text:
This article has been published in the hot-off-the-digital-press issue (vol 6 no 2 pp 355-376) of SCRIPTed: A Journal of Law & Technology, which as regular readers know is based at the University of Edinburgh's School of Law, and more specifically its research centre SCRIPT. The article is a version of a paper presented at the March 2009 conference, 'Governance of New Technologies'. I'll publish a post about the other papers in the journal tomorrow.
Access to the Internet through wireless access points (typically wifi routers) is both simple and common. In this paper, the legal restrictions on "sharing" an Internet connection in this way are assessed. Criminal offences that could apply to the use of open networks, such as dishonest use of a communications service or unauthorised access to a computer, are considered, as are issues of criminal and civil liability and terms of use affecting the owner of the router. It is suggested that there are advantages to sharing and that these provisions unnecessarily restrict the development of what would be of benefit to society. Furthermore, the problems encountered by proponents of municipal and community networks based on a collection of wireless access points, in terms of competition law but also other matters, are summarised. The paper concludes with an assessment of the links between the various aspects of wireless Internet policy, suggesting that it is necessary to recast relevant legal provisions so as to avoid granting disproportionate protection to Internet service providers (ISPs).
Responses and coverage from:
University of East Anglia
Stewart Mitchell, PC Pro
Kimberley Howson, Top 10 Broadband
Brian Tinham, MC Solutions
ISP Review
Science Daily
Added Tuesday 18th September:
David Neal, The Inquirer


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"She followed her heart song to create beautiful assemblages with paints, charcoal and vintage remnants".
Welcome to Upcycled Soul. Step inside to discover just how beautiful recycled vintage can be.
My re-awakened jewels have been artfully created using unique techniques, fancy findings and only the finest re-purposed vintage components. When you're through browsing my baubles, stop by and check out my mixed media art and other altered vintage creations. And before you go, don't forget to peek at the vintage slips, hand dyed and carefully chosen for you.
Due to the unique and vintage nature of our items, most of our pieces are one of a kind. If you like it, snap it up! You'll never forgive yourself if you come back to find something you adored is there no more. So, be sure to stop back often to see what's 'in store'.
Free shipping within the USA on every item, every day!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Thomas Edison – Founder Of Capital PunishmentSaturday, July 21st, 2007
This is very cute: A short history of Thomas Edison's public relations campaign to scare the public into believing that George Westinghouse's rival power distribution system, alternating current, was more dangerous than Edison's own, direct current.
Edison tried to demonstrate the "danger" of Westinghouse's AC system by executing animals though electrocution. His employees publicly executed dogs and cats. Edison's company even executed an elephant and filmed the electrocution. Edison's company developed the electric chair and Edison promoted it to demonstrate the danger of alternating current.
This short animated history lesson is delivered to you by a cat:


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Recently, while researching the RSS Feed mechanism of the Content Query Web Part I have stumbled upon the SuppressWebPartChrome Property. As this Property sounds very promising but is not very well documented in the current WSS SDK I have decided to have a further look at it.
What is SuppressWebPartChrome and why does the Content Query Web Part need it?
The Content Query Web Part gives you the possibility to produce an RSS feed of the items returned by the query. It uses the /_layouts/Feed.aspx page with some query string parameters. First the Feed.aspx page instantiates a new Content Query Web Part with an alternative XSL stylesheet which produces RSS XML. Then it tries to get the cached query result. If it won't find it, it uses the query string parameters to obtain the reference to the CQWP on the Publishing Page and gets the query information from it. Now comes the interesting part: The Feed.aspx page adds the new instance of CQWP as a control and sets the SuppressWebPartChrome Property to true. This causes that only the contents of the Web Part are rendered: without any tables or divs around it! And all that supported by the SharePoint Object Model.
Is SuppressWebPartChrome the Holy Grail of accessible Web Parts?
Unfortunately it isn't. It works only with WSS Web Parts (Web Parts which derive from the Microsoft.SharePoint.WebPartPages.WebPart class) and only with Web Parts which are put outside a Web Part Zone. It's not really of much use in the most common scenario's but if you're using Web Parts outside Web Part Zones and you're into accessibility, it might be just the right solution for you. But then again: why using Web Parts instead of Custom Controls in the first place? Out of the box support for caching might be just one of the reasons.
SuppressWebPartChrome in action
Curious about the result of using the SuppressWebPartChrome Property, I have created a custom Web Part writing a simple
Hello World!
 to the output. I have combined the SuppressWebPartChrome Property with the ChromeType Property which can be set using the standard Tool Part. Below are the results.
Chrome: Default; SuppressWebPartChrome: false
Default output of a Web Part.
<table width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"

<td style="width: 100%;" id="WebPartTitleWPQ2"

</nobr>

<div style="" allowdelete="false" onlyformepart="true"
class="ms-WPBody" width="100%"
id="WebPartWPQ2" haspers="true"
<div id="ctl00_PlaceHolderMain_g_61111a13_0082
Hello World

Chrome: None; SuppressWebPartChrome: false
The title of a Web Part is not being rendered. All other tables remain.
<table width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"

<div style="" allowdelete="false" onlyformepart="true"
class="ms-WPBody" width="100%"
id="Div1" haspers="true"
<div id="ctl00_PlaceHolderMain_g_61111a13_0082
Hello World

Chrome: None; SuppressWebPartChrome: true
The Web Part content only

Hello World

Comparing the three rendering approaches you can clearly see how great it would be to be able to benefit of the SuppressWebPartChrome Property for all Web Parts - even if it was in the display mode only (because of how the Web Parts frameworks has been designed and developed, Web Parts require tables to leverage the rich interface as presented in SharePoint).
So why it doesn't work and what are the options?
Some time ago I've been busy with researching accessibility in SharePoint 2007. The Web Part Zones took my attention almost immediately. It turned out that the Web Part Zones are actually the root of all evil with rendering tables all over the place. Suppressing the Web Part chrome by setting the chrome to None provides a pretty clean output. The Web Part Zones are actually to be blamed for the decreased accessibility.
So what are your options? You can use Custom Controls if you don't require end-user customization and would like to provide accessible content. You can use Web Parts outside the Web Part Zones if you want to benefit of caching and still want to deliver an accessible solution. Don't forget to set the SuppressWebPartChrome Property to true. It's not by default. For all the other scenario's you will probably have to stick to the Web Parts. A custom Control Adapter for the Web Part Zones could provide you just the sufficient control on the rendered output to clean it and get rid of any tables.
Technorati Tags: SharePoint, SharePoint 2007, MOSS 2007, WCM, Accessibility


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SANTA BARBARA. Calif. - It was a sunny, windy Saturday filled with much promise for the UC Santa Barbara baseball team. With a win in its series finale against Hawai'i, the Gauchos (27-28-1, 10-14 Big West) would finish the 2018 campaign one game above .500. Along with that, it would finish with a sweep of its islander rivals and be tied for sixth place with the Rainbow Warriors in the standings.
Unfortunately, bullpen issues, something that has hurt Santa Barbara all year, came back to bite them once more as it dropped its final game of the season against Hawai'i (27-24, 11-13 Big West), 10-6. Still, the Gauchos have much to be proud of this season as they improved upon its mark last year and even finished one place better in the standings than it did last year.
Most importantly, many of UCSB's young studs came to play today, setting the stage for a much more successful 2019 season, leaving fans and coaches equally excited for the next game at Caesar Uyesaka Stadium.
Chris Clements, a redshirt junior, got the start today in what would be the final game for him as a Gaucho. He got himself in trouble in the first inning allowing one run and two hits. With one out and runners on first and second, Clements got Hawaii's No. 5 hitter to line out to shortstop Clay Fisher who then turned two by flipping it to second baseman Andrew Martinez at second effectively ending the top half of the inning.
UCSB then got off to a hot start of its own scoring three in the bottom half of the frame beginning with a lead-off home run by Martinez. It was the freshman's seventh homer of the season, the best mark on the team.
Martinez is one of many great young Gauchos that leaves much to be desired as he would finish the day 4-5 with two doubles, two RBI's and a triple shy of hitting the cycle.
Sophomore center fielder Tommy Jew, who got a single earlier in the frame, would come around to score thanks to a base knock from Cole Mueller. He would finish the day 2-5 and, more importantly, finished the season with a 15-game hitting streak.
Junior Tevin Mitchell brought in the last run of the first inning, ending the season with an 11-game hitting streak of his own, giving Santa Barbara a 3-1 lead after one.
In the third, Hawai'i finally got one back thanks to a solo shot to left field but UCSB retaliated with another RBI single from Mitchell in the bottom half of the inning to keep the lead at two runs with a 4-2 score.
The Rainbow Warriors would add one run in the fourth and one in the sixth to tie the game at 4-4. Clements was taken out of the game before he registered an out in the sixth finishing the day allowing seven hits and four earned runs.
Martinez would get his second RBI of the game with a single into left center giving the Gauchos the lead back at 5-4.
In the seventh, the game got away from the home team. Freshman Josh Candau was on the mound to begin the inning and an error by Mueller gave Hawai'i a runner to begin. A couple of base knocks later and Hawai'i tied the game at five ending Candau's day. Junior Alex Patterson then came in inheriting runners on first and second but only needing one out to get out of the jam.
Patterson's first pitch was rocketed by Hawai'i's Adam Fogel hitting the scoreboard at Caesar Uyesaka Stadium for a three-run dinger giving the road team an 8-5 lead. The Rainbow Warriors never looked back scoring two more runs in the eighth to take a 10-5 lead.
UCSB got one back in the ninth but could do no more losing the match 10-6 when all was said and done. It was the first time this season that UCSB got 15 hits in a day and still lost the ball game.
Even with the tough loss, there were still plenty of bright spots in today's game that has everyone excited. Martinez's aforementioned 4-5 day was exciting and so was Jew's 2-5 and Mueller's 2-4 day. Point being, UCSB still has a lot of talent coming back despite losing some good pieces.
In their final games, Fisher and Thomas Rowan were able to earn hits while Clements pitched well. Senior Stevie Ledesma was the other player honored today in his final game as a Gaucho.
Next season will be exciting with the additions of lights and, hopefully, seeing these young players shine under them.
UCSB finishes the season 27-28-1 overall, 10-14 in the Big West and seventh place in the conference standings.


text:
What started as peaceful demonstration in Iran on Monday turned out to be bloody as the number of protesters calling for better economic opportunities and political reforms ballooned to tens of thousands in central Tehran, and in the cities of Isfahan, Mashad and Tabriz that left two people dead and dozens wounded including nine security forces, according to XinhuaNet.
The Mehr News Agency said that senior legislator, Kazeem Jalali of Iran's national security and foreign policy confirmed the two casualties from Monday's protests.
Jalali further said that "the investigations show that the shootings were done by the outlawed elements."
According to deputy police chief Ahmad Reza Radan, the first fatality was a bystander and student of Art University who was gunned down by Monafeqin (hyprocrites) on Monday.
Using electric prods and tear gas to control the crowd in the country's largest anti-regime show of unrest in about a year, the demonstrators shouted "Mubarak! Ben Ali! It's now the turn for Seyed Ali!" referring to Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Seyed Ali Hoseyni Khāmene'i to step down.
Monday's rallies happened during the state visit of Turkish President Abdullah Gul.
Not mentioning Iran, Pres. Gul said in a news conference, "We see that sometimes when the leaders and heads of countries do not pay attention to the nations' demands, the people themselves take action."
In the mean time, the US criticized the handling of the protests in the country when Secretary Hillary Clinton said that while Tehran hailed the uprising in Egypt, it now shows the hypocrisy when given the chance for their people to fight for their rights.
Clinton said, "We wish the opposition and the brave people in the streets across cities in Iran the same opportunity that they saw their Egyptian counterparts seize in the last week."
For the first time, the US began sending Twitter messages in Farsi--an Iranian language--in support of the protests.
The online activist group called Anonymous, hacked a number of Iranian government and news broadcasting sites that prevented them to display their Web page.
See the action in the attached YouTube video.
Details of this story here.


text:
Booktalk Titles - Summer 2009
From Wiki
Article in Young Adult Fiction and Personal Picks.
These titles were presented by JMRL staff at school visits in preparation for Summer 2009.
Henley Middle School
These booktalks were presented by Meredith on June 1, 2009 to the Henley 7th graders.
- Guinea Pig Scientists, by Leslie Dendy
- The Hunger Games, by Suzanne Collins
- The Reformed Vampire Support Group, by Catherine Jinks
- Runaways, vol. 1, by Brian K. Vaughan
- The True Meaning of Smekday, by Adam Rex
- The Unnameables, by Ellen Booraem
- What the World Eats, by Peter Menzel


text:
The Youth Group is made up of high school (9-12th grade) and middle school (6-8th grade) students. The desire for our students is that they be grounded in the knowledge and love of God, joyfully surrendered to Christ, and passionate about God's glory, both in their own lives and the lives of others.
Ways to Connect:
Weekly Meetings: For lunch and a discussion after church from 12:30 – 2:30 pm (except for the 1st Sunday of the month when Community Groups meet)
Life Training/Sunday School: Before the worship service at 9:00 am in the Library
Monthly Events or Service Opportunities
Annual Retreats
Annual Summer Trips
Although we do have a number of events oriented toward the youth, it is also our desire that the youth be integrated and live life alongside the rest of the church. We feel there is much to be learned from members of the church who are in different stages of life. We strongly encourage our youth and their parents to participate in our church's regular Community Group gatherings.
If you would like receive email and text updates and see in one location all of our upcoming events, please click here to join the group.


text:
SRI's connection to art goes far beyond our work in art services. The company was built on a love and respect for art, and we continue to foster that passion. Within our Artist Patron Program we support working and emerging artists and various art institutions, including art galleries, art museums, and auction houses.
The foundation of our Art Patron Program starts at home. SRI generously supports the careers of the artists who work with us. Talented in-house artists include abstract painter and draftsman Allen Hansen, painter Ryan Pressman, and photographer and ceramicist Tamara Rafkin.
Another aspect of our program is partnering with select art organizations. Our 2018 program features an on-going relationship with MvVO Art and sponsorship of The Glass House for their illustrious Summer Party.
Additionally, SRI has an ever-growing corporate collection of fine art. We collect the work of a wide variety of living artists. The latest pieces to join the SRI collection are Adobe Daymere by gestural painter Steve Zolin and Totem Fox by artist Jason McGroarty.
We are proud patrons of the arts and you can read more about our Artist Patron Program and how we support living artists and cultural organizations on our blog.


text:
Lesro Lenox Series Corner Table Black Melamine Top
This product typically ships within 10 business days more details
Shipping Instructions
This item includes free shipping in the contiguous United States. Most orders will ship via UPS or FedEx Ground. Orders for large items or multiple item orders will ship via freight carriers such as Roadway, Road Runner, and FedEx Freight.
Freight Delivery Instructions
When the items are delivered it is the customer's responsibility to inspect all cartons and items to make sure that there is no visible damage or missing packages. If there is damage or missing packages, make sure to note it on the delivery receipt or bill of lading. If this is not noted on the bill of lading the cost to replace damaged items will be the customers responsiblity. Make sure to retain a copy for your records as well. Please contact us immediately at 866-733-0698 so that we can arrange for replacements to be sent out.
Shipping Glossary
Loading dock - This service is available to companies that have a loading dock at their facility. This service is free!
Tailgate - The driver will pull up to the nearest curb & bring the pallets to the back or "tail" of the truck. It is the customer's responsibility to unload the packages from the back of the truck and bring them inside. A delivery appointment will be included. This service is free!
Lift gate - The driver will pull to the nearest curb and lower the packages off the truck to ground level. It is the customer's responsibility to bring the packages inside. A delivery appointment will be included.
Inside delivery - Inside delivery includes delivery to the nearest dry threshold. This service is to the main floor only, without any stairs, or a garage. If the package or crate does not fit through the door, then there will be extra charges for breaking down the delivery. The delivery will not be brought up to any other floors but the main floor without incurring additional charges. A delivery appointment will be included.
All fields are required.
Designed to enhance a room's style while enduring years of use, the Lesro Lenox Series Corner Table with Black Melamine Top is a piece of office furniture that you won't regret investing in. With a scratch-resistant top and quality, solid hardwood frame that is available in six different sleek finishes, this corner table is built to withstand years of use without losing its aesthetic appeal.
L1370T5 Specifications
Overall: 24"W x 24"D x 20"H
Meets industry standards for ANSI/BIFMA
Ready To Assemble
LS-L1370T5 Features
- Graceful transitional styling
- Ideal balance of style, fucnction, and value
- Solid hardwood construction
- Scratch resistant black melamine table tops
*Please note that all Lesro items are made to order and cannot be returned.
Color Swatches
Warranty and Shipping
Limited Lifetime Warranty
All Lesro frames and assemblies are warranted against defects in materials and workmanship for the life of the product. Fabric,vinyl, and crypton covering is warranted for 2 years form the date of shipment.
Shipping Information
This item includes free shipping in the contiguous United States. (more details here)
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text:
As controversy over the potential relocation of the BREC Baton Rouge Zoo intensifies, the Louisiana Legislature is getting in on the debate.
State Rep. Barbara Carpenter, a Democrat whose north Baton Rouge district includes the zoo's current home in Greenwood Park, has filed a bill for the upcoming legislative session that would prohibit BREC from moving the zoo out of north Baton Rouge.
House Bill 481 would amend the state law that created BREC, prohibiting the commission from "acquiring, leasing, developing, operating or managing" … a zoo unless it is located in a certain 600-acre area in north Baton Rouge.
The proposed legislation describes that area as bounded by Thomas Road, Highway 19, Lavey Lane and Plank Road, which comprises primarily Greenwood Park.


text:
You can see this and other great articles on design patterns here.
The Interpreter Design Pattern allows you to build the rules as classes. This design pattern is very powerful in building the rules in a very logical manner. Most of the examples you see uses a programming language grammar as the rules because it's the easiest to demonstrate. However, once you realize the essence of the interpreter pattern you will see that you can apply the rules to any streams of inputs or objects.
The easiest way to understand how the interpreter pattern works is by looking at an example that will lead us to the UML of the interpreter pattern.
There are 2 concepts to understand in the interpreter pattern. The first concept is the Depth First Search. In a depth first search you start off from the top of the tree, and you always go for the leftmost element as you go down the tree. You will gradually finish the left part of the tree first before you do the right part of the tree.
Below is the diagram of the tree and the order to visit the nodes (from 1 to 7) using Depth First Search:
The second concept is the expression constructs of a language, they are simply the rules of the language. For example we can have the following rules in a programming language:
We can use these rules to give us a variety of ways to evaluate a statement:
With the understanding of the Depth First Search and the rules of a language, we can build trees that represent the rules. The AddExpression tree will be:
Similarly, the SubtractExpression tree will be:
Taking Example1 as an example, the tree will be:
and if we traverse the tree above using Depth First Search, it will be: + - 10 2 3
The tree for Example2 will be:
and if we traverse the tree above using Depth First Search, it will be: - + 10 5 - 8 2
The depth first search strings are the Reverse Polish Notations, and are commonly used in devices such as the financial calculators. The strings are the user inputs that will be evaluated using the rules of the language to calculate the results.
The interpreter design pattern allow us to take the rules of a language and build them as classes. In the example we have the following classes:
We can then build the UML for the example as shown below:
Now we can look at the UML of the Interpreter Design Pattern, which is the same as what we have in our example:
Below are the implementation code and the output of the Interpreter Design Pattern. Notice that when given the string input of the Reverse Polish Notation it will interpret the input and produce the correct answer automatically:
class Program
static void Main(string[] args)
string tokenString = "+ - 10 2 3";
List<string> tokenList = new List<string>(tokenString.Split(' '));
IExpression expression = new TokenReader().ReadToken(tokenList);
Console.WriteLine(expression.Interpret()); // (10 - 2) + 3 = 11
tokenString = "- + 10 5 - 8 2";
tokenList = new List<string>(tokenString.Split(' '));
expression = new TokenReader().ReadToken(tokenList);
Console.WriteLine(expression.Interpret()); // (10 + 5) - (8 - 2) = 9
public interface IExpression
int Interpret();
//terminal expression
public class NumberExpression : IExpression
int number;
public NumberExpression(int i)
number = i;
int IExpression.Interpret()
return number;
//nonterminal expression, contains left and right expressions below it
public class AddExpression : IExpression
IExpression leftExpression;
IExpression rightExpression;
public AddExpression(IExpression left, IExpression right)
leftExpression = left;
rightExpression = right;
int IExpression.Interpret()
return leftExpression.Interpret() + rightExpression.Interpret();
//nonterminal expression, contains left and right expressions below it
public class SubtractExpression : IExpression
IExpression leftExpression;
IExpression rightExpression;
public SubtractExpression(IExpression left, IExpression right)
leftExpression = left;
rightExpression = right;
int IExpression.Interpret()
return leftExpression.Interpret() - rightExpression.Interpret();
public class TokenReader
public IExpression ReadToken(List<string> tokenList)
return ReadNextToken(tokenList);
private IExpression ReadNextToken(List<string> tokenList)
int i;
if (int.TryParse(tokenList.First(), out i)) //if the token is integer (terminal)
tokenList.RemoveAt(0); //process terminal expression
return new NumberExpression(i);
return ReadNonTerminal(tokenList); //process nonTerminal expression
private IExpression ReadNonTerminal(List<string> tokenList)
string token = tokenList.First();
tokenList.RemoveAt(0); //read the symbol
IExpression left = ReadNextToken(tokenList); //read left expression
IExpression right = ReadNextToken(tokenList); //read right expression
if (token == "+")
return new AddExpression(left, right);
else if (token == "-")
return new SubtractExpression(left, right);
return null;
Liked this article? You can see this and other great articles on design patterns here.
This article, along with any associated source code and files, is licensed under The Code Project Open License (CPOL)
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text:
December 4, 2009
'Dalby Spook' mongoose mystery back in the spotlight
Published Date:
13 January 2010
By JACKIE TURLEY
THE case of a Manx mystery which made headlines around the world is to reopen more than 70 years after the first claimed sighting.
Speculation has surrounded the case of the Dalby Spook — a talking mongoose called Gef — since a 13-year-old girl is said to have first seen it in 1931.
Now, Christopher Josiffe, a cataloguer at London University's Senate Library, is carrying out new research into the case and he is appealing for Islanders to help uncover the truth.
'I have never been able to decide whether Gef was a hoax, or a genuine — if unexplained — phenomenon,' he said.
'Accordingly, I would be very interested if any of your readers knew the Irving family.
'For instance, did they seem to be publicity-seekers or did they ever charge admission for visitors to Doarlish Cashen?'
>> The Story of Gef
Much research has already been carried out since the Irving family, living in a cottage at Doarlish Cashen, heard strange sounds coming from behind panelling in the house.
It is claimed James and Margaret Irving's daughter, Voirrey, befriended a creature with yellow fur, bushy tail and flat snout, and which introduced himself as 'Gef, an extra clever mongoose from Delhi'.
Gef could sing as well as talk and, with Voirrey's tuition, his vocabulary grew rapidly. He roamed the area to relate gossip back to the Irvings.
He had many traits linked to poltergeists — an uneven temper, was prone to throwing objects at people and made exaggerated claims about his powers.
Reports of Gef ended when the Irvings left Doarish Cashen in 1935.
The next owner, a Mr Graham, said he snared and killed a strange-looking animal.
Legendary paranormal investigator Harry Price was one of a number of researchers who travelled to the Island in the 1930s to probe the strange affair.
As part of his investigation, he had three pawprints made by Gef in plasticine and an impression of his teeth marks evaluated by the Natural History Museum, but they were not matched to any animal.
Mr Price failed to come to any conclusion as to the truth or otherwise of the sightings.
Part of Mr Josiffe's job involves cataloguing books for the Harry Price Library of Magical Literature.
His interest in the case was aroused after looking at the books, letters, photos and other material contained in the library and its archives.
In fact, there is so much material that he has not managed to work his way through the whole collection yet.
He said: 'An interview with Voirrey Irving in the 1970s indicated that she still maintained Gef to have been genuine, but that he had not brought good luck to her family and she rather wished he had not come to stay with them.
'My impression, from reading the archived material, is that the Irvings did not benefit from the publicity; rather, that they were disturbed by gangs of sightseers who made their lives a misery.
'It has been suggested that the whole episode was an elaborate hoax perpetrated by the daughter, Voirrey — but I cannot imagine that she could have hoaxed her father and mother, both of whom seem perfectly sincere in their belief in Gef.
'James Irving, the father, sent Harry Price a diary consisting of Gef's activities over several years.'
He added: 'I am inclined to regard the case as a poltergeist manifestation, similar in some ways to, for instance the Enfield Poltergeist case in the 1970s — objects being hurled around, knocking and scratching sounds, a voice which begins by just making animal noises but quickly "learns" human speech.
'In both cases a teenage girl was the focus for the events.'
Mr Josiffe plans to gain enough information to give a lecture on the subject at Treadwells, a bookshop specialising in cultural history and esoteric belief, in London's Covent Garden.
He said: 'I realise that there will now be very few people still alive who are able to recall these events, given that they took place in the 1930s.
'Accordingly, it may well be that my only hope of any recollections will be from people recalling what their parents told them.'
"Living backwards!" Alice repeated in great
astonishment. "I never heard of such a thing!"
"—but there's one great advantage in it, that one's
memory works both ways."
— Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking-Glass
1 Guest(s)


text:
The Girls' Empowerment Project is an oasis of peace and hope where adolescent refugee girls, who arrive in Nairobi without their families, regain their health, join a community of support, and gain life-long tools leading them to self-sufficiency. The female refugees we serve become agents for hope and change.
Unaccompanied adolescent girls ages 13-19 in forced displacement, especially in urban areas such as Nairobi, are at particular risk of neglect, exploitation and abuse. Without guardians to protect them and an absence of fundamental services, such as health care and education, a desperate need exists to provide them with effective tools that protect them from rape, forced marriage, prostitution, discrimination, at-risk pregnancies, slavery and HIV/AIDS.
Each participant receives holistic services designed to protect, heal and empower. They engage in a series of holistic program components, which includes education, life-skills training, case management, job skills training, daycare for girls' babies and income generation. This childcare program enables mothers to attend their education courses on site while also attending to their children throughout the day and learning about parenting.
This project gives vulnerable young women all that they need become confident and self-sufficient community leaders - earning an income to provide for themselves and their families, and engaging the community in an important dialogue about human rights. The beneficiaries of our Program are invited to serve as peer mobilizers and lead discussions on gender based violence with others in the community. Their participation creates a shift in poverty toward a life of rebuilding and belonging.
This project has provided additional documentation in a PDF file (projdoc.pdf).
Pay Bill: 891300
Account: GG2049
Support this important cause by creating a personalized fundraising page.Start a Fundraiser


text:
From: Bali DiscoveryDenpasar municipal officials and the owners of the Hotel Harrad continue to try to find a workable solution to address the many violations of building and zoning regulations committed by the Sanur property. Ketut Nick Natha Wibawa, the man who heads the Denpasar Public Order and enforcement Agency (Tramtrib & Satpol), told the Denpost that the sealing of the hotel construction site and the many formal warnings issued to the hotel's owners are merely an effort to compel the property to obey established rules.
Nick explained that once an acceptable architectural plan is approved and a formal building permit (IMB) issued, his office will check to make sure the actual construction conforms with the approved plans.
Discussing his department's sealing of the hotel's construction site lacking am IMB, but already in a well-advanced stage of construction, Nick said: "I feel that the administrative sanctions in the form of sealing and reprimands ordering the owners to urgently obtain an IMB, are all efforts intended to bring the matter to a solution. I will never take any action outside my legal authority. But, if our seal (closing the site) is damaged or removed, we will prosecute such criminal actions."
Meanwhile, the head of Denpasar's Zoning and Housing Service (Dinas Tata Ruang dan Perumahan (DTRP), Made Kusuma Diputra, described steps underway to secure an IMB for the project. The DTRP has called the project team from the Hotel Harrad in order to review their building plans. Diputra said many recommendations for changes were made by his team, none of which were significant in nature. Nonetheless, the zoning officials have insisted on corrections to the building plans before the construction of the hotel is allowed to continue.
Many of the changes sought by the Denpasar zoning officials concern demands for more Balinese architectural finishes, known locally as "Bali styles," to be introduced into the building's plans.
Diputra said his office has given the construction team two weeks to modify their plans before their next meeting.
As regards violations of maximum height stipulations by the Hotel Harrad project, the DTRP has visited the construction site to survey and measure the actual height of the building. As an apparent compromise with the developers, the DTRP is prepared to view the first floor of the project as a basement because its elevation is less than the fore-yard of the project. By eliminating the first level of the building the "new" height of the structure becomes 14.5 meters, a number below the maximum height stipulation of 15 meters.
Violations of the 30% open-space coefficient will be addressed by the project's developers agreement to rent vacant land adjacent to the hotel, thereby bringing the open-space factor into conformance.


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Having taken on the less gruelling, but thoroughly enjoyable, the monthly Jackal Run, we wanted to challenge ourselves with something a little further and more difficult. My wife and I started really enjoying the challenge of running together and more importantly overcoming the challenge together. We started looking at races to do and after a few friends said they did the winter series, we decided to try the Spur Summer Trail Race Series.
We missed the first event of the 4 round series as Taryn was in Dubai for the WARR Race, which you can read about on All Things Jabu next week. So Round 2 was our Round 1 and it took place on the 1st of November at Segati in Hartebeespoort. We decided that for our first trail run series we'd do the short courses, which aren't really short in our books, they're just shorter than the long runs! Segati was a 7,5kms run with an overall incline of around 200m. A nice challenge to start with!
We decided to enter ourselves in the G group for the race. The races let you enter into different runs thus A is the quickest group in the long group, going down to the beginners in D and the same set up for the shorter trail for E through G. This is great as it limits bottlenecking and removes the anxiety often associated with running with quicker groups. A solid start made us think it was easy until we hit the incline. All of a sudden our little trail run had become a hike! It was hard and gruelling but that's what makes overcoming it even better. We kept strong and moving forward, running once we felt ready and reaching the top was a wonderful feeling! The downhill was easier though, however with loose rocks you can't get complacent as there is still a lot of concentrating to be done! We got onto the final straight and pushed through to the finish feeling great!
Our official time was 1 hour and 2 minutes, meaning that we were 138th and 139th. Taryn was 30th in her age grouping and myself 52nd in the men's open group. We were extremely happy in our showing on our first trail run!
One of the lessons we have learnt and it was underlined again at our second race on the 8th November, is that purpose built trail running shoes are imperative to your challenge. But I digress, we took on the second race just a week later. This race was a different beast. It was shorter with a longer incline, which was thankfully not as drastic. Even with a 7:15 start we were already battling the elements as the Gauteng heat streak offered an extra challenge. We felt really strong for the race and I am starting to see the difference it makes in becoming racing fit. We managed to do the 6,7km course in 47mins! Slightly higher in the standings 127th and 128th. Taryn was 27th so it was another great result for her! There's nothing more motivating than seeing improvement.
The last race is on the 6th of December also in the Harties area. You get a medal for completing 3 of the 4 events. It will be a medal we'll feel we've worked hard to get! Our aim is push ourselves higher up the overall standings and see from there. We will be aiming to do a lot more of the trail runs in the New Year and we will keep you posted about all of these adventures on All Things Jabu. We'd love to see you on the trail one Sunday Morning. As our friends at PUMA say, No Matter what!


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The HP Indigo 12000 digital press joins Geographics existing fleet of web and sheetfed offset printing technology, as well as an HP Indigo 5900 Digital Press, enhancing the company's position at the forefront of the printing and visual communication industries.
Geographics continues its long history of excellence in the industry as one of the most awarded printers in the Printing and Imaging Association of Georgia's annual completion. Geographics won a total of 66 individual awards in Print Excellence, including 22 wins in the "Best of" category. Seven Top Gold Awards were earned for: Best Catalog - Feiss 2017 Full Line Catalog (Generation Brands); Most Creative Use of Paper - Hodges Ward & Elliott Hotel Central Park Photobook; Best Print Finishing - Intrepid Power Boat Catalog; Best Color - 2018 Silversea World Cruise Brochure; Best Packaging - Heinrich Marketing Welcome Box; Best Web Printing - Sea Gull Lighting 2017 Full Line Catalog (Generation Brands); Best of Show - Hatteras Sport Fish Catalog. Geographics received these awards at an industry gala called "ImPRESS 2017: Showcase & Print Celebration" among nearly 350 industry peers.
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Apr 29, 2011
By Kourosh Kaghazian and Jue Wang
Re-posted from HuffPost, 04/26/2011
All great companies start off with a pitch that captures people's imagination. Without it, entrepreneurs have a difficult time attracting talent, investors and, most importantly, customers.
That's why we at the MIT $100k Entrepreneurship Competition have launched YouPitch, an elevator pitch contest that's based entirely on YouTube and open to students from across the world.
The contest is the latest evolution of MIT's student-run $100k competition, an annual program that provides aspiring entrepreneurs with the resources, network and learning opportunities needed to start successful ventures. Since its founding in 1989, over 150 companies have been launched out of the MIT $100k, raising $1.3 billion in venture capital and generating over $16 billion in market value. Notable alumni include Akamai, a leader in web application and performance management with annual revenues of $1+ billion, Harmonix, creators of "Rock Band" and "Guitar Hero", as well as ZipCar, a leading car-sharing company.
YouPitch aims to provide students with a platform to showcase their business ideas and hone their viral marketing skills. We encourage contestants to submit 60-second pitches that clearly articulate a problem and solution, as well as exhibit imagination, passion and a touch of humor. The three videos with the most votes/'likes' on YouTube and MIT $100k's Facebook page will make it to the final judging round. Investor Brad Feld will pick the winner from three finalists. And the winner will receive a $2,000 cash prize plus a free trip to MIT for its Business Plan Contest finale in May.
Check out pitches from:
- Clear Ear (MIT)
- Affordable Clean Water (Lone Star College-Montgomery)
- FxRedux (University of Utah)
- The Stable (UCLA)
- Prigli (MIT)
- Freelance Teaching (GIK Institute, Pakistan)
- Pulse (Franklin University)
- JolaVenture (Northeastern)
- Menthex (IIT Madras)
- Futreme Online (Northeastern)
- ReceiptsOnDemand (MIT)
- Missing Kids Project (Taiwan University)
- Investours (Harvard)
- Innovrr (Connecticut)
- Saathi (MIT)
- The Buskers (Imperial)
- Enterprise 2 Power (Georgia Institute of Technology)
- Cellanyx (Columbia)
- Bookxor (MIT)
- Prisna, Inc (Tufts)
- itSoftware (Cleveland)
- Blossom Coffee (MIT)
- Evolving Technologies (MIT)
- Feral Motion (Foster School of Business)
- weKnow (Seattle)
- 6dot Braille labeler (Stanford)
- SmartPlan (Stanford)
- NeuroPal (Johns Hopkins)
- SaferTaxi (Harvard)
- Upkast (MIT)
- Sanergy (MIT)


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Structure of the Medical Essay
Medical essays follow are written using the same structure as many other scientific papers. The structure for your medical essay is shown here:
- Abstract: A one paragraph overview of the nursing research paper that tells the reader what the paper is about.
- Main text: Standard structure for scientific articles (IMRAD)
- Introduction: Discusses what is known about the topic and why your research/analysis is important. It will also include your hypotheses/thesis statement and your objectives/purpose
- Methods: Depending on the paper your methodology or the literature analyzed
- Results: Actual results stated
- Discussion/Conclusions: Discussion of results, and what the implications of those results are
Essays follow this structure for a reason. Most readers will look at an abstract first to see if the paper contains information they want to read. The capstone nursing is presented in a logical way in a format that anybody in the field is familiar with, allowing them to go directly to any particular part without having to read the entire paper.
Suggestions to Write a Good Medical Essay
The following tip and suggestions can be applied to any healthcare essay:
- Don't write the paper in the order its presented: While the structure shown above is how your paper should be presented, it is easier to write it in the following order:
- Methods
- Results
- Discussion and Conclusion
- Introduction
- Abstract
- State clearly what your objectives are: The reader should be able to tell exactly what the paper is about.
- Avoid jargon and abbreviations: It is easy to forget that not everybody is as conversant with the topic as you are. As much as possible avoid using jargon and abbreviations that most are not familiar with. When you must include terms or abbreviations that are not widely known, be sure to define them, and remain consistent in their use.
- Clear concise writing style: Write in a style that is easy to understand and that gets directly to the point. Avoid long complicated sentences. Say what you mean as plainly as possible with the fewest number of words. Eliminate unnecessary words and phrases.
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Iemma turns down offer of federal seatBy state political reporter Liz Foschia
Former New South Wales Premier Morris Iemma has turned down an opportunity to move to federal politics.
Nominations have closed to select a candidate for the federal seat of Barton which is being vacated by former Attorney-General Robert McClelland.
Labor holds Barton with a margin of 8.9 percent.
The party had hoped to convince former NSW premier Morris Iemma to run for the seat.
But when nominations closed at midday today his name was not on the list of candidates.
Rockdale Mayor Shane O'Brien, Mr Iemma's former adviser Kirsten Andrews and former Hurstville Mayor Steve McMahon have nominated to contest the seat.
The state's first Muslim MP Shaoquette Moselmane has also put his name in the mix.
A rank and file vote to select the candidate will be held on April the 6th.


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Inspired by our past to help shape your future
With 50 years of academic excellence behind us as a University, we have continued to grow our international reputation and course provision. We have always been pioneers in developing new course subjects, reflecting and anticipating the needs of employers, our students, and of society as a whole.
Bradford was the first university outside London to offer part-time degree courses, and our courses are designed in response to the changing business, social, scientific and environmental landscape.
From the first modern Business School, which has an international reputation, to the first Peace Studies degree, we continue to offer relevant, practical and useful learning for all our students.
Today our associations with employers have expanded across the globe. Our collaborations range from associations with local employers through our employer engagement initiatives, to overseas partnerships including those in Singapore, Brunei, Malaysia, Pakistan and India.
"You can be confident of your University developing in the future with the same dynamism as has been shown in the past – educating men and women who receive education and training relevant to the needs of our changing society."
former Prime Minister and our first Chancellor
Strategies, Policies, Mission and Values
Everything the University does, no matter how small, forms a part of our mission as an institution and our corporate strategy.
Our values and policies are in place to make sure that, in achieving our goals, we do so as fairly and as well as possible.
Our vision of a sustainable campus
At the University of Bradford we are committed to sustainability and have won recognition for our sustainable campus, and we are one of the world's leading Ecoversities.
Our vision includes meeting four core objectives:
Working towards sustainable education
Shaping a more sustainable future by engaging students, staff, the local community and employers on the skills and knowledge needed in the pursuit of sustainable development.
Working towards a healthy environment
Protecting the environment by minimising our resource use and emissions whilst also enhancing the surrounding environment.
Working towards social wellbeing
Creating a greener, safer environment in which our students, staff and the local community can live, interact, study, and be active.
Working towards a thriving economy
Developing research, innovation and knowledge transfer to bring greater prosperity to our students, the University, City and Region.
The University of Bradford is a technology university with over 50 years of cutting-edge research experience.
Our research is ranked in the top 50 in the UK (HEFCE, 2014) for research quality with three quarters being classed as either world-leading or internationally excellent.
Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Foundation Year
This school also offers:
- BAs (1) BACHELORSTUDIES
- BScs (5) HEALTHCARESTUDIES
- BScs (11) BACHELORSTUDIES
- Bachelors (2) HEALTHCARESTUDIES
- Bachelors (4) BACHELORSTUDIES
- DBAs (1) PHDSTUDIES
- EMBAs (1) MBASTUDIES
- LLBs (2) LAWSTUDIES
- LLMs (3) LAWSTUDIES
- MScs (8) HEALTHCARESTUDIES
- MScs (26) MASTERSTUDIES
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- Masters (1) MASTERSTUDIES
- Masters (2) HEALTHCARESTUDIES
- PhDs (2) HEALTHCARESTUDIES
- PhDs (3) PHDSTUDIES


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School Board OKs closure plan
Late changes rejected in acrimonious meeting
Despite bitter protests from dozens of parents, the Seattle School Board voted 5-2 Wednesday to approve a plan to close six schools and a district interim site and move more than a thousand students to new schools in 2007.
The School Board also told Superintendent Raj Manhas to develop a list of at least three more schools that would be shuttered in the fall of 2007. A vote on that second round of closures is tentatively scheduled for Nov. 1.
Board President Brita Butler-Wall acknowledged how painful the closure process has been, but said it would be "unethical" to try to keep 70 elementary schools open.
"It breaks my heart," she said. "But this is the kind of hard work we were elected to do."
The closures and mergers approved Wednesday:
- Close Viewlands Elementary. The board declined to follow a proposal to merge students into Greenwood Elementary, saying the community needs more time to decide where to move Viewlands' program for autistic children.
- Close John Marshall Alternative High School, move the programs. A new location hasn't been selected.
- Merge M.L. King and T.T. Minor Elementary schools and close the MLK building.
- Close Fairmount Park Elementary, merge students into High Point Elementary.
- Close the Hughes building.
- Close Rainier View Elementary, merge students and program into Emerson Elementary.
- Merge the Whitworth Elementary program into Dearborn Park Elementary.
- Close the Columbia building, move the Orca K-5 program that had been in Columbia to the Whitworth building.
The board also voted to protect schools that are on the receiving end of mergers, such as T.T. Minor and High Point, making them exempt from the second round of school closures.
Board members made several last-minute and unsuccessful amendments, a few of which sought to save Viewlands and Marshall from closure -- or at least defer a decision until later this year.
Wednesday's meeting was one of the most acrimonious in recent memory, with much of the more than three-hour meeting spent debating late changes to the closure list.
Board members Sally Soriano and Mary Bass, who introduced the majority of the amendments, found themselves on the lonely end of nearly every vote but gave several impassioned speeches that earned them applause from the audience. In the end, they also were the only two board members to vote against the entire package of school closures.
Bass, particularly, was frustrated that her colleagues voted down an amendment that would have scuttled the MLK-T.T. Minor merger and kept King open this fall. King is the only school on the list that would close this fall and not in 2007.
"We've seen how difficult it is to get fairness and justice," she said.
She also lambasted Seattle Public Schools for not exhausting all other options -- such as selling vacant properties or renegotiating leases -- before deciding to close schools.
Audience members, several of whom agreed with her, jeered and occasionally engaged in shouting matches with board members. Butler-Wall occasionally had to call the meeting to order when the heckling became too intense.
Melissa Westbrook, who served on the citizens advisory committee that came up with the original closure list, said she was stunned by the tenor of the meeting, as well as the flurry of last-minute changes that were proposed.
"The board is making it harder than it has to be," she said.
It was the second time in two years that the district has tried to shutter some schools.
While acknowledging that the closure process is difficult, district officials have said it's necessary at a time when schools face declining enrollments and ever-tighter budgets.
Last year, an attempt to close schools crashed and burned in the face of public outrage.
This year, Seattle Public Schools spent months building up to Wednesday night's vote. An expert panel suggested ways to save money, including closing schools. Then the group of citizens focused on which schools to close and held a series of public hearings on the subject.
Then public meetings were held at each school proposed for closure.
District officials hope the closures, the first since 1989, will streamline operations and improve the quality of education at the surviving schools.
Manhas has estimated that it will cost a little more than $1.4 million to close the schools and move programs, furniture and supplies. But he said those costs are offset by the potential savings: $4.4 million in capital costs and about $2.1 million in operating costs for the first year.
The district expects the total savings to rise each year.
The School Board has already voted to pour half the savings from operating costs -- about $1 million -- back into academics for 2007-08.
Still, many parents had balked at the original 12 closures proposed in May. After extensive public meetings and hearings over the past few months, the list was whittled down and the most controversial proposals withdrawn -- though district officials denied that they were doing so to appease parents who had protested loudly.
For now, families of students affected by the first round of closures will be notified of their new assigned school in August. If they do not want to attend that school, they will be able to sign up for another during open enrollment in January, district officials said.
Under the tentative timeline mapped out by the district, Manhas and district staff members will select three more schools for closure in the fall of 2007 -- one each in the North End, Central Seattle and West Seattle.
The district also will consider closing the aging Wilson-Pacific building and try to find a better home for the Pathfinder program, currently in the deteriorating Genesee Hill building in West Seattle.
The criteria and principles that guided the current closure list will be used to select additional schools to be closed, Manhas said.
A short list is expected in mid-September, and a final decision is expected later this fall.


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David Tijerina
David A. Tijerina is a trial attorney working primarily on personal injury litigation.
Before entering law school, David worked in sales and marketing with the Marriott Rivercenter in downtown San Antonio. He left the Marriott to attend law school at Southern Methodist University School of Law, beginning his legal career where he represented insurance companies, municipalities, and corporations. In 1999, David left the firm and began representing injured clients. He has first-chair trial experience in municipal, county, and district courts, and he has successfully tried cases to verdict. From 2000 to 2011, David instructed law students as an Adjunct Professor of Consumer Law at Texas Wesleyan University School of Law. In 2007, David was recognized for his work with the University, receiving the Adjunct Professor of the Year Award. Named in San Antonio Scene as Top Lawyer in 2018.


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Two pupils at Cardinal Vaughan Memorial School in west London have collected awards for academic achievement at the House of Commons.
Diane Abbott, shadow health minister, honoured high-achieving youngsters at the Commons on Friday, September 30.
The annual award ceremony has been run for the last five years by Miss Abbott and UBS bank. It celebrates outstanding achievement among black boys and girls at GCSE, A-level and university level.
Anna-Maria Seemuyaba won in the category of A-level Girls, beating a group of other high-achieving shortlisted candidates. Over the last couple of years Anna-Maria has managed to juggle her work at school with caring for her father, who is blind. On her way to achieving one A* and two As at Cardinal Vaughan School, Anna-Maria has made time to mentor a younger pupil who has learning difficulties.
But it is not just in the classroom where Anna-Maria has made an impression: she has also become a high-flyer in the school netball and debating teams. Anna-Maria's hard work is paying off after she recently secured a place to read English at Exeter College, Oxford.
Solomon won in the category of GCSE Boys. Solomon has combined a number of talents as a pupil at Cardinal Vaughan, working hard to achieve six A*s and five As, while spending his spare time composing music and playing the flute in the concert orchestra.
Having done medical work experience Solomon has now set his sights on becoming a doctor and is currently working hard outside the classroom to achieve this.
Youngsters and their families were present at the ceremony at the event, which was attended by prominent black public figures and celebrities, including MPs David Lammy and Chuka Umunna, basketball star John Amaechi and a number of diplomats and high-commissioners.
Anna-Maria, who earlier in the day had been interviewed on BBC London Radio by presenters Gaby Roslin and Paul Ross, was presented with her award by Mr Ameachi.


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Collisions among molecules in early Earth's atmosphere may have prevented our planet from freezing over eons ago, when the sun was much dimmer than it is today, keeping the world warm enough for life to emerge, scientists say.
This newfound warming effect may influence what distant worlds scientists think alien life might possibly dwell on, investigators added.
When the sun was young, models suggest it was only 70 percent as bright as it is today. However, during the first 2 billion years of Earth's history, geological evidence suggests the Earth was still warm enough that glaciers did not cover its entire surface, allowing early life to emerge.
Scientists, including Carl Sagan, have suggested a number of possible solutions to this so-called " faint young sun paradox." Perhaps a complex brew of global warming gases helped keep the planet warm. Perhaps the sun was brighter than previously thought. Or perhaps the early Earth absorbed more sunlight than previously suggested.
However, many of these effects "have later been found to have important weaknesses," said study lead author Robin Wordsworth, a planetary scientist at the University of Chicago.
In their new study, Wordsworth and his colleague Raymond Pierrehumbert suggest that collisions between hydrogen and nitrogen molecules in the early Earth's atmosphere could have helped them trap incoming solar radiation and warm the planet. [ Earth's Atmosphere from Top to Bottom (Infographic) ]
Earth's life-protecting atmosphere
Molecules can absorb infrared light — the kind most often given off as heat — by wobbling in response to the light. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide can absorb infrared photons and heat up the planet, but nitrogen and hydrogen gas generally do not.
"However, if the atmosphere is dense enough, hydrogen and nitrogen molecules will occasionally stick when they collide with each other, forming new hydrogen-nitrogen 'dimmer' molecules," Wordsworth said. "These dimmers have many different ways to wobble, which allows them to absorb infrared photons very effectively, and hence keep a planet's surface warm."
Past research had suggested that the early Earth was not rich in hydrogen.
"Hydrogen is such a rare gas in Earth's atmosphere today that at first glance, it seems crazy that it could ever have played a role in warming the climate," Wordsworth said.
However, recent calculations show the early Earth's atmosphere could actually have been up to about 30 percent hydrogen gas. Wordsworth and Pierrehumbert found that if Earth's early atmosphere was 10 percent hydrogen gas, it could have conceivably increased surface temperatures by as much as 18 to 27 degrees Fahrenheit (10 to 15 degrees Celsius).
Space news from NBCNews.com
Teen's space mission fueled by social media
Science editor Alan Boyle's blog: "Astronaut Abby" is at the controls of a social-media machine that is launching the 15-year-old from Minnesota to Kazakhstan this month for the liftoff of the International Space Station's next crew.
- Buzz Aldrin's vision for journey to Mars
- Giant black hole may be cooking up meals
- Watch a 'ring of fire' solar eclipse online
- Teen's space mission fueled by social media
Hydrogen-nitrogen warming is particularly interesting because it has major implications for the development of the biosphere, the world's global community of life, Wordsworth said. Previously, researchers generally assumed that methane-producing, hydrogen-eating microbes must have been abundant across the early Earth, because they thought atmospheric methane was necessary to warm the planet.
"This idea has problems because under early Earth conditions, methane is actually a pretty ineffective greenhouse gas," Wordsworth said. "Our work shows that the Earth could have remained warm even if the early biosphere didn't pour out large amounts of methane."
In fact, instead of warming the climate by generating methane as previously believed, these microbes may have actually cooled the climate by consuming hydrogen.
"Untangling the coupling between climate and biology on the early Earth in light of our results will be an exciting topic for future research," Wordsworth said.
Atmospheres of alien Earths
This warming effect "may be very important to our understanding of climates on other planets," Wordsworth added. "In particular, it could lead to an expanded definition of the habitable zone for larger planets — the so-called 'super-Earths' — that are far from their host stars."
The habitable zone of a star is defined as the area in which a planet's surface is warm enough to sustain liquid water. Since life is found virtually everywhere there is liquid water on Earth, this warming effect could therefore influence the search for signs of life, or biosignatures, on alien worlds, Wordsworth said. Super-Earths are expected to have atmospheres that are comparably rich in hydrogen and nitrogen, he added.
"We hope our results will encourage researchers to develop an expanded definition of the habitable zone for planets around other stars, and to think harder about how biosignatures might be derived from planets with hydrogen-rich atmospheres," Wordsworth said.
"There's been lots of previous work on the faint young sun paradox, and we're sure our study won't be the last word on the matter," Wordsworth added. "It's of course quite possible that the early Earth was kept warm by a combination of effects."
Wordsworth and Pierrehumbert detail their findings in Friday's issue of the journal Science.
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