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2012 Calligraphy Northwest Course Catalog.
Instructor booklists in Microsoft Word (compatible with versions 97-2010) requires download. Also available as a PDF and opens in most browsers.
Here is a map of Reed Campus and the Gray Campus Center that outlines where the JNB store will be located throughout the conference. Class code: instructor(s) - class name – (skill/experience level)
All week classes
Gemma Black - Vivacious Versals - (All)
Timothy R. Botts - Imaginative Appropriateness: Graphic Design for Calligraphers - (All)
Annie Cicale - Roman Capitals: Pattern & Texture - (Int/Adv)
Ewan Clayton - Push, Float, Glide, Dab: The Joy of Movement - (All)
Laurie Doctor - Deepening Surfaces: Exploring Surface & Line - (All)
Mike Gold - Contemporary Scripts - (All)
Randall M. Hasson - The Personality of Letterform - (Int/Adv)
Thomas Ingmire - In Search of the New... - (All)
Suzanne Moore - Letters as Subject: Written, Drawn and Painted - (Adv)
Cherryl Moote - 26 Things To Do With The Alphabet - (Beg/Int)
Brody Neuenschwander - Developing Meaning - (All)
Diane von Arx - StudioWorks - (Int/Adv)
Sharon Zeugin - The Joy of Calligraphy: Developing a Personal Script - (Int/Adv)
Joke Boudens/Lieve Cornil - The Wonderful Lettering of David Jones - (Int/Adv)
Carl Rohrs/Julian Waters - 20th Century Inspirations and 21st Century Techniques - (Int/Adv)
Beginning of the Week Classes (Mon-Wed)
Pat Blair - Copperplate Variations - (Some pointed pen experience will be helpful)
Denis Brown - The Calligraphic Journey-Where Shall We GO From Here? - (All, but not geared for true beginners)
Harvest Crittenden - Lyrical Lombardics - (All)
Kristen Doty - Watercolor & Calligraphy Technique Sampler Book - (All)
Reggie Ezell - Modernizing Blackletter; or, This is NOT Your Grandad's Gothic! - (All)
Thomas Hoyer - The Alchemist's Magic - (Intermediate)
Carrie Imai - Playful Letters-the Dance of the Pen - (All)
Martin Jackson - Double and Triple Letterforms - (Intermediate and Advanced)
Yves Leterme - Roman Rustics Revisited - (Intermediate and Advanced)
Judy Melvin - Brushing the Surface - (Intermediate)
Pamela Paulsrud - The Spontaneous Mark & Alternative Image: Speaking from the Heart - (All)
Marilyn Reaves - Buoyant Brush - (Beginner and Intermediate)
Peter Thornton - Casual, Playful and Inventive Capitals - (All)
Sheila Waters - VERSALS: From Classical to Modern - (Intermediate and Advanced)
Close of the Week Classes (Th-Sat)
Pat Blair - Pointed Pen Personalities - (Some pointed pen experience will be helpful)
Denis Brown - Understanding Italic - (All, but not geared for true beginners)
Harvest Crittenden - Spencerian Lettering-Our American Heritage - (All)
Kristen Doty - Luscious Layered Lettering - (All)
Reggie Ezell - Gilding On Vellum - (All)
Thomas Hoyer - Fraktur, mon amour! - (Advanced Beginner/ Intermediate)
Carrie Imai - Foundation Meets Bone - (All)
Martin Jackson - Unicals, Layout and Design - (Beginning and Intermediate)
Yves Leterme - Gestural Writing-with Emphasis on Capitals - (Int/Adv)
Judy Melvin - A Balancing Act-Neuland with Script - (Int)
Pamela Paulsrud - Life Lines - (Int)
Marilyn Reaves - Ponted Brush Calligraphy and Collage - (All)
Peter Thornton - The Ruling Pen-Legibility versus Visual Interest - (All)
Sheila Waters - The Double Primary Palette - (All- even non-calligraphers)
|© John Neal Bookseller · 1833 Spring Garden Street, First Floor · Greensboro · NC 27403 · USA


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Three suspects have been arrested over the murder of 13-year-old child whose body was discovered at an abandoned house in Palgaspitiya, Mawathagama.
Police said that the body was found inside the kitchen of the house and that the cause of death has not been ascertained yet.
Mawathagama Police is conducting further investigations.

subset: commoncrawl


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One would think transitioning from graphic art to designing video games would be easy. However, it is much more complicated. It isn't just changing layouts and painting pretty colors. These are completely different areas of art, but the talented team at Honeyslug pulled it off gracefully.
In Hohokum, you control a magic, rainbow colored serpent. Its mission is to fly around different areas and help who's in need. In some instances you must provide light to dark locations. Ferrying people from one place to another seems to a common task. There are schools of fish that will follow you around in underwater levels. You can also make plants grow or heck, even bounce around hamburgers. The world is filled with uniquely designed inhabitants and innovative level creations that interact with every touch.
Honeyslug wants this to be a game where you can relax and enjoy what it has to offer. Sure, you could complete it but it would be more fun to just wind around aimlessly. Other than graphic art, they've integrated a mixture of sounds and music that will reportedly create a distinct experience not found elsewhere. Certainly, this is a game to look forward to purely for its artistic expression. As of now, Hohokum will be available on all Sony consoles later in the year.


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Majority Leader, Tom DeLay's keynote speech at a Christian rally
Washington, DC -
I especially want to thank my good friend Congressman Tom Lantos for being here, and for standing like a rock on behalf of Israel all these years.
As we meet tonight, something extraordinary is happening on the other side of the world. Hundreds of thousands of trained and dedicated volunteers an army of virtue are liberating a nation. Mile by mile, a blood-thirsty dictator's grip on a noble people slips. Town by town, Iraqi families realize what the smiling men in camouflage uniforms have won for them. And day by day, children awaken, for the first morning of their lives, to God's freedom. This is the meaning of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Greater love hath no man than this: that he lay down his life for his friends. Yet today in Iraq, liberating armies are risking their own lives in a land and for a people they have never before met. Decades-long Iraqi pleas for freedom and justice will soon be answered.
But, my friends, theirs is not the only voice that cries out in the desert. For as we meet tonight, in that same part of the world, violent men plot the deaths of school children. These men view innocent human life as a means to an end and murder as a propaganda technique. These men act outside the boundaries of humanity, let alone the tenets of their faith. And these men support a career-terrorist too long tolerated by the civilized world.
Tonight our thoughts are with the people Israel, and it is on their behalf, the courageous who live every day in the crosshairs of such men, that I accept this award and proudly count myself a Friend of Israel. After Operation Iraqi Freedom is won and it will be international attention, necessarily focused on the removal of Saddam Hussein's regime, will disperse. There will be the rebuilding of Iraq and its welcome return to the community of nations. There will be a simmering crisis in North Korea. There will be strained relationships with old friends to address and a blossoming alliance with the surging powers of New Europe to solidify. And there will be, as we well know, Calls on Israel to set aside decades of experience and once again trust the words and papers of a terrorist entity bent on her destruction.
Voices will call on the United States to serve as an honest broker in negotiations between the Palestinian Authority and the Israeli government. They will call on Israel to take risks for peace. As a friend of Israel, and a lover of liberty for all God's children, we must reject any suggestion that its government negotiate from weakness, stand on an even moral footing with suicide bombers, or trust the promises of terrorists.
The United States stands for justice, and that means we stand for Israel. Our qualms are not with the Palestinian people, but their self-appointed leaders. Yassir Arafat and his thugs do not serve the interests of the Palestinian people. They are exploiters: in business today, as always, only for themselves. They perpetuate violence and misery in a country that has known too much of both.
Negotiating with these men who sharpen their tongues like swords is folly, and any agreement arrived at through such empty negotiations would amount to a covenant with death, as generations of Israelis have witnessed. Yassir Arafat and his cronies are enemies of peace, and a threat to the community of civilized nations. The Palestinian people, used as pawns by Arafat's regime, do not desire this existence. More and more of them are coming to realize the barriers to this new life are not in Ariel Sharon's cabinet, but Yassir Arafat's compound. Palestinians, and the Arab world at large, tragically, have only their corrupt leaders to blame for their economic deprivation: not Americans, and not Israelis.
In Iraq today, we are making a stand against oppressive terror. It is not the first time, and it won't be the last. The United States and its allies will no longer live in fear of terrorist networks of global reach, nor of their state sponsors. That is why we are at war tonight in Iraq. We are disarming a dangerous regime because it threatens the security of the world. The President has directed his advisors to craft a plan to do it with a speed and precision never before witnessed in the history of war. The plan is working. The military is advancing. And the under-informed talking heads of the media elite are dead wrong. The President is a man of faith and a man of confidence, but it must frustrate him to hear the incessant carping of Blow-Dried Napoleons, hunkered-down in their air-conditioned studios night after night on the 24-hour news networks. Peter Arnett thinks a war plan that advanced hundreds of miles in less than a week is a failure. Geraldo Rivera drew a map in th! e sand of American positions for our enemies to see. Thankfully, President Bush has also drawn in the sand: a line beyond which the civilized world will not accept the behavior of evil men. We will free ourselves from terrorist threats, and free those who live under terrorist regimes.
Americans have defended our freedom for more than 200 years. Israelis have done the same for more than 50. We are opposed by many of the same enemies, who use many of the same tactics. Israels fight is our fight: against terror, and for humanity.
The United States, therefore, cannot serve as a disinterested broker between an ally and its terrorist enemy. There is no moral equivalence between an aggressor and a man who defends himself against aggression, just as there is no moral equivalence between terrorists and the Israeli government sworn to stop them, despite the absurd assertions of the State Departments newly released Human Rights Report. This Report is designed to document the human rights conditions in countries around the globe; however, it compares the human rights record of a free, tolerant, and pluralistic nation with that of a terrorist network. There is no comparison, and to assert one is ridiculous. Israel is governed by democratically-elected representatives; the Palestinian Authority is governed by a gang of murderers.
Experience and common sense lead to one conclusion about America's proper role in the Middle East: we are absolutely right to stand with Israel, and our opponents are absolutely wrong.
The moral ambiguities of our diplomatic elites notwithstanding, Israel is not the problem; Israel is the solution!
The House of Representatives said as much shouted, in fact, by a margin of 352 to 21 by passing the resolution Congressman Lantos and I sponsored last year. The resolution affirmed America's solidarity with Israel, supported Israel's right to self-defense, urged all Arab states to denounce all forms of terrorism, and encouraged the alleviation of the needs of the Palestinian people. Any viable plan for peace must require the Palestinian Authority do the same and to permanently sever ties with those who do not. President Bush has laid out a bold vision to this extent. He has made it clear Israel must have a right to defend herself and that the Palestinian Authority must stop its acts of terror once and for all. Certain parties to the peace process, more interested in appeasing aggression than combating terrorism, have forfeited their right to leadership on this issue.
The United States is the world's defender of freedom, and Israel is one of our greatest allies. We won't allow anyone to reward terrorists and terrorist acts, least of all nations and organizations who appeased Saddam Hussein and who continue to appease Yassir Arafat. This struggle is one of good versus evil; nations and organizations who fail to distinguish between the two disqualify themselves from input on this matter.
The President understands Israel must not be asked to negotiate with the men terrorizing its innocent civilians even as we speak. The Palestinian Authority and their state sponsors must end the violence. This must be an act of principle, not just a gesture of good will. The Palestinian Authority's words have no meaning; their actions do. The violence must stop, period. When it does, and not before, the Palestinian people will have a viable opportunity for peace. Thankfully, President Bush understands that no peace process worthy of its name can be obscured by appeasers or moral relativists. He understands that process", for its own sake, is not the goal; the security of our ally is. And no Quartet of Appeasement will obscure that fact.
Though tested by generations of fire, the people of Israel do not exhibit malice or seek revenge. Much like everyday Palestinians, they want peace and the security to live their lives, free from want and free from fear. They are not fools and should not be expected to bargain with murderers. But when a new generation of Palestinian leaders rises, with a real and lasting peace as their goal and, more importantly, the authority and will to deliver it a comprehensive solution may finally be attainable. Israel should not be expected to offer substantive concessions, while the Palestinian leaders offer only empty promises. Israel should have the freedom to defend its national security and to negotiate at a time and on terms set by its democratic government, not those imposed by anyone else.
To be a friend of Israel demands no less than supporting her through these difficult days, as well as the better ones we all know await her people in the future. Despite decades of terror in the holy cradle of faith, we must hope, as did a 15-year old girl hiding in Amsterdam, writing in her diary, less than a month before she was taken to Auschwitz: I somehow feel that everything will change for the better, that this cruelty too shall end, that peace and tranquility will return once more. Through God's Grace, the friendship of the United States and Israel will endure to see the dreams of that girl fill the whole world with light and truth forever.
Thank you.
Home Page
Israeli/Palestinian Conflict Articles


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From the day B passed away, I knew I was goinig to get a tattoo for him.
When we first started talking, I asked him how he felt about dating a girl that had no body piercings or tattoos, he simply replied "I want to take that virginity " Today he did just that.
Over the past few weeks a lot of design ideas crossed my mind. I wanted to get the word "Promise" in his hand writing on my pinky. After "searching" I could not find the word, in the hand writing i came to know and love. So, I gave up on that idea.
Fast forward about a week. I needed to switch out my purse and found a note from Blaine that I had forgotten about. Was one of the times that he wrote "I love you" . I immediately thought, this is it. This is what I need. I milled it over and thought. Yup.. this is it.
The night before I was supposed to get it, we got something in the mail that rocked me to the core. I considered not getting it at all. Thinking that maybe my love had a life that I was unaware of. Thinking of him in such a way HURT. He was the light of my life. He made any dark dreary day worth living.
After his passing I have thought often about following him, because I wish to be with him. I am also a recovering self mutilator. I thought that if I got this tattoo, in this place, any time I was triggered to do something stupid, Id see his love for me and I would think twice. I need to live, for him.
While in the parlor, talking to the artist about life, a song came on. No we were listening to white guy stoner rap, when Itty bitty pretty one by Frankie Lymon came on. No one could have guessed that song was a song B said made him think of me. No one would have known that.. It was absolutely incredible.. Felt like B was telling me he loved me. It was hard not to cry a little.
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Thinking of doing the same, Lost15. When you consider that cremation is at 1800 degrees, it has to be pretty sterile. The ash has no organic material left in it at all. It's basically calcium and other minerals.
Lost15, I think the memorial tattoo is a great idea (I am in LOVE with my little cross for my husband), but I don't know about the ashes. While I don't think it is morbid, I worry about infection. When I ponder these type of questions, i always ask myself what would my husband say; that is usually the right way for me to go. Good luck with your tattoo; I know it will hold meaning forever!
I"m getting my memorial tattoo on May 29th, our 5 year wedding anniversary. Its just a simple white cross on my left ring toe, but its to honor my Ray.
I also got a memorial tattoo angels wings with a cowboy hat
I love your tattoo. We were not tattoo people but Ervin was a police officer and I always said if he got killed in the line of duty I would get his badge tattooed on me. Well I had one put on my arm 4 weeks ago which is the gray ribbon for brain tumor awareness with the screaming eagle for the 101st along with a copy of his Viet Nam ribbon. Then on the ribbons end it has GPD for Galveston Police Dept then his badge number. At the top is 5er for our fifth wheel and his name. I have had a lot of compliments on it but then there are some that say Why? It is because I want it and it reminds me all the time of him.
awesome tiff......


text: Forrest and Angela Wedding! Posted on July 10, 2013 by AJ After such a fun and beautiful engagement session with these two, I couldn't wait to shoot their wedding. The wedding took place in Groton at the beautiful Gibbet Hill Farm. The day was perfect and here are a few of the photos I came away with.


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Pact Animal in Norwich George says "Thank you for the £1,850 which is going towards our new wildlife hospital, it was nice to meet you and hope you come again".
Hallswood Animal Sanctuary in Norwich "Thank you so much for your visit and giving us hay several times for our horses and cat food for our 140 cats, come again soon".
Foxy Lodge In Hemsby Norfolk "John says Thank You so much for thinking of us and helping with our new wildlife shelter, your £650 will be most helpful".
Alexandra Bastedo from the Alexandra Bastedo Champions Animal Sanctuary in Sussex says "Thank you so much Wetnose for your kind donations and for coming to visit us on our Open Day". RIP Alexandra wonderful lady.
Alternative Animal Sanctuary in Lincs:
Tamara Lloyd says "Thank You Wetnose for being so kind and helping with a donation, lovely to meet you and show you all the horses and other animals".
Wagtails in Essex:
Corrin says "Thank you so much for helping Ruby with your donation".
Hillside Animal Sanctuary in Norfolk:
Wendy Valentine says "Thank you Wetnose for your kind donation, it really helps us to continue with all out work, glad you enjoyed the visit".
Jayne Shenton from German Shepherd Rescue:
"Thank you Wetnose for your help and donation and also for taking on 2 of our GSD's Tammy and Archie, donations mean we can carry on with our work".
Mare & Foal Sanctuary in Devon:
Rosemary Kind says "Thank you for your £1,000 donation it really is lovely to receive this kind donation so we can help pay off some of our vets bill".
Willows Animal Sanctuary in Scotland:
Kate Robinson says "Thank you Wetnose for your kind donation mean a lot especially to the animals".
Doris Banham Dog Rescue "Thank you so very much for the £4,500 we received from you, gosh words are just not enough sometimes, this will really help".
Pussy Cat Lodge in Essex:
Thank you for your support and kindness this mean so much to all of us, especially the animals".
Dartmoor Pony Rescue:
Natalie Torr says "Thank you Wetnose for your £1,000 donation this really will help us kick start our training workshop off".
Animals in Need in Northampton:
Roy Marriott says "Thank you Andrea for all your help and support, your donation means a lot".
Paws Animal Sanctuary in Sussex:
Stacey McSpirit says "Thank you Wetnose for all the good work you are doing helping animals, I've been doing this for over 30 years and it doesn't get any easier, much appreciated".
Friends of strays of Greece:
Lyn Purdon says "Thank you Andrea and Gavin from Wetnose your £1,500 donation will help many animals on the islands of Greece".
Animal Kingdom in Philippines:
Charles Wartenburg says "Gavin your help and support during your visit and your generous £3,000 donation is just fantastic thank you from us all here in the Philippines, hope you enjoyed your trip".
Safe Haven for Donkeys in West Sussex:
Lucy says "Thank you Wetnose for your generous donation of £2,000, much appreciated and will help our donkeys".
Greek Animal Rescue in London:
Vesna says "Wetnose you're wonderful people thank you for helping Greek animals".
International Aid for Korea Animals:
Yoon Kerr says "Thank you for your generous and very special donation of £2,000".
Soi Dog Foundation in Thailand:
John Dalley says" Hello Gavin and thank you for your donation of £1,000 this is wonderful news".
Ace Animal Care in Egypt:
Julie Wartenburg (Founder) says "Andrea your donation for £4,000 is just wonderful thank you for your support, lovely to meet you both".
Animals Algarve in Portugal:
Vickee Taylor says "Wetnose thank you so much for your £500 donation, much appreciated".
Wetnose message on Twitter:
So thrilled & delighted 2 give @Nowzad @PenFarthing donation £3,500 have been over there & seen them all work so hard in harsh conditions. Lovely team…
Vickee Taylor from Algarve Cat Rescue Portugal says "Wow the cat play station is wonderful thank you Wetnose just what they need to play on".
Hugletts Wood Farm:
Wenda Shehata says "The Cattle Feed is perfect for the cows thank you Wetnose".
Pro-Animals in Tg-Jiu, Gorj, Romania:
Patricia says "Thank you so much for all the boxes of goodies sent to us and for all the money donations, all the animals need your support"
Heronfield Animal Centre in Knowle, Solihull:
Mitch Withey says "Buying animal food for us really helps keep our bills down, any help is most welcome thanks Wetnose".
The Algernon Trust in Whittlebury:
Jane says "Thank you for paying £200 off our vets bill, great to know Wetnose is able to help when needed".
Cavyrescue in Rochester Kent:
Stella Hulott says "A big thank you for giving us £250 for our vets bills, it really helps us re-home rats and other small animals".
Kathmandu Animal Treatment Centre:
Juliette Cuncliffe says "At last a moment to officially thank you for your very kind donation of £200, there are many animals here in Nepal that need so much, this will help with our spaying programme".
Rescue Remedies in Essex:
Sharon Reynolds says "Thank you for the £200 towards our vet's bill, we always try and help Staffies so our bills are high but from Lynn De Costa and myself thanks for your support".
Walk with donkeys in Crete:
Suzanne Barbour says "Thank you Wetnose for your paypal donations it's not easy getting donations over here, hay over here is now is getting so expensive so every donation counts".
Animal Ark Rabbit & Guinea Pig Centre in Inverness:
Susan Grant says "Paying off our vet's bills means so much as I can now pay for a new rabbit hutch and run thank you Wetnose".
Nuneaton & Warwickshire Wildlife Rescue:
Geoff says "Thank you so much Wetnose for £1,000 donation."
Mill House Animal Sanctuary:
Chris Hart says "Thank you so much for your generous donation of £300, our founding sisters join me in sending you our heartfelt thanks".
Animals Asia Jill Robertson says "Andrea thank you so much for the £4,500 donation given to us after the Rock for Rescue concert, this means so much too us, thank you".


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What's new in Book Collector for macOS?
Book Collector (macOS)
v16.1.4: Maintenance build
December 10th, 2016
- Main screen: switching from details to statistics would crash the program
Recent changes
v20: Dark Mode support / Many new sync fields (inc back covers!) December 4th, 2019 v19.1: Now fully macOS Catalina compatible! October 9th, 2019 v19.0.7: Fix for link book screen and drag/dropping images August 15th, 2019 v19.0.6: Fixed: Drag & drop images from webbrowser May 16th, 2019 v19.0.5: Sync fix for Read It field and more April 25th, 2019 v19.0.4: Fixed display and export issues April 4th, 2019 v19.0.3: Improvements to trial mode experience April 3rd, 2019 v19.0.2: "Read It" and "Times Read" fields now connected March 6th, 2019 v19.0: Multiple collections, auto-sync images and a new Flex template! February 19th, 2019 v18.3.2: Now fully macOS Mojave compatible! November 1st, 2018 v18.3.1: Updated "Add Books from CLZ Core" screen September 18th, 2018 Success rate for ISBN searches now 97%! (was 90%) August 6th, 2018 v18.2.1: Secure HTTPS connections May 31st, 2018 v18.1: New: 64-bit version of Book Collector! April 17th, 2018 v18.0.3: Fixed various issues in the sync with CLZ Cloud April 10th, 2018 v18.0.2: Fixed a freeze caused by User Defined Fields April 3rd, 2018 v18: Auto-Cloud-Syncing + Performance improvements March 29th, 2018 v17.1.3: Fixed a bug with the Quick Search and Alphabet bar September 21st, 2017 v17.1.2: Now compatible with macOS 10.13 "High Sierra" September 21st, 2017 v17.1.1: Now sync your Loan Information to CLZ Cloud / Book Connect! July 27th, 2017 v17.0.3: Added search-as-you-type to pick list fields March 22nd, 2017 v17.0.2: Some quick v17 fixes March 8th, 2017 V17.0.1: Major updates to the Quick Search and Image Viewer popup! March 7th, 2017 v16.1.7: Fixed a problem with importing ISBNs via CSV/Text files February 2nd, 2017 v16.1.6: Maintenance build January 3rd, 2017


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Prerequisites offered by Kent School of Social Work Continuing Education Program
Kent School's Continuing Education online classes
We offer 3 prerequisite courses online:
- Human Biology for the Social Sciences
- Statistics for the Social Sciences
- Research Methods for the Social Sciences
Each course:
- is especially designed to provide content that has relevance to social work and the social sciences.
- may be started immediately after registration (Registration takes 3-5 Business days)
- is expected to be less labor intensive than a traditional college course
- is taken on a pass/fail basis (You do not receive a letter grade for this course. You will receive a certificate of completion. )
- is taken completely online with no assignments and no scheduled virtual meeting dates.
- is offered at the low rate of $225
*Please Note: These courses do not appear on official transcripts. These are taken on a pass fail basis. You will receive a certificate of completion once you have completed and passed the course. You will need to get prior approval from your university that they will accept our prerequisite courses.
Registration: You must register for courses online. Please click on course below to register. You must submit payment at time of registration. Once you have registered, a temporary account will be sponsored for you in order to access course materials. You will receive an email containing your log in credentials 3-5 business days after registration and payment. You will have 3 months to complete these courses. Your due date will begin once provided with your log in credentials.
Human Biology for the Social Sciences
Statistics for the Social Sciences
Research Methods for the Social Sciences
For More Information Regarding the Structure of the course, Please review Prerequisite FAQ's
Additional questions? Please contact Jessica Ballinger at: firstname.lastname@example.com


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Formula One world champion Nico Rosberg has announced he is retiring from the sport with immediate effect.
Rosberg, who claimed his maiden title at the season-deciding race in Abu Dhabi last Sunday, made the shock revelation at a press conference in Vienna.
"I have decided to end my Formula One career here," Rosberg, 31, said.
Rosberg revealed that he took his final decision to walk away from the sport in the hours after his championship triumph.
"It was a process on Monday," Rosberg added. "I didn't know if I had the balls, and I took a bit of time.
"But I am done. End of story, and the next step is being a dad and a husband and I am very much looking forward to that."
Rosberg, who began his grand prix career with Williams in 2006 and competed in more than 200 races, later posted a message to his Facebook account.
"Since 25 years in racing, it has been my dream, my 'one thing' to become Formula One World Champion," he said.
"Through the hard work, the pain, the sacrifices, this has been my target. And now I've made it. I have climbed my mountain, I am on the peak, so this feels right. My strongest emotion right now is deep gratitude to everybody who supported me to make that dream happen.
"This season, I tell you, it was so damn tough. I pushed like crazy in every area after the disappointments of the last two years; they fuelled my motivation to levels I had never experienced before. And of course that had an impact on the ones I love, too - it was a whole family effort of sacrifice, putting everything behind our target.
"I cannot find enough words to thank my wife Vivian; she has been incredible. She understood that this year was the big one, our opportunity to do it, and created the space for me to get full recovery between every race, looking after our daughter each night, taking over when things got tough and putting our championship first."


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Friday Service News Headlines
May 18, 2012
Happy National Bike to Work Day! Before you crank your gears and pedal off to work, catch up with some of our most shared articles and service headlines of the week:
- AmeriCorps forges relationships in community – Wausau Daily Herald
- Commitment to community service will push state forward – Billings Gazette
- Gap Year: Congrats! You're Accepted to College, Now Go Away – ABC News
- Build-a-Thon 2012 event coverage – Habitat for Humanity
- 10 Things to Consider Before Starting a Volunteer Recogntion Program – Hands On Blog
- Nebraska Takes a Stand Against Bullying – Serve.gov
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The Full Wiki
More info on Population history of American indigenous peoples
Related links
Related topics
Population history of American indigenous peoples: Map
Wikipedia article:
Map showing all locations mentioned on Wikipedia article:
Natives of North America.
Natives of South America.
The population figures for the
New World
prior to the 1492 voyage of
Christopher Columbus
are unknown. Estimates based on archaeological data and written records from European settlers range from as low as 8 million to as many as 145 million indigenous "
Native American
". Contact with the New World led to the
European colonization of the Americas
, in which millions of emigrants from the "
Old World
" eventually settled in the New.
The population of Old World peoples in the Americas grew steadily, while the number of the indigenous people plummeted. Old World diseases such as
bubonic plague
and pneumonic plagues devastated the previously isolated Native Americans. Conflict and outright warfare with European newcomers and other American tribes reduced populations and disrupted traditional society. The extent and causes of the decline have long been a subject of academic debate.
Population overview
Given the fragmentary nature of the evidence, even semi-accurate
population figures are impossible to obtain. Estimates are made by extrapolations from small bits of data. In 1976, geographer William Denevan used the existing estimates to derive a "consensus count" of about 54 million people. Nonetheless, more recent estimates still range widely.
Using an estimate of approximately 50 million people in 1492 (including 25 million in the
Aztec Empire
and 12 million in the
Inca Empire
), the lowest estimates give a death toll due from disease of an astonishing 80% by the end of the 16th century (8 million people in 1650). Latin America would only recover its 15th century population early in the 20th century; it numbered 17 million in 1800, 30 million in 1850, 61 million in 1900, 105 million in 1930, 218 million in 1960, 361 million in 1980, and 563 million in 2005. In the last three decades of the 16th century, the population of present-day Mexico dropped to about one million people in 1600. The
population is today estimated at 6 million, which is about the same as at the end of the 15th century, according to some estimates.
In what is now
, the indigenous population declined from a pre-Columbian high of an estimated 4 million to some 300,000.
David Henige
has argued that many population figures are the result of arbitrary formulas selectively applied to numbers from unreliable historical sources. He believes this is a weakness unrecognized by several contributors to the field, and insists there is not sufficient evidence to produce population numbers that have any real meaning. He characterizes the modern trend of high estimates as "
number-crunching." Henige does not advocate a low population estimate, but argues that the scanty and unreliable nature of the evidence renders broad estimates inevitably suspect, saying "high counters" (as he calls them) have been particularly flagrant in their misuse of sources. Many population studies acknowledge the inherent difficulties in producing reliable statistics, given the scarcity of hard data.
The population debate has often had
underpinnings. Low estimates were sometimes reflective of European notions of cultural and racial superiority. Francis Jennings argues, "Scholarly wisdom long held that Indians were so inferior in mind and works that they could not possibly have created or sustained large populations." On the other hand, some have argued that contemporary estimates of a high pre-Columbian indigenous population are rooted in a bias against
Western civilization
. Robert Royal writes that "estimates of pre-Columbian population figures have become heavily politicized with some scholars, who are particularly critical of Europe, often favoring wildly higher figures."
Civilizations rose and fell, and indigenous peoples migrated long before Europeans arrived on the scene. The indigenous population in 1492 was not necessarily at a high point and may actually have been in decline in some areas.
Fernand Braudel
has pointed out a problem the
faced which was not a factor on other continents: "The Indian population ... suffered from a demographic weakness, particularly because of the absence of any substitute animal milk. Mothers had to nurse their children until they were three or four years old. This long period of breast-feeding severely reduced female fertility and made any demographic revival precarious." Indigenous populations in most areas of the Americas reached a low point by the early 20th century. In most cases, populations have since begun to climb. In the United States, for instance, the numbers may already have recovered to pre-Columbian levels or even exceeded them.
Pre-Columbian Americas
population geneticists
agree that the bulk of indigenous American ancestry can be traced to
Ice Age
migrations from
via the
Bering land bridge
. The possibility of
by watercraft along coastal routes or ice sheets is viewed as a possible viable complement to this model.
Depopulation from disease
Nearly all scholars now believe that widespread
epidemic disease
, to which the natives had no prior exposure or resistance, was the overwhelming cause of the massive population decline of the Native Americans. They reject both of the earliest European immigrants' explanations for the population decline of the American natives.
The first explanation was the brutal practices of the
, as recorded by the Spanish themselves.
The most notable account was that of the
Bartolomé de las Casas
, whose writings vividly depict Spanish atrocities committed in particular against the
. Historians have noted there simply were not enough Spanish to have caused such a large population decline (though this does not exonerate many Spanish incomers from having committed grossly inhumane acts against the native peoples). The second European explanation was a perceived divine approval, in which
removed the natives as part of His "divine plan" to make way for a new
civilization. Many Native Americas viewed their troubles in terms of religious or supernatural causes within their own belief systems.
Soon after
began to arrive in the New World, bringing with them the infectious diseases of Europe and Africa, observers noted immense numbers of indigenous Americans began to die from these diseases. One reason this death toll was overlooked (or downplayed) is that once introduced the diseases raced ahead of European immigration in many areas. Disease killed off a sizable portion of the populations before European observations (and thus written records) were made. After the epidemics had already killed massive numbers of natives, many newer European immigrants assumed that there had always been relatively few indigenous peoples. The scope of the epidemics over the years was tremendous, killing millions of people—possibly in excess of 90% of the population in the hardest hit areas—and creating one of "the greatest human catastrophe in history, far exceeding even the disaster of the
Black Death
of medieval Europe", which had killed up to one-third of the people in
between 1347 and 1351. The Black Death occurred to a European population which also had not been exposed and had little or no resistance to a new disease.
One of the most devastating diseases was
, but other deadly diseases included
bubonic plague
yellow fever
, and
(whooping cough), which were chronic in Eurasia. The indigenous Americas also had a number of endemic diseases, such as
and perhaps including
an unusually virulent
type of
, which soon became rampant when brought back to the Old World. (This transfer of disease between the Old and New Worlds was part of the phenomenon known as the "
Columbian Exchange
"). The diseases brought to the New World proved to be exceptionally deadly to the Native Americans.
The epidemics had very different effects in different regions of the Americas. The most vulnerable groups were those with a relatively small population and few built-up immunities. Many island-based groups were annihilated.
of the
nearly ceased to exist, as did the
While disease ranged swiftly through the densely populated empires of
, the more scattered populations of North America saw a slower spread.
Why were the diseases so deadly?
A disease (
) that kills its victims before they can spread it to others tends to flare up and then die out, like a fire running out of fuel. A more resilient disease would establish an
; if its victims lived beyond
, the disease would spread further. The
process selects against quick lethality, with the most immediately fatal diseases being the most short-lived. A similar evolutionary pressure acts upon the victim populations, as those lacking genetic resistance to common diseases die and do not leave descendants, whereas those who are resistant procreate and pass resistant genes to their offspring. For example, in the fifty years following Columbus' voyage to the Americas, an unusually strong strain of
killed a high proportion of infected Europeans within a few months; over time, however, the disease has become much less virulent.
Thus both diseases and populations tend to evolve towards an equilibrium in which the common diseases are non-symptomatic, mild, or manageably chronic. When a population that has been relatively isolated is exposed to new diseases, it has no resistance to the new diseases (the population is "biologically naïve"); this body of people succumbs at a much higher rate, resulting in what is known as a "virgin soil" epidemic. Before the European arrival, the Americas had been isolated from both the
landmass. The peoples of the Old World had had thousands of years for their populations to accommodate to their common diseases.
The fact that all members of an immunologically naive population are exposed to a new disease simultaneously increases the fatalities. Populations where the disease is endemic have generations of individuals with acquired immunity or hardiness. In populations where a disease is endemic, most adults are exposed to the disease at a young age. Thus resistant to reinfection, they are able to care for individuals who catch the disease for the first time, such as the next generation of children. With proper care, many of these "
childhood diseases
" are often survivable. In a naïve population, all age groups are affected at once, leaving few or no healthy caregivers to nurse the sick. With no resistant individuals healthy enough to tend to the ill, a disease may have higher fatalities than otherwise.
The natives of the Americas suffered the introduction of several new diseases at once, so that a person who successfully resisted one disease might die from another. Multiple simultaneous infections (e.g., smallpox and typhus at the same time) or in close succession (e.g., smallpox in an individual who was still weak from a recent bout of typhus) are more deadly than just the sum of the individual diseases. In this scenario, death rates can also be elevated by combinations of new and familiar diseases: smallpox in combination with American strains of syphilis or
, for example.
Other contributing factors:
Native American medical treatments such as
sweat baths
and cold water immersion (practiced in some areas) weakened some patients and probably increased mortality rates.
Europeans brought many diseases with them because they (and Asians) had many more domesticated animals than the Native Americans.
usually means close and frequent contact between animals and people, which is an opportunity for diseases of domestic animals to mutate and migrate into the human population.
landmass extends many thousands of miles along an east–west axis. Climate zones also extend for thousands of miles, which facilitated the spread of agriculture, domestication of animals, and the diseases associated with domestication. The Americas extend mainly north and south, which, according to the environmental determinist theory popularized by
Jared Diamond
Guns, Germs, and Steel
, meant that it was much harder for cultivated plant species, domesticated animals, and diseases to migrate.
Rodolfo Acuña-Soto
argues that mortality due to imported diseases was compounded, or even dwarfed, by mortality due to a
hemorrhagic fever
native to the Americas. The Aztecs called it
. Acuña-Soto's conclusions are based in part on the 50 volumes written by
Francisco Hernandez
, physician to
Philip II of Spain
. He interviewed survivors of the 1576 epidemic and autopsied many victims, then recorded his findings and observations. He found that the fever was endemic during drought years, a series of which had coincided with the early Spanish invasion of Central America. Acuña-Soto noticed that previous historians using the same reference works that he used had chosen which accounts to base their results on, so that epidemic illnesses coinciding with the Spanish invasion could, by selectively using resources, look like accounts of European-caused smallpox rather than the Aztec-recognized cocoliztli. The disease the Aztecs described, however, when read in full described a hemorrhagic fever that had nothing in common with smallpox. Such fevers are viral, spread by rodents and bodily fluid contacts between infected people. Using evidence from 24 epidemics, Acuña-Soto concluded that the Spanish did not bring the epidemic to the Aztecs, but arrived during its onset and intensification. Acuña-Soto's theory is controversial and not widely accepted .
Deliberate infection?
One of the most contentious issues relating to disease depopulation in the Americas concerns the degree to which Europeans deliberately infected indigenous peoples with diseases such as smallpox. Cook asserts that there is no evidence that the Spanish attempted to infect the American natives. The cattle introduced by the Spanish polluted the water reserves which Native Americans dug in the fields to accumulate rain water. In response, the
created public fountains and aqueducts to guarantee access to
drinking water
. But when the Franciscans lost their privileges in 1572, many of these fountains were not guarded any more. Deliberate well poisoning may have happened. Although no proof of such poisoning has been found, some historians believe the decrease of the population correlates with the end of religious orders' control of the water. However, it is undeniable that the colonists spread diseases carelaeesly, with little regard for human life.
1763 Smallpox outbreak at Fort Pitt
In one disputed incident,
soldiers in North America were said to have discussed intentionally infecting native people as part of a war effort.
Pontiac's Rebellion
in 1763, a number of
Native Americans
launched a widespread war against British soldiers and settlers to drive the British out of the
Great Lakes region
In what is now western
, Native Americans (primarily
) laid
Fort Pitt
June 22
Surrounded and isolated,
William Trent
, the commander of Fort Pitt gave representatives of the besieging Delawares two blankets and a handkerchief from the Pittsburgh smallpox hospital, "out of our regard to them", when the two Delaware men came to talk to him. Letters exist between two other British officers,
Jeffrey Amherst
Henry Bouquet
, that explicitly advocate the idea of using smallpox-infested blankets to kill Indians. Historians disagree as to whether Trent acted with the intent expressed by Bouquet and Amherst.
Whatever Trent's intent, a number of recent scholars consider doubtful the evidence connecting his gift of blankets to the smallpox outbreak. These scholars believe that the disease was most likely spread by native warriors returning from attacks on infected white settlements.In other words, while some officers expressed the desire to use biological warfare, smallpox was so widespread and so easy to catch that there were other opportunities for Native Americans to be infected. Others attribute the smallpox outbreak to the common Indian practice of digging up recent European graves to retrieve the clothes of those buried, some of whom had died from smallpox.
After Edward Jenner's 1796 confirmation of the efficacy of
smallpox vaccination
, the inoculation technique became more well known. Smallpox became less deadly in the United States (and elsewhere). Many colonists and natives became vaccinated. Although in some cases officials tried to inoculate natives, the disease often was carried beyond containment attempts. At other times, trade demands broke quarantines. In other cases, some natives refused inoculation because of suspicion of European Americans. In 1831 government officials inoculated the
Yankton Sioux
at Sioux Agency. The Santee Sioux refused inoculation and many died.
Other causes of depopulation
War and violence
epidemic disease
was by far the leading cause of the population decline of the American indigenous peoples after 1492 , there were other contributing factors, all of them related to European contact and colonization. One of these factors was
. According to demographer Russell Thornton, although many lives were lost in wars over the centuries, and war sometimes contributed to the near extinction of certain tribes, warfare and death by other violent means was a comparatively minor cause of overall native population decline.
There is some disagreement among scholars about how widespread warfare was in pre-Columbian America, but there is general agreement that war became deadlier after the arrival of the Europeans and their firearms. Europeans had
and swords, which made killing easier and war more deadly. Europeans proved consistently successful in achieving domination in warfare with Native Americans for a variety of reasons. One reason was the staying power of the Europeans, who could call on a far ranging supply network, and could sustain a conflict over several years including the winters if necessary. Almost no Indian tribes had the stored resources to conduct a war for more than a few months. The massive death toll from disease played a major role in the European conquest, but equally decisive was the European approach to war, which was less ritualistic and more focused on achieving decisive victory. European colonization also contributed to a number of wars between Native Americans, who fought over which of them should have first access to the new weapon.
Empires such as the
's depended on a highly centralized administration for the distribution of resources. Disruption caused by the war and the colonization hampered the traditional economy, and possibly led to shortages of food and materials.
Exploitation has also been cited by a few as a cause of native American depopulation. The Spanish employed the pre-Columbian draft system called the
. The Spanish conquistadors replaced the ruling Aztecs and Incas and divided the conquered lands among themselves ruling as the new
lords, treating their subjects as something between slaves and
. Serfs stayed to work the land; slaves were exported to the mines, where large numbers of them died. Some Spaniards objected to this
system, notably
Bartolomé de Las Casas
, who insisted that the Indians were humans with souls and rights. Largely due to his efforts, the
New Laws
were promulgated in Spain in 1542 to protect the natives, but the abuses in the Americas were never entirely or permanently abolished.
The infamous
Sao Paulo
, adventurers mostly of mixed Portuguese and native ancestry, penetrated steadily westward in their search for Indian
Serfdom existed as such in parts of Latin America well into the 19th century, past independence.
Las Casas
and other dissenting Spaniards from the colonial period gave vivid descriptions of the atrocities inflicted upon the natives. This has helped to create an image of the Spanish conquistadores as cruel in the extreme. However, since Las Casas's writings were polemical (argumentative) works, intended to provoke moral outrage in order to facilitate reform, most scholars speculate that his depictions were exaggerated . No mainstream scholar dismisses the idea that atrocities were widespread, but some now believe that mass killings were not a significant factor in overall native depopulation. It may be argued that the Spanish rulers in the Americas had economic reasons to be unhappy at the high mortality rate of the indigenous population, since nearly all of them wanted the natives as laborers to help support the Spanish economy.
However, in many areas settlers and even governments did engage in what have been called "democides," usually against
Indian tribes who were seen solely as hindrances to land use by European settlers. (For further discussion of democide, see the following section.) Notable democides include:
in the
(Some believe 80% of the population disappeared in thirty years).
Pequot War
in early New England.
In the mid-19th century, post-independence leader
Juan Manuel de Rosas
engaged in what he himself presented as a war of extermination (the "
Conquest of the Desert
") against the natives of the Argentinian interior, leaving over 1,300 indigenous dead.
While some
tribes were settled on reservations, others were hunted down and massacred by 19th century American settlers.
David Stannard
estimated that some 50,000 Native Californians suffered violent deaths between 1849 and 1870.
Determining how many people died in these massacres overall is difficult. In the book
The Wild Frontier: Atrocities during the American-Indian War from Jamestown Colony to Wounded Knee
, amateur historian William M.
Osborn sought to tally every recorded
in the area that would eventually become the continental
United States
, from early contact (1511) to the closing of the frontier (1890), and determined that 9,156 people died from atrocities perpetrated by Native Americans, and 7,193 people died from atrocities perpetrated by Europeans or their descendants.
Osborn defines an atrocity as the murder, torture, or mutilation of civilians, the wounded, and prisoners. Both numbers are far too low to account for the presumed large population loss.
The most reliable figures are derived from collated records of strictly military engagements, such as the research by Gregory Michno which reveals 21,586 dead, wounded, and captured civilians and soldiers for the period of 1850–90 alone. Other figures are derived from extrapolations of rather cursory and unrelated government accounts such as that by Russell Thornton, who calculated that some 45,000 Indians and 19,000 white Americans were killed. This later rough estimate includes women and children on both sides, since
were often killed by both sides in frontier
Displacement and disruption
Even more consequential than warfare or mistreatment on indigenous populations was the geographic displacement of native Indian tribes. The increased European population due to immigration and high birth rates of Native European settlers put pressure on native tribes to relocate and alter their traditional ways of life. The introduction of new forms of intensive agriculture by Europeans let them grow enough food in a given area to support many more people than the native hunting and gathering societies could. Displacement of native peoples living their traditional lifestyles often resulted in decreased birth rates and often higher death rates which steadily lowered their populations for some time. In the United States, for example, the relocations of Native Americans resulting from the policies of
Indian removal
and the
system created a disruption which resulted in fewer births and a short term population decline.
The populations of many Native American peoples were reduced by the common practice of intermarrying with Europeans. Although many Indian cultures that once thrived are extinct today, their descendants exist today in some of the bloodlines of the current inhabitants of the Americas.
Genocide debate
A controversial question relating to the population history of American indigenous peoples is whether or not the natives of the Americas were the victims of
. After the
World War II
, genocide was defined (in part) as a crime "committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group, as such."
David Stannard
is of the opinion that the indigenous peoples of America (including
) were the victims of a "Euro-American genocidal war."
While conceding that the majority of the indigenous peoples fell victim to the ravages of European disease, he estimates that almost 100 million died in what he calls the
American Holocaust
. Stannard's perspective has been joined by
Kirkpatrick Sale
Ben Kiernan
Lenore A.
, and
Phil Lane, Jr.
, among others; the perspective has been further refined by
Ward Churchill
, who has said "it was precisely malice, not nature, that did the deed."
Stannard's claim of 100 million deaths has been challenged because he does not cite any demographic evidence to support this number, and because he makes no distinction between death from violence and death from disease.
Noble David Cook
, Latin Americanist and history professor at
Florida International University
, considers books such as Stannard's a number of which were released around the year 1992 to coincide with the 500th anniversary of the Columbus voyage to America to be an unproductive return to
Black Legend
-type explanations for
In response to Stannard's figure,
political scientist
has instead estimated that over the centuries of European colonization about 2 million to 15 million American indigenous people were the victims of what he calls
"Even if these figures are remotely true," writes Rummel, "then this still make this subjugation of the Americas one of the bloodier, centuries long, democides in world history."
Some historians argue that genocide, a crime of intent, was not the intent of European colonization while in America. Historian
Stafford Poole
wrote: "There are other terms to describe what happened in the Western Hemisphere, but genocide is not one of them. It is a good
term in an age where slogans and shouting have replaced reflection and learning, but to use it in this context is to cheapen both the word itself and the appalling experiences of the Jews and
, to mention but two of the major victims of this century."
However, a number of historians, though not viewing the history of European colonization as one continuous long act of genocide, do cite specific wars and campaigns which were arguably genocidal in intent and effect.
Usually included among these are the
Pequot War
(1637) and campaigns waged against tribes in
starting in the 1850s.
See also
European colonization of the Americas
Columbus Day
Indian Wars
(in the United States)
Trail of Tears
Indigenous peoples of the Americas
Amazonas before the Inca Empire
Native American massacres
(mass killings in the United States)
Smallpox Epidemics in the New World
Tribal warfare
Uncontacted peoples
List of epidemics
Guns, Germs, and Steel
1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus
20th century estimates in Thornton, p. 22;
Denevan's consensus count
recent lower estimates
"La catastrophe démographique" (The Demographical Catastrophe"),
n°322, July-August 2007, p. 17.
Henige, p. 182.
Jennings, p. 83;
Royal's quote
Fernand Braudel,
The Structures of Everyday Life: The Limits of the Possible
, New York: Harper & Row, 1981; 36. See also: Jared Diamond,
Germs, Guns, and Steel
Thornton, pp. xvii, 36.
Shoemaker, pp. 3–4.
Cook, Noble David.
Born To Die
, pp. 1-11.
Cook, Noble David.
Born To Die
, p. 13.
Cook, p. 208; Thornton, p. 47.
Cook, p. 214.
Anderson, pp. 541–2; McConnell, p. 195; Dowd,
War Under Heaven
, p. 190.
War not a major cause: Thornton, pp. 47–49.
Increased deadliness of warfare, see for example Hanson, ch. 6. See also
flower war
Bolivia - Ethnic Groups
Cook, p. 212.
Carlos A. Floria and César A. García Belsunce, 1971.
Historia de los Argentinos
I and II; ISBN 84-599-5081-6.
Stannard, David. American Holocaust. Oxford University Press, 1993
Michno, "Encyclopedia of Indian Wars" Index.
American Indian Holocaust
, pp. 48–49.
Indian Mixed-Blood
INTERVIEW: David Stannard
Were American Indians the Victims of Genocide?
Stannard, p. x (quotation), p. 151 (death toll estimate).
Cook on Stannard, p. 12; Rummel's quote and estimate from
his website
, about midway down the page, after footnote 82. Rummel's estimate is presumably not a single democide, but is a total of multiple democides, since there were many different governments involved.
Stafford Poole, quoted in Royal, p. 63.
For example,
The Oxford Companion to American Military History
(Oxford University Press, 1999) states that "if Euro-Americans committed genocide anywhere on the [American] continent against native Americans, it was in California."
Cappel, Constance, The Smallpox Genocide of the Odawa Tribe at L'Arbre Croche, 1763: The History of a Native American People, Edwin Mellen Press, 2007, ISBN 0-7734-5220-6, ISBN 13: 978-0-7734-5220-6.
Cook, Noble David.
Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492–1650
. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press
Hanson, Victor Davis
Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power
. New York: Doubleday, 2001. ISBN 0-385-50052-1.
Henige, David
Numbers from Nowhere: The American Indian Contact Population Debate
. Norman:
University of Oklahoma Press
Mann, Charles C.
1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus
New York: Knopf, 2005. ISBN 1-4000-4006-X
Royal, Robert.
1492 and All That: Political Manipulations of History
. Washington, D.C.: Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1992.
Shoemaker, Nancy.
American Indian Population Recovery in the Twentieth Century
. University of New Mexico Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8263-1919-X.
Stannard, David E
American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World
Oxford University Press
Stearn, E. Wagner and Allen E. Stearn.
The Effect of Smallpox on the Destiny of the Amerindian
. Boston: Humphries, 1945.
Thornton, Russell.
American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492
University of Oklahoma Press
Online sources
Lewy, Guenter.
"Were American Indians the Victims of Genocide?"
, History News Network, originally published in
Lord, Lewis.
How many people were here before Columbus?
(mirror of original at archive.org), August 10, 1997.
Rummel, R.J.
Death by Government
, Chapter 3: Pre-Twentieth Century Democide
Stutz, Bruce.
Megadeath in Mexico
Discover, February 21, 2006.
White, Matthew.
"The Annihilation of the Native Americans"
. Amateur website, but reports data from scholarly sources.
Jeffrey Amherst and Smallpox Blankets
"Lord Jeffrey Amherst's letters discussing germ warfare against American Indians" Retrieved February,
Further reading
Fagan, Brian.
Ancient North America
. London: Thames and Hudson, 2005, ISBN 0-500-28532-2.
Mann, Charles C.
1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus
. Knopf Publishing Group, August 2005, ISBN 1-4000-4006-X.
McNeill, William H.
Plagues and Peoples
. Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc., New York, NY, 1976, ISBN 0-385-12122-9.
Michael Sletcher, 'North American Indians', in Will Kaufman and Heidi Macpherson, eds.,
Britain and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History
, (2 vols., Oxford, 2005).
Cappel, Constance,
The Smallpox Genocide of the Odawa Tribe at L'Arbre Croche.
1763: The History of a Native American People,
Edwin Mellen Press, October, 2007, ISBN 10: 0-7734-5220-6 and ISBN 13: 978-0-7734-5220-6.
External links
Article by Russell Thornton on American Indian population history in North America
Excerpts from David Stannard's
American Holocaust
Article by Alan Rinding on Brazil's Indians
Colonial Brazil: Portuguese, Tupi, etc
Indigenous Genocide in the Brazilian Amazon
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text:
Wednesday, 15 Jun 2016 6:30 PM
Meet up with your fellow PHP developers from the Nijmegen area.
Have a drink, a great meal and a great presentation!
18.30h – Doors open
18.30h – BBQ by RootNet!
20.00h – Extracting wisdom from stupidity – Ramon de la Fuente
21.00h – Closing
21.15h – Drinks & socials
Extracting wisdom from stupidity by
Ramon de la Fuente
This talk is about 'thinking'. Most of the time we take the process for granted, but so much of our daily lives depends on effective use of this most basic of abilities. It revolves around the ideas and books of Edward de Bono (6 thinking hats, lateral thinking) and how those ideas are related to a developers job.
So how does this pertain to extracting wisdom from stupidity?
I hope to show you not *what*, but *how* I learned by being stupid – and that the programmer's love of logic can sometimes be as much an asset as an obstacle.
Ramon is a company owner, developer and family man (not necessarily in that order).
He has a strong database background. With 14+ years of experience in web development, he has seen technologies come and go – but robust design is always a must. He enjoys the puzzle of a piece of code, and the fact that there's always more solutions to be found for a problem.
He's also a co-founder of the SweetlakePHP user group, and an occasional writer for dev-human.com.
Social Media


text:
Time travel with Facebook December 13, 2011Posted by Mark Hillary in Current Affairs, IT Services, Software.
Tags: facebook, hiring, hr, jobs, privacy, timeline
add a comment
Facebook has launched their new Timeline feature to the world this week. Much attention has focused on the improved look and feel of the user interface, particularly the large cover photo that now dominates a Facebook profile.
But much less attention has been paid to the more interesting aspect of the Timeline – the ability to move back in time to any point and see what the user was doing at that time. In effect, Facebook has created an open diary because you can go back in time on your friend's profile to see what they were posting on the system last year – or even on a specific date.
This is an interesting development, not least for those interested in privacy. It used to be that you updated your Facebook and as the update dropped off the screen because new ones replaced it, that would then be lost forever. Now users can move back and forth in time examining every little post you made.
Many web watchers have already warned avid social networkers about the danger that they will arrive at a job interview only to find the interviewer has found some compromising photos online. But with the ability to move back and forth in time scanning the entire online history of a person, this danger just became a whole lot more real.
I've seen that face before somewhere… May 25, 2010Posted by Mark Hillary in IT Services.
Tags: advertising, face, facial, goggles, google, ID, identification, minority report, picasa, privacy, recognition, tag, tom cruise
2 comments
It's a technology that is already available today. Users of the popular Google Picasa photo-sharing site that 'tag' a friend in a photograph will find that the site scans their photo collection and suggests other photos where the same friend has appeared – asking if they also want to tag that photo.
Commercially there should be immense opportunities for facial recognition to improve security, but the companies that are exploring these technologies also need to be aware of what people will tolerate and what is seen as beneficial. For example, most people would feel more secure at airports if passports used facial recognition technology.
Privacy regulations and public mistrust are going to prevent something like that happening any time soon, but with freely available social networks now using facial recognition technology, are we already on the slippery slope to a place where anonymity is impossible?


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Geotechnical Services Information
Image Credit: Element Materials Technology
Geotechnical services includes soil, rock, and subsurface testing and analysis for site feasibility, foundations, embankments, pavements, retention structures, and other earthworks projects. Geotechnical engineering services are a vital part of any construction project, from providing soil analysis for a building site to foundation design for the large caissons and footings for bridges. They also use analytical laboratory services, field studies, standardized test methods, and/or modeling in order to optimize land use and management.
Geotechnical Disciplines
Various geotechnical disciplines are used in order to provide geotechnical services. Geologists, hydrologists, and laboratory technicians may be versed in hydrology, stratigraphy, and/or sedimentology. These sciences are used collectively in order to assess, quantify, and qualify physical surroundings and material present.
Hydrology is the study of water quality, transport, and distribution. Perc (percolation) test, water quality monitoring, and observation wells are all used to ensure that the surface water, ground water, and hydraulic conductivity meet site requirements.
Image Credit: USGS
Sedimentology is the science and study of sediment transport, deposition, and classification. Sedimentologists have a deep understanding of the historical importance of how sediments have been deposited at site locations throughout long time periods. They can predict future sedimentation rates, erosion rates, expected physical characteristics of local sediments, and can classify grain size.
The following table depicts how sediments are classified: by grain size; clay to pebbles, shape; angular to well rounded, and assortment; well sorted, poorly sorted, or a matrix of two distinctive grains.
Image Credit University of Michigan
Stratigraphy is a branch of geology that addresses the layering of rocks, known as strata. As the type of strata formed and their arrangement shifts over time we need not only to understand what is visible on the surface but rather the underlying strata as well. The composition and orientation of all underlying strata can depict the stability of the land mass, which becomes increasingly important when planning for land use.
Strata are sedimentary or igneous in nature meaning they have been formed either from sediments or magma. The process by which sediments are hardened into a single rock mass is known as lithification. There are three processes by which this can happen: compaction, recrystallization, or cementation, which are all facilitated by heat, pressure, and fluid transport. Igneous rocks are either intrusive or extrusive meaning that they are both cooled and formed within the earth's crust or on the surface.
Over geological time scales, thousands if not millions of years, the local geological processes that shape and form strata changes at various geographical locations. Structural geologists study the identification and interpretation of the resultant features. They observe the orientation of the strata by the zenith by which strata intersect a flat plane and the inclination, known as strike and dip. Other features of interest may include a lineation such as a fault, intrusion, and foliation.
Image Credit: Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
Testing Methods
Geotechnical service providers have a variety of methods that they may use to sample, test, analyze, and/or assess natural resources including field mapping, core sampling, site assessment, perc test, water quality monitoring, use of observation wells, the atterberg limit, and the limerock bearing ratio.
Field mapping is the production of a graphical presentation of strata and sediments. Field measurements are used to understand the relative age of exposed strata, identify faults, predict underlying strata orientation, and establish preferred locations for site development.
Core sampling is the extraction and analysis of one to several solid cores. In most cases several cores are randomly sampled to establish a detailed report. Core sampling can be used to identify soil depth, material characterization, analyze existing strata, or other material characterization services.
Site assessment may be conducted for a range of customers. Site assessment may be used for civil engineering projects, residential as well as commercial building and construction projects, environmental impact studies, brownfield site assessment, verification of remediation efforts, and to locate natural resources such as ore deposits, ground water, and oil and gas deposits.
Perc tests are conducted to gauge the feasibility of a septic tank or leach field. The test method is conducted by loading a soil mass with water in order to determine the absorption rate. Local authorities set benchmarks of required test duration and absorption rates.
Water quality monitoring can be conducted to assess if given water reserves need treatment or if they are potable and safe for human consumption. Water quality monitoring can also be conducted to assess environmental impact and to verify remediation efforts when an aquifer or other water reservoir has been contaminated.
Observation wells can be used to monitor ground water movement, water quality, or may be used to assess well placement and site development. Observation wells are shallow drilled wells that are used to conduct these types of tests. After testing is complete they may be capped or filled in.
The atterberg limit is a measure of the soil's liquid limit and plastic limit. These limits describe the mechanics of the soil, or the soil's viscosity or brittleness.
The limerock bearing ratio is another standard used by geotechnical service providers for determining the underlying stability of the substrates under a roadbed.
Historical Proof
Geotechnical services help optimize the use of natural resources. Stability, sustainability, and feasibility requirements are important factors to take into consideration. Historical evidence for the need of geotechnical services is portrayed by slope failure and subsidence.
Slope Failure
Slope failure occurs when structures are erected on unstable land masses. Stability is dependent on the orientation of strata, porosity, saturation, material composition and the amount of vegetation present.
Image Credit: Indiana University
Subsidence is a natural process that occurs as unconsolidated sediments settle causing land masses to compress, deform, and shift downward. It can also occur due to urban development, changes in land use, loading of land masses, mining, and well pumping. Geotechnical engineers consult, model, forecast, and mitigate affected land masses when subsidence is of concern.
Image Credit: USGS
Geologic and Hydrogeologic-Site Characterization
International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering


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Usain Bolt's London Olympics Nikon D4 Goes Up For Auction 0
Imagine lending your precious DSLR to a friend only to receive it back with their name shoddily carved into it. You would be pretty mad, right? One photographer, Jimmy Wixtröm, who had such a thing happen to him, wasn't mad at all – in fact he was the exact opposite. Of course, the fact that his "friend" was Usain Bolt, the fastest man in the world, probably had something to do with it – but who are we to judge?
In all seriousness if you were watching the 2012 London Olympics you may remember a scene that had Usain Bolt triumphantly holding a photographer's Nikon D4 after winning gold in the 200m sprint. After snapping a few photographs with the DSLR, Bolt proceeded to carve his name into the camera with a screwdriver before returning it its owner; the above mentioned Jimmy Wixtröm. As if having Usain Bolt's name carved into his camera wasn't enough, Wixtröm did what any enterprising photographer would do and took to eBay. That's right, you now have a chance to obtain a piece of history should you decide to bid on what is being called "Usain Bolt's Nikon D4".
If you're a bit skeptical when it comes to padding the pockets of an already successful photographer, make note that Wixtröm assures us all proceeds will be sent to charity. Just what kind of proceeds are we talking, you ask? At the time of this posting the auction is currently listed at $11,100 with 56 bids and roughly 4 and a half days to go. Given the time left, that price is sure to skyrocket even more as bidders across the web look to obtain a piece of history. Are you in?


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What time is it in Khartoum right now?
Check Khartoum, Sudan exact official time and time change dates
Khartoum is the capital of Sudan
6:43:08 PM, Friday 13, December 2019 CAT 24 hours
|No known DST-adjustments for year 2020
|Standard time zone:
|UTC/GMT +2 hours
|No daylight saving time at the moment
|15° 33' North
|32° 32' East
Time at locations near Khartoum time zone: Harare, Lubumbashi, Lusaka, Maputo, Kigali, Lilongwe, Bujumbura, Windhoek, Gaborone
|Distance to Khartoum
|Khartoum International Airport
|4 km
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In this book Bill Subritzky teaches on six basic doctrines essential for effective and power-filled Christianity: repentance, faith towards God, baptism, the laying on of hands, the resurrection of the dead and eternal judgment. This practical teaching is valuable to all who want to strengthen their faith and deepen their walk with God. It is a comprehensive book on discipleship and practical Christian living.
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Emergency response
When children and families around the world are suffering through conflict, poverty and disaster, Mercy Corps is there to respond with lifesaving relief and long-term support.
We are on the ground in more than 40 countries, empowering people to survive crisis, build better lives and transform their communities for good. After an emergency, we work quickly to meet the urgent needs of survivors and give people the resources they need to build back even stronger.
Thanks to our global community of supporters and partners, we are able to help millions of families during their time of need — providing lifesaving assistance to Syrian refugees, reaching survivors after natural disasters like the earthquakes in Nepal, and distributing critical seeds and tools to displaced families in South Sudan.
Our response during and after emergencies ensures that people are empowered to strengthen their communities from within. Now, and for the future.
The Syria crisis
Photo: Corinna Robbins/Mercy Corps
As the war in Syria continues with no end in sight, the resulting humanitarian crisis has left millions of children and families suffering the consequences. We're working to support some 2.5 million people affected by the crisis, including around 470,000 people inside Syria whom we provide with lifesaving food and relief every month.
Get the facts about the Syria crisis and learn more about our response ▸
Natural disasters
We have responded to almost every global natural disaster in the last 20 years, including the Hurricane in Haiti, the Nepal earthquakes, Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines, the Japan tsunami, the Haiti earthquake, the hunger crisis in the Horn of Africa, and the Indian Ocean tsunami.
Photo: Miguel Samper for Mercy Corps
In 2015, two powerful earthquakes killed thousands and devastated Nepal. Historic sites tumbled, roads were blocked by dangerous landslides, and thousands of homes were destroyed. Our team responded quickly to deliver emergency supplies to those in need, and now they are working hard to make sure that the people of Nepal recover.
Get the facts about the Nepal earthquakes and learn more about our response ▸
Families in conflict
Ongoing conflict brings more than just violence: it can compromise local food supplies, drive families from their homes and leave entire communities devastated for years to come.
Our seasoned emergency responders work through conflict in places like Yemen, Gaza, Ukraine, Iraq, South Sudan and the Central African Republic to distribute critical supplies, protect families uprooted by ongoing violence, and help communities rebuild.
Photo: Cassandra Nelson/Mercy Corps
South Sudan has been in turmoil since political conflict erupted in 2013, just two years after the country gained its independence in 2011. Now, 1 in 3 people are displaced and millions are at risk of starvation. The ongoing conflict has thrown the country into chaos and devastated the economy and food supply.
How did this happen? Learn more about the ongoing crisis in South Sudan ▸
Photo: Christy Delafield/Mercy Corps
As forces battle to retake the Iraqi city of Mosul from ISIS, families in the region are bracing for the effects of more violence. Already hundreds of thousands of families have fled their homes due to fighting, and more may soon be forced to flee the city of Mosul, which is still home to roughly 1.5 million people.
Our teams in Iraq are on the ground and ready to respond. Learn more about the humanitarian crisis in Mosul ▸
Photo: Corinna Robbins/Mercy Corps
In the Lake Chad Basin, drought and massive displacement due to violence from Boko Haram are converging to create a dire humanitarian crisis. In Nigeria alone, roughly 4.4 million people are in need of food assistance and many children are suffering from severe malnutrition. It's a complicated crisis, and we are still learning about the true consequences that this conflict will have on families in the areas where we work.
Get the facts about the hunger crisis in the Lake Chad Region and find out what we're doing to help ▸
How you can help
- Donate today. Your gift to our Humanitarian Response Fund helps us respond immediately and effectively when emergencies strike, and support communities for the long-term.
- Start a fundraiser. Support Mercy Corps' work by encouraging your friends and family to donate to the cause.
Afghanistan: Refugee mom: 'We came here to save our lives'
QUETTA, Pakistan - Taghnesa, 40, fled her village in the northern Afghanistan province of Kunduz nearly three months ago when the fighting between Northern Alliance troops and the Taliban escalated.
Afghanistan: Mercy Corps launches campaign for Afghan children
Mercy Corps is responding to the urgent needs in Afghanistan, launching an unprecedented $5 million campaign to provide lifesaving aid to children. With the arrival of winter, hunger and hardship increase dramatically, further compounding the difficulties faced by Afghan families.
Afghanistan: Margaret Larson reports from Pakistan refugee camp
CHAMAN, PAKISTAN, Dec. 10 - I've been working directly at the border, near Chaman, Pakistan and it has been amazing.
Afghanistan: Afghan refugees continue to seek shelter in Pakistan
A recent stream of Afghan refugees crossing the border into Pakistan has sped up the transfer of refugee families from a temporary refugee camp to a more permanent camp at Roghani near the Chaman border crossing.
Afghanistan: Mercy Corps to assist additional 10,000 Afghan families
Mercy Corps has received a $2 million grant from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) to provide emergency support to drought and conflict-affected families in southern Afghanistan.
Afghanistan: For Afghans, no hope, no help, no time left
As this bleak moonscape we call Afghanistan disgorges its dazed masses into this country, one is struck by the sheer magnitude of bad news borne by an essentially hospitable, beautiful people: 22 years of continuous war, including a brutal decade of Soviet occupation; years more of civil war; fou
Afghanistan: New camp for Afghan refugees opens
A new camp opened today to provide shelter and immediate assistance to Afghan refugees who are crossing into Pakistan. The United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) established the camp near the Chaman border crossing, in collaboration with the Government of Pakistan and aid agencies.
Afghanistan: Mercy Corps taking action to aid Afghans
Several new Mercy Corps activities have been initiated this week as part of the agency' s ongoing commitment to provide life-saving operations and services to people in Afghanistan and neighboring countries.
Afghanistan: Mercy Corps Country Director: Afghanistan situation 'bleak'
Twenty years of violence, four years of severe drought and the possibility of an impending refugee crisis is making life extraordinarily difficult for the citizens that remain inside of Afghanistan and with winter fast approaching the numbers of those suffering is sure to rise.
Program to Aid Malnourished Eritreans


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Basil 'Aristotle' - Kew Collection Seeds
Neat, compact mounds of small leaves with a most delicious flavour make Basil 'Aristotle' a stunning ornamental, edible pot plant. The aromatic foliage adds flavour to all manner of dishes, particularly Italian recipes. This Greek basil is perfect… More Info
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The Topic of Cancer
There are about 2.5 million people suffering from cancer at any given time in India. In the year 2000, nearly 800,000 people in India were diagnosed with cancer, of whom 550,000 died. Tobacco-related cancer accounts for almost one-thirds of the cancer in India, affecting the head, neck, lung and oesophagus. More than 5 million children in India are addicted to guthka – a leading cause of oral cancer. Approximately 15,000 new cases of childhood cancer are detected every year in India. This is almost double the incidence in the next highest country – the US.
When diagnosed early enough and treated with the appropriate protocols, approximately 70 percent of childhood cancers are curable. Tragically, while survival rates rise in the West, only 20 percent of the children detected with cancer in India benefit from advanced medical care, translating into an unacceptably high number of children dying of their disease. It is estimated that the death toll for women due to cervical cancer will rise to 79,000 per year by 2010. Breast cancer and oral cancer will claim about 59,000 and 53,000 respectively in the same time frame. So you see cancer is a lifestyle disease with dietary habits, lack of physical activity and alcohol consumption as some of its agents. The saddest thing about it is that in most of the cases, cancer can be prevented altogether or treated effectively if detected early.
With a disease like cancer which has a long latent period and can occur in any living cell of our body, the allocation of human resources and a state of the art infrastructure become a prerequisite for treatment – chemotherapy, radiology, surgical oncology, etc. With Tata Memorial and many other cancer speciality hospitals springing up all over the country, it is a promising future for cancer research in India.
Huge bounds have been made in treatment of cancer, the most notable being biotherapy which includes stem-cell and gene therapy, bone-marrow transplants and experiments for vaccines related to ovarian, prostrate, skin cancer and leukaemia. Cryotherapy is another development, where liquid nitrogen is pushed into the cancer infested organ to freeze the cancer. It is has been successfully used in early cases of cancer of the skin, prostrate, liver, eye and cervix. Hyperthermia has also been used in some cases where the patient is exposed to a high temperature (113 degree Fahrenheit) to kill the cancer infested cells. This treatment though is never used by itself, always as a supplement to other forms of therapy. Laser therapy is fast becoming an option to perform precision surgeries to remove pre-cancerous and cancerous tumours, as well as relieve symptoms of cancer. It is used mainly for the tumours on the surface of the body and some internal cancers like those of the oesophagus, stomach and colon.
India is one of the few developing nations' to have formulated a National Cancer Control Programme (NCCP), which envisages the control of tobacco-related cancer; its early diagnosis and treatment of uterine and cervical cancer; distribution of therapy services, pain relief and palliative care through health infrastructure. Epidemiological studies have shown that 70-90 percent of cancers are environmental and can be avoided by simple precautionary changes in lifestyle. For example, heavy red meat consumption might lead to colon cancer.
One of the programmes that the NCCP has launched is the primary prevention and screening programme, which aims to reduce cancer by "risk-factor modification". They advocate anti-tobacco programmes, changes in the school curricula to encompass messages for a healthy lifestyle and enforcing legislation banning advertisement of tobacco and sale of tobacco to children and young adults. Cervical cancer screening has been introduced especially for women between 35-64 years of age. Primary prevention includes genital hygiene, sexual behaviour and high level of health care during delivery. Mammographic screening for breast cancer is not yet cost effective in India, but regular self-exams are promoted.
But the fact of the matter is that in spite of all these efforts, the facilities do not reach the people on time. There is a serious lack of awareness amongst the rural and urban poor that needs to be addressed, because the main reason for the high mortality rate amongst cancer patients in India is late detection. The lack of diagnostic services at the grass root level is a major concern. It becomes imperative therefore, to make the services of specialists available at at least the district level at reasonable prices. A cancer diagnostic and prevention clinic can be set up at these hospitals to provide minimal treatment. Kerala has demonstrated that such services are not only feasible, but also sustainable.
On the more personal front, individuals with cancer face a very unsympathetic response, making it almost impossible to cope with the stigma associated with cancer, especially children, who get mercilessly teased for the side-effects of cancer and cancer therapy. Patients find it difficult to continue with their jobs due to unbending employers who refuse to give them time off from work. At the same time, it becomes necessary to keep them busy to get their mind off brooding about their condition. Hence, rehabilitation and counselling centres for the patients and their families must be set up to provide advice on medical help and provide emotional, financial and social aid to the poorer section of the patient demographic.
We have, thankfully, arrived at a stage where "cancer" doesn't have to mean a death sentence. But more information and aid is still needed to propel us to a place where cancer patients can live with dignity.
Manita Deo
[Image source:http://www.flickr.com/photos/julishannon/2115735229/]


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March 01, 2016
Despite the increased international and domestic efforts to improve integrity in customs administrations over the last two decades, this remains a high risk area for businesses that are committed to anti-bribery compliance. Global shipping and logistics companies are particularly at risk for violating anti-bribery laws due to their reliance on numerous local third parties in dealings with government officials in many remotely located customs and ports. The OECD continues to draw international attention to the problem by referring to bribery in customs as "the hidden tariff on global trade" and making it a central theme for discussion at the OECD Integrity Forum this April.
What can companies do to protect themselves from compliance risks in customs? This post will focus on the very first step that companies are expected (and are increasingly required) to take – risk assessment. A repeatable, credible and actionable risk assessment is not only a fundamental part of any robust compliance program but also a basis for risk-based third party due diligence. Based on TRACE's experience running its Shipping & Maritime Initiative, there are several practical recommendations that we would like to share with the business community.
First, companies are strongly encouraged to use specialized indices, such as the Global Business Bribery Risk Index -- TRACE Matrix -- and the World Bank's Logistics Performance Index, to conduct their first-tier review of bribery risks in a particular customs office. This can later be supplemented by a set of facilitating interviews in most "risky" locations.
Second, customs specialists in the company should assess customs functions that are most vulnerable to corruption, such as processing of import, export and transit declarations; assessment of origin, value, and classification of goods; or physical inspection, examination and release of cargo (please see the complete list in Table 4.1 in Integrity in Customs, by Gerard McLinden). While conducting this analysis, it would also be useful to assess to what degree a particular customs administration comply with the recommendations outlined in the Revised Integrity Development Guide issued by the World Customs Organization in December 2012. The Guide contains detailed checklists for assessing current integrity situations in customs in terms of regulatory framework, transparency, automation, relationship with the private sector, and others.
Third, the company's compliance team should look into the risks posed by company's third parties, such as customs brokers, port agents, and freight forwarders, and ask the following questions:
- What do we need from these third parties that is particularly critical to our business?
- How many such intermediaries do we engage and what do they do for us?
- How do we pay for various third parties?
- What incentives does our business model create for third parties?
- Are we able to interact directly with third parties, or do we rely on other intermediaries to help us find them?
Finally, risk assessment of customs environment should include evaluation of current controls, such as due diligence and approval of third parties, employee and third party training, expenditures reviews, and audits.
For more on this topic, please see the following resources:
TRACE Matrix - The Global Business Bribery Risk Index
Customs Modernization Handbook
The Revised Arusha Declaration
The WCO Revised Integrity Development Guide
Anti-Bribery Compliance Challenges in Shipping, Freight Forwarding and Logistics (only available on the TRACE Member Resource Center, under Training Resources – Webinars – Industry Specific)
Conducting an Effective Anti-Bribery Risk Assessment (only available on the TRACE Member Resource Center, under Training Resources – Webinars – Compliance Program and Risk Management)
Click here to subscribe to TRACE Trends: A Compliance Conversation and receive email notifications as new posts are published.


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So what with our FAQ-building and our blogwars and all, I've been thinking about how this blog turned from an awesome blog to an awesome community. To that end, here's your fluff question for today: How did you first find your way to Shapely Prose?
Personally, I knew Kate from Fatshionista and also knew that there was this really well written blog called Shapely Prose, but it took me months to put two and two together and realize they were the same person. Once I realized that we lived in the same city, my fate was sealed: I was a (proto-) Shapeling for life.
How did you make your way here? And while you're at it, are there any new blogs you'd like to recommend to other Shapelings?
Also: Happy Friday! And if you're in North America today, bundle the hell up!