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Arab American Institute, Summer Internship, Application Deadline, BTT Gateway Job ID 6900
Mon, March 31, 2014
|AAI offers internships in Washington for Arab American college students and recent graduates interested in public affairs, advocacy and ethnic politics. The program is part of the Arab American Institute Foundation (AAIF)'s commitment to youth leadership, along with scholarships and awards for public and community service.
The Arab American Institute (AAI) was founded in 1985 to nurture and encourage the direct participation of Arab Americans in political and civic life in the United States. AAI provides training and resources for Arab American political effectiveness through participation in party politics, public boards and commissions, city councils and state legislatures, as well as congressional and presidential elections.
Internships during the spring, summer and fall semesters at AAI offer hands-on experience in the workings of a busy non-profit with programs that include research and information, event management, community outreach, and media relations, among others. Applications are reviewed by senior staff to determine departmental assignments based on each student's area of study, extracurricular activities, and interests.
In addition to assignments at AAI, we also place summer interns in other organizations in Washington, including advocacy groups, the national political parties, government agencies, and organizations that focus on Middle Eastern affairs. 2013 Interns were offered positions at the US Department of State, the office of Congresswoman Karen Bass, the Democratic National Committee, the Institute for Policy Studies, Churches for Middle East Peace, and others.
Preference for summer internships will be given to those who are available for full-time placement and eligible for college credit. Those not eligible for college credit are allocated a stipend of up to $1,000 per month, based on hours. Applicants must either be U.S. citizens or permitted to work in the U.S.
Interns receive EITHER college credit OR a stipend.
BTT Gateway Job ID 6900


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The special drawing rights reserve (SDR) was created by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in 1969. It is designed to supplement the existing official reserves of member countries. But what is it?
As the IMF states, the SDR is "neither a currency nor a claim on the IMF". Multiple currencies are held all around the world in many different countries – so, for example, not all of the sterling in the world is held in Britain. So an SDR allows a member of the IMF to obtain surplus currency held by another IMF member. This can be arranged by agreement.
Alternatively, the IMF can designate members with strong external positions (current account surpluses) to buy SDRs from members with much weaker positions to release the currency that they need to meet their external obligations and payments. The value of an SDR is based on a basket of currencies – the euro, yen, sterling and the US dollar – and carries an interest rate. The US dollar value of the SDR is available every day on the IMF website.

subset: commoncrawl


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Monthly Archives: August 2015
Campus Education Week and RSC Authors
Written on August 17, 2015 at 9:53 am, by Devan Jensen
Campus Education Week is August 17–21, 2015. Please consider attending presentations of the following RSC authors. Click on the links to access their free RSC publications. ________________________________________ Presentations Kenneth L. Alford (RSC publications here) "Learning from Adversity: Lessons from Church History," Varsity, Wilkinson Student Center (WSC), M, 9:50–10:45 p.m. "God's Hand in America's Birth," Varsity,
The Marvelous Gift and Power of the Light of Christ
Written on August 10, 2015 at 9:31 am, by Devan Jensen
The Marvelous Gift and Power of the Light of Christ Alexander L. Baugh Professor of Church History and Doctrine at Brigham Young University God has given divine inspiration, guidance, and revelation to all of His children, and He has done so from the very beginning. He loves each and every person in the human family,


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It's been a good few weeks since we returned from our best-dressed tour of Britain. The competition is now closed, The entries are in and our days are spent sifting through hundreds of potential candidates.
While we're getting on with that, here's the third episode from our best-dressed documentary series. This week the team hit Liverpool in search of the best-dressed man on the Mersey. Next up it's Manchester and Leeds, so watch this space for more.


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Conveyor Belts can:
- Move mobs, items and players - Stuff chests, dispensers and furnaces (smartly) - Eject items from chests - Eject smelting products from furnaces - Automatically craft items - great for factories - Separate and filter items - Detect items & mobs like pressure plate - Prevent items from despawning. This is useful for very long conveyors. - Prevent items from falling down. - Conveyor move a little bit slower than player, but if you walk on it, you will move twice faster than usual (using both velocities together). - Use sneaking to safely walk on conveyor without being pushed.
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If your monthly period is two weeks late, it is natural to suspect pregnancy and take a pregnancy test. And if they turn out to be negative, you should find out the causes of the missing cycle. Many reasons can lie behind the missing period, including stress and excessive exercise. Claim Your 20 Free Pregnancy Tests – Click Here
The monthly egg, released by the ovaries, waits for fertilization and, if this doesn't happen, it gets released when menstruation starts. So, if the ovaries don't release eggs the way they should, the uterus will not know to start the period.
There are cases in which women have to take birth control pills to assist the communication between the ovaries and the uterus to regulate their periods. If missing more than three periods in a row and still not pregnant, you should have a thorough evaluation to find out what's wrong.
The thyroid gland is in charge of your body's metabolism and if it isn't working properly, it can affect your periods. If the lack of monthly cycles is associated with symptoms such as extreme tiredness, weight gain, hair loss and a constant feeling of coldness when everyone around is feeling comfortable, it is almost sure the thyroid gland is having some problems. Do a simple blood test to determine the thyroidal activity and adjust it with medication.
The hormone prolactin is produced by your brain, and if abnormally released it can affect women's periods. Since woman's body produces prolactin while breastfeeding and thus missing menstruation when she's nursing, if it is the case, you will notice a slight milky discharge from the nipples. This disorder can be treated with medication.
Amenorrhea means the absence of regular periods. If you are aware you have it and have had unprotected intercourse, you should determine whether you are pregnant since there won't be a missed period to help you figure it out. The easiest way of diagnosing a pregnancy is with the help of a pregnancy test, in urine or blood.
A positive pregnancy test confirms the presence of the hormone hCG and that you are pregnant. A negative pregnancy test, after lacking periods, shows there is no hCG in your body and is usually certain that you are not pregnant.
Therefore, as you can see, there is the possibility to have absence of menstruation and not be pregnant, but luckily there are ways to identify and treat these problems when they occur.


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I am a writer passionate about translating science, technology, and history to middle-grade and young adult audiences with an engaging (narrative) perspective.
But, it wasn't always this way…
As a kid, I didn't like to write. I was the one who used the biggest handwriting possible to fill the one or two pages assigned as quickly as possible. I loved reading (a lot!), but my focus was always math and science.
I went to undergrad at Bucknell University and studied both Mechanical Engineering and English. To me, it was the perfect combination! I spent my semesters running between buildings and thinking about Thoreau while designing gears and worrying about internal shear while reading Dickinson. (The American Romantics were my favorite 🙂 ) I wouldn't have enjoyed either engineering or English much without the other. It was the start of melding my two loves – science and books.
After graduation, I went to developing hybrid cars. It was interesting, but I felt like something was missing.
While working, I went to graduate school at night. There, back in the labs and textbooks, I finally realized what was missing. At my day job, there was never any raw discovery, no search for a great answer to an involved question. I needed to be learning something new. I needed to create something the world had never seen before.
So, I quit my job.
I went back to school (again!). At the University of Virginia, I earned another M.S. in Mechanical Engineering. The school was a fantastic, energetic place to be, filled with passionate people all eager to push the bounds of what we know. There were new subjects to master in class and new problems to explore in the lab. (and, a husband to meet on the softball field 😉 But, that's a different story…)
My research focused on elite athlete tolerance to injury. Working with the NFL, I described the risk for Turf Toe injuries for professional football players. I tested, analyzed data, and synthesized the results into a meaningful conclusion.
And, most importantly, I started to write.
One of the hallmarks of academia is publishing peer-reviewed journal articles, and I spent a lot of time learning how to write. With a degree in English, you might think that I'd have figured this out already. (and, perhaps I should have…) But – and here's a secret! – an English degree just means you know how to read, not how to write. I had a lot to learn about transitions, logical flow and progression, writing for an audience, and keeping to a strict word count.
I loved it. The more I learned, the more I published, the more I wanted to write.
With a 130-page thesis and 7 articles to my name, I graduated and moved to Dayton, Ohio to research gait biometrics at Wright-Patterson Air Force base. And I kept on publishing. It got to the point that I wanted to do projects just to have the fun of writing and seeing the results in print.
These days, I no longer work as an engineer, but I am still constantly researching. The same quest for answers that led me to academics spirits my searches and stories. I get excited about questions like "What do we know about the first milliseconds of the universe's life?" or "Who designs roller coasters and how?" or "How did we beat the Russians to the moon?"
The challenge of explaining the answers to young audiences drives me to understand the smallest details in the simplest terms. Creating articles and books that explain the beautiful complexity of the universe is the best job I can think of.
There is an endless, fascinating world in and around us with fascinating people leading our discovery of it. I am honored to write about it all.
So, that's the story of what I write and why. I've created a page called "Adventures" to help show some other aspects of my life and things I find interesting. I've done a fair amount of traveling and had some pretty wonderful adventures so far – every bit of it colors my writing.
I also love coffee ice cream.
I live outside of Dayton, Ohio with my husband, son, and daughter. They are my everything.


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Leonard Truck & Trailer History
Humble Beginnings
Leonard Truck & Trailer, Inc., began in 1963 in North Jackson with modest backyard beginnings when Stan and Peg Leonard began dealing with horses and a few horse trailer manufacturers. The company experienced moderate growth over the next twenty-three years, with the addition of trailer manufacturers and inventory. In 1986, Stan and Peg's son, Clint, joined Leonard Truck and Trailer as a sales representative.
During the next several years, LT&T continued to grow with the addition of many new trailer manufacturers and by creating what would become the largest parts and after market trailer sales department in the Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia areas. It was at this time that Clint (who is now the company President) began expanding the LT&T product line by offering living quarter trailers, enclosed car and cargo trailers, dump trailers, utility and construction trailers, as well as heavy equipment trailers. As Leonard Truck & Trailer continued to expand their selection of all types of trailers, it became apparent that a move to a larger, more convenient and more visible location was in order.
Our Photo Album
The Recent Years
In early 2001, Leonard Truck & Trailer moved to its new location on I-76 at Bailey Rd. (Exit #57), still in North Jackson, Ohio. The new location, within an hour drive of Cleveland, Canton, and Pittsburgh has allowed the company's rapid growth to continue.
The convenient location features a 24,000 square foot facility, including an 11,000 square foot service center that features four 100' drive through bays, plus an extensive parts department, giving LT&T the capacity to repair any trailer-related problem or to customize your trailer in just about any way you can dream up.
LTT MegaStore
This newer, larger facility allows for a greater selection of in stock trailers, an aftermarket display area in an indoor showroom, a comprehensive trailer parts and service department, plus a custom vinyl graphics department. All of this ensures that customers find the best trailer for their needs and receive the best and most comprehensive service possible.


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VerseD: 1 Timothy 4:12
Let no one despise you for your youth, but set the believers an example in speech, in conduct, in love, in faith, in purity.
1 Timothy 4:12, ESV
Young, old, or have a past: do not wait for others to give you a chance.
You live your faith, and live it well in the power of Christ by the Holy Spirit to the glory of the Father.


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View Contact Info on IMDbPro »
Photo Gallery
Chris Klein was born in Hinsdale, Illinois, on March 14, 1979, to Terese (Bergen), a kindergarten teacher, and Fred Klein, an engineer. He is of German, Irish, and English descent. After spending the first thirteen years of his life there, he moved with his family to Nebraska. It was while he was in high school that Klein was discovered by ... See full bio »


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A report about what to do to cram even more people into London has come up with a variety of possible options, including turning more green belt land into potential home spots and also allowing blocks of flats of up to 60 stories high to increase the capital's population density.
The report has been assembled by Lord Kerslake, chairman of the London Housing Commission. His paper suggests London's in the midst of a "housing crisis" thanks to swelling population and a lower population density than rival global business centres, with the housing shortage damaging the competitiveness of the city as workers, unable to find an affordable flat within 600 miles of their office, move away.
The Capital Failure doc [PDF] warns that: "London's housing problems are not limited to house prices -- rents are rising faster than earnings; overcrowding in the in social and private rental markets is growing quickly; homelessness is increasing sharply, and there are around 80,000 children living in temporary accommodation."
The summary is that more land needs to be freed up for housing, developments need to be more dense, the planners need to be quicker and more efficient, plus private tenancy agreements should be lengthened to add an element of stability to rents. [IPPR via The Times]
Image credit: High Rise
Want more updates from Gizmodo UK? Make sure to check out our @GizmodoUK Twitter feed, and our Facebook page.


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Update Cordova Project after Upgrading to Android Studio 3
After I upgraded my Android Studio to version 3 which also updates the Gradle build system to version 4, my Sencha mobile app (with Cordova) suddenly stops building with the following errors:
ExtJs: Simple way to setup 'All' checkbox to reflect other checkboxes status across the row in a Grid Panel
Suppose you have a number of checkboxes (checkcolumn) for each row in a GridPanel and an 'All' checkbox to control & reflect the status of other checkboxes in the row, i.e.
- Uncheck any box will also uncheck the 'All' checkbox
- When all the checkboxes are checked, the 'All' checkbox is automatically checked
Passing data from SiriKit Intent Extension to Cordova
I have a mobile app built with Cordova and Sencha Modern Framework and I have also integrated the app with SiriKit workout domain. So if I speak to my iPhone,
Hey Siri, run a test with MYAPP.
Siri will launch my mobile app and run the test service. In order to do that, I need to be able to pass additional data from my Siri workout Intent handler. So that my Cordova app knows which service to start. For details how to create a SiriKit Intent extension, see this.
CSS Smiley Infinite Animation – Added Furious Face
In Coffee Steam, it shows a cool CSS animated effect of steam from a coffee. I have copied the CSS code and integrated with my recent modified work on smiley face. A new emotion after the angry face, furious, which is basically angry face and steam together. Here is the demo.
Adding Infinite Loop to the Cool CSS Smiley Animation
There is a very cool pure CSS smiley animation created by Tiago Alexandre Lopes. The animation begins as soon as one of the smiley radio buttons is checked. However, the nice animation doesn't repeat. It would be nice to have the animation repeated every 5 seconds.
TL;DR Here is the demo.
pthread_cancel and blocking I/O in Android NDK
We have a multi-threaded program that has one thread sitting in a while loop blocking from
recvfrom system call on a socket. I need to run this C program on mobile. Unfortunately, in the networking side of mobile development, IP address changes all the time and the socket descriptor becomes invalid. Hence we need to break the loop and reconnect the socket.
First approach is to destroy the thread the recreate it again when IP address is changed. So the thread can go through closing the old socket gracefully, creates a new socket with the new IP address and enters the while loop of receiving packets. Quick and simple. However, if you are porting a multi-threaded C/C++ program for Android, perhaps this may not be a smooth ride. This is because
pthread_cancel is not available in the Android NDK. So we can't kill the thread and we need a way to signal blocking I/O
recvfrom call.
Second approach is to
close the socket descriptor and the
recvfrom should return with error. However, this doesn't happen in Android. The
recvfrom continues to block.
Third approach is to set non-blocking I/O option in socket and handles the
errno returning from
struct time tv; tv.tv_sec = 1; setsockopt(socketfd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVTIMEO, &tv, sizeof(tv));
Another surprise in Android, it won't let you do that.
I am running out of magic 8-ball. Luckily, the shutdown system call on socket lets you terminate the blocking I/O.
At the time of writing, I'm using API level 24.
Using Semaphores on Android
If you plan to use semaphores on Android, then don't. This is because the sem_open, sem_close and sem_unlink are not implemented. If you call sem_open on Android, you will get EACCESS error regardlessly.
This is what is defined in the /usr/include/semaphore.h in NDK's sysroot directory.
int sem_destroy(sem_t*); int sem_getvalue(sem_t*, int*); int sem_init(sem_t*, int, unsigned int); int sem_post(sem_t*); int sem_timedwait(sem_t*, const struct timespec*); int sem_trywait(sem_t*); int sem_wait(sem_t*); /* These aren't actually implemented. */ sem_t* sem_open(const char*, int, ...); int sem_close(sem_t*); int sem_unlink(const char*); __END_DECLS #endif /* _SEMAPHORE_H */
The only workaround is to use mutex and conditional variable. Fortunately, there are many online helps on how to do it. Here is an example.
Sencha ExtJs Modern: How to Switch Off Compression in 'Build & Emulate'
Although in Sencha Cmd, we can easily switch off compression by doing a Testing build. In ExtJs Modern framework, when we do a 'Build & Emulate', it compresses all the JS code anyway and there is no option to switch it off (Well, at least in Sencha Architect). This makes it hard to debug mobile applications when runs it on an Android emulator, especially using Chrome developer console to remote attach to the emulator.
I contacted the support, here is how you switch the compression off by adding highlighted lines to app.json as shown belown:
"native": { "packager": "cordova", "compressor": null, "properties": { "build.compression": "", "enable.resource.compression": false }, "cordova": { "config": { "id": "com.domain.MyApp", "name": "MyApp", "platforms": "android" } } }
After that, do a 'Build & Emulate' again. When you reconnect the Chrome developer console, you should see your own source code as well as ExtJs source.


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Senest opdateret: 6.9.2019 klokkn 08:11:32
10. semester
9. semester
8. semester
7. semester
6. semester
5. semester
7. semester
Developing a Hard Real-time Protocol for The Autonomous Platform
The necessity of reducing the use of herbicides in agriculture is causing an increasing demand for intelligent automated devices. The Autonome Platform and Information System (API) is such a device [1]. However, the efficiency of an automated vehicle demands that data is transferred between controlling units precisely at the scheduled times. The aim of this project is to find out whether or not it is possible to develop a Hard Real-Time protocol for the CANbus system of the API. The system consists of one master computer and four node computers, each controlling one wheel of the platform. The protocol has to provide means for transfer of controller references from master to nodes, and feedback data from nodes to master.
Methods and Material:
A model of the API was built using five standard PC's, each equipped with a CAN interface card. The Real-Time performance of the masters original operating system (RedHat 6.2) was tested, by measuring the time needed to handle interrupts, and found unable to fullfill Hard Real-Time demands. Therefore, the masters OS was patched with Real-Time Application Interface [2]. Based on an analysis of the service requirements of the API, a protocol was designed using parts of the OSI model. A model of the time aspects of the network was developed. Linux Trace Toolkit [3] was used to verify model parameters. Based on the model, the minimum time between the node controllers sending feedback and the master controller needing feedback was found. This ensured that the feedback data were as current as possible. The protocol was designed to perform synchronization between the master and the nodes, ensuring that tasks were carried out at pre-scheduled times. Tests were made by letting the protocol generate signals on the parallel port, and measuring the time between these signals with an oscilloscope.
The designed protocol was implemented with the functionality required by the API. Time synchronization was obtained with an upper deviation boundary of 20 us.
The test results confirm that it is possible to design and implement a Hard Real-Time protocol for the CANbus system of the API. The developed protocol is able to synchronize the CANbus system and provide the services required. With the found synchronization deviation of 20 us a maximum controller frequency of 5 KHz can be guaranteed, taken that a maximum deviation of 10% is accepted.
[1]The API Project Homepage, Aalborg University, 2002, http://www.cs.auc.dk/~api/
[2] Real Time Application Interface, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Aerospaziale Politecnico di Milano, 2002, http://www.rtai.org/
[3] Homepage of Linux Trace Toolkit, Opersys Inc., http://www.opersys.com/LTT/


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Kid Essentials - Teen Area Rugs Flow - Rectangle - 5'4" x 7'8" - Primary
by Joy Carpets
Designed to coordinate with the most popular color schemes of library interiors, Flow is certain to create a focal point and define the space for children, teens, and adults alike. Using only the highest quality yarns, injection dye processes, and innovative backing systems, our area rugs deliver outstanding performance in residential to heavy commercial environments. We stand behind our products with comprehensive warranties and outstanding customer service. Carpet is a long-term investment and deserves an appropriate maintenance program to protect its appearance. The Carpet and Rug Institute's Green Label Plus Certification is an independent test that measures VOC (Volatile Organic Compound) emissions in carpet. Carpet certified as Green Label Plus exceeds the most stringent Indoor Air Quality standards and is best suited for living, working, and learning environments.
Construction: Machine Tufted - Cut Pile. Shape: Rectangle.
Warranty: Joy Tuff Rug Lifetime Limited Warranty.
Material: 100% STAINMASTER Nylon.
Size: 5'4" x 7'8". Color: Primary.
Country of Origin: USA.


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M7's business is focused on the higher yielding, multi-let, secondary real estate markets across Europe. Identifying profitable opportunities for investors is done via four business lines:
M7 funds where M7 co-invests alongside multiple investors and acts as an investment manager and asset manager to the fund.
Co-investing private equity joint ventures where M7 co-invests alongside its partner and acts as a promoted asset manager.
Separate account asset management mandates where M7 acts as a third party asset manager for institutional, family office and high net worth investors' portfolios.
Advisory where M7 advises third parties on a strategy for either their existing assets or a targeted acquisition.


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Years of negotiation, disagreements and possible litigation officially came to and end on Tuesday as the Johnson County Commissioners signed the agreement between the County and Sand Creek Ranch. Aaron Palmer has the story.
The agreement was reached last month as lawyers on both sides convinced all involved to settle before the issue went to court.
Commissier Smokey Wildeman said the county is satisfied with the agreement.
Other happenings at the commissioner's meeting Tuesday included them approving a retail liquor license for Folded Hills Ranch, and a liquor license transfer from Libby, LLC to Cowboy Saloon, LLC.
The commissioners got a preliminary plan and layout of the proposed courtroom and county office building being considered as an addition to the criminal justice center, which is currently under construction.
The commission got an update on projects County Planner Rob Yingling is currently working on.
University of Wyoming Johnson County Extension Office personnel introduced themselves to the council and gave updates on their plans for the year.
And the Board of Health held their first meeting of the year to introduce themselves and update the commission on their role in the county and give the commissioners updated contact information.
The Criminal Justice Center Joint Powers Board convened and nominated Wildeman as Chairman of the Board and Buffalo Mayor Randy Dyess as Vice-Chairman. City of Buffalo Attorney Ben Kirven has drafted a new agreement between the city and county, which was approved by Buffalo's City Council and must now be approved by the county commission.
From the Johnson County News Desk, I'm Aaron Palmer with sheridanmedia.com news.


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Although Carl Retter's reputation has been built on his ability to help clients avoid bankruptcy, sometimes there is no other reasonable choice. For instance, if your house is scheduled for foreclosure, we can stop the foreclosure sale before it happens. In some cases a Phoenix bankruptcy lawyer can wipe out your HELOC or second mortgage. If you've suffered serious medical issues, Bankruptcy can get rid of your past medical bills. If you've experienced financial difficulties, we can include your credit card debt in your Bankruptcy, giving you a fresh start.
Carl is a highly skilled Phoenix bankruptcy lawyer with maximum privacy and competitive fees.


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|National September 11
Memorial & Museum
Memorial and museum in 2012
|General information
|Memorial and museum
|180 Greenwich Street, New York, NY 10007
United States
|40°42′42″N 74°0′49″W / 40.71167°N 74.01361°WCoordinates: 40°42′42″N 74°0′49″W / 40.71167°N 74.01361°W
|Construction started
|March 2006
September 11, 2011 (Dedication and victims' families)
September 12, 2011 (Public)[1]
May 15, 2014 (Dedication and victims' families)[2]
May 21, 2014 (Public)[3]
|Memorial: The footprints of the Twin Towers are underground.
Museum: Pavilion is from 66 to 75 feet (20 to 23 m) high.
|Design and construction
|Michael Arad of Handel Architects
Peter Walker and Partners
Davis Brody Bond
|Structural engineer
|WSP Global
BuroHappold Engineering (Museum)
The National September 11 Memorial & Museum (also known as the 9/11 Memorial & Museum) is a memorial and museum in New York City commemorating the September 11, 2001 attacks, which killed 2,977 people, and the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, which killed six.[4] The memorial is located at the World Trade Center site, the former location of the Twin Towers that were destroyed during the September 11 attacks. It is operated by a non-profit institution whose mission is to raise funds for, program, and operate the memorial and museum at the World Trade Center site.
A memorial was planned in the immediate aftermath of the attacks and destruction of the World Trade Center for the victims and those involved in rescue and recovery operations.[5] The winner of the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition was Israeli-American architect Michael Arad of Handel Architects, a New York- and San Francisco-based firm. Arad worked with landscape-architecture firm Peter Walker and Partners on the design, creating a forest of swamp white oak trees with two square reflecting pools in the center marking where the Twin Towers stood.[6] In August 2006, the World Trade Center Memorial Foundation and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey began heavy construction on the memorial and museum.[7] The design is consistent with the original master plan by Daniel Libeskind, which called for the memorial to be 30 feet (9.1 m) below street level—originally 70 feet (21 m)—in a plaza, and was the only finalist to disregard Libeskind's requirement that the buildings overhang the footprints of the Twin Towers. The World Trade Center Memorial Foundation was renamed the National September 11 Memorial & Museum in 2007.[8]
A dedication ceremony commemorating the tenth anniversary of the attacks was held at the memorial on September 11, 2011, and it opened to the public the following day. The museum was dedicated on May 15, 2014, with remarks from Michael Bloomberg and President Barack Obama. The museum opened to the public on May 21.
- 1 Background
- 2 Memorial
- 3 Museum
- 4 Withdrawn proposals
- 5 Gallery
- 6 Other 9/11 memorials
- 7 See also
- 8 References
- 9 External links
National tour
In September 2007 the Memorial & Museum began a four-month national-awareness tour of 25 cities in 25 states, and thousands participated in tour activities.[9] The tour began at Finlay Park in Columbia, South Carolina, ending at Steinbrenner Field in Tampa, Florida. Highlights included an exhibition of photographs, artifacts from the site and a film with firsthand accounts from individuals who had directly experienced the attacks. At the opening ceremony in South Carolina, the students of White Knoll Middle School (who raised over $500,000 in 2001 for a new truck for the New York City Fire Department) were honored and retired New York City police officer Marcelo Pevida presented the city with an American flag which had flown over Ground Zero.[10] The main attractions of the 2007 national tour were steel beams, later used in the construction of the memorial, for visitors to sign.[11]
The National September 11 Memorial & Museum conducts a "cobblestone campaign", in which a contributor may sponsor a cobblestone which will line the Memorial plaza. Donors are recognized on the Memorial's website.[12] Donors are able to locate their cobblestone by entering their name at a kiosk on the Memorial plaza.[13] In 2008 the Memorial conducted two holiday cobblestone campaigns: the first for Father's Day, and the second for the December holiday season.[14][15]
On September 9, 2011, Secretary Shaun Donovan of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development said that the department had given $329 million to the National September 11 Memorial & Museum through HUD's Community Development Block Grant program.[16] According to CNN, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey dropped its claim that the 9/11 Memorial & Museum owed it $300 million in construction costs in return for "financial oversight of the museum and memorial".[17]
Senator Daniel Inouye of Hawaii sponsored S.1537, the National September 11 Memorial and Museum Act of 2011, which would provide $20 million in federal funds annually toward the Memorial's operating budget (about one-third of its total budget). The legislation was presented to the U.S. Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources on October 19, 2011.[18] In return for federal funding S.1537 would authorize the Secretary of the Interior to accept the donation by the memorial's board of directors of title to the National September 11 Memorial, contingent on agreement by the board, the governors of New York and New Jersey, the Mayor of New York and the Secretary of the Interior. On October 19, 2011 William D. Shaddox of the National Park Service voiced concerns to the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources about the agency's ability to provide the funds required by S.1537, testifying that NPS ownership of a property over which it would not have operational and administrative control (as stipulated by S.1537) was unprecedented.[19]
- Remember and honor the thousands of innocent men, women, and children murdered by terrorists in the horrific attacks of February 26, 1993 and September 11, 2001.
- Respect this place made sacred through tragic loss.
- Recognize the endurance of those who survived, the courage of those who risked their lives to save others, and the compassion of all who supported us in our darkest hours.
- May the lives remembered, the deeds recognized, and the spirit reawakened be eternal beacons, which reaffirm respect for life, strengthen our resolve to preserve freedom, and inspire an end to hatred, ignorance and intolerance.
National September 11 Memorial & Museum at the World Trade Center: About Us, Mission Statements
Formerly the World Trade Center Memorial Foundation, the National September 11 Memorial & Museum was formed as a 501(c)(3) non-profit corporation to raise funds and manage the memorial's planning and construction. Its board of directors met for the first time on January 4, 2005, and it reached its first-phase capital-fundraising goal ($350 million) in April 2008. This money and additional funds raised will be used to build the memorial and museum and endow the museum.
In 2003, the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation launched the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition, an international competition to design a memorial at the World Trade Center site to commemorate the lives lost on 9/11. Individuals and teams from around the world submitted design proposals.[20] On November 19, 2003, the thirteen-member jury selected eight finalists.[20] Reflecting Absence, designed by Michael Arad and Peter Walker, was chosen as the winning design on January 6, 2004.[21] It consists of a field of trees interrupted by two large, recessed pools, the footprints of the Twin Towers. The deciduous trees (swamp white oaks)[22] are arranged in rows and form informal clusters, clearings and groves. The park is at street level, above the Memorial Museum.[23] The names of the victims of the attacks (including those from the Pentagon, American Airlines Flight 77, United Airlines Flight 93, and the 1993 World Trade Center bombing) are inscribed on the parapets surrounding the waterfalls[24] in an arrangement of "meaningful adjacencies".[25] A portion of the slurry wall originally designed to hold back the Hudson River, about half of what Daniel Libeskind originally wanted to preserve,[26] is maintained in the museum. On January 14, 2004, the final design for the World Trade Center site memorial was unveiled at a press conference in Federal Hall National Memorial.[20]
As mandated by the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC), the World Trade Center Memorial Foundation owns, operates and finances the Reflecting Absence Memorial and the Museum. John C. Whitehead, chair of the LMDC and the foundation, announced his resignation in May 2006 and was replaced at the LMDC by former president Kevin Rampe. New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg replaced Whitehead as chair of the National September 11 Memorial & Museum. Foundation executive committee chair Thomas S. Johnson said on May 9, 2006:
The decision was made to not actively pursue new fund-raising efforts until complete clarity can be achieved with respect to the design and costs of the project. Cost concerns emerged publicly last week with the disclosure of an estimate by the construction manager, Lend Lease Group, that the memorial and museum would cost $672 million and that it would take a total of at least $973 million to fully develop the memorial setting with a cooling plant, roadways, sidewalks, utilities and stabilized foundation walls. An estimate earlier this year put the cost of the memorial and memorial museum at $494 million.[27]
On May 26, 2006, Gretchen Dykstra resigned as president and chief executive officer of the World Trade Center Foundation.[28] Joseph C. Daniels was appointed as president and CEO in October 2006.[29] The memorial projects were toned down, and the budget was cut to $530 million.[30] Construction of the memorial began in August 2006 and, despite delays, the National September 11 Memorial & Museum was confident that it would be completed by September 11, 2011.[31]
On March 13, 2006, construction workers arrived at the WTC site to begin work on the Reflecting Absence design. Some relatives of the victims and other concerned citizens gathered to protest the new memorial that day, saying that it should be built above ground. The president of the memorial foundation said that family members were consulted and formed a consensus in favor of the design, and work would continue as planned.[32][33] In May, estimated construction costs for the Memorial were reported to have risen to over $1 billion.[34] Mayor Michael Bloomberg said, "There's just not an unlimited amount of money that we can spend on a memorial. Any figure higher than $500 million would be inappropriate."[35]
In 2006, at the request of Bloomberg and Governor George Pataki, builder Frank Sciame performed a month-long analysis which included input from victims' families, the lower Manhattan business and residential communities, architects and members of the memorial-competition jury. The analysis recommended design changes which kept the memorial and museum within a $500 million budget.[36][37]
In July 2008, the Survivors' Staircase was lowered to bedrock, making it the first artifact to be moved into the museum. By the end of August, the footings and foundations were completed. On September 2 construction workers raised the 7,700-pound (3,500 kg) first column for the memorial, near the footprint of the North Tower.[38] By then, about 70 percent of the construction contracts were awarded or ready to award. A total of 9,100 short tons (8,300 t) of steel were installed at the memorial site.[39] By April 2010 the reflecting pools were fully framed in steel, and 85 percent of the concrete had been poured. By April 22, workers had begun installation of the granite coating for the reflecting pools. By June the North Pool's granite coating was completed, and workers had begun granite installation in the South Pool. In July, the first soil shipments arrived at the site, and in August workers began planting trees on the memorial plaza. The swamp white oaks can reach 60 to 80 feet (18 to 24 m) at maturity, live from 300 to 350 years, and their autumn leaves are gold-colored. The "Survivor Tree" is a callery pear which survived the devastation and was kept for replanting.[40] In September, workers reinstalled two tridents salvaged from the Twin Towers.
In November 2010, workers began testing the North Pool waterfall.[41] Construction progressed through early 2011: installation of glass panels on the museum pavilion's facade began in March, and workers began testing the South Pool waterfall two months later. Most of the memorial was finished in time for the 10th anniversary of the terrorist attacks, with the museum planned for completion the following year. By September 2, 243 trees were planted at the site and eight more were planted in the days before the memorial opened. By then, both pools were completed and the waterfalls were tested daily.
On September 12, 2011, one day after the 10th anniversary of the September 11 terrorist attacks, the memorial opened to the public with a lengthy set of rules and regulations approved by the foundation's board of directors. The period from September 11, 2011 to May 25, 2014 was known as the "interim operating period", when the memorial was surrounded by construction of neighboring World Trade Center projects; the fence was taken down on May 25, 2014.[42] Three months after its opening, the memorial had been visited by over a million people.[43]
In January 2004, Reflecting Absence, by architect Michael Arad and landscape architect Peter Walker, was selected from 5,201 entries from 63 countries as the winner of the LMDC's design competition. Two 1-acre (4,000 m2) pools with the largest man-made waterfalls in the United States comprise the footprints of the Twin Towers, symbolizing the loss of life and the physical void left by the attacks. The waterfalls are intended to mute the sounds of the city, making the site a contemplative sanctuary. Landscape architect Peter Walker planted many parts of the memorial with white oaks.[44] More than 400 swamp white oak trees fill the Memorial plaza, enhancing the site's reflective nature.[45]
Pedestrian simulations tested the memorial's design. The pedestrian-modeling program Legion was used to simulate visitor utilization of the space, and its design was tweaked to prevent bottlenecks.[46] The fountain was engineered by Delta Fountains.[47]
Arrangement of the victims' names
The names of 2,983 victims are inscribed on 152 bronze parapets on the memorial pools:[48] 2,977 killed in the September 11 attacks and six killed in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. The names are arranged according to an algorithm, creating "meaningful adjacencies" based on relationships—proximity at the time of the attacks, company or organization affiliations (for those working at the World Trade Center or the Pentagon) and in response to about 1,200 requests from family members. Software by Local Projects[49] implemented the arrangement.[50]
The names of the employees and visitors in the North Tower (WTC 1), the passengers and crew of American Airlines Flight 11 (which struck the North Tower), and the employees and a visitor of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing are around the perimeter of the North Pool. The names of the employees and visitors in the South Tower (WTC 2), the passengers and crew of United Airlines Flight 175 (which struck the South Tower), the employees, visitors, and bystanders in the immediate vicinity of the North and South Towers, the first responders who died during rescue operations, the passengers and crew of United Airlines Flight 93 (which crashed near Shanksville, Pennsylvania) and American Airlines Flight 77 (which struck the Pentagon), and the employees at the Pentagon are around the perimeter of the South Pool.[51] Company names are not included, but company employees and visitors are listed together. Passengers on the four flights are listed under their flight numbers, and first responders with their units.
The process for arranging the names was finalized in a 2006 agreement, replacing an earlier plan to arrange the names randomly. According to Edith Lutnick (executive director of the Cantor Fitzgerald Relief Fund), "Your loved ones' names are surrounded by the names of those they sat with, those they worked with, those they lived with and, very possibly, those they died with."[52]
The six adult victims of the 1993 bombing are memorialized on Panel N-73 at the North Pool.[53] The phrase "and her unborn child" follows the names of ten pregnant women who died on 9/11 and one who died in the 1993 attack.[54]
The Survivor Tree
A callery pear tree recovered from the rubble at the World Trade Center site in October 2001 was later called the "Survivor Tree".[55][56] When the 8-foot (2.4 m)-tall tree was recovered,[57] it was badly burned and had one living branch.[55] The tree had been planted during the 1970s near buildings four and five, in the vicinity of Church Street.[58] Then-Memorial president Joe Daniels described it as "a key element of the memorial plaza's landscape".[55]
In November 2001, the tree was moved by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation to the Arthur Ross Nursery in Van Cortlandt Park in the Bronx for care. It was then replanted in the Bronx on November 11, 2001.[59] The tree was not expected to survive, but it showed signs of new growth the following spring.[56] Although the memorial planning team intended to include the Survivor Tree, its permanent location was unknown at the time.[59]
Still under the care of the Bronx nursery, the tree was replanted without significant damage in March 2010 after it was uprooted by a storm.[58] After the replanting, Mayor Michael Bloomberg said: "Again, we and the tree refused to throw in the towel. We replanted the tree, and it bounced back immediately."[55]
The Survivor Tree has become a symbol of hope and rebirth; according to Arthur Ross Nursery manager Richie Cabo, "It represents all of us."[56] In an August 29, 2011 Port Authority press release (after Hurricane Irene), Daniels said: "True to its name, the Survivor Tree is standing tall at the Memorial."[60] Keating Crown (a survivor of the attacks) said, "It reminds us all of the capacity of the human spirit to persevere."[56] A Place of Remembrance: Official Book of the National September 11 Memorial describes the tree as "a reminder of the thousands of survivors who persevered after the attacks".[61]
In December 2010, the tree, then 30 feet (9.1 m) tall,[56] was returned to the World Trade Center site in a ceremony attended by Bloomberg, city officials[57] (including Parks and Recreation Commissioner Adrian Benepe and Port Authority executive director Chris Ward), survivors and rescue and recovery workers.[56][57] Although the tree is a prominent part of the memorial,[62] six other "survivor trees" have been planted near New York City Hall and the Manhattan end of the Brooklyn Bridge. Of these survivor trees, three are callery pears and three are little-leaf lindens.[63]
Memorial Glade
In May 2018, plans were revealed for a path through a "memorial glade" at the National September 11 Memorial. The glade and path honors first responders who later got sick or died after inhaling toxins at the World Trade Center site. According to 9/11 Memorial & Museum president Alice Greenwald and former Daily Show host Jon Stewart, the path was to be located on the southwest side of the memorial plaza, at the approximate site of a temporary ramp that first responders used during the cleanup effort. The path includes six large battered stones that, in the words of Michael Arad, "appear to jut up and out of the plaza as if violently displaced, and convey strength and resistance". Several pieces of debris from the original World Trade Center were also placed along the path.[64][65] The glade opened on May 30, 2019.[66][67]
Mohammad Salman Hamdani
Although victims'-family groups agreed that names would be grouped by workplace or other affiliation, NYPD cadet Mohammad Salman Hamdani was not included with the other first responders or the other victims whose remains were found in the wreckage of the North Tower. His name appears on the memorial's panel 66 for World Trade Center victims (next to a blank space along the South Tower perimeter), with those who did not fit into the groups created by the memorial committee or who had a loose connection to the World Trade Center. Hamdani's mother, Talat, has campaigned for the Memorial to acknowledge her son as a police cadet and first responder.[68] Hamdani received a full police-department funeral after his body was found (months after the attacks), and the street on which he lived was renamed in his honor.[69]
Arabic-language brochures
Although the memorial's brochures were initially translated into at least ten languages, these languages did not include Arabic.[70] The American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC) questioned this decision in letters to memorial directors, and ADC director of communications and advocacy Raed Jarrar said: "Our fear is that there is a political intention behind the exclusion".[70] A memorial representative told the New York Post, "As Arabic-speaking visitors currently represent our 25th-largest group, Arabic translations are not yet among the initial foreign-language editions."[70]
In 2015, the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee made an official complaint with the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, which had given hundreds of millions of dollars in grants to the September 11 Memorial through block grants to the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation. The committee stated that the Memorial's decision to not publish Arabic-language brochures violated HUD's Limited English Proficiency rules for grantees. In December 2017, the ADC announced that the Memorial had signed a settlement agreement whereby its commemorative guide would be translated into Arabic and made available.[71]
The September 11 Museum was dedicated on May 15, 2014,[72][73][74] and opened to the public on May 21.[3][75] Its collection includes more than 40,000 images, 14,000 artifacts, more than 3,500 oral recordings, and over 500 hours of video.[3]
The underground museum has artifacts from September 11, 2001, including steel from the Twin Towers (such as the Last Column, the last piece of steel to leave Ground Zero in May 2002).
In December 2011, museum construction halted temporarily due to disputes between the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey and the National September 11 Memorial and Museum Foundation over responsibility for infrastructure costs.[76][77] On March 13, 2012, talks on the issue began,[78][79] and construction resumed on September 10, 2012.[80][81] After a number of false opening reports, it was announced that the museum would open to the public on May 21, 2014.[82][83][84]
The museum was dedicated on May 15, 2014.[72][73][74] In attendance were a range of dignitaries, from President Barack Obama, former President Bill Clinton, former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and New York Governor Andrew Cuomo to former mayors David Dinkins, Rudy Giuliani and Michael Bloomberg and current mayor Bill de Blasio. During the hour-long ceremony LaChanze sang "Amazing Grace", which she dedicated to her husband Calvin Gooding, who was killed in the World Trade Center attack.[2] During the five days between its dedication and the public opening, over 42,000 first responders and family members of 9/11 victims visited the museum.[85]
An opening ceremony for the museum was held on May 21,[3][75] during which twenty-four police officers and firefighters unfurled the restored 30-foot (9.1 m) national 9/11 flag before it was brought into the museum for permanent display.[86][87][88] The gates surrounding the museum were then taken down, marking their first removal since the attacks.[88] Opening-day tickets quickly sold out.[89] Despite the museum's design to evoke memories without additional distress,[90] counselors were available during its opening due to the large number of visitors.[85]
Designed by Davis Brody Bond, the museum is about 70 feet (21 m) below ground and accessible through a pavilion designed by Snøhetta.[91] The National September 11 Memorial Museum encloses 110,000 square feet (10,000 m2) of publicly accessible space.[92] The pavilion has a deconstructivist design, resembling a partially collapsed building (mirroring the attacks), and houses two tridents from the Twin Towers. One of the museum's walls is an exposed side of the slurry wall retaining the Hudson River, which remained intact through the September 11 attacks.[93][94]
Other Ground Zero artifacts include wrecked emergency vehicles (including a fire engine deformed from the collapse), pieces of metal from all seven World Trade Center buildings, recordings of survivors and first responders (including 911 phone calls), pictures of all victims, photographs from the wreckage and other media detailing the destruction (including the crashes, collapse, fires, those who jumped and the cleanup).[95] The museum is designed to evoke memories without additional distress, particularly to first responders and the families of victims.[90]
The Huffington Post wrote that "walking through the museum is like being transported back to the turmoil, destruction and anguish of 9/11. Exhibits express the disbelief and heartache of New York and the nation."[96]
Little Syria
A neighborhood that was once called Little Syria, a center of Christian Arab immigrant life in the United States beginning in the 1880s, once existed just south of the site of the World Trade Center.[97][98] The cornerstone of St. Joseph's Lebanese Maronite Church was found under the rubble, next to St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church at 157 Cedar Street, both congregations were founded by Christians who had fled Ottoman oppression in the Middle East.[97] Activists lobbied for the Museum to include a permanent exhibit about the neighborhood to "help the thousands of tourists who visit the site to understand that immigrants from Ottoman lands have played a patriotic role in the country's history,"[99][100] arguing that it was important to memorialize the multiethnic character of "Little Syria."[101] The old Christian Syrian neighborhood was demolished in the 1940s due to the construction of the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel.[97]
Museum operation
General admission tickets to the museum are $24, a price which has raised concerns. Michael Bloomberg agreed, encouraging people to "write your congressman" for more federal funding.[102][103][104]
When the museum opened to victim families and first responders on May 15, 2014, anger by some that it was profiting from souvenirs considered in poor taste was widely covered.[105][106][107][108][109][110] Souvenir proceeds would fund the museum and memorial.[111][112][113] On May 29, 2014, a U.S.-shaped cheese platter was among items removed for sale, and it was announced that all items sold would be reviewed by victim families for suitability.[114]
Families were further angered after a May 20, 2014 black-tie, VIP cocktail party for donors at the museum. Among the 60 attendees were former mayor Michael Bloomberg and representatives of Condé Nast. Family members objected to a party near unidentified remains; the sister of victim Robert Shay, Jr. tweeted, "Did you enjoy having drinks on top of my brother's grave last night?" Shay and dozens of other visitors were angered that first responders were turned away from the museum the previous day while staff prepared for the party. She said, "I am outraged that I can't visit my brother's final resting place without an appointment but people like Mike Bloomberg can wine and dine there whenever they want. This memorial and museum is sacred ground and last night it was desecrated." A retired FDNY fire marshal said, "You don't have cocktail parties at a cemetery."[113][115][116] A mid-2014 proposal to open a Danny Meyer cafe in the museum's atrium was criticized.[117][118][119]
Placement of unidentified remains
In an early-morning ceremony on May 10, 2014, the long-unidentified remains of 1,115 victims were transferred from the city medical examiner to Ground Zero, where they would be placed in a space in the bedrock 70 feet (21 m) below ground as part of the 9/11 Memorial Museum. Reaction from the victims' families to the move was divided, with some supporting the decision and others calling the location inappropriate. Among the latter was FDNY Lt. James McCaffrey, the brother-in-law of 9/11 victim and firefighter Orio Palmer, who called a ground-level tomb a more dignified location: "The decision to put the human remains of the 9/11 dead in this basement is inherently disrespectful and totally offensive." McCaffrey said that the remains deserved a prominence equal to that of the Memorial's trees and pools, and that the ceremony was held early in the morning because of opposition to the decision.[120]
Withdrawn proposals
Two centers were proposed and withdrawn from the World Trade Center Memorial plan in 2005:
- The International Freedom Center – a think tank intended to draw attention to battles for freedom throughout history. World Trade Center Memorial Foundation member Deborah Burlingame wrote in The Wall Street Journal that the center would have a mission with no direct connection to the events of September 11 and might criticize American policy.[121] Right-wing blogs and commentators heavily criticized the center until Governor George Pataki withdrew support for it.[122]
- The Drawing Center Art Gallery at the World Trade Center – an art gallery that was in SoHo at the time.
Plans called for the Freedom Center to share space with the Drawing Center in a building known as the Cultural Center. Of the dispute over the proposed centers, one New York Times editorial stated not only that the IFC's opponents make trivial and unconvincing suggestions that both the IFC and the "cultural component" of architect Daniel Libeskind's plans would somehow diminish the scope of the Memorial Museum, but also that the proposal for reducing the size of one of the centers had failed to consider the emotional impact of the space.[123]
Remnant of the Survivors' Staircase, or Vesey Street Stairs
North Pool at night; panel N-76, showing the name of
Berry Berenson
South Pool at night; panel S-66, showing the name of Bill Biggart
South Pool panel S-29, paying tribute to the Jersey City Fire Department
South Pool at night; panel S-17, showing the name of Peter J. Ganci, Jr.
South Pool panel S-68, showing the name of Todd Beamer
South Pool panel S-67, showing the name of Mark Bingham
South Pool panel S-67, showing the name of Jeremy Glick
South Pool panel S-68, showing the name of Tom Burnett
Other 9/11 memorials
In addition to the one at Ground Zero, a number of other memorials have been built by communities across the United States. Many are built around remnants of steel from the Twin Towers which have been donated by a Port Authority of New York and New Jersey program; over 1,000 pieces of World Trade Center steel have been distributed.[124]
See also
- Memorials and services for the September 11 attacks
- Pamela Stafford, creator of New Hope mural
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Previously known as the World Trade Center Memorial, the memorial's official name is now the National September 11 Memorial & Museum at the World Trade Center. The memorial debuted a new logo and Internet address Tuesday.
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Under Daniels' leadership, the project would successfully open on the 10-year anniversary of the 9/11 attacks. Daniels has shifted his focus on ensuring the opening of the 9/11 Memorial Museum. He directs planning, construction, development and operations for the historic project that is expected to draw millions of visitors each year. For the entire project, Daniels has helped in a fundraising campaign that exceeds $400 million dollars.
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- ^ a b c Briquelet, Kate (September 14, 2013). "Activists want 9/11 Memorial brochures in Arabic". New York Post. Retrieved April 21, 2014.
- ^ "ADC Secures Arabic Translation at the 9/11 Memorial Museum". American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee. November 14, 2017. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
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- ^ a b "Obama, 9/11 families, first responders attend museum dedication". CNN.com. Retrieved May 18, 2014.
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- ^ "Financial dispute delays 9/11 museum opening". Reuters. December 30, 2011. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
- ^ "Lower Manhattan: National Sep. 11 Memorial and Museum Construction Updates". Lower Manhattan Construction Command Center. Archived from the original on February 4, 2013. Retrieved February 3, 2013.
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- ^ "National 9/11 Memorial Museum to open in May | New York Post". Nypost.com. Associated Press. March 24, 2014. Retrieved April 4, 2014.
- ^ Susman, Tina (January 25, 2014). "9/11 museum's admission fee stirs ire". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 15, 2014.
- ^ a b Peltz, Jennifer (May 21, 2014). "Tissues, Counselors Help Ease Pain at 9/11 Museum". ABC News. Associated Press. Retrieved May 21, 2014.
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- ^ a b c David Dunlap (January 1, 2013). "Little Syria (Now Tiny Syria) Finds New Advocates". The New York Times. Retrieved May 19, 2013.
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- ^ a b James Steve, (May 22, 2014). "9/11 Museum Opens to Outrage Over Gift Shop, Cocktail Reception". NBC News.
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- ^ Fermino, Jennifer; Freidman, Dan (May 22, 2014). "A WTC Sacrilege". Daily News (New York). pp. 4-5.
- ^ Li, David K. (May 21, 2014). "In bad taste: 9/11 museum opening Danny Meyer restaurant". New York Post. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
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- ^ "World Trade Center steel to be part of Cedar Rapids 9/11 ceremony". The Gazette. September 9, 2011. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012.
External links
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to National September 11 Memorial & Museum.


text:
Brown Hair
S. B. (names of students are initialized throughout) has long blonde hair and a soft thoughtful voice. She is unusually considerate for a 9th grade student, older than her sixteen years. 'Hungarians are responsible too,' she says with certainty in her tone. 'Hungarian police, Hungarian trains… Hungarians carried out the deportations with the perpetrators.'
We are all in class together at Dániel Berzsenyi High School in Budapest. Teacher Dr. Mónika Mezeipulls puts up a slide which reads, 'Not to speak is to speak! Not to act is to act!' and asks the students to consider its implications. Monika is conducting a lesson on bystanders using testimony from USC Shoah Foundation's Visual History Archive. The students listen to testimony about different aspects of being a bystander – those who watched, those who plucked up courage to speak out, those on the slippery slope toward perpetration. They debate the issues. The choices the bystanders had to act or not, whether they were right or wrong in the choices they made, what it took to become outspoken in times of crisis.
M. Z. has dreadlocks scooped up into a messy bun. He is wiry and tense, but when he speaks he chooses his words carefully, to the point that he sounds calculated. 'I think you should do absolutely nothing,' he says, much to my dismay. I was hoping to hear a humane teenager full of youthful activist zeal. 'We cannot intervene in the crises of other people. We should do nothing and wait to see the situation die down – then decide what to do.'
The discussion had moved from deep historical detail to challenges the class had encountered – and what their actions had been. They described quite a range of situations from domestic arguments, to street mugging and school bullying. 'One of my close friends was found guilty of a crime he did not commit.' Said M. Z. 'We had a large group of friends. Eighty percent of my friends blamed him. Then it turned out not to be true.'
The tension in the room was palpable as they moved to the subject of bullying. One girl was bullied for being tall, another for having a Jewish parent. M. Z. confessed that he was bullied. 'It was in eighth grade. It went on for four months and was the worst experience of my life at that point.' He pauses. 'I was bullied, and I bullied others too.' Strangely, I began to like him for his honesty. He knows himself and is able to talk about his weaknesses – I suspect it was more difficult to say he had been a bully, than the fact he had been bullied – and that is really difficult to do. On more than one occasion he confirmed 'I am going to be ok.' Somehow I believe him.
The conversation which is tense at time, appears to be universal in nature, and yet they are working through issues that are highly particular. They talk very specifically about Hungarian culture, values and world view. The testimonies they listened to were in Hungarian given by witnesses in Hungary. They discussed the nuances of Hungarian history as well as Hungarian participation in the Holocaust. Universal issues only makes sense when there is a clear understanding of the particular. In that classroom understanding the particular history of the Holocaust in Hungary was essential to start – that included the compliance and collaboration of local participants, the particularity of individual testimonies, and associating their learning to the particular situations they face in Hungary today.
The key thing is 'teaching them to learn to think,' says USC Shoah Foundation Master Teacher Ingrid Alexovics from Pécs. Thinking for themselves they certainly were. Over an hour went by as they debated what it meant to be a bystander. There were no group conclusions, but their collective understanding was deepened and their critical skills clearly enhanced.
S. B. had her hand up waiting patiently as she listened to her colleagues hash out examples of being a bystander. Eventually she gets the final word. 'You cannot afford to be a bystander, because next time they may say, we don't like people with brown hair – and them it's you that have the brown hair – and you won't be a bystander anymore.'


text:
VOTE VOTE VOTE Round two, part two: choose from 20 of SF and fantasy's greatest female icons
Welcome to another round in SFX 's 200 Greatest SF and fantasy characters ever poll in celebration of SFX 's 200th edition, coming up in August.
In part one of this poll SFX forumites posted hundreds and hundreds of suggestions for SF and fantasy's greatest characters. We have now gone through those lists and a) tallied up who was getting the most votes and b) split the nominees into 10 categories.
Now we're letting you to vote in each of those categories. The latest category is HEROINES.
If you want to vote for your favourite HERO click here .
(* Of course, some characters could fit in multiple categories, so we've had to make some arbitrary decisions here and there, but we're running the poll, so live with it!)
We will start revealing the results from 16 August, in the lead up to isue 200 going on sale! Then, finally there will be an ultimate megapoll pitting all the winners of the various individual polls to find out who is the most popular character ever!
PLEASE NOTE: You are voting for the character as a whole, not individual incarnations or representations of that character. The images below are purely to stop the page from looking dull, they are not an indication that you are voting for a particular version of that character


text:
My students are well conscious of what makes them not a Buddhist and when asked on this, they hum in unison- ego, pride, self-centeredness and clinging to materialistic objects. The same question I do a bit of modification and ask- what makes you all not a reader. They all go silent staring at each other seemingly they have just heard the world's hardest question. This is the cold fact and, surprisingly, we see quite a lot making mention of the hues and cries of language when they have not even read one.
Given the opportunity, I would love to ask the same to the entire students of the nation and hear what makes them not a reader too. Regardless of free access and easy availability of books at their disposal, many appear indifferent for the liking of the books.
Notwithstanding incessant marvels and geniuses of books, I was stumped to see only few of whole students read a book. Confused and not confirmed by the reaction, I asked them why…..
One of the top excuse they make is time constraint. Not being able to balance time between thick text book and recess period seems to hit high on index.
Another reason is habit, not well bred, which makes them indisposed to even try for one. Others include limited interest and a fancy that language should be focused more by someone from literary fraternity. While many seem to have never thought on this serious matter.
Driven by plight, I along with one of my teacher friend started a book talk titled "READ ZHSS" to mainly inspire and inject the habit of reading in students. And, perhaps, also to make reading a part of their leisure activities rather than to squander time wildly.
It was good of them to take up the concern positively and impressive enough to see readers from all levels of class. The number of reader turnout was more than expected.
Although the program is in embryo, having witnessed the interest of readers, we are on upbeat that no stones would be left unturned in come Thursdays and Fridays. However with list of after class activities impeding their way, so far it was only one evening that we could make.
All in all, one evening had been a great success.
What my calculated guess have is reading does miracle -from his holiness the Dalai Lama to guns and roses, books influence have never ceased to inspire them. Likewise by beholding the zenith of inspiration, I hope to infuse the healthy practice and see more of my students stirred up by the charm of reading.
Someone has rightly quoted "reading a book is like having conversation with sublime soul of centuries". Needless to say, books not only nourish the mind but as well serve as unremitting companion in times of solitariness. Through reading we become traveler around the world and seeker of the fact.
|Source: Google
Even more, it treats couples with chicken soup for healthy relationship and tell us men are from mars and women are from Venus.


text:
Carve Her Name With Pride: During World War II, Violette Szabo
volunteers to join the SOE (Special Operations Executive) . After her first
mission is a success, she returns to France, but this time is captured by
the Germans. Tortured by the Gestapo for information, she refuses to
betray her comrades and is consequently deported to a German
concentration camp.
A Town Like Alice: The film is based
on the moving novel by Nevil Shute. It is set during WWII in British
Malaya, 1941. The Japanese army has been advancing rapidly through
the British territory. The men they captured are sent off to labor camps,
but they don't have a plan to deal with the many women and children that
are left behind. Not sure what to do with them, the Japanese force their
captives to march for miles and months on end all over Malaya in search
of a camp willing to take them in. Virginia McKenna plays one of the
courageous women prisoners, who through her fighting spirit and will to
survive, keeps the others going on their arduous journey.
Carve Her Name With Pride
Virginia McKenna
Paul Scofield
Jack Warner
A Town Like Alice
Virginia McKenna
Peter Finch
DVD | 2 DISC | 119/111 minutes | 1958/1956 | NR | English language | Yes subtitles |


text:
With spring comes mosquitos. In addition to being a nuisance and causing severe reactions to bites in some people, mosquitos can also transmit diseases including malaria and St. Louis encephalitis in humans, equine encephalomyelitis in horses, heartworm disease in dogs and cats, and West Nile virus in many species.
What are mosquitos?
Mosquitos are insects, thus related to lice, fleas, and flies. Mosquitos have six legs, a pair of wings, compound eyes, large antennae, and that problematic proboscis with which the females suck blood. (Male mosquitos eat nectar.)
To make them even more pesky, it is no help that some female mosquitos can hibernate during the winter and lay their eggs in spring. They generally travel for about 2 miles from their breeding grounds, or even further if blown by the wind.
What is the life cycle of the mosquito?
All mosquitos need water as a place where they can lay their eggs one at a time, or in "rafts" of up to 200 eggs, depending upon the species. The eggs hatch into larvae about 2 days after being laid. The larvae (also called 'wigglers') live in the water for 7-10 days while maturing into the pupal (also called 'tumbler') stage. In 2-3 days, these pupae have developed into adults and fly away and mate. (If you are wondering how a male and female mosquito find each other, the female's buzzing which is made by her wings is a higher pitch than that of the male.)
Adding up the days necessary for each stage of development, you can see it only takes about 2 weeks (less if it is really warm) for the life cycle to be completed. Add the fact that each female can lay 100-400 eggs, and you can see why you can have so many mosquitos in a very short time.
How can mosquitos be controlled?
We can try to eliminate or reduce mosquitos in several ways, and combining methods is best. We need to:
- Reduce reproduction by eliminating breeding sites
- Reduce the adult population and our exposure to them
- Keep the remaining mosquitos away from us and our pets through repellents
Eliminate Breeding Sites
One of the most important things to remember is that mosquitos need stagnant water to reproduce. No water, no reproduction. Control then, is based on removing standing water, which can serve as a breeding site. Think of the things that can hold water:
- Destroy or dispose of tin cans, old tires, buckets, unused plastic swimming pools or other containers that collect and hold water. Do not allow water to accumulate in the saucers of flowerpots, cemetery urns, or in pet dishes for more than 2 days.
- Clean debris from rain gutters and remove any standing water under or around structures, or on flat roofs.
- Check around faucets and air conditioner units and repair leaks or eliminate puddles that remain for several days.
- Change the water in birdbaths and wading pools at least once a week.
- Reduce mosquito breeding in ornamental ponds. Stock ornamental pools with top feeding predacious minnows. Mosquito fish, for example, can eat 100 to 500 larvae per day. Koi or goldfish can be added to smaller ponds.
Treat the pool with biorational larvicides (Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Israelensis, (Bti)). These products include "Mosquito Dunks," "Quick Kill Mosquito Bits," and "Prestrike." They will not harm plants or fish, but they will help eradicate mosquito larvae. Products containing methoprene, an insect growth regulator (IGR), are also available. These stop the development of young mosquitos into adults.
Add a feature such as a waterfall, fountain, or aerator. These options will not only enhance its beauty, but will also prevent it from becoming a breeding ground for mosquitoes, since they prefer to breed in stagnant, not moving water.
- Fill or drain puddles, ditches, and swampy areas, and either remove, drain, or fill tree holes and stumps with mortar. These areas may be treated with the above Bti or methoprene products also.
- Eliminate seepage from cisterns, cesspools, and septic tanks.
- Eliminate standing water around animal watering troughs. Flush livestock water troughs twice a week.
- Check for trapped water in plastic or canvas tarps used to cover boats, pools, etc. Arrange the tarp to drain the water.
- Check around construction sites or do-it-yourself improvements to ensure that proper backfilling and grading prevent drainage problems.
- Irrigate lawns and gardens carefully to prevent water from standing for several days.
- Repair potholes in driveways and private roads.
- Fill any tree holes with sand.
- If ditches do not flow, and contain stagnant water for one week or longer, they can produce large numbers of mosquitos. Report such conditions to a Mosquito Control or Public Health Office. Do not attempt to clear these ditches because they may be protected by wetland regulations.
- Check to see if there is an organized mosquito control program in your area. If no program exists, work with your local government officials to establish a program. The American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) can provide advice, and their book "Organization for Mosquito Control" is a useful reference. Another source of information about pesticides and repellents is the National Pesticide Information Center, which also operates a toll-free information line: 1-800-858-7378 (check their web site for hours).
Reduce Exposure to Adult Mosquitos
- Place mosquito netting over infant carriers when you are outdoors with infants.
- Install or repair window and door screens so that mosquitoes cannot get indoors.
- The hours from dusk to dawn are peak mosquito biting times. Consider avoiding outdoor activities during these times - or take extra care to use repellent and protective clothing during evening and early morning.
- Reduce light at night since light tends to attract mosquitos.
- Mosquitos are a favorite food for bats, so placing bat houses in your area would be another way to decrease the mosquito population.
- Adult mosquitos prefer to rest where it is cool, dark, and damp, so keeping grass cut and weeds and brush under control, may encourage mosquitos to find shelter elsewhere. There are insecticides that can be sprayed on shaded areas around buildings or the yard. Remember not to spray when or where runoff could go into lakes or rivers. Read the label on all insecticides thoroughly and apply them as directed. Remember that insecticides may kill beneficial insects as well as those we do not wish to have around.
- Since mosquitos can fly long distances, think about getting others in your area to also control mosquitos on their premises. Some municipalities have even hired professional mosquito control services to protect large areas from mosquitos.
- Consider a mosquito trap: Many insect electrocutors (bug zappers) are on the market. The jury is still out on whether 'bug zappers' are effective against mosquitos. Yes, they may kill some mosquitos, but the light also attracts more mosquitos. The question is 'Does the device kill more than it attracts?' According to the AMCA, the scientific data relative to the effectiveness of these devices is sparse, so be sure to review all the information available before purchasing one of these. In addition, there are mosquito traps. These devices emit various combinations of vibrations, carbon dioxide, scent, heat, and moisture, which attract mosquitos and other insects. A vacuum device then sucks the insects into a net or cylinder where they dehydrate and die, or the insects fly into an adhesive strip. The AMCA has a position paper on mosquito traps.
- In addition to light, mosquitos are attracted to warmth, perspiration, body odor, and carbon dioxide. So you see, the more you wave your arms around in a frenzy, the better target you will make.
Use Repellents
Repellents are chemical substances that mosquitos will avoid. Repellents are useful to people working or playing in mosquito-infested areas, as a way to reduce the risk of being bitten. Repellents are formulated and sold as aerosols, creams, solids (sticks), and liquids. Be sure to read the label carefully and use the product according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Some are for use in the environment, others for clothing, and still others can be used on the skin.
Oil of citronella repellents for the environment: Products containing oil of citronella are used to repel mosquitos in the space around you. The active ingredient is found in candles, torches, or coils. When burned, they produce a smoke that repels mosquitos. These should only be used outdoors in ventilated areas. They are only effective when used under windless conditions. Although helpful, they are not as effective as DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide) or permethrin-type repellents.
Permethrin-containing repellents for clothing: Repellents containing permethrin are recommended for use on articles such as clothing, shoes, bednets, and camping gear. Permethrin repels and kills mosquitos as well as ticks and other arthropods. Do NOT use permethrin products on human skin.
Repellents for pets: Permethrins and pyrethrins formulated for pets can be used as repellents to protect your dog. Pyrethrin, which is in many flea powders and the Flea Halt Towelettes in Bio Spot for Cats, is a safe repellent for cats and ferrets. Permethrins are NOT safe for cats. Another reason to protect your cat from mosquitos is that some cats have a mosquito bite hypersensitivity. Since no repellent is 100% effective, heartworm preventatives are still necessary even if a mosquito repellent is used.
DEET-type repellents for human skin: Repellents with ingredients such as diethyl phthalate; diethyl carbate; N, N-Diethyl-3-Methylbenzamide (DEET); and ethyl hexanediol are effective products to use on the skin. There are newer products available which contain microencapsulated repellent, which is less likely to harm plastics and synthetic fibers. There are some other products, such as Avon's Skin-So-Soft® and herbal remedies which are reported to repel mosquitos, however, their efficacy has not been proven through scientific studies.
Using Human Skin Repellents
- When possible, wear long-sleeves, long pants and socks when outdoors. Treating clothes with repellents containing permethrin or DEET will give extra protection, since mosquitos may bite through thin clothing. Do not apply repellents containing permethrin directly to skin.
- Apply insect repellent containing DEET sparingly to exposed skin whenever you are outdoors.
- Keep repellents away from eyes, nostrils, and lips. Do NOT inhale or ingest repellents or get them into the eyes.
- Use care when applying insect repellents to children.
- Avoid applying repellents to portions of childrens' hands that are likely to have contact with eyes or mouth.
When using repellent on a child, apply it to your own hands and then rub them on your child. Avoid childrens' eyes and mouth and use it sparingly around their ears.
Do not apply repellent to childrens' hands. (Children tend to put their hands in their mouths.)
Do not allow young children to apply insect repellent to themselves; have an adult do it for them. Keep repellents out of reach of children.
Avoid applying high-concentration (>30% DEET) products to the skin, particularly of children. - Do not apply repellent to skin under clothing. If repellent is applied to clothing, wash treated clothing before wearing again. - Pregnant and nursing women should minimize use of repellents. - Never use repellents on wounds or irritated skin. - Wash repellent-treated skin after coming indoors. - Do not spray aerosol or pump products in enclosed areas. - Do not apply aerosol or pump products directly to your face. Spray your hands and then rub them carefully over the face, avoiding eyes and mouth. - If a suspected reaction to insect repellents occurs, wash treated skin, and call a physician. Take the repellent container to the physician. - Use repellent sparingly; one application will last approximately 4-6 hours. Saturation does not increase efficacy. The more DEET a repellent contains, the longer time it can protect you from mosquito bites. A higher percentage of DEET in a repellent does not mean that your protection is better - just that it will last longer. DEET concentrations higher than 50% do not increase the length of protection. Based on a recent study: A product containing 23.8% DEET provided an average of 5 hours of protection from mosquito bites. A product containing 20% DEET provided almost 4 hours of protection. A product with 6.65% DEET provided almost 2 hours of protection. Products with 4.75% DEET and 2% soybean oil were both able to provide roughly 1 and a half hour of protection.