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Generalist ec-6 TeXes Study Guide -History
Terms in this set (357)
Kindergarden thru 3rd grade:
1.should use a simplified 12 inch globe.
Holistic Scoring
2.No more than 3 colors for land elevation
3.No more than 2 colors to represent water depth
4. Should only include Largest rivers, cities, oceans
Grades 4-6:
1. use the 16 inch Globe
2. 7 colors for land elevation
3. 3 colors represent water depth
Maps and Globes
Main purpose: familiarize children with the basic
roundness of the earth and to gegin developing
a global perspective
map concepts in 5th and 6th grade
1. create and interpret maps
2. use maps and globes to pose and answer questions
3. locate major historical and contemporay societies
4. solve real life problems ( Road maps)
4. Should only include Largest rivers, cities, oceans
Thematic Untis
help teachers to integrate the content areas.
teachers select a theme and organize content area instruction around it.
Thematic Units
Ideal for ELLs b/c the use of a common theme in
multiple content areas make content more accessible
Pictorial Graph --
most concrete type of graph b/c it uses a Picture of the objects being represented
Bar Graph
more concrete than Pie graph b/c pie deals with % not required
Pie Graph -
Represents research Information
ideal for promoting concept formation in a concrete fashion
is constructed to allow the easy comparison of two or more sets of data
Narrative Charts -
shows events in a sequence
Organizational Chart -
structure of a organization
Flow Chart -
involving changes a certain points
words that are similar in two languages
Greek and Roman Civilization
English and most western languages have been
heavily influenced by the
Semantic Webb or Tree Diagram
Shows the relationship b/t Main idea and
Subordinated components
Time line
summary of Chronological events and is ideal for
storing historic events or events in a sequence
Flow Chart
Shows cause and effect relationships and can be used to show steps in a process
Venn Diagram
uses circles to compare common and unique elements of two or more components
Sheltered English
instructional approach designed to make content
comprehensible for ELLs
Sheltered English
Respond better to short simple sentences
introduce Technical voc before the lesson
Use repetition, restatment and paraphrasing to clarify
use oral presentation diagrams, graph organizers ect..
Role play
emphasize the gist of the content instead of details most effective in classroom with students from many language groups who are at least at the intermediate Use graphic organizers to simplify chunks of content
Academic Vocabulary in Social Studies
is the vocabulary of teaching and learning
is the vocabulary needed to understand the concept of school
Steps to teaching Academic Vocabulary
Provide description, explanation or example of term student restate the description, exampl in own words student creates by drawing a picture, symbol, or graph of the word. students participates in activities that help add knowled
of terms participates in games and activities that reinforce term
New England Colonies
farming and small industries, fishing, lumber, crafts
New England Colonies
what cities were part of the New England Colonies
Connecticut -Royal charter
New Hampshire
Middle colonies
southwestern united states and northern mexico
developed :
Anasazi and the Hohokam
Industrial Revolution and modern technology
Mining of Fossil fuel provied the energy needed to
expand and promte industrial developmnet
Imporvement of steam engine and industrial machines
let to the mass production of goods and a better
distribution system
economic grouth motivated people to leave the Rural
areas and move to the cities
developed adobe architetecture consisting of
individual apartments, storage areas and plaza
built the cliff dwellings at Mesa Verde, Colorado for protection
Worked the land extensively
developed irrigation system * made cloth and baskets
Built separate stoneand timber houses around a plaza developed :
Anasazi or the Hohokam
Neither developed a writen language
Pueblo Indians
improved the architectureal tradition and farming techn produce drought resistant corn and squash foundation for their diet suggest that the Anasazi settled along the Rio Grande and Intermarreied the local population, leading to the Emergence of the
Ontario canada
Hunted and fished
Farming became MAIN economic activity
women did most of farming
Iroquois Confederation - Discouraged war among
the group and to provide for a common defense
Virginia house of Burgesses
first colonial assembly of elected representatives
from the Virginia settlement
established in JAMESTOWN to represent the colonist
in the state of Virginia in the lawmaking process
Mayflower Compact
Drawn and signed by the Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower Pledged to consult one another to make decisions and to act by the Will of the Majority
Mayflower Compact
One of the earliest agreements to establish a political body and to give that body the power to act for the good of the colony
Enlightment - age of reason
refers to a period during the 17th and 18th centuriesbegan questioning religious dogmas and emphasizing scientific reasoning and knowledge
American Revolution
Moticated the Spanish colonies to seek Independence from the Virginia settlement
Mercantile System
TO exploit the colonies
1.Wealth of the nation is measured in terms of:
Commodities accured especially Gold and Silver
2.Economic activities can Increase the power and
control of the National government
3.Colonies existed for the benefit of the MOTHER
Indentured servents
system was used to bring workers to New World. They would seel Themselves to an agent or ship captain before leaving England. In return, would be sold to a byter in the colines to recover the cost of passage
Indentured servent
were given a piece of land for thier services. Not applied to African Americans, permanent slavery was institued
American War for Independence
Main reason - Economic in nature
American War for Independence
Another reason for the war was the cost of the French and Indian war. Seven years war, emptied the British offers and the British Crown needed a quick way to recover Financially.
American War for Independence
The taxation system that follwed the French and Indian war was unbearable for the colonies.
They Boycotted the government of KING GEORGE
They responded by sending british troops to
Boston. BOSTON MASSACRE - Boston Tea Party
American War of Independe
Boston Tea Party Colonist dumped tea in the harbor to protest against taxation.
All these events let to the
George WASHINTON
elected commander of the American Forces against the British. War was declared against the British
Thonas Jefferson
Prepared Declaration of Independence July 4th 1776 Pronounced the colonies FREE and INDEPENDENT States
Declaration of Independence Consisted of
Preamble or Constitution
1. Stress natural unalinable rights and liberitesto all people from birth
2. Consist of a list of specific grievances and injustices committed by Britian
3. Announces the colonies as the UNITED STATES of America Provided - EQUAL RIGHTS FOR ALL PEOPLE
Began in Massachusetts of towns:
Concord and Lexington
Paul Revere - warned colonist British are coming
Minutemen took up arms
Bunker Hill and long island British Defeated the Colonist
French joined the war with Americans, in the Seven
year war, defeated Britian at Yorktown, Virginia 1781
Treaty of Paris
Signed in 1783
Ended the ear and gave Independence to the new
Treaty of Paris
Ended the seven year war of the American
Monroe Doctrine
made clear to European countries
that US was not going to permit the establishment
of coloines in the Western Hemishere
also banned European countries from attacking
the New American Republic that were just becoming
established in 19th centuries, NOR was the US to
become involved in European Affairs
America for Americans
Known as Monroe Doctrine
Eli Whitneys Cotton Gin
Became economic mainstay in South, demand for labor increased the slave trade
North Prohibited slavery
Issue of slavery resulted in the
Amercian Civil War
Abraham Lincoln-
-Issued the Emancipation Proclamation
Granting Freedom to slaves in the South
Emancipation Proclamat
Granting Freedom to slaves in the South
Emancipation Proclamation Passed in
1804 New York and New Jersey had passed the gradual emancipation laws, meanwhile, slave trade int eh south grew to met the economic needs
13th amendment -
Abolished Salvery
14th amendment -
Gave African Americans Full
15th amendment -
Granted voting rights to Black Men
Slavery divided the nation
1800's slavery abolished in the North
north became more urban and industrialized than the south
Norhtern states
received lots of immigrants who provided labor.
Southern states
was rural few immigrants and needed slaves as labor
John Breckinridge
Proslavery candidate
Abraham Lincoln
Antislavery candidate
Election of Lincoln resulted in the
secession of the southern states from the union, the creation of the Confederacy and the start of the American Civil War
Jefferson Davis as President
Confederate States of the southern states
Battle of Gettyburg
Most disastrous event of the war in history of US
50K died from North and South
Battle of Gettyburg
Pres Lincolon Delieverd the Eulogy for the fallen Soilders
Robert E Lee -
Confederate Commander
Battle of Gettyburg
50,000 soilders from north and south died
Ulysses Grant
Commander of
the Union Forces
Robert E Lee
Surrendered to Ulysses Grant
Reconstruction ERA 1865-1867
was characterized by hatred and violence
assassinated in 1865, shortly after the war
CIVIL WAR Started in
1800's slavery abolished in the North Because:
north became more urban and industrialized than the south
Norhtern states received lots of immigrants who
provided labor. Southern states was rural
few immigrants and needed slaves as labo
Andrew Johnson
in charge of reconstruction era, a Southern disliked by North as well
as the South, was also IMPREACHED
passed by southern legislatures to control former
Restricted free assembly, while others restricted
types of jobs
Northern Legislation ELIMINATED _____ the ;SOUTHERN STATES HAD TO RATIFY THE
declared that all persons born in the US were citizenship, that all citizens were entilted to equal rights and their rights wer protected by due process
Enforced strict separation in the South
Also kept from voting by POLL TAXES and
blacks in the north were not able to find jobs
Black codes
The major obstacle to the reunification of the nation resulted from the
established during the Reconstruction to continue the implementation of the Black codes and to terroize Blacks
Civil Rights
Are legal and plictical righs of the people who live in a particular country.
Contitution and the Bill of Rights
In the US, the Guarantee Civil rights to American Citizens and residents
Bill of rights
First 10 Amendments are called
Reconstruction Era
amendments 13,14,15 were passed due to the
Civil Rights movement
A movement that sought equality for Blacks. Even after the 13,14,15 were added , blacks were denied fulll civil rights.
paved the way to economic Recovery
The Reconstruction that followed the war also
played a VITAL ROLE in the development
of the US as
a Solid Economic and Industrial Nation
Due Process
is the principle that the government must respect all the legal rights that are owed to a person
Plessy vs Ferguson
Legalized segregation, allowing separate but
equal facilities for black and white students
President Truman
President Truman
Ordered the integration of the ARMED FORCES
and introduced Civil Rights Legislation in Congress
Challenged the laws of segregaton with the
Brown V Board of Education Of Topeka
Supreme court ruled that racial segregation
in Public Schools UNCONSTITUTIONAL
Rosa parks
Montgomery bus Company boycott
Well known activist and respecte citizen of
Montgomery Alabana
Refused to give up her seat on a bus
Rosa Parks
Her action prompted the NAACP to form
Led by Dr. Martin Luther King
Dr Martin Luther King
I have a dream support of the Civil Rights Act 1964
He was assasinated in 1968 - Memphis Tenn
Civil Rights ACT of 1964
Resulted in Prohibited segregation in all Public Facilities and discrimination in education and employment
President John F Kennedy
Proposed new Civil rights laws and also to help
millions in poverty
President John F Kennedy
Assinatied in Dallas 1963
President Lyndon B Johnson
- Urged Congress to pass the laws in honor of Kennedy
19th amendment
Women the right to Vote 19th guaranteed women the right to vote 1920
Equal Bill of Rights Amendment of 1972
Gurantees women equal rights
Mexican American Civil Rights Movement
Reies Tijerina - Initiated the Movement in New Mexico
1960 struggle for human rights
initiated a movement called the CHICANO Movement
Movement was cultural as well as Political
4 main goals:
Restoration of land grants, farm workers rights,
education and political rights
Reies Tijerina
initiated a movement called the CHICANO Movement
CHICANO Movement 4 main goals
Restoration of land grants, farm workers rights,
education and political rights
Spanish American War of 1898
War between Spain and US made the US a World Power
Guadalupe Kidlgo Treaty
Sought to recover the land taken from the
Mexican Americans as a result of the
Rodolfo Gonzales -
Founded the Crusade for
Justice as a platform for the movement
Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huertas
1.Support the rights of Farm workers
2.human right leaders
3.fought for better working conditions
4.fought for fair compensation for agricultural workers
5.Fought for education and political rights of Mex. Amer
6.Paved the way for better schools and programs
for Mex Amer and minority in general
Equal pay Act 1963 and Civil Rights Act 1964
Attain better employment and professional opportunities prohibited discrimination based on gender
Civil Rights Act 1964
prohibited discrimination based on gender
Betty Friedan
Author of the Feminine Nystique
National Organization for Women (NOW)
Equal Rights amendment fo 1972
Guarantees women equal rights
Temperance Movement
organized effort to encourage moderation in the
consumptoin of intoxicating liquors or press for complete abstinence
18th amendment
Sought to Prohibit Alcohol consumption
marked the adoption of the
Prohibition was never really enforced
Spanish American war 1898
War between Spain and US
Made US a World Power
Spanish American war 1898
US Gained control of the Phillippines, Guam, and
Puerto Rico - Now US territories
World War I
First Global war began in EUROPE
Involved two alliances - Alles and Central powers
Central Powers - Neutral - Americans, benefited from trading with
World War I
Involved two alliances - Alles and Central powers
Allies -
England, France, Russia, and Italy
Central Powers -
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey
and Bugaria
Neutral -
Americans, benefited from trading with
World war I
Germans developed a new Weapon, submarine, and used it to destroy Allied ships
Germans sank a British Liner - Lusitanica, killed 128 americans, and american cargo ships were sunk
President Wilson -
declared war on Germany and
Central powers
Treaty fo Versailles
Ended the World War I
Treaty fo Versailles
Central Powers were severly punished and forced to pay for the War.
Treaty fo Versailles
This created resentment by the Germans
creating World War II
Bolshevik Revolution In Russia
Led by Bladimir Lenin
Led by Bladimir Lenin
Took over the Government in Russia
British Liner, killing more than 1100 passengers, including Americans
President Wilson
asked congress to declare war against germany and the central powers because of the Lusitania being sunk
Treaty of Versailles
Result of this Treaty let to WORLD WAR II because of the resentment by the Germans being forced to pay for the War they caused
Franklin D Roosevelt
New Deal 1933-1937 designed to revitalize the economy and alleciate poverty and depair caused by the depression
Franklin D Roosevelt
Response to the Great Depression
created the 3 R's
relief, recovery, and reform.
Relief for unemployment, recovery of the economy
to normal levels, and reform of the financial system
to prevent a repeat
Great Depression
After WWI, 1929 Stock Market Crashed. Millions lost jobs10year period
Golden 1920's
After the WWI, US enjoyed a period of Prosperity
World War II
Emergence of Totalitarian countries like:
Russia, Germany, Italy created instability in
Europe and eventually led to war
Communist Russia-under a leader of _____became a threat the European countries
Italy -
FASCIST, beligerent state, liberties ignored
- Adolf
Germany - avenge the humiliating defeat WWI
Germany, Italy, Japan
Russia, France, England
German Invasion of Poland
Two days later - France and England declared war against Germany, but lost to Germany
Hitler conquored in a short time
United States
Suported the Allies with supplies and weapons but did not send troops
Pearl Harbor
United States Remained Neutral until Japan boomed?
In what year did Japan boom Pearl Harbor
With Hitler in Control of Europe, US joined England and French to execute invasion of Europe 1944,
General Eisenhower
with Allied soilders, crossed the
English Channel into France and launched one
of the largest attacks against Germany
Largest attack on Germany was known as
The Result of D-Day
France was freed from Germany Ocuupation
EnD OF WORLD WAR II
With combined forces of England, Russia, and
Canada along with United States - Hitler and Axis
forces were finally defeated and resulted what?
Yalta Conference -
Germany would be divided into
four section, Each controlled by allied country by:
Britain, France, Russia and United States
Leaders of Allied Forces
Winston Churchill, Joseph Stalin, President Roosevelt
Yalta Conference Purpose
Germany were to pay for war reparations in money and labor
Poland was divided, Russia received control
of one section and later thy took full control of the
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Ended World War II Officially
President Harry Truman
Atomic Bomb - Ended World War II
End of WORLD WAR II
Marshall Plan
To rebuild the economic infrastructure in Europe
Us Provided money and machinary for the
reconstruction of Europe
Truman Doctrine
States: The US will help any nation in danger of falling under communist control
Truman Doctrine
Lead the US to become involved in two major Military Conflicts
Two major conflicts due to the Truman Doctrine
Koren and Vietnam war
Cold War
Negotiations between:
Premier Khrushchev and President Kennedy
avoided war between the two countries
Cuban Missile Crisis
Most intense confrontation of the COLD WAR was:
President Kennedy was President
President Kennedy in office during the
Cuban Missle Crisis
Cold war Ended with the fall of ?
of the Soviet Union under:
Mikhail Gorbachex
Fall of the Soviet Union empire resulted in the
reunificatin of Germany and the creation of multiple
smaller countries in Russia that gained Independence
As a result of the Yalta Conference, Russia became
most powerful country in the region, resulting in a new war between Soviet Union and United States - Cold War 1945-1991
Nikita Khrushschex
Oreded the deployment of Nuclear Missiles to cuba
Kennedy was in office
Economy of Texas
Oil Production
High Technologies industries
Declaration of Independence
Pronounced the colonies Free and Independent States
Consist of a PREAMBLE or CONSTITUTION
Declaration of Independence
Consist of Three parts:
1. Stresses Natural Unalienable righes and liberties that belong to all people from birth
2. Consist of a list of specific grievances and injustices commited by Britian
3. Announces the colonies as the United States of America Provided the Foundation to establish Equal Rights for all People
Treaty of Paris
Officially signed in 1783, ended the war and gave
independence to the new nation
Coastal Plains Inhabitants
Caddos - Very Sophisticated Food Gatherers, Fishermen, Farmers
Central Plains,
Flatland, Hills Inhabitants Apaches
Great Plains,
Flatland, Hills Inhabitants
Domesticated Horses, Introduced by the Spaniards
Fearless warriors, great buffalo hunters,Farmers
identified themselves as Tayasha - means Friend
Spaniards thought they were calling the region TEXAS
so Now, Texas and motto Friendship emerged.
Moses Austin
Reveived Permission from Spanish
Government to bring Anglo American families
to settle in Texas
* This agreement was voided when Mexico took control
of the territory. Stephen Austin negoitiated with the
Mexican government and obtained a similar agreement
to allow Anglo Americans to settle in Texas
Stephen Austin
negoitiated with the
Mexican government and obtained a similar agreement
to allow Anglo Americans to settle in Texas
Texas War for Independence
In 1835 Anglo American settlers were the majority in the region,
which antagonized the Mexican government and
resulted in
Texas War for Independence
Conflicts between Texans and the Mexican Gov.
started as early as 1830. Colonist felt that the
Mexico Gov. was not providing enough
protection to Texas. Stephen Austin went to Santa
Anna, but was JAILED for ONE YEAR
FIRST BATTLE In GONZALES
The Town of Gonzales had a cannon to protect agains INDIANS
Mexican soilders tried to take it, and was FIRED upon
The Start of the War for Texas Independence
The Start of the War for Texas Independence
Texan refused to relinguish the cannon and filred the cannon against the Mexican soilders
Sam Houston
Commander in Chief of the Texas Army in the War for Texas Independence
Sam Houston
Former governor of Tennesse, volunteered to fight for Texas and eventually became Commander in Chief of the Texas Army for the fight of Texas indpendence
The Alamo
First Battle for Texas Independence
Colonel William Travis -
Protected the Alamo with 200 men
James Bowie and Davie Crocket
Joined William Travis at the Alamo
General Antonio Lopez De Santa Anna
along with the Mexican Army, took the fort and killed all its defenders, including Texans of Mexican ancestry
Santa Anna
Eventulally took over Goliad
The Battle of the Alamo and Goliad
provied the patriotic emotion that resulted in teh creation of an army and eventually led to Victory against Mexico
Texas Joined the United states
1845 - Texas became the 28th state of the
of the American Union
Immediately, US sent troops to secure the borders
Resulting in the: Mexican - American War
US WON & tremendous land acquisitions
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Mexico withdrew its claim over Texas and established
the Rio Grande or Rio Bravo, know in Mexico
the official border between the two countries
Texas became the 28th state of the
of the American Union
Declaration of independence
After the Battle of the Alamo and Goliad, a group of texan met at Washington on the Brazos to isse a with Burnett as President and Lorenzo de Zavala as Vice President
Treaty of Velasco
While the colonst were fighting the Mexican army at the ALAMO and in GOLIAD, Sam Houston was stregthing the army of the New Republic. Battle reached the San Jacinto River near Houston. Battle lasted 20 minutes. President Burnett and Santa Anna signed the Treaty of
Treaty of Velasco
Santa Anna agreeing to withdrawl troops from Texas in exchange for safe conduct back to Mexico, to lobby for recognition of Texas Independence. Santa broke his promise. Houston became president of the Republic 1836-1845 Texas functioned as an independent Nation
Mexican - American War
Immediately, US sent troops to secure the borders Resulting in the: US WON & tremendous land acquisitions
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Mexico withdrew its claim over Texas and established the Rio Grande or Rio Bravo, know in Mexico the official border between the two countries
Onset of the American Civil War
, Texas left the Union
and joined the confederacy as a PROSLAVERY State
the Confederate Army, led by
General Robert E Lee
surrendered to Ulyssess Grant
Leader of the Union Forces
During the Reconstruction Period,
Texas was briefy under occupation by US troops
Texas joined the union in
Cattle Industry
Texas Economy Flourished, largely based on the
growth of the and
Barbed wire was introduced in
ranchers began using scientific cattle breeding to Increase
production and improve quality of meat
Beaumont Texas
Oil was dicovered in the Spindletop Oil Field near:
Oil industry made Texas the leading producer of Oil in the US
Houston and Dallas large urban and industrial centers
emerged as leading Military Training center
hight tech business
Developed aircraft industry and
By WWII,
Texas was leading state in Defense industry
Economy of Texas
Oil Production
High Technologies - top economic forces in the State
Compass Rose
Design printed on a chart or map for reference
it shows the orientation of a map on Earth and shows
the Four Cardinal Direction: East West North South
Map Scale -
shows the distance between two places
in the world
North America
Consist of Canada, United States, Mexico
Central Eurasia
Middle east
North Africa
Sub Saharan Africa
South Asia, East Asia and Australia
2nd largest state in the US, behind Alaska
Largest Rivers in the World
Nile - North and East Africa: Longest River in World
originates in Lake Victoria in Ugunda ends in
Mediterranean sea
Amazon ( South America) 2nd largest river
originates in Peru, and its mouth is a the Atlantic ocean
off the coast of Brazil
Chang Jiang or Yangtze ( China) 3rd largest River
Souce is the Tibetan Plateau, mouth is East China Sea
Nile -
North and East Africa: Longest River in World
originates in Lake Victoria in Ugunda ends in
Mediterranean sea
Amazon ( South America)
2nd largest river
originates in Peru, and its mouth is a the Atlantic ocean off the coast of Brazil
Chang Jiang or Yangtze ( China)
3rd largest River
Souce is the Tibetan Plateau, mouth is East China Sea
Mississippi -
Longest River, 14th in World
begins in Minnesota and ends in Gulf of Mexico
Colorado - Rocky mountains ends California
Missouri River - Rocky mount to Mississippii
Macroeconomics -
study of the economy at the world
reional , state and local levels.
Some of the topics incluse reasons and ways to control
inflation, causes of unemployment and economic
growth in general
Microeconomics -
decision making process at the
houshold, firm or industry level
availability of a product or service at a certain price
Demand -
desire of potential purchasers to pay that Price
Articificially Created Balace
is the intentional destruction of a surplus
of a given product on the world market to maintain
the price level
Eli Whitney -
Assembly lines
Production cost of manufactured goods
decreased and productivity increased
Free Enterprise
Concept is based on the premise that the economy can regulate itself in a freely competitive market thru the relationship of SUPPLY and DEMAND and with minimum
Governmental intervention
is the competition among businesses that result in a
Main Benefit of the System of Free Enterprise:
greater choice and better prices for consumers
Free Enterprise has led to
Globalization:defined as: a continuous increase of cross the border financial economic and social activities
As a result of Globalization:
Trade barriers have been eliminated and tarriffs imposed on imported priducts have been largely discontinued
President Woodrow Wilson
Established the Federal Reserve System
Federal Reserve System Purpose:
to keep the banking industry strong to ensure
a supply of currency
Federal Reserve main Function:
to promote fiscal stability and economic growth
in the nation and to regulate inflation and deflation
Board of Governors Control
the flow of money & and sets the interest rate that banks use to lend money
Board of Governors Control
the interest rate to control inflation and
lower the interest rate when business slow down
is the competition among businesses that result in a greater choice and better prices for consumers
Inflation -
Reduced the purchasing power of money which techinically affects the value of the currency
Deflation -
opposite - purchasing power of money
increases thereby lowering the prices of goods and services consumer benefits and businesses suffer.
Federal Reserve controls
the flow of money and keeps a healthy balance bwtween inflation and deflation
Direct taxation is known as
- Federal Income Tax
Economy of Texas is based Primarly
Financial Services
Business Products and services
Oil and Coal
Economy of Texas is based Primarly
Rank 8th largest economy if were a Nation
Without export-Texas economy
could not sustain its growth
Texas was ranked #1 state in terms of
export revenues.
Texas is based on
Communism -
Rejects Free Enterprise
Communism -
State controls economic activity in the nation
Communism -
Nation is ruled thur a one party system
Communism -
Believes that the country should not have a Social Class
Socialism -
Government controls the production and
distribution of goods, services and labor in the nation
In theroy - working class should take over and
administer collectively the resources for their benefit and the benefit of the natioal as a whole
Form of government In which the majority rules
People elect candidates to represent them in the
Monarchy -
King or queen leads the nation who holds complete control over the subjects
Monarchy -
Has supreme powers and become dictator, have limited or ceremonial powers limited by a parliament or a constitution
Ruler has unlimited power, uses power in a arbitrary manner
Theocracy -
Ruled by a group of Religious Leaders
A group of Noble controls the economy and the
Small group of powerful and wealthy people rule the nation with the support of the military
A committee of military officers or a junta becomes the ruler of the nation
1st amendment
Speech and Press
Freedom of Religion, church and state
2nd amendment
Right to Bear Arms
3rd amendment
Illegal to force people to offer quarters to soliders
4th amendment
Right to Privacy and Unreasonable searches
5th amendment
Right to Due Process
Protection against self incrimination
Double Jeopardy
6th amendment
Rights to Speedy Trial
7th amendment
Right to Sue
8th amendment
Protection against cruel and unusual Punishment
9th amendment
Enumeration of Specific Right
10 amendment
Right not delegated to the Federal Government
3 Branches of state government
Executive Branch -
led by a governor
Judicial Branch -
composed of a state court system, subordinate
to the Federal court systeme
City Government -
Headed by a Mayor or City Manager with the support of the a city council
Thematic Planning
ideal for English language learners b/c students
are exposed to: Concepts and vocabulary related to the themes in various content areas.
Civilizations that flourished in the Mesopotamia, the land between the rivers? What rivers are being allluded to in this statetment?
Sumerians, Akkadians, Baylonians, and Assyrians
Tigris and Euphrates
The Convergence of the Tigirs and the Euphrates created a fertile region where some of the greatest civilizatins of the world emerged. What was this part of the world called?
Gertile Crescent and part of the area called the Cradle of Civilization
The Nile gave birh to the?
Egyptians Civilization
Amazon River is located in?
South America, far away from Mesopotamia
Great Plains consisted of what states
Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico and Northwestern Texas
What type of crop is grown in the Great Plains?
Wheat Corn Feed Crops
Identify the Modern day country that encompasses most of the Territory aof Ancient Mespoptamia?
Iraq is located east of what River
The most adcanced Pre Columbian Civilization of Mesoamerica wer the?
Maya and Aztecs
Maya and the Aztecs occupied the area of Central America and Southern Mexico called the?
Maya dn the Aztecs were acomplished/Skilled what ?
Builders, astronomers, and Mathematicians
Inca civilization was not a?
MesoAmerica Group
Inca is present day ?
Peru and Ecuador
Color red in the flag represents?
Hardiness and valor
White symbolizeds in the flag?
Blue symbolizes in the flag?
Vigilance, perseverance and justice
France gave what gift to US commemorating the US 100th Anniversary?
Statue of Liberty - symbol of Freedom democracy and international friendship
White house was named after
identify the order of the products that hve supported the Texas Economy thru it history?
Cotton, cattle, petroleum, and computers and electronics in that order
Cotton and eventually cattle were the main products in Texas 19th century
20th century - Petroleum and now what is replaced oil?
computer and electronics
focus on the sturctural and functions of the government
what was created for the newly formed Rpublic Of Texas
1836 a Constitution
Governor elected for how many years
4 years term
Senate has how many Members?
House of Representatives has how many members?
Senate and the House of Represenatives toghet constitutes the?
Texas Legislature
convenes during odd number of years and a 140 day regular session
Texas has how many senators
Texas has how many Hous of representatives
Texas has how many electoral votes
Declaration consist of
Articles of Confederation
First National Constitution
Texas state constitution resembles the
US constitution
Gross National Product
Total value of goods and services produced in a year
Taxes on foreign goods that encourage the consumption of domestic products
Concept of Zero
slave trade began where
Portuguese From Africa to Europe
Mayas from regions of
Mexico Yucatan Peninula, Guatemala, and Honduras. Built stone and mortar pyramids
Sacrificed humans
Developed calendar, system of wrting and concept of zero
Developed a partly alphabetic writing system
New England Colonies
Massachusetts, connecticut, Rhodes island and New Hampshire
Economy of New England Colonies
farming small industries such as fishing, lumber and crafts
Economy of Southern colonies
Tobacco, rice indigo and cotton plantation in Virgina
Southern Colonies were
Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia
Puritans, who fled England to avoid Religious Persecution Founded?
Developed the modern Day Math
Greeks and Aztecs
Who brought the first African slaves to Virginina?
Eli Whitneys invented ?
Cotton Gin - became economic mainstay of the south
Issued the Emancipation Proclamation
Abraham Lincoln - Granting freedom to slaves in the south
Civil war
Fight for black freedom
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Prohibited segregation in all public facilities and discrimination in education and employment
Treaty of Guadalupe Hildalgo
Mexico withdrew its claim over Texas and established the Rio Grande, or Rio Bravo as know in Mexico, as the official border between the two contries
Texas left the Union and joined the?
Confederacy as a Proslavery State
After five years of the war, the confederate army Robert E Lee surrendored to
Ulyssess S Grant - Leader of the Union Forces
1901 Oil discovered in?
A temperate environment located between a Desert and a Forest that is Doninated by Grassland
Which region of texas contains the Rockiest and most Mountainous terrain
Texas relatively Flat
study of how society maintains order thru government institution and the polictical process
exchange are privately controlled and which personal profit can be obtained of the concept of FREE ENTERPRISE
Principle of convervation
apple split in half, or liquid poured in a narrow glass might be more than a liquid in a small glass
Egyptians and Babylonias
First mathmaticians
built templesand Pyramids
advances in Science and Math
Especially in ASTRONOMY
Computation - Algebra
First to sove Sophisticate algebraic equations used in Science and engineering - Quadratic equations
Calendar and concept of Zero
Primary/complementary colors
RED - Yellow - Blue
Green - purple- orange
US History Timeline of Important Events
199 Terms
Elem Ed Social Studies License Test
61 Terms
77 Terms
U.S History Exam Study Notes
56 Terms
ESL Cert. A
11 Terms
Math Midterm B
13 Terms
Math Methods Midterm A
27 Terms
EC-6 Test
557 Terms
TEXES:EC-4 (Math)
46 Terms
texes EC-6 021 (geography and culture)
30 Terms
Texes Math
146 Terms
Math terms TeXes EC-6
170 Terms


text:
Programmes offered
Open: July - August
English courses offered:
- Sir Edward summer camp (9 - 13 years old)
Accommodation offered:
- Residence
- Nicole Kennedy
- email@example.com
- http://www.studiocambridge.co.uk
Learn English in Cambridge area, United Kingdom
Residential summer for 9-13 year-olds at the famous King's Ely boarding school in the small city of Ely just north of Cambridge. Inclusive of all lessons, accommodation, meals, activities, excursions, airport transfers and insurance. Harry Potter themed course.

subset: commoncrawl


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The Villa
Tropical Charm
Villa Arta is a simple L-shaped structure complete with its own private pool nestled within the secured confines of a Balinese inspired garden compound. It is a classic design that is attuned to the island's tropical climate.
An open-plan living environment incorporates a dining and sitting area as well as a fully-equipped kitchen facility tucked neatly into the corner. This is the social hub of the villa with a contemporary styled sofa and multi-media system set up for unwinding at the end of the day.
Calming Decor
The master bedroom is a clean-line suite with a white-on-white decor to soothe the senses. Completely void of any colour, this calming domain encourages restful slumber. The en-suite bathroom comes with a separate shower and egg shaped tub for bathing indulgence.
The other two bedrooms are side-by-side and are identical in size and appearance. They both have same white decor that brings about a feeling of serenity and a practical en-suite bathroom with a rain shower cubicle and double vanity.
Outdoor Delights
The garden is a complete contrast from the villa's the all-white interior. Vibrant shades of tropical greenery bring this area to life with different species of native palms and a manicured lawn running along the back wall of the compound.
The clear water swimming pool provides a welcome relief from the heat of the day to splash around and just have fun. There is also a stone deck with a trio of reclining chairs for guests to lie back and relax under the sun.


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Stay updated with celebrity news, fashion tips, seasonal articles and more!
Top 10s, Photo updates, Paparazzi Finds, Side-by-side and more!
Do you think you know everything about the Glam industry? Face off against our experts!
Red shoes will add the perfect pop of color to your Valentine's Day outfit. Red is a stimulating, high energy color. Red shoes are very versatile and are also perfect for date nights, holiday parties and even to wear to work...
read more »


text: About 1 year ago, it was really hard to travel to Myanmar due to her dictatorship government. Fortunately, democracy has come it way to her country, and it would be more easier for traveler to visit the country. Travelfish blogger recently had the pleasure of three weeks travelling in Burma and while they had grand plans for covering a raft of destinations in those three weeks, plans went askew when we arrived in Yangon, fell in love with it and spent five days there. Oops. In the end we only covered Yangon, Pyay and Bagan,. In the meantime, here are a few pics from their time in Yangon. Photo from Travelfish.


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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(redirected from Mmpi-2)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Acronyms, Encyclopedia.
a comprehensive list of personality traits, aptitudes, and interests.
California Personality inventory CPI; a self-report, true-false questionnaire designed to measure aspects of personality style. It is generally used in counseling situations or for less than severe psychopathology.
Millon Clinical Multiaxial inventory MCMI; a true-false, self-report questionnaire designed to produce a profile of the personality style and structure underlying mental disorders.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory MMPI; a psychological test in questionnaire form in which the answers to true-false statements show dimensions of the subject's personality structure and provide comparison with responses made by persons in various diagnostic categories.
Min·ne·so·ta Mul·ti·pha·sic Per·son·al·i·ty In·ven·tor·y test (MMPI),
a questionnaire type of psychological test for ages 16 and older, with 550 true-false statements coded in four validity and ten personality scales which may be administered in both an individual or group format.
Synonym(s): Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality InventoryMMPI Psychology A widely used true-false test for evaluating a person's psychological and personality 'profile'. See Psychological testing.
Min·ne·so·ta Mul·ti·pha·sic Per·son·al·i·ty In·ven·to·ry(MMPI) (min-ĕ-sō'tă mŭl'ti-fā'zik pĕr-sŏn-al'i-tē in'vĕn-tōr-ē)
A questionnaire type of psychological test for ages 16 years and older, with 550 true-false statements coded in four validity and 10 personality scales, which may be administered in either an individual or group format.


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Win 'Vacations for Life' – Private Jet to Maui, BMW i3, and Cash – or $250,000 Cash
Vancouver, BC, October 4, 2018 — Hurry! The BC Children's Hospital Dream Lottery's Early Bird Deadline is Midnight, Tonight! This is your last day to play for bonus draws worth over $325,000 in prizes. Plus, you're in to win a 1 of 7 Grand Prizes – including a $2.7 million Dream Home package, or $2.2 million tax-free Cash!
Early Bird Deadline: Midnight, Tonight – Thursday, October 4th
Early Bird Deadline: Midnight Tonight!
• Win a Private Jet Trip to Maui, BMW i3, and $100,000 Cash
or 'Vacations for Life' or $250,000 Cash
• PLUS 50 extra winners of $1,000 Cash each
Buy Now, Win the Dream. Win the Grand Prize Draw and choose a $2.7 million 'Luxury Living' Home package – one of our most incredible dream homes ever! It's a 5-bedroom home in South Surrey (over 5,000 square feet), and it comes with furnishings and cash. Or choose 1 of 2 home packages in South Surrey, an 'Income for Life' package with condos in Vancouver and Richmond, an Ocean Cottage at SookePoint on Vancouver Island, or an incredible Okanagan Home at Vernon's Predator Ridge resort community. Homes all across the most beautiful parts of Beautiful B.C. Or $2.2 million Cash!
Don't forget to get your tickets for the 50/50 PLUS jackpot – jackpot now over $1,567,800 – and the Big Passport PLUS game – with 101 extra winners, and an extra $335,000 to be won.
Say YES to BC Children's Hospital
The Smaller the Patient, the Greater the Need
As the only hospital in the province devoted exclusively to kids, over a million count on BC Children's for care they often can't get anywhere else. By purchasing a lottery ticket, you're helping shape the future of child health.
Proceeds go toward research initiatives at BC Children's Hospital—supporting over 1,000 of the most daring thinkers in science as they work to pursue new knowledge. Their discoveries are then translated directly into improved care to benefit kids within the hospital, across the province, and around the world. Each year, the Dream and Choices Lotteries raise approximately $8 million for BC Children's Hospital Foundation.
Get your tickets online at BCChildren.com
by Phone at 604-692-2333
or 1-888-887-8771
or in-person at our Grand Prize Showhomes in South Surrey,
or at BC Children's Hospital (938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver)


text:
Surefit Terms & Conditions
- The Surefit guarantee covers incorrect measurements only and products will only be replaced with the same specification as per the original order with the exception of the relevant sizing issue.
- If the new measurements are larger than the original measurements, you will be charged the difference in the price of the two items. If the new measurements are less than the original measurements the difference in price will not be refunded.
- Should the new measurements be smaller than the original measurements, if we are able to, we will amend that item rather than manufacture a brand new item.
- Should you activate the Surefit guarantee, the original order will need to be returned in the original packaging prior to delivery of your new order. Should this be damaged in any way, we reserve the right to cancel your Surefit guarantee and stop production of your replacement items. Should you have paid for the Surefit guarantee, no monies will be refunded.
- Should you wish to activate the Surefit guarantee, you must notify us of the correct measurements within 10 working days of receipt of your original purchase.
- Should you activate the Surefit guarantee, you are liable to pay the delivery charge for the new order.
- The Surefit guarantee only applies to customers living in the UK (mainland only).
- We are only able to offer one remake per item / four per household. This service can only be used once, any subsequent orders will not be covered under the Surefit guarantee.


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Sharon sent me this quilt for LAQ....isn't it beautiful?
She told me she liked feathers, and Charisma curls..so I was only all to happy to oblige...and I also added continuous curves, leaves and stipple. Great recipe..for the perfect accents.
Love the quilt..Sharon is a dream to work with!
Thanks for looking!


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What's a girl to do after a mid-week run? Bake! I noticed my bananas were getting super ripe and knew of a recipe that I've been wanting to try from another food and fitness blog. Tonight I made Blueberry Greek Yogurt Banana Bread – another recipe with no oil! The greek yogurt also adds protein and calcium. It was super easy and really good. I had to make up for my questionable brownies from the weekend. 🙂
Blueberry Greek Yogurt Banana Bread
Ingredients (1 loaf)
- 1.5 cups all-purpose flour
- 2 tsp baking powder
- 1/2 tsp kosher salt
- 1/2 cup brown sugar
- 1/4 cup organic cane sugar
- 2 large ripe bananas
- 1 tsp vanilla
- 2 eggs
- 1/2 cup Greek yogurt
- 1 cup fresh blueberries
- (If you like nuts you could also toss those in, but they weren't part of the original recipe.)
- Preheat oven to 350 degrees F. Start by combining flour, baking powder, and salt in a large mixing bowl.
- In a separate bowl, mash bananas with a fork until they are gooey and liquid-like.
- Add sugars, eggs, and vanilla…
- And a dollop of Greek yogurt!
- Whisk until everything is well combined and there are no lumps.
- Pour the wet ingredients into the dry ingredients, and mix until just combined. At this point, fold in the fresh (or frozen) blueberries!
- Pour batter into a greased loaf pan and distribute evenly.
- Pop into the oven and bake for one hour, or until the top is golden brown and a toothpick comes out clean.
Recipe by Daily Garnish.


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Janelle Field, K-12 Tech Integrationist, has been facilitating iGNITE the Classroom sessions for teachers in both buildings to be able to learn from each other what technology tools they have been utilizing in the classroom. These sessions have been very successful in the schools and are just a beginning to other professional development opportunities to come in the future.
Home > Announcements >


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Curious about what we get up to on our friyays. Need a handy tool? Check out our open source projects and friyay tools below.
Reflect is madewithlove's internal peer-to-peer feedback tool. The goal is to help colleagues give and receive feedback to each other. We've been using and fine-tuning this tool internally for a couple of years already. Because of positive reactions, we plan on making Reflect multi-tenant so our clients can start to use it as well.
Stop spending time on processing incoming invoices manually. Have suppliers send their invoices directly to your Invox email address. We use machine learning to understand the details on the invoice so the more invoices you process, the smarter your Invox gets. Even better: your invoices are safely stored and encrypted in the cloud.
A software release tool, integrated with GitHub to automatically generate release notes for developers, project managers or any other stakeholders. Changehub grew out of an internal need to follow up releases of our projects. The initial version was built during a hackathon, and we've been constantly improving the product ever since.
A well known open-source tool in the developer community that can test otherwise pesky htaccess rewrite rules.
Semver is an educational tool to better understand how Composer and Semver translate version constraints. It's inspired by the NPM semver calculator and operates on the same principle: it allows to see which versions of a given package would match a provided constraint.
Why can't we have nice things? It started as a joke but became a handy tool that unifies the PHP wiki, the repository and the mailing list. It also shows insights such as voting patterns, comments and history in a clear interface.
Allow for easier structuring of queries and indices in your application with this lightweight wrapper on top of the Elasticsearch PHP client.
A task runner and deployment package for the PHP world. Fast and easy to use, as well as remarkably stable.
A set of command-line tools for managing WordPress installations. This piece of software is downloaded worldwide over 1000 times per day.


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Ernest and Scott Taproom
- 902 North Market Street
- Wilmington, DE 19801
- Phone: (302) 384-8113
- Visit Website
- |
Located at the corner of 9th and Market Streets in the former Delaware Trust Building, Ernest and Scott Taproom offers an expansive 50-seat marble-topped bar offers 18 Craft Beers on tap, Three Cask-Conditioned Ales and Nine Bottle-Conditioned Beers; and main dining area seats 100+ and the two second-floor Gatsby and Clock Tower balcony areas overlook the main floor. Enjoy the fresh, local ingredients that are brought together to create a menu that is sure to delight with some bottle-conditioned beer as well as American Craft Wines and Distilled Spirits at Ernest and Scott Taproom.
- Bar:
- Disabled Access:
- Fare Rate: $$
- Group Friendly:
- Senior Discount:


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USA: Ford expects losses in Brazil.
Ford expects to post losses in Brazil for the next two years due to high operational costs, according to its Director Martin Inglis. The company however plans to resume profits at its new Bahia state plant, where Ford is to receive incentives from the state government. Ford is investing R$1.3bil in the new site, which will become operational in 2002.
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just-auto gives its paid members access to the very best automotive market coverage.
And now there's just-auto plus, our premium membership that gives you exclusive component forecast data, company profiles and extended news coverage - just for premium members.
Today I can offer you 30 days access for $1 - and that includes just-auto plus.
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Security Services
Security services include the configurations of the features, such as ACL, User Access Control, QoS, IP Security, Stroml Control, and Port Isolation.
- ACL Config
This section describes ACL configurations.
- ACL Reference
This section describes how to reference ACLs.
This section describes the AAA configurations.
- AAA Service App
This section describes the AAA configurations.
- AAA Profile Mgmt
Access control lists (ACLs) are used to identify flows. A network device filters packets according to certain rules. It must identify packets first, and then permits or denies the packets according to the configured policy.
- User Access Control
You can control user access to implement network security management.
- QoS Configuration
This section describes QoS configurations.
- IP Security
This section includes the configurations of DHCP Snooping, IPSG, DAI, Static Binding Table, and Dynamic Binding Table.
- Storm Control
This section describes how to configure traffic suppression and storm control.
- Port Isolation


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Rev. Teddy Parker Jr., 42, pastor of Bibb Mount Zion Baptist Church in Macon, Georgia, discovered by his wife in the driveway of their home, dead from a self-inflicted gun-shot wound. [1] Ed Montgomery, 49, a pastor at Full Gospel Christian Assemblies International Church, Hazel Crest, Illinois, takes his own life in front of his son, after grieving the death of his wife who had died a year earlier from a brain aneurysm. [2] Isaac Hunter, 36, founder and pastor of Summit Church in Orlando, Florida, admits to an affair that leads to his resignation, and while suffering from a troubled marriage he ends it all by killing himself. [3]
It's not very often we hear such stories about pastors. But these events, which took place within the last five weeks, show we are all susceptible to mental illness – even the preacher. I know. I've personally been in that dark place myself.


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It's under no circumstances a should, however a preconception examine-up is an efficient place to start out for those who're thinking of making an attempt to get pregnant. Now I'm forty three and I'm 2 days late…. I do know the chances are less than 10{7aec90085c09dcc3be3a7a2b2bdb7e651024bbecab855c5a06c2b12d116a178d} now for a dwell start at my age, forty three, probably a lot much less with three miscarriages behind me, so I am attempting to arrange myself for a practical re-take of what I do know is prone to happen.
The only way of determining in case you are pregnant is by a optimistic being pregnant check. Me @ MY WIFE was dreaming a child, but hope this ideas will guide me to attain this dream. I assume that you've got had some checks accomplished after 3 years but when you have not then i'd see your doctor if you do not get pregnant this month.
The elements are more pure and i have prepared many ladies get pregnant throughout the second month. Of course, no guarantee will be made that the medication hasn't affected the infant's improvement, so make sure to see your doctor as quickly as you think or find out that you're pregnant.
Hi nik, if you are 2 days late and a test says adverse then statistics will say it is unlikely that you're pregnant. There are many ladies getting pregnant at 43 however it just may take a bit longer. It is probably true that you are considerably less more likely to turn out to be pregnant if you happen to do this but there's still a excessive likelihood of being pregnant.


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We propose a method to control the harmonic process by using a two-color field in combination with a 400-nm few-cycle control pulse for the generation of an ultra-broadband supercontinuum with high efficiency. The ionization and acceleration steps in the harmonic process can be simultaneously controlled by using a three-color field synthesized by a 2000-nm driving pulse and two weak 800-nm and 400-nm control pulses. Then an intense supercontinuum covered by the spectral range from 140eV to 445eV is produced. The 3D macroscopic propagation is also employed to select the short quantum path of the supercontinuum, then intense isolated sub-100-as pulses with tunable central wavelengths are directly obtained within water window region. In addition, the generation of isolated attosecond pulses in the far field is also investigated. An isolated 52-as pulse can be generated by using a filter centered on axis to select the harmonics in the far field.
© 2013 Optical Society of AmericaFull Article | PDF Article
OSA Recommended Articles
Hongchuan Du, Laoyong Luo, Xiaoshan Wang, and Bitao Hu
Opt. Express 20(24) 27226-27241 (2012)
Lixin He, Yang Li, Qingbin Zhang, and Peixiang Lu
Opt. Express 21(3) 2683-2692 (2013)
Weiyi Hong, Pengfei Wei, Qingbin Zhang, Shaoyi Wang, and Peixiang Lu
Opt. Express 18(11) 11308-11315 (2010)


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Complete the fields below and click Calculate Now.
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text:
Debt prevents people to worry about their future. Understanding the debt consolidation is a good way to see beyond to a bright future. by reading the piece below.
Just because a firm is non-profit doesn't mean they are completely trustworthy and will be fair in their service charges for debt consolidation. Some companies use that term to get away with exorbitant interest rates. Make sure you reference them with the Better Business Bureau and also look for personal recommendation.
Never select a debt company just because they claim non-profit status. Non-profit does not always mean they are a good company. Check with the BBB to find the firm is really as great as they claim to be.
You can actually pay off your debt by borrowing money under the right terms. Talk to multiple financial institutions about interest rates you could expect to pay. Just make sure you're going to be able to pay the loan on time.
Let creditors know when you want to bring a consolidation service. They could be willing to discuss alternative arrangements with you about making different arrangements. This will help to take the stress and tension away from your bills. It might help them understand you are making an effort to get your finances.
Think about filing for you.However, if you are missing payments and unable to pay off your debt, you may already have a worse looking credit report than a bankruptcy will be. Filing for bankruptcy lets you to start reducing your debt and get on the path to financial recovery.
Debt consolidation offers financial assistance, there are certain companies that prey on debtors. If you see offers that are simply too good to be true, do not trust them. Get all your questions answered so that you are never left in the dark.
Be sure you're able to tell them when you're able to pay things back and keep your word.You want to damage your relationship with someone who you are close to you.
See if the folks who work at the debt consolidation company employs certified professionals. You need to check with the NFCC in order to find good companies that adhere to certification standards. This will allow you can be sure you are working with a legitimate company.
One thing you can do to get a loan from people you know. This may be risky and possibly ruin the relationship if you can't pay them back.
A debt consolidation specialist should develop personalized strategies. If the professional doesn't ask you questions about your situation and debts, back away. Your counselor should take the necessary time to offer you a personalized solution for you.
You can use what is called a snowball payment plan as an alternative to debt consolidation. Use the money when it's paid to pay down your next card. This is a solution that could work very well for you.
Debt consolidation can help get your finances under control. Get rid of the hundreds of annoying calls asking for money that you just don't have. If the terms are right, debt consolidation can resolve those problems. You should learn more about it, though, before signing on the dotted line.


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Last week I got a personal tour of the brand new IKEA kitchens and the bright and bold new BRAKIG range of homewares and furnishings at IKEA Belfast. Along with some other local bloggers and those who work in the homes and interiors industry, we were all treated to savoury nibbles on arrival before we were shown around the new kitchens.
I hadn't been to IKEA since late 2013 so there were lots of fab new pieces that caught my eye even before I reached the kitchen area. But I paid close attention throughout the kitchen tour as Phill and I are keen to get a new kitchen this year. The new ranges are not just about new-look cabinets, they are designed very differently from any of the previous IKEA kitchens. Everything has been overhauled. Now the drawers go back further and there is more space in the inside of the cabinets. More space all round sounds good to me! We have quite a small kitchen so making the most of space will be essential, especially as we've gathered up plenty of kitchenware over the years. The IKEA kitchens also promise to be easier to install and there are more options to customise your kitchen to suit your needs.
After the kitchen tour, we got to have a nosey at the very colourful and vibrant BRAKIG range. I had already heard a lot about this range and I was impressed when I saw the collection for myself. If you're looking to update your home for summer and inject a bit of fun into your interiors, I'd definitely purchase some of the items from the range. I was lucky enough to take home a pair of BRAKIG bowls and I love them! I'll definitely be filling these with snacks when we next have visitors.
My new BRAKIG bowls pride of place in my kitchen cabinet.


text: Poem selections for LEVELER are made on a roughly quarterly basis. Our initial reading of a batch of submissions is done individually and continually. Every three months, we meet in person to read through our most recent batch for a second time. In these meetings, we move through every poem individually, paying particular attention to the stronger poems' goals and methods. While our process is necessarily subjective, we make a point not to let our limited predispositions dictate what we publish. Most of our final editorial decisions are made in our quarterly meetings, though stalemates do occur, postponing some decisions. If our editorial tastes differ, we hope the disparity ultimately strengthens our selections (though, undoubtedly, quality work slips through our system). The vast majority of the poetry we publish is selected from regular submissions. However, we do solicit some poems from writers whose work we admire. In all cases, after we have selected poems and notified submitting poets of our decisions, we divide responsibilities in the writing of levelheadeds, which are written by individual editors and edited collectively. We determine the order in which we will post the poems, and then we present them, without qualm, to you, the reader.


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Washington, DC (October 1, 2013) – The U.S. Supreme Court announced today that it is granting a writ of certiorari in a case that will decide whether Illinois homecare providers can be forced into union ranks against their will.
With the help of National Right to Work Legal Defense Foundation staff attorneys, Pam Harris and seven other Illinois care providers are challenging a forced-unionism scheme enacted by Illinois Governors Rod Blagojevich and Pat Quinn on the grounds that it violates their rights to free expression and association by forcing them to subsidize union lobbying.
The case is a class-action lawsuit filed by the providers after Quinn signed an executive order designating 4,500 individuals who offer in-home care to disabled persons as "public employees," thus rendering them vulnerable to unwanted union organizing. However, the scheme only designates providers as public employees for the purposes of unionization, leaving the homecare recipients as the employers for all other aspects of the providers' work.
As a result of Quinn's order, Service Employees International Union (SEIU) and American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) bosses have been competing to acquire monopoly bargaining control over this newly-created class of public employees.
Quinn's executive order mirrored one issued by disgraced former Governor Blagojevich, which designated over 20,000 personal care providers as state workers solely for the purpose of forcing them into union ranks. Quinn then expanded Blagojevich's directive to cover an additional 4,500 providers who were not included in the original order.
In a 2010 mail-in vote, those homecare providers emphatically rejected unionization by a two-to-one margin. But because of Quinn's executive order, they'll continue to face unionization drives until they capitulate. The personal care providers covered by Blagojevich's executive order have already been forced to pay union fees to the SEIU.
"Forcing homecare providers into union ranks is just plain wrong," said Mark Mix, President of the National Right to Work Foundation. "We hope the High Court will protect the rights of Pam Harris and thousands of other care providers by striking down this constitutionally-dubious scheme."
The National Right to Work Legal Defense Foundation is a nonprofit, charitable organization providing free legal aid to employees whose human or civil rights have been violated by compulsory unionism abuses. The Foundation, which can be contacted toll-free at 1-800-336-3600, assists thousands of employees in more than 250 cases nationwide per year.


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By Luke Baker
PARIS (Reuters) - A French art expert believes a charcoal drawing kept in a collection for more than 150 years may be a preparatory sketch made by Leonardo da Vinci of the Mona Lisa.
The black-and-white drawing of a woman, nude from the waist up, known as the Monna Vanna, was previously attributed to Leonardo's studio, suggesting it was done in his style by a pupil or follower, not by the master himself.
But after preliminary tests at the Louvre Museum, experts believe the sketch may well have been drawn by Leonardo.
Among the signs, according to curator Mathieu Deldicque, are the fact the drawing was made during the same period as the Mona Lisa, the paper is from the same region of Italy, and the technique is very similar to that of the Mona Lisa.
"We know the drawing was made during the lifetime of Leonardo da Vinci, we know that the paper was made in Italy, between Venice and Florence, and the third discovery is the high quality of this drawing in the face of the Monna Vanna and in her arms," Deldicque told reporters.
"That's very interesting because the arms are the same as the Mona Lisa's."
Leonardo, who lived from 1452 to 1519, was an engineer, scientist, inventor and sculptor, as well as one of the finest artists of the Italian Renaissance.
He painted the Mona Lisa, also known as La Gioconda and regarded as the world's most valuable artwork, at the beginning of the 16th century. It is believed to depict Lisa Gherardini, the wife of a successful merchant.
The charcoal portrait, in which the woman is holding a similar pose to the Mona Lisa but with her body more side-on and her head turned further over her left shoulder, has been held in a collection at the Conde Museum at the Palace of Chantilly, north of Paris, since 1862.
The Mona Lisa and Monna Vanna hold their hands in very similar ways, the right hand across the left and resting on the forearm, the fingers gently extended.
Deldicque said that while it was exciting to think the charcoal drawing was created by Leonardo, there were more tests to be done.
"We have one more month of analysis and then a very slow process of history of art with a collection of analysts and advice by specialists," he said.
It is possible that process will determine that the authorship is the same. But it may also be inconclusive, he said, adding: "Maybe the mystery will remain."
(Additional reporting by Tatiana Chadenat; Editing by Andrew Bolton)


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There's nothing more satisfactory than falling asleep in a rental treehouse. Living in a treehouse is one of the best opportunity to escape from the city, connect with nature and revive your childhood dreams. If you ever dreamt of spending a night over a tree, check out these 20 best treehouse hotels around the world, designed to offer stunning scenic views and a cozy sleep in night. We hope our collection inspires you for the next vacation!
Treehouse Point near Seattle, Washington
Treehouse Point is beautifully constructed treehouse village situated amid forest alongside the Raging River. This is a great escape from everyday stress for classy families, couples and friend groups. This private event center and overnight retreat is a perfect spot for celebrating engagement, wedding, birthday and business parties in a different style. You can book them directly from the Treehouse Point website.
Nearby places: Twin Falls hiking trail, Snow lake, Franklin falls, Rattlesnake Ledge, the Roadhouse restaurant, Carnation Café, etc.
The Bird's Nest, Treehotel in Sweden
If you ever wished to Live in a bird nest then head to Treehotel in Sweden. You need to take a short stroll through breathtaking woods to the Bird's Nest treehouse hotel. It is an unusual vacation retreat for a family with two kids. Its exterior resemble a gigantic bird's nest while interiors are spacious enough to be fitted with amenities required for a cozy stay.
Nearby places: Lule River valley, white Water Rafting in Råne or Kalix river, Taiga forest, Moose safari
Price: US$564 per night for two persons
Treetops treehouse hotel in Devon, UK
Nothing is more exciting than spending a night in a fairytale-inspired abode atop a 250-year-old oak tree. Yes, you can experience it for real at the Treetops treehouse hotel in the grounds of Fox and Hounds in Devon, UK. Accessd through a wooden staircase, it is built six-meters above the ground. Inside you find luxury and comfort with modern furniture and other other required things. It has a king-size bedroom, kid's bedroom, bathroom, kitchen, lounge area and a spacious terrace.
Nearby places: RHS Garden Rosemoor, National Trust Properties, Quad Biking near Umberleigh
Price: £270 (US$372) per night
Treehouse at Hotel Irma in Italy
A 60-meter walk from the Hotel Irma, Italy leads you to the treehouse hotel intended for guests wishing to spend some time high amongst green pine trees. This wooden dwelling with a 65-square-meter terrace is ideal for a peaceful holiday, honeymoon, or other special celebrations. On the inside, this wooden treehouse hotel is furnished with furniture. One special feature of this treehouse hotel is its lovely bedroom with a bathtub.
Nearby places: Marlinger Waalweg trail in Merano, Giogaia di Tessa/Texelgruppe mountain range, golf courses of South Tyrol, Restaurant Finsterwirt
Price: Starting from €222 (US$264) per night
7th Room at Treehotel in Sweden
Built by Norwegian architecture workshop Snøhetta, thischarred-timber treehouse hotel is located amid a pine forest in Swedish Lapland overlooking mesmerizing Lule River. Supported by 12 columns, it is elevated 10-meters above the ground among pine trees. With two bedrooms, lounge, bathroom and a netted terrace, it can accommodate five guests. Sitting on the netted terrace, you can enjoy Northern Lights and delightful views of the valley. It is an ideal stay for both summer and winter vacations.
Nearby places:Lule River valley, white Water Rafting in Råne or Kalix river, Taiga forest, Moose safari
Price: 15,000 SEK (US$1735)
Treehouse villas at Keemala Resort in Phuket, Thailand
Stay in these magical treehouses villas nestled in the Thai forest. Located at Keemala, one of the Thailand's most exotic resorts with mesmerizing views of the Phuket beach. There are seven two-story treehouse villas complete with a private pool, upper level master bedroom, lounge and dining area on the lower level. Along with the pleasant scenic views, you can enjoy Thai food and resort's world-famous spa treatment.
Nearby places: Kamala Beach, Mala Spa and all around the Phuket Island
Price: Starting at US$848
Treehouse hotels at Les Ormes, Domaine & Resort, France
If you're planning a trip to France and like treehouses, Les Ormes, Domaine & Resort is the place would should be adding to your bucket. There are a total of 30 treehouse cabins, out of which four are built on trees above the water. Further, there are three choices – Family, Ladder and Zip line treehouses. The most cool thing is that you can even choose the elevation of your treehouse from ground.
Nearby places: Saint-Malo, Mont St Michel, Cancale, Dinan
Price: Starting from €95 US$113
Oceanfront treehouse hotel at Playa Viva, Mexico
This beachfront treehouse hotel is built six-feet above the ground amidst high palm trees. It is one of the accommodation at Playa Viva, a famous Yoga Yoga Retreat Resort located in Juluchuca, Mexico. It has a double bed & one single bed to accommodate a maximum of three guests. This award-winning private treehouse is perfect for nature lovers willing to enjoy serene beauty of deep waters. Staying in an one-of-a-kind private bamboo treehouse seems to be more comforting than any five star hotel.
Nearby places: Estuary, an Aztec archeological site, turtle sanctuary, and a coastal forest
Price: Starting from $445
Mirrorcube by Tham & Videgård Arkitekter at Treehotel in Sweden
It is a lightweight aluminium structure built around a tree trunk and wrapped in mirrored glass to reflect a nice view of the surroundings. The interior space is clad in plywood with a birch surface. Accessed through a 12-meter-long bridge, it accommodates two people with a double bed, toilets, lounge and a rooftop terrace.
Nearby places: Lule River valley, white Water Rafting in Råne or Kalix river, Taiga forest, Moose safari
Price: 4,400 SEK (US$509)
Castle in the trees – Nojals and Clottes, France
Châteaux Dans Les Arbres, meaning 'Castle in the trees' in English is a unique tourist destination due to four lovely family-sized treehouses modelled after old French châteaux and two floating mini châteauxs. The treehouses named Milandes, Puybeton, Monbazillac, and Hautefort built high on green trees. Constructed from pine and chestnut wood, all of them appear like fairytale castles. As a good feature, two tree houses also come with Nordic baths for 2-4 persons.
Nearby places: Etincelle and La Dolce Vita restaurant, vineyards like Monbazillac and Pécharmant, caves at Proumeyssac and Padirac, Lascaux historic sites,
Price: Approx. €240 (US$285) per night
River treehouse hotel at Silky Oaks Lodge, Australia
Step into a whole new world of rainforest. Loacted at the Silky Oaks Lodge luxury vacation resort in the beautiful Tropical North Queensland, Australia, this beautiful treehouse hotel features a king size bed, living area, bathroom and a covered terrace overlooking the Mossman River. Polished timber floors and rustic interiors are some other highlighting features.
Nearby places: Miallo, Billabong, Four Mile Beach, Daintree Rainforest, Great Barrier Reef
Price: Staring at about US$523
Cabanes Als Arbres – La Selva, Spain
Looking for a unique treehouse hotel in Spain, Cabanes Als Arbres located at the heart of the Sierra del Montseny is what might please your desire. Here, you can stay at 10 rounded wooden cabins hanging about 10-meter above the ground around the trunks of Douglas firs. Each treehouse includes a luxury bed, bathroom and a deck to admire the delightful scenery of Forest of The Guilleries.
Nearby places: Forest of The Guilleries, Guilleries Museum, Ter river valley, Adventure park – La Selva de l'Aventura, Sau's famous Reservoir,
Price: €120 (US$143) per night for two persons
Treehouse hotels at Robins Nest in Witzenhausen, Germany
Robins Nest, in the forest of Hesse, Germany offers three treehouse hotels, built with natural materials and stylishly decked with wildwood furniture. There's also a ball-shaped treehouse that sleeps four, and stilt treehouse that sleeps eight. All these tree sheds are accessed through wooden staircase and suspension bridges. The rustic charm and secluded location of these treehouse cabins will be unforgettable for anyone.
Nearby places: Schloss Berlepsch, Hanstein Castle, Gaenseliesel
Price: Starting at US$178
Lion Sands Kingston treehouse hotel in South Africa
Located in the thick forest of South Africa, the Lion Sands Kingston treehouse hotel is ideal place for wedding or anniversary as well as for thrill-seeking people and wildlife lovers. Here, guests can safely experience African wildlife including lions, leopard, hyenas, and impalas. Made of wood with glass walls, this treehouse hotel offers uninterrupted views of the African landscape. It is equipped with twin beds, full bathroom and shower facilities, and other Africology products.
Nearby places: Kruger National Park, Sabi sand reserve
Price: Starting from US$278 per person per night sharing
La Torreluna treehouse rental at Finca Bellavista
La Torreluna is a charming treehouse hotel at Finca Bellavista Treehouse Community in Costa Rica. Made from natural materials like bamboo, patio stone, other wood, it has a river view balcony, an outdoor hot water shower, a queen-sized bed, and a sleeping loft. Its design is earthy, that keeps you connected with nature.
Nearby places: Rio Bellavista, Amistosa, Golfo Dulce, Finca Kobo chocolate farm, Corcovado National Park
Price: $125 for a single person
Free Spirit Spheres treehouse hotel – Canada
Eryn, Melody and Luna are the three spherical treehouse hotels offered by Free Spirit Spheres the coastal rainforest of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Accessed through elevated walkways, these small unique accommodation are great for couples wanting some privacy, comfort and nature's elegance.
Nearby places: Comox Valley, Qualicum Beach, Horne Lake Caves, Lighthouse Country Regional Trail, Parksville Community Park
Price: $299 per night
Treehouse Hideaway Suite at Chewton Glen, Hampshire, UK
This luxury treehouse getaway suite is built 35-feet above the ground surrounded with lush green trees. It sleeps three and includes mini kitchenette, an outdoor hot tub on the terrace, and a marble bathroom with a forest view. There are a number of modern amenities including flat-screen TV, mood lighting, Ruark R4 audio system, under-floor heating, and a wood burner with log storage.
Nearby places: Winchester Cathedral, Stonehenge, Paultons Park, Monkey World, Exbury Gardens
Price: US$1896/night
Twig Hut human nest at Treebones Resort, Big Sur, USA
If you wish to stay at some unusual place, this two-story, Twig Hut treehouse hotel at a campsite of Treebones Resort is a perfect pick for you. Created & built by Big Sur artist Jayson Fann, it comes with a full-sized futon pad and can accommodate two persons. There's also a picnic table and cook station, with restrooms and water access a little walk away. Inside, there aren't any modern amenities, and even you've to bring your own sleeping bags and pillows. It is designed to give people an amazing experience of sleeping like a bird in the nest.
Nearby places: Wild Coast Restaurant, Julia Pfeiffer-Burns State Park, Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary
Price: Starting at US$175 for a minimum of two nights.
Treehouse M in China
Designed by the LanD Studio in a dense forest of Qiyum Mountain, the Treehouse M is designed to provide guests an intimate and cozy space surrounded by the splendid scenery of the hilly region. It's exteriors are made carefully employing traditional Chinese designs with a contemporary interpretation. Inside, you will find a luxury living room, bedroom, bathroom and a small dining corner, sufficient enough for couples to spend their leisure time.
Modular bamboo treehouse hotel by Penda
It is not just a cool concept for hotel, but an incredible treehouse made from eco-friendly materials like bamboo. It is a real architectural gem that was constructed by Vienna and Beijing-based design collective Penda, for the AIM Legend of Tent competition held in China. This treehouse hotel is intended to provide a comfortable place for connecting with nature.


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Published at Monday, January 28th, 2019 - 13:11:53 PM. Bedroom. By Conradine Berger.
But if you think that having only one color in a room is too boring or too difficult , you should try a nice combination between two colors. The most recommended colors for combinations are black and white with whatever other color you may want. But if you want to have a nice, but still vibrant bedroom that shows sensuality and style you may think of a red and black bedroom .
Given the fact that the bedroom is a private space usually perceived as a relaxing and serene environment, the colors associated with its interior are usually pastels, neutrals and soft shades. However, you can create a beautiful bedroom décor even with intimidating colors such as black. It's uncommon to see a black bedroom but we have selected a few examples that show this type of décor can also be inviting and quite pleasant.
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If you need an afternoon break, head down to Zuccotti Park for a guided meditation.
The one-hour sessions start at 3:30 p.m. Mondays to Fridays and at 1 p.m. on the weekends at Zuccotti Plaza, also known as Liberty Plaza -- the home base of the New York City Occupy Wall Street movement.
The meditators meet daily at the 'Shrine Tree," located at the corner of Liberty and Trinity Streets. They hope to encourage peace and non-violence.
The free sessions are offered by many New York City yoga and meditation communities along with the Interdependence Project.


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The AOW A-Z of Getting Married is a resource for brides (and grooms) to be. It's a welcome piece of sanity in an industry-saturated world where people are bombarded with what weddings they should have, what they should act like, and how a bride should feel. Created by the team behind Any Other Woman, this A-Z is the first collaboration of its kind, bringing together posts from readers across the AOW community filled with advice, wisdom and experience from sane, smart, real women, many of whom have been there. From wedding planning to family trials to breaking taboos, no topic is out of bounds. We are honoured and excited to run each and every post, and we learn from each and every one of our readers.
To help the A-Z become an even better resource, please leave your tips, advice and comments below.
W is for Winter Weddings by Lucy Stendall
Winter is as good a time to get married as any. Maybe you live for Christmas and want to inject some seasonal spirit into your wedding. Maybe you've got a special deal on your venue or fancy a tropical honeymoon. Or maybe you've just found the ideal venue for winter weddings, perhaps because they have limited outside space but have fantastic indoor space which would get wasted in summer. And unlike summer weddings where you hope for a warm dry day with sunshine, winter brides can plan for the cold and any sunshine is a bonus. This can take a lot of pressure off couples fretting about the weather. Forewarned is forearmed and all that.
When it comes to photography, winter weddings require some extra special attention. But winter light can be some of the most beautiful and flattering in the entire wedding calendar. It's low, it's soft, it's golden and I love it.
So I thought I'd put together this short guide about making the most of your winter wedding photography. Because everyone deserves beautiful, timeless photographs of their wedding day.
The basic thing that your photographer needs to take quality, natural images on your wedding day is good light. Good light means their camera can work to produce its best quality images. Crisp, clean and bright.
I use the best lenses and cameras available which means I'm able to deal with most lighting situations without resorting to a flash. Not all photographers invest in this kind of equipment (its extremely expensive) so may need more light to achieve similar results.
But even with this arsenal of equipment in my camera bag, if the light isn't very good, low light reduces the quality of the finished image. There is a direct link between quality of the photograph and the amount of light and a camera needs more light than your eyes do to create a good quality picture. The most obvious sign of a low light image is visible pixels/grain on the images or subject blur. Sometimes these things are very beautiful and can be used to creative effect.
So, what's first?
We should start by getting you to think about the photographs you love…
Do you want natural light photography or are you happy with your photographer using extra lighting? Discuss this with your photographer before you book. I use natural light where possible and flashguns where I need them.
Remember, flash isn't the enemy!
Flash can be very good but it does give a different feel to the images than natural light images. Also, whilst flashguns are fairly low impact in terms of size, people are more likely to notice the photographer using them which can affect their ability to remain unobtrusive and get those candid moments for you.
Free standing lighting is bulkier and more obtrusive. It requires extra space and planning and I don't currently use it for these reasons.
Be aware that extra lighting might not be permitted during your ceremony and even if it is, you might not want the distraction during that part of the day. If extra lighting isn't allowed at any specific point in the day and it is very dark, this might limit how many photographs can be taken during that part of the day.
How to maximise the natural light element of your day
1. Consider an earlier ceremony. This is by far the easiest way around the difficulties that a winter wedding can pose. A wedding at 11am or midday will mean you enjoy the brightest, warmest part of the day with your guests and it will give you more time after the ceremony to have relaxed group shots and portraits of you two as newlyweds.
2. Think about doing a First Look, which is where the bride and groom see each other before the ceremony. I have photographed a couple of these and it means that you make the most of the short daylight hours and there is no need for you to be parted from your guests after the ceremony. This not only helps the natural flow of the day, but couples also say it makes them feel less nervous about seeing each other for the first time at the ceremony.
3. Choose venues with as much natural light as possible. This goes for the place where you decide to get ready as well as for the ceremony and reception. Things to look out for are white walls and ceilings and large windows. Things to avoid include dark panelling, deep coloured walls or stone walls which will soak up most of the light and can add a strange colour cast on your photographs. If you are marrying in a church, ask them to keep the lights on rather than rely on candlelight alone.
4. Keep the formal photography aspects of the day to a minimum and be prepared to go outside to allow your photographer to find the best light for the group photographs. Your guests will thank you for not keeping them in the cold for long. You'll thank me for the quality of the images you'll get.
5. Enjoy a longer drinks reception before sunset to allow time for your newlyweds portraits and family group photos. By the time you sit down for your meal and speeches it is less important if it is dark outside.
6. If you are still concerned about a dark venue and the impact this will have on your photography, consider hiring extra lighting for your venue. Marquee companies and lighting specialists are out there to transform an otherwise dark venue whilst keeping the atmosphere that made you book it in the first place.
I hope that helps. As with all weddings, the best way of getting the most out of your photography is to discuss your ideas and order of the day with your photographer before the timings are set in stone. Remember your photographer is a fountain of information and ideas to give you the coverage you want. What's more, its all there for the taking, for free!
Limited availability discounts and offers on winter weddings in 2013 for Any Other Woman readers! Just contact me through my website to tell me all about you and your wedding, quoting Any Other Woman to get up to £250 off your chosen package.


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Brickwork and Steps
Commonly used in gardens due to its stability and resistance to winds, brickwork is a great way to create different sections, levels or walls in your garden. You can rest assured that our specialist team will install your brickwork to the highest standard, and it will be built to last a lifetime.
You can choose from a huge range of bricks in a wealth of colours and sizes, so we can design and build your desired structure. Whether you would like it to blend in with your home or stand out to be admired, we can create the structure you need.
Steps are a necessity in most gardens, and our specialists can design and build you stable, functional steps that not only serve their purpose but also blend in with the surroundings, or create a feature point to be admired.
Bricks are hugely versatile and can be used to create retaining walls, steps, planters and/or borders and much more. All of our brickwork is laid on ample concrete footings to suit the ground beneath them in order to create a sound and sturdy structure.
For ideas and inspiration go to our gallery and recent projects and contact us today to see how we can meet your needs.


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Laura Prepon knows exactly how her late father would react if he knew she smoked. "He would probably kick my butt," she says. Her dad, Michael Prepon, an orthopedic surgeon, died at 49 while undergoing heart surgery in 1993, and his two-pack-a-day habit didn't help. "But my grandmother just died of lung cancer and never smoked a day in her life," reasons Prepon, 19, who first lit up two years after her father's passing. "Or maybe I say that to justify that smoking is okay. I always try to rationalize things to make the bad things I do okay."
She happily makes no excuses for her turn on the hit FOX sitcom That '70s Show, in which she stars as a Wisconsin teenager in the disco decade. "She has a Lauren Bacall quality to her," says Mark Brazill, a co-creator on the show, on why she was hired. "She's a woman of substance."
Topher Grace, 21, who plays her neighbor and boyfriend, believes Prepon is as groovy as her character, Donna Pinciotti. "She actually is that girl that you never think exists, that quintessential girl that every guy is looking for," says Grace, a frequent visitor at Prepon's two-bedroom L.A. apartment.
Like Grace, Prepon has spent much of the last year learning about the Me Decade, brushing up on all things '70s by studying reruns of The Brady Bunch and trying on those odd sartorial artifacts known as bell-bottoms. She still shudders over a recent '70s outfit for Donna, a shimmery maroon spandex leotard and wrap skirt. "I'm so not into tight clothes," says Prepon, who regularly buys pants in the men's department for their baggy fit. "I almost killed wardrobe when they put that thing on me."
Despite her aversion to girly duds (she owns one dress, a blue Calvin Klein she wore to last year's Emmys), Prepon insists she is not a tomboy. "People think I am, because I don't wear makeup and I wear my hair back," she says. "If I have to get dressed up, I rise to the occasion."
The tomboy perception is helped somewhat by her height—5'10". But growing up in affluent Watchung, N.J., she was never teased about it. "Usually boys pick on girls," says Prepon, who is currently not dating anyone. "But I was friends with all the boys."
Her strong relationship with her family helped Prepon cope with her father's death. After he died, Laura and her siblings—Stephanie, 29, an editor at Glamour magazine; Jocelyn, 27, a law-school student; Danielle, 25, an art student; and Brad, 21, a senior at Franklin and Marshall College in Pennsylvania—hugged him for a final good-bye. "They really felt his spirit was there," says their mother, Marjorie, 58, who gave up being a high school teacher to raise her family. "That helped."
Soon after her father died, Prepon, who had wanted to act since she was a child, transferred to the Professional Children's School in Manhattan. Her mother shuttled Prepon to the city for classes and auditions daily. She finally landed a gig in 1995, kissing a frog for an MCI phone commercial, and later appeared on They Go On, one of the first series broadcast over the Internet, before That '70s Show came her way.
Since living in the past can get tiresome, Prepon hopes to segue into films. So far, though, her inability to master the art of the audition has prevented her from breaking through on the big screen. "They always give you the hardest scene, where the girl breaks down and cries," says Prepon. "But I never cry. It takes a lot to get me there."
Grace, for one, has no doubts about Prepon's future. "I'm sure she's going to be the biggest movie star," he says. "I hope she stays friends with me!"
Jason Lynch
Kelly Carter in Los Angeles


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Fact or Fiction: Doellman Edition
April 27, 2017
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Biology teacher Melissa Doellman is undoubtedly a well-liked teacher here at U-High, so there's no doubt that within the five years she's been teaching that some rumors have spread about her.
To find out the truth we sat down with Doellman and asked her herself.
Fiction: "She knows how to pick a lock," senior Elijah King said.
"I have picked a lock. I don't know if you can successfully say I know how to," Doellman said. "I think I got lucky."
Fact: "She went to college to become a doctor," senior Clare Griffin said.
"I did. I originally thought I was going to be a doctor; however, needles make me queasy, and I can't stand the sight of blood," Doellman said.
She then decided she wanted to become a researcher, and, finally, after helping with a field trip in Champaign she decided teaching was right for her.
Fact: "She roomed with Mrs. Proctor in college," senior Lauren Black said.
She and Mrs. Proctor played against each other in high school softball.
"Then we became roommates in college and lived in the same apartment our junior year," Doellman said.
Facts: "She stress bakes," freshman Alex Eisenreich said.
"She keeps play doh in her bag when she's stressed," freshman Sammy Lighty said.
"Play doh's something I started doing in college," Doellman said. "Mainly I do cookie dough because it reminds me of home, and then I bring Mrs. Welter the cookies."
Fiction: "She likes plants," freshman Michael Story said.
"No, I actually don't like plants. Plants actually really bore me," Doellman said.
Fiction: "She has a pet rabbit," junior Kearsten Personette said.
Doellman never had a pet rabbit but did have a pet hedgehog although he's no longer with us.
"Rabbits are also gross," Doellman said.
Fact: "She has a cat, but she'd rather have a dog," Eisenreich said.
"Fact, because I'm not allowed to have one in the apartment I live in," Doellman said. Then added, "one day I'll get my dog."
Fact: "She's never actually been to a public school," intern Sam Flynn said
"That's true, I went to Catholic school, and technically I went to ISU, but I don't count that because it's college," Doellman said.
And since U-High is a laboratory school it isn't your average public high school.
Fact: "She's engaged," freshman Elizabeth Parrott said.
"I am engaged, and I'm getting married this summer," Doellman said.
Fact: "Whenever she goes to her brother's house she tries to steal his Nintendo 64 and is never successful," junior Harrison Fudge said.
"I have yet to get it. I have one more attempt before I move to New York," Doellman said.
Fact: "She's moving to New York to live her dream," freshman Abbigail Thurman said.
"I heard she's moving to New York," senior Sydney Lighty said.
"That is in fact a truth, I am moving to New York," Doellman said. "I've dreamed of living in New York since I was 19."
Fact: "She's a great teacher and we're really going to miss her," Parrott said.
Fact: "She was a good teacher," senior Parker Alexander said.
Fact: "I'm going to miss her she's a really good teacher," freshman Caroline Bazan said.
Fact: "My sister graduated last year and always talks about how Ms. Doellman made college so much easier with how much she prepared her," freshman Maddie Roop said. "I'm going to miss her."


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The Classic SD Camo Swiss Army Knife is perfect for anyone looking to update their existing Classic Knife or add to their camo collection. Practical and equipped with 7 essential implements for everyday use.
The Classic SD Swiss Army Knife is the perfect daily companion. From the scissors to tweezers, the Classic comes with 7 implements.
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