text:
Have you ever felt this way? Well I can't make your life an '80s film, but I can give you a post all about '80s film!
Yep the My Favorite Movie Lines List is back, but this time it has some serious '80s flavor!
1001)"Colonel Vogel: What does the diary tell you that it doesn't tell us? [he tries to slap him again; Henry grabs his wrist, stopping him]
Professor Henry Jones: [through his teeth] It tells me, that goose-stepping morons like yourself should try *reading* books instead of *burning* them!"–Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
1002)"Conan: You're not a guard!
Valeria: Neither are you!
Subotai: We're thieves! Ha! Like yourself. Come to climb the tower.
Valeria: You don't even have a rope! Ha! Two fools who laugh at death. Do you know what horrors lie beyond that wall?
Conan: No
Valeria: Then you go first."–Conan the Barbarian (1982)
1003)"Clubber Lang: No, I don't hate Balboa. I pity the fool…"–Rocky III (1982)
1004)"Anne Shirley: If I'd been the boy you sent for, I could have spared you in so many ways.
Matthew Cuthbert: I never wanted a boy. I only wanted you from the first day. Don't ever change. I love my little girl. I'm so proud of my little girl."–Anne of Green Gables (1985)
1005)"Lloyd Dobler: She's gone. She gave me a pen. I gave her my heart, she gave me a pen."–Say Anything (1989)
1006)"Jehnna: I suppose nothing hurts you.
Conan: Only pain."–Conan the Destroyer (1984)
1007)"Chris: What should I do?
Sarah: Get in the car and run him over."–Adventures in Babysitting (1987)
1008)"[after commandeering a plane]
Professor Henry Jones: I didn't know you could fly a plane.
Indiana Jones: Fly, yes. Land, no."–Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
1009)"Interviewer: What's your prediction for the fight?
Clubber Lang: My prediction?
Interviewer: Yes, your prediction.
Clubber Lang:[Clubber looks into camera] Pain!"–Rocky III (1982)
1010)"Ted: Please welcome, the very excellent barbarian…
Ted, Bill: …MR. GENGHIS KHAN!
[All the students applaud wildly for Khan]
Ted: This is a dude who, 700 years ago, totally ravaged China, and who, we were told, 2 hours ago, totally ravaged Oshman's Sporting Goods."–Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure (1989)
1011)"Marilla Cuthbert: Oh, this is a fine kettle of fish."–Anne of Green Gables (1985)
1012)"Professor Henry Jones: [accidentally shoots their own plane with the machine gun]
Indiana Jones: Dad, are we hit?
Professor Henry Jones: More or less. Son, I'm sorry. They got us."–Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
1013)"Malak: A fine magician you are! Go back to juggling apples."–Conan the Destroyer (1984)
1014)"Gilbert Blythe: It'll be three years before I finish medical school. Even then there won't be any diamond sunbursts or marble halls.
Anne Shirley: I don't want diamond sunbursts, or marble halls. I just want you."–Anne of Avonlea (1987)
1015)"Rocky Balboa: Nothing is real if you don't believe in who you are!"–Rocky III (1982)
1016)"Diane Court: Nobody thinks it will work, do they?
Lloyd Dobler: No. You just described every great success story."–Say Anything (1989)
1017)"Ted: Strange things are afoot at the Circle-K."–Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure (1989)
1018)"Anne Shirley: I don't want any of it to change. I wish I could just hold on to those days forever. I have a feeling things will never be the same again, will they?
Gilbert Blythe: I won't change, that's the least I can promise you."–Anne of Avonlea (1987)
1019)"Sarah: [Trying to convince Chris not to leave her alone with Brad] What if the house explodes?
Chris: The house is not going to explode!
Sarah: You leave him here alone, and it will!"–Adventures in Babysitting (1987)
1020)"Jehnna: How do you attract a man? What I mean is, suppose you set your heart on somebody. What would you do to get him?
Zula: Grab him! And take him!"–Conan the Destroyer (1984)
1021)"Apollo Creed: Can he swim?
Paulie: With a name like "Rock"!"–Rocky III (1982)
1022)"[Bill and Ted meet themselves]
Ted: OK wait. If you guys are really us, what number are we thinking of?
Bill, Ted: 69, dudes.
Bill, Ted: Whoa."–Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure (1989)
1023)"[Indiana Jones and Professor Jones Sr. are trapped between a room on fire and a room full of Nazis]
Professor Henry Jones: Our situation has not improved."–Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
1024)"Lloyd Dobler: I am looking for a dare to be great situation."–Say Anything (1989)
1025)"Miss Stacy: True friends are always together in spirit."–Anne of Green Gables (1985)
1025)"Rocky Balboa: Friends don't owe! They do because the wanna do."–Rocky III (1982)
1026)"Conan: Enough talk!"–Conan the Destroyer (1984)
1027)"Bill: Okay, Ted, George Washington. One: the father of our country.
Ted: Two: born on President's Day.
Bill: Three: the dollar-bill guy.
Ted: Bill, you ever made a mushroom out of his head? It's like, just like…
Bill: Ted. Alaska.
Ted: Okay. Um… Had wooden teeth, chased Moby Dick.
Bill: That's Captain Ahab, dude."–Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure (1989)
1028)"Anne Shirley: This is the most tragical thing that has ever happened to me."–Anne of Green Gables (1985)
1029)"Sarah: [About Dawson] It's Thor!
Brad: No, it's not Sarah.
Sarah:[to Dawson] Don't listen to him, he called you a homo."
Dawson: [Angrily grabs Brad by shirt] You spreading lies about me kid?
Brad: [Nervously] Who, me? Never!"–Adventures in Babysitting (1987)
1030)"Short Round: I keep telling you, you listen to me more, you live longer!"–Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984)
1031)"Mickey: You're wearing your anatomy out for charity. Nobody else does this much for charity.
Rocky Balboa: Bob Hope would.
Mickey: [pause, nods] That's true."–Rocky III (1982)
1032)"Conan's Father: You must learn its riddle, Conan. You must learn its discipline. For no one – no one in this world can you trust. Not men, not women, not beasts. [Points to sword] This you can trust."–Conan the Barbarian (1982)
1033)"Anne Shirley: Well, I wouldn't marry anyone who was really wicked, but I think I'd like it if he could be wicked and wouldn't."–Anne of Avonlea (1987)
1034)"Diane Court: I just can't have any social life right now.
Lloyd Dobler: Don't worry about it. We're just having coffee. We'll be anti-social.
Diane Court: Be friends?
Lloyd Dobler: Yeah. With potential."–Say Anything (1989)
1035)"[Captain Logan is questioning Abraham Lincoln]
Capt. Logan: All right, what's your name?
Abraham Lincoln: Abraham Lincoln. That's L-I-N-C-O-L-N.
Capt. Logan: I know how to spell Lincoln. What's your birthday, Mr. Lincoln?
Abraham Lincoln: February 12… 1809."–Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure (1989)
1036)"Indiana Jones: [shouts] I told you…[grabs a gun and shoots all soldiers dead] DON'T call me Junior!"–Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
1037)"Nicoli Koloff: Whatever he hits, he destroys."–Rocky IV (1985)
1038)"Toht: You Americans, you're all the same. Always overdressing for the wrong occasions."–Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)
1039)"King Osric: There comes a time, thief, when the jewels cease to sparkle, when the gold loses its luster, when the throne room becomes a prison, and all that is left is a father's love for his child."–Conan the Barbarian (1982)
1040)"Josie Pye: Hey, Anne, how do you spell freckle?
Diana Barry: Hey, Josie, how do you spell ugly?"–Anne of Green Gables (1985)
1041)"Lloyd Dobler: I got a question. If you guys know so much about women, how come you're here at like the Gas 'n' Sip on a Saturday night completely alone drinking beers with no women anywhere?
Joe: By choice, man."–Say Anything (1989)
1042)"Daryl: Did you steal all of these cars?
Joe Gipp: Yeah. It gets me some good money.
Daryl: Isn't it kind of dangerous?
Joe Gipp: Hey, I like danger, all right?
Chris: You should try babysitting."–Adventures in Babysitting (1987)
1043)"Jessica Rabbit: Oh, Roger. You were magnificent.
Roger Rabbit: Was I really?
Jessica Rabbit: Better than Goofy."–Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988)
1044)"Mr. Ryan: It seems to me the only thing you've learned is that Caesar is a 'salad dressing dude."–Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure (1989)
1045)"Caroline: [Very drunk]Who's he?
Jake: That's me.
Caroline: Who are you?
Jake: I'm him.
Caroline: Oh, okay.–Sixteen Candles (1984)
1046)"Indiana Jones: Sallah, I said *no* camels. That's *five* camels. Can't you count?"–Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
1047)"Bill: Okay, wait, if we were one of Europe's greatest leaders, and we were stranded in San Dimas for one day, where would we go?
Bill, Ted: [pause] Waterloo!"–Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure (1989)
1048)"Lloyd Dobler: 'Cause I'm a guy. I have pride.
Corey Flood: You're not a guy.
Lloyd Dobler: I am.
Corey Flood: No. The world is full of guys. Be a man. Don't be a guy."–Say Anything (1989)
1049)"David Seville: Alvin, we've been over this a million times!
Alvin Seville: Please, Dave! I need a little culture in my life! The Eiffel Tower, the Sixteen Chapel, the Louvre in Rome!
Simon Seville: The Louvre is in Paris, Alvin.
Alvin Seville: You see? I don't even know where the Louvre is!"–The Chipmunk Adventure (1987)
1050)"Professor Henry Jones: Those people are trying to kill us!
Indiana Jones: [shouts] I know, Dad!
Professor Henry Jones: This is a new experience for me.
Indiana Jones: It happens to me all the time.–Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
1051)"Jim Baker: That's why they call them crushes. If they were easy, they'd call 'em something else."–Sixteen Candles (1984)
1052)"Dan Lynch: Where is your brain?"–Adventures in Babysitting (1987)
1053)"Zeus: Fortune is ally to the brave."–Clash of the Titans (1981)
1054)"Bill: Be excellent to each other.
Ted: Party on, dudes!"–Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure (1989)
1055)"Simon Seville: I can't believe you decieved Miss Miller for a package of Tutti Frutti, Theodore.
Theodore Seville: Two packages!"–The Chipmunk Adventure (1987)
1056)"Lloyd Dobler: What I really want to do with my life – what I want to do for a living – is I want to be with your daughter. I'm good at it."–Say Anything (1989)
1057)"Long Duk Dong: What's happenin', hot stuff?"–Sixteen Candles (1984)
1058)"Zeus: Perseus and Andromeda will be happy together. Have fine sons… rule wisely… And to perpetuate the story of his courage, I command that from henceforth, he will be set among the stars and constellations. He, Perseus, the lovely Andromeda, the noble Pegasus, and even the vain Cassiopeia. Let the stars be named after then forever. As long as man shall walk the Earth and search the night sky in wonder, they will remember the courage of Perseus forever. Even if we, the gods, are abandoned or forgotten, the stars will never fade. Never. They will burn till the end of the time."–Clash of the Titans (1981)
1059)"Socrates: [In Greek] Like sands of the hourglass, so are the days of our lives."–Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure (1989)
1060)"Anne Shirley: And I promise I'll never do it again. That's the one good thing about me. I never do the same wrong thing twice."–Anne of Green Gables (1985)
1061)"Indiana Jones: I'm like a bad penny, I always turn up."–Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
1062)"Brittany Miller: If you think I'm going to marry that pint-sized twerp, you're nuts!
Arabian Prince: [laughing] Pint-sized twerp? I love that! [continues laughing, then pauses] What is a twerp?"–The Chipmunk Adventure (1987)
1063)"Corey Flood: [Lloyd's letter to Diane] Dear Diane, I'll always be there for you. All the love in my heart, Lloyd."–Say Anything (1989)
1064)"Ammon: I was partial to tragedy in my youth. That was before experience taught me that life was tragical enough without my having to write about it."–Clash of the Titans (1981)
1065)"Bill: [approaching Socrates] How's it going? I'm Bill, this is Ted. We're from the future.
Socrates: Socrates.
Ted: [whispering to Bill] Now what?
Bill: I dunno. Philosophize with him!
Ted: [clears his throat, to Socrates] "All we are is dust in the wind," dude.
[Socrates gives them a blank stare]
Bill: [scoops up a pile of dust from the basin before them and lets it run out of his hand] Dust.
[he blows the remainder away]
Bill: Wind.
Ted: [points at Socrates] Dude."–Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure (1989)
1066)"Indiana: Snakes. Why'd it have to be snakes?"–Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)
1067)"Roger Rabbit: A laugh can be a very powerful thing. Why, sometimes in life, it's the only weapon we have."–Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988)
1068)"Jake: I want a serious girlfriend. Somebody I can love, that's gonna love me back. Is that psycho?"–Sixteen Candles (1984)
1069)"Aunt Josephine: I like people who make me like them. Saves me so much trouble forcing myself to like them."–Anne of Green Gables (1985)
1070)"Joe: [Lloyd has just explained his feelings for Diane] Dude, I don't even feel that way about my car, man."–Say Anything (1989)
1071)"Indiana Jones: Come on, dad. Help me get us out of here. We have to get to Marcus before the Nazis do.
Professor Henry Jones: But you said he had a two day head start. That he would blend in, disappear.
Indiana Jones: Are you kidding? I made all that up. You know Marcus. He once got lost in his own museum."–Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
1072)"Calibos: Release the Kracken!"–Clash of the Titans (1981)
1073)"Eddie Valiant: You mean you could've taken your hand out of that cuff at any time?
Roger Rabbit: No, not at any time, only when it was funny."–Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988)
1074)"Biff Tannen: Hey butthead!"–Back to the Future (1985)
1075)" Bill: [To Billy the Kid] Billy, you are dealing with the oddity of time travel with the greatest of ease."–Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure (1989)
1076)"Vizzini: I'm Waiting"–The Princess Bride (1987)
1077)"Anne Shirley: Ruby Gillis says when she grows up, she wants to have a line of beaus on a string and make them crazy for her. I'd rather have one, in his rightful mind."–Anne of Green Gables (1985)
1078)"R.K. Maroon: How much do you know about show business, Mr. Valiant?
Eddie Valiant: Only that there is no business like it, no business I know."–Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988)
1079)"Randy: Would you stop feeling sorry for yourself? It's bad for your complexion."–Sixteen Candles (1984)
1080)"[Finding a hidden passage in a Venetian library]
Indiana Jones: 'X' marks the spot."–Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
1081)"Marty McFly: [Reading the newspaper from 2015] "Within two hours of his arrest, Martin McFly Jr. was tried, convicted and sentenced to fifteen years in the state penitentiary."? Within two hours?
Doc: The justice system works swiftly in the future now that they've abolished all lawyers."–Back to the Future Part II (1989)
1082)"Zeus: Find, and fulfill your destiny!"–Clash of the Titans (1981)
1083)"Inigo Montoya: But this is Buttercup's true love – If you heal him, he will stop Humperdinck's wedding.
Miracle Max: Wait. Wait. I make him better, Humperdinck suffers?
Inigo Montoya: Humiliations galore!
Miracle Max: That is a noble cause. Give me the sixty-five, I'm on the job."–The Princess Bride (1987)
1084)"Eddie Valiant: Seriously, what do you see in that guy?
Jessica Rabbit: He makes me laugh."–Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988)
1085)"Belloq: How odd that it should end this way for us after so many stimulating encounters. I almost regret it. Where shall I find a new adversary so close to my own level?
Indiana: Try the local sewer."–Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)
1086)"Anne Shirley: Tomorrow is always fresh, with no mistakes in it."–Anne of Green Gables (1985)
1087)"Billy the Kid: Here's the deal. What I win, I keep. What you win, I keep.
Bill, Ted: Sounds good, Mr. The Kid!"–Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure (1989)
1088)"Young Biff: Why don't you make like a tree and get out of here?
Old Biff: It's *leave*, you idiot! "Make like a tree, and leave." You sound like a d*** fool when you say it wrong."–Back to the Future Part II (1989)
1089)"Indiana Jones: [dressed as the ticket-taker] Tickets please.
Colonel Vogel: [in German] What?
[Indiana punches him, picks him up and throws him out a window into a pile of luggage; the other passengers look at him, bewildered]
Indiana Jones: [pointing out the window at Vogel] No ticket."–Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
1090)"Gilbert Blythe: Psst! Carrots! Carrots!"–Anne of Green Gables (1985)
1091)"Jessica Rabbit: I'm not bad. I'm just drawn that way."–Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988)
1092)"Doc: Marty! What in the name of Sir Isaac H. Newton happened here?"–Back to the Future Part II (1989)
93)"[Henry, struggling with a Nazi for a gun, uses his fountain pen to blind the Nazi]
Marcus Brody: Henry, the pen.
Professor Henry Jones: What?
Marcus Brody: Well don't you see? The pen is mightier than the sword."–Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
1094)"Bill: [whispers in ted's ear] Lyrics, dude, recite them some lyrics.
Ted: Oh, you beautiful babes from England, for whom we have traveled through time… will you go to the prom with us in San Dimas? We will have a most triumphant time!
[princesses giggle]
Bill: Way to go, dude!"–Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure (1989)
1095)"Anne Shirley: I defy anyone who would try and make me change."–Anne of Avonlea (1987)
1096)"Marty McFly: Hey, Doc! Where you goin' now? Back to the future?
Doc: Nope. Already been there."–Back to the Future Part III (1990)
1097)"Professor Henry Jones: I misjudged you, Walter. I knew you would sell your mother for an Etruscan vase. But I didn't know you would sell out your country and your soul… to the slime of humanity."–Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
1098)"Bill: Ted, while I agree that, in time, our band will be most triumphant. The truth is, Wyld Stallyns will never be a super band until we have Eddie Van Halen on guitar.
Ted: Yes, Bill. But, I do not believe we will get Eddie Van Halen until we have a triumphant video.
Bill: Ted, it's pointless to have a triumphant video before we even have decent instruments.
Ted: Well, how can we have decent instruments when we don't really even know how to play?
Bill: That is why we NEED Eddie Van Halen!
Ted: And THAT is why we need a triumphant video.
Bill, Ted: EXCELLENT!"–Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure (1989)
1099)"Young Doc: No! It can't be; I just sent you back to the future!
Marty McFly: No, I know; you *did* send me back to the future. But I'm back – I'm back *from* the future.
Young Doc: Great Scott!–Back to the Future Part II (1989)
100)"Diana Barry: Gilbert told Charlie Sloan that you were the smartest girl in school, right in front of Josie.
Anne Shirley: He did?
Diana Barry: He told Charlie being smart was better than being good looking."–Anne of Green Gables (1985)
For more of My Favorite Movie Lines List, go to The Movie List That Would Not Die
For more Adventures in Babysitting, go to Part IX: Adventures in Movie Lines
For more of Anne of Green Gables, go to Fashionably Postworthy
For more of Back to the Future, go to Part VIII: The Little Movie Line List
For more on Clash of the Titans, go to Snakes on a Post
For more on Indiana Jones, go to And Away We Go
For more on Raiders of the Lost Ark, go to Do You Know Where Alex Is?
For more on Rocky III, go to Eye of the Tiger
For more on Say Anything, go to Boom Box of Love
For more on The Princess Bride, go to Inconceivable!
For more of my favorite quotes, go to Remember, Remember the 5th of November


text:
BOSTON (AP) � The Red Sox and catcher Jason Varitek were close to a preliminary agreement Friday on a one-year contract that would guarantee the captain $8 million, a person familiar with the talks said.
Varitek would get $5 million this season and have a $3 million player option for 2010, the person said, speaking on condition of anonymity because talks were not yet final. The Red Sox would have a $5 million team option for 2010.
The sides were still working to finalize additional performance bonus provisions. Varitek must take a physical before the agreement is completed.
Boston had set a Friday deadline for Varitek to accept or reject an offer that would extend his 12-year career with the team. Varitek, who hit .220 last year, became a free agent after completing a $40 million, four-year contract.
Known for his handling of pitchers, the switch-hitter is coming off his worst season at the plate with 13 homers and 43 RBIs in 131 games. After making the AL All-Star team in 2003 and 2005, he batted .238 in 2006 and .255 in 2007.
Varitek, who turns 37 on April 11, is the Red Sox career leader in games at catcher with 1,273. Carlton Fisk, who also played with the Chicago White Sox, is second with 990 games with Boston.
The Red Sox wanted an answer to their offer by Friday so they could move ahead with their catching plans for spring training, which begins Feb. 12.
Boston has catcher Josh Bard, signed as a free agent after the San Diego Padres declined to keep him. The Red Sox also have two catching prospects at Triple-A Pawtucket: George Kottaras and Dusty Brown.
Varitek had declined the Red Sox offer to go to arbitration. The team decreased his desirability to other clubs because the offer of arbitration requires a club to give up a draft choice if it signed Varitek.
He had signed his previous contract and was named captain after batting a career-high .296 with 18 homers and 73 RBIs in 137 games in 2004. The next season, he was an All-Star starter for the only time and finished with a .281 batting average, 22 homers and 70 RBIs in 133 games.
For his career, he is batting .263 with 161 homers and 654 RBIs in 1,330 games.
The Red Sox had set deadlines with other clients of Scott Boras, including pitcher Daisuke Matsuzaka before the 2007 season and free agent Mark Teixeira before the first baseman signed with the New York Yankees last month.
Varitek was obtained on July 31, 1997, in one of the most lopsided trades in Red Sox history. They obtained him and pitcher Derek Lowe from the Seattle Mariners for reliever Heathcliff Slocumb.
AP Baseball Writer Ronald Blum in New York contributed to this report.
AP Source: Varitek, Red Sox close to agreement
BOSTON (AP) � The Red Sox and catcher Jason Varitek were close to a preliminary agreement Friday on a one-year contract that would guarantee the captain $8 million, a person familiar with the talks said.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Peirce's Semeiotic
- Scattered fragments
- Synthesis of traditions
- First phase: 1867 to 1883 – The triadic sign and the denial of the Cartesian intuition
- Second phase: 1883 to 1896 – The discovery of quantification and the semiosis of the natural world
- Third phase: 1896 to 1905 – The studies of perception and the 1903 classification
- Fourth phase: 1905 to 1914 – The multiplication of trichotomies and the notion of ultimate interpretant
Scattered fragments
Peirce never wrote a treatise on semeiotic (also spelled semiotic, although Peirce seemed to prefer semeiotic in his late years). His ideas had to be collected from dozens of articles published throughout half a century of research, unpublished manuscripts found in notebooks and letters he exchanged about the subject. A compilation of texts from very different sources and periods shows – as might be expected when we talk about Peirce – a theory in constant development. There was not a single time in which, while working on his semeiotic, Peirce failed to introduce new terms and interpretations. Besides that, in his large philosophical architecture, semeiotic works like an amalgam capable of unifying several disciplines. It is mentioned and discussed in articles and letters about subjects as different as logic, mathematics and metaphysics. Peirce felt the obvious necessity of adapting the terminology and the notation according to the canons accepted by each of these sciences. As a result, charting the evolution of Peirce's semeiotic demands knowledge in the various sciences it dialogues with, which could only be accomplish recently and yet in an incomplete way.
The initial question, which has produced a lot of controversy among Peircean scholars, is how we should picture the evolution of Peirce's thought. Some, like Ransdell (1997), argues that Peirce maintained throughout his career the essence of the arguments presented for the first time in the articles published in the 1860's. Murphey (1993, p.3), on the other hand, believes that Peirce's philosophical architecture is similar to a house whose interior is being continuously remodeled, although preserving most of its structure. Short (2004) affirms that Peirce abandoned many of his juvenile ideas. Savan (1977, p. 179) goes further to say that Peirce's mature Theory of Signs has little to do with his first formulation in 1860's. It is necessary, thus, to know a little about how these changes may have happened.
The study of signs had been present in Peirce's intellectual life since at least the mid-1860's, when he was still a college student at Harvard. In 1865, at the age of 26, Peirce gave a series of conferences in Harvard about the logic of sciences wherein he demonstrated his mastery of Kant's transcendental philosophy, the foundations of logic and the theory of probability, as well as the problem of representation – or how the ideas appear in the human mind. This last one is an important logical problem, for the truth of any proposition analyzed depends on it. Throughout his intellectual life, Peirce tried to study this matter under all the possible points of view. He extracted lessons from philosophical texts since antiquity, such as Plato and Aristotle, going through medieval ones up to his contemporaries of the 19th century.
The closest we have to a systematic exhibit of his Theory of Signs, made by Peirce's own hands, is a brochure written to follow a series of lectures he gave at the Lowell Institute, in Cambridge, in October 1903, focused mainly on logic. This brochure is normally referred to as Syllabus among the scholars, many of whom consider it the most finished version of his semeiotic. In its pages appears the famous inverted triangle with ten genuine classes of signs created from three triadic divisions (or trichotomies). This is the classification found in most manuals and articles on Peircean semeiotic.
However, Peirce never considered the version published in the Syllabus the final word on the problem of classification of signs. As we will see shortly, the 1903 classification, although important, represented the beginning of a new round of creative revisions of his semeiotic, which went through the years of 1905 and 1906 and, actually, never ended. The number of trichotomies, which in the 1903 Syllabus was only three, from 1905 on came to be ten, with the daunting prospect that the classes of signs could be counted by the thousands. Between 1907 and 1909, Peirce had taken his semeiotic to such new directions in comparison with the past ones that the classification of the Syllabus was not even considered by him a starting point for his new classificatory exercises.
Synthesis of traditions
Peirce derived his conceptions of semeiotic as logic probably from the reading of the British empiricist philosophers. In fact, Locke had already affirmed in 1690 the necessity of a new type of logic, which he named Semeiotic, explaining that it should be a doctrine about the signs the mind makes use for the understanding of things. Still in the British tradition, Peirce received an influence from the logic of Mill, as well as from the writings of Hamilton. The empiric tradition usual to the British philosophers emphasized the importance of inductive inference and the related concepts of connotation (the predicable qualities of a term) and denotation (the things to which a term is applied) as fundamental to logic. The British logicians considered these two quantities essential for the study and classification of inferences and they played an important role in the formulation of Peirce's semeiotic, mostly in its initial phases.
Nevertheless, Peirce already writes in his first articles that these two quantities could handle a central phenomenon in logic, which is the growth or evolution of the meaning of terms and propositions. For that reason, Peirce expands the logical dichotomy denotation/connotation introducing a third element: information. Information is an idealistic component launched in the interior of the empiricist logic and its introduction would have important consequences for the future of his theory of signs, mainly in his mature phase, when it embraced the reality of Thirdness. When semeiotic mixes up indissolubly with metaphysics, the concept of information will be the foundation of Peirce's "idealistic realism", also called objective idealism (Ibri, 1992, p. 55 and ss), which attests that universal forms are the agents that determine the reality of objects.
One has to remember indeed that one of Peirce's greatest intellectual battles was to produce a philosophic synthesis that could extract the best from German and British traditions without losing sight of the latest scientific achievements. On the one hand, this concern drove him into scholastic philosophy, where he tried to find the roots of the two traditions he had striven to unify. From his reading of Occam and Scotus, for example, Peirce reached the doctrine of signs devised by the Stoics and, more importantly, the definition of material implication accredited to Filo de Megara. On the other hand, this search for a philosophical synthesis made him read the greatest names of the German school, such as the transcendentalist Kant, the mathematical philosopher Leibniz and the idealists Hegel and Schelling.
Peirce's philosophy also had an important naturalistic side, linked to his work as a geodesist and metrologist responsible for drawing and performing practical experiments, which also had strong influence in his semeiotic. In addition to all these influences, Peirce was also aware of the recent developments from the theory of evolution and impressed by the many advantages Mendeleev's classification of chemical elements according to its valences and possibilities of connection had brought to chemistry. Peirce also studied intensively the zoologic classification performed by Agassiz, of whom he was a direct student in his youth. All this contact with empirical methods supplied ideas he would use and adapt when developing his semeiotic.
Soon Peirce concluded that science should start with a genuine effort to reveal and cast the natural classes given to direct observation – i.e. its starting point should be phenomenology. Having identified and defined the classes by their typology, science should then proceed to their proper classification, i.e. the arrangement of the natural classes according to their relations and affinity. This procedure should produce an architectonic classification of all the possible sciences (current and future), wherein the most abstract, as mathematics, should offer subsidies to the most empirical ones.
The primacy of mathematics in the classificatory construction of sciences, as well as its role as provider of premisses to the other sciences, instigated Peirce to maintain a restless research about the foundations of mathematics and its relation with other sciences, mostly with logic. For instance, his terminology about the three categories (firstness, secondness and thirdness) comes from mathematics. From his study about the relation between logic and mathematics, Peirce developed an algebraic logic independently from Frege. He also produced an axiomatization of natural numbers, and studied in detail the postulates and theorems of the Euclidian geometry, as well as the consequences of the new geometries proposed by Riemann and Lobatchevski. These studies also led him to research the notion of relation, infinity and continuity that he tried to apply to a special type of topology closely related to his semeiotic and his graphical logic.
In his first attempts to classify the sciences, logic appeared as a subordinate ramification of semeiotic. While the latter regards the signs in general, the former would be responsible for focusing its attention only on the symbols and the logic figures directly related to them, such as the term, the proposition and the argument (this last one also called syllogism or inference). That is why Peirce's first important contribution to logic, made in the 1860's, was the classification of the traditional Aristotelian syllogisms under the aegis of his three categories: the term is a first, the proposition, a second and the argument, a third. Later, however, Peirce started to consider semeiotic and logic as synonyms (Houser, 1992, p.xxx) – and a good part of his research was concentrated in the production of a definite classification for all the possible types of signs.
To this work of revealing typologies of signs and classifying them accordingly, Peirce gave the name of Speculative Grammar, which should be the first ramification of semeiotic. The second ramification is Critical Logic, considered by him as the science about the truth of representations, i.e. the study of the possibility of a sign to truly represent its object. Finally, Peirce conceived the Speculative Rhetoric (also methodeutics or communication) as the third ramification of semeiotic, defining it as the study of the effects produced by the action of the sign on its interpretants. Put in another way, Rhetoric is the study of how a "form" can be transmitted from the object to the interpretant, the sign being the vehicle of such transmission.
It is under the point of view of Rhetoric that semiosis (also spelled semeiosy and semeiosis) can be seen as communication oriented to a purpose. In his maturity, Peirce will emphasize that semiosis is not restricted to human minds but happens also in naturalized quasi-minds. It follows that communication is not necessarily intellectual, but can be considered an ontological process that produces the communion of minds of each person with the others and of all minds with the totality of a universal quasi-mind (cf. Murphey, 1993, p. 353).
In this page, we intend to aim at the evolution of Peirce's semeiotic, but we cannot prevent from relating it to other fields of his philosophical interest such as cosmology and, especially, his pragmatism. After all, a good part of Peirce's efforts to develop his sign theory, mostly after 1900, was due to his attempt at offering a strictly logical proof – or, at least, a philosophically consistent one – of his version of pragmatism, that he sometimes called pragmaticism. It is specially interesting to follow how semeiotic, although initially used by Peirce as an instrument of proof for his pragmatic method, grows slowly in importance to comprise the action of the sign in all possible instances of reality and not only in the clarification of concepts, as originally proposed by pragmatism (Houser, 1992, p. xxxv).
Let us see briefly how this evolution occurred.
First phase: 1867 to 1883 – The triadic sign and the denial of the Cartesian intuition
Peirce starts to develop his theory of Sign already in the first articles published by him, between 1867 and 1871. The first of them, which many scholars consider Peirce's most important contribution to occidental philosophy, is "On a New List of Categories" (1867), referred to normally in the short form of New List. There Peirce revises the table of categories of both Aristotle and Kant, exposing for the first time his tripartite ontology. In the two following years (1868 and 1869), he publishes three other articles, today referred to by the experts as the "cognition series". In these texts, he develops his concern about the origin of knowledge in our minds presenting an alternative for Cartesian gnosiology. Peirce strongly refutes the idea that knowledge is grounded on an artificial doubt, as it is in the case of the Cogito. Contrary to Descartes, he defends the idea that inquiry must begin with a genuine doubt, and that we must seek its answer not in getting rid of preconceptions but in trying to correct and refine them throughout the process of inquiry.
The dispute between nominalism and realism is the background of these texts. The controversy is a derivation of the old "question about the universals" that has divided philosophers since classical antiquity. It may be put this way: is an idea a mere creation of our minds in order to give sense to the multitude of impressions, or does this idea has a real being in the world and what we do is try to apprehend it the best we can with the limited powers of our intellect? Roughly speaking, whoever believes that the concepts are just names created by our minds to subsume the sense impressions is a nominalist. The realist, on the other hand, believes that general ideas, or universals, are in some way present in the reality, acting independently of whatever we may think of them. If nominalism is correct, Peirce argues, we are condemned to individualism, for each one of us will develop his own conceptions about the world; but if realism is correct, only the union of efforts of all intelligent minds may be able to form a true concept about reality. Nominalism leads to solipsism, but realism opens the doors to pragmatism as a method to clarify the ideas in the search for truth.
Actually, both nominalism and realism had many ramifications in the history of philosophy, including doctrines that proposed an intermediate position between the extremes. Peirce, probably on Kant's track, was an assumed nominalist in his youth, but changed his mind and reached maturity proclaiming to be an extreme realist.
The fact that Peirce had abandoned nominalism does not mean that he had become anti-idealist, however. As noticed when we mentioned his concept of information, while Peirce should be considered a realist regarding logic, he also proclaimed to believe in a kind of objective idealism when he talked about metaphysics. That is why some commentators prefer to say that Peirce developed a sort of sui generis idealism-realism. The fact is that Peirce's inaugural article is markedly Kantian and nominalist. In the New List, the element that condenses the knowledge about the world is the representation – a mental manifestation that bridges between the world and the intellect. It all starts, Peirce describes, with the synthesis of the senses impressions, where the mind creates ideas or general concepts through a process of comparison. Peirce proposes that two major groups divide the categories present a priori in the mind during this task: being and substance. While substance remains as something uncognizable, in the Kantian transcendental sense, being manifests itself to mind in the three ways that reflect the three possible types of comparison: quality (when related to a ground), relation (when related to a correlate) and finally representation (when related to an interpretant).
Afterwards, Peirce applies a similar trichotomy to representation, originating what he called at that time Resemblances (later Icons), Indexes and Symbols. The word representation, then, as used in the New List, equals what later Peirce would define as the genuine relation between sign, object and interpretant (S-O-I). There is, as we see, a triadic and indecomposable relation in the production of a sign: significance does not occur in the relation between the sign and its object only, as the majority of the previous theories of the signs affirmed, but it demands a third correlate. This new element is the interpretant, seen as the effect produced in the mind by the sign and, therefore, another sign. At this time, it must be clear, Peirce still saw representation as restricted to thought – a kind of internalized discourse inside the mind, based only on general concepts and very similar to the functioning of language (Short, 2004, p. 10).
In the three articles following the New List, dedicated specifically to the problem of cognition, Peirce eliminates the bipartition between being and substance, assuming the thesis that there is not such a thing as the Kantian uncognizable object, but everything can be learned by experience. The central purpose of these articles is to defend the idea that human cognition is a dynamic process that does start with an artificial doubt, as proposed by Descartes, but happens in media res. We should start the inquiry with our preconceptions or imperfect ideas and only slowly, by a continuous process of inferences, improve them in the direction of truth. Using hypotheses and their empirical tests against reality, we should be able to produce an argumentation not concatenated as a chain (that cannot be stronger than its weakest link), but woven like a cable made of thin and subtle fibers, provided they are so numerous and intimately connected to guarantee its strength.
For the 1860's Peirce, the "train of thought" is a sequence of concepts without beginning or end. They all blend with each other the same way dots merge to create a line. A thought is a sign that represents a previous thought, which assumes the role of its object, and is interpreted by a subsequent thought, which assumes the role of its interpretant – and so on ad infinitum (Short, 2004, p.9). This mental semiosis assumes a fundamental role in the pragmatic search for truth, which is expected as the result of the whole process. Although this is an infinite series, semiosis does not have to drag out forever because the inferences occur at infinitesimal intervals, which are agglutinated through the schema of time. Peirce resorts to the paradox of Zeno describing the race between Achilles and the tortoise to show that the idea of an infinite series of interpretants does not imply endless semiosis. As much as Achilles will eventually reach the tortoise, the infinite series of inferences will produce a cognitive result.
In a review dedicated to the re-edition of the works of bishop George Berkeley (a well-known nominalist of the past), published in 1871, Peirce takes another step towards realism, although a type of realism still distant from the scholastic kind he would assume in the future. For example, the realism of this period still lacked a clear notion of secondness as the expression of a reality that exists outside mind and independent of what we think of it. This is precisely the role the index will take in the years to come. Although Peirce had already divided the sign in resemblances, indexes and symbols, they were still mental stuff. In addition, Peirce still held that the logician should consider only the types of representation derived from the symbol. Therefore, whatever is exterior to mind should not interest him/her.
This nominalist leftover lasted the whole 1870's and influenced the foundational text on Pragmatism, How to Make Our Ideas Clear, published in 1877. According to Houser (2002), this article intended to show that the pragmatism was an improvement of the method of Descartes of classifying ideas through his test of clearness and distinction. This means that Peirce restricted his Pragmatism to a method to make clear concepts only, relating their meaning to the practical consequences implied in their acceptance. Peirce's tendency to nominalism in this period is noticeable, for example, when he writes that nothing forbids us from affirming that "every hard body remains soft until we touch it" (EP1:132); i.e. he defends that the idea of hardness is something that exists in our minds and has nothing to do with the reality of things.
Second phase: 1883 to 1896 – The discovery of quantification and the semiosis of the natural world
In the rest of the 1870's, Peirce abandoned temporarily the dispute nominalism-realism and made a great effort to promote his Pragmatism in the meetings at the Cambridge Metaphysical Club. Besides that, he was interested in developing an algebraic logic inspired by the recent works of Boole. He started to harvest what nearly ten years of studies had produced in 1883, when Peirce and his most brilliant student at Johns Hopkins, Oscar Mitchell, concluded that the logic needed indexes to express the idea of quantification (Short, 2004, p.12). In other words, they discovered the need to use selectives such as "some" and "all" to indicate the subject of a predicate. They discovered quantification independently of Frege, who had come to the same idea of quantifiers but whose work remained unknown. In this same period, Peirce studied Cantor's ideas about the continuum (Houser, 1998, p.xxviii), which inspired him to develop his own hypothesis about what later would be called set theory.
These important advances led him to reformulate his philosophical system and had an important impact in semeiotic too. The quantification through indexes, for example, led Peirce to recognize that the world exterior to mind possess an undeniable reality and that logic had to incorporate this lesson in its notational system. In another important text about the algebra of logic, published in 1885, Peirce wrote that a complete logical notation should possess general or conventional signs (symbols), quantifiers or selectives of the same nature of demonstrative pronouns (indexes) and signs of resemblance. Peirce no longer considered the index a secondary element in the process of knowledge and representation.
One crucial effect related to the new place assumed by the index in Peirce's logic was the abandonment of the previous thesis that all cognition necessarily precedes another (the thesis of the "train of thought"). Just like a pin used to pinpoint an individual place on a world map board, the index selects a particular occurrence of a general concept, which then becomes the subject of a predicate. As a result, if an index is existentially connected to the subject that it denotes, then so is the proposition connected to the same subject. That means that cognitions do not have to be necessarily chained to one another ad infinitum, but they may begin in perception.
With the new role reserved to the indexes, Peirce also refined the terminology of his semeiotic. What was called "resemblances", "copies" and "images", then began to be called icons; and the hypothesis, which had been presented for the first time in articles about cognition, now received the name of abduction or, alternatively, retroduction.
At this same time, Peirce adopted the notion of degeneration, borrowed from projective geometry, and applied it to his logic of relations. Thus, now he explained icons, indexes and symbols as derivations from three different types of relation that a Sign could have with its object, according to the theory of categories. The icon relates in a monadic manner with its object, be it by resemblance (when sign and object share the same property) or by exemplification (when the object is a property the sign possesses). The index presents a dyadic relation with its object, for it has a real connection with it. Only the symbol possesses a genuinely triadic, and therefore, intrinsically logical relation with its object, having the power to represent it by an arbitrary convention (CP 2.274).
While the bond between semeiotic and categoriology had been tightened, in 1887, Peirce fostered a controversy against the mechanistic vision of the universe defended by Spencer (cf. CP 1.33). According to Peirce, a purely mechanical causation, such as the dyadic cause-effect, is not able to explain the phenomena of growth and development present in the universe. There was the need to assume, therefore, a third element considered "virtual", in the sense of having a virtue that would be put into effect in the future. Peirce's universe is not mechanistic, but teleological and guided by purposes.
The conception of final causation was the first step towards the creation of a metaphysical semeiotic, with semiosis considered as the teleological movement of a reality composed by signs – a vision that would only be put into effect two decades later. Around 1888, Peirce affirmed that there were only three active elements in the world: first, chance; second, law; and third, habit formation. Although there was still no explicit identification among these three ontological stages and the sign trichotomies, Peirce was walking rapidly in this direction.
Other important steps for the synthesis between metaphysics and semeiotic occurred between 1892 and 1893, when Peirce formulated his doctrines of tychism (the existence of the absolute chance) and synechism (the existence of a profound connection among all things of the universe, expressed in the form of a continuum). In its exposition of tychism, chance (or spontaneity) is considered a creative element of a universe conceived as living mind. Matter is nothing but effete mind, whose creative power had been attenuated by habits in the form of laws of physics (CP 6.158).
In the mid-1890's, and as another consequence of his studies about the role of the index in logic, Peirce proclaimed his acceptance of what the medieval scholastic Duns Scotus defined as haecceitas, or a pure existent hic et nunc, without involving quality or generality (Houser, 1992, p. xxvii). This "outward clash" brings changes in his way of seeing pragmatism: reality is no longer considered what the last opinion of a process of inquiry will effectively reveal, but simply the hope of a final accordance that stimulates the community of inquirers to continue their search. In other words, reality starts to assume a conditional mode: it is what would be revealed if all the possible efforts of inquiry were performed while absolute chance keeps adding creative novelties that continuously influence the evolutionary process.
Still between 1895 and 1896, Peirce wrote several drafts for a chapter of a book of logic that was never completed. In these manuscripts, he showed once again the intimate relations between logic and semeiotic, explicitly comparing semeiosis with mental reasoning. According to Peirce, a proposition, for instance, should always contain icons and indexes. Besides, abduction is emphasized as the only kind of reasoning capable of offering new knowledge and, therefore, essential for the developments of logic and sciences in general. Peirce explains abduction as a kind of instinct based on the affinity between our mind and nature. He concludes that the logic of pragmatism is essentially abductive, attached to non rational and probably non-conscious processes of the mind.
Finally, while his semeiotic was continuously being enlarged to comprehend non rational phenomena, Peirce began to distinguish two senses for logic: a more traditional one, restricted to the forms of inference and their conditions of truth; and another much more comprehensive, in which he could glimpse a general theory of signs that exceeded the limits of traditional logic to comprise the vestibules of reason.
Third phase: 1896 to 1905 – The studies of perception and the 1903 classification
The third phase starts when Peirce takes a further step towards a logical realism to accept, in 1896, the universe of the possibilities as ontologically present in the world (Short, 2004, p. 15). In 1897, Peirce advocates a kind of realism that resembles that of Aristotle, but with special emphasis on the haecceitas of Scotus. Peirce now considers the three categories – possibility, reaction and mediation – as complete and irreducible, finally naming them firstness, secondness and thirdness, extracted from mathematics. This new ontological vision led Peirce to re-exame his studies about cognition, conducted previously under strong Kantian and nominalistic influence, to present them in accordance with the new realistic clothing of his philosophy.
In 1898, William James, the old friend from the Metaphysical Club during the 1870's, and then considered one of the most outstanding North-american intellectuals, made public that Peirce was the creator of the philosophy of pragmatism. The agitation that followed this announcement produced a double reaction in Peirce: on the one hand, he began to criticize openly and acidly all those who used the term pragmatism out of its logical range, without sparing even his friend and benefactor James, whom Peirce blamed of maculating pragmatism with psychologisms. On the other hand, Peirce assumed the responsibility of revising the basis of the pragmatism, offering to this doctrine a definite logical proof. He hoped to accomplish that by using the instruments and concepts in logic and semeiotic he had implemented since the first formulation of the pragmatic maxim.
The beginning of the 1900's relit in Peirce the desire to write a book compiling the results obtained in his studies in logic, modality and topology, as well as the latest developments in the logical syntax of Existential Graphs. He came to produce a brief sketch of the themes he would tackle in such a book – considered today the best display of Peirce's logical architecture made by his own hands (cf. CP 4.227-322). However, his hope of systematizing his recent contributions was once again frustrated because he did not receive the financial support he expected to carry the project forward. While waiting for a grant that would never come, Peirce returned to his theory of sign in search for the desired proof of pragmatism. At the same time, James invited Peirce for two series of conferences to be held in 1903: one in Harvard, dedicated to Pragmatism and the other at Lowell Institute, in Cambridge, directed to logic.
The consequence of this double stimulus – the search of a sound proof of pragmatism and the preparation for the coming conferences – was a complete revision of his semeiotic, for it became clear to him that semeiosis was linked to the laws of nature. In fact, in 1902 Peirce returned to his articles and manuscripts produced between 1891 and 1898, most of them dedicated to the discussion of the theory of evolution and its relations with the laws of physics. Reading this old staff through the new metaphysical light, he concluded that the purpose that guides the evolution of the species and the laws of universe cannot be based on consciousness but, on the contrary, it is consciousness that should be considered a sub-product of a telic movement towards a final purpose. This is, summing up, the Aristothelic thesis of the final cause and Peirce adopts it as a fundamental component for the development of the sign, based on semeiosis.
Peirce concluded that logic and semeiotic should be considered synonyms for being animated by the same leading principle. Borrowing the medieval division of liberal arts in Grammar, Logic and Rhetoric, Peirce for the first time announced his famous division of Semeiotic in Speculative Grammar, Critical and Speculative Rhetoric (or Methodeutic). Still in the ambit of the conferences about pragmatism scheduled for 1903, there was the need of approaching once more the problem of the origin of knowledge. Peirce faces it under the phenomenological point of view of perception, taking advantage of his studies in quantification and of the role of index in logic. Beginning in 1902, but carrying on for the next four years, Peirce developed a new theory of perception, destined to conjugate his logical realism with his fallibilism, and which would have its first presentation in the lectures of Harvard in March 1903.
Peirce explains that our first logical premises are born from the contact with reality through perceptual judgments. This does not mean that these judgments are intuitions about the real – which would mean a surrender to the Cartesian thesis he had so hardly combated in the articles about cognition. It is thus impossible for us to know immediately the relations among things. We can only make uncontrolled and non-conscious suppositions about these relations in such a way that these hypotheses are blindly accepted and would be criticized only if contrasted with reality, eventually bringing new suppositions to the mind. With this ingenious thesis, Peirce gives an answer to the question of the first cognitions without having to resort to the endless train of thought, which implies an infinite regress. And Peirce was able to do this without affecting his doctrine of fallibilism, considered by him a fundamental pillar of pragmatism (Short, 2004).
In some moment between the conference in Harvard and the writing of the Syllabus for the conferences at Lowell Institute, held in October 1903, Peirce had an insight that led to an important change in the structure of his classification of the Signs. According to Freadman (2004), this change is evident in the way the sign divisions complicate if we compare the ones Peirce had given before. For the first time, he presents the types of signs as composed by classes created by relations among three trichotomies. That is, for the first time it appears what in the Syllabus he would call first correlate, or the trichotomy of the sign "itself", without any reference to its object or interpretant.
Peirce affirms that a class of sign is a relation of three correlates. In the first one, the sign can be a monad (qualisign), an existent object or singular event (a sinsign) or a type of law ruling its replicas (legisign). In the second correlate, which considers the relation of the sign and its object, the sign can be one of the already known icons, indexes and symbols. Finally, in the third correlate the sign can be a rheme (the generic sign for the logical terms), a dicisign(the generic for propositions) or an argument (the generic for syllogisms or inferences). Following an order of material implication, wherein the first correlate determines the third by means of the second, Peirce comes then to classify ten classes of signs that he calls genuine and distributes them in an inverted pyramid.
After the presentation of ten genuine classes of signs, Peirce also shows some of their possible degenerations and their utility for logic. Given the audience of the Lowell Institute, there is no doubt that the Syllabus and its preparatory manuscripts reflect Peirce's concern in making explicit that his semeiotic was a synonym for logic conceived according to sound mathematical principles. This focus on the entailment semeiotic-logic seems to have produced a radical change in the way which Peirce conceived the signic relations. This is in accordance with the development Peirce gave to his Theory of Sign in the following years, which will no longer make use of the terms and concepts created before 1903, but actually emphasizes and unfolds the results of his studies in that year.
Another important event in Peirce's intellectual life, closely related to his semeiotic, happened in 1903. It was the beginning of his correspondence with Victoria Lady Welby. She was a British woman who had been researching about the processes of meaning and interpretation. Peirce had reviewed favorably Welby's book What Is Meaning?, opening the door for a fruitful exchange of letters that lasted until 1911, one year before Welby's death. These letters are a precious source for those interested in following the huge transformations Peirce applied to his theory in the final period of his life. Some scholars even believe that Welby had a decisive influence in this phase. This would explain, at least in part, why Peirce dedicated such an effort to unveil the types of interpretants – sharing with Welby the same field of inquiry.
After grounding knowledge on perception and developing a sign taxonomy that seemed acceptable to deal with most logical problems, Peirce moved his attention to the third ramification of semeiotic, the Speculative Rhetoric. His intention was to approach once again the effects produced by the action of the Sign over its interpretant, but now seeing these effects from the results obtained in the former years. In 1904, for example, Peirce came to affirm that the representation had the power of causing real facts (EP: 300), and that the interpretant of the sign did not need to be necessarily a concept, as professed his intellectualist version of his first formulation of Pragmatism. They could be feeling and physical effects, too. Through that, Peirce anticipates the ontological division of interpretants in emotional, energetic, and logical that he would make explicit in 1907, taking his theory of signs to a new level of complexity.
Fourth phase: 1905 to 1914 – The multiplication of trichotomies and the notion of ultimate interpretant
The last phase of Peirce's semeiotic is the least known and understood. This is due to, in part, the fact that it represents a revolution in the way Peirce understood his theory, probably motivated once again by his concern to link semeiotic with Pragmatism as well as with his metaphysical cosmology. While he smoothed over the matters in order to adjust one discipline to another, Peirce would make constant alterations in the sign classification, most of them tentatively. The pages of his logical notebooks written in this period are full of sketches of classifications, introductions of new terms, a profusion of triadic divisions and many geometric drawings, mainly triangles, used heuristically to explore and make evident the relations among the elements of the classes of the signs. Many of these drawings are contradictory and although most of them are dated, Peirce did not authorize us to simply consider the posterior versions as improvements from the previous ones. Whenever Peirce came to an impasse in the research, he would frequently return to the old classifications, sometimes created many years ago, dismissing as incorrect the recent attempts.
In 1905, Peirce adopted a realistic notion of thirdness, that he interpreted as a kind of conditional future, a would-be that could not be reduced to any series of instances. Consequently, he then explicitly corrected his 1878 opinion about the hardness of the object being a matter of subjective opinion and declared that it depended on pragmatism to insist about the reality of general potentialities in nature (Short, 2004, p. 15). The acceptance of the reality of the laws of nature, considered then as habits analogous to the beliefs of the mind, stimulated Peirce to approximate semeiotic a bit more (which had already been extended to comprise symptoms and physical signals) to this ever more realistic pragmatism. After all, the pragmatic kernel was precisely the notion of the habit of conduct. Habit became a keyword linking semeiotic and pragmatism.
In a series of articles written for the philosophical journal The Monist during that period, Peirce made the first attempts to extract from semeiotic a definite proof of Pragmatism or, more appropriately, pragmaticism, as he started to call his philosophy in an attempt to dissociate it from the version popularized by James and his disciples. In order to fight the nominalism that infected these popular versions of Pragmatism, Peirce emphasized that his proof should also be a proof of realism, in which the truth must be considered as what would appear in the final opinion of the research made by a community ideally infinite and honestly dedicated to this search. Note, however, that he still considers the summum bonum of pragmaticism as being a concept, i.e. reality is still what will appear in a symbol synthesized by an ideal mind summing up the minds of all members of a community of researchers.
In the course of these researches, Peirce discovered that his logic, seen already as identical to semeiotic, could be expressed through a visual syntax based on graphics – named Existential Graphs by Peirce – capable of performing the manipulation of the logical signs in a much better and more concise way. Although Peirce presented two quite developed versions of this graphical system, he could not complete them the way he had wished, probably barred by difficulties to represent the idea of continuum. However, his research about the Existential Graphs triggered a new branch of logic that has been producing promising results in more recent years.
As Peirce himself points out in a letter to Lady Welby, between 1905 and 1906 he worked intensively over his classification of signs. This new round of inquiries convinced him that a complete classification of all possible signs would demand at least 10 trichotomies that, if freely combined, could result in an astonishing figure of 59,049 Classes of Signs (CP 1.291). Nevertheless, Peirce explains, if we impose some logical mathematical limitations, the total number of classes would be restricted to only 66. Peirce also affirms that he had found the need to distinguish between two semeiotic objects (the immediate, present inside the sign, and the dynamic, which always remains out of the sign) and three types of interpretants that he names as intentional, effective and communicational – but which later would be called immediate, dynamic and final.
Short (2004) states – and we agree – that the introduction of these three interpretants does not substitute the trichotomization made in 1904, when he divided the interpretant into emotional, energetic, and logical. The trichotomy immediate, dynamic and final pertains to the sign considered as a system of relations in evolution or, in other words, as a class of sign. The division in emotional, energetic, and logical expresses the ontological status that each one of the interpretants (immediate, dynamic and final) can assume. When the sign is analyzed in its elements and relations, the first division occupies a horizontal axis; the second, a vertical axis. The result of the combination of both of them is that the process of interpretation always occurs in three types of interpretants chosen among nine possibilities.
There is no doubt that this proliferation of interpretants reflects Pierce's increasing concern with the third branch of the semeiotic trivium. Nevertheless, he does not see rhetoric as identical to methodeutic – the science that studies the methods to be applied in the scientific inquiry. He now sees methodeutic as rhetoric in the narrow sense (Bergman, 2000, pp.246-247) while rhetoric in the broader sense must consider semeiosis in all possible dimensions. Deducing the implications of increasingly panpsychist cosmology, Peirce concludes that the process of interpretation does not happen only in human minds. On the contrary, it is the reality of interpretation of signs in the world that explains the emergency of human intelligence. As we have already seen, the universe is a quasi-mind perfused with signs. Trying to discover the "real thing" behind the veil of signs is a foolish illusion for, as Peirce writes in 1906:
"… these signs are the very thing. Reals are signs. To try to peel off signs & get down to the real thing is like trying to peel an onion and get down to [the] onion itself, … If not consciousness then sciousness, is the very being of things; and consciousness is their co-being. … (apud Brent, 1993, p.300)
This vision of the universe as quasi-mind leads Peirce to introduce, still in 1906, the idea of commens or co-mind, a kind of mental substratum that permeates and shapes the reality. Now Peirce considers the co-mind as a necessary pre-supposition so that the sign can transfer the form of the object to the interpretant in the process of communication (Houser, 1998, p. xxx). Note that the co-mind is neither the fusion of two human minds that communicate, nor just the fusion of minds of a finite community of people, such as a group or society dividing beliefs and common purposes, as preached by his former versions of pragmatism.
The co-mind is, generically, the fusion of object, interpretant and sign at the very moment of communication, when information is transmitted from the object to the interpretant and having the sign as a medium. If we parallel this process with communication, the object assumes the position of an emitter (utterer) and the interpretant, a receptor (interpreter). The sign is the medium and, finally, the message is the form or idea (information) to be transmitted by the sign.
With the introduction of the concept of co-mind, Peirce was very close to a complete fusion between his theory of sign and pragmatism. The last step would be the elimination of the intellectualist anchor he had placed over his philosophy when he affirmed that the final interpretant of a concept could only be another concept, i.e. a symbol. This barrier is finally overcome in 1907, when Peirce develops the concept of ultimate logical interpretant. According to Peirce, the ultimate instance of interpretation cannot be a symbol, a concept or a thought because this would allow it to be interpreted in further thoughts, eventually ad infinitum – as Peirce had sustained in the 1860's in his juvenile articles about cognition. In order to avoid a possibly infinite progression, Peirce gave to the ultimate logical interpretant the status of a habit or, even better, the habit of habit-change, or the habit of breaking one's own believes in the pursuit of truth.
In 1909, while Peirce drafted "A system of logic, considered as semiotic", he affirmed that the ultimate interpretant was not the way a finite group of minds effectively act under the influence of a concept, but as any mind, in the general sense of the word, would act under its effect. This is an important modulation because it harmonizes the general term of logic and semeiotic with his idea of thirdness present in nature, as he had announced in 1906. The conditional future, the habit that does not exhaust itself through any number of occurrences—or better put, the very change of the habit towards full reasonability—is now considered the ultimate purpose of his pragmatism.
Scholars disagree about the exact place of the ultimate interpretant in the semeiotical classification. Savan (apud Santaella, 2004, pp 78-87) believes that it is the highest degree of thirdness applied to the dynamic interpretant because it is the dynamic interpretant that refers to the effects produced in the mind of the interpreter and is capable of generating deliberate conduct. The other two interpretants, immediate and final, are not that crucial for the pragmatic method. In our opinion, though, it is up to semeiotic, as the general theory of signs, to consider the ultimate instance in the immediate and final interpretants as well. When the ultimate instance occurs in the immediate interpretant, we have a habitualized interpretability of non-conscious processes; when it occurs in the ambit of the final interpretant, we have the very sign assuming a habitual, or general, future consequences, i.e. becoming a legisign.
If on the one hand semeiotic and pragmatism now appear connected by the concept of habit, on the other hand this union obliged Peirce to review the strength of the pragmatic maxim because a habit is not sustained by logical considerations only, but by ethical and esthetical as well. No wonder thus, that Peirce started to place ethics and aesthetics as normative sciences responsible, together with logic, for controlling human conduct. Pragmatism (or pragmaticism), is then redefined as a scientific method closed linked to deductive logic. In fact, in October 1913, a few months before his death and while writing his last article, Peirce shows uncertainty about the validity of pragmatism, for his method of clearing up ideas might have clung too much to analytical deduction while neglecting the creative power of abduction, or uberty (EP2, p.463)."
While pragmatism is kept restricted to intellectual minds, semeiotic does not suffer from this limitation and spreads out through all possible fields of phenomena. When searching in his theory of sign for a definite proof of his pragmaticism, Peirce ended up taking semeiotic to the maximum degree of transdisciplinarity. If the universe is made of signs, and semeiosis is another name for communication, as Peirce seems to maintain in the final phase of his intellectual life, then a unified theory of reality seen as a process of development of information, if we should be able to conceive it someday, will necessarily involve semeiotic.


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We put up some art on our walls! Woohoo! File this under simple cheap upgrades. I'm not too sure why we had been putting this off for so long, since it really only amounted to about 20 minutes of work to hang everything thus far.
First I tried to recreate our Black & White photo setup up above our desk (this was the idea of the Chicago canvas on top, lined up with the tango couple and Eiffel Tower posters below). Um, yeah, those posters are gorgeous, but getting a bit cumbersome. And a little torn. I thought I would try sticky tack since it's touted as a much cleaner and easier way to stick up posters (and supposedly leaves no residue), but it was kind of a fail. So, I gave up on the posters and packed them away. But the canvases were due to go up. So, we mounted the Chicago canvas on the opposite wall, above our cute bookcases, seen here:
And our favourite ever wedding canvas facing the sofa. We always get compliments on this one, and it's probably one of our favourite wedding pictures from the whole day!
We already have plans to change this up, though. Eventually, the TV will be wall-mounted roughly where the wedding canvas is, and the wedding canvas will replace the Chicago one, which will be moved into a custom mini mudroom we've got planned (exciting!).
And then since we were hanging stuff up, we decided to keep going with the non-art stuff. We hung up a nice big whiteboard just outside the kitchen. We use that whiteboard for reminders, to-do lists, plenty of stuff, so we're planning on making that little corner sort of a "home base", complete with whiteboard calendar and a bulletin board! So many plans!
And we finally got our full-length mirror up in the bedroom. We just hung it up on the closet door that is perpetually open. Now we can stop crazy bedhead and wacky outfits before they even leave the bedroom – excellent!
As for how, it was super simple, which is good since we've got the aforementioned changes on the way. The canvases were the easiest, since the frame makes for a nice ledge that hangs easily. Basically Nick held up the canvas while I stood across the room to figure out a rough placement. Then I'd use the level to make it straight, and draw 2 thin pencil lines tracing the top of the canvas. After that, Nick hammered in 2 small nails right on those lines, and we gently set the canvas on top of the nails. Done! Not super child proof, but unless the canvases decide to jump or otherwise defy gravity, we'll be fine for years. The mirror and whiteboard were a bit special. Same process for finding the location on the wall, but these two had wires across the back, so we simply nailed in one of those small hook-like picture hangers, and hung the wire on the hook. Voila! Art!
I've always been of the opinion that art is one of the best bang-for-your-buck upgrades you can do. It usually takes very little in terms of time, effort, and money (once you have the art), and really makes a room feel more personal and home-like, it does wonders for the atmosphere. You can add sophistication, whimsy, and lots of other elements with some simple art that doesn't even have to be expensive. And it always helps when the art is meaningful. We adore our wedding canvas so much – we made it on Shutterfly, so it was shipped right to our home. It's personal art, and looking at it always reminds us of our beautiful wedding day, and conjures up those bubbly in-love feelings. I eventually want some art in every room of the apartment, including the bathroom and kitchen. And mirrors are both beautiful and practical, so I love hanging a beautiful mirror when it makes sense.
Have you guys done any simple upgrades recently? Or do you have a favourite piece of art hanging in your home? Spill, we want to hear it!


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09.15.10 - NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, or LRO, will complete the exploration phase of its mission on Sept. 16, after a number of successes that transformed our understanding of Earth's nearest neighbor.
01.21.10 - Reporters are invited to field tests of NASA equipment and concept vehicles that demonstrate how explorers might prospect for resources and make their own oxygen for survival while on other planetary bodies.
12.04.09 - Talented engineering students who have ideas on how future explorers might live on the moon could find themselves working at NASA as paid interns.
11.13.09 - Preliminary data from NASA's Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite, or LCROSS, indicates the mission successfully uncovered water in a permanently shadowed lunar crater.
11.10.09 - NASA will hold a news conference Friday to talk about early science results from its successful moon impacting mission, the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite, or LCROSS.
10.27.09 - NASA is funding 12 proposals from nine states to investigate questions about the effects of space radiation on human explorers.
10.13.09 - NASA is partnering with the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory to develop a technology roadmap for the commercial reusable launch vehicle, or RLV, industry.
10.09.09 - NASA's Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite, or LCROSS, created twin impacts on the moon's surface early Friday in a search for water ice.
10.06.09 - NASA is inviting journalists to events this week in Washington and California to observe the twin impacts of the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite, or LCROSS, and its rocket's upper stage as they impact the moon.
09.18.09 - NASA's Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite mission, known as LCROSS, will culminate with two lunar impacts at approximately 4:30 a.m. PDT on Oct. 9.
09.17.09 - NASA reported Thursday that its Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, or LRO, has successfully completed its testing and calibration phase and entered its mapping orbit of the moon.
09.15.09 - NASA has concluded two weeks of technology development tests on two of the agency's prototype lunar rovers.
09.14.09 - NASA will showcase new images from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter's seven instruments and provide updates about the topography of the moon's south pole during a news conference at 1 p.m. EDT Thursday, Sept. 17.
09.11.09 - NASA has selected a final destination for its Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite, or LCROSS, after a journey of nearly 5.6 million miles that included several orbits around Earth and the moon.
09.11.09 - To prepare for human exploration of the moon and other destinations in our solar system, NASA is conducting a field test of rovers and equipment at an Earthly site in the Arizona desert. Hundreds of students are invited to experience it.
09.08.09 - NASA has identified the spot where it will search for water on the moon.
09.02.09 - NASA will hold the annual Desert "RATS," or Research and Technology Studies, field test in the Arizona desert this fall, hosting a media day for journalists on Sept. 15.
07.17.09 - NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, or LRO, has returned its first imagery of the Apollo moon landing sites.
07.16.09 - NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, or LRO, has sent back its first images of Apollo lunar landing sites.


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The Bat Net
Welcome to The Batling Net.
*WARNING* This is an adult blog/site. Topics not suitable for minors may be discussed please be over 18 or age appropriate in your area!!
This blog is not for everyone. This blog is part personal blog, sex blog, culture blog, and more! I do hope if you like it you'll bookmark or RSS me. I've made sections in blog so you can skip the personal/sexual content and head straight to the Pagan or Parenting stuff.
I know I don't fit into a niche, so you're probably not coming from mommyblogs or whatever. But I hope you stay. View my niche of one.
Tell your friends too!
Home of the inki one, Lola Batling. An independent and renegade writer. I'm not like any other girl or writer on the web. Being indie suits me just fine. I can create and I really only have to answer to myself. I like that. I'm also a Dominatrix and nude model. I enjoy it. I'm a literary rock star and kinky girl. That's me, and that will never change.
I'm also a witch. I'd be your town's evil witch if I wasn't so damn charming. The universe works that way. Ask me about topless tarot Tuesday.
Enjoy my world and all that it might contain.
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If you are looking for amateur hypno porn try: Hypnogirls.com It's a great site. Really hot…
If you want to be hypnotized by me go here
February 15, 2009 3:35 pm
Dirty Geisha,
Read your stories on Literotica.
Love your style!


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The girls and I are getting ready for Easter, starting with these Marshmallow Peeps Necklaces! It seems that Peeps peep'ed out of store shelves earlier this year, so I started gathering as many colors as I could. I also picked up some donut-shaped gummy candies as additional "beads". We also …Read More »
Multiples in the Kitchen: Heart Shaped Fried Wontons
Valentine's Day and Chinese New Year (which is celebrated for two weeks) often overlap, as is happening this year! So I thought the girls and I could make something I used to make with my mom for Chinese New Year but would also be festive for Valentine's Day – Heart …Read More »
Multiples in the Kitchen: Strawberry Jam Heart Palmiers
Palmiers filled with strawberry jam and shaped into hearts are a festive treat for Valentine's Day. They're also fun for little hands to make. Gather your (very few) ingredients and equipment. Use a spatula to spread jam onto a sheet of puff pastry. Roll the sides in until they meet …Read More »
Multiples in the Kitchen: Nutella Bread Pudding
A surprisingly not-too-sweet dessert, Nutella Apple Raisin Bread Pudding is fun to make and is a delicious reward for all their hard work. Nutella? Good. Croissants? Good. Gather the rest of your ingredients and do some prep for your kids first, if your they can't use a knife just yet. …Read More »
Multiples in the Kitchen: Apple Turkeys
My girls are getting over their sickies this week, and I'm also recovering…from a long week at jury duty! So for this month's Multiples in the Kitchen post, I'm going to show you an oldie-but-goodie from my blog, inspired by an annual Thanksgiving craft my girls created at preschool – …Read More »
Multiples in the Kitchen: Baked Cinnamon Raisin Apples
The fun thing about kindergarten is that even though they get homework these days, most of the homework is fun. They were learning in-depth the letter "Aa" and part of their homework was to make these Baked Cinnamon Raisin Apples. Just a few ingredients needed for this easy dessert. First …Read More »
Multiples in the Kitchen: Lasagna Rolls
It's Fall! Time for something hearty. How about lasagna, with a twist? Or actually…a roll! This seemed like something my girls would enjoy helping me make, so we gave it a try today! Before they joined me in the kitchen, I did some prep at the stove. First I sauteed …Read More »
Multiples in the Kitchen: Oat Breakfast Muffins
My girls are starting Kindergarten at the end of the month, so school will be five days a week (as opposed to every other day like preschool). So I needed to come up with some alternatives for breakfast that are also quick to serve during the morning rush. I found …Read More »
Multiples in the Kitchen: Grilled Banana S'More Boats
Remember these from camp? I had totally forgotten about these Banana S'more Boats until I came across a pin on Pinterest. I remember making these at camp in the 5th grade and had fun reliving the memory with my girls. We were having a BBQ with friends this past weekend, …Read More »
Multiples in the Kitchen: Easy Strawberry Lemonade
Lately whenever we eat out, I always order a strawberry lemonade…I guess it's this summer's obsession for me. But then, I wonder why the bill comes out to five bucks more than I expected! So I thought I'd better satisfy my strawberry lemonade cravings in a more economical manner and …Read More »


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David Samson has quit as chairman of the Port Authority, claiming, through his sponsor, Governor Chris Christie, that this was the plan all along. Actually, Mr. Christie said, Mr. Samson had been looking to quit for some time but stayed on because of his selfless devotion to public service.
Well, look, that's what he said.
In fact, Mr. Samson's conduct at the Port showed no lack of enthusiasm for his work. What was lacking was a sense of propriety, of simple common sense. The man voted on issues on which he ought to have abstained and seemed to show no sign of concern that his law office was profiting handsomely thanks to his perceived clout at the Port and within the Christie administration.
Had he any sense of shame, Mr. Samson would have quit weeks, or months, ago. But he hung on, and by doing so, he did his friend, the governor, no favors. The scandal over a traffic jam in Fort Lee has mushroomed into a wider and arguably more important scandal about cronyism, insider politics and influence peddling, all thanks to Mr. Samson's intricate web of interests.
Now that Mr. Samson is gone, Mr. Christie is trying to turn the conversation about the Port to something—anything—other than Bridgegate. He's not wrong, although whether he is the man to bring true reform to the Port remains open to question. His credibility, after all, isn't what it should be.
Forget Bridgegate for a moment. The Bergen Record reported the other day that the Christie administration pressured the Port for nearly $2 billion in toll money to fund badly needed infrastructure repairs in New Jersey. The Port's lawyers questioned the legality of the move because the Port isn't supposed to pay for projects outside of its own network. But Mr. Christie went ahead and announced that the Port would fund the projects before the agency approved the move. Some might call this bullying.
Clearly, the time has come for Mr. Christie and New York Governor Andrew Cuomo to get together and figure out how to return the Port to its original mission: regional cooperation on matters of commerce and transportation, to serve the people, not every politician from the statehouses to local town councils.
The Port's commissioners need to bring expertise, not patronage requests, to the boardroom. It's up to the governors to make that happen, if they are so inclined.


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Crocheting, knitting, holidays, religious thoughts, family, holidays, & more!
Thursday, November 23, 2006
HAPPY THANKSGIVING and crocheted slippers
I read so much of hatred of this country, and of the President and of no socialized medicine (believe been there done that one in England and you do NOT want it!) ... well complaints about so many things, you name 'em. I happen to love it here. I know my family is supposed to be here. There is much to be hopeful about in this country and I am thankful our family was brought here back in the 70's.
Having said that I will move on to the slippers I am working on for Red Cliffs in St George, Utah. I have 2 pairs done now.
One was just a crocheted rectangle and that folded in half and stitched into a slipper.
The 2nd pair however, I decided to create a new pattern modeled after a pair of slippers someone once made me. They don't look exactly the same, but they turned out nice and cozy. I am still working on writing up the pattern, but here are the slippers. And they work up pretty quickly too and I was thinking I could add pompoms too for fun! I will post more photos as I get more colors done.
I hope to get the pattern posted on here before too long too. It won't go on my website likely as I was thinking of saving it exclusively for here and for my book but I have not heard from back from my co-author recently about the publisher...
I am going to check the turkey one more time.
4 comments:
- LDSVenus said...
Hope you had a great Thanksgiving day and that your turkey turned out well.
Yes, we have much to be thankful for in this Blessed country. Most dont appreciate it, they are use to the abundance we have and enjoy here, even our poor are so much better off and have no clue. But I know and appreciate the abundance our Father in Heaven has blessed us with and I know that there is no greater country in the world and I too am grateful to be a citizen and live here.
I may try to get a pair or two of slippers done for your cause, so much to do before Christmas and sooooo little time :P.
Have a blessed day.
hi Bev! we do live in a blessed country. i absolutely LOVE your site. i'm 12 1/2 years old and i know how to knit, crochet, cross stitch, and enjoy knitting on circular looms. i admire you for giving so many of your handmade things to charity! so sorry you had to wait so long for the turkey to be finished cooking, we had the same problem. that blasted little thermometer thing that comes in the turkey just about refused to pop up. but in the end it was delicious. it is so nice to come to your site knowing that i'll probably find some new wonderful pattern to keep myself busy with. thank you so much for sharing your knowledge of needlecraft with us all! :)
- Marla said...
Happy Thanksgiving a day or two late Bev! Great slipper pattern... similar to some I'd seen but not exactly. I like the plain ones esp for men and in ladies' colors for the ladies. Fun fur would be great for kids or adults but can't hardly see it on my 98 year old aunt!! LOL
- Beth said...
I always look forward to opening my email and finding a message from you! I just fell in love with your slipper pattern! I printed it off and grabbed my yarn and made a pair at my fiance's house! (He was watching the football game!)(yes, I have yarn at his house too! hahaha) I just love them! Count me in to help with a couple pair of slippers for the Nursing Home. As a nurse, I know they are greatly appreciated! Keep up the great work! Hugs and Blessings to you!!! Beth in VA


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Top 30 technical business SEO and Social Media requirements for a website
Categories: Featured, SEO - Total web optimisation, Social media, Web
Tags: Bing, Content management, Dynamic XML, Facebook open graph, google, JavaScript, Rewrite engine, Search engine optimization, seo, sIFR, Sitemaps, Social media, twitter, Uniform Resource Locator, Web design, Web Design and Development, Web search engine
SEO is critical for the success of any business strategy online. It is the holistic mix of good practices and the correct set up for the technical part of a website and its interaction with strategy and content. There are a lot of names for SEO but ultimately it is about good practices that have to do with consistency and ethical best practice. In order to have a SEO work in progress and a strong business case any business has to do their home work first. That homework is about the DNA setting Read more [...]


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Yicai Annual Financial Book Awards has been organized over the last eight years. Each year, high-quality, well-grounded Chinese and English financial publications offering unique insights were selected based on the principle of 'Global Vision and Professionalism.'
The main theme of the 2016 awards was 'Reconstruction and Re-regulation.' Some 31 financial publications received awards in seven categories.
(Some of award-winning publications in 2016)
13 books won the 'Best Chinese Financial Books of the Year' award:
(A New Theory of Protracted War: China's Growth Strategy Under the New Normal)
Authors: Zhao Changwen, Zhu Hongming
Author: Niu Ximing
Authors: Wu Jinglian, Li Yining, Zheng Yongnian et al.
(An Exploration of Chinese Economic System Reforms Under the New Normal)
Editor: Cai Fang
(Nature of Exchange Rate)
Author: Guan Tao
(Money, Interest Rate and Policy Transition)
Authors: Wu Ge, Li Bin
(A Financial Diary: Notes Taken by Yang Kaisheng Over 16 Years)
Author: Yang Kaisheng
(An Analysis of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) From the Perspective of Institutional Economics)
Authors: Cao Yuanzheng, Fu Xiaojian
(The Chinese Economy: Observations and Expostulations)
Author: Xia Bin
(Chinese Economic Growth Outlook for the Next Decade: A Shift in the Race From Quantity to Quality)
Editor: Liu Shijin
(Routledge Handbook of the Chinese Economy)
Editors: Zou Zhizhuang, Dwight Perkins
(The Last Barrier)
Author: Yu Yongding
(Foreign Financial System Series)
Editors: He Jianxiong, Wei Gejun
Seven books won the 'Best Bilingual Financial Books of the Year' award:
Commodity Price Volatility and Inclusive Growth in Low-Income Countries
Compiler: Zhu Min
'Internet Plus' Pathways to the Transformation of China's Property Sector
Authors: Ba Shusong, Yang Xianling
The End of Alchemy: Money, Banking, and the Future of the Global Economy
Author: Mervyn King
Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology Behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money, Business and the World
Authors: Don Tapscott, Alex Tapscott
Bretton Woods: The Next 70 Years
Compiler: Marc Uzan
The Courage to Act: A Memoir of a Crisis and Its Aftermath
Author: Ben S. Bernanke
Balancing the Banks: Global Lessons From the Financial Crisis
Authors: Mathias Dewatripont, Jean-Charles Rochet, Jean Tirole
Three books won the 'Best English Financial Books of the Year' award:
Gaining Currency: The Rise of the Renminbi
Author: Eswar S. Prasad
The Curse of Cash
Author: Kenneth S. Rogoff
The Only Game in Town: Central Banks, Instability, and Avoiding the Next Collapse
Author: Mohamed A. El-Erian
Three books won the 'Best Financial Reprints of the Year' award:
The Elusive Quest for Growth: Economists' Adventures and Misadventures in the Tropics
Author: William R. Easterly
Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run: 960-2030 AD
Author: Angus Maddison
Central Bank and Money Supply (Second Edition)
Authors: Sheng Songcheng, Zhai Chun
Three books won the 'Bestsellers of the Year' award:
Plumbers and Visionaries: Securities Settlement and Europe's Financial Market
Author: Peter Norman
Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind
Author: Yuval Harari
中国绿色金融发展与案例研究 (Development of Green Finance in China and Case Studies)
Author: Ma Jun
In commemoration of Ambassador Wu Jianmin who passed away in June 2016, the Special Annual Award was given for his book《如何做大国:世界秩序与中国角色》 (How to Become a World Power: World Order and China's Role).
This year, the 'Best Light Reading of the Year' award was added to the Yicai Annual Financial Book Awards and went to 《寻找经济小糖人:经济世界的音乐之旅》 (A Search for the Sugar Figurine in Economics: A Music Journey in the Economic World).
The authors shared their insights at the awards ceremony through live or video presentations. Award-winning authors present at the ceremony included: Zhu Min, former deputy managing director at the International Monetary Fund; Cai Fang, vice president of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS); Liu Shijin, former deputy director of the Development Research Center of the State Council; Yu Yongding, analyst at CASS Institute of World Economics and Politics; Yang Kaisheng, former president of the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China; Cao Yuanzheng, chairman of BOCI Research; Guan Tao, senior fellow at China Finance 40 Forum; Zhao Changwen, director-general of the Research Department of Industrial Economy at the Development Research Center of the State Council; Sheng Songcheng, director of the Survey and Statistics Department at the People's Bank of China; Ma Jun, chief economist of the Research Bureau of the People's Bank of China; Ba Shusong, chief economist at Hong Kong Stock Exchange; Wu Rong, chief economist at Huarong Securities; Wang Yu, deputy director at the Research Bureau of the People's Bank of China; Cheng Shi, director of ICBC International Research and Wei Gejun, president of China Financial Publishing House.
State Counselor Xia Bin and Niu Ximing, chairman of the Bank of Communications, were unable to attend the ceremony and communicated with the audience through video presentations.
Xu Shanda, director at SEEC Research Institute; Zheng Jingping, chief economist of the National Bureau of Statistics; Li Jun, chief supervisor of the Bank of China; Zhou Qiangwu, executive director-general of the Asia-Pacific Finance and Development Center at the Ministry of Finance; Zhou Chengjun, deputy head of the Monetary Policy Department (No. 2) at the People's Bank of China; Li Zhengqiang, chairman of Dalian Commodity Exchange and think-tank member Ding Yifan were also present at the event and participated in discussions.
Foreign authors including Mark Uzan, CEO and founder of the New Bretton Woods System Committee; Allianz Group Advisor Muhammad Erian; Kenneth Rogoff, economics professor at Harvard University; Barry Eichengreen, professor at University of California, Berkeley; William Eastley, economics professor at New York University; Esval Prasad, professor at Cornell University; chartered financial analyst and venture investor Alex Tapscott and celebrated historian Juval Hale also shared their writing experiences and opinions with the participants through video presentations.
About Yicai
Yicai was founded in July 2003 as the financial media arm of Shanghai Media Group (SMG), China's second-largest media organization.
Yicai has established itself as the largest financial media group with the most comprehensive business coverage in China, covering 'omnimedia' and innovative information services. It operates a diverse range of business modules including Yicai TV, China Business News (newspaper), CBN Weekly and Yicai Research Institute (think tank).
Yicai's mission is to create the most influential and competitive innovative digital financial media and information service group in the world.
About Yicai Research Institute
Yicai Research Institute is committed to 'Improving Economic Policy' as a non-profit independent think tank affiliated to Yicai.
Operating with a global vision, it seeks to offer innovative and actionable policy plans and suggestions through independent data-based research and analysis, aiming to enhance the quality and transparency of economic policies in China, as well as improve the effectiveness and impartiality of global economic and financial governance. As a leading global and Chinese intellectual resource integrator and a think tank with strong media influence, Yicai Research Institute has developed products such as annual flagship research reports, study programs, macroeconomic studies, industry and market research, indexes and rankings.