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Rebecca Eissler
Annelise Russell
Bryan D. Jones
Policy Agendas Project
Department of Government
University of Texas at Austin
Existing literature on the agenda setting process is grounded and well cited in studies of U.S. national institutions, but emerging scholarship has taken the fundamental principles of agenda setting — attention, information, and learning — and has extended their applicability to understudied participants and institutions. This essay highlights three areas of study that have undergone particular grown during the last few years and best represent the trend of applying the well understood dynamics of agenda setting to a broader swath of participants in the policy process. We first examine how scholars have focused on agenda setting within U.S. state and local governments and the way these institutions balance their agenda-setting needs internally, while still trying to be heard within a federal system. Secondly, we highlight policy scholars' contributions to create better definitions and measures of the relationship between the media and policy process. Finally, we explore the contributions to the broader agenda setting literature made by scholars examining non-United States institutions. These three categories are but a part of the growing trend in the subfield to expand the scope of agenda setting research.
Key words: Policy process, Agenda Setting, State/local governments, media, and Comparative policy studies.
The public policy discipline is constantly evolving to develop a more complex and dynamic understanding of institutions, actors, and information, and the subfield of agenda setting is no exception. Traditionally, studies of agenda setting have focused on agendas within U.S. federal government subsystems. These are now being augmented by a broader examination of agenda setting dynamics to include underdeveloped avenues of study. John W. Kingdon (1995) posits that two factors have the ability to direct agenda setting and the development of policy alternatives: active participants and the processes through which issues rise to prominence. In many new studies, these foundational theories of the policy process remain constant, but new insights regarding participants and the roles they play within the policy process come to light.
This evolution in the field is evident in a sample of recently prominent subtopics that represent agenda-setting studies' growth toward examining alternate processes — state and local governments, the media, and comparative policy. These three fields represent previously underdeveloped platforms for policy scholars to better understand and test traditional notions of the agenda setting process and to understand how these dynamics are generalizable outside of the well-tilled field of existing literature. These topics and the particular citations for each represent some of the innovation that has occurred over the past few years. They are certainly not an exhaustive list of the innovative work that has been done on agenda setting. Others, such as Peter May have added considerable insight into policy regimes and boundary spanning issues (Jochim & May 2010; May, Jochim, & Sapotichne 2011; May & Jochim 2013). Christian Breunig and Chris Koski's work on state budgets and the broad consequences of incrementalism and policy punctuations (2012) also advance our understanding of agenda setting.
The topics and scholars highlighted in this piece represent the trend of moving beyond the institutions that are commonly studied to uncover insights about the agenda setting process. These scholars represent a larger movement toward a richer understanding of agenda setting, which can only be developed by analyzing the alternate avenues through which political actors try to influence the agenda space. By looking beyond the institutions that were used to uncover the initial dynamics of the policy process, we can uncover relationships that are generalizable across systems, but were not as apparent in the in the original studies.
The foundations of agenda setting come directly from studies of relationships within the U.S. federal government, and as a consequence, the classics in the field all rely on observations from one policymaking system (Schattschneider 1957; Cobb & Elder 1972; Kingdon 1995; Baumgartner & Jones 2009). The literature implies or states directly that the uniqueness of the American system led to relative ease of agenda access and hence policy punctuations. Baumgartner and Jones (2009) suggest that federalism and the associated increase in the number of policymaking venues should increase the ability of new policy ideas to receive serious consideration by policymakers. But such ideas can only be tested for their broad generalizability if agenda-setting processes are studied in other institutional systems.
The expansion of agenda-setting research in recent years has led not just to more research, but more research on different institutions. In this review, we discuss three subtopics of agenda setting that recent scholarship has emphasized. First, we examine increased analysis of agenda setting within state and local institutions to find that these institutions engage in two levels of agenda setting: the first, occurring within state and local institutions and the second, occurring when state and local governments' attempt to influence the agendas of federal institutions. The first variety of agenda setting is critical to developing an understanding of how states and local actors manage their agendas without the outside influence of the national government (Heidbreder 2012). The second addresses an understudied aspect of federal-state relations in which the state tries to communicate its preferences to change the national agenda (Leckrone & Gollob 2010). In both types of agenda-setting research, the authors move beyond conventional discussions of how state agendas are influenced by the national government and examine how states act to promote their own interests, regardless of attention from the national government (Lowery, Gray, & Baumgartner 2010).
Next, we turn to the role of the media in the agenda setting process and note two important ways the literature has grown. First, we stress the scholarship that denotes the schism between agenda-setting definitions in political communication and policy studies literatures and the analyses that attempt to narrow this divide (Wolfe, Jones, & Baumgartner 2013; Boydstun 2013). Second, media influences on the policy process are still not fully understood (Vliegenthart & Walgrave 2011). New scholarship emphasizes going beyond traditional methods of newspaper analysis and notions of media as a vehicle for positive feedback in order to explore the connections between media and elite attention. This two-prong expansion in the way policy scholars examine the media's effects has the potential to improve the field by widening the media's applicability within the policy process.
Finally, we review the subtopic that has, without a doubt, undergone the widest expansion of research on agenda setting: comparative policy. Comparative policy studies continues to flourish as a field, as it has over the last half century (Gupta 2012), and a closer study of agenda setting is a component of that recent growth. Within each international institution, scholars attempt to examine the agenda-setting process, noting the ways in which participants and the process are affected by different rules, procedures, and customs. The key comparative question has been how agenda setting processes vary across such divergent institutional systems (Baumgartner, Jones, & Wilkerson 2011)? To be able to conduct cross-sectional analyses of policy, the field requires more robust empirical study within the international systems in order to draw comparisons.
Individually, these three avenues offer new insights to the agenda-setting literature, but taken together, represent a broadening of the applicability of established agenda-setting principles and aid in the establishment of a new direction for future agenda-setting research.
Much of the established work on policy processes within the American federal system have focused on either a top-down perspective of national influence on state policy (Karch 2006; Baumgartner & Jones 2009; Wood 1991) or state-to-state policy diffusion (Boushey 2012; Berry & Berry 2007). Scholars have made considerable advances in these fields, particularly Graeme Boushey's reconceptualization of diffusion dynamics, which highlights diffusion as a largely incremental process, punctuated with periods of rapid diffusion, the product of policy feedback (Boushey 2010). But the literature has recently taken an important turn away from these well-studied areas. Previously, conspicuously absent was an exploration of the differences between state and national institutional agendas and how states affect national agenda construction. New research that treats the state as an influential actor, rather than a policy test balloon, highlights why it is critical to move beyond the simplistic understanding of states as "laboratories of democracy" (Baumgartner & Jones 2009). States have their own agenda priorities, and these priorities will affect how states act in the federal system, attempting to influence the federal agenda in pursuit of state-level goals. The emerging literature about states' impacts on internal and external agendas demonstrates the importance of challenging accepted views of the interactions between federal levels.
The established literature on agenda setting takes into account that the policy aims of state or local governments are often different than the national government (Baumgartner & Jones 2009; Volden 2005; Lowery, Gray, & Baumgartner 2010), but previously there had not been much work on the characteristics of those differences. Given that there is considerable variation across the fifty states and thousands of sub-state-level governments, the inherent differences between governments make it critical for state and local agendas to be considered independently of the way in which national and sub-national governments interact.
One of the ways state and local agenda setting is different from the national level is the potential influence of direct democracy through the legislative initiative and referendum. David Damore, Shaun Bowler, and Stephen Nicholson (2012) examine how different actors use the initiative or referendum in order to shape the agenda to best suit their interests. This study highlights how the dynamics of these individual processes result in adoption by different actors within a system: the initiative has long been a primary tool of interest groups, while the referendum has become primarily a tool of legislators. These findings reflect a distinctive characteristic of sub-national governments in the United States, where state constitutional mechanisms have allowed direct democracy to introduce additional methods for getting an issue on to the agenda.
Agenda setting in state government is also unique because of the differences in powers between many governors and the president. The president has limited legislative powers: he has the power to sign or veto laws (Art. 1 Sect. 7) and the responsibility to recommend legislation to Congress (Art. 2 Sect. 3), but the legislative powers of state governors is much more variable. Brianne Heidbreder's study of gubernatorial agenda setting illustrates how governors have gained more formal powers through setting the agenda (2012). They develop these formal powers by taking the charge on producing solutions to policies that had long been the purview of the federal government, by embracing longer terms in office, which allowed for more time for policy in between campaign cycles, and through increased responsibility for producing the budget, as well as tools like the line item veto, which allows the governor in many states to shape legislation from start to finish. These additional powers require scholars to consider the many other ways the executive can shape the institutional agenda other than "going public" (Kernell 2007) or using persuasion (Neustadt 1990).
A third aspect of state and local agenda setting that differs from our understanding of the process at the national level is how the process is perceived by policy elites. Xinsheng Liu, Eric Lindquist, Arnold Vedlitz, and Kenneth Vincent's study of policy elites highlights a number of differences about the process at the local level (2010). Using Kingdon's multiple streams theory as the framework for understanding the local policy process, they find that, in lower levels of government, consensus, and coalition building heavily influence policy making, whereas shifting public mood and opinion drives the national policy process. Additionally, policy elites most often report policy compatibility as the reason for the success of a particular policy alternative, as opposed to technical feasibility, value acceptance, or anticipation of future constraints, which fit more prominently in the Kingdon conception of the characteristics that allow policy alternatives' to survive, all of which were conceived of while studying the national government. These deviations from Kingdon suggest that agenda setting on the local level differs from agenda setting on the national level. These works offer new avenues through which to consider state and local agenda setting dynamics. These differences, whether they are institutionally founded or embody elite perceptions of the process, are not merely nuance: they have the potential to alter fundamental understandings of the policy process. These studies offer new directions and questions for an improved understanding of the policy process.
As literature on state's agenda setting dynamics grows, it is vital to pay attention to alternate ways in which states and the federal government interact regarding policy agendas in the federal system. As mentioned previously, a great deal of research has looked at the top-down pressure the national government puts on states to consider certain issues. Many scholars are beginning to consider how states work from the bottom-up, trying to influence the national agenda. One such study, by David Lowery, Virginia Gray, and Frank Baumgartner, examines whether policy attention on the state level can influences agenda setting on the national level (2010). They find that only in rare situations can states directly influence the attention the national government pays to issues, suggesting that "to a considerable degree, state and national legislatures still have their own policy agendas and their own policy cycles" (p. 304). An important take away from this study is that if, in the short-term, states have little to no effect on the national policy agenda, then it is important to refine or eliminate the assumptions that exist regarding the influence state policy innovation has on national policymaking. A great deal of the work on policy diffusion rests on the premise that the federal government learns from state-level experimentation, and while there has been evidence of this in terms of single issues, its absence on a larger, more systematic scale throws many theoretical assumptions into question.
Another study of bottom-up agenda setting influence is by Westley Leckrone and Justin Gollob who observe that while states cannot compel the federal government to act, that has not stopped states from communicating their preferred positions to Congress (2010). Leckrone and Gollob examine memorials, which are requests to the federal government that convey a preference either for or against some action. Because they offer specific direction from states to the federal government, they offer political scientists the opportunity to understand how states try to affect action at the federal level. By looking at whether states send policy messages, and if so, on which policies, they can develop an alternate method for understanding the federal-state relationship. They find that 95 percent of memorials are used to convey substantive policy messages, focusing on policy topics ranging from state-specific and to general national issues, but primarily, are used in an attempt to influence policies that are in the domain of the national government. By examining an alternate method of communication between levels of government, Leckrone and Gollob open the door to further research by seeking insight through the examination of understudied aspects of the policy process.
The recent literature on agenda setting sees states as more than second-class venues for policy entrepreneurs to bring their issues (Jones & Baumgartner 2009; Kingdon 1995). States have policy agendas, which may or may not be similar to the national agenda (Lowery, Gray, & Baumgartner 2010). Only with further study will the similarities and differences between state, local, and national agenda setting processes be understood. These studies offer a starting place, highlighting sources of data that have previously been ignored and offering important challenges to the assumptions that have permeated the study of agenda setting due to the national government bias inherent in much of the foundational work, proving that there is still plenty more work to be done on state and local agenda setting processes.
The ambiguous role of "the media" in political science is widely cited (Dearing & Rodgers 1996; Bennett 1990; Baumgartner & Jones 2009; Cook 2005), but literature that thoroughly examines the media's impact on the public policy processes is much more limited. Even if we were to narrow our focus to the role of the news media within the subfield of agenda setting, the majority of research that addresses tends to perpetuate broad, vague notions of how the media might influence the policy process. Amber Boydstun offers one of the few comprehensive overviews of the status of the media within the political process — specifically highlighting how media outlets shape attention as it fluctuates across issue areas (2013). She proffers that the effect of media is not constant, but rather episodic and abrupt, raising attention for some topics but generally ignoring most. The media, like the policy process, is dynamic and it is this dynamic relationship that requires further research and development. However, without more work like hers, attempting to develop a cohesive theory for the interaction of media with all parts of the policy process, we are left trying to piece together disparate theories.
Recent research has attempted to better situate the intricate relationship between media and public policy within a larger framework of information exchange, while at the same time reconciling these information dynamics with the conceptual expansion of the term "agenda setting" to incorporate broader literatures with policy scholars' established definitions. Recent literature includes the study of media's down-reaching effects on the policy process, as well as media's position relative to diverging agenda-setting definitions.
The media exist within a complex system of information, and the exchange of information across institutions is critical to an understanding of media influence. Bryan Jones and Michelle Wolfe offer that, in addition to the media shaping what and how we think, the media serves a vital function: sorting out what information is received and how it should be prioritized (2010). Scholars continue to debate the impact of media — its indexing function or its ability to shape preferences — but the authors posit that a more fruitful framework for understanding the media in the policy process is by examining the information exchange in the interactions between policy communities and the press. Public policy is a dynamic process, and according to Jones and Wolfe, our assessments of the participants within that process must also reflect the dynamism of political interactions. By moving beyond static assumptions regarding an important set of actors in the policy process, future scholarship has the potential to uncover the overlooked dynamics and the far-reaching effects on agenda setting.
The varied relationship between press and politics is also evident by the separate conceptualizations of media agendas and policy agendas are able to coexist — despite many scholars disregard for their compatibility. Michelle Wolfe, Bryan Jones and Frank Baumgartner provide a synoptic outline of the simultaneous, yet disparate use of the term "agenda setting" between policy and political communication studies (2013). Policy scholars have long analyzed agenda setting by assessing the relationship between boundedly rational government elites and attention, as is evident in Kingdon's definition of the policy agenda as "a list of problems to which government officials, and those associated with government, are paying serious attention" (1995, p. 3), a definition that forms the foundation of the literature. Political communication scholarship has long operated from a definition of agenda setting focusing on public, rather than elite, attention. The theoretical foundation of public agendas relies on Walter Lippman's work on the news media as a filter for reality (1965) and has been further refined by McCombs and Shaw's study on the media's ability to set the public agenda (1972). Wolfe, Jones, and Baumgartner formally acknowledge the schism between the two fields, and in recognizing this discord, encourage future scholars to merge the two notions of agenda setting by retrieving them from their individual, academic silos. This work pushes the fields further toward analyses that consider the broad implications of the media on elite policy and public agendas in tandem. It has long been understood that the relationship between policies and publics is not limited and unidirectional (May 1991; Soroka & Wlezien 2005), and the press is but one of many factors that mediate such associations. By encouraging scholars to move in this direction, Wolfe, Jones, and Baumgartner's work illuminates a new path for scholars of the policy process.
Another attempt to build bridges between previously separate literatures is Rens Vliegenthart and Stefaan Walgrave's work on partisan moderators of the media's agenda influence. They identify one way to operationalize both policy and communication studies' different perceptions of agenda setting across nations (2011). By applying a methodology to test an argument similar to Wolfe, Jones, and Baumgartner, the authors identify the dissonance between communications and policy agendas, and attempt to bridge the divide by depending on communications' long-use of media coverage as an indicator of attention, while adopting the dependent variable, policy agendas, from political science. Emerging research in the policy field continues to test the applicability of this methodology, but Vliegenthart and Walgrave demonstrate that by manipulating the model to assess how parties, parliamentary action, and temporal concerns temper the media's agenda setting influence, they offer a rigorous way to test a theoretical bridge between scholarly literatures. They find that media have a considerable effect on the agenda setting process, but that effect is greater for opposition parties and smaller parties who lack the ability to specialize forcing them to rely on journalists, echoes the Baumgartner and Jones' characterization of outside or minority interests who draw attention to an issue in order to gain access to a previously inaccessible policy-making space (2009). The study demonstrates that media effects are not fixed and widening the scope of inquiry beyond the literature's established practices to include research on the political behavior of parties and work on political communication produces better analysis of the policy process. By stretching our agenda-setting approaches, we simultaneously add depth to the well-established breadth of policy process analyses.
Gunner Thesen promulgates further discussion of the relationship between the political agenda and parties and the link the media plays in that relationship, as he finds that opposition parties will actively respond to negative media stories that find faults with the governing party (2011). This attention-raising strategy used by opposition parties, which has ramifications for both media and political agendas, is then countered by the government, which attempts to defend its policy choices and exhibit competence publicly. Issue ownership and party competition contribute to parties' desires to define the policy space in their own terms and the media is the primary linkage between the two sides. Thus, media create and frame public perceptions regarding social problems, and the political agenda space is built on those realities, which are again perpetuated by the media agenda. This cyclical relationship highlights the inextricable place media have in the agenda setting process.
So while some scholars have focused on a broad explanation of media with the policy process, others have advanced an agenda that considers the need for a more detailed understanding of the media's impact on the agenda setting process process. The recent scholarship, discussed above, has concluded that the media matters when it comes to agenda setting, but exactly what that role is and how we can measure it, are questions for additional inquiry.
By furthering the methods by which we measure media influence, we are able to make more informed judgments about its role in the political process. As previously mentioned, agenda setting is part of a larger discussion about the flow of information within the political process, and Stuart Soroka is one scholar who has examined the importance placed on that flow of information. He emphasized the media's function as a gatekeeper between the information shaping the policy process and the information actually distributed to the public (2012). This agenda setting function shapes the public "reality" and Soroka proposes measuring the disjunction between information received and information distributed through automated content analysis measures that assess tone, a novel approach to this task. Soroka points out that the application of such analytic tools goes well beyond the agenda-setting function of the media and the topics that it distributes, and has greater implications for our ability to study of the flow of information (2012). Information and the public recognition of said information is what garners attention and fills the limited agenda space.
Michelle Wolfe also examines the role of media in the information process by questioning a popular precept in punctuated equilibrium theory: that the media serves as a promulgator for the positive feedback process (2012). She challenges that assumption with a study of whether the media is able to slow the legislative process. She theorizes that, in addition to the media as an "agent of change," the media can legitimize new participants and arguments, which slows the policy process. Wolfe finds that the speed of legislative passage decreases with increased media attention. Policy change is not consistently incremental (Baumgartner & Jones 2009), and Wolfe offers a dynamic understanding of the media's effect on policy that echoes that variability. The media introduces friction into the political system that hinders policy change, along with aiding policy feedback. This research supports the broader conceptualization of the media as part of a complex information processing system (Workman, Jones, & Jochim 2009) with dynamic processes of it own within the feedback process.
In addition to these more detailed analyses of the role of the mass media, scholars continue to develop methods for assessing media affects on the legislative process. Peter Van Aelst and Stefaan Walgrave offer a comparative agenda-setting perspective that finds that although the mass media affects agenda setting in the aggregate, a more nuanced analysis of how that happens is necessary to fully understand the relationship between media and policy (2011). A survey of both subjective and objective methods for studying the role of the media finds that subjective methods, such as government interviews, suggest a large media effect whereas objective methods, such as time-series studies, indicate a more modest or limited effect. This contradicts the Kingdon finding that the media has a minimal affect on the policy process: a conclusion he reached through a series of interviews with government officials in the 1980s (1995). Van Aelst and Walgrave posit that government officials often overestimate the effect the media has on the political agenda. In their study of members of Parliament in Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, and Sweden, the authors find that almost two-thirds of MPs agree that the media sets the political agenda more than politicians or events. Van Aelst and Walgrave also look beyond traditional newspaper articles in their objective assessment of media impacts, and find that television news has a greater impact on MP's perceptions of agenda setting influence. Van Aelst and Walgrave attribute the subjective/objective discrepancy to weak elites, misplaced initiators, positive feedback, and media power. This dual method highlights the importance of research design in understanding political actors impacts on the system. Additionally, their findings regarding the variable magnitude of media effects on policy go beyond the accepted notion that the media has "some impact." This is an important step forward for agenda setting studies, but further work still needs to occur to test the generalizability of these findings.
Van Aelst and Walgrave observe a difference between the agenda-setting effects of newspapers and television — positing that not all mediums behave similarly in the policy process. Eric Jenner continues this line of research by looking at the disparity in agenda-setting effects between newspaper articles and newspaper photographs on environmental issues (2012). His approach measures how each affects issue salience for members of the public and policy spheres — harkening back to the Wolfe, Jones, and Baumgartner discussion of the bridge between public and policy agendas. Jenner finds a substantively different relationship between public and policy responses when classified by media type. While many policy scholars measure attention through news articles, Jenner finds that photographs elicit greater attention from policy elites within congressional committees, while public attention is more responsive to newspaper articles. Jenner's work is representative of recent research that aims to apply more fine-grained analytical techniques to the policy process. His work suggests that nuanced approaches to agenda setting — moving beyond vague terms like "media" — are needed to fully grasp impact of actors on the policy process. Media and agenda-setting interactions cannot be understood without distinguishing between types of agendas, in particularly the distinction between public and policymaking agendas, and will be far more robust as scholars disaggregate "the news" into its various mediums. This finding, if applied to scholarship on broader policy process, could revolutionize our understanding of policy dynamic through it substantive differentiation between the effects that various actors have on the process. As has repeatedly been noted, this is a dynamic process and failing to account for the dynamic variation, for the sake of generalizability, has the potential to ignore considerable advances for the field.
The comparative agenda setting literature has moved beyond showing the viability of policy process models in non-American settings toward exploring how these models operate similarly or differently within different political systems. A great deal of this work is due to the development and expansion of the Comparative Agendas Project (http://www.comparativeagendas.info/ ). The Comparative Agendas Project is a network of political system-level projects, each of which focuses on one of fifteen countries and the European Union. Each country project has established a policy content coding system, based on the one developed by the U.S. Policy Agendas Project (http://www.policyagendas.org/). The collaboration allows scholars to study policy changes over time across issues and across countries with consistent measures.
One of the primary findings of scholars working within the Comparative Agendas Project has been the rejection of the 'standard model' of agenda setting in comparative analysis. In that standard model, policy change is a result of the replacement of policymaking elites through elections: because policymakers and their preferences change through elections, the policies advocated by the governing coalition shift. Surely, then, the issues addressed change as a consequence (Jones & Baumgartner 2012). In this view, everything works through elite preferences, which are influenced by the masses via elections. As attractive as the standard model is, it does not account for much policy change and it does not account for the issues addressed by a political system. Several of the papers in a recent special issue of Comparative Political Studies center on progress in the comparative analysis of agenda-setting, which shows that the issues addressed by political systems are not governed by elections (Baumgartner et al. 2011).
If not elections, then what causes policy change? Theoretically grounding much of the comparative agendas research is work on the dynamic relationship between information, preferences, and institutions in the policy process. Baumgartner, Jones, and Wilkerson (2011) offer an overview of such comparative analysis and emphasize, that of those three principles, the role of information in agenda setting needs further exploration within comparative analysis. Policy change often originates from the emergence of new information and policy learning, rather than solely from changes wrought by the electoral process (Workman, Jones, & Jochim 2009; Sabatier & Weible 2007). As a consequence, understanding how political systems process information is a key in our understanding of agenda setting. The result is a clarion call for comparative scholars to move beyond election and party-control analyses to assess the policy dynamics across political systems (Baumgartner, Jones, & Wilkerson 2011).
Attention also plays a key role in information processing for political systems as well as for individuals (Jones 2001; Jones & Baumgartner 2005). New information about a subject may draw attention to a frame or aspect of the policy that was not previously critical to the debate (Baumgartner, Jones, & Wilkerson 2011). The theory of punctuated equilibrium suggests that the shifting of attention, based upon the information being presented, is a vital component to changes in policy action.
Utilizing these theoretical underpinnings, comparative policy scholars have examined a wide range of institutional frameworks. Will Jennings, Shaun Bevan, and Peter John (2010) examine the Speeches from the Throne — a tool for expressing executive policy priorities in the British government — and find remarkable stability in the executive agenda. Consistent with studies of executive agenda-setting communications in other countries, the content of the Speech from the Throne is shaped by the limited agenda space. Jennings, Bevan, and Johns show that, while the size of the agenda has remained stable over time, those topics that make it on to the agenda have changed to reflect shifting priorities and information. This paper reinforces the idea that the process for setting an agenda is comparable across systems, but the intricacies of particular national institutions are critical to the policy outcomes that occur across studies.
Peter John and Shaun Bevan use the legislative agenda of the United Kingdom as a case study to better understand policy changes that result from information, attention, and agenda shifts (2012). The authors' study assumes the tenets of punctuated agenda change and seek to create a typology to better understand how to categorize the magnitude of punctuations. John and Bevan build on the punctuated equilibrium literature, which states that political agendas can be stable for long periods of time, but are also susceptible to system-wide shocks of varying magnitude (Baumgartner and Jones 2009). The magnitude of those shocks is what John and Bevan seek to divide into three categories to better understand how and when shocks will result in the shift the political agenda. John and Bevan argue that to understand causal processes, we must address all three categories. Their work demonstrates how scholars can move beyond a dichotomous understanding to uncover dynamics of the policy process within and across systems.
Additionally, important work is being done on agenda setting within supranational institutions. Petya Alexandrova, Parcello Carmmina, and Arco Timmerman's study of agenda setting within the European Council highlights the many aspects of the Council's policy process that mirror the punctuated equilibrium dynamic found in other institutions and countries, but also demonstrate how the unique structure of the Council and its interactions with other political institutions make it vital to examine the agenda-setting process without adopting assumptions from works on other types of governing bodies (2012). Though the agenda space is limited, like all institutions, the European Council has a more flexible institutional framework because, unlike national executives, there is no obligation to set out yearly priorities. This institutional difference reveals important characteristics about the issues that reach the European Council, but also highlights the impact that institutional constraints, such as setting out an advanced agenda, have on national agenda formation. This is but one signal as to how supranational institutions can share characteristics with national institutions, but contain distinctive characteristics, which require separate, rigorous analysis.
As comparative policy analysis moves beyond demonstrating the applicability of simple cross-state issue comparisons, many studies have also started taking a closer look at different political systems to uncover the intricacies of agenda setting within elite institutions, particularly in multiparty systems. Rens Vliegenhart, Stefaan Walgrave, and Corine Meppelink use the case of the Belgian Parliament to assess how inter-party agendas and party competition shape the policy agenda (2011). They argue that the party dynamics found within the institution of Parliament offers better understanding of how policy agendas are formed because mimicking behavior between political actors may lead to the creation of a unitary parliamentary agenda beyond specific party preferences. If differing parties draw attention to an issue, others are likely to follow if they fulfill certain characteristics such as speaking the same language, are part of a coalition, form an electoral pact, or occupy a niche within the political landscape. This initial analysis of party-level agenda setting provides the foundations for other countries and other political systems to begin a cross-comparison.
A different view on the interaction between parties and institutions is evident in Christoffer Green-Pedersen and Peter B. Mortensen's article on agenda setting in the Danish Parliament (2010). The central hypothesis is that opposition parties have more opportunities to advance their preferred issues: governing parties cannot concentrate solely on issues that are advantageous to them because the public expects them to be responsive to all issues. As Green-Pedersen and Mortensen point out, opposition parties can push governments to discuss issues that are politically and electorally advantageous to the opposition even if they are distracting or potentially damaging to the strength of the government. The authors note that this conclusion might not be the same across all parliamentary systems, which reinforces the need for further examination before any generalizable claims can be made on a cross-national scale.
Studying comparative agendas across institutional settings is an emerging field within policy studies, particularly as scholars increase their ability to theorize across systems and employ methods for rigorous inter- and intra-system comparisons. The growth and refinement of cross-national efforts, like the Comparative Agendas Project, aid such research, and provide a vehicle for more robust scholarship within comparative policy. Further intra-state research provides multinational projects with more informative agenda analysis, which may be used as a springboard for more abstract considerations. Only when policy scholars build on the work of these previous scholars will these inspiring, but currently disjointed, research agendas coalesce into a comprehensive understanding of the agenda setting process around the world
The agenda setting subfield has grown increasingly complex as scholars attempt to understand its role within the larger policy process. We have examined three areas that contribute to that complexity by analyzing literature that expands agenda-setting studies beyond U.S. national institutions and looks at the policy dynamics that exist in alternate systems. One area has shown that by developing a more sophisticated understanding of the role of the media, we can better integrate the media into models of the policy process. Many scholars acknowledge a role for the media in the agenda setting process, but fail to further delineate that role. That stronger understanding of media is a key necessity for better analyses, and recent scholarship has taken the field in exactly that direction.
A great deal of work has also focused on policymaking by elites within specific policy systems at the local, state, and international level. Basic principles of the agenda setting process are present in every political system and further study, both domestically and comparatively, is building an understanding of how those processes are filtered through institutional mechanisms. The roles of information processing and attention are ever present, but how they operate is a key component that differentiates political systems.
The media, federal, and comparative relationships within the policy process, are merely three avenues within an ever-expanding network for agenda setting studies. We urge researchers to engage in continual questioning of assumptions by exploring newer methods and untapped areas of study. One possible avenue for policy scholars is to further develop the methods used to assess agenda setting and measure elite attention. Established methods have gotten us to where we are currently, but in order to go farther, we need to pay additional attention to how we measure attention and the agenda space. Just because we have consistent measures of analysis does not mean that there are not better alternatives. Consistency can breed complacency. Christopher Wlezien has pointed to the problem by leading discussions regarding the measurement issues in the study of issue salience for the public and what reliable measures can be used to compare elite attention (2005; Jennings & Wlezien 2011). The Comparative Policy Agendas Project provides us with one set of tools to do cross-system comparisons, but we ought continue to refine and maintain these data collection processes. Additionally, data mining and agent-based simulations (Thomas 2013) are but two areas that can be employed in the quest to keep the study of agenda setting dynamic.
As we consider new methods of study for elite attention, we must also consider the sources of these measures. Communication between policy actors and those outside the subsystem becomes even more critical within a globalized community. How has the expansion of communications technology, particularly the Internet, changed the policy process? Policy subsystems rely on limited attention and information outside the network (Gais, Peterson, and Walker 1984), but in the digital age, the divide becomes blurred and the agenda formation process is thus altered. As the world is more connected through the Internet, the blogosphere, social media, and unlimited data access, our understanding of the policy process should adapt to reflect these altered relationships.


text: Thought this is a pretty helpful thread that could help answer a lot of poster questions: [GUIDE] Complete solution/guide for Unbricking x10 - xda-developers If you have any questions along the way, don't hesitate in creating a new thread on here and asking for help. PS. Thank you window7 from xda

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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text:
S: Erneista's Baby Shower - February 18, 2012
FC: Our Baby Girl will be here soon!
1: It was a beautiful day to have a baby shower. Erneista and Justin's families gathered together to celebrate the approaching arrival of baby girl Stinnett!
2: The decorations were done in the perfect shade of pink to honor the little girl who will be joining the Stinnett family soon!
4: Everyone enjoyed the appetizers (especially the lumpia) and the scrumptious food from the Olive Tree.
6: It won't be long now--just a few weeks before the big event!
8: Mom-Mom Susan with Holly's little one, Owen | Sabrina and Erneista | FAMILY AND FRIENDS
9: Grandma Janie and Great Grandmom Mary | Proud Grandma and Great Grandma
10: Katie, Jolene & Linda
11: Josh and Jen
12: Katie and Luke
13: Erneista with Damon Jr. and Sr.
14: l to r: India Moore, Kasual Williams, Tina Williams and Sabrina
15: Damon Williams, Jr., Ketar Laing and Angela Sanders
16: Heather, Barbara, Holly and little Owen
17: Josh, Mark and Steve
18: Allison & Ava
19: Cute as a button | Allison | Ava
20: Luke, Allison and Ava | Luke, Allison and Ava
21: Holly, Barbara & Owen | Sabrina
22: Wow---look at all the gifts!
26: So many beautiful gifts!
27: Sabrina and Kasual
29: Sam's gift, a clothesline of baby clothes, was the hit of the party!
30: Quilts from Mom-Mom Susan to keep the baby warm.
31: Stained Glass Carousel Horse
33: The dreaded "shower" hat. It looks good on you, Erneista!
34: Cutting the Sweet Pea Cake
35: Dear Erneista and Justin: Hope you both enjoyed the day! I know, Erneista, that you were not feeling your best, but you hung in there despite the long day. You both will make wonderful parents. Erneista, you have already demonstrated that with Sabrina, Kelvin and Kevin. They are growing up to be wonderful people. Justin, there is not a doubt in my mind that you will love this little girl with your heart and soul. She will soften a few of your rough edges and have you wrapped around her little finger in no time. I can't wait to meet her. My only prayer is that she will be a Godly girl, with good morals and a sweet spirit. She will receive a good foundation from the both of you. Love ya, Mom-Mom Susan


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There are adults whose bodies resist the action of insulin and prevent the necessary sugars from entering the body cells, depriving the body of its necessary fuel. According to the National Institutes of Health, 95% of diabetic patients suffer from this diabetes.
The pancreas continue to produce enough insulin yet, the cells resist absorption of the digested sugars. This diabetes often stems from one's lifestyle and could be caused by obesity, lack of exercise, age and to some extent genetic predisposition. Of these, obesity is said to be the most major cause of type 2 diabetes.
This person does not have to inject himself with insulin, but has to take pills which assist in using the insulin produced by their body; hence, it is nicknamed "non-insulin dependent" diabetes.
It often strikes after the age of thirty five therefore, it is colloquially referred to as "adult onset diabetes". This Type 2 diabetes often occurs after the age of 35 but can happen to anyone, even children.E7 – What is… Type 2 Diabetes – www.diabetic.today


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Like most organizations your primary objective with background screening is to mitigate the risks associated with making the wrong hire. What many organizations fail to realize is that a background program that is short on compliance may invite additional and unintended risk. Background screening is highly regulated on many different levels and requires not only our compliance as a consumer reporting agency, but your compliance requirements as a user of our reports.
A fully complaint background screening program is critical to the success of any background screening program and is critical to the defensibility of your program, that is why we do not stop at merely selling background screening products. As your background screening partner we make it our responsibility to assist you in your compliance with all federal, state, local, and international background screening statutes as well as all applicable regulations, standards and best practices. We accomplish this by specially crafting a program unique to your organization. We truly become an extension of your HR, Compliance, Risk and Legal departments.
Be it through our Compliance Services, our Screening Program Assessments, or our regular compliance related updates through the CS e-newsletter, Screening Solutions, or our e-Alerts, you can rest assured that your organization will have the knowledge and information necessary to comply on all levels.
The list of statutes, regulations, rules, standards and best practices that relate to background screening is vast. Our knowledge of these as well as our expertise in background screening compliance that spans over three decades is what other providers in the background screening industry lack and what you need to reduce risk.
Our expertise on key background screening statutes, regulations, and standards includes but is not limited to:
Fair Credit Reporting Act
State Consumer Reporting Laws (CA, OK, MN, NY, etc)
Driver Privacy Protection Act
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Americans with Disabilities
U.S. Department of Commerce Safe Harbor Principles
European Commission's Directive on Data Protection
The Joint Commission (formerly The Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations)


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My Name is Sarah
Wednesday, June 30, 2010
Alzheimer's, Down syndrome and Sarah
Now as simple as this might seem, there are two things we are watching: her wisdom teeth and an excessive amount of wax build up in her right ear(I can't bring myself to blog about the procedure to eliminate it-sorta gross-if you want more info google "how to eliminate wax build up in ears":). Both could make hearing an issue, which could be a reason that she is not responding to questions. Simple. Almost embarrassingly simple. Yet, I think that is what us mom's with kiddos with multiple medical issues plus the Down syndrome goes through. It is often a process of elimination. In Sarah's case, we know she hides her pain from us. She knows all too well what the consequences can be. It really was TJ's arrival back home that brought the pain in her ear to our attention.
I do want to share a video and the link to the National Down Syndrome Society webpage for Alzheimer's. Both are excellent resources. I know most of our readers have young children. Truthfully I'm not sure I would have been bothered with this topic when Sarah was their age, but as we say in our house, "it is what it is."
Click HERE to go to the National Down Syndrome Society webpage for Alzheimer's information.
8 comments:
I was just wondering if Sarah can read/has access to these particular entries? In other words, does she know that you are worried about her? Just wondering.
- June 30, 2010 at 1:55 PM
- Rochelle said...
Thanks again Joyce for the great info. You are absolutely right, we don't worry about this stuff at the moment but we like to know about new info that is continuing to come out about topics that impact people with ds so a great read even for us families with little ones yet.
- June 30, 2010 at 3:28 PM
- my family said...
Thanks Joyce for sharing this info
- June 30, 2010 at 5:01 PM
- Lacey said...
I just talked to a lady the other day that had an adult DS niece that is 50. She is totally dependant now, her brain is not functioning well. I've heard that alzheimers is common young in DS people. Scary! thanks for the info!
- June 30, 2010 at 7:33 PM
- heidi marie said...
i haven't done a whole lot of research on the link between ds and alzheimer's since my son is young. and as you say we don't worry about it. but my one issue with studies related to the two is that i'd be interested to see studies in 60 to 80 years from now versus the studies they do today comparing the two.
common sense tells you that if you take older adults with ds in today's age you are going to get a lot of adults that typically did not get a whole of early intervention or adults that were not constantly challenged and pushed to be educated.
it wasn't that long ago that children with ds were institutionalized. well you stick any child in an institution where the child doesn't have resources to develop/learn properly their mind is deteriorate sooner rather than later. and it doesn't have to be adults that were institutionalized. i look at people my grandparents age and the mind set about the diagnosis of ds is so different from mine and people i know my age that have children with ds. parents loved their children but viewed ds in a more "negative" light. and maybe not so much parents, but teachers, doctors, etc. there wasn't much hope decades ago.
i'm not saying there isn't a link between ds and alzheimer's, but maybe there is more to it than currently believed.
- June 30, 2010 at 11:26 PM
You might be interested in the ongoing research on the connection between DS and Alzheimer's and specifically on the efforts underway to develop a treatment www.dsrtf.org. I'm hoping that Sarah's issues are simply due to the wisdom teeth/ ear wax problems--pain and lack of hearing can definitely cause confusion.
I have a 6 year old daughter with DS and am so concerned with the link between DS and Alzheimers that I raise funds for DSRTF via the New York City Romp for Research www.RompforResearch.com. I am also a quilter and have loved reading about Sarah's adventures in quilting. My daughter also loves to put together fabrics and she helps me to sew.
- July 2, 2010 at 8:59 PM
- JennyH said...
Alzheimer's is scary. I do think about it even though Max just turned 9. It can happen so much earlier with Ds. It is not fair.
Thanks for all the info. I hope Sarah returns to normal self.
- July 3, 2010 at 6:17 PM
- Angi said...
Hi Joyce~ I pop over to Sarah's blog quite often, though I don't catch every post. My brother has Downs and a few years ago he was having similar symptoms to your Sarah, our family has done a bit of research on Downs and Alzheimers...not a fun time, however he is much older than Sarah..he is 44. His Alzheimers was present for a lot more yrs than his diagnosis..they thought it was hearing. It is good that you are aware. She is an amazing beautiful girl!
- July 4, 2010 at 11:55 AM


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cough sniffles and the lotfara | 8/28/2008 | 10:26 pm
it crossed my mind that it's been awhile since anaqi got sick (not that i'm asking for it – but you can't stop these random thoughts) .. and sure enuff – he came down with a major one last weekend
we had attended a wedding in mentakab on saturday – one of amir's best buddies FINALLY got hitched after being the saksi for soooooooooo many friends (amir and me included). of course we could not afford to miss it. surprisingly we made good time – left kl @ 10:30am and was there by 11:55am.
hung out until 3pm (the least we could do).. and then headed back for home as we're hosting the birthday BBQ for nenek and the house needs a bit of spiffing up.
when we reached home, it was raining. had placed anaqi in the house and was getting some stuff out of the car when the lil' urchin just had to follow me onto the porch. which of course caused him to get a bit wet from the rain.
now in me familia, if any of us happen to get rained on – nenek will always demand us to immediate take a bath/shower and wash our hair – to avoid from catching a cold and fever. silly me.. on that day, i was too concerned abt getting the house in order, so i delayed the bath a bit but didn't think anything of it.
the birthday BBQ went as planned – lamb and chicken was good, ayu made a birthday cake and everybody pretty much ate their fill. i had, btw, bought for nenek a Scrabble Travel set as giving the normal bajus, tudungs, brooches and whatnots has been done by her hordes of caring workmates.
that nite – anaqi was fine. but then the next day, noticed that he was a bit listless but attributed it to him being overly tired due to the excitement of the nite before. we then headed for klcc to catch wall-e @ tgv.. anaqi dozed off half an hour into the movie.
by the time we were at the bowling alley (had had to fit that in as we're supposed to participate in this bowling tourney on 30th).. noticed that anaqi's body was a bit warm and he sneezed quite a bit. dropped by the 24-hr clinic (as our normal GP is closed on sundays).. but saw the crowd waiting and decided to only seek consultation monday.
as i feared, his temperature went up that nite but i was armed with the fever medication provided when he had his 18-month jab .. it helped some but the cough and sniffles continued.
monday i took the day off to care for anaqi – returned to work tuesday but the fever persisted. ended up staying the nite @ nenek and yaie's last nite due to the heavy downpour (yeah, now i am paranoid about him getting rained on).. and it's only today am seeing signs of him improving. alhamdulillah.
it was whilst at nenek's for the "sleepover" (as kakak puts it) that i noticed two more teeth pushing out of his upper gums. no wonder he's gone a bit crazy on biting everything that crossed his path – me, kakak, the minyak telon and vicks bottle, gumming on the cover of a talc bottle and swallowing quite a bit of talc in the process.
so welcome teeth #8 and #9!!! here's to hoping this doesn't translate into more 'ouwchies' for mama!


text:
Just weeks after Chris Brown and Drake made headlines following a fight between their camps at New York nightclub W.i.P., Drake's fellow Young Money hitmaker Nicki Minaj opened up about the incident in a radio interview.
Speaking to British radio host Tim Westwood, Minaj explained the conversation she had with Drizzy after the June 14 scuffle at the hotspot.
"I don't approve of talented people doing things that aren't conducive to an amazing career," she said, according to BET. "I spoke to Drake, and I told him from the bottom of my heart how I felt. I'm like, 'Baby, you are a superstar, and I need you to realize that.' "
She went on to note that Drake is innocent in the headline-making incident, but did share the advice she gave him, which he might want to heed in the future if he wants to avoid this type of controversy. "He did nothing wrong, of course. Rumors are rumors, and that's what it is," she said. "Sometimes, you just need to go to bed. Go to the hotel and have an early nap. There's nothing wrong with that."
When Meek Mill stopped by "RapFix Live" earlier this week, he talked about the incident, which he had been linked to, and denied having any real ties. "People fight in the club every week, I just be there. The name's gettin' a little bigger, I guess they startin' to mention me now," he said, distancing himself from any of the drama which led to many partygoers being injured. "I've never been mentioned on none of those blogs or none of those shows or whatever, but things must be goin' well over here."
In other Minaj news, during the same interview with Westwood, the femcee addressed a controversy all her own. Asked about her relationship with New York City radio station Hot 97 following her canceled Summer Jam performance, she said, "I feel like it happened, and there is no animosity. I still love them over there at the station. They've helped me a lot as well. It's not like we're walking around being angry, we just wanted to prove that one point and that was that."


text:
These simple steps can make it hard for car thieves to drive off in your car, and make it easier to recover if stolen
Over the last several years, vehicle theft has actually decreased in frequency at the national level. People often attribute this decrease to the sophisticated anti-theft systems that now come standard on most new vehicles or an increased effort from law enforcement to fight car theft.
However, the problem still occurs with alarming frequency. There are still many car thieves out there. With the help of this guide, hopefully you will never join the ranks of the millions of people who have already fallen victim to car theft.
Vehicle theft is one of the most common major crimes in the U.S. According to the FBI's Uniform Crime Report, there were over 720,000 thefts reported during 2012 alone. The resulting damages totaled more than $4.3 billion.
These numbers actually represent a slight dip compared to previous years. Vehicle theft was at an all-time high in 2005, when there were 1.2 million vehicles stolen. Since then, the number of overall thefts has decreased, but it is still sizable.
In fact, someone steals a car in the United States every 44 seconds! In urban areas, it's an even more pervasive problem. Barely half of these stolen vehicles are ever recovered. While vehicle theft is difficult to completely prevent, there are several steps drivers can take to deter would-be thieves.
An estimated 40-50 percent of all vehicle thefts are the result of driver carelessness. In these situations, the driver left their car unlocked, left the keys in an accessible area, or even left the car running. These mistakes are easily preventable. They also may nullify any theft coverage you had through comprehensive insurance.
In addition to being vigilant, many precautions you can take to prevent theft don't require a great deal of effort on your part:
Most car thieves just want your vehicle or its parts. Others want to go the extra mile to extract as much ill-gotten cash from you as possible.
Any personal information left in the vehicle can lead to possible identity theft, or a later home invasion. Be wary of keeping any such information on hand that could give thieves access to personal data like bank account numbers, social security numbers or your home address. Definitely do not leave any extra bankcards or check books lying around in your vehicle. Being aware of the related dangers can save you from a lot of headaches down the road.
Sometimes a recovered vehicle is a total loss. Stolen cars get stripped, parted-out, and heavily damaged.
Getting back a gutted, un-drivable shell of your former car isn't going to go a long way in getting you back on the road. Comprehensive auto insurance paired with a renters or home insurance policy is the best way to protect yourself.
Compare quotes for comprehensive auto insurance coverage from top companies and local agents.
Unfortunately, even with preventative measures in place, a determined thief might still find a way to steal your vehicle. There are a second set of measures that, while doing very little to prevent the theft of your vehicle, ensure that your vehicle can be easily recovered:
Having your car stolen is not the only danger that thieves present. Many times they will use deception to sell you or a middleman a stolen vehicle. Buying a vehicle such as this can often result in the car becoming impounded without any compensation. You may also be suspected of being an accessory to robbery or an illegal sale, in extreme circumstances.
To avoid the headache and the heartache of having the vehicle you just bought being repossessed by law enforcement; look for the following warning signs:
QuoteWizard.com LLC has made every effort to ensure that the information on this site is correct, but we cannot guarantee that it is free of inaccuracies, errors, or omissions. All content and services provided on or through this site are provided "as is" and "as available" for use. QuoteWizard.com LLC makes no representations or warranties of any kind, express or implied, as to the operation of this site or to the information, content, materials, or products included on this site. You expressly agree that your use of this site is at your sole risk.


text: Dorsoduro The "sestiere" of Dorsoduro is the largest and one of the most picturesque district of Venice . It's a quite lively and popular neighborhood, pleasant to be discovered on foot and it has been known as an artists' haven. On the opposite side of the Accademia Bridge from San Marco, the district is bordered by Santa Croce, San Polo and Grand Canal. Good neighborhood restaurants, a charming gondola boatyard, the lively Campo Santa Margherita, and the sunny quay called le Zattere all add to the character and color that make this one of the city's most-visited areas. From Le Zattere promenade with Palazzo Giustinian and the Gesuati Church (with Tiepolo's painting) people can enjoy an amazing view of the Giudecca island. In Dorsoduro district you can discover the Maritime Station and the convent of San Sebastian with Veronese's frescoes, and the beautiful Ca' Zenobio building. Other remarkable monuments are the Academy Palace, Gambara Palace, Stern Palace, Ca' Dario, Ca' Rezzonico,and "Palazzo Venier dei leoni" which houses the Peggy Guggenheim collection. Famous destinations for tourists are the Church of "Santa Maria della Salute" and the "Galleria dell'Accademia", which displays beautiful masterpieces of Venetian painting from '300 to '700.


text:
Advice on Keeping Personal Data Safe
Recycling is a big deal. It's something that we take very seriously. So it always disturbs greatly when people don't consider all of their options when it comes time to dispose of sensitive papers and electronics that house personal data. Because there's something that people don't think about when it's time to throw out these effects, flash drives, hard drives, and so on: their personal security is at risk.
This is because if even one bit of personal information can be salvaged from any of the things you simply toss in the trash, identity thieves have made it their job to find that information, and can easily use it to exploit you.
But it doesn't have to be that way…
Shredding Documents: All important papers need to be shredded or incinerated. It's better to be safe than sorry in this instance. This includes junk mail that is be addressed to you. Even if it's unopened. Proper destruction makes it impossible for prying eyes to find exploitable information and keeps your information safe.
Take it to a Professional: Run a business? Or have boxes upon of boxes of documents that contain not only yours, but others' personal data? Consider taking to a professional shredding company for a safe destruction. They can rid you of the burden, and carry a guarantee that your personal safety is secure.
Physically Destroy Old Electronics: As the digital age has progressed, so too has how we store data. Enter flash drives and hard drives, where simply hitting delete has made protecting your privacy easier than ever… but couldn't be more incorrect. Deleting information from these devices doesn't mean that it's gone (this includes cellular phones and cd-roms), it's a misnomer, so don't believe it.
When it comes to these types of storage devices, they need physically altered so that no one can salvage the data. Not just demagnetized. They need opened up and destroyed. But if this isn't something that you can't do yourself, leave it to a qualified professional to get the job done right. The investment will pay off.
The next time you find yourself in a situation where disposing of personal or sensitive data may lead to it falling into the wrong hands, take the safe route, and have it disposed of the proper way.
For more information on how we can help you, please don't hesitate to contact us any time.


text: I am lucky to have come across great teachers wherever I have studied and lived. One of the most important things I have learnt about painting is the idea that you are not copying the world as you see it but you are recreating it in your own way. It is impossible to recreate the depth and range of tones and colours in the world around us using those available to us on a palette. We therefore can only interpret what we see through those colours at our disposal. As Cezanne said, you are creating 'a harmony in parallel with nature.' I realise that there is an academic approach to painting and drawing. There is also a modern approach, the idea that there is no difference between colour and tone, there are only values of which it can be said are comprised of what we call colour and tone. To me, the idea of the modern approach to painting is one of constant reappraisal of your work as you progress on a painting. You do not outline and fill in, polishing up as you go. You start with a definite statement from the outset, placing colours as best as you can match them to the subject from the very beginning and constantly reappraising their position, redrawing as you repaint.


text:
Unit 1 – Zapp! English Academic Vocabulary 2.1
This audio class is from our new listening pack Zapp! English Academic Vocabulary. In this podcast series we're going to use real English conversations to teach you all the most common and useful English vocabulary you're going to need when taking a university course in English, studying a pre-sessional language course, or studying for a qualification like IELTS.
Not only will you be improving your English listening skills by listening to natural English conversations, but we'll also be teaching you the 120 most useful words from the Academic Word List (AWL). Learning this specialist academic vocabulary in English will help you understand the course books you will need to read. This pack will also teach you some of the most useful English words for English reading and writing in general!
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Visit our iTunes channel for Zapp! English Vocabulary & Pronunciation – Click on 'Subscribe free', and be the first to get our new English Vocabulary & Pronunciation audio classes FREE!


text:
I also received some yummy goodness in the mail. We had been tracking it and waiting for the FedEx guy to bring it so we could give it a try. They are good! Too bad they are sold out....but I'll be watching for them to be restocked.
Tuesday we had a "do nothing" day. I ended up going to town for a couple of errands and Lance kept the boys so I could go alone. And after him being gone for 4 days I needed a couple minutes by myself.
Wednesday we had our Friendsgiving meal with the Benton's. We had a lot of good food and getting to visit was so nice. The boys played so good and we even tried to make s'mores by the fire. That brought many laughs since it was dark, cold, and a little windy.
On Thursday we had plans to go to Viola for the Hoppers get together. We always love going to Nana's house. And let me just say....the boys played so good. I remember telling Lance a couple years ago how easy it was when Landon was about 3 and when he played without me following right behind him. Well then you have another sweet baby and it's hard again. Not anymore!!! I told Lance it was easy again...guess it's time for another baby....ha! Just kidding Brooke. I did manage to get the boys all gathered to get one family picture.
And our Nana with her siblings.
Today is the Marvin Newton Classic at Viola. This is something that was started after my FIL passed away. He was the superintendent at Viola and a man who loved basketball. They have about 9 teams playing, 7 games total, and every senior playing is eligible for a scholarship. I kept Bennett home but we still wore our shirts supporting them.
Since we were home today I decided to get the rest of my Christmas stuff out. I rearranged the top of the tv cabinet which caused me to rearrange kitchen areas. And I think I love it.


text:
A Gripping Picture of An Addict
Brad was a successful photographer in New York City until he developed a drug addiction that stole his passion for life.
Short URL: http://gnbm.org/?p=3417
Posted by Regina Dick on May 19 2013. Filed under Christian Video, Media News, Personal Journey Group, Restoration, Restoration. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0. You can leave a response or trackback to this entry


text: About six quid, I think. A blend of rye, lots of rye, US and Flemish pale malts with a hefty addition of New Zealand late hopping (herbal, fruity white grape skin notes) make this one wicked neat beer. At 7.5% this is a cracking pint for quaffing and then a walkabout.


text:
A few weeks ago Todd Foley of scribbled revisions honored me with the Kreative Bloggers award, but I was enmeshed in Relay and didn't respond appropriately to the honor. My apologies, Todd.
Then, yesterday, Claudia Cruttwell awarded me the Inspirational Blogger award, and again, I found myself so touched by the honor.
These blog awards inspire me because, first, they tell me someone is reading what I've written (not a minor thing in this inter-world) and secondly, they tell me someone cares enough about what I've said to share it with other people. That's a writer's dream – sort of the online version of saying, "You have to read this" and handing your friend a copy of a book. So thank you, Todd and Claudia.
Now, to accept these awards, I need to tell you all seven random things about me that I haven't shared here before. Brace yourselves
1. I lost most of my baby teeth in a tireswing.
2. I used to collect Poirot clowns. (If anyone has need of some, they're probably still in a trunk here – let me know.)
3. I may never be able to afford actual art, but I have a fine collection of art postcards from museums around the world.
4. My toes are crooked, especially the baby ones – I practically walk on the side of those suckers. (Thanks, Claudia, for the baby toe inspiration.)
5. I have owned a skirt for almost ten years, and I'm not sure I've ever dry cleaned it.
6. I'm an absolute sucker for comic book movies. Just saw The Avengers last night and loved it.
7. If someone were to play me in the horribly boring movie of my life that mostly involves sitting at a desk and reading, I hope that someone would be Laura Linney.
On to my nominations for both the Inspirational Blogger and the Kreative Blogger awards. These folks write the blogs I read regularly because their writing inspires me, fires me up, and challenges me to be better.
1. Shawn Smucker – Shawn's writing always touches something in me. He's honest, he's self-aware, he's funny.
2. Jamie's Rabbits – Jamie blogs about random stuff, and I love it. She's always funny, always sincere, and always teaches me something.
3. Ordinary Servant by Pilar Arsenec – Pilar writes these book review of Christian books that spur me to write something she would be proud to read.
4. Chatting at the Sky by Emily P. Freeman – I'm not sure how I came to Emily's blog, but it is honestly one of the things I read every day. She's honest and broken, and sometimes, I need to see other broken people.
5. In a Mirror Dimly by Ed Cyzewski – Ed writes these crazy brave posts about the church, particularly about women in the church, and he hosts these profound guest bloggers writing about these topics. I never leave his blog unchanged.
6. A Holy Experience by Ann Voskamp – Some days I just need the washing out of powerful emotion to make me a little more whole again. Voskamp's words do that.
7. Sayable by Lore Ferguson – Lore has a simplicity to her writing about life and faith and womanhood that I truly respect. But don't be fooled – simplicity does not mean lack of depth. This blog is eons deep. (If time can be measured in depth – can it?)
8. Alise Write by Alise Wright – Alise is bold and brazen in what she says. She doesn't hold back, and she pushes the boundaries, particularly for those of us in the church. I love it.
9. Leanne Penny – Leanne doesn't gloss over pain, nor does she wallow. Her blog peeks into pain and walks through it to the joy beyond.
10. Cold Antler Farm by Jenna Woginrich – Farm, single woman, bravery, homemade bread – what's not to love?
11. Jennifer Luitweiler – I have to love anyone who can write a book where "poo" is in the title and still inspire me. Everyday, I find something Jen has to say makes my day better.
12. The Daily Retort by Tor Constantino – First, with a name like Tor Constantino, you have to just be thrilled he's such a gifted writer and not a soap star. Secondly, Tor writes beautifully about family and faith in such a way that you feel like you're having great coffee with a good friend.
13. Janet Oberholtzer – If you need a little kick in the pants to get you going in the day, Janet's the woman for you. So inspiring, so challenging, so real.
14. Rachelle Gardener – A literary agent who doesn't hide her secrets. You like her already, don't you?
15. Mai Time on the Road/Kitchen by Maile Silva Smucker – Maile writes true. She explores her life as chef and wife and mother and teacher with the bareness of soul that I so appreciate.
So there you have it, my fifteen recommendations today. Which do you love the most? Share your favorite of these 15 (after you explore them all, of course), and on Friday, I'll select a random winner to get a $5 gift card to your local bookstore. (Double/triple/quadruple entries for RTing, sharing, blogging, telling your grandma.)
Winners, please consider passing along the honor on your own blog (you can pick either the Kreative Blogger award and nominate 7 blogs or the Inspirational Blogger award and nominate 15 blogs). Tell us seven random things about you and post the badge for the award. . . . if you'd like. I know I'd love to read the blogs you love.


text: Wade (Wilson Bethel) struggles with feeling like he's a placeholder in Zoe's (Rachel Bilson) life, so he decides that they should go on a date. Despite Zoe's apprehensions, she decides to bid on Wade's basket at the upcoming charity picnic auction, but is surprised that she is not the only one interested. Lemon (Jaime King) mistakenly wins Lavon's (Cress Williams) basket and decides to keep her true feelings for him to herself and instead offers some advice about his relationship with Ruby (guest star Golden Brooks). Meanwhile, George (Scott Porter) is interested in dating Tansy (guest star Mircea Monroe) and creates a basket that he hopes she will bid on.


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A friend recently asked me if I had any baptism gift ideas and I drew a blank! I think baptism/christening gifts are tough because it's hard to find a gift that can be not only be cherished but actually used. I think you'll find these 10 products not only adorable, but practical and something your special little one will appreciate even as they grow. Many of these items are handmade but there are a few Amazon finds in there for you last minute shoppers.
Heads up buttercup- this post contains affiliate links to products I adore.
10 Unique Baptism Gifts
1. Keepsake Box: by HandmadeGiftIdeas on Etsy. There are a lot of keepsake box options out there but this one stands out from the crowd. They have a ton of options in the shop, even some blue and gray for the boys. I love the divider options you can add to turn the boxes into accessory holders while they kids are little- then gather keepsakes in them as they grow.
2. Growth Chart: by CornelDawn on Etsy. This shop has several cute keepsake picture frames but baby will probably get several of those as baptism gifts. This growth chart comes in several colors and is so sweet. Make sure to grab a pretty marker like this one to go with it.
3. Custom Peg Family: by TwoWildOlives on Etsy. This shop owner is so talented and these peg dolls are just precious. Have one peg made for baby or include the whole family!
4. Piggy Bank: by PIGZstore on Etsy. This is not your average piggy bank. I love the sleek, modern design and the pigs come in many different colors. But my favorite thing about this bank is that you can personalize the inside of the snout with a special message.
5. Personalized Baby Spoon: by SycamoreHill on Etsy. Ok so you probably aren't going to feed baby with this spoon but you can certainly start them on a pretty awesome spoon collection. Have the baby's name and baptism date hand stamped on a beautiful spoon and you've got a sweet and thoughtful baptism gift.
6. Noah's Ark Wooden Toy: on Amazon. If you are in a pinch, Amazon can save the day with this one. You can't go wrong with a Noah's Ark toy and this one is wood which means it will last for years.
7. Name Puzzle: by OnWoodLT on Etsy. Kids LOVE wood puzzles! You can engrave the back of the puzzle with a special message and customize the colors to match little one's room.
8. Kids Bible: on Amazon. My kids got several bibles for their baptisms but this one is by far their favorite. Both kids and adults can appreciate the way the story is written, plus the illustrations are gorgeous.
9. Painted Ornament: by CreationsbyKT on Etsy. I love that this shop owner hand paints an image of the church baby will be baptized in. This gift can be brought out every Christmas and help start little one's ornament collections for when they are older.
10. Art Print: by ThePrintAnnex on Etsy. This gender neutral print has a beautiful message for a newly baptized child. Plus the print can stick around even after the nursery is updated because the artwork is timeless.


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Step 1Cut a sheet of waxed paper that is long enough to fit around a 1-quart souffle dish and fold it in lengthwise thirds to make a ribbon about 4 inches wide. Wrap this around the top of the dish to make a collar and tape the ends together. The collar should extend about 3 inches above the rim of the souffle dish. Secure in place with a rubber band or tape and place the dish in the freezer to chill. Alternatively, prepare 8 (one-half cup) ramekins in a similar fashion, making sure the collars extend about 1 1/2 inches over the rim of the ramekins.
Step 2In a large saucepan, cook the blackberries and one-third cup sugar over medium heat until the berries soften and collapse, about 10 minutes. Puree the blackberries in a food mill, blender or food processor (strain the seeds if using a blender or processor); you should have about 2 cups. Stir in the blackberry liqueur and chill.
Step 3Heat remaining two-thirds cup sugar and the water in a small saucepan over medium heat to a temperature of 235 to 240 degrees, soft-ball stage, about 15 minutes. Stir the mixture until the sugar dissolves, then stop stirring but keep handy a brush moistened with water to wash down the sides of the pan should any sugar crystals form.
Step 4While the sugar mixture is cooking, beat the egg whites in an electric mixer to stiff peaks using the whisk attachment. With the mixer running, pour the sugar mixture into the egg whites down the side of the bowl in a slow, steady stream (avoid hitting the whisk with the sugar or it will spray over the bowl). When the hot sugar syrup first hits the whites, they will swell tremendously. Continue beating until the whites have cooled to room temperature, about 8 minutes.
Step 5In a large bowl, beat the whipping cream to soft peaks with a whisk or hand mixer.
Step 6Stir about one-third of the egg white mixture into the blackberry puree to lighten it. Then pour the blackberry mixture over the remaining egg whites and fold gently until well combined. These cooked egg whites are more stable than uncooked, but you still need to be careful not to deflate them.
Step 7Gently fold the whipping cream into the egg white mixture and spoon the mixture into the prepared souffle dish or ramekins. It should come at least halfway up the paper collar. Smooth the top and freeze until very firm, at least 4 hours. If you freeze it overnight, transfer it to the refrigerator for at least 1 hour to soften before serving. If you make it more than 1 day in advance, once the mixture is frozen solid, cover it with plastic wrap and gently press the wrap against the surface of the souffle.
Step 8When ready to serve, carefully remove the collar and serve the ramekins or cut the large souffle into thin slices.


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ALARGAN International Real Estate Company
Affiliate Company
ALARGAN International Real Estate Company was established in 1994 by present Vice Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Eng. Khaled Al-Mashaan and is one of the GCC region's most innovative real estate developers, focused on sustainable buildings that support an economically and socially viable urban environment. The Company has delivered over two million square meters built form in residential, sustainable and community projects, aiming for them to remain an integral part of the larger urban development process and add value to their surrounding communities. ALARGAN was first established as a family-owned contracting company, specializing in residential projects focusing on the construction of middle income housing in Kuwait, and today provides a wide range of real estate products and services, from subsidiaries focused on property management, contracting, landscaping, architecture, project management and hospitality.In 2002, ALARGAN firmly established itself in Kuwait as an innovative real estate developer with a goal to expand and maximize the company's growth potential. Partnerships were made with various strategic investors: enabling it to enter Oman in 2003, Bahrain in 2005, and Saudi Arabia in 2006, and by 2007 ALARGAN was listed on the Kuwait Stock Exchange as a shareholding company.With over two decades of extensive knowledge, visionary leadership and regional expertise and experience, ALARGAN continues to deliver as an innovative pioneer in the field, responding to growing housing demands by developing affordable and quality integrated housing, commercial and hospitality communities. The steady success of the company continues to ensure sustainable returns and added value for all stakeholders, as well as enables it to expand into new potential markets.
To provide life enhancing solutions while generating superior value to our stakeholders.
To remain the real estate brand of choice by continuing to offer innovative and sustainable products that anticipate the lifestyle needs of our communities.
Executive Officers
Head Office
Kuwait Free Trade Zone ALARGAN International Real Estate Company P.O.BOX 8904 Salmiyah, 22060 - Kuwait
(965) 2226-3222
(965) 2226-3232
Contact Form


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Pamper Packages
Pamper Packages
His & Her's Pamper – 60 minute £78
Massage away all your worries with a Relaxing Back Neck & Shoulder, Decleor Precious Time Facial and Tranquility Scalp Massage.
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Restore your energy levels with a 20 minute neck back and shoulder massage followed by a Shellac manicure.
Energy Restorer – 60 minutes £50
Choice of 2 half hour treatments: Back Massage, Mini Facial, Tranquility Scalp Massage, Mini Pedicure or Manicure.
Men's Spa Package – 60 minutes £50
Men's Hydration Facial and 30 minute stress releasing back massage
Mum to be/New Mum Package – 75 mins £65
For when you are about to become a mum or have just become a new mum, this precious time can sometimes be a little stressful. Let us pamper you.
This treatment includes relaxing foot and ankle massage, Precious time Decleor facial & Neck & shoulder massage
This treatment is for those ladies from 3 months/in their 2nd trimester and 4 weeks before there due date.
Relaxation Package – 2.5 hours £108
Back Massage, Decleor Mini Facial, Manicure and Mini Pedicure.
Ultimate Pamper Package – 3.5 hours £236
Body Exfoliation, Aromatic Body Massage and Scalp Massage, Decleor Aroma Plasty Facial, Manicure and Deluxe Spa Pedicure.
Not all treatments are suitable for customers with medical conditions. Please view "Your Experience" page or call us directly for more information.


text: Looking back at the last decade, there were four huge tipping points for the international meetings industry. Now, on the other side of these changes they've become normalized, but when the industry was living through them, they caused a lot of fear and uncertainty. With hindsight, it's easy to see how these periods of intense disruption have ultimately led to positive transformation for many parts of the meetings and events industry.


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· Gift coupon can be redeemed by a facebook fan at www.facebook.com/homeshop18 , subject to fulfillment of the following conditions:
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text:
SAN School Answer #5
SAN School Answer #5
Question #5
Cables are what ties everything together in a SAN. When choosing your cables and setting them up, you should do all of the following except:
a. Keep in mind that the smaller the core of the cable the farther the light can pass through it.
b. Choose a large cable since it has a greater probability of signal loss than a smaller cable.
c. Try to make sure the cables are straight for the least amount of signal loss.
d. Select a cable with a minimum radius of between 1 1/4 and 1 1/2.
The correct answer is:
b. Choose a large cable since it has a greater probability of signal loss than a smaller cable.
Learn more:Cables are an important part of the SAN design because pinched, misaligned, or bent cables can result in signal loss and ultimately can make the SAN stop. Your cables should be straight, What makes a san stop Signal loss can be a result of misaligned cables Congestion can make a san stop—the least amount of devices vying for a single resource the better. 7:1 is a good starting point Pinched cable (micro bends) can also give you a signal loss Macro Bends—the straighter the cable, the better the signal will be through the cable and the less signal loss you'll have through the cable. Rule of thumb is to have a minimum radius of between 1 ¼ to 1 ½ .
For more on cables, see also:


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Send a fresh flower bouquet of your own choice to Fiji. Surprise your special someone in Fiji with flowers. Flowers available for any special occasion, whether to simply say thank you, congratulations or sorry or celebrate a birthday or a wedding, www.overseasflowerdelivery.com has the right flower bouquet for you. Whether you are situated locally or abroad, our online Fiji flowers shop provides a flower delivery service by one of the local florists that are members in our worldwide florist network.
We accept


text:
As it turns out, Lil Wayne does have some worries.
The "No Worries" rapper went completely off after his flag football team lost at the DirecTV Celeb Beach Bowl Saturday in New Orleans.
Justin Timberlake and Jay-Z rock the stage at DirecTV Super Bowl concert
So, what went down?
Click here to read more.


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