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Tommy's Mail & the Army Post Office - Tony Allen
During the Great War, as any number of
popular magazines demonstrated, the arrival of letters, parcels and postcards
was looked forward to with tremendous enthusiasm. Private Noakes, a front‑line
soldier, summed up the feelings of expectancy. "Out here news of home is like
food and drink to us, however trivial. Indeed, this life is like a dream and
the old life is the only reality. We live on memories".
The authorities obviously thought that the regular receipt of mail was a morale booster, and this page describes some of the activities of the Army Postal Service and the comfort it brought, that people like Private Noakes so clearly wanted.
During the 1914‑18 war, men on active service received many gifts and 'comforts' from friends, family and even from people unknown to them. However, the most important comfort of all was communication with home ‑ the sending and receiving of letters and postcards from family and friends.
This page looks at ww1 postal history.
Basil Clarke, a well‑known journalist, writing in The War Illustrated, explained how essential it was to correspond with those at the front. "Letters from home were as essential in their way to a soldier in the field as food and supplies; for just as food is needed to keep him in fighting trim, so is news of relatives and friends to keep him in good spirits and fighting mood."
Early Days
The history of the Army Postal Service can be traced back to the Napoleonic wars, although there is an earlier account of post office activity with the British Army in 1799, when it sent Henry Darlot to supervise the postal arrangements of British troops in Holland. Post Office staff also worked with the army in the Crimea in 1854‑55, but it was not until the Egyptian campaign of 1882 that the British established their own Post Office Corps. In the South African War, the Corps was expanded and further developed. In February 1913, the War Office authorized the formation of a military postal unit ‑ The Royal Engineers, ‑ Special Reserve, Postal Section. (R.E.P.S.). The staff for this new unit was recruited solely from post office personnel.
The Great War 1914-1918
At the outbreak of the Great War, the R.E.P.S. had a staff of 300, sufficient to serve an expeditionary force of six divisions and a small Army Postal Depot in London. The overseas contingent would provide Field Post Offices for formations down to Brigade level, and a Base Post Office, an Advanced Base Post Office, a Post Regulating Depot, and on the lines of communication ‑ four Stationary Offices.
On 11th August, the main body of the B.E.F. landed in France, and with it was a small advance party from the overseas postal contingent of 10 officers and 260 other ranks, the remainder followed a few days later. Col. W. Price went as Director of Army Postal Services. Only two N.C.O.s and 28 men remained in England to run the Home Depot in London. (The postmen designated to run the Field Post Offices (F.P.O.s) traveled with the military units to which they were attached.)
An Army Base Post Office
(A.B.P.O.) was set up at Le Havre, and communications were marked using a
double‑ring 'cancellation stamp' inscribed "ARMY BASE POST OFFICE +". It was
supported by an Advanced Base Post Office at Amiens, which used the
cancellation "ADVANCED BASE POST OFFICE ". (By June 1915 four A.B.P.O.s had
been opened and numbered 1 to 4, they were at Le Havre, Rouen, Boulogne and
Calais respectively. Initially, two Stationary Offices were opened at Boulogne
and Rouen.
An ordinary letter service and a parcel service were provided and F.P.O.s sold stamps and dealt with postal orders and telegrams. The War Office made arrangements that as the Army expanded so too would the Royal Engineers, Postal Section. (By the end of the war, it had a staff of over 3,000.)
Mail From Home (Home Depot)
In August 1914, letters and parcels destined for the B.E.F. went first to the Home Depot (H.D.) that had been established at Mount Pleasant and was staffed by 30 men of the R.E.P.S. Within weeks, the Army Parcels Office section at the Home Depot moved to larger premises, and the Army Letter Office section at the H.D. went to the G.P.O.s King Edward Building. By the end of the year, 177 officers and men were dispatching 2,000 bags of mail a day to the B.E.F. In May 1915, the number of staff at the Home Depot increased to five officers and 563 other ranks, but from that point on, as more workers were needed, women civilians and disabled soldiers were taken on.
As the New Armies took to the field, the volume of military mail passing through London increased considerably, forcing the Parcel Office to move to a specially constructed timber building which covered five acres in Regent's Park. At the height of the war over 2,800 soldiers and civilians were employed at the Home Depot.
This photographic card is not captioned or dated and shows civilian staff ‑and perhaps military mail personnel ‑ at a postal establishment in the UK.
In 1917, speaking about the Home Depot, Basil Clarke said, "No fewer than twelve million letters a week and not short of a million parcels ... were sent to this office from all parts of the country, all letters bearing the magic words B.E.F. Every post office of any size has its special B.E.F. bag or bags for London, and all hours of the day and night trains are arriving in London with their loads of B.E.F. bags for our soldiers in the field in France."
The khaki sorters at the Home Depot ‑ most of whom had been civilian postmen before the war "now stood before row upon row of pigeonholes, experts in numbers and initials, where before they dealt in names of towns and streets", said Clarke. He gave an example of the Army way of addressing mail. "M. T., 50, Sub. Am. P., A.H.B.S.", translated he said, as "Motor Transport, 50, Sub Ammunition Park, Attached Heavy Battery Section". One sorter "racked his brain for several minutes over a letter addressed to a private, "Care of O.C.P.", and it was only after he had consulted the 'key list' " said Clarke, that the mailman discovered its meaning ‑ which was "Officer Commanding Pigeons".
At the Home Depot bags of mail were made up for each unit serving overseas and given a code label denoting the field post office or other destination to which it was to be forwarded. Before daybreak the bags were sent by train to the channel ports, and then to Boulogne, arriving about midday.
The Secret Language of Stamps
The Secret Language of Stamps. This phenomenon is thought to
have begun in the 1860's in the Austrian/Hungarian Empire and swiftly spread
throughout Europe. It was a secret means of conveying a message to the
recipient of a letter or postcard, by the sender placing a postage stamp(s) in a certain
position. By the turn of the century the tradition was well established and in
Britain and other countries picture postcards appeared which carried a number of small illustrations
of stamps and a short explanation of what the position of the stamp on the letter
or postcard conveyed. The stamp positions had
different meanings depending upon which language was used. Here are some English versions.
The Alpha Publishing Company of 2 & 4 Scrutton Street, London, released this card which illustrated the basic stamp positions and their secret message.
Although it was easy for those at home to send a message via the position of a stamp on an envelope or postcard, it was harder for a soldier on active service overseas to do the same, as his mail did not require a stamp. The first two envelopes with their messages were posted by soldiers in England. The first one was to his wife, the second to the soldiers sweet-heart. The third was a Field Service Post Card and was mailed by a soldier in France, who fixed a French stamp on it with a message to his wife. The fourth cover was sent from London to an overseas address, again with its stamp message.
Commercial 'Greetings' Postcards
Although perhaps overly sentimental to modern eyes, a number of cards were published during the Great War which carried verses of sentiment that publishers obviously thought people wanted to convey to their soldier on active service. The messages included words of good luck, patriotism, loneliness and of victory anticipated, to send to a dear "Son", "Father", "Brother", "Nephew", "Friend", "Cousin", "Pal", or "Brave defender" and other salutations. Pictures of flags, flowers, scenes from home and images of women and children, all conveyed memories and thoughts of 'Blighty' to those fighting overseas. A few of these ww1 picture postcard are illustrated below.
A variety of sentimental cards published by J. Beagles & Co., Ltd., Lilywhite, Rotary and also Valentine's. Some of the lines read, "Dear daddy I miss you badly..." "...On the wings of a Mothers love." "... "When victory shall bring you home again." "I'm proud of such a friend as you..." "Though far away from Home & anxious friends..." and "Dear Dad we don't forget you..." There cards were extremely popular with the public and probably the verses embraced the emotion the senders wanted to covey to their soldier - but felt unable to do so in their own words.
Mail arriving on the Continent
When bags of mail arrived in France they were checked and weighed at the Base Post Office, and then, accompanied by a guard went first to a rail-head and then transferred by lorries to Supply Refilling Points situated a few miles behind the front lines. There, horse‑wagons collected the bags "Up they go towards the front line", said Clarke, to be "delivered at the Field Post Office".
"The scene", said Clarke, "all enacted by the light of two candles and a smoky paraffin lamp, amid narrow walls of clay supported by timber balks [and] the sound of the guns and dropping shells not far away, lent a curious unreality to it all. To see a soldier in shirt‑sleeves, struggling patiently to read a badly‑ written name and address while guns were booming not many yards away, was unlike any preconceived notion of a post‑office."
Verse and Sentimental Image Printed Photo Cards
As shown on the 'Beagles' and 'Rotary' postcards above, publishers in the UK did their bit to encourage communication between those at home and those on active service. Other publishers released sets of printed cards carrying verse and sentimental images too.
Each one of these three cards came from its own set of four cards carrying similar - but different - verses and images to the ones displayed above. The card on the left was published by 'The Milton "Firelight" Series No.113. Woolstone Bros., London, E.C.' The centre card was No. 1159 in the H.B. Series and was an 'Entire British Production.' A message on the reverse reads, "My Dearest Edward, Just a pc for you hoping you will like it and to let you see I am thinking of you if you are far away from me. So good night and God bless you. From your loving sweet-heart, Lizzie xx." The card on the right does not name the publisher on the reverse - only this, '126 BRITISH MANUFACTURE.'
Popular postcard artists of the day, did their bit to encourage the flow of correspondence between home and the Front, and one of the most prolific postcard illustrators on this particular theme ‑ was Donald McGill. Examples of his work are shown above. The cards were published by the 'Inter‑Art Co., Red Lion Square, London'. in its '12U' and 'COMIQUE 'series.
Frequently, men at the front
complained that no one was writing to them. During the first winter of the war, a
London newspaper published a letter from a member of the Royal Field Artillery,
saying that he was lonely and "had no friends to communicate with..." Because
of his complaint over 3,000 letters and seven bags of parcels promptly arrived
for him. The officer in charge of the battery in which the soldier served,
refused to take the parcels, but sent them instead to the base hospital where
they were distributed among patients. The 'lonely soldier' was allowed to keep
some of the letters, which "by now had satisfied any doubt he may have had of
public sympathy towards those at the Front." said the newspaper.
Mail Marked "Killed in Action"
In the early part of the war, most of the
mail which reached the front‑line after the addressee had been killed, was
sent back direct to the sender. Unfortunately, in a few instances letters that
had been endorsed "Killed in Action" were received by relatives before they had
been officially informed of the death of their soldier. From February 1915 ‑ in an attempt to
rectify this ‑all returned mail endorsed "Missing" or
"Killed" was first sent to the Home Depot in the U.K. There, it was
sorted into bundles and sent to the appropriate Record Office ‑ or in the case
of officers, to the War Office ‑ where it was held until relatives had been
informed of their loss. The following illustration is an example of a returned
communication and it indicated that "NEXT OF KIN NOTIFIED."
Mail Marked "Return to Sender"
The British Army Postal Service on the
continent, also had to deal with mail addressed to men who had been admitted to
hospital and the task for the postal organization was frequently made
difficult by not knowing which hospital the addressee' was at or perhaps where a soldiers unit was now.
At the end of 1914, the War Office insisted that all letters endorsed "Wounded", "Hospital" and "found to be undeliverable in France", should be returned to the sender. This was done, though often not before the Army Postal Service had expended a great amount of effort, as the endorsements and postal markings on some covers which have survived, demonstrate.
Letters and parcels sent to members of the B.E.F. were sometimes undelivered for reasons other than those mentioned above. On 19th August 1915, The War Budget gave some examples, "A shell may destroy the mail‑wagon and all its contents. Or rain may make the address illegible. Or again the wrong address may be given", it said. However, the most common reason for non‑delivery of mail was usually the fault of the sender, and when this occurred a cachet was applied to the envelope before it was returned. Some examples were ‑ "INSUFFICIENTLY ADDRESSED", "Full Particulars of Expeditionary Force Required Return to Sender", "INSUFFICIENT ADDRESS without name of Regiment", and "INSUFFICIENTLY ADDRESSED NAME OF REGIMENT OR UNIT REQUIRED".
When a letter was returned for one of the reasons stated above or something
similar, an instruction leaflet was sometimes put into the envelope advising the sender of how to address mail to soldiers. An example of a returned communication is shown below.
Parcels from Home
In December 1916, this photograph appeared in The Sphere above this caption, "The Christmas mail for the front has been larger than ever this year, and the Post Office has been dispatching parcels to the soldiers at the rate of a quarter of a million a day. The picture shows a few of them arriving at their destination at the front."
The Parcel Post
Between 1914 and the end of 1918, around 136,000,000 parcels were dispatched to the B.E.F. and the huge number is an indication of the potential problems facing the Army Post Office. The problem of none delivery of parcels was due mainly to the forward movement of new men from reinforcement camps behind the lines and new drafts from the U.K. and also the backward movement of casualties from the battle zone.
Parcels usually contained food and items of personal comfort for the soldier and those which reached the front line after the recipient had become a casualty were by agreement opened and the contents distributed among the soldiers comrades in the same unit.
Sometimes parcels were disposed of by auction among the men,
at other times only the foodstuffs were distributed and articles of intrinsic
or sentimental value were returned to the sender.
The arrangement described above was in operation up to the summer of 1917, and relieved the Army Post Office of a huge problem of otherwise disposing off or returning the less perishable contents of such parcels. It was thought the senders of such parcels would be quite happy with this arrangement.
During the summer of 1917, complaints started coming in from the parcel senders who wanted all parcels that had been classified as 'undeliverable' returned to them. To determine the contents, the Army Post Office found it necessary to open all parcels which could not be delivered. Finally, the authorities decided it was more satisfactory for them to return all such parcels unopened, no matter what the contents were.
In February 1918, the Army Authority therefore issued a General Routine Order stating that the practice of distributing the contents of soldiers parcels must discontinue and the parcels were to be returned to the sender - unopened!
Early Mail From the British Expeditionary Force
Two examples of un-stamped early mail - which was against regulations at that time. On 22nd
August 1914, the cover on the left was sent by Member of the B.E..F. from the Army Base
Post Office at Havre. The red "PASSED BY CENSOR 199" mark was that of the Base Censor.
The soldier did not fix a penny stamp to his envelope as regulations at the
time demanded and on arriving in England the letter was charged with a 'postage
due', but at the concessionary single rate of ld. The postcard on the right also bears the "ARMY BASE POST OFFICE +" date-stamp at Havre and a "1d. F.B." (Foreign Branch) mark in black ink. The card also carries a red CM1 type censor mark and has been endorsed "Landed in France August 1914." and "O.H.M.S."
It soon became evident to the postal authorities in the U.K. that with so much unstamped mail arriving from the B.E.F. (due to the sometimes chaotic 'war of movement'), it was uneconomic to collect the 'postage dues'. On 28th August 1914, the problem was resolved, and on the 31st, Mr Hobhouse the Postmaster General, announced in the House of Commons the reason why,
"It has been decided by the Government that in future all letters written by soldiers on active service may be sent to this country without any payment by the soldier and without any charge being made upon the recipient of the letter."
The card on the right carries a "ARMY LETTER FREE" cachet in orange ink which was applied after the soldier put the card into a postbox in Southampton on 8th September 1914, before embarking for France. In the printed stamp 'box' he wrote "Soldier/Stamps not available." The message reads, "Dear Ada, Just a line to tell you we are off at last embarking today couldnt say where for dont worry about me same address will find me With love Bob." The card on the left carries a red "ON ACTIVE SERVICE" cachet and also a "SOUTHAMPTON /PAID/MAY 3 15" mark - to allow free onward transmission to Bedford. On the front is a photograph of
the S.S. Empress Queen, the boat the soldier was about to sail to France on. The message reads, "Arrived at Southampton all write (sic) will sail on this boat will write at the other end. Michael"
"The scarcity of writing paper at the front is shown by the fact that some of our soldiers have written home on the large biscuits, about five inches to six inches square, which sometimes form part of their rations. Several of these...passed through one large postal sorting office in London. One bore a fairly long message written in ink. The texture of the biscuit was such that the ink had not run."
Branded Writing Paper and Envelopes
Sending a message by 'THE BISCUIT POST' ‑ as reported by the Evening News ‑ was an exception, and in any case, from the start of hostilities the Y.M.C.A. in its writing tents, huts and reception centres, gave free writing paper and envelopes to any soldier who asked for them. Other organisations soon followed the lead of the Y.M.C.A.
Military Date-stamps
General headquarters was "FIELD POST OFFICE G", the various armies were "FIELD POST OFFICE", and "FIELD POST OFFICE H" was Corps Headquarters. The last two stamps also incorporated the army and corps number. There were also Divisional date-stamps. A Division, which comprised of three Brigades was usually allocated six stamps: one for each Brigade ‑ with its own number; the fourth was Divisional Headquarters, inscribed "FIELD POST OFFICE D" (and a number); the fifth was the Divisional Train attached to Divisional HQ, and inscribed "FIELD POST OFFICE T" (and a number); the sixth was for the Divisional Railhead, and was inscribed "ARMY POST OFFICE R" (and a number), it was a static unit.
Other major formations had their own date-stamps. For instance, the cavalry was allotted the code letter 'C', and in 1917 the Tank Corps was given the letter 'Q'. All the above code letters (except one) refer to Field Post Offices which by definition were mobile units.
Formations and units would frequently move and were supported by a number of Stationary Offices, which as their names suggests, were static. Stationary Offices were given "ARMY POST OFFICE" date-stamps with the code letter 'S' (and a number) and served concentrations of troops at places such as base and hospital areas, reinforcement depots and large towns in which troops were located.
A Field Post Office
Douglas Haig was Commander-in‑Chief of the British Army, and a date-stamp connected with his H.Q. is shown below. It was a special mark used in the office attached to his train when on tour behind the lines, and has been nicknamed 'the orphan' as unlike other so called 'skeleton' date-stamps, it carried no numbers or letters at the bottom of the circle.
Not all military mail was cancelled with hand-stamps. As the war progressed the volume of correspondence passing through the four main offices at Le Havre, Rouen, Bologne and Calais increased considerably, so to speed up the process a number of 'Krag' cancelling machines were installed, They comprised of a circular die‑head of two name date boxes with wavy lines between, which, as it rotated gave a continuous impression.
These two cards carry examples of the impressions made by the 'Krag' automatic cancelling machines installed at Rouen and Bologne respectively. The impression of the Rouen mark (ARMY P.O.2.) perhaps rather unusually, is on the picture side of the card which depicts a birds-eye view of the town. The card on the right, dated 31st July 1917, carries the Bologne mark (ARMY P.O.3) and was addressed to a member of "Lena Ashwell's Concert Party." In February 1915, the Ladies Committee of the Y.M.C.A. suggested to the authorities that if concert parties were sent out from the U.K.to entertain the troops they would be made very welcome. Permission was granted. The well known actress/manager Miss Lena Ashwell launched the scheme and by the end of the month the first concert party arrived in France. It was an outstanding success. From that point on,"Lena Ashwell's Concert Parties." became a recognised part of life at the army bases in France and elsewhere. In the first 15 months over 2,000 concerts had been given in France and Belgium.
American Expeditionary Force given British Army Postmarks
Use of the Army Postal Service by Civilians
In June 1915, permission was given to construction workers employed by Army Contractors to send mail by the A.P.O. Similarly, "Personnel employed by the Red Cross Society, St. Johns Ambulance and St. Andrews Ambulance Society were granted the same facilities, as were the YMCA and kindred associations."
In the early days of the conflict staff at certain voluntary hospitals were allowed to use the A.P.O. too.
The Field Service Postcard (Army Form A2042)
Almost from the start of British
involvement on the continent the Army Postal Service realized it had problems
regarding censorship. That was tackled by supplying soldiers with a buff‑coloured
Field Service Post Card (F.S.P.C.), known as 'Army Form A2042'. It carried on
the address side an imprint of a penny stamp and on the back a series of
messages which could either be 'retained' or 'deleted'. By using this simple
method, essential information was conveyed to the recipient about the senders
well‑being without the need for the card to be censored. The soldier was not
allowed to write anything on it except his name and the date, and was warned
that "If anything else is added the postcard will be destroyed." The front and reverse of the first F.S.P.C. are shown below.
When free postage was introduced, the one
penny F.S.P.C. was replaced by a card without the imprint, although some of the
former were still being used after free postage was introduced. At first they
were rationed to two a week, but later were issued on request and were greatly
in demand during periods of heavy fighting. As they were not liable to scrutiny
the cards travelled through the postal system more quickly than most other
types of mail and were sometimes called 'Wizz‑bangs'.
In late 1914, a few F.S.P.C.'s were also printed on
blue, red and green card.
In early 1917, members of the B.E.F. sent nearly 130,000 pieces of mail a day and by autumn the figure had risen to over 285,00 a day. In the latter part of the war a smaller version of the F.S.P.C. was introduced, presumably made smaller because of a paper shortage.
The "Richmond Sixteen"
These cards were from the 'W. B. Series'. The card on the left was mailed from Walton to London three weeks after the start of the Somme offensive. They were from a short set of comic cards which ridiculed conscientious objectors.
The top and centre Field Service Post Cards
were from early in the war. (The middle one was used by a German soldier, who
presumably took it from a British PoW or a body.) That for December 1915, is
an example of the card which was used after free postage commenced. The "FIELD POST OFFICE G" date-stamp is that of G.H.Q. British Expeditionary Force.
Usage of Allied F.S.P.C.'s by British soldiers
Sometimes British soldiers sent home
F.S.P.C.s which had been issued by the military postal service of another
country. Four examples are shown here. The first is French, the second Italian, the third German and the fourth Belgian.
Humorous Versions of the F.S.P.C.
The Unit Mail Censor
To ensure that mail sent by soldiers on active service contained no useful information should it fall into enemy hands and also to monitor morale, it was subject to censorship. Examination was done on a unit basis usually by one or more junior officers.
After being handed in un‑sealed, the letter (or postcard) was read, passed, countersigned and then handed to the officer in charge of the unit censor stamp. There were several ways to censor a piece of correspondence: a blue pencil was frequently struck through an offending word or sentence; sometimes whole portions of a letter were cut out; and often the name of a town or village depicted on a picture postcard was scrubbed out with a sharp instrument.
Some officers given the task of censoring mail, talked about doing it when writing home. For example, Harold Macmillan found censoring in 1915, gave him an insight into the lives of a class of men with whom he had hitherto little contact. He wrote to his mother, "They have, big hearts, these soldiers and it is a very pathetic task to have to read all their letters home. Some of the older men, with wives and families who write every day, have in their style a wonderful simplicity which is almost great literature ... And then there comes occasionally a grim sentence or two, which reveals in a flash a sordid family drama. 'Mother, are you going ever to write to me. I have written ten times and had no answer. Are you on the drink again, uncle George write me the children are in a shocking state?' "
Alistair Home said that "Apart from sympathy with their plight, [Macmillan] formed at this time a genuine interest in the life of the English working man which was to run through all his political life; it was to become a two‑way bond."
Another officer/censor was A. Gillespie. "Some of them write so nicely", he said, "it tells what they are really like under a
unpromising surface."
In 1916, a private in the Queen's Own Cameron
Highlanders wrote a letter to his wife, it was censored at unit level by a
Captain R. Mcdonald who said, "It fell to me as an officer to censor the
mens letters. Sometimes they were really funny. One Jock wrote home very
briefly and to the point: 'Dear Jennie, I am expecting leave soon. Take a
good look at the floor, you'll see nothing but the ceiling when I get
home.' "
French Liaison Officers with the British Army
A number of interesting cachets can be found on covers and postcards from the Great War and an example is shown below. It is a part-letter (page 4) and cover from a French officer attached to the British 48th Division as a Liaison officer and interpreter. He was based at 145 Brigade Headquarters.
This E. Le Dely printed photographic card of 1914, depicts four British officers and a French Army officer taking tea by the side of the road. The Frenchman was probably a guide or interpreter of the Mission Militaire working alongside his British Allies to implement French billeting and requisitioning laws on civilians and farmers. This type of corporation from the French was essential for the British Army in the early months of the war.
Soldier Giving Details of Casualties - Against Regulations!
This was an inter-unit postcard mailed by a soldier at "ARMY POST OFFICE S.15" to a soldier in the 50th Northumbrian Division, B.E.F. France. The date was 17th February 1917. The censor mark was a CM5 type and numbered 27. When the unit censor read the message he obliterated it with a pencil, but almost a hundred years later, with the careful use of an eraser - the message was revealed!
The message reads, "...we have had a train smash a few miles from here, a leave train from Havre. There were twenty eight killed & one officer besides thirty wounded. They are leaving them here today, so you will know tomorrow, it had been to here...leave here is now stropped again for an indefinite period. So I have some hopes before next Christmas, but I expect the war will be finished before then..."
This date-stamp of 2nd January 1917 was that of the "ARMY POST OFFICE R.1" The censor's mark appears on the top right-hand corner of the card and he must have thought the complete message was not suitable to be seen by anyone. He took a piece of paper, cut it to size and pasted it onto the card - completely obliterating what was written there.
Censoring mail was frequently the responsibility of army chaplains too. In 1915, Fitzgerald told of a padre who,went through 1,600 letters a day, and among them found four letters from a soldier to as many different girls ‑ all in the same strain, all with the same endearments, thanking the donors for parcels, and suggesting more with all the fullness of experience. "On this occasion", the chaplain feared, "the censor's work was made the more awkward owing to the need for great care in getting the letters back into the right envelopes."
An Example of the Detail Behind an Army Postmark
Officer describing Trench Life & Censoring Letters
Please excuse pencil but I am writing this in my dugout in the observation post. Well, I am in it all now, it isn't what you would call sport. The Hun seem to fire away but do no observing, it's just luck if they hit anything. Last night I had a taste of it for an hour. I was walking back from the front line trench a few hundred yards from the Huns, it was just getting dusk, machine gun bullets were singing all over the place and several missed me by only feet in the trench. It is no good stopping in a corner, you may be just stopping at the place they have got a direct line onto down a trench from a side. So the only thing to do was to walk on and trust to luck. We had a furious bombardment at 2 this morning. Terrific for an hour in due course the Huns sent some over too. I could hear the shells whistling past the window and explode a few yards away and wondered when one would get me. You can hear them coming for a bit and then crash, and you are thankful another one has passed you. It is a funny life...I am very fit and with a nice crowd of chaps. There are 4 others here with me. We are at it everyday and all day. Well, I must cease now as I have about 40 letters to censor and to send down and I must get on with them. Best love to all, yours affectionately, Harry."
To speed up their work some officers who censored mail used a hand-stamp facsimile of their signature, to frank letters and cards. One officer who did this was H. Carlyte Webb and as the two cards below illustrate, in November 1914, he was franking mail in his own hand but by January 1915, he was using a hand-stamp bearing his signature.
This officer censoring his units mail - H. Carlyte Webb - made his task a little easier by having a facsimile hand-stamp of his signature made. The card on the left carried a "ARMY POST OFFICE 47" mark dated 11th November 1914. (It would be exactly another four years to the day, before the Great War would end.) The mark was that of the A.P.O. at Rouen. The card on the right carried the "BASE ARMY POST OFFICE 2".
Censor Stamps
'There were six different types of censor stamps used on mail from the Western Front at different periods of the war. An individual number on each stamp identified it to the unit to which it belonged. The first censor stamp was a circular pattern, (type CM1), but by November 1914, a new series (type CM2), had been issued, but by April 1915 CM2 had been replaced by a triangular design, (type CM3). The next change came in January 1916, when a hexagonal series (type CM4) was issued, and in November there was a fifth change, with a series bearing an oval design (type CM5). The sixth version appeared in October 1917, a rectangular pattern (type CM6).
Ordering Trench Maps for G.H.Q.
A censor stamp "PASSED FIELD CENSOR 1" used at British General Headquarters is shown on the cover depicted below. After many changes of location in the first weeks of the war, G.H.Q. was finally established at St Omer in October 1914.
Green Envelopes
In March 1915, there was another attempt to ease the increasing workload of the unit censor. A special green envelope was issued to troops, the contents of which were generally not subject to censorship. It was Army Form W3078 and carried a certificate on the back which the sender had to sign. It read, "I certify on my honour that the contents of this envelope refer to nothing but private and family matters". Sometimes known as 'Honour envelopes' they proved extremely popular. Different designs of green envelopes are shown here and predictivly some contained more than just "private and family matters".
This green envelope was signed by Private R. Foster and carried a "FIELD POST OFFICE 1WR" date-stamp of 18th May 1915. This was the stamp of 146 Brigade, 49th, (West Riding) Division. (TF), which arrived in France in April 1915 and was in action the following month at Aubers Ridge. Writing to his sister, Private Foster said,
"I was surprised to hear you had not received a line from me. I wrote a long letter the day after I got the parcel containing sweets, cigs & apples. perhaps the censor has thrown it out. Would you mind sending me some cakes or something as we are living on bully and biscuits. We have just come out of the trenches after 12 days stay. perhaps you have heard that Hirst was carried out of the trenches in a fit of some sort, the doctor did not know what was the matter with him. I think it must have been shattered nerves. We have had 3 killed and 18 wounded in our Battn. You may put a sheet or two of writing paper in the next packet you send, it does not matter about envelopes as we get them issued."
On 15th May 1915 ‑ a week after 'Aubers Ridge' ‑ Private Bert Abram of 47 (2nd London) Division (T.F.), took part in a major offensive to capture Festubert. He wrote to his girl friend four weeks later and put his letter in a green envelope, but did not honour his signed promise on the back of it.
"Dear Renie, This is the first time I have had a chance to write to you. We have been having a rotten time here, lost about 280 men killed etc. Also 200 sick, but I am alright myself, and hope you are the same. I have not had a letter from you for a long time so would like to have a line.
If it is possible for man to see hell with the door shut I have, the dead and dying were four deep and blood splattered all over the sandbags and a lot of the poor fellows had to lay out two days and two nights before they could be brought in. The Germhuns in the daytime threw lighted wood and bombs at them.
Please tell dad that I got his parcel for which I am very thankful. I should be very pleased to have a cake and also a few matches.I wish to God this war was over, I still hope to come back alive. Yours Berty. P.S. Sorry I could not write before."
This cover carries a date-stamp of 59 Brigade and was mailed from its F.P.O. on 7th October 1915, and sent by C.R.C. (Bob) Maltby of the Rifle Brigade, a "talented musician/dancer ... [who] had written a letter to the Cambridge Magazine (unsigned) about the futility of the war, which nearly led to his court martial." In his letter to his friend Clive Carey, Maltby hinted at the terrible stress trench fighters often had to work under. It is perhaps surprising that the letter went through uncensored. Maltby who died of wounds received on the Somme on 27th August 1916 wrote,
"You cannot guess the horror of the experience we went through that Saturday ‑ it was unbelievable, awful beyond all imagination. I won't tell you about it know.
Through some damnable muddling the battalion has not had any rest at all‑ We had four miserable days out of the trenches after the attack ‑ the men sopping wet & cold and mostly without any clothing or equipment all of which was lost ‑ & nerves shattered to the last degree ‑ then we had four days in the firing line ‑ four days behind, and tomorrow we go back again for another spell ... I am alright ‑ how I got through it I don't know ‑ even my nerves are about the steadiest in 'The Battallion' ".
Wilf starts his letter by asking his pal Bob about 'club life' in Long Eaton, and continues, "before it is all over, I expect we shall see you all out here". Wilf then told his pal, he had been at the railhead a few days ago waiting for the ration train to arrive and as it was getting late he and two others went down the line to meet it. They had gone about three miles when "up comes the train." he said, "and soon we were in the guards vans making the acquaintance of the conductor of the train, an R.E, chap, so I says to him, how old are you chum, and he said 71, so you can take my word for it he looked it...good lord 71, I said, what the hell are you doing out here. Then he told his story, he said he had done 21 years with the colours, and 9 years reserve, so I said, what made you join up for, and he said, he could not bear to see the young slackers in England, so he thought he would set one or two of them an example. And then some people would say England is beat, [but not] while we have such men in our country, like the old warrior. Well the sooner they all join up the sooner it will be over, it is not munitions now, It is slackers."
Soldier did not sign the Certificate
Not all soldiers who infringed the rules relating to green envelopes ‑ did so deliberately. Someone sent a green envelope to Mrs, Wilcox in East Croydon and forgot to sign the certificate on the front, which caused the base censor to examine the contents of the envelope and then apply a special hand-stamp to it. The cover is shown below.
This new design of 'Green envelope' contains a letter from C.S.M. Salzman of the Machine Gun Corps. He sent it to his girl‑friend in Croydon and told of the need for letters from family and friends. "I Suppose like everyone else you are all studying the papers, at present the unfortunate part is that news is so scarce, although there must be tremendous masses of information which cannot be published ... Have'nt yet received your weekly letter but am in hope that it is on the way, you are a dear to keep the correspondence going so regularly. For it is about the only link with real civilization which we have, and it is a horrible disappointment when a blank mail arrives."
21st May 1918
"Dear Mother, Once again I am sending you a few lines to let you know that I am quite well and as yet have not been in the line. We go up there each night for digging from about 10 till 1, but we have to leave here by 9 and don't get back till about 2, as it is about one hours walk up there. It is fairly quiet on this part of the front during the day but the guns get busy at night, and as we have a good many round here we have a noisy time of it.
Mother, I haven't had a letter from you for about a week and don't think its the posts that are irregular either. I've been here for seven weeks now and I've only had five letters from you. ...I don't want to appear nasty in the least but I don't think you are playing the game with me quite. I don't get the same opportunities of writing as you do and don't get a table to sit down to either...I can tell you I get a bit fed up when I go to hear letters called out and there's not a single one for eight days in succession, and when other people are getting theirs regularly every other day. Now, Mother just see if you can't mend your ways
We haven't had much trouble from 'Jerry' (or in other words Fritz) at all. He has just sent a few more shells over but there have been no casualties. I shall carry on in the 'Better Ole' style. Oh, it's a lovely war, but there's always the consolation that there's someone else in a worse position than oneself. We wait most anxiously and constantly for Fritz's expected offensive and have got to be in constant readiness, (sleeping in boots & putties) ready to move off at the word of warning, even though we are safer behind the line. Never mind, I suppose it will all end some time.
Well I must stop now, don't forget about writing more frequently. With very best love to all. Dick"
Loss of Mail-bags through Enemy Action
Over 20,000,000 bags of correspondence were dispatched to the Western Front during the war and at least that number in the opposite direction. However, though extremely rare, there were losses due to enemy action. For instance, in December 1914 the B.E.F. lost 50 bags when a postal truck caught fire in a railway collision.
In January 1916, a small number of bags were lost when a field post office on the Somme was destroyed by shell fire, and two months later 37 bags were lost when the packet steamer Sussex was torpedoed. In June, an army post office near Poperinghe came under heavy shell fire and a nearby mail lorry and its load caught fire. In August, 26 bags were lost in another railway accident. In the last two years of the war mails were lost on eight occasions because of enemy action.
At Calais, "BASE ARMY POST OFFICE 4", celebrated the end of the war with the production of a special postcard for Christmas 1918. The illustration on the card represented both a commem-oration and a celebration.
The Last Post
Mentioned previously on this page is a letter dated 16th June 1915, from a Private Bert Abram serving in the 47th Division. He was a front‑line soldier and had written to his girl and ended his letter by saying, "I wish to god this war was over, I still hope to come back alive."
Another letter from Bert Abram (His last from the Western Front) is shown opposite.
Alistair Kennedy & George Crabb, The Postal History of the British Army in World War 1. (Published by G. Crabb, 1977.)
F. W. Daniel, The Field Censor Systems of The Armies of the British Empire 1914-1918, Unit Locations. (Published by the Forces Postal History Society, 1984.)
Edward Wells, Mailshot, A History of the Forces Postal Service. (Published by the Defense & Postal Courier Services, Royal Engineers, 1987.)


text:
Born Name
Aditya Roy Kapur
Nick Name
Sun Sign
Born Place
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Aditya finished his schooling from G. D. Somani Memorial School in Cuffe Parade, Mumbai.
Later, Kapur graduated from St. Xavier's College, Mumbai.
Film actor, Video Jockey (VJ)
- Father – Unknown
- Mother – Salome Roy Kapur nee Aaron (Former model, former actress, and now choreographer)
- Siblings – Siddharth Roy Kapur (Elder Brother) (Producer), Kunaal Roy Kapur (Elder Brother) (Actor)
- Others – Vidya Balan (Sister-in-law) (Actress), Raghupat Roy Kapur (Known by the pseudonym G Rakesh) (Grandfather) (Producer)
6 ft 2 in or 188 cm
88 kg or 194 pounds
Girlfriend / Spouse
Aditya Roy Kapur dated –
- Rhea Chakraborty – Channel [V] VJ turned actress Rhea dated Aditya in the past. In January 2013, it was speculated that Rhea has ended the longtime relationship.
- Shraddha Kapoor (2012-Present) – Aditya is RUMORed to be dating his Aashiqui 2 co-star, Shraddha Kapoor. The duo is seen romancing together in the city.
Race / Ethnicity
Hair Color
Eye Color
Sexual Orientation
Distinctive Features
- Towering height
- Often plays roles like the ones who are addicted to alcohol and have unshaved face
Aditya's body specifications may be –
- Chest – 45 in or 114 cm
- Arms / Biceps – 16 in or 41 cm
- Waist – 34 in or 87 cm
Shoe Size
He is speculated to be wearing a shoe of size 10 (UK).
Brand Endorsements
QMobile (2013)
Best Known For
Playing Rahul Jaykar in the 2013 musical drama film Aashiqui 2.
First Film
Aditya debuted with 2009 Bollywood musical drama film London Dreams for his role as Wasim Khan.
First TV Show
Kapur started his career as Channel [V] VJ and so started his career via television.
In 2007, he appeared in the Channel V's reality show India's Hottest as himself.
Personal Trainer
He starts his day with a strong cup of coffee. He drinks it on his empty stomach.
Aditya has a naturally fit body as he is active in sports since childhood. He wanted to become a cricketer too and took coaching for the same. As of now, he still plays sports like football, cricket and others as a cardiovascular exercise. He does not like to run on the treadmill in the gym.
He hits the gym for five days a week, but only for weight training. He has a really built-up body. Aditya does various exercises targeting different body parts while taking short breaks in between sets. In short, he is not a fitness freak.
Aditya Roy Kapur Favorite Things
- Food – Kung Pao chicken, Kung Pao potatoes, eggs benedict
- Cuisine – Indian, Indian Chinese (He does not like authentic Chinese food)
- Restaurants – Indigo Deli, Gaylord, Theobroma
- Fitness Idol – Arnold Schwarzenegger
- Ideal Male Celeb Body – Brad Pitt
- Ideal Female Celeb Body – Jessica Alba
- Ice Cream Flavor – Bavarian Chocolate, Honey Nut Crunch
Source – Filmfare, TimesOfIndia
Aditya Roy Kapur Facts
- His father is Punjabi while his mom is Jewish.
- Aditya's mom Salome Aaron is Miss India 1972.
- He initially started his career as Channel [V] VJ.
- Aditya and his two elder brothers attended the same school.
- Aditya says that he likes eggs benedict so much that he can eat it all the three times.
- He never dreamed of becoming an actor. It all happened when he was called to audition for London Dreams and we all know that he was selected.
- When he was in school, he only dreamed of becoming a cricketer. He also took cricket coaching until the sixth standard.
- He was originally not very good at Hindi, so took the language classes to improve his accent and other skills.
- He is not a trained actor; meaning that he has not attended any acting school.
- Connect with Aditya on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram.
Did we miss anyone?

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Carly Rae Jepsen Releases Video; to Star as Frenchy in 'Grease: Live'
Carly Rae Jepsen Releases Video; to Star as Frenchy in 'Grease: Live'
- Genre : Pop
- Type: News
- Author : Super Admin
- Date : Tue, 03 Nov 2015
Irrepressible pop singer-songwriter Carly Rae Jepsen just released the video for her new single, "Your Type." It's directed by Gia Coppola (granddaughter of Francis Ford Coppola and niece of Sofia Coppola) and features Jepsen as a (sort of) little girl lost in the big city of Los Angeles.
"Gia Coppola had such a confident vision for the music video of 'Your Type' that I was tempted to just throw myself into the world she was creating. I was so glad I did, as the cinematic story that evolved in the short life of the song was remarkable. I couldn't be prouder of the outcome," Jepsen says of the video, which was shot at Los Candiles Night Club in L.A.
The video is actually just another check off the to-do list for the Grammy-winning, multi-platinum star. The artist is not only about to hit the road in support of her new album E•MO•TION, which was released in August, flaunting the two radio-ready singles "Run Away With Me" and "I Really Like You," but come January, has plans to star as Frenchy, one of the Pink Ladies from the '80s classic Grease, which is being adapted for live TV in Grease: Live, set to air Sunday, January 31, 2016 on FOX.
Jepsen, sure to bring her bright, soaring style to "Beauty School Dropout," will no doubt attract the most viewers for the airing, too. Catch her before she tries her hand at the musical stage at one of her tour dates below (with "more dates to be announced soon"):
11/09 Washington, DC The Fillmore
11/10 Boston, MA The Paradise
11/11 New York, NY Irving Plaza
11/13 Philadelphia, PA The Trocadero
Watch the music video for "Your Type" from Carly Rae Jepsen:
—The ARTISTdirect Staff
Buy Carly Rae Jepsen music at iTunes.


text: I have acquired an 18k solid gold Accutron. It is in truly mint condition with an unusual dial. It has a rather sappy engraving on the back which I would like to remove. I understand it can be removed by buffing, but I do not want to end up with a "weak" back. Is it possible to fill the engraving by gold soldering and then buffing or would it be safe to just buff. Any experience any board members have with this process would be greatly appreciated. Thanks and kindest regards


text:
Secunia Was Owned or DNS/domain hijacked?
Today Morning Secunia website was out of service and the reason of this service disruption is a DNS-attack. Many users thought that the website was compromised by hackers but that was not the case, the attack was made on the DNS server by redirecting users attempting to enter Secunia website to Hackers Website IP address.
On the hackers website you can find the following :
Sans have recived some reports from people about this incident they found that the site web located at the following IP address:
$ host www.secunia.com
www.secunia.com is an alias for secunia.com.
secunia.com has address 184.108.40.206
secunia.com mail is handled by 0 secunia.com.
while previously www.secunia.com was at 22.214.171.124.
And by running telnet on the original Secunia's web site the server is still running:
$ telnet 22.214.171.124 80
Trying 126.96.36.199…
Connected to secunia.com (184.108.40.206).
Escape character is '^]'.
Host: secunia.com
Date: Thu, 25 Nov 2010 08:46:29 GMT
Server: Apache
This is not the first DNS attack we read about in the news there were a big number of incidents that are related to the DNS record and it is now very important to start using and implementing the DNSSec to protect the DNS servers.
make sure you subscribe to my RSS feed!


text:
Internet presence scenario: Plan the site
Applies To: Office SharePoint Server 2007
This Office product will reach end of support on October 10, 2017. To stay supported, you will need to upgrade. For more information, see , Resources to help you upgrade your Office 2007 servers and clients.
Topic Last Modified: 2016-11-14
This article is one of a series of articles that describes an end-to-end scenario that outlines how to plan, design, build, and maintain an enterprise's Internet presence Web site based on Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007.
Previous article
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Beginning of scenario
A project team is formed to plan and specify the solution. The team includes a lead architect, a program manager, a site designer, and a software developer. Their goals included planning for the following:
A set of sites and subsites including the Home page, the Corporate Information subsite, the Products subsite, the News and events subsite, and the Careers subsite.
A set of content to migrate from the current site to the new site.
Customizations to implement, which include authored elements such as layouts, master pages, and styles sheets, along with coded elements to provide needed site functionality.
The site plan
The solution planning team identifies a set of tasks to implement the new Internet presence site and an order in which to do them:
1. Determine sites and subsites
The team determines sites and subsites first because many subsequent decisions depend on the site structure. For example:
Some subsites will have unique page layout requirements.
Some subsites will have unique content type requirements.
Some subsites will require development of custom site elements.
Content will be migrated from the current site to particular subsites.
The permissions model of Office SharePoint Server 2007 supports assigning unique security settings for particular subsites.
Navigation decisions depend on the site structure.
Using the Excel 2007 spreadsheet program, record the hierarchy of sites and subsites.
For maximum flexibility, the plan includes many subsites, each with a few pages. This exposes more sites and subsites in navigation bars. Also, because many Office SharePoint Server 2007 features are scoped to the site level, an architecture that defines many sites each with a few pages makes it easier to configure settings that are targeted at specific pages.
600 sites and subsites are entered in the spreadsheet.
2. Determine navigation
The site's planners next plan how users will navigate in the site:
The top navigation controls will be the same throughout the site hierarchy. They will always link to the four main sub-areas of the site: Corporate Information, Products, News and Events, and Careers.
The Home page will have only a top navigation bar. This will create more room on the page for content and give the Home page a unique appearance.
All other subsites will include the top navigation bar and will also have a side navigation area that will vary depending on the subsite:
The Corporate Information site will link to the set of pages that contains corporate information.
The News and Events site will have links to a set of topic categories such as Product Reviews, Upcoming events and seminars, and Recent Articles about the enterprise. Some pages will also include a Content By Query Web part for displaying links to related articles.
The Products site requires a custom navigation control that the enterprise will develop. The custom navigation control will display the set of product areas. When a user clicks a product area, the control will expand to display links to all the products in that area. This control will display three levels of depth to reflect the organization of products. The control will save its state for a site visitor, so that returning visitors to the Products site see their most recently viewed product page. Along with an expandable navigation control, the site architects want the navigation control in the Products subsite to retain its state from the last time a returning visitor used it. This was the first custom site element the team would have to develop.
The Careers site will link to pages of interest to jobs seekers, such as Corporate Values and Employee Benefits. Users will be able to navigate to a page by using a Web part that enables them to search for career opportunities at the enterprise. This will be developed by the enterprise's development team.
Using the same Excel 2007 spreadsheet in which the team listed sites and subsites, the team records navigation settings for each site and subsite.
For maximum flexibility, the plan includes many subsites, each with a few pages. This exposes more sites and subsites in navigation bars. Also, because many Office SharePoint Server 2007 features are scoped to the site level, many sites each with a few pages, it is easier to configure settings that are targeted at specific pages.
3. Determine Master pages and CSS
The planning team next determines the site's master page. Because master pages include the primary cascading style sheet definitions for the site, the team also plans the initial cascading style sheet implementation.
Write a specification of the master page.
Record cascading style sheet decisions in an Office Excel 2007 spreadsheet.
One master page for the entire site. This promotes consistency of styles and branding across the site.
4. Determine page layouts and content types
The planning team next determines the site's layout pages. The planning team surveys all the content to include in the new site. This includes the following:
Product description pages
Press releases
Specialized home pages for each subsite
Pages describing career opportunities
For each unique page type create a wireframe layout page. These schematic drawings of the pages indicate the regions on the page where content or other site elements (such as Web Parts) will appear. Label page elements on each wireframe. Label each field by name, such as Article Text, and by purpose, such as "displays press release text."
Record the design of each layout page and list the needed columns to display content across the various layout pages. If additional columns are needed, add those to the specification.
Produce a spreadsheet with four types of information:
Four extra columns are needed.
The site uses 14 types of layout pages.
5. Determine Web parts and custom field controls
The planning team identifies places in the Web site where Web parts or custom field controls will provide functionality that they require. For example:
A custom field control on the Home page will display an animation publicizing the enterprise.
A custom navigation control will provide rich navigation of the Products subsite.
A custom Web part will provide an interface to the Career Opportunities database.
Write specifications for custom Web parts and field controls.
One custom Web part
One custom field control
One custom navigation control
6. Determine reusable content
Lastly, the team determines reusable content to make available to authors. Reusable content includes the following:
Inline styles
On layout pages on which the team added style sheet references, the styles will be available from a menu in the editing toolbar that authors use when creating content.
Table formats
The team decides to modify some table formats associated with the editing toolbar for use in product description pages.
Reusable content
To promote consistency, the team decides to make some content, such as copyright notices, available to writers from the Reusable Content list of the site.
Site collection images
To support consistent branding, the team decides to make some images available to writers from the Site Collection Images of the site gallery.
Using a spreadsheet, record inline styles to develop. In the same spreadsheet, list reusable content to author, site collection images to create and upload, and new table formats to design.
20 inline style definitions
30 items of reusable content
24 site collection images to design
Four new table formats
Download this book
This topic is included in the following downloadable book for easier reading and printing:
See the full list of available books at Downloadable books for Office SharePoint Server 2007.


text:
I know everybody says it, but my Mum is the best.
Since it's Mother's Day I thought I'd do something a little special and share some of the many things I love about my Mum.
She's clever. Insanely clever. Not only is she a whizz academically (she started doing uni papers again this year and has got straight A+ marks!), but she's clever at all sorts of things – she bakes, cooks, sews, cross-stitches, knits… the lot! I know for certain any baking or crafty skills I have are a direct result of her.
She's kind. Not just to me, but to everyone she meets. She's one of those people that don't have a nasty bone in their body and always manages to see the good in people. She goes out of her way to help people whenever she can – whether it's preparing meals, running errands or just taking a bit of time out to catch up, she's always doing something to help brighten up someone else's day.
She's supportive. She's always been right there behind me cheering me on. From standing on the side of the hockey field in winter and listening to countless band performance to quizzing me before exams or helping us house hunt, she's always been behind me 100 percent.
She's beautiful – as much now as she was back when she married my Dad all those years ago. I hope I look half as gorgeous as her on my wedding day (and hope I inherit her gorgeous skin!)
Basically she's everything you could possibly want in a Mother! I am absolutely so lucky to have her in my life.
I wanted to say a massive thank you to her this Mother's Day, so have been busy organising a few special things. One of them being making a batch of strawberry creams – sweet, rich, smooth bit-sized treats that can brighten up your day in just a couple of seconds, just like my Mum!
While they're dead easy to make, they're absolutely delicious and make the perfect filler present. I'm sure you'll absolutely love them.
So happy Mother's Day Mum! And happy Mother's Day to all the Mum's who are reading this – I hope you all had a wonderful day and got completely spoilt.
- 2 egg whites
- 680g icing sugar, sifted
- 2-4 tsp strawberry essence
- 1-2 drops food colouring (optional)
- 500g milk chocolate
- Whisk egg whites in a large bowl until foamy
- Add icing sugar and mix until a soft dough forms. Add strawberry essence and food colouring (optional) and mix until well combined.
- Line two baking trays and dust your hands with icing sugar. Roll small balls (approx 1 tsp) of dough and place on prepared trays. Flatted with back of a fork.
- Place in fridge and chill until very firm – overnight is best
- Melt chocolate in microwave in 30 second bursts, mixing well between each. Dip each sweet in chocolate using a fork. Tap off excess before returning to tray. Place in fridge to set.


text:
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A Maior Comunidade de Aprendizagem Gratuita do Mundo
"Nós enviaremos as instruções para resetar a sua senha para o endereço associado. Por favor, digite o seu e-mail atual."


text:
Resource Computer Solutions is proud to be a sponsor of Claremont's community soccer team, Claremont Stars. Being able to support the community is one of the great honors and privileges RCS has the opportunity to do as the company and the community both grow side by side with each other. The Claremont Stars is a city club open to boys and girls of varying ages that first started their group in 1979. With the help of the residents of Claremont this soccer club has been growing nonstop and helping the community grow closer together and become more active and involved in the lives of so many individuals.
The Claremont Stars is not only filled with extremely talented youths from the residents of Claremont and other neighboring cities, but as a city club they cater to young children of all ages starting from seven all the way to seventeen. These young children and teens practice and hone their athletic soccer skills at the local Vista Elementary School together in Claremont, and then play against other teams and perform their games at El Roble Middle School where these young athletes can show off their skills and have fun playing an amazing sport all together.
Currently the city club has a ranking of being a Bronze team but by the fall of 2017 this thriving community soccer club is looking to rise in the ranks and advance into a Silver team. With such a large and still ever growing soccer club it's no wonder that the Claremont Stars are on the verge of making such an accomplishment! With 12 teams currently comprised of 16 – 18 members per team, there is no shortage of players and talent as these boys and girls play their way to success. Resource Computer Solutions proudly stands by and supports this amazing city club in Claremont and waits eagerly to see what the future holds for this community and the Claremont Stars.


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Check Out These Upcoming Latin American Events!
As an internationally focused organization, Isagenix is constantly improving training and expanding our global reach. At our events, you get to join your Isagenix family under one roof to share insights, encourage each other, and receive training from top leaders. Check out the upcoming events in Colombia and Mexico, and invite your team members in those markets to attend!


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FMI Instrumed in Schiedam is one of the first companies in the Benelux to produce serial orthopaedic titanium implants using a metal 3D printer. To obtain this capability, this high-precision supplier invested in a Concept Laser M2 Dual Laser metal printer with QM quality monitoring systems. FMI Instrumed strives to expand its competencies by producing new types of implants that cannot be made with existing CNC technology. How will FMI achieve this?
As a contract manufacturer, the company has specialised in producing medical implants and instruments, such as poly-axial bone screws and other orthopaedic implants for European and American OEMs. With its specialised high-precision machining processes the company has profiled itself as a technically advanced supplier of components. Quality, price and a broad spectrum are the keys to success in this market with stringent quality requirements and price pressure.
Knowledge and experience acquired through AddLab
Inspired by the wish to make implants with porous structures and components that cannot be produced with existing CNC technology, metal 3D printing has been on FMI Instrumed's agenda since 2012. In 2013, FMI and 8 other companies joined AddLab - a shared facility for metal 3D printing. During a three-year project, these 9 companies used a number of metal 3D printers to gain experience in existing 3D printing technologies. The participants tackled the various aspects, such as design for AM, process & parameters, materials and process qualification, together and shared the obtained knowledge. The objective was for every partner to be able to go its own way at the end of the three-year project. FMI Instrumed has been the first to take this step and emphasises the importance of AddLab as the precursor to this decision.
Turning metal 3D printing into a fully-fledged business
On the back of that experience, FMI Instrumed was keen to use metal 3D printing as a serious production technology. Managing Director Henk Jansen commented "Having a metal 3D printer alone is not enough, because metal 3D printing is just one part of the process. You also need to be able to do all the finishing in house. We are talking about wire-EDM and milling to separate the products from the supports; post-machining like milling, polishing, tapping screws and other surface finishes, such as passivation and anodising. We can even use laser welding to connect a 3D printed component with a machined component. With all these competencies in house, the metal 3D printing process broadens our spectrum as an additional competency and we strive to develop it into a fully-fledged production technology. Globally speaking we are a relatively small company with just 50 employees, but with this broad spectrum of competencies we are certainly unique."
Choosing Concept Laser
Henk Jansen continued "Our ambitions require a metal 3D printer that has a proven track record as a production machine. Concept Laser is one of the few to offer systems that can be used immediately as proven technology. Other manufacturers are certainly promising, but for our application they are often still working with a Beta version. The German manufacturer Concept Laser offered the option of 2 lasers (Dual Laser), which enables us to run dual production or to continue with just one laser if the other one is down. Furthermore, the fact that the powder does not come into contact with air is important to us as it makes the process ATEX-secure and in turn that guarantees the safety of our employees. Concept Laser is also advanced in terms of process monitoring. We purchased the various QM quality modules together with the printer. We specifically liked the construction of the printer itself and the manufacturer's DNA and we liked the installation and service of supplier Landré, guaranteeing service support close to home."
Specialist in house
Although FMI Instrumed built up an advantage with the experience and knowledge gained in AddLab, the company did not have a real in-house specialist. In order to develop the integration of the 3D printing technology into a fully-fledged business, Ruben Wauthle recently joined the company. Ruben has more than 7 years of experience in metal 3D printing and worked for LayerWise in Belgium and through his PhD at Leuven University he specialised in producing implants with metal 3D printing. This has enabled FMI Instrumed to strengthen its position even further and to work on its competitive advantage.
Process validation
In this sector OEMs will only start working with a supplier when it has its quality assurance and certification in order. Henk Jansen said "That guarantees the client 100% reliable products and a repeatable process. Therefore we are monitoring every process step in detail. The QM quality-monitoring systems make an important contribution to that. We expect to complete the process validation within the next few months and will be the first in the Benelux to start printing medical implants, integrated in other machining and finishing processes.
Focus on medical implants
With presentations at international orthopaedic trade shows we hope to obtain new leads for producing medical implants. Existing and new clients can join the new programme, which sometimes have a ramp-up time of up to 2 years. During this period we move from prototypes to engineering, 0-series and proving the reliability of the process. Our knowledge of the manufacturability is our greatest added value. The fact that we can carry out all the processes in house is our most important USP. As soon as we have validated the process, the route to other markets, such as the semi-conductor industry, is open. However, for the time being our focus will continue to be on serial production of medical implants with a high variation within a high volume.


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academic_affairs/qep/index.htm. I only skimmed the documents very quickly, but it looks like excellent stuff (e.g. "Creating the "whole" information literate student will lead to more engaged, more responsible, more creative, and more successful lives beyond Trinity. " ;-) There is a 5 year timetable as part of their key document, which, like the whole initiative, goes under the title Expanding Horizons: Using Information in the Twenty-First Century.
Photo by Sheila Webber: View from the hotel, Konstanz, Germany, November 2007.


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The US Presidential Election certainly didn't disappoint. Regardless of our denomination, it's hard to placate the significance. But more important to my writing, having been outside of the country during the election, I gained an interesting perspective that is difficult to put into words.
The day of the election I woke up and began watched Bloomberg TV (A business news channel and one of the few channels in English). They had dedicated a large amount of time to the reactions of different governments around the world and what the presidential election will mean to relations in the future.
I was shocked. I couldn't remember the last time I had heard of or even cared about the election of officials of another country. Sure I know a couple political leaders, but I don't remember watching their election process or counting the blue and red states in their country.
In the weeks prior I was asked many times by my fellow exchange students which candidate I would be voting for. A couple of my professors couldn't resist the same question. And yet I couldn't think of an international election I was interested in, much less having questions for my fellow exchange students and professors.
I attribute this dichotomy, not to my lack of interest in global politics, but rather to the sheer importance of US leadership around the globe. Certainly I have long known my countries importance to the world, but to the exacting degree – to a higher level of realization and consciousness – to which I know it now, I had not.
Again, when a perspective is gained, when the fog begins to lift and your horizon expands, even to the slightest degree, it is an astonishing experience, difficult to put into words.
What I've Been Reading
2 weeks ago


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Participants attending conference to review Bt cotton call for extensive investigation into all aspects of cotton production before drawing conclusions
A conference held in Delhi to review whether Bt cotton has benefitted the country ended inconclusively. Non-profits, farmers' groups, industry representatives and regulators agreed that the area under cotton cultivation and cotton production has increased in India in the past decade, but how much of this could be attributed to Bt technology was a question no one could answer satisfactorily. The two-day conference, ending June 12, was titled "Ten years of Bt Cotton in India: A review", and was jointly organised by Centre for Social Development, an organization of social researchers, along with non-profits, Centre for Sustainable Agriculture (CSA) and Centre for Environment Education (CEE).
The participants said there is a need for in-depth investigation into various aspects of cotton production to reach a conclusion. These include the reasons for large-scale shift to hybrid cotton cultivation in country, the extent of irrigated area that has gone under cotton cultivation, whether favourable climatic conditions are a reason for shift to Bt cotton with special reference to Gujarat and whether use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has risen or decreased. Non-profits and civil society groups said that different official sources of data are inconsistent with each other and that no real conclusion could be reached on the basis of these. While different micro-studies are questionable because of the methodologies or design adopted, macro-data from different sources are sometimes contradictory, the participants said.
Organisers divided
There were differences even between the organizations that hosted the conference. While CSA believes Bt cotton is not a success, CSD says it has helped improve the socio-economic status of farmers.
G V Ramajaneyulu of CSA said that data relating to consumption of pesticide and some micro-studies seem to indicate initial reduction in pesticide use in Bt cotton crops, which are resistant to bollworms. But with increase in attacks from sucking pests and other pests, per acre (0.4 ha) pesticide usage has increased and a dangerous cocktail of pesticides are being used, he added. Official data on pesticide consumption in India, too, does not reflect any decline, except in Andhra Pradesh, where large-scale adoption of non-pesticide management of crops is being followed, he said.
"We cannot ignore the fact that farmers growing Bt cotton are committing suicide. From our field experiences and academic analyses, we have found that Bt cotton involves high risk," said Ramajaneyulu. The yields have stagnated and it's only the 35 per cent farmers who have irrigation facilities who are writing the success story," said Ramajaneyulu. He said the government should not be making any definitive statements on the success of Bt cotton with regard to the remaining 65 per cent farmers growing Bt cotton in rain-fed areas in India. He said there was a need for government to create a level-playing field for cotton seeds and promote ecological alternatives with the same supports being given for promotion of transgenic seeds.
CSD, on the other hand, says Bt cotton has helped improve farmers'lives. It had recently carried out a study for farmers' organisation Bharat Krishak Samaj, which showed that Bt cotton is a success in India. CSD director T Haq said that their survey found that 84 per cent farmers say that quantity of seed usage per hectare is less in Bt Cotton than in non-Bt cotton and that average net returns from hybrid Bt cotton seeds increased by 375 per cent from pre-Bt cotton period.
However, during the conference, when CSD presented its study, the organisation's methodology of recalling, under which participants are asked to recall their past experiences, adopted for the study was criticised by various participants, including planning commission member Abhijit Sen. Aruna Rodrigues, lead petitioner in a public interest case seeking moratorium on GM-testing in the country, also criticised the methodology. "This is one of the most unreliable method in market research and nobody accepts it."
Kavitha Kurunganti, convener of NGO Alliance for Sustainable and Holistic Agriculture (ASHA), said a serious correlation analysis has to be taken up because India has reported highest year-on-year increase in cotton yields; AICCIP (All India Coordinated Cotton Improvement Project) results were showing that bollworm incidence was low to moderate. When Bt cotton can result in higher productivity only under pest pressure by protecting the crop from pest damage, how can such yield increases then be related to Bt technology?
The review conference saw a number of presentations of micro-studies as well as macro-data on subjects including farm economics (yield, production, farmers' incomes), pesticide usage, regulatory regime, policy framework for genetically modified crops, risks and farmers suicide cases associated with Bt cotton and emerging scientific evidence on Bt cotton.
Civil society groups at the conference demanded risk analysis to be incorporated into decision-making in technology assessment, especially in case of transgenics in India and said that there was total absence of policy directives on crops even under international conventions, such as the Cartagena protocol under which the countries can protect those crops for which they are a centre of origin and diversity and the crops hold trade security interests and have social implications. For example, Mexico which is centre of origin of maize, has not allowed GM maize in its territory. There is a demand that India which is a big exporter of basmati rice should similarly not allow genetically modified rice in the country as it has trade security interests.
In his presentation, Ramajaneyulu highlighted concerns about public funds being wasted in several ways, including on transgenic research that gets bogged down in patent issues and "contamination" issues, in addition to lack of ability to take R&D products to farmers. Further, when crops fail, governments are paying compensation packages to farmers with public funds. He said that "the public research is being sidelined with private sector taking over the seed sector in the country, thus limiting seed choices for the farmers."
Other participants at the conference included Anupam Barik, additional commissioner-crops with the agriculture ministry, M F Farooqui, chairperson of Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC), Ved Kambhoj, chairperson of Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation and PM Bhargava, Supreme Court observer in GEAC. Representatives from seed companies like Mahyco, Nuziveedu and Sriram Bioseed were also present.
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I know Jyotika Sood is
I know Jyotika Sood is smarter than this. To question whether Bt cotton is a success or not in the very title of a report on the CSD meeting is no more than an effort to still linger on to anti-GM lobby theory against a mounting empirical evidence that Bt cotton is a success. Even the intellectually deceitful Jairam Ramesh openly conceded that Bt cotton has changed the rural India wherever it has been grown. The crowd that had gathered at the June 11 and 12 meet of CSD at IIC was determined to tar the image of Bt cotton and would not even allow CSD to present its report that is one of the most credible reports on the performance of Bt cotton among many by CESS and IFPRI, to name just a couple. Many reporters and mass media publications have developed an institutional bias against this MNC technology because of their undying political proclivities that does not allow them to admit that MNCs are the best able to deliver fruits of many of eh modern technologies in agriculture, energy, drugs and pharmaceuticals. This leftist/social bent of mind of many of such embedded reporters in the Indian print media is one of the ghosts that some of us supporters of modern science and technology have to battle constantly in addition to activists. Jyoika knows me well and if she gets annoyed or angry with my comment, I suggest she contact me at the above email ID and I will have fun chatting with her about this report.
Dr Shantharam, decentralized
Dr Shantharam, decentralized India achieved great success in the ancient past and the people are mostly of the same genetic stock. There is really no need to admit that MNCs are better at anything than Indians unless the administration continues to insist on tying the hands of the majority of the population by preventing the development of home grown fora to capture and capitalize on the creativity of so many talented people. One does not be the inventor to appreciate the developments, but should be cautious and cognizant about their benefits and limitations, in addition to being impressed. Each company has become very sophisticated in covering up weaknesses, exaggerating benefits, and will sell by clouding judgement of their true dangers and value. It is therefore truly important to deliberate on the benefits of radical new technologies that get imported with little understanding of their ramifications. However, a noisy forum may be a poor place for orderly debate. What is really needed is a decentralized assembly of professional scientists (Social, Basic, Agricultural, Medical, Veterinary and Entomologist), farmers, activists, yarn manufacturers, weavers and representatives of other affected industries such as poultry, honey and silk to systematically determine not area under cultivation and total output, but yield, quality, environmental effects and adverse effects on other industries. The data need to be systematically assembled and shared to aid further research and publicized to increase awareness and limit damage.
My own (non-expert) thoughts are that the introduction of a toxin-expressing plant is letting the genie out of the bottle. Once seeded, it will be very hard to reverse an infestation by a toxic and successful plant, if it ends up being bad for the environment. The monoculture of BT-expressing strains will also mean that the plant one will dominate, killing variety. It may suddenly become susceptible to a new BT-resistant bug or organism that will be harder to handle as a genetic plant strain that needs to be restarted. If it is excessively successful, and adversely affects other crops or industries by killing pollinators, etc, one can simply stop spraying and switch to something else, if the toxin is manufactured and sprayed. However, one will be forced to spend a lot of time and effort in destroying the BT-expressing cotton, if one finds that it is adversely affecting poultry and silk farms or honey production. Cultivating a variety of cotton strains allows the creation of natural variants that may have useful traits for selection, which will be lost in a monoculture, hampering future development.
Just higher output of cotton
Just higher output of cotton is not a sufficient test. Companies, particularly MNCs are very sophisticated at exaggerating value and hiding problems. However a forum of this type will not be appropriate for identifying problems. All affected parties must be involved in researching the outcomes of a radical technology like transgenic plants expressing an insect toxin. Cultivating such transgenic plants can seriously affect the economy due to unexpected secondary effects that may be mediated by the uncontrolled release of the toxin. If recombinant toxin was made and sprayed, one can control delivery and limit exposure based on need posed by infestation. However, if the yield of foods becomes reduced due to death of pollinators and soils being damaged by death of beneficial invertebrates, one would have to embark on a costly and unpredictable effort to eliminate the transgenic plants to save the environment. The effort should probably include a number of farmers and scientists who are clearly not just focussed on cotton output and/or yield. Moreover, the loss of biodiversity in the cotton crop due to replacement by one strain of transgenic plants will prevent future development of beneficial traits that can be discover in a complex environment.
Dear Sir, How can you
Dear Sir,
How can you overlook the fact that more than 100,000 farmers had to commit suicide because of the debts piled up due to failure of GM crops? GM crops have failed to deliver miserably in India as they require more water than the conventional crops. Also, the so called pest-resistant crops failed to live up to the expectations and were destroyed by bollworms. GM crops are unreliable and India is no laboratory to test these harbingers of doom. Even the cattle foraging on Bt Cotton crop in some parts of Maharasthtra died. This reinforces the fact that the long term effects of genetically modified crops on humans cannot be ascertained.
India was doing organic
India was doing organic agriculture up to 1950s. The farmers were under huge debt as most of the lands were pledged against loans of local money lenders. Food was either imported or gifted to us by the developed countries and Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastry Ji appealed to the nation to skip one meal a day and go for fasting once a week to meet the food shortage in the country. You are worried about so called threats to environment and I am not forgetting my past when we were at the mercy of others to feed us.
Now the choice is obvious you may feed organic foods to a handful of rich and upper class people who can afford them or produce for all using the proven science-led practices of agriculture.


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Nevis Mountain, Isle of Nevis
Vase planted by Kerstin Gilkerson, Jill Frith and Marley, the dog, on Easter Monday, 2003.
"We were accompanied up the mountain by 'Bee Man' an English chap who had started a bee co-op on the island. Then we were left on our own, as we edged up into tropical rainforest. The trail proved slippery and there were deep ravines to either side and Jill had just told me about a tourist from Slovakia who had fallen into one and went missing, later to be found half dead and stuck on a ledge. With that, she decided to stop half way, so Marley and I carried on. Finally we were at the clearing after a steep ascent, surrounded by a bunch of Nevis kids. They looked at me as if I were from another planet. I realized it was too hard to dig at the top so I ended up planted the vase in a gully lower down. On our descent, I almost got lost but Marley knew the way. The climb took 7 hours but it was a wonderful experience."


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12-1030 Bulletin
It is a real pleasure to work with excellent American made equipment. I have been working on boats for many years. I like to invest in good tools, my 6029 battery tester has always performed perfectly, even after years of hard use. Just wanted to share that with you. Please keep making your products here in the USA.
— Gus Gotuzzo -South Miami, Fl.
Follow @associatedequip


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For the first time Adeje is hosting the IWWF World Water Ski Racing Championships, in Puerto Colon, from September 5th to 15th, and the public are invited to come along and watch the world's top racers vie for the titles.
Racing takes place from 9am to 2pm, and over 180 competitors from all over the world, including top skiers and racers from Australia, New Zealand, the UK, Belgium, the USA, France, Germany and many more countries are expected to arrive over the next few days. The Spanish team of 31 sports men and women are all from Tenerife.
At the launch of the competition Cristina Valido, Cabildo deputy president and island councillor for sports, culture and education, said this was "historic" for Adeje and Tenerife and congratulated the Canarian Water Ski federation for making the event happen with help from the Adeje council and the regional department of sports. Adeje, she added, was now synonymous with quality and excellently hosted events.
The Adeje mayor, Jose Miguel Rodríguez Fraga also congratulated those who worked so hard to bring the event to Adeje, and spoke of the importance of sport for Adeje residents as well as an amplification of the tourism offer of the borough. With tourism of such great importance economically to the region, he was delighted to see this kind of initiative bear fruit, and extended an invitation to all residents and tourists to get down to Puerto Colon over the 10 days of the competition. He added that sport in the borough also played a very important part in unifying the very diverse cultural community that Adeje enjoys.
According to the organisers the race days are September 7th, 9th, 11th and 14th, and the best viewing spots will be along the Puerto Colon pier, and no doubt there will be boats happy to ferry interested spectators out to sea as well. There is no charge for the public.