text:
Cities of the Philippines
|This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
the Philippines
Sergio Apostol
Constitutional Commissions
|This article is part of a series on
|Administrative divisions
of the Philippines
Provinces and ind. cities
Municipalities and comp. cities
|Administrative division codes (ISO) (FIPS)
A city (Filipino: lungsod or siyudad) is one of the local governments in the Philippines. All Philippine cities are chartered cities, whose existence as corporate and administrative entities is governed by their own specific municipal charters in addition to the Local Government Code of 1991, which specifies their administrative structure and powers. As of December 12, 2015, there are 145 cities.[1]
Cities are entitled to at least one representative in the Philippine House of Representatives if its population reaches 250,000. They are allowed to use a common seal. As corporate entities, cities have the power to take, purchase, receive, hold, lease, convey, and dispose of real and personal property for its general interests, condemn private property for public use (eminent domain), contract and be contracted with, sue and exercise all the powers conferred to it by Congress. Only an Act of Congress can create or amend a city charter, and with this city charter Congress confers on a city certain powers that regular municipalities or even other cities may not have.
Despite the differences in the powers accorded to each city, all cities regardless of status are given a bigger share of the Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) compared to regular municipalities, as well as being generally more autonomous than regular municipalities.
- 1 Government
- 2 Subdivisions
- 3 Classification
- 4 Independent cities
- 5 Creation of cities
- 6 Motivations for cityhood
- 7 Changing city status
- 8 League of Cities of the Philippines (LCP)
- 9 List of cities
- 10 See also
- 11 References
- 12 External links
A city's local government is headed by a mayor elected by popular vote. The vice-mayor serves as the presiding officer of the Sangguniang Panlungsod (city council), which serves as the city's legislative body. Upon receiving their charters, cities also receive a full complement of executive departments to better serve their constituents. Some departments are established on a case-by-case basis, depending on the needs of the city.
Offices and officials common to all cities
|Mandatory / Optional
|City Government
|Sangguniang Panlungsod
|Vice-mayor as presiding officer
|Office of the Secretary to the Sanggunian
|Secretary to the Sanggunian
|Treasury Office
|Assessor's Office
|Accounting and Internal Audit Services
|Budget Office
|Budget Officer
|Planning and Development Office
|Planning and Development Coordinator
|Engineering Office
|Health Office
|Health Officer
|Office of Civil Registry
|Civil Registrar
|Office of the Administrator
|Office of Legal Services
|Legal Officer
|Office on Social Welfare and Development Services
|Social Welfare and Development Officer
|Office on General Services
|General Services Officer
|Office for Veterinary Services
|Office on Architectural Planning and Design
|Office on Public Information
|Information Officer
|Office for the Development of Cooperatives
|Cooperative Officer
|Office on Population Development
|Population Officer
|Office on Environment and Natural Resources
|Environment and Natural Resources Office
|Office of Agricultural Services
Source: Local Government Code of 1991.[2]
Cities, like municipalities, are composed of barangays, which can range from urban neighborhoods (such as Brgy. 9 in Laoag), to rural communities (such as Brgy. Iwahig in Puerto Princesa). Barangays are sometimes grouped into officially-defined administrative (geographical) districts. Examples of such are the cities of Manila (16 districts), Davao (11 districts), Iloilo (7 districts), and Samal (3 districts: Babak, Kaputian and Peñaplata). Some cities such as Caloocan, Manila and Pasay even have an intermediate level between the district and barangay levels, called a zone. However, geographic districts and zones are not political units; there are no elected city government officials in these city-specific administrative levels. Rather they only serve to make city planning, statistics-gathering other administrative tasks easier and more convenient.
Legal classification
The Local Government Code of 1991 (Republic Act No. 7160) classifies all cities into one of three categories:[3]
- Highly Urbanized Independent Cities - Cities with a minimum population of two hundred thousand (200,000) inhabitants, as certified by the National Statistics Office, and with the latest annual income of at least fifty million pesos (₱50,000,000) based on 1991 constant prices, as certified by the city treasurer.
- There are currently 35 highly urbanized cities in the Philippines, 16 of which are located in Metro Manila.
- Component Cities - Cities which do not meet the preceding requirements are deemed part of the province in which they are geographically located. If a component city is located along the boundaries of two or more provinces, it shall be considered part of the province of which it used to be a municipality.
- Majority of the remaining cities are considered component cities. The five exceptions are listed below.
- Independent Component Cities - Cities of this type have charters that explicitly prohibit their residents to vote for provincial officials. These cities are considered independent from the province in which they are geographically located.
Income classification
Cities are classified according to average annual income based on the previous four calendar years. Effective July 28, 2008 the thresholds for the income classes for cities are:[4]
|Average annual income
(₱ million)
|400 or more
|320 or more but less than 400
|240 or more but less than 320
|160 or more but less than 240
|80 or more but less than 160
|Below 80
Independent cities
There are 38 independent cities in the Philippines, all of which are classified as either "highly urbanized" or "independent component" cities. From a legal, administrative and fiscal standpoint, once a city is classified as such:
- its Sangguniang Panlungsod legislation becomes no longer subject to review by any province's Sangguniang Panlalawigan
- it stops sharing its tax revenue with any province
- the President of the Philippines exercises direct supervising authority over the city government (i.e., the provincial government no longer exercises supervision over city officials), as stated in Section 29 of the Local Government Code.[2]
Before the enactment of Batas Pambansa Bilang 51 on December 22, 1979, all chartered cities were considered autonomous from the provinces from which they were created, although the eligibility of residents in chartered cities to vote for provincial officials was determined by their respective charters.[5] With the enactment of Batas Pambansa Blg. 51, all cities that were classified as belonging to the newly introduced "highly urbanized city" distinction lost their eligibility to participate in provincial elections regardless of what their charters indicated.[6] As a result, the cities of Angeles, Cebu and Iloilo – all previously able to vote for provincial officials according to their charters – became ineligible to vote for officials of the provincial governments of Pampanga, Cebu and Iloilo respectively.
Currently, the only independent cities that can still participate in the election of provincial officials (governor, vice governor, Sangguniang Panlalawigan members) are the following:
- Cities declared as highly urbanized between 1987 and 1992, whose charters allow their residents to vote and run for elective positions in the provincial government, and therefore allowed by Section 452-c of the Local Government Code[2] to maintain these rights: Lucena (Quezon), Mandaue (Cebu)
- Independent component cities whose charters only allow residents to only run for provincial offices: Dagupan (Pangasinan), Naga (Camarines Sur)
Registered voters of the cities of Cotabato, Ormoc, Santiago, as well as all other highly urbanized cities, including those to be converted or created in the future, are not eligible to participate in provincial elections.
In addition to the eligibility of some independent cities to vote in provincial elections, a few other situations become sources of confusion regarding the complete autonomy of independent cities from provinces:
- Some independent cities still serve as the seat of government of the respective provinces in which they are geographically located: Bacolod (Negros Occidental), Cagayan de Oro (Misamis Oriental), Cebu City (Cebu), Iloilo City (Iloilo), Lucena City (Quezon), Puerto Princesa (Palawan), and Tacloban (Leyte). In such cases, the provincial government, apart from already taking care of the expenses of maintaining its properties such as provincial government buildings and offices, may also provide the government of the independent city with an annual amount (which the province determines at its discretion) to aid in relieving incidental costs incurred to the city such as road maintenance due to increased vehicular traffic in the vicinity of the provincial government complex.
- Some independent cities are still grouped with their former provinces for the purposes of representation in the Congress of the Philippines. While 24 independent cities have their own representative(s) in Congress, some still remain part of the congressional representation of the province to which they previously belonged: Butuan, for example, still forms part of the 1st Congressional District of Agusan del Norte. In cases like this, independent cities that do not vote for provincial officials are excluded from Sangguniang Panlalawigan (provincial council) districts, and the allotment of SP members is adjusted accordingly by COMELEC with proper consideration of population. For example, Agusan del Norte (being a third income-class province) is entitled to elect eight members to its Sangguniang Panlalawigan, and belongs to two congressional districts. The seats of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan are not evenly distributed (4-4) between the province's first and second congressional districts because its 1st Congressional district contains Butuan, an independent city which does not vote for provincial officials. Rather, the seats are distributed 1-7 to account for the small population of the province's 1st Sangguniang Panlalawigan district (consisting only of Las Nieves) and the bulk of the province's population being in the second district. On the other hand, the city of Lucena, which is eligible to vote for provincial officials, still forms part of the province of Quezon's 2nd Sangguniang Panlalawigan district, which is coterminous with the 2nd congressional district of Quezon.
- General lack of distinction for independent cities, for practical purposes: Many government agencies, as well as Philippine society in general, still continue to classify many independent cities outside Metro Manila as part of provinces due to historical and cultural ties, especially if these cities were, and are still, important economic, cultural and social activity centers within the geographic bounds of the provinces to which they previously belonged. Furthermore, most maps of the Philippines showing provincial boundaries almost always never separate independent cities from the provinces in which they are geographically located, for cartographic convenience. Despite being first-level administrative divisions (on the same level as provinces, as stated in Section 25 of the LGC),[2] independent cities are still treated by many to be on the same level as municipalities and component cities (second-level administrative divisions) for educational convenience and reduced complexity.
A component city, while enjoying relative autonomy compared to a regular municipality on some matters, are still considered part of a province. However, there are still sources of confusion:
- Some component cities form their own congressional representation, separate from their province. The representation of a city in the House of Representatives (or lack thereof) is not a criterion for its independence from a province, as Congress is the national legislative body and is part of the national (central) government. Despite Antipolo, Dasmariñas and San Jose del Monte having their own representatives in Congress, they are still component cities of Rizal, Cavite and Bulacan respectively, as their respective charters specifically converted them into component cities and do not contain any provision which severs their relations with their respective provincial governments.
- Being part of an administrative region different from the province: The city of Isabela functions as a component city of Basilan: its tax revenues are shared with the provincial government, its residents are eligible to vote and run for provincial offices, and it is served by the provincial government and the Sangguniang Panlalawigan of Basilan with regard to provincially devolved services. However, by opting to not join the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), Isabela City's residents are not eligible to elect and be elected to regional offices of the ARMM Regional Legislative Assembly, unlike the rest of Basilan. Services that are administered regionally are provided to Isabela City through the offices of Region IX based in Pagadian; the rest of Basilan is served by the ARMM based in Cotabato City. Isabela City is not independent from its province, rather it is simply outside the jurisdiction of the ARMM, the region to which the other component units of Basilan belongs. Regions are not the primary subnational administrative divisions of the Philippines, but rather the provinces.
Creation of cities
Congress is the lone legislative entity that can incorporate cities. Provincial and municipal councils can pass resolutions indicating a desire to have a certain area (usually an already-existing municipality or a cluster of barangays) declared a city after the requirements for becoming a city are met. As per Republic Act No. 9009, these requirements include:[7]
- locally generated income of at least ₱ 100 million (based on constant prices in the year 2000) for the last two consecutive years, as certified by the Department of Finance, AND
- a population of 150,000 or more, as certified by the National Statistics Office (NSO); OR a contiguous territory of 100 square kilometers, as certified by the Land Management Bureau, with contiguity not being a requisite for areas that are on two or more islands.
Members of Congress (usually the involving representative of the congressional district to which the proposed city belongs) then draft the legislation that will convert or create the city. After the bill passes through both the House of Representatives and the Senate and becomes an Act of Congress, the President signs the Act into law. If the Act goes unsigned after 30 days it still becomes law despite the absence of the President's signature.
The creation of cities before 1983 was solely at the discretion of the national legislature; there were no requirements for achieving 'city' status other than an approved city charter. No income, population or land area requirements had to be met in order to incorporate cities before Batas Pambansa Bilang 337 (Local Government Code of 1983) became law. This is what made it possible for several current cities such as Tangub or Canlaon to be conferred such a status despite their small population and locally generated income, which do not meet current standards. The relatively low income standard between 1992 and 2001 (which was ₱ 20 million)[2] also allowed several municipalities, such as Sipalay and Muñoz, to become cities despite not being able to meet the current ₱ 100 million local income standard.
Before 1987 many cities were created without any plebiscites conducted for the residents to ratify the city charter, most notable of which were cities that were incorporated during the early American colonial period (Manila and Baguio), and during the Commonwealth Era (1935-1946) such as Cavite City, Dansalan (now Marawi), Iloilo City, Bacolod, San Pablo and Zamboanga City. Only since 1987 has it been mandated under the Constitution that any change to the legal status of any local government unit requires the ratification by the residents that would be affected by such changes. Therefore, all cities created after 1987 – after meeting the requirements for cityhood as laid out in the Local Government Code of 1991 and Republic Act No. 9009 of 2001 – only acquired their corporate status after the majority of their voting residents approved their respective charters.
Motivations for cityhood
Although some early cities were given charters because of their advantageous (Baguio, Tagaytay) or strategic (Angeles, Cotabato, Olongapo, Zamboanga) locations or in order to especially establish new government centers in otherwise sparsely populated areas (Palayan, Trece Martires, Quezon City), most Philippine cities were originally incorporated to provide a form of localized civil government to an area that is primarily urban, which, due to its compact nature and different demography and local economy, cannot be necessarily handled more efficiently by more rural-oriented provincial and municipal governments. However, not all cities are purely areas of dense urban settlement. To date there are still cities with huge expanses of rural or wilderness areas and considerable non-urban populations, such as Calbayog, Davao, Puerto Princesa, and Zamboanga as they were deliberately incorporated with increased future resource needs and urban expansion, as well as strategic considerations, in mind.
With the enactment of the 1991 Local Government Code, municipalities and cities have both become more empowered to deal with local issues. Regular municipalities now share many of the same powers and responsibilities as chartered cities, but its citizens and/or leaders may feel that it might be to their best interest to get a larger share of internal revenue allotment (IRA) and acquire additional powers by becoming a city, especially if the population has greatly increased and local economy has become more robust. On the other hand, due to the higher property taxes that would be imposed after cityhood, many citizens have become wary of their town's conversion into a city, even if the municipality had already achieved a high degree of urbanization and has an annual income that already exceeds that of many existing lower-income cities. This has been among the cases made against the cityhood bids of many high-income and populous municipalities surrounding Metro Manila, most notably Bacoor and Dasmariñas (which finally became cities in November 2009 and June 2012 respectively), which for many years have been more qualified to become cities than others.
In response to the rapid increase in the number of municipalities being converted into cities since the enactment of the Local Government Code in 1991, Senator Aquilino Pimentel authored what became Republic Act No. 9009 in June 2001 which sought to establish a more appropriate benchmark by which municipalities that wished to become cities were to be measured.[8] The income requirement was increased sharply from ₱ 20 million to ₱ 100 million in a bid to curb the spate of conversions into cities of municipalities that were perceived to have not become urbanized or economically developed enough to be able to properly function as a city.
Despite the passage of RA 9009, 16 municipalities not meeting the required locally generated income were converted into cities in 2007 by seeking exemption from the income requirement. This led to vocal opposition from the League of Cities of the Philippines against the cityhood of these municipalities, with the League arguing that by letting these municipalities become cities, Congress will set "a dangerous precedent" that would not prevent others from seeking the same "special treatment".[8] More importantly, the LCP argued that with the recent surge in the conversion of towns that did not meet the requirements set by RA 9009 for becoming cities, the allocation received by existing cities would only drastically decrease because more cities will have to share the amount allotted by the national government, which is equal to 23% of the IRA, which in turn is 40% of all the revenues collected by the Bureau of Internal Revenue.[9] The resulting legal battles resulted in the nullification of the city charters of the 16 municipalities by the Supreme Court in August 2010. (See #"League of 16" and legal battles)
Changing city status
Throughout the years there have been instances of changes to the city's status with regard to eligibility for provincial elections, as a result of the passage of laws, both of general effectivity and specific to a city.
Before 1979
Prior to 1979, all cities were just considered chartered cities, without any official category differentiating them aside from income levels. All cities were considered autonomous from their mother provinces — the only differences being whether or not each city's voters were allowed to participate in provincial elections. Regarding participation in provincial affairs, there were three types of city charters: 1) those which explicitly allowed their respective residents to elect provincial officials, 2) those which explicitly prohibited participation in provincial elections, 3) and those which are silent regarding voter participation in provincial elections. The 1951 Supreme Court decision on Teves, et al. v. Commission on Elections[5] finally resolved the ambiguity surrounding this last category of cities, by confirming that the residents of cities with such charters (such as Dumaguete and Davao City) are ineligible to participate in provincial elections.
Prior to 1979, there has only been two cases in which the eligibility of city residents in the election of provincial officials were altered. Both changes were undertaken through specific acts of Congress:
- The city of Cabanatuan was originally explicitly excluded from electing and being elected into positions in the provincial government of Nueva Ecija until its original city charter (Republic Act No. 526)[10] was amended by Republic Act No. 1445 in 1956, enabling it to once more vote for provincial officials.[11]
- Cebu City's old charter (Commonwealth Act No. 58)[12] was repealed, and replaced with Republic Act No. 3857 in 1964. The law allowed its residents to once more become eligible to vote for officials in the provincial government of Cebu.[13] However, when the city was among the first few to be classified as highly urbanized in 1979 under BP 51, Cebu City effectively became independent from the province of Cebu again, and its inhabitants have since remained ineligible to participate in the election of provincial officials.
Batas Pambansa Bilang 51, approved on December 22, 1979, introduced two legal categories of cities: highly urbanized cities and component cities.[6] Batas Pambansa Bilang 337, approved on February 10, 1983, further refined the criteria for highly urbanized cities.[14]
- When Batas Pambansa Bilang 51 came into effect in December 1979, all cities whose incomes at the time were ₱ 40 million or higher became highly urbanized cities.[6] Cities that were eligible under this category, regardless of whether their charters allowed them to vote for provincial officials or not, were forced to sever political ties with their respective provinces. The cities of Angeles, Cebu, and Iloilo became HUCs in this manner, and their residents effectively lost their eligibility to vote for provincial officials because of this new status. Also classified to this new city status were the cities of Bacolod, Caloocan, Davao, Manila, Pasay and Quezon City, all of which have not participated in any provincial election since achieving cityhood. In addition, Section 3 of BP 51 also made Baguio a highly urbanized city irrespective of its income, due to its importance as the host to the official summer residences of the President and the Supreme Court.
- When Batas Pambansa Bilang 337 (Local Government Code of 1983)[14] was in force, a city that had at least 150,000 inhabitants and an income of at least ₱ 30 million was declared highly urbanized by the Minister of Local Government within thirty days of the city having met the requirement. The cities of Butuan (1985), Cagayan de Oro (1983), Iligan (1983), Olongapo (1983), and Zamboanga (1983) became HUCs in this manner.
- From 1979 to 1986, all other cities which were not considered highly urbanized were considered component cities of their former/surrounding provinces, regardless of whether their city charters allowed them to vote for provincial officials or not. The legal term "independent component city" was not yet in official use during this period. As before, whether residents of a city could participate in elections were governed by each city's charter; the only difference this time is that BP 51 effectively allowed cities with charters that were silent on the matter to once again vote for provincial officials, thereby overriding the 1951 Supreme Court decision on the Teves, et al. v. Commission on Elections case.[5] By 1980, only six component cities had explicit language in their charters prohibiting their residents from voting for provincial officials: Cotabato, Dagupan, Naga, Ormoc, Oroquieta and San Carlos (Pangasinan). In all other component cities, residents were allowed to vote in provincial elections.
The period between ratification of the new Constitution (February 1987) and the effectivity of the Local Government Code of 1991 (January 1992) was one of transition. During this time, both BP 51 and BP 337 were still in force.
- Under the same criteria set in BP 337 (Local Government Code of 1983), the cities of General Santos (1988), Lucena (1991) and Mandaue (1991) became highly urbanized cities. Lucena and Mandaue were special cases, in that because their re-classification into HUC status took place after the ratification of the Constitution (in 1987) but before the effectivity of the Local Government Code of 1991 (in 1992), their residents were allowed to continue to participate in the election of provincial officials as per their respective charters, by virtue of Sec. 452-c of the LGC.[2] Residents of General Santos were already excluded from voting for provincial officials of South Cotabato since achieving cityhood in 1968; they were therefore unaffected by this exemption.
- Despite the 1987 Constitution mandating that a plebiscite be held every time the status of a local government unit is altered, no plebiscites were held in connection with the passage of Republic Acts No. 6726 (in 1989)[15] and 6843 (in 1990),[16] which allowed the residents of Oroquieta and San Carlos to once again vote for provincial officials of Misamis Occidental and Pangasinan respectively. Misamis Occidental. Since BP 51 — which only considered cities as being either "highly urbanized" or "component" — was still in force at the time, the changes were not considered as switching between legal categories,[17] but rather a simple change that did not require a plebiscite, given that the "independent component city" classification was only introduced through the Local Government Code in 1991.
The Local Government Code of 1991 came into effect on January 1, 1992, and has remained in force ever since, though some amendments have been made.[2] New requirements for creating cities and upgrading cities to highly urbanized status were instituted under this Act. The LGC of 1991 was also the first time the "independent component" city category was introduced. Previously, all non-highly urbanized cities were classified as component cities; beginning in 1992, component cities whose charters explicitly prohibited city residents to vote in provincial elections began to share many of the legal privileges and responsibilities accorded to highly urbanized cities.
- Component city to independent component city: All that is needed is a congressional amendment to a component city's charter, prohibiting city residents to vote for provincial officials. So far no city has been upgraded this way.
- Component/independent component city to highly urbanized city:
- Since 1992, once a city has a population of 200,000 persons as certified by the NSO and an income of ₱ 50 million (based on 1991 constant prices) as certified by the city treasurer, the city government can submit a request to the President to have their city declared as highly urbanized within 30 days. Upon the President's declaration, a plebiscite will be held within a specific timeframe to ratify this conversion. Lapu-Lapu City (2007), Puerto Princesa (2007) and Tacloban (2008) became HUCs in this manner. However, the cities of Cabanatuan (1998) and Tarlac (2005) failed to become HUCs after majority of the votes cast in the plebiscites were against the conversion. The city of Antipolo was also declared a highly urbanized city on March 24, 2011 but the planned plebiscite to confirm the conversion of the city to highly urbanized status was put on indefinite hold;[18] Antipolo remains a component city of Rizal for now.
- There are also several instances involving a direct conversion from independent municipality to highly urbanized city, as in the case of twelve cities in Metro Manila, starting with Mandaluyong in 1995 up to 2007 with San Juan and Navotas.
- Highly urbanized city to component city: Reclassifying an HUC as a component city likely involves not only amending the concerned city's charter, but also the Local Government Code,[19] as currently there is no provision in the LGC that allows this, nor are there any precedents. Some Cebu City politicians have previously indicated that they wish to bring back the city under the province's control, in order to bring in more votes against the Sugbuak, the proposed partition of Cebu Province.[19]
- Independent component city to component city: A congressional amendment to the city charter enabling city residents to vote for provincial officials is required, followed by a plebiscite. Santiago City's status as an independent component city was briefly in question after the enactment of Republic Act No. 8528 on February 14, 1998 which sought to make it a regular component city.[20] The Supreme Court on September 16, 1999 however ruled in favor of the city's mayor who contended that such a change in the status of the city required a plebiscite just like any other merger, division, abolition or alteration in boundaries of any political unit. And due to the lack of a plebiscite to affirm such a change, RA 8528 was therefore unconstitutional.[17]
League of Cities of the Philippines (LCP)
The League of Cities of the Philippines (LCP) is a non-profit organization and is not a government agency. It has a membership of 143 cities and was founded in 1988. The organization was formed to help coordinate efforts to improve governance and local autonomy and to tackle issues such as preserving the environment and improving public works.
List of cities
As of December 12, 2015[update], there are 145 cities in the Philippines. General Trias in Cavite is the newest city, after its charter was ratified on December 12, 2015.[1]
Largest cities
|Quezon City
|Former capital of the country (1948–1976). Largest city in Metro Manila in population and land area. Hosts the House of Representatives of the Philippines at the Batasang Pambansa Complex and the metropolis' largest source of water, the La Mesa Reservoir.
|Capital of the country (from 1571-1948 and 1976–present). Historically centered on the walled city of Intramuros, by the mouth of the Pasig River. Host to the seat of the chief executive, the Malacañang Palace. By far the most densely populated city in the country.
|Historic city where Andrés Bonifacio and the Katipunan held many of its meetings in secrecy. Much of its territory was ceded to form Quezon City, resulting in the formation of two non-contiguous sections under the city's jurisdiction. The city mainly encompasses residential areas, with significant industrial and commercial sections.
|Davao City
|The largest city in Mindanao by population. Historically centered near where the Davao River exits into the Davao Gulf, the city also encompasses expanses of wilderness, including part of the Mount Apo Natural Park, making it the largest city in the Philippines by land area. Regional center of the Region XI, and core of the third-largest metropolitan area in the country, Metro Davao.
|Cebu City
|Popularly nicknamed "The Queen City of the South". Site of the first Spanish settlement in the country. Capital of the province of Cebu and regional center of Region VII. Most populous city in the Visayas and core of the country's second-largest metropolitan area, Metro Cebu.
|Zamboanga City
|Nicknamed "City of Flowers" and marketed by its city government as "Asia's Latin City" for its substantial Spanish-derived Creole-speaking population. Former capital of the Moro Province and of the undivided province of Zamboanga. Former regional center of Zamboanga Peninsula, but remains the largest city in western Mindanao.
|Nicknamed "City in the Sky" for its location on the hills immediately east of Metro Manila. Well-known pilgrimage and tourist center, being host to a Marian shrine and the Hinulugang Taktak National Park. Most populous component city in the country, and comprises more than a quarter of the total population of the province of Rizal.
|669,773 a
|Hosts most of the Ortigas Center, one of Metro Manila's prime business districts. Located where Laguna de Bay empties into the Pasig River. Part of the province of Rizal until 1975, when it was incorporated into Metro Manila. Formerly hosted the capitol and other government buildings of that province.
|644,473 b
|Lying on the western shore of Laguna de Bay, the city encompasses significant industrial, commercial and residential areas, including the disputed area of Fort Bonifacio, a former American military base that has been in development as the country's new premier business district. Was part of Rizal Province until 1975, when it was incorporated into Metro Manila.
|Cagayan de Oro
|Nicknamed the "City of Golden Friendship" and formerly known as Cagayan de Misamis. Located at the mouth of the swift-flowing Cagayan de Oro River, which has become a tourist draw.[22] Regional center of Northern Mindanao and capital of the province of Misamis Oriental.
City facts
- By population (2010 census figures):
- Smallest: Palayan (37,219)
- Largest: Quezon City (2,761,720)
- By population density (calculated using 2010 census figures):
- Most densely populated: Manila, with 43,079 people per square kilometer
- Most sparsely populated: Puerto Princesa, with 94 people per square kilometer
- By land area:
- Smallest: San Juan City, with an area of 5.94 km2
- Largest: Davao City, with an area of 2,433.61 km2.[23] However, while some sources[24] claim that Puerto Princesa covers an area of more than 2,500 km2, its officially recognized land area figure (according to IRA share calculation data)[25] is 2,381.02 km2. Contrary to popular belief within the Philippines,[26] Davao City does not hold the record of being the world's largest city in terms of land area.
- By elevation:
- Lowest: Most Philippine cities are located on sea level. However, some parts of Navotas, Caloocan and Malabon are below sea level, and continue to experience subsidence.[27]
- Highest: much of Baguio is situated more than 1,300 meters above sea level. However, part of Mount Apo, the highest Philippine peak, is under Davao City's jurisdiction; the cities of Kidapawan and Digos both have claims on the territorial jurisdiction of the mountain too.
- By number of (land-)bounding LGUs:
- If only independent cities are considered
- Most provinces: The independent cities of Iligan and Santiago are both bounded by four provinces. The former is bounded by Misamis Oriental to the north (and also sharing a boundary with the independent city of Cagayan de Oro), Lanao del Norte and Lanao del Sur to the south, and Bukidnon to the east. The latter is bounded by Isabela to the north, south and east, Ifugao to the northwest, Nueva Vizcaya to the southwest, and Quirino to the southeast. Some maps also show Davao City as bounding the province of Bukidnon, adding to its boundaries with Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur and North Cotabato.
- Most primary-level LGUs: If other independent cities are also considered in addition to the provinces, Quezon City shares a boundary with the most (9) primary-level LGUs. From the north, clockwise, it borders the provinces of Bulacan and Rizal, and the highly urbanized cities of Marikina, Pasig, Mandaluyong, San Juan, Manila, Caloocan and Valenzuela.
- Most municipalities and cities: Quezon City is bounded by 10 cities and municipalities. Aside from the 7 cities it borders within Metro Manila, Quezon City also shares a boundary with San Jose del Monte in Bulacan, and Rodriguez and San Mateo in Rizal. Depending on the map used, Davao City can be considered sharing borders with as many as 14 cities and municipalities. In addition to its recognized boundaries with Panabo, Santo Tomas, Kapalong and Talaingod in Davao del Norte, with Arakan and Magpet in North Cotabato, and with Digos and Santa Cruz in Davao del Sur, several others have been depicted in maps as bordering the city: Carmen and Braulio E. Dujali in Davao del Norte, Quezon or San Fernando in Bukidnon, Kidapawan and Makilala in North Cotabato, and Bansalan in Davao del Sur.
- If only component cities are considered
- Most provinces: There are several component cities that border two provinces, not counting the province of which they are a part: Calamba City, Lipa City, San Pablo City, Tacurong, Tagaytay and Tanauan City.
- Most primary-level LGUs: If independent cities are also considered in addition to the provinces, there are a few component cities sharing boundaries with 3 primary-level LGUs: Antipolo (Marikina, Pasig, Quezon), and San Jose del Monte (Caloocan, Quezon City, Rizal).
- Most municipalities and cities: Lipa City is bounded by 13 other cities and municipalities. Clockwise, starting from the northeast, these are: Alaminos and San Pablo City in Laguna, Tiaong and San Antonio in Quezon, and Padre Garcia, Rosario, Ibaan, San Jose, Cuenca, Mataas na Kahoy, Balete, Malvar and Santo Tomas in Batangas.
- If only independent cities are considered
- Most extreme points:
- Northernmost: Laoag
- Southernmost: General Santos
- Westernmost: Puerto Princesa
- Easternmost: Bislig
Defunct/dissolved cities
- Dagu-cala City (1947) - President Roxas issued Executive Order No. 96 fixing the city limits of Dagupan to include the towns of San Fabian and Calasiao but the residents of Calasiao rejected inclusion into the new city, causing controversy over the election that was held on Nov. 10, 1947. The Dagu-cala dispute was brought before the Supreme Court of the Philippines which subsequently validated the election and ruled that Dagupan became a city on June 20, 1947, when Roxas signed the charter into law.[28]
- Legazpi City (1948–1954) - Legazpi's cityhood was approved on June 18, 1948. Under Republic Act No. 306, Legazpi became a city after the President of the Philippines proclaimed its cityhood.[29] Comprising the present-day territories of Legazpi City and Daraga, the city was dissolved on June 8, 1954[30] when Legazpi and Daraga were made into separate municipalities. Legazpi eventually became a city on its own on June 12, 1959.
- Basilan City (1948–1973) - formerly part of the city of Zamboanga until it was made a city on its own in 1948 through.[31] Delimited to only the downtown area of what is now Isabela City upon the creation of the province of Basilan in 1973 through Presidential Decree No. 356 by President Ferdinand Marcos.[32] Finally abolished and annexed to the municipality of Isabela on November 7, 1975 by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 824.[33]
- Rajah Buayan City (1966) - under Republic Act No. 4413,[34] the then-municipality of General Santos in what was then the unified province of Cotabato was to be formally converted into a city named after a historical ruler in Mindanao on January 1, 1966, provided that majority of qualified voters in the municipality vote in favor of cityhood in a plebiscite. In December 1965 the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) proclaimed the cityhood of Rajah Buayan, with 4,422 people voting for and 3,066 voting against. However, two residents of the new city challenged this by arguing in the courts that the number of people who voted in favor of cityhood did not form a majority in light of the fact that there were 15,727 voters in the city. The court issued an injunction on January 4, 1966 restraining city officers from performing any acts authorized by or pursuant to provisions in RA 4413. The Supreme Court unanimously upheld this decision on October 29, 1966 and declared that the city charter was not accepted by majority of voters, thus rendering RA4413 null and void.[35] The municipality of General Santos would later be converted into a city under the same name in 1968.
"League of 16" and legal battles
- The Supreme Court of the Philippines, by a highly divided vote of 6-5, on November 18, 2008, subsequently upheld with finality on May 6, 2009, declared unconstitutional cityhood laws converting 16 municipalities into cities. The 24-page judgment of Justice Antonio T. Carpio, adjudged that the following Cityhood Laws violate secs. 6 and 10, Article X of the Constitution of the Philippines:
- RA # 9389 (Baybay City in Leyte)
- RA # 9390 (Bogo City in Cebu)
- RA # 9391 (Catbalogan City in Samar)
- RA # 9392 (Tandag City in Surigao del Sur)
- RA # 9393 (Lamitan City in Basilan)
- RA # 9394 (Borongan City in Eastern Samar)
- RA # 9398 (Tayabas City in Quezon)
- RA # 9404 (Tabuk City in Kalinga)
- RA # 9405 (Bayugan City in Agusan del Sur)
- RA # 9407 (Batac City in Ilocos Norte)
- RA # 9408 (Mati City in Davao Oriental)
- RA # 9409 (Guihulngan City in Negros Oriental)
- RA # 9434 (Cabadbaran City in Agusan del Norte)
- RA # 9435 (El Salvador City in Misamis Oriental)
- RA # 9436 (Carcar City in Cebu)
- RA # 9491 (Naga City in Cebu)
- The Court held that the foregoing Cityhood Laws, all enacted after RA 9009's effectivity, "explicitly exempt respondent municipalities from the increased income requirement from ₱ 20 million to ₱ 100 million in sec. 450 of the Local Government Code (LGC), as amended by RA 9009. Such exemption clearly violates Section 10, Article X of the Constitution and is thus patently unconstitutional. To be valid, such exemption must be written in the Local Government Code and not in any other law, including the Cityhood Laws."[36][37][38]
- However, more than a year later, on December 22, 2009, acting on the appeal of the so-called "League of 16 Cities" (an informal group consisting of the sixteen local government units whose cityhood status had been reversed), the Supreme Court reversed its earlier ruling as it ruled that "at the end of the day, the passage of the amendatory law (regarding the criteria for cityhood as set by Congress) is no different from the enactment of a law, i.e., the cityhood laws specifically exempting a particular political subdivision from the criteria earlier mentioned. Congress, in enacting the exempting law/s, effectively decreased the already codified indicators."[39] As such, the cityhood status of the said 16 LGUs was effectively restored.
- August 24, 2010. In a 16-page resolution, the Supreme Court reinstated its November 18, 2008 decision striking down the cityhood laws, reducing once more the sixteen LGUs to the status of regular municipalities.[40]
- The most recent development in the legal battles surrounding the "League of 16" came on February 15, 2011. Voting 7-6, the Supreme Court (SC) ruled that 16 towns that became cities in 2007 can stay as cities. It's the fourth time the SC has ruled on the case, and the third reversal. It said the conversion of the 16 towns into cities met all legal requirements.[41]
Rejected cityhood
Note: This section only lists attempts that reached the stage where a Republic Act was enacted for the purpose of achieving cityhood.
- Batangas (1965) - A majority of the votes cast in the then-municipality of Batangas rejected cityhood in a plebiscite conducted on the same day as the 1965 Philippine general elections, as mandated by Republic Act No. 4586.[42] The city would have been named Laurel City in honor of Jose P. Laurel, the president of the Japanese-sponsored Second Republic. The municipality of Batangas would later be converted into a city under the same name in 1969.
- Tarlac (1969) - The city charter of Tarlac (Republic Act No. 5907) was approved on June 21, 1969.[43] Cityhood was rejected in a plebiscite held on November 11, 1969 by a majority of the ballots cast. Tarlac became a city 29 years after, in 1998.
- Ilagan (1999) - Republic Act No. 8474, which converted Ilagan to a component city of Isabela, was approved on February 2, 1998.[44] However, majority of votes cast in the plebiscite held on March 14, 1999 rejected cityhood. Ilagan finally became a city after majority of votes cast in the August 11, 2012 plebiscite approved.[45]
- Novaliches (1999) - On February 23, 1998 the controversial City Charter of Novaliches (Republic Act No. 8535) was approved, which sought to create a new city out of the 15 northern barangays of Quezon City.[46] Historically a separate town, Novaliches was distributed between Quezon City and northern Caloocan in 1948. In a plebiscite held on October 23, 1999, the majority of ballots cast rejected the cityhood of Novaliches.
- Meycauayan (2001) - Cityhood was rejected by majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite held on March 30, 2001 to ratify Republic Act No. 9021.[47] Meycauayan became a city five years later with the enactment of Republic Act No. 9356[48] and its ratification through a plebiscite on December 10, 2006.[49]
Former names
Note: This section only lists name changes made upon or since cityhood.
- Cagayan de Oro - the municipality of Cagayan de Misamis was converted to the city of Cagayan de Oro in 1950 by virtue of Republic Act No. 521.[50]
- Lapu-Lapu - the municipality of Opon was converted to a city named after Lapu-Lapu, hero of the Battle of Mactan in 1961 by virtue of Republic Act No. 3134.[51]
- Marawi - inaugurated as the City of Dansalan in 1950, renamed to Marawi on June 16, 1956 by virtue of Republic Act No. 1552.[52]
- Ozamiz - the municipality of Misamis was converted to a city named after José Ozámiz, the first governor of Misamis Occidental, in 1948 by virtue of Republic Act No. 321.[53]
- Pasay - inaugurated as Rizal City in 1947, reverted to Pasay on June 7, 1950 by virtue of Republic Act No. 437.[54]
- Roxas - in 1951 the municipality of Capiz was converted to a city named after Manuel Roxas, the first president of the Third Philippine Republic and town native by virtue of Republic Act No. 603.[55]
See also
- Sangguniang Panlungsod
- List of cities in the Philippines
- List of metropolitan areas in the Philippines
- List of cities and municipalities in the Philippines
- List of renamed cities and municipalities in the Philippines
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "General Trias in Cavite now a city". Rappler. 13 December 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Local Government Code of 1991 (Republic Act No. 7160)
- ↑ Republic Act No. 7160 of 10 October 1991 AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE
- ↑ "DEPARTMENT ORDER No. 23-08" (PDF). 29 July 2008. Retrieved 29 January 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Teves, et al. v. Commission on Elections, Philippine Laws and Jurisprudence Databank.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Batas Pambansa Bilang 51, Chan-Robles Law Library.
- ↑ Republic Act No. 9009, Chan-Robles Law Library.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 LCP Policy Blog
- ↑ League of Cities wants veto on cityhood of 12 towns
- ↑ Republic Act No. 526, Chan-Robles Law Library.
- ↑ Republic Act No. 1445, Chan-Robles Law Library.
- ↑ Commonwealth Act No. 58, Chan-Robles Law Library.
- ↑ Republic Act No. 3857, Chan-Robles Law Library.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Batas Pambansa Bilang 337, Chan-Robles Law Library.
- ↑ Republic Act No. 6726, Chan-Robles Law Library.
- ↑ Republic Act No. 6843, Chan-Robles Law Library.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Supreme Court - Jurisprudence - Miranda vs Aguirre
- ↑ "Antipolo City's urbanization put on hold temporarily". Manila Bulletin. 2011-04-06. Retrieved 2015-09-04.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Cuenco ready to work for it; del Mar wants to be sure
- ↑ Republic Act No. 8528, Chan-Robles Law Library.
- ↑ "Final Results - 2010 Census of Population". National Statistics Office of the Philippines.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>.
- ↑ "Cagayan de Oro's White Water Rafting". Philippine Postal Corporation. June 18, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ CY 2008 Final Internal Revenue Allotment for LGUs, Department of Budget and Management of the Philippines.
- ↑ Puerto Princesa Board
- ↑ CY 2008 Final Internal Revenue Allotment for LGUs, Department of Budget and Management of the Philippines.
- ↑ Henrylito D. Tacio, Davao: The world's largest city, Sun-Star Davao, January 14, 2006.
- ↑ Discussion on CAMANAVA control project continues
- ↑ Dagupan becomes a city
- ↑ Republic Act No. 306, Chan-Robles Law Library.
- ↑ History of Legazpi City
- ↑ Republic Act No. 288, Chan-Robles Law Library.
- ↑ Presidential Decree No. 356, Chan-Robles Law Library.
- ↑ Presidential Decree No. 824, Chan-Robles Law Library.
- ↑ Republic Act No. 4413
- ↑ ELIGIO T. LEYVA, ET AL. vs. COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS, ET AL.
- ↑ November 18, 2008 , G.R. No. 176951 / G.R. No. 177499 / G.R. No. 178056, November 18, 2008
- ↑ SC Voids 16 Cityhood Laws
- ↑ From city back to town: Officials to appeal reversal of status
- ↑ SC reverses self, upholds creation of 16 cities
- ↑ SC Reinstates 2008 Decision Voiding 16 Cityhood Laws
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ Republic Act No. 4586, Chan-Robles Law Library.
- ↑ Republic Act No. 5907, Chan-Robles Law Library.
- ↑ Republic Act No. 8474, Chan-Robles Law Library.
- ↑ Republic Act No. 10169
- ↑ Republic Act No. 8535, Chan-Robles Law Library.
- ↑ Republic Act No. 9021, Chan-Robles Law Library.
- ↑ Republic Act No. 9356, Chan-Robles Law Library.
- ↑ Bulacan Now Has 3 Cities, Newsflash.org, December 12, 2006.
- ↑ Republic Act No. 521, Chan-Robles Law Library.
- ↑ Republic Act No. 3134, Chan-Robles Law Library.
- ↑ Republic Act No. 1552, Chan-Robles Law Library.
- ↑ Republic Act No. 321, Chan-Robles Law Library.
- ↑ Republic Act No. 437, Chan-Robles Law Library.
- ↑ Republic Act No. 603, Chan-Robles Law Library.
- ^a Population figure for Pasig City excludes persons residing in areas disputed between this city and the municipality of Cainta, Rizal.
- ^b Population figure for Taguig excludes the 51,320 persons residing in Brgys. Post Proper Northside and Post Proper Southside, which are still administered by the City of Makati, but ruled in court to be part of Taguig in 2003.
External links
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cities and municipalities in the Philippines.


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Just a couple thoughts...1.) I'm barely familiar with the company, but is their business back-ended? If a good chunk of their revenue/profit comes from the last couple weeks of the quarter, then perhaps they really didn't know until the quarter officially closed.2.) FWIW... a couple weeks back I was watching some CEO interview on TV. The CEO, who's been pretty successful in his industry for almost 20 years, stated that he has never experienced such a drop, so severe, so quickly, in business. It's become so bad that they no longer bother trying to forecast (or at least put much faith in their own numbers) for the year ahead, the quarter ahead -- or even the month ahead, for that matter. They are simply taking it week by week.Anyway, my point? It happens, and sometimes rather quickly.
Or both? One doesn't neccesarily preclude the other and after seeing this kind of thing happen time and again in the last few years I can only conclude that there is plenty of both to go around in the senior management and the boardrooms of these companies.Little wonder that people are extremely reluctant to commit new funds to this game. Yes, ARM looks cheap now on the numbers but if you can't trust the management to have any better grasp of what is going on in their own business not cheap enough. And that's putting the charitable spin on what happened. Really enjoyed the article, Tom. Sorry you got tagged this time.Mike
Thanks MSHH, great to hear from you. By the way, management an hour ago responded to my last night email, so we added their comments to the site a half hour ago. Here they are, with my comment at the end: "'The entire industry had been anticipating an economic recovery in the second half of 2002 and unfortunately, this hasn't materialised. As this recovery has evaporated, we have experienced an increase in the back-end loading of our quarters. Furthermore, Q3 is a quarter that includes two 'holiday' months, making it effectively a one-month quarter -- this means we didn't expect to see significant bookings until September.While our sales pipeline and backlog of signed contracts give us reasonable visibility in our business, the persistent difficult market conditions mean that the timing of the close of licensing deals is unpredictable. We were still working up to Monday to close deals, some of which have slipped into Q4. We do fully expect to close these deals, although there is still a possibility that other Q4 deals may slip to Q1 2003.'Subpar lawyering again. Deal timing is an issue every quarter, and Q3 is vacation time every year. How gullible do they think we are?" There is no way around the fact that their July press release is at the very least at odds with their current explanations and at worst -- well, you know. Shareholders have been played. Buffett or bust! LOL. Thanks again, and best wishes to all, and Fool on,Tom9
Tom9,Sorry to hear this happened to you, but if it is crooked what happens now?I know nothing about ARM (except what I gleaned today) but will the SEC automatically step in or do they need someone to complain?If they need someone to complain I would be very interested in you complaining and then reporting about the process. If not, you'll probably follow along anyway and I'd still be interested in hearing about it.Might as well learn something now that the hit has already occurred.Simon
Hey 1971Simon:First off, and in general to posters here, I've edited the piece to reflect that the debate over insider and instituional ownership percnetages doesn't change the point. On whether and where to report: There is nothing to report in the U.S., because the company is not subject to the same SEC reporting requirements on insider trades as are U.S. based corps, to my knowledge. I don't know the British rules, but I'll bet others are looking there. My point is that mgmt.'s statements in July and now raise serious questions because they either don't know their business or are lying about it. We edited the article at 1:45 last Thursday, and it said among other inane things, that it happened in part because there are two vacation months in Q3. Uh, excuse me, but was that new this year? I think not.Also, there's a Bloomberg UK interview where Saxbe takes harder hits from British journalists and doesn't address the inconsistency of company statements. Amazing.I'm sure that if there are any legal problems here, there will be a flood of people ahead of any of us. If it is just lousy management, well, the stock will reflect that over time. I just want them to say, "we were overly enthusiastic in July. We should never have made those kind of projections. we'll spend less time predicting the course of our business, and more managing it and reporting the realities."A guy can dream, can't he? ;-)Best wishes, and Fool on,Tom9
Tom9ARM prepare accounts according to both UK and US accounting rules and present both in their reporting. I understand ARM are subject to SEC regulations - if only because of that perksy Nasdaq listing.Insider trading rules in the UK are at least as strict as the US :-)There are restrictions on insiders trading with the knowledge of announcements likely to affect the share price - I rather think last week's qualified in that regard.Still no reply from ARM Investor Relations on my substntial holdings question. Still, she only got back from holiday today and may be a little swamped.Jeff
Hey jeff--Nope, being listed on a U.S. exchange does not mean that a foreign corp is subject to SEC reporting requirements on the same level as all other U.S. based corps. If you trade ADRs, as ARMHY does, on the exchange, then it's very different. If you check any free online source for ARMHY's SEC filings, such as freedgar.com or sec.gov, you'll see what I mean. There's a world of difference between filing 6F and 20Fs, and filing 10Q and 10Ks, 8Ks, etc. Anyway, I edited the column yesterday to take out the 62%/12%, because it's irrelevant to my thesis, and I finally realized that. And I added a link to a Bloomberg audio in which Saxbe further avoids the questions. Best wishes, and thanks for your help,Tom9
Tom,Hmm, you're right. Interesting.Closed my short yesterday. All done with ARM for a while - still think a decline to $1.40 or so is feasible - that's pretty close to the 28.5p IPO price. Means most of the brokers would still be massively in profit even at that price, just less massively than in the past.ThanksJeff
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subset: commoncrawl


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Happy Monday! Emma here and we are so excited to be kicking off a brand new month at Emmaline Bride! Can you believe it's already November?! This month, we'll be bringing you some pretty exciting stuff, so be sure you're on the list so you don't miss it! First up, we're talking about how to plan a wine bachelorette party complete with wine tastings, cheese samplings, and a girls weekend bash so epic your girls won't stop talking about it for days. How do you get started? Read on to find out more!
Wine Bachelorette Party
Date + Location
First things first: you'll want to pick a date and location. For a wine bachelorette party, you'll want to either pick an evening to hold the party and decide on a location. Your home, a hotel suite, or a restaurant are just a few places to host. If you're planning a wine tasting weekend, pick a destination known for its wine tastings — think Napa or Sonoma in California, New York or New Jersey, Southern Oregon, or Traverse City or Leelenau in Michigan. These are just a few I'm familiar with off the top of my head — but you'll know of places near you, too. Also look for wineries in the area where you can do wine tastings (and schedule them in advance).
Here are some wine tours lists to get you started!
o Napa Valley (California)
o Pennsylvania Wine Tours
o New Jersey Wine Tours
o Santa Cruz (California)
o Hudson Valley (New York)
o Sonoma (California)
o Traverse City (Michigan)
o Leelenau Peninsula (Michigan)
o New York Wine Tours
P.S. You don't have to travel anywhere. If you opt for something closer to home (like, say, a wine bachelorette party hosted at a home or hotel), just bring your own wine bottles and wine glasses to plan your own at-home party. It's just as much fun! You can even hire a sommelier — an expert in wine — who can come for a two hour wine tasting experience to teach everyone about wine.
Next, you need an invitation. There are a handful of cute ones we spotted on Etsy which are great because they're totally customized. Here are a few we adore!
This itinerary in Napa for a girls' weekend sounds pretty amazing, am I right? By Cake Print Shop. I love the purple, hot pink, and gold color palette used here.
After your location and invitation are set, you'll need to arrange transportation. For a wine tasting themed party, keeping everyone safe and having reliable transportation to get everyone from one place to the next is a must (like this). If you're planning a party at home, guests can spend the night or arrange for cab rides home. For a weekend wine bachelorette party, plan ahead for a limo bus that can pick everyone up, wait at each wine tasting location, and drive everyone back to one location (like a hotel suite).
Food and Drink
If you're doing a wine tasting tour, plan to stop (many) times for food. You'll want to keep everyone hydrated and fed to ensure no one gets sick. Plan to stop at a restaurant along the way, or opt for cheese and appetizers at the wine tasting locations you'll be stopping at — many of them offer food.
Wine + Glasses
If you're hosting the party, pick out unique types of wine in a variety of styles. You can plan the party around a certain area, like France, with the following wines offered to sample: Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Pinot Noir, Grenache, Syrah, Viognier, and Chardonnay. Some popular United States wines include Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, Merlot, and Zinfandel. For an Italy themed wine tasting, opt for Sangiovese, Nebbiolo, Barbera, Moscato, and Pinot Grigio. Or, just mix-and-match depending on favorites among your group of friends. You can't really go wrong here. :) (P.S. You can find out more about certain wines in this wine guide). To help with costs (and to make it more fun), invite each guest to bring a bottle of their favorite wine to sample at the party.
TIP: Wondering how much wine to have on hand? It is recommended to have at least half a bottle of wine for each guest for sampling (i.e. for 8 guests, have at least 5 bottles for tasting. Each guest will receive a half-glass of each bottle to sample).
And of course, wine glasses…
You'll want to decide if you're doing a blind tasting (with wine labels covered) or not. A blind tasting makes the tasting a guessing game. You can easily cover the bottles on the cheap with aluminum foil, like so:
Either way, you'll want guests to record their favorites on these handy wine tasting charts. These are by Big Yellow Dog Designs.
In between tastings, you'll need water to rinse the glasses as well as these crackers, specially designed to enhance the taste of wine and cleanse the palate.
Fruit and Cheese
Fruit and cheese (with crackers) goes perfectly as appetizers while sipping on wine. A cheese board, different cheese samplings, and markings are great to have on hand for guests to sample.
These cute cheese spreaders by Southern Gatherings are hand-stamped with different varieties of cheese.
… and this cheese board from Dust and Things is engraved with initials, making this a keepsake gift the bride can keep for wine and cheese tastings ever after.
Not sure where to start? Here's a terrific wine and cheese pairings chart from Love Letters to Home.
Keep bottles of water in a cooler inside the tour bus or in your backpack to offer to everyone. If your party is at home, you'll obviously have plenty of water at the ready. In a hotel, little water bottles are helpful (since you won't have extra cups or glassware) stockpiled and ready to drink. Hydration is obviously important.
Fun Ideas
It's a bachelorette bash, so you'll want to include tons of fun touches throughout the party. For starters, some tank tops or tees the girls can wear is a plus! Make it a Bride's drinking team (tank by Waterfall Designs):
I love this pop the champagne tee! By Cherry and Vine.
And obviously, this Chardon-HEYYYYY! tee, too. It's pretty perfect for a wine bachelorette party.
There's these adorb wine themed tank tops getting lots of attention over at Brilliant Bridal Shop…
And these tank tops by Before The Bells:
Set up cute place cards made from re-purposed (and glittery!) wine corks at each guest's place setting, like these by Kara's Vineyard Wedding:
Have guests guess the number of corks! Winner wins a huge basket of wine, cheese, crackers, etc.
Send guests home with fun take-away gifts, like this wine-themed favor bag for *ahem* hangovers. Hopefully no one has any, but you know that bachelorette parties + hangovers sometimes go hand in hand!
Send guests home with a favorite wine of yours from the party, placed in one of these chic wine bags. By Laura Hooper Calligraphy.
Give guests a beautiful wine stopper to use at home for their own wine parties, like these from Kara's Vineyard Wedding.
These soaps remind me of the spa themed bachelorette party we talked about last week! These soaps from Ginger Grey are made from wine and feature scents including Cabernet Sauvignon and White Zinfandel, shown below.
And you can put a bunch of goodies in these custom tote bags, like this wine country themed tote from Laura Hooper Calligraphy…
… or this tote that reads, You Had Me At Merlot. Ha! By Painted by the Shore.
And last but not least… save all of the corks from the party in this box from Little Lost Button USA and offer it as a gift to the bride.
We hope you enjoyed this post!
Share this on your pinboard! Hover over the image and click 'Pin It'.
Have fun!


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Asked what she thought about Nicole Kidman's pregnancy last night at a premiere, Katie Holmes said: "I'm so happy for her!" [US]
Fashion designer Stella McCartney has given birth to her third child, a boy named Beckett Robert Lee Willis. [WWD]
In the wake of Missy Chase Lapine's recent lawsuit against Jessica Seinfeld for, in part, plagiarism, a third, even older children's healthful-cooking book has been unearthed. [Page Six]
Last night's Project Runway didn't have us fooled for a second…that dress! [Bravo.com]
Bridesmaids' dresses don't have to be hideous after all. [Times]
Denise Rich, Lizzie Tisch and other New York socials were spotted preordering the new Louis Vuitton Richard Prince bag at the Guggenheim. [Page Six]
Several Hollywood stars, including Owen Wilson, are not too pleased with Men's Vogue at the moment. [Gatecrasher]
French press fooled by fake "Facebook Worldwide president." [RadarOnline]
Beyonce showed up at the Soho House on Tuesday for drinks with her security squad as company. [Gatecrasher]
At the Monday night premiere of the documentary Today's Man at the Tribeca Grand, the director's brother Nicky Gottlieb, who has Asperger Syndrome, confessed his deep fondness for Sarah Jessica Parker. [Page Six]


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New Delhi, Jan 8 (IANS) The government on Tuesday permitted private FM channels in the country to carry All India Radio (AIR) news free of cost, and on a trial basis, till May 31.
"Private FM Radio broadcasters would be permitted to broadcast All India Radio (AIR) News bulletins, in English or Hindi as per the list of bulletins given in news schedule, subject to certain terms and conditions," an Information & Broadcasting (I&B) Ministry release said.
While announcing the initiative, Union Minister of State for Information & Broadcasting and Youth Affairs & Sports, Col. Rajyavardhan Rathore (Retd.) said the collaborative effort will "inform, educate and empower the citizens of India".
"The priority of the government is to ensure awareness of people, he said, adding an aware citizen is an empowered citizen.
Stating the terms of the collaboration, the I&B release said: "Any Private FM broadcaster which intends to broadcast the news bulletins will first have to register with News Services Division: All India Radio on its website http://newsonair.com at the Register Now tab.
"The AIR News bulletins shall have to be carried in full, in an unaltered form. The commercials which are broadcast during news bulletins shall also have to be carried along with the news in toto."
Private FM Broadcasters, the release said, will have to give due credit to AIR for sourcing their news and carry AIR news bulletins either simultaneously or deferred live by not more than 30 minutes.
"In case of deferred live, an announcement should precede that it is a deferred live broadcast," it said.
Through a televised message, Chairman, Prasar Bharati A. Surya Prakash termed the initiative "significant in this era of collaboration and convergence".
President, Association of Radio Operators of India, Anuradha Prasad thanked the Government for accepting the long-standing demand of private radio broadcasters to present news on their platform.


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Let's talk about your project! Get in touch with us today and schedule a consultation. Our in-house team of designers and construction professionals can help turn your house into the home of your dreams.
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Our phone number is (405) 830-8046. You can also email us at [email protected] or use the form below.


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Options that may be available to home loan borrowers who wish to avoid foreclosure
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If you have missed one or more home loan payments, we may be able to create a short term repayment plan. If this occurs, please contact us as soon as possible to discuss payment options.
To find out if a repayment plan is an option for you, please contact our Loan Service Department.
If your loan is past due, we may be able to work together to get your loan back on track. The sooner we discuss your loan, the better choices we may be able to offer you. El Dorado requires the borrower to submit a current financial statement (provided by El Dorado) and the loan must be current before El Dorado will consider a loan modification.
To find out if a loan modification is an option for you, please contact our Loan Service Department.
To reach El Dorado Savings Bank's Loan Service Department to discuss possible options for avoiding foreclosure of your mortgage, you can call the following toll-free number on weekdays from 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. PT: (800) 874-9779 and ask to speak to a Loan Service Department Representative.
In addition to calling us to discuss possible options regarding your home mortgage loan, you can access the voice response system for the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) for a list of HUD-certified housing counseling agencies at (800) 569-4287. HUD is a U.S. government agency that increases home ownership and supports home buyers.
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On-going Programs - Adopt the Greenbelt
The Adopt the Greenbelt Program engages groups in the ongoing care of the Boise River Greenbelt. Participants adopt a 2/3 mile section of the Greenbelt, and visit their section at least once a month to pick up trash, inspect site amenities, and report activity to the Boise Parks & Recreation department. Although the main purpose of the program is to keep the river clean, adopting groups may optionally take on additional projects in their sections. These projects may include wrapping trees to protect them from beaver damage, painting/repairing site amenities, etc.
Participants must be able to make a year long commitment, based on a calendar year. Once accepted into the program, adopting groups are given the option of renewing their adoption for subsequent seasons at the beginning of each year. Participants are recognized along their section via signage/decals, for the duration of their adoption.
Volunteers must review the City of Boise Volunteer Handbook to participate.
Qualifications Required
- Adopt the Greenbelt Rules & Regulations Review Must be at least Complete
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Greencastle, Ind. - After suffering a 17-4 winner's bracket loss to Trine earlier in the day, DePauw stayed alive in the NCAA Division III Softball Championship with a 2-1 elimination game win over Maryville (Tenn.). The 33-13 Tigers face 32-6 Trine tomorrow at Noon and, with a win, can force the if necessary game that would follow. Complete information is available through the regional site
Maryville got out to a quick 1-0 lead in the first as Alexus Murray led off with a single and moved to third after a failed pickoff attempt at first. Reid Ballard then delivered a two-out double scoring Murray.
The Tigers left five on base in the first three innings including three in the second. Becca St. Germain led off the fifth with a single and moved to second on Kaylyn Linder's bunt single. Sidney Holler singled to load the based before Jordyn Fera ripped a two-run double to left.
Linder had four of DePauw's nine hits, while Murray and Ballard each had two of the Scots' six hits.
Cami Henry improved to 18-7 and struck out nine, while Katlyn Smith dropped to 22-5. Maryville finished its season at 29-11.
In the Trine game, Grace Smith's RBI grounder in the first scored Linder and gave the Tigers a 1-0 lead. The Thunder evened the score in the third on Lexi Clark's solo homer down the right field line.
Lainey McCue's three-run homer in the fourth made it 4-1 before Taylor Murdock singled home Makenna Hartline in the fifth and McCue clubbed a two-run blast in the fifth to push the lead to 7-1.
Abey Bass singled home Fera in the sixth to cut the lead to 7-2, but Trine plated 10 in the seventh including McCue's third homer of the contest.
Alyssa Nowak and Holler each had run-scoring singles in the seventh to close the scoring.
Nowak had three of DePauw's 11 hits, while Kate Geary added two. McCue had four of Trine's 10 hits and tied Division III Championship records with her three homers and eight RBI.
Henry dropped to 17-7, while Hannah Kampmann moved to 14-1.


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General Service Medal – SOUTH-WEST ASIA (GSM-SWA)
The official description, eligibility, criteria and history of the General Service Medal – SOUTH-WEST ASIA (GSM-SWA).
This general service award has been created as a means to recognize in a timelier manner those who provide direct support to operations in the presence of an armed enemy. Rather than creating a new honour for each new Canadian Forces operation as it arises, the General Campaign Star (GCS) and General Service Medal (GSM) - with their theatre or service specific ribbons - can be awarded in future to honour participation in any operation that meets the criteria. The GCS and GSM recognize 30 cumulative days (5 sorties for ALLIED FORCE ribbon of the GCS) provided that the service has not been recognized by another service medal.
Eligibility and criteria
The General Service Medal (GSM) is awarded to members of the CF and members of allied forces serving with the CF who deploy outside of Canada - but not necessarily into a theatre of operations - to provide direct support, on a full-time basis, to operations in the presence of an armed enemy.
The GSM may also be awarded, depending on the operation, to Canadian citizens other than members of the Canadian Forces, who are deployed outside Canada, either inside or outside a theatre of operations and working with the CF to provide direct support, on a full-time basis, to operations in the presence of an armed enemy.
The GSM is always issued with a ribbon specific to the theatre or type of service being recognized, and each ribbon has its own criteria.
The GSM with SOUTH-WEST ASIA ribbon is awarded to:
- Canadian citizens other than members of the Canadian Forces who served either:
- in direct support of the Canadian participation to the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan while deployed inside the theatre of operations consisting of the political boundaries of Afghanistan and its airspace for at least 30 cumulative days between April 24, 2003 and July 31, 2009; and/or
- in direct support of the Canadian military operations while deployed inside the theatre of operations consisting of the political boundaries of Afghanistan, the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Oman, the Gulf of Aden, the Red Sea, the Suez Canal and those parts of the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea that are west of sixty-eight degrees East longitude and north of five degrees South latitude, as well as the airspace above the aforesaid areas for at least 30 cumulative days commencing on August 1, 2009. For more details, consult the Eligible Service List (internal link).
- Members of the Canadian Forces, members of allied forces and Canadian citizens other than members of the Canadian Forces who served with the Canadian Forces either:
- in direct support of the Canadian participation to the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan from outside the theatre of operations consisting of the political boundaries of Afghanistan and its airspace for at least 30 cumulative days between April 24, 2003 and July 31, 2009; and/or
- in direct support, provided from outside the theatre of operations, of the Canadian military operations conducted in the theatre of operations consisting of the political boundaries of Afghanistan, the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Oman, the Gulf of Aden, the Red Sea, the Suez Canal and those parts of the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea that are west of sixty-eight degrees East longitude and north of five degrees South latitude, as well as the airspace above those areas for at least 30 cumulative days commencing on August 1, 2009. For more details, consult the Eligible Service List.
Other eligible service may be added to the eligibility list for the ribbon by the Chief of the Defence Staff in consultation with Armed Forces Council and on the recommendation of the Canadian Forces Honours Committee provided the service in question meets the basic criteria and intent of the medal as described in the regulations.
The only civilians eligible are Members of the Public Service working for the CF, Canadian civilians under contract with the CF and Canadian Police Officers serving under the authority of the CF in the locations and with the units described at the link above and between the dates indicated. Foreign civilians are not eligible for the GSM.
The only members of allied forces eligible are those who serve in Afghanistan on behalf of Canada. They are usually foreign exchange personnel who deploy with our units or personnel seconded to the CF specifically to serve in our mission. In all cases, they must be on the CFTPO filling a Canadian position and they are usually assigned a CF service number. Foreign personnel working in concert with the CF or reporting to a Canadian superior in an international context are not eligible for Canadian service medals.
Service in South-West Asia between 11 September 2001 and 31 July 2009 which was not under the NATO-led ISAF is not eligible for this award but may be eligible for the South-West Asia Service Medal, see the page for this medal for further details.
Aircrew flying into the theatre accumulate one day of service for the first sortie flown on any day, additional sorties flown on the same day receive no further credit.
The first and last days in theatre count as full days.
To be eligible to be awarded the Medal, direct support must be performed under exceptional circumstances and the person must have been deployed specifically to provide this support on a full-time basis to the operations. Only when there is a certain level of risk, threat, hardship or operational intensity can recognition be provided. Any support which is comparable in nature to normal duty or which is performed from the relative safety of a country distant from the theatre shall be excluded from eligibility.
Visits and inspections do not constitute qualifying service. Specifically, visits for the purpose of leadership, familiarization, ceremonial, or morale by civilian or military VIPs as well as Staff Assistance Visits (SAVs), Staff Inspection Visits (SIVs), and specialist visits for the conduct of summary/criminal/administrative investigations, courts martial, Boards of Inquiry, trial evaluations, academic studies, surveys or other similar administrative activities are excluded from qualification.
Any person who dies or is evacuated because of injuries or medical reasons directly attributable to service is deemed to have satisfied the time criteria set out above. Any recipient of the Medal who dies or is evacuated because of injuries or medical reasons directly attributable to service shall be credited the entire period the person would have served should the person have completed their tour of duty for the purpose of calculating eligibility towards Rotation Bars.
When a person meets the criteria for the GCS-SWA or a Bar to it and the GSM-SWA or a Bar to it within a period of 180 days, the person shall only be awarded the GCS or a Bar to it. In other words, one cannot earn both the GCS and the GSM for SWA (or bars to them) during a six months period.
The Medal and Rotation Bars shall be awarded for honourable service.
For more details, consult the Eligible service list.
The GSM is a silver-coloured circular medal, 36 mm across bearing on the obverse a contemporary crowned effigy of Her Majesty the Queen of Canada surrounded by the inscriptions "ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA REGINA" and "CANADA" separated by small crosses pattée. The crosses pattée represent military valour and merit. On the reverse are two crossed swords, an anchor and a flying eagle superimposed on each other, the whole surrounded by two branches of maple leaves which form a wreath and surmounted by the Royal Crown. The wreath represents honour, the maple leaves represent Canada, the anchor, crossed swords and eagle represent the three services of the Canadian Forces and the Crown as well as the effigy on the obverse represent the Queen of Canada and her role as the Fount of all honours.
A claw at the top of the medal is attached to a straight slotted bar. A central maple leaf overlapping two others ornaments this suspension.
The ribbon is 32 mm wide with a central stripe of red (18 mm), on either side of which are stripes of white (2 mm) and green (5 mm). Red and white are the official colours of Canada as appointed by King George V in 1921, and green represents service.
The rotations bars for the Medal are silver in colour with a raised edge and bear either one or five maples leaves.
Rotation Bar
Rotation Bars are awarded to recognize a further 180 days of eligible service following qualification for the Medal or the last Rotation Bar the person has earned. One bar bearing five maple leaves is worn in lieu of five bars bearing one maple leaf.
The GSM-SWA shall be worn in the sequence prescribed in the Canadian Orders, Decorations and Medals Directive, and in the following manner:
- On the left breast, suspended from the ribbon described above, between the General Service Medal with ALLIED FORCE ribbon and the General Service Medal with EXPEDITION ribbon;
- One bar is worn centred on the ribbon;
- If multiple bars have been awarded, they shall be evenly spaced on the ribbon in the order earned, with the first bar earned worn the closest to the Medal; and
- When the undress ribbon is worn, a silver maple leaf shall be worn centred on the ribbon of the Medal to indicate the award of a Rotation Bar, a gold maple leaf shall be worn to indicate the award of a second Rotation Bar and a red maple leaf shall be worn to indicate the award of a third Rotation Bar. If more than three Rotation Bars have been awarded, those devices shall be worn in combination so as to indicate the total number of Bars awarded.
The use of a post-nominal is not authorized for this medal.
Historical notes
The following is a list of members who have died while performing service eligible for this award:
- Cyr M.B.J.
- Downey B.A. Cpl
The GCS and GSM were created by Her Majesty The Queen in March 2004. Initially both medals were issued each with only one ribbon (those currently used for South-West Asia) with bars specifying the operation being recognized. Two bars were created, namely ALLIED FORCE and ISAF+FIAS.
The inaugural ceremony took place on 29 November 2004 in the ballroom of Rideau Hall in Ottawa. On this occasion, Her Excellency, the Right Honourable Adrienne Clarkson, CC, CMM, COM, CD, Governor General and Commander-in-Chief of Canada, presented the Medal to 17 representative recipients, 6 with ALLIED FORCE bar and 11 with ISAF+FIAS bar. The first presentations of the General Campaign Star were also made during that event.
In 2009, the GCS and GSM were modified so that the existing bars were abolished, being replaced with theatre or service-specific ribbons thus allowing the use of bars to recognize multiple rotations where appropriate. As a result, recipients of the original GSM with ISAF+FIAS bar must have their medal remounted without the bar but using the same ribbon. The ISAF+FIAS bars shall be returned to DH&R. On the same occasion, the criteria for the GSM was reduced from 90 to 30 days. Moreover, because the provision that no one could earn both the GCS and the GSM for ISAF service has been modified, some recipients who had to relinquish their GSM in order to receive the GCS will be able to claim it back provided they did not meet the criteria for both awards within the same period of six months.
Captain Carl Gauthier of the Directorate of History and Heritage, DND, prepared the design. The Canadian Heraldic Authority at the Chancellery of Honours, Rideau Hall, completed the final artwork.
The Medal is engraved on the edge with the service number, abbreviated substantive rank, initials and surname of the recipient. Civilian recipients have only their name engraved on the Medal.
As of 1 June 2012, 5 449 awards had been made.
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For this week's Q+A, we shine the spotlight on the blog Rap Genius. We spoke to the website's founder, Mahbod, about the increasingly popular blog , asked about the hardest song to ever have been "decoded," and discussed what a day of running Rap Genius is like. Enjoy.
When, How & Why did you start Rap Genius?
My boy Tom asked me about the line "80 holes in your shirt: there your own Jamaican clothes" on Killa Cam's Family Ties – the explanation I gave him was actually wrong LOL – but somebody fixed it. THANK GOD: http://rapgenius.com/Camron-family-ties-lyrics
In your opinion, what has been the hardest song to figure out that yourself or the Rap Genius community has had to crack?
No diggity, no doubt: it's the Lupester's "Failure": http://rapgenius.com/Lupe-fiasco-failure-lyrics
What albums/mixtapes have caught your attention in 2011?
Oh you mean the best year of hip-hop in over a decade? Lessee here..
Pusha's mixtape: http://rapgenius.com/posts/Pusha-s-fear-of-god-mixtape-don-t-be-scurred
Goblin: http://rapgenius.com/posts/Tyler-the-creator-goblin
My boy Kendrick's Section 80: http://rapgenius.com/albums/Kendrick-lamar/Section-80
Watch the Throne: http://rapgenius.com/albums/Kanye-west-jay-z/Watch-the-throne
TOO MANY! I hope next year doesn't suck to compensate..
What's a daily routine of running Rap Genius like?
Rap Genius is like roll that shit, light that shit, smoke that shit. Also we do 500 push ups / pull ups a day and kick rhymes for sport.
Any advice to aspiring bloggers out there?
Join the Rap Genius blog family.. hit me up at firstname.lastname@example.com.. it's a movement you gotta be in tune with.


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This issue, our health detectives conclude their investigation of Blood, the river of life, with a look at how perspectives of disease have shaped modern medicine as we know it.
Hippocrates said: Let food be your medicine. Let medicine be your food.
Modern medicine has got to where it is today partly through a scientific and philosophical debate that culminated in the early 19th century, between two of the leading microbiologists of their time: Antoine Bechamp and Louis Pasteur. Their argument over bacteriological theories changed the course of medicine. Pasteur's view was that disease is caused by germs invading from outside, and that these micro-organisms do not change their characteristics and they can be killed with drugs and antibiotics. Bechamp, on the other hand, considered that micro-organisms can develop as various growth forms (pleomorphism), and change according to environmental conditions, how they develop depends on the state of the internal biological terrain. At the core of this terrain is the body's pH balance as we have seen in the last two articles.
Although both men acknowledged certain aspects of each other's research, Pasteur was a stronger character, more flamboyant and a more vocal opponent to the quiet Bechamp. Pasteur also came from wealth with the right family connections, and went to great lengths to disprove Bechamp's view. Pasteur's viewpoint was eventually acknowledged by the scientists while Bechamp's research disappeared into obscurity. We see the results of this dispute today practiced in every day medicine. When a body is out of balance, we try to restore it first with drugs then through surgery, removing the symptoms, rather than dealing with the root cause of the ailment.
Medicine does not need to be seen as an either / or and for a complete picture in health care it is important to be open to other viewpoints. Some scientists who have contributed a different perspective to our understanding of health include Dr. Otto Warburg, who won the Nobel Prize in 1931 for his discovery of the role of oxygen deficiency in the cancer growth process. He discovered that as pH goes out of balance and our bodies become more acidic, our cells get less oxygen. Cancer thrives in acidic tissue and an oxygen deficient environment. German zoologist Gunther Enderlein used a Dark Field Microscope to visualize his hypothesis about how changes in the bio-terrain and pH gave rise to disease. Some of today's pioneers include Dr. Gabriel Cousens, a leading figure in nutrition, fasting, detoxification, spirituality and health education, and Dr. Robert Young, who teaches "The New Biology", which encompasses theories about the cause and source of disease and how to prevent it through an alkaline diet and a physically active, low-stress lifestyle.
Shifting the paradigm
A century after the great medical debate, mainstream medicine still follows the road of Louis Pasteur, killing whatever makes us sick with drugs, antibiotics, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery. Even though we now live in a world that has many generations of new antibiotics and drug developments there are still a lot of bacteria and especially viruses that are resistant to our treatments and conditions that are difficult to treat with drugs like cancer, diabetes and immune deficiency syndromes to name a few.
Using this approach, we have to have a pill for a headache, then another pill for the damage that the painkiller did to our stomach, and so on. Sometimes a pain killer is all right, but it is important to remember that we are only treating the symptoms. Why not take a look at the terrain to get to the cause of the headache? Not enough water? Muscle tension? Hypertension? Eye problems? A different perspective would look at imbalances in the body due to nutritional, electrical, structural, toxicological, biological or emotional reasons. To get better, this balance needs to be re-established by working with the body not against it.
The WHO predicts that 7 out of 10 admissions to hospital in 2020 will be due to lifestyle induced illnesses – can we afford to keep paying for our lifestyle induced illnesses like obesity, diabetes, heart and circulation problems? It is possible that the medicine of the future will not only have its roots in nutrition and food supplements, but will also be strongly tied to energy, or what is known as vibrational medicine. As we understand more about the energy of life, or Chi as it is called in Chinese medicine, one day we may walk into a health care practitioner's office and as a routine procedure we would not only get a physical check-up, we would also get an energy or vibrational check up. This could be the new frontier for medicine – a change in the health-disease paradigm.
Paradigm shift consequences
The world we live in is becoming too toxic. As a result we humans are likewise too toxic. This toxicity is being reflected in the rise of illness/disease and the inability of "modern" medicine to do anything about it. Here we can contrast the two theories of infection and disease as we consider a changing paradigm in our understanding of health.
Invasion of Germ theory
• Infection/Disease arises from micro-organisms originating outside the body
• Micro-organisms should be guarded against and destroyed to prevent illnesses
• The appearance and function of specific micro-organisms is constant
• Every disease is associated with a particular micro-organism
• Micro-organisms are primary causal agents
• Disease is inevitable and can "strike" anybody
• To prevent and cure disease it is necessary to build defences and to destroy pathogenic micro-organisms
Environmental Toxicity Theory
• The susceptibility to illnesses/disease arises from conditions within the cells and the fluids in the body
• Micro-organisms are beneficial and life-sustaining if the body is kept clean from toxins
• The appearance and function of micro-organisms changes when the host organism is injured either mechanically, bio-chemically, electrically or emotionally
• Every disease is associated with a particular condition
• Micro-organisms become associated with disease only when cells, blood and interstitial fluid become toxic
• Disease arises from conditions of increased toxicity
• Preventing or curing disease consists of cleaning toxicity from the body in a way that does no harm
This article is part of a series and you can read more here


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Forum > View Topic
by Ashraf Laidi
Posted: Feb 22, 2010 5:00
Comments: 3042
Posted: Feb 22, 2010 5:00
Comments: 3042
Forum Topic:
Discuss GBP
Welcome back DaveO & Quiman
I sincerely hope our dear prime minister Teresa May will not get groped when she visits new president Donald Trump. Perish the thought, whatever made me think that.
The problem I always encountered with using correlations over the years is that one never knows when they will come to a screeching halt, due to other energetic vectors coming into the equation.
As just one example today the US stocks are up huge, and the Pound down. This strong correlation that was develping with the Pound and US stocks for awhile has had to deal with various UK domestic headlines that can pull it in all kinds of directions.
I found Ashraf's post on Cable's increased correlation with US stocks over this last month to be one of the more important insights in awhile on this currency pair. Planning to watch this more carefully myself and hopefully put it to great use. Thanks Ashraf!
It is a bit strange that Cable has been able to go this higher when the Brexit fears have not been gone completely and all of the PMI reports this week disappointed.
Where do you think the bears return?
I learnt trading by watching alpari.com videos and learnt all strategies very efficiently!!Doing quite well now!!
GBP/NZD daily chart - looks like a 3rd gravestone doji formed AND the death cross 50DMA below the 200DMA is confirmed. Look what happened after the last two gravestone dojis... Perhaps they're not perfect "gravestone dojis", but looking close and good. I prefer GBP/NZD short over GBP/AUD short due to less involvement with China and most likely, less interest rate risk involvement. A short to consider! Thoughts???
GBP/NZD 50DMA about to cross under the 200DMA...
Well - next stop 100WMA at .76, then 200, and possibly top of channel....
EUR/GBP going to close above the weekly trendline today - next stop - 0.80, top of monthly downward channel.
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After an excruciatingly long wait, the consumer version of the Oculus Rift virtual reality headset is now up for pre-order. And it's probably a fair bit more expensive than you were expecting.
In the US, to pick up the Oculus Rift headset as a pre-order, you're going to have to part ways with $599, or roughly £410. That's not chump change by any measure, but us here in the UK are getting royally fleeced once again. To buy a Rift in the UK, you're looking at a £499 price tag. But hey, by now we're all used to the traditional British mark up right? *sigh*
Though the company would never be fully drawn into what the headset's final price would be, mastermind Palmer Luckey had previously stated it would be in the "ballpark" of $350 (£240). That's been well and truly missed, but you have to wonder how much the Rift kit's accessories have played a factor in the higher-than-expected pricing. All pre-orders include the headset, sensor, Oculus Remote, cables, Xbox One Controller, and the VR games EVE: Valkyrie, and Lucky's Tale. In the UK, an Xbox One controller alone will set you back almost £40, so perhaps Luckey's earlier estimations hadn't factored this extras in.
Still, when you consider the price of a gaming rig powerful enough to make the most out of Oculus, there's no arguing that it's going to be an expensive trip to those virtual worlds. [Oculus]
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