Though Windows is infamous for its insecurity, there are other operating systems that also have have security holes, Unix, Linux and MacOS (based on Unix) being the top three. iMacs and MacBooks aside, most of the internet runs on routers and other devices that have embedded Linux/Unix operating systems at their core.
For those of you familiar with Linux/Unix, you know what Bash is. For those of you who are diehard Windows people, Bash is the Unix command shell that allows you to manipulate the operating system using text commands, similar to what you can do with the Windows command prompt (although Bash is more powerful).
Bash has a Remote Code Execution (RCE) bug and here's what's up with it:
"Everything from Unix, Linux and Apple systems, to servers, routers and network-attached storage devices are potentially at risk," according to Alan Woodward (interviewed by Mathew J. Schwartz in Bank Info Security). If your company uses any of the previous platforms, you may be at risk. Those who use Windows systems are not affected.
Get more info about the exact details of the vulnerability here.
Again, if you're running Windows systems, these are not affected. However, you should do the following on any other devices:
- Patch the Bash flaw by upgrading all Linux/Unix-related software;
- Disable remote log-in on all Mac OS X systems, until Apple patches the vulnerability;
- Check every device that runs or relies on an embedded version of Unix or Linux, to see if they're susceptible to the vulnerability, and patch their software or firmware accordingly.
Stealing PINs with an iPhoneSecurity
If you're a profit-motivated cybercriminal willing to invest a couple of hundred bucks on some technology, you can easily steal anyone's PIN at most retail card terminals.
Cybercriminals infecting innocent computers worldwideSecurity
"What?" You say. "That's not news!" Well, it is when the cyber-criminals are your own government agencies. I'm just going to block quote this from Bruce Schneier's latest Crypto-gram newsletter:
There's a new story on the C't Magazin website about a 5-Eyes program to infect computers around the world for use as launching pads for attacks. These are not target computers; these are innocent third parties.
The article actually talks about several government programs. HACIENDA is a GCHQ program to port-scan entire countries, looking for vulnerable computers to attack. According to the GCHQ slide from 2009, they've completed port scans of 27 different countries and are prepared to do more.
The point of this is to create ORBs, or Operational Relay Boxes. Basically, these are computers that sit between the attacker and the target, and are designed to obscure the true origins of an attack. Slides from the Canadian CSEC talk about how this process is being automated: "2-3 times/year, 1 day focused effort to acquire as many new ORBs as possible in as many non 5-Eyes countries as possible." They've automated this process into something codenamed LANDMARK, and together with a knowledge engine codenamed OLYMPIA, 24 people were able to identify "a list of 3000+ potential ORBs" in 5-8 hours. The presentation does not go on to say whether all of those computers were actually infected.
Slides from the UK's GCHQ also talk about ORB detection, as part of a program called MUGSHOT. It, too, is happy with the automatic process: "Initial ten fold increase in Orb identification rate over manual process." There are also NSA slides that talk about the hacking process, but there's not much new in them.
The slides never say how many of the "potential ORBs" CSEC discovers or the computers that register positive in GCHQ's "Orb identification" are actually infected, but they're all stored in a database for future use. The Canadian slides talk about how some of that information was shared with the NSA.
Increasingly, innocent computers and networks are becoming collateral damage, as countries use the Internet to conduct espionage and attacks against each other. This is an example of that. Not only do these intelligence services want an insecure Internet so they can attack each other, they want an insecure Internet so they can use innocent third parties to help facilitate their attacks.
The story contains formerly TOP SECRET documents from the US, UK, and Canada. Note that Snowden is not mentioned at all in this story. Usually, if the documents the story is based on come from Snowden, the reporters say that. In this case, the reporters have said nothing about where the documents come from. I don't know if this is an omission — these documents sure look like the sorts of things that come from the Snowden archive — or if there is yet another leaker.
http://www.heise.de/ct/artikel/NSA-GCHQ-The-HACIENDA-Program-for-Internet-Colonization-2292681.html or http://tinyurl.com/mevxbq2
No government agent or agency should be permitted to consider themselves above the law. What they are doing, you and I would be arrested and imprisoned for. I think it's time we called these criminals to account for their crimes. Snowden did his part; it's time for us to live up to our responsibilities as citizens and give these crooks the business.
Has Apple received an order under the Patriot Act?Apple, Security, USA Patriot Act
According to ZDNet, Apple has removed the warrant canary from their transparency report, suggesting that the company has received a top secret subpoena under the Section 215 of the USA Patriot Act.
The so-called "warrant canary" was first issued in Apple's debut transparency report. Apple and other companies are not allowed to disclose whether or not they have received a Section 215 order under the Patriot Act, because the orders are classified.
Apple, however, preemptively asserted [it] "never received an order under Section 215 of the USA Patriot Act," in November 2013.
That text has now been removed from its latest report, suggesting Apple has in fact received such an order.
BoingBoing reports this:
The premise of a warrant canary is that Section 215 of the Patriot Act can compel companies not to tell anyone about being served with a warrant, but that the law can't compel a company to lie and say that it hasn't received a warrant. This has not been tested in court yet.
It seems likely, based on the latest report, that Apple has now received at least one of the secret surveillance requests.
Is that email malicious? Here's how to tellSecurity
Ian Paul, writing in the Security blog for PCWorld, gives us three warning signs that email is malicious:
- Dear Customer — an email not addressed directly to you using your registered name [or, with no salutation at all. Ed.].
- A weird looking link that is confusing and not obviously from the source. [Here's a good one: http://twierdzaprzemysl.za.pl/qjjaonoars/<redacted>html]
- An attachment
To that list, I would add blatant grammatical errors that make it obvious the sender does not have English as a first language. Example: "It's operated by Dropbox and safety" in a message I recently saw.
And one more thing: Were you expecting to receive that email? Even if it says it's from someone you know, you know the types of things your friends send you. If you get lots of emails about cats from one of your friends and then start getting emails about foreign lotteries, you can assume something's up.
Stay on your toes and think before you click.
Highly effective security: Watch that WiFi hotspot!Security
The proliferation of public WiFi hotspots has certainly made it convenient for mobile users, but it has also make it riskier. You have no control over the security features implemented, if any, and you have no way of knowing what they are. Therefore, you have to be extra cautious when using public hotspots.
- Do not access sensitive personal accounts such as your bank or credit cards
- Ensure that any websites you visit use HTTPS and display a lock icon
- Watch out for "shoulder surfing" from people and be aware that security cameras may be recording you, too
- Never use a public computer kiosk, such as one in a hotel lobby or "business center" to access personal information
Beware of this Facebook scamcyberscams, Facebook, Security
People are creating a "new" profile of someone and then they add the target's friends, hoping that since you know them, you will add them. As part of the ruse, they make up some excuse as to why they had to create the new account. They will message you about winning a lot of money or some other reason, and try to get you to go to some site and sign up, etc., etc. I know someone whose account was spoofed, and I have a friend who had a relative's account spoofed.
Facebook will immediately disable the fake account if you report it promptly. If anyone tells you they are receiving strange messages from you, investigate and make sure your account hasn't been spoofed.
Let your friends know that they shouldn't be receiving any friend requests from you, since you are already connected.
What?! You don't run antivirus software? Are you nuts?Security
But until something I'm not expecting blindsides me and causes me a bit of inconvenience, I'm not going to install the bloatware on my systems. Most of it doesn't work anyway and when users insist on clicking on scary popups because "of course I don't want 10,000 viruses and registry errors and fix it for me now, please" all the while ignoring the warnings of their legitimate AV application, what's the use? They bring those systems to me, all horked up with random junk and I find that they have AV software installed, but they opted in to all the adware that's ******* up their computers anyway.
I don't click on random links and I ignore popups. I'm a professional, of course, and I have everything backed up all the time and if I ever see a popup, I first ask, "Is this from an app I have installed?" I understand that most people have no clue and probably have no business owning and/or operating a computer.
But that's why the cybercriminals are successful, isn't it? Very few people are pros. Most of them will fall for anything.
My point is this: the AV companies are making money on people who they can't help anyway. I may be wrong. Please tell me if I am. But 11 years of not running anti-malware software on my systems (I do occasionally do a safe mode scan, but I don't run anything in the background) without a single infection on any of my systems is enough to convince me that smart computing and safe surfing practices is enough.
Is it?
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A novel approach to creating secure pass phrases (that no one will use)Security
We security wonks constantly entreat our users not to use common words or phrases for their passwords, and certainly to never re-use passwords on more than one site. Another no-no is using keyboard patterns. The reason people do such things is that they are easy to remember. The problem is that the bad guys have all of these common poor password practices figured out and set up in their password cracking algorithms right alongside of their dictionary files and lists of hacked common passwords. With this exercise, I'm trying to get you to think randomly, not in patterns, though there is a pattern and symmetry here. Of course, no one will use this, but coming up with this stuff is just my way of having fun.
This novel approach that will give you a minimum of 10,000 secure pass phrases at your fingertips (or in your wallet or purse) using only the words. If you choose the modify it with numeric/special character options, you can get many more. If you do the math, the number of combinations of a group of characters is N^R, or the number of choices to the power of how many of those you use. In the basic method below, you have 10 choices and will use 4 of them, so you have 10,000 possible combinations. You can use this to securely write down your pass phrases (well, the aliases for your pass phrases) anywhere you want in the form of 4-digit numbers. Since no one will know what words are on your list, they can know your aliases but they won't know your pass phrases. If you add secret complications (more about that in a minute), the number of guesses required gets astronomical (or should I say geometrical?)
First, take a piece of paper and write the numerals 0 through 9 on the left side. Then, pick 10 words that are familiar to you. You can use any common words or names that you will remember. Rules about not using pet names, kids' names, your name, your spouse's name, etc., don't apply here because they will be used in a long and random combination. We all have at least ten of those. Here is my example (not to be used, of course–create your own):
0 The
1 Quick
2 Brown
3 Fox
4 Jumps
5 Over
6 The
7 Lazy
8 Red
9 Dog
Those of you who have ever taken a typing class will recognize those words and my slight alteration of it to fill the 10 slots.
Now, what's the model year of your main ride? Mine is 2005. So, I write down 2005 as my alias and my pass phrase is BrownTheTheOver. Need another pass phrase for something? My birth year is 1953, so I use QuickDogOverFox as my pass phrase.
This method won't win you any awards for password strength, but they're sufficiently strong for most purposes. If you want to ramp them up, choose a numeral or special character that you insert between each word. It's still easy to remember, but it adds 3 more characters to your phrase. I choose @, so I now have Brown@The@The@Over and Quick@Dog@Over@Fox. Visit Steve Gibson's Password Haystacks site and check those out. My alias for those is 2005@ and 1953@.
The only thing missing here is a numeral to make the character domain consist of upper and lower case letters, numerals and special characters, so let's add a numeral. Just put it at the beginning or the end and make your alias reflect that. Let's use the numeral 7 and put it in front. I now have 7Brown@The@The@Over and 7Quick@Dog@Over@Fox. Your alias becomes 72005@ or 71953@ and the strength of the pass phrases goes geometrical, astronomical or what-have-you, into the hundreds of thousands of trillions of centuries to run a brute force crack.
Of course, this is entirely too much work for the average computer user, so I'll still try "password" as my first guess, followed by "12345678," "letmein," and a few others.
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text:
A sudden heavy snow flurry changed our plans for the day; you just never know what might happen in March. So RJ is probably curled up in front of the wood stove with a favorite book, while I'm thinking about getting out the dye pots again. I just pulled out some rambouillet/mohair roving I bought from Lura, a fellow guild member, a couple of years ago. It's time something was done with it. I'm thinking about spring colors and painted roving while the snow falls outside.
I just left the rabbits contently munching their morning hay in the cozy shelter of the barn. Water bottles all filled and none frozen today! There is a keen little wind accompanying the snow and it was nice to get inside after feeding the cats and filling the birdfeeders. Missy, the elderly calico cat, came with me to the barn and sat on the lumber pile, watching me do the chores. She seems to prefer attention these days; in her younger days she walked alone. Now she greets visitors when they come instead of slipping away unseen. She was left behind when an ex left and once roamed the fields freely; for days I wouldn't see her at all. Now she stays close to the house and sleeps in the sun on the south side during the day, sheltering in the basement and porch at night or on cooler days. Missy, formerly known as Fuzz (I thought she deserved better!), will never be a comfy house cat, no matter how much she mellows!
There is nothing cozy about the wild birds as they chatter and flutter around the feeders in the mornings. They dart from place to place, searching for choice morsels and the preferred sunflower seeds, and then scatter to the twiggy limbs to gobble the seeds before rushing back for more. Later in the day the frenzy dwindles to an occasional hunt among the feeders for another bit or seed. I look out in the afternoons on a cold or windy day and see a dozen little birds huddled in the twigs of the shrubs near the house; sheltered by the gray board wall.


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See Related Products tab for products and projects that go with this item.
Chrysolite Opal
12 per pack


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"35 Girls 1 Crown The Competition Of A Lifetime"
Titles: The Selection, The Elite, The One, The Prince, & The GuardAuthor: Kiera Cass
Hey guys!
So this past week I read so. many. books! During this past week I just needed to get away for a bit. So, I dived into the world of the Selection. I read the Selection when it first came out in 2012 and I absolutely loved it! At the time, I had a big pile of library books to read, and I eventually just forgot about waiting for the sequel. I recently watched youtuber's videos hauling the series and I said to myself: "I need to read those through!" So I picked them up from my local library and just flew through them! This series is definitely a guilty pleasure of mine! :D
So, the whole series follows America Singer as she competes in the Selection. The Selection is a competition where 35 girls are chosen to compete for the Prince of Illea's heart. Illea is the futuristic world after the last World War. The land formerly known as the United States, Illea, is run by a king and queen. The whole class system is really whacky, everyone is separated into castes (but the thing everyone lives wherever they want but the castes intermingle and you don't know someone's caste unless they have an obvious job that is represented by their caste). The castes are basically based off of your ancestor's status back when King Illea came to power...so basically everyone was a 4 or 5 or lower and very few were 2's and 3's and only royals were 1's....America didn't want to sign up for the Selection...she was content. But her family needed the money, so she signed up. And she was chosen....
The Selection
-Published: April 24th 2012
-Published by: HarperTeen
-Pages: 336
-Genre: Young-adult, Dystopian, Romance, Science Fiction
My Rating: 5 stars
The Goodreads synopsis:
For thirty-five girls, the Selection is the chance of a lifetime. The opportunity to escape the life laid out for them since birth. To be swept up in a world of glittering gowns and priceless jewels. To live in a palace and compete for the heart of gorgeous Prince Maxon.
But for America Singer, being Selected is a nightmare. It means turning her back on her secret love with Aspen, who is a caste below her. Leaving her home to enter a fierce competition for a crown she doesn't want. Living in a palace that is constantly threatened by violent rebel attacks.
Then America meets Prince Maxon. Gradually, she starts to question all the plans she's made for herself--and realizes that the life she's always dreamed of may not compare to a future she never imagined.
35 Girls 1 Crown The Competition Of A Lifetime
How does that not catch your attention!
What I Loved: The whole world! I loved how Kiera Cass didn't shove the world into your face and gradually gave you the bits of pieces of the world and it is so beautiful!
What I Disliked: How easily America could be swayed by Aspen. I mean I understand that he was her first love, but she really needs to let him go. Aspen. I do not like Aspen at all.
My Favorite Quotes:
"True love is usually the most inconvenient kind."
"I hope you find someone you can't live without.I really do. And I hope you never have to know what it's like to have to try and live without them."
"It's always the fear of looking stupid that stops you from being awesome."
The Elite
-Pages: 336
-Published: April 23rd 2013
-Published by: HarperTeen
-Genre: Young-adult, Dystopian, Romance, Science Fiction
My Rating: 4.5 stars
The Goodreads synopsis:
The Selection began with thirty-five girls.
Now with the group narrowed down to the six Elite, the competition to win Prince Maxon's heart is fiercer than ever—and America is still struggling to decide where her heart truly lies. Is it with Maxon, who could make her life a fairy tale? Or with her first love, Aspen?
America is desperate for more time. But the rest of the Elite know exactly what they want—and America's chance to choose is about to slip away.
Now with the group narrowed down to the six Elite, the competition to win Prince Maxon's heart is fiercer than ever—and America is still struggling to decide where her heart truly lies. Is it with Maxon, who could make her life a fairy tale? Or with her first love, Aspen?
America is desperate for more time. But the rest of the Elite know exactly what they want—and America's chance to choose is about to slip away.
This follows where The Selection left off. The final 6, The Elite, remain...and America is still torn between Aspen and Maxon.
What I Disliked: America being so freaking fickle! Seriously! Maxon is perfect for you! You love him! He loves you! Let go of Aspen!
What I Loved: Everything else! As much as I complain about America, I love her all at the same time! These books are so beautiful and so great!
My Favorite Quotes:
"Love is beautiful fear"
"You've changed me forever. And I'll never forget you."
"Sometimes I feel like we're a knot, too tangled to be taken apart."
"Darling, you're perfect."
"I know, I know. It's hard to explain. All I can say is that I've been given a second chance. Maxon matters to me, and I'm going to fight for him."
The One
-Pages: 323
-Published: May 6th 2014
-Published by: HarperTeen
-Genre: Young-adult, Dystopian, Romance, Science Fiction
-My Rating: 5 stars
The Goodreads synopsis:
The time has come for one winner to be crowned.
When she was chosen to compete in the Selection, America never dreamed she would find herself anywhere close to the crown—or to Prince Maxon's heart. But as the end of the competition approaches, and the threats outside the palace walls grow more vicious, America realizes just how much she stands to lose—and how hard she'll have to fight for the future she wants.
This book! Oh! My! Gosh! It is was such a perfect way to finish up the Selection trilogy! Actually no! I was nearly satisfied but not enough! I need more! This just made me even more excited for The Heir! Guys I waited 5+ days to write about this series aned I still cannot wrap my head around the ending! I NEED MORE!
Kiera Cass, you are a word wizard! This series deserves 100 stars! I am getting all the feels!
What I Disliked: -Again, America's fickle attitude
-Aspen risking America's life when he was trying to get her to pick him
-Maxon's attitude near the end..I still love you Maxon but seriously don't pull an America!
What I Loved: Look back to my thoughts ^^ :D
My Favorite Quote:
If you guys love the dystopian genre, the Bachelor, and dreamy princes and beautiful dresses, action, suspense, and rebel uprisings; you will love these books! I had such an amazing time reading these books! You will seriously fly through them!
Until later guys!
Where To Find:
The Selection: Indigo // B&N // Book Depository
The Elite: Indigo // B&N // Book Depository
The One: Indigo // B&N // Book Depository
Enjoy! Happy Reading!


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Another year, another Anime Boston! Held every year at the Hynes Convention Center in downtown Boston, it took place between March 21st to 23rd. Now in it's 12th year, Anime Boston is the premier anime convention in the New England area, and is among the top ten anime conventions of North America in general! Every year the con selects and celebrates a different theme, which serves as a backdrop for their t-shirts, promotional skits and decorations. It doesn't stop there though, as the con also highlights fan panels that stick with the year's themes. This year the theme was Magic, so there was a wide variety of panels focusing on things ranging from the supernatural in anime, to the Magical Girls genre. As a single individual I chose to try and give a fans eye perspective to the convention, highlighting some of the fan panels and a several industry ones as well!
One of the big draws of this years convention was performances by the band JAM Project. They're a large musical group known for their various anime theme songs, including openings for One Piece, The Soul Taker, and many many more. I arrived early hoping to get tickets for their Friday night show, but due to a little confusion that almost didn't happen. When I went to the room listed in the program for the tickets I found no line and the door's closed. Assuming I missed out I made my way to a panel instead.
I arrived a little late and ended up leaving early, but from what I saw, "The 36th Chamber: An Intro to Kung Fu Cinema" was a pretty well done panel. I'm pretty sure it was its first year at the con and it seemed pretty well attended. The host, Jordan Olsen, seemed to know the material very well and his passion for it came through. He touched upon several actors and characters, including Gordon Liu and Pei Mei. Unfortunately I wasn't able to stay for the entire panel and left during a Tony Jaa clip that had the crowd oohing and aahing. The reason I couldn't stay is because the ticket situation had been cleared up for me. It wasn't in the room I thought it was, but at a table across the hall from it. Much to my surprise there was no line and I was able to walk right up to the volunteer manning it and had my pick of tickets with no waiting!
Not long after I took some time to hit the dealers room. I have to say I was pretty impressed by the number of stalls that were selling manga and there were plenty of good bargains to be had. Local comic shops Comicopia and New England Comics both had a good stock of bargain priced manga, and they were probably the two biggest stalls on the floor.
Managed to take in the "Anime After Toonami" panel shortly after. Thanks to a new policy of inserting 30 minutes between panels in the same room, I was able to arrive early and was treated to some impromptu anime clips before the panel officially started. When I arrived the now famous Daicon IV video was playing, and the panelist went on to show the infamous CGI helicopter scene from the Golgo 13 movie, much the audiences delight.
The panel itself was hosted by Vinnie from All Geeks Considered and highlighted some excellent series and movies that came out after Toonami had gone off the air, or near the tail end of it's first run. There were some top notch selections, and I came away from it with several shows added to an already lengthy "Must Watch" list. Among the highlighted shows were Little Witch Academia, a fantastic short film that's legally available for free on Youtube and is about a young girl training to become a magic using witch; the absolutely hilarious Inferno Cop, which is really something that just has to be seen to be believed, it's a wonderfully over the top, low budget looking series that should appeal to fans of Toonami's own original comedy pieces, and coincidentally it's also legally available on Youtube; several of the more recent Gundam series were included, such as Gundam Unicorn and Gundam Build Fighters; the superhero comedy Astro Fighter Sunred and many others. It was really an engaging panel with good clips and some nice recommendations. Something he did that really struck me as well, was that he plugged which shows were available at the con in the dealer's room. It's a small thing, but it's nice to see a panelist running and pushing a show then pointing out that it's available on site and encouraging people to buy it.
I arrived a little late to "Funimation's 20th Anniversary panel, but I'm glad I was able to check it out. It was a nice look back at the company's history and some of their bigger licenses. Scattered throughout were some interesting tidbits about special promotions they've run in the past. I really liked the idea of sending paper cranes to the Japanese company that produced Fruits Baskets in an attempt to convince them to make a second season of the show. Likewise the Hetalia postcard promotion they ran resulted in a terrifyingly large amount of postcards being sent in to them. They even spent some time talking about the crazy packaging and box sets they used to release, touching upon the wooden slide box they made for Basilisk back in the day. It was definitely fascinating and some of the old promo videos, Toonami bumps and trailers had me missing the old days of being able find lots of anime in physical stores, or being able to watch it on TV after school. it was a very nostalgic and enjoyable panel.
After it ended there was a half hour wait between that and the next panel in the room, which was going to another Funimation panel focusing on their online ventures. I originally intended to stick around for it, but wandered out into the hall in search of a plug to charge my table at while waiting. Things didn't quite go as planned though as the familiar sounds of Cowboy Bebop's opening song "Tank" caught my attention from across the hallway. I wandered into to see what was happening, not thinking to check out the schedule and found myself in Dai Sato's panel!
His name may not mean anything to you, but if you've ever watched Adult Swim's anime line up in the last 14 years then you've seen his work. One of the featured Japanese guests, Dai Sato has been a writer on some of the most popular anime series in America. Cowboy Bebop, Samurai Champloo, Eureka 7, Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex 2nd Gig and the current Toonami darling, Space Dandy are just a few of the shows he's worked on over the years. After a brief discussion of his career, including a mention of how it was working on Cowboy Bebop that made him realize that he wanted to be a writer, it was onto a Q&A!
The Q&A session opened up with a question about a possible follow up to Ergo Proxy? Apparently the series didn't really do well in Japan, despite being well received by American audiences. He has thought about a follow up and has a rough idea of what he'd like to do with it, but nothing beyond that. Someone asked a question about whether Dai Sato went into Space Dandy with the idea of aiming it to the US or Japanese audiences? Apparently it was always intended to be an international release, and was always intended to air in the US on Toonami. Another fan asked about the inspiration for the second episode of Space Dandy, with the ramen shop at the end of the universe? Dai Sato mentions that it was inspired by a real ramen shop in his area that has some insane rules about how customers must eat their ramen. There were also a few questions about whether or not Dai Sato had any Western influences, which lead to some interesting responses from Sato. He talked about how he loved the original Twilight Zone as a child and was impressed at how it was able to generate some many different emotional reactions over the course of 30 minutes, and also touched upon how he was a George RR Martin fan and was currently loving the Game of Thrones series on HBO. What was really surprising and unexpected, was Dai Sato admitting that he's a big fan of Neil Gaiman! He even talked a little bit about Gaiman's Kickstarter endeavors.
Another interesting question came when an attendee asked about Oshii's influence and his contributions in the making of Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex 2nd Gig. This lead to an interesting bit of discussion where Dai Sato talked about how Oshii was a bit more involved with the second season than he was with the first. While he never really dictated things he was more active in suggestion ideas and themes. The terrorist attacks of September 11th also played a part in the change in tone between the first and second season. Dai Sao noted how the first was a bit more introspective, while the second was a more taut spy thriller. In keeping with the terrorists theme, he was also asked about influences in his writing of the Cowboy Bebop episode, "Brain Scratch," and touched upon the AUM sarin gas attacks on the Tokyo Subway. It was a really fascinating panel and the attendees asked some very good questions. I wish the Q&A could have gone on longer, but all good things must come to an end.
By this point it was evening and I spent a little time roaming the halls and catching The Dubs That Time Forgot panel. It's something a perennial favorite among Anime Boston attendees and the room was packed. Sadly, for some reason, Evernote didn't save my notes for the panel. It was hosted by Mike Toole, of ANN's The Mike Toole Show and was full of bizarre and obscure dubs as the name implies. It's actually kind of amazing what he's able to dig up through various sources, things like an old and obscure anime adaption of Alladin, and an oddly misnamed White Fang movie, which was actually an entirely different movie about a wolf.
Following a quick dinner it was time for one of the highlights of the weekend! While I've been attending Anime Boston for several years now, one of the few things I had never really done was take in one of their concerts. This is usually due to scheduling and travel considerations, but this year I was able to catch the first show of the weekend.
This year Anime Boston had brought over JAM Project, a group known for their work on anime series opening themes. The first night was a group performance, while Saturday night was going to highlight each member's solo work. I would have liked to have seen both, but scheduling and travel issues kept me from doing so. I arrived a little late and came in after the first few songs, but was still able to catch most of the show, including the one song that I had been hoping they'd play since I heard they were coming over, "Savior in the Dark," the theme from the live action series, Garo! They were pretty incredible to see live and were full of energy, probably more than I had at the time. Their two hour set included themes from shows and series such as Soultaker, Super Robot Wars, Shin-Mazinger Z and Transformers. In between the songs they'd banter with the crowd, thanking everyone for coming and engaged in some Mick Foley level cheap pops by expressing their fondness of the Red Sox, Aerosmith and Boston in general. At one point they even made a special point of thanking the US for all the support and sympathy in the wake of the 2011 earthquake and tsunami. I haven't been to a concert in years and I had totally forgotten just how much fun it could be. The size of the convention center's auditorium just helped give the entire thing a more intimate feel then the few concerts I have attended in the past. It was easily one of the highlights of the weekend and afterwards I found myself regretting the fact that I wouldn't be able to attend the second show on Saturday.


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Is Play on the Decline at Your School?
Education Week/ Teacher blogger Nancy Flanagan published a blog post yesterday on the disappearance of play from schools and it's well worth a read, if you've got the time.
Nancy boiled the problem down to this:
"Too much of what we do in education revolves around reproducing and reiterating, rather than playful creation."
Given that the U.S. Government Accountability Office just released a report Monday that suggests school sports opportunities were actually on the increase, I thought the contrast was worth acknowledging. Why do schools seem to be moving further toward extra test-prep and away from a well-rounded education, one that includes physical activity and built-in play time?
Paul Caccamo, executive director of Up2Us, a New York City-based coalition of nonprofit organizations that aim to support youth sports programs, thinks there needs to be a rethinking of public education.
"The way it used to be, we used to have a much more comprehensive view of what it means to raise children in this country, and for many years, sports were part of it," he said over the phone today.
As policymakers gear up to rewrite the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (currently known as the No Child Left Behind Act), Caccamo says they should take a long, hard look at what the role of public education is. If it's to support well-rounded children, "then you're talking about protecting the access for all children to participate in sports," he said.
I'll have more from Caccamo and a few others in a story next week about the GAO report, so keep an eye out for that. (I'll post a link here when it's published.)
But, until then: Have you noticed an absence of play opportunities for students in your school? Do you believe the decline is correlated with NCLB or the recession? Curious to hear your thoughts.
Want all the latest K-12 sports news? Follow @SchooledinSport on Twitter.


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Lincoln, Lincolnshire pub history index
Directory of Pubs in the UK historical public houses, Taverns, Inns, Beer Houses and Hotels in Lincolnshire. The Lincolnshire listing uses information from census, Trade Directories and History to add licensees, bar staff, Lodgers and Visitors.
Lincoln pubs and hotels in 1946
Albion Hotel, 11 St Marys Street, Oswald B Hill
Jn A Barber, Heneage Arms Inn, 7 & 8 Croft Street
Wallace George Barnett, Ripon Arms, 33 & 34 Monson Street
Joseph Barton, beer retailer, Saltergate
Herbert Baskcomb, Unity, 27 Broadgate
Andrew Beecham, Golden Lion, 22 & 23 Stamp End
Frank Belcher, Crown Inn, 54 Baggeholme Road
Jn R H Belton, White Horse Inn, 21 Hungate
Mrs I Bennet, beer retailer, 41 Bar gate
Bishops Hotel, Drury Lane, Rev Cyril Kenneth Sansbury MA, warden (definitely NOT a pub)
Black Bull Hotel, 199 High Street, George Crosby
Jn Blackbourn, beer retailer, 1 Prospect Terrace
Thomas Eldred Bradford jun, Rose & Crown Inn, 14 Dale Street
William Edward Brothwell, beer retailer, 119 Canwick Road
Frederick G Brown, Gate House Hotel, 178 Newark Road
Jas Herbert Burgess, Carholme Inn, 2 - 4 Gresham Street
Frederick Burton, Stags Head, Newport
Hy A G Callow, City Commercial Hotel, Cornhill
Jas William Chafor, Odd Fellows Arms, 19 Carholme Road
George Chambers, Brickmakers Arms, 10 Stamp end
Alex Christopher, Crown & Woolpack, 8 Brayford Street
Fred Colam, The Sloop Inn, 47 Waterside north
Mrs Grace Cooling, Plough Boy, 60 Burton Road
Jn William Crampton, Royal, 309 High Street
Frederick H Crosby, Hope Pole Inn, 5 & 6 Monson Street
Jn Edward Davies, Blue Anchor Hotel, 133 High Street
George Hy Dawson, Waggon & Horses, 169 Burton Road
Rd W Day, Monson Arms Tap, Hungate & Monson Arms Hotel, 251 High Street
C H Doughty, Millers Arms, 88 High Street
Kenneth Eastmead, Falstaff Inn, 270 high Street
Walter Eastmead, Durham Ox Hotel, 13 Oxford Street
Mrs Eliz Fairweather, Reindeer Hotel, 8 High Street
Rt A Fisher, Chaplin Arms, 78 Canwick Road
William Hugh Forbes, Swiss Cottage Inn, 35 Newland
George Fox, Royal William the Fourth, 3 Brayford Wharf
Alfred Freestone, Spa Tavern, 10 John Street
Mrs Lucy Freestone, Steam Hammer, 28 Winn Street & 50 Thomas Street
Walter Jas Freestone, Duke William, 44 Bailgate
Arthur Thomas Froggatt, beer retailer, Stanley Terrace, 48 Ripon Street
J Frow, Lincoln Arms, 114 High Street
Arthur Garner, Ivy Tavern, 51 Newport
Grand Hotel, St Marys Street, A Holmes, proprietoress
Rt Gravell, Ye Olde Crowne Inn, 30 Clasketgate
Great Northern Hotel, 177 High Street, Trust Houses Ltd
Harry Green, New Manvers Arms, Monks Road
George Hy Gregory, beer retailer, 2 Fairfax Street
Walter Jas Gresham, Salutation Inn, 38 Stamp End
Mrs Lucy E Hague, Prince of Wales, 77a Bailgate
Jn Rt Hall, Black Horse Inn, 6 Eastgate
Hare & Hounds Inn, 339 High Street, Mrs Ethel Storr
George Harrison, Cattle Market Hotel, 30 Monks Road
Hy Hayes, City Arms Inn, 23 & 24 Strait
Arthur Henton, beer retailer, 7 Rudgard Lane
Thomas G Hewston, Golden Cross Inn, 434 High Street
Frank Lister Hockney, Royal George Inn, 72 Rasen Lane
Gilbert Howard, beer retailer, 23 & 24 Spencer Street
Harold Howard, New Market Hotel, 8 Sincil Street
Alfred C Jackson, Portland Arms, 56 Portland Street
George Frederick Jennings, The Nightingale, 116 Nettleham Road
A L Johnson, Willow Pattern, 30 Sincil Street
Ernest Percival Thomas Kirk, Black Swan Inn, 319 High Street
Mrs M Korff, beer retailer, 91 Ripon Street
Jn Lakin, Plough Inn, 393 Newark Road
Frank Leigh, Saracens Head (Tap), Waterside north
Alfred Lenygon, Bulls Head Inn, Silver Street
Lion Hotel, 169 High Street, Jn W Covington
Lion & Snake, 79 Bailgate, W H Skelson
William Longman, Great Northern Hotel Vaults, 332 High Street
Walter Rt Martin, Burton Arms, 68 & 70 West Parade
Frank Mawer, Pyewipe Inn, Pyewipe
Chas F Merrett, Royal Oak, 168a High Street
Chas Mitchell, Crown & Cushion, 26 Melville Street
Monson Arms Hotel, 251 High Street, Rd W Day
Mrs H A Morris, Horse & Groom, Carholme Road
Mrs A A Moxon, Victory Hotel, 50 Boultham Park Road
Mrs Gertrude Murrell, Adam & Eve Inn, 25 Lindum Road
Oxford Hotel, St Marys Street, R Broadbent, proprietor
Walter H Pearson, Waggon & Horses, 419 Newark Road
Walter Phipps, College Hotel, 131,133 & 135 Newport
Fred Priestley, Chequers Inn, 36 & 37 Monson Street
Frank Ranshaw, beer retailer, tobacconist & general stores, 84 Carholme Road
Herbert Hy Ravenscroft, Monks Abbey Hotel, 85 Monks Road
Sidney Reynolds, Turks Head Hotel, Newport
Mrs M J Robinson, beer retailer, grocer & general stores, 80 Richmond Road
Arthur William Rose, Victoria Hotel, 1 Pelham Street
Montague Rudkin, beer retailer, 30 St Andrews Street
Mrs Fanny Russell, Peacock Hotel, 23 Wragby Road
Walter Sandham, beer retailer, 12 St Andrews Street
Saracens Head Hotel, 298 High Street, Lincoln Hotels Ltd, proprietors
Mrs E E Sewell, Treaty of Commerce, 173 High Street
Malcolm Seymour, Shakespeare Inn, 40 High Street
William Simpson, Roebuck Inn, 310 High Street
Ernest A Smith, Duke of Wellington, 37 Broadgate
John Smith, Morning Star Inn, 11 Greetwell gate
William Smith, Joiners Arms, 4 & 6 Victoria Street
Hector F Spurr, beer retailer, 12 Carholme Road
Martin Staunton, Cross Keys, 6 Union Road
Mrs Alice Sullivan, George & Dragon, 100 High Street
W J Taviner, Cheltenham Arms, 15 Guildhall Street
Rt Edward Taylor, beer retailer, 1 Waterloo Street
Thornbridge Hotel, Waterside south, Jn Thomas Walters
Lawrence M Tilcock, beer retailer, 16 Newland - George Hotel
T W Tooley, Lindum Hotel, 32 & 33 Broadgate
George Frederick Underwood, Plough, 19 Bailgate
Harold Wadsworth, City Vaults, 2 & 4 Alfred Street
Mrs A Walter, Cornhill Hotel, Cornhill
Fred Ward, Golden Eagle Inn, 21 High Street
Mrs Amelia Wardle, Strugglers Inn, 83 Westgate
Edward R Wells, Vine Inn, 10 Nelson Street
White Hart Hotel, 91 Bailgate, Harry Herbert Leven, proprietor
Albert F Whiteoak, Wheatsheaf Inn, 11 Broadgate
Harry Whitfield, Bowling Green Hotel, 324 Wragby Road
William Willoughby, Queen in the West, 12 & 14 Moor Street
H Wilson, Bull & Chain Inn, 7 Langworth gate
Mrs Margaret Wilson, Crown & Anchor, 3 Newland
Harry Wood, Green Dragon, 1 Magpies Square & 31 Waterside north
Jn Roland Woodhouse, beer retailer, 16 Norris Street
**** Provided By Kevan