text:
And they continued steadfastly in the apostles' doctrine and fellowship, and in breaking of bread, and in prayers.
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EXPOSITORY (ENGLISH BIBLE)And they continued steadfastly.—The one Greek word is expressed by the English verb and adverb. As applied to persons, the New Testament use of the word is characteristic of St. Luke (Acts 2:46; Acts 6:4; Acts 8:13; Acts 10:7), and peculiar to him and St. Paul (Romans 12:12; Romans 13:6; Colossians 4:2).
The apostles' doctrine.—Four elements of the life of the new society are dwelt on. (1) They grew in knowledge of the truth by attending to the teaching of the Apostles. This, and not the thought of a formulated doctrine to which they gave their consent, is clearly the meaning of the word. (See Note on Matthew 7:28.) (2) They joined in outward acts of fellowship with each other, acts of common worship, acts of mutual kindness and benevolence. The one Greek word diverges afterwards into the sense of what we technically call "communion," as in 1Corinthians 10:16, and that of a "collection" or contribution for the poor (Romans 15:26; 2Corinthians 9:13).
And in breaking of bread, and in prayers.—(3) St. Luke uses the phrase, we must remember, in the sense which, when he wrote, it had acquired in St. Paul's hands. It can have no meaning less solemn than the commemorative "breaking of bread," of 1Corinthians 10:16. From the very first what was afterwards known as the Lord's Supper (see Note on 1Corinthians 11:20) took its place with baptism as a permanent universal element in the Church's life. At first, it would seem, the evening meal of every day was such a supper. Afterwards the two elements that had then been united were developed separately, the social into the Agapœ, or Feasts of Love (Jude 1:12, and—though here there is a various-reading—2Peter 2:13), the other into the Communion, or Eucharistic Sacrifice. (4) Prayer, in like manner, included private as well as public devotions. These may have been the outpouring of the heart's desires; but they may also have been what the disciples had been taught to pray, as in Matthew 6:9, Luke 11:1, as the disciples of John had been taught. The use of the plural seems to indicate recurring times of prayer at fixed hours.
Acts 2:42.
The Early Church was not a pattern for us, and the idea of its greatly superior purity is very largely a delusion. But still, though that be true, the occasional glimpses that we get at intervals in the early chapters of this Book of the Acts of the Apostles do present a very instructive and beautiful picture of what a Christian society may be, and therefore of what Christian Churches and Christian individuals ought to be.
The words that I have read, however, are not the description of the demeanour of the whole community, but of that portion of it which had been added so swiftly to the original nucleus on the Day of Pentecost. Think, on the morning of that day 'the number of the names was one hundred and twenty,' on the evening of that day it was three thousand over that number-a sufficiently swift and large increase to have swamped the original nucleus, unless there had been a great power of assimilation to itself lodged in that little body. These new converts held to the Apostolic 'doctrine' and 'fellowship,' and to 'breaking of bread' and to 'prayers,' and so became homogeneous with the others, and all worked to one end.
Now, these four points which are signalised in this description may well afford us material for consideration. They give us the ideal of a Church's inner life, which in the divine order should precede, and be the basis of, a Church's work in the world. But, while we speak of an ideal for a Church, let us not forget that it is realised only by the lives of individuals being conformed to it.
I. The first point, which is fundamental to all the others, is 'They continued steadfastly in the Apostles' doctrine.'
An earnest desire after fuller knowledge is the basis of all healthy Christian life. We cannot realise, without a great effort, the ignorance of these new converts. 'Parthians and Medes and Elamites,' and Jews gathered from every corner of the Roman world, they had come up to Jerusalem, and the bulk of them knew no more about Christ and Christianity than what they picked up out of Peter's sermon on the Day of Pentecost. But that was enough to change their hearts and their wills and to lead them to a real faith. And though the contents of their faith were very incomplete, the power of their faith was very great. For there is no necessary connection between the amount believed and the grasp with which it is held. Believing, they were eager for more light to be poured on to their half-seeing eyes. They had no Gospels, they had no written record, they had no means of learning anything about the faith which they were now professing except listening to one or other of the original Eleven, with the addition of any of the other 'old disciples'-that is, early disciples-who might perchance have equal claims to be listened to as 'witnesses from the beginning.' We shall very much misunderstand the meaning of the words here, if we suppose that these novices were dosed with theological instruction, or that 'the Apostles' doctrine' consisted of such fully developed truths as we find later on in Paul's writings. If you will look at the first sermons that Peter is recorded as having delivered, in the early chapters of the Acts, you will find that he by no means enunciates a definite theology such as he unfolds in his later Epistle. There is no word about the divinity of our Lord Jesus Christ; His designation is 'Thy holy child Jesus.' There is no word about the atoning nature of Christ's sacrifice; His death is simply the great crime of the Jewish people, and His Resurrection the great divine fact witnessing to the truth of His Messiahship. All that which we now regard, and rightly regard, as the very centre and living focus of divine truth was but beginning to shine out on the Apostles' minds, or rather to gather itself into form, and to shape itself by slow degrees into propositions. 'The Apostles' teaching'-for 'doctrine' does not convey to modern ears what Luke meant by the word-must have been very largely, if not exclusively, of the same kind as is preserved to us in the four Gospels, and especially in the first three of them. The recital to these listeners, to whom it was all so fresh and strange and transcendent, of the story that has become worn and commonplace to us by its familiarity, of Christ in His birth, Christ in His gentleness, Christ in His deeds, Christ in the deep words that the Apostles were only beginning to understand; Christ in His Death, Resurrection, and Ascension-these were the themes on the narration of which this company of three thousand waited with such eagerness.
But, of course, there was necessarily involved in the story a certain amount of what we now call doctrine-that is, theological teaching- because one cannot tell the story of Jesus Christ, as it is told in the four Gospels, without impressing upon the hearers the conviction that His nature was divine and that His death was a sacrifice. Beyond these truths we know not how far the Apostles went. To these, perhaps, they did not at first rise. But whether they did so or no, and although the facts that the hearers were thus eager to receive, and treasured when they received, are the commonplaces of our Sunda-schools, and quite uninteresting to many of us, the spirit which marked these early converts is the spirit that must lie at the foundation of progressive and healthy Christianity in us. The consciousness of our own ignorance, of the great sweep of God's revealed mind and will, the eager desire to fill up the gaps in the circle, and to widen the diameter, of our knowledge, and the consequent steadfastness and persistence of our continuance in the teachings-far fuller and deeper and richer and nobler than were heard in the upper room at Jerusalem by the first three thousand- which, through the divine Spirit and the experience of the Church for nineteen hundred years are available for us, ought to characterise us all.
Now, dear friends, ask yourselves the question very earnestly, Does this desire of fuller Christian knowledge at all mark my Christian character, and does it practically influence my Christian conduct and life? There are thousands of men and women in all our churches who know no more about the rich revelation of God in Jesus Christ than they did on that day long, long ago, when first they began to apprehend that He was the Saviour of their souls. When I sometimes get glimpses into the utter Biblical ignorance of educated members of my own and of other congregations, I am appalled; I do not wonder how we ministers do so little by our preaching, when the minds of the people to whom we speak are so largely in such a chaotic state in reference to Scriptural truth. I believe that there is an intolerance of plain, sober, instructive Christian teaching from the pulpit, which is one of the worst signs of the Christianity of this generation. And I believe that there are a terribly large number of professing Christians, and good people after a fashion, whose Bibles are as clean to-day, except on one or two favourite pages, as they were when they came out of the bookseller's shop years and years ago. You will never be strong Christians, you will never be happy ones, until you make conscience of the study of God's Word and 'continue steadfastly in the Apostles' teaching.' You may produce plenty of emotional Christianity, and of busy and sometimes fussy work without it, but you will not get depth. I sometimes think that the complaint of the writer of the Epistle to the Hebrews might be turned upside down nowadays. He says: 'When for the time ye ought to be teachers, ye have need that one teach you again which be the first principles.' Nowadays we might say in Sunday-schools and other places of church work: 'When for the time ye ought to be learners, you have taken to teaching before you know what you are teaching, and so neither you nor your scholars will profit much.' The vase should be full before you begin to empty it.
Again, there ought to be, and we ought to aim after, an equable temper of mutual brotherhood conquering selfishness.
'They continued in the Apostles' doctrine and in fellowship.' 'Fellowship' here, as I take it, applies to community of feeling. A verse or two afterwards it is applied to community of goods, but we have nothing to do with that subject at present. What is meant is that these three thousand, as was most natural, cut off altogether from their ancient associations, finding themselves at once separated by a great gulf from their nation and its hopes and its religion, were driven together as sheep are when wolves are prowling around. And, being individually weak, they held on by one another, so that many weaknesses might make a strength, and glimmering embers raked together might break into a flame.
Now, all these circumstances, or almost all of them, that drove the primitive believers together, are at an end, and the tendencies of this day are rather to drive Christian people apart than to draw them together. Differences of position, occupation, culture, ways of looking at things, views of Christian truth and the like, all come powerfully in to the reinforcement of the natural selfishness which tempts us all, unless the grace of God overcomes it. Although we do not want any hysterical or histrionic presentation of Christian sympathy and brotherhood, we do need-far more than any of us have awakened to the consciousness of the need-for the health of our own souls we need to make definite efforts to cultivate more of that sense of Christian brotherhood with all that hold the same Lord Christ, and to realise this truth: that they and we, however separate, are nearer one another than are we and those nearest to us who do not share in our Christian faith.
I do not dwell upon this point. It is one on which it is easy to gush, and it has got a bad name because there has been so much unreal and sickly talk about it. But if any Christian man will honestly try to cultivate the brotherly feeling which my text suggests, and to which our common relation to Jesus Christ binds us, and will try it in reference to A, B, or C, whom he does not much like, with whose ways he has no kind of sympathy, whom he believes to be a heretic, and who perhaps returns the belief about him with interest, he will find it is a pretty sharp test of his Christian principle. Let us be real, at any rate, and not pretend to have more love than we really have in our hearts. And let us remember that 'he that loveth Him that begat, loveth Him also that is begotten of Him.'
II. Another characteristic which comes out in the words before us is the blending of worship with life.
'They continued steadfastly in the Apostles' doctrine . . . and in breaking of bread.' Commentators who can only see one thing at a time-and there are a good many of that species-have got up great discussions as to whether this phrase means eating ordinary meals or partaking of the Lord's Supper. I venture to say it means both, because, clearly enough, in the beginning, the common meal was hallowed by what we now call the Lord's Supper being associated with it, and every day's evening repast was eaten 'in remembrance of Him.'
So, naturally, and without an idea of anything awful or sacred about the rite, the first Christians, when they went home after a hard day's work and sat down to take their own suppers, blessed the bread and the wine, and whether they ate or drank, did the one and the other 'in remembrance of Him.'
The gradual growth of the sentiment attaching to the Lord's Supper, until it reached the portentous height of regarding it as a 'tremendous sacrifice' which could only be administered by priests with ordained hands in Apostolic succession, can be partly traced even in New Testament times. The Lord's Supper began as an appendage to, or rather as a heightening of, the evening meal, and at first, as this chapter tells us in a subsequent verse, was observed day by day. Then, before the epoch of the Acts of the Apostles is ended, we find it has become a weekly celebration, and forms part of the service on the first day of the week. But even when the observance had ceased to be daily, the association with an ordinary meal continued, and that led to the disorders at Corinth which Paul rebuked, and which would have been impossible if later ideas of the Lord's Supper had existed then.
The history of the transformation of that simple Supper into 'the bloodless sacrifice' of the Mass, and all the mischief consequent thereon, does not concern us now. But it does concern us to note that these first believers hallowed common things by doing them, and common food by partaking of it, with the memory of His great sacrifice in their minds. The poorest fare, the coarsest bread, the sourest wine, on the humblest table, became a memorial of that dear Lord. Religion and life, the domestic and the devout, were so closely braided together that when a household sat at table it was both a family and a church; and while they were eating their meat for the strength of their body, they were partaking of the memorial of their dying Lord.
Is your house like that? Is your daily life like that? Do you bring the sacred and the secular as close together as that? Are the dying words of your Master, 'This do in remembrance of Me,' written by you over everything you do? And so is all life worship, and all worship hope?
III. The last thing here is habitual devotion.
I suppose the disciples had no forms of set Christian prayers. They still used the Jewish liturgy, for we read that 'they continued daily with one accord in the Temple.' I am sure that no two things can be less like one another than the worship of the primitive Church and the worship, say, of one of our congregations. Did you ever try to paint for yourselves, for instance, the scene described in the First Epistle to the Corinthians? When they came together in their meetings for worship, 'every one had a psalm, a doctrine, an interpretation.' 'Let the prophets speak, by ones, or at most by twos'; and if another gets up to interrupt, let the first speaker sit down. Paul goes on to say, 'Let all things be done decently and in order.' So there must have been tendencies to disorder, and much at which some of our modern ecclesiastical martinets would have been very much scandalised as 'unbecoming.' Wise men are in no haste to change forms. Forms change of themselves when their users change; but it would be a good day for Christendom if the faith and devoutness of a community of believers such as we, for instance, profess to be, were so strong and so demanding expression as that, instead of my poor voice continually sounding here, every one of you had a psalm or a doctrine, and every one of you were able and impelled to speak out of the fulness of the Spirit which God poured into you. It will come some day; it must come if Christendom is not to die of its own dignity. But we do not need to hurry matters, only let us remember that unless a Church continues steadfast in prayer it is worth very little.
Now, dear brethren, it is said about us Free Churchmen that we think a great deal too much of preaching and a great deal too little of the prayers of the congregation. That is a stock criticism. I am bound to say that there is a grain of truth in it, and that there is not, with too many of our congregations, as lofty a conception of the power and blessedness of the united prayers of the congregation as there ought to be, or else you would not hear about 'introductory services.' Introductory to what? Do we speak to God merely by way of preface to one of us talking to his brethren? Is that the proper order? 'They continued steadfastly in the Apostles' teaching,' no doubt; but also 'steadfastly in prayer.' I pray you to try to make this picture of the Pentecostal converts the ideal of your own lives, and to do your best to help forward the time when it shall be the reality in this church, and in every other society of professing Christians.Acts 2:42-43. And they continued steadfastly in the apostles' doctrine — Notwithstanding all the apparent danger to which they were exposed, they regularly attended on the word which the apostles preached, and resolutely adhered to their doctrine. And they all lived in the most endearing communion and intimate friendship one with another, and especially expressed their mutual affection in breaking of bread — Together, and joining in the exercise of social prayer. Though we have great reason to believe that the eucharist was often celebrated among these primitive converts to Christianity, perhaps much oftener than every Lord's day, yet there seems no sufficient reason to conclude with Lightfoot, Pearson, and many others, that this phrase must here refer to it, since it may undoubtedly signify common meals, as Grotius, Wolfius, and several others have shown; in which sense the same phrase is used, Luke 24:35, for there, it is plain, the eucharist could not be intended. And fear came upon every soul — Many who were not converted and did not join with the Christians, when they observed how the testimony of the apostles, concerning the resurrection of Jesus, was confirmed by the gift of tongues and other miracles, and saw the wonderful effect of their preaching, were so mightily struck and impressed thereby, that a reverential fear and inward dread fell upon them, and gradually spread itself over the whole city and neighbourhood; for they apprehended such unexampled events might be the forerunners of some public calamities on those who had slain Jesus, it being declared by his disciples, that these extraordinary things were all effected by his power. And the consternation was still further increased, by the many wonders and signs which continued to be daily wrought in his name by his apostles, all which plainly showed an extraordinary divine interposition, and proved incontestably that they spoke and acted by God's authority.
The apostles' doctrine - This does not mean that they held or believed the doctrines of the apostles, though that was true; but it means that they adhered to, or attended on, their teaching or instruction. The word doctrine has now a technical sense, and means a collection and arrangement of abstract views supposed to be contained in the Bible. In the Scriptures the word means simply "teaching"; and the expression here denotes that they continued to attend on their instructions. One evidence of conversion is a desire to be instructed in the doctrines and duties of religion, and a willingness to attend on the preaching of the gospel.
And fellowship - The word rendered "fellowship," κοινωνία koinōnia, is often rendered "communion." It properly denotes "having things in common, or participation, society, friendship." It may apply to anything which may be possessed in common, or in which all may partake. Thus, all Christians have the same hope of heaven; the same joys; the same hatred of sin; the same enemies to contend with. Thus, they have the same subjects of conversation, of feeling, and of prayer; or they have communion in these things. And thus the early Christians had their property in common. The word here may apply to either or to all of these things to their conversation, their prayers, their dangers, or their property; and means that they were united to the apostles, and participated with them in whatever befell them. It may be added that the effect of a revival of religion is to unite Christians more and more, and to bring those who were before separated to union and love. Christians feel that they are a band of brethren, and that, however much they were separated before they became Christians, now they have great and important interests in common; they are united in feelings, in interests, in dangers, in conflicts, in opinions, and in the hopes of a blessed immortality.
Breaking of bread - The Syriac renders this "the eucharist" or the Lord's Supper. It cannot, however, be determined whether this refers to their partaking of their ordinary food together, or to feasts of charity, or to the Lord's Supper. The bread of the Hebrews was made commonly into cakes, thin, hard, and brittle, so that it was broken instead of being cut. Hence, to denote "intimacy or friendship," the phrase "to break bread together" would be very expressive in the same way as the Greeks denoted it by drinking together, συμπόσιον sumposion. From the expression used in Acts 2:44, compare with Acts 2:46, that they had all things common, it would rather seem to be implied that this referred to the participation of their ordinary meals. The action of breaking bread was commonly performed by the master or head of a family immediately after asking a blessing (Lightfoot).
In prayers - This was one effect of the influence of the Spirit, and an evidence of their change. A genuine revival will be always followed by a love of prayer.
the apostles' doctrine—"teaching"; giving themselves up to the instructions which, in their raw state, would be indispensable to the consolidation of the immense multitude suddenly admitted to visible discipleship.
fellowship—in its largest sense.
breaking of bread—not certainly in the Lord's Supper alone, but rather in frugal repasts taken together, with which the Lord's Supper was probably conjoined until abuses and persecution led to the discontinuance of the common meal.
prayers—probably, stated seasons of it.They continued stedfastly, speaks the reality of their conversion, and that they were not only for the present affected with what they had heard and seen. These three parts of worship were frequently, if not always, in those purer times used together: though some understand by breaking of bread, their civil fellowship and community, yet breaking being a holy rite used by our Saviour, at the institution of his supper, Matthew 26:26, and breaking of bread being here put in conjunction with preaching and praying, the celebration of the eucharist, if not only meant, is chiefly to he understood in this place.
Prayers; all those kinds of prayers mentioned by St. Paul, 1 Timothy 2:1, as also their frequent praying, is implied. Thus, by a united force, they laboured to pull down mercies upon themselves and others, and to do violence unto the kingdom of heaven.
and fellowship; with the apostles and other saints, in spiritual conversation with them, in private, and in communion with them at the Lord's table in public: and so the Vulgate Latin reads this clause, in connection with the next, thus, "in the communication of breaking of bread"; to which agrees the Syriac version, and "they communicated in prayer, and in breaking of the eucharist"; though it seems better to understand this of a distinct branch of fellowship, or communication, and may rather intend liberality and beneficence, in which sense it is used, Romans 15:26 and so expresses their constant contributions towards the support of the apostles, as ministers of the word and of the poor members of the church; a duty which, in both its branches, is incumbent on those who have it in their power to perform, and which these first Christians were remarkable for:
and in breaking of bread; or "of the eucharist": as the Syriac version renders it, which was an usual name with the ancients for the Lord's supper; and which seems to be intended here, and not eating common bread, or a common meal; seeing it is here mentioned with religious exercises: and though the Jews used to begin their meals with breaking of bread, yet the whole repast, or meal, is never by them called by that name; and for what reason these saints should be commended for keeping their common meals, cannot be said, unless to show their sociableness, agreement, and brotherly love in eating together; and which is not hinted at here, but in Acts 2:46 where it is mentioned as something distinct from this: it seems rather therefore to design, that they were constant at the Lord's table, kept their places there, and duly attended whenever the ordinance was administered:
and in prayers: not only in their closets, and in their families, but in the church; in the public prayers of the church, they observed all opportunities of this kind, and gladly embraced them.{11} And they continued stedfastly in the apostles' doctrine and {b} fellowship, and in {c} breaking of bread, and in prayers.
(11) The marks of the true Church are the doctrine of the apostles, the duties of charity, the pure and simple administration of the ordinances, and the true invocation used by all of the faithful.
(b) Sharing of goods, and all other duties of charity, as is shown afterwards.
(c) The Jews used thin loaves, and therefore they broke them rather than cut them: so by breaking of bread they meant living together, and the banquets which they used to keep. And when they kept their love feasts, they used to celebrate the Lord's supper, which even in those days began to be corrupted, and Paul corrects this in 1Co 11:17-34.
EXEGETICAL (ORIGINAL LANGUAGES)whole body is the subject, as is evident from the idea of προσετέθησαν), as members of the Christian community under the guidance of the apostles perseveringly did
Acts 2:42 now describes what the reception of the three thousand had as its consequence; what they, namely the three thousand and those who were already believers before (for the whole body is the subject, as is evident from the idea of προσετέθησαν), as members of the Christian community under the guidance of the apostles perseveringly did.[136] The development of the inner life of the youthful church follows that great external increase. First of all: they were perseveringly devoted to the instruction (2 Timothy 4:2; 1 Corinthians 14:6) of the apostles, they were constantly intent on having themselves instructed by the apostles.
τῇ κοινωνίᾳ] is to be explained of the mutual brotherly association which they sought to maintain with one another. Comp. on Php 1:5. See also Weiss, bibl. Theol. p. 141 f., and Ewald. The same in substance with the ἀδελφότης, 1 Peter 2:17; 1 Peter 5:9. It is incorrect in Wolf, Rosenmüller, and others to refer it to ΤῶΝ ἈΠΟΣΤΌΛΩΝ, and to understand it of living in intimate association with the apostles. For καὶ τῇ κοινων. is, as well as the other three, an independent element, not to be blended with the preceding. Therefore the views of others are also incorrect, who either (Cornelius a Lapide and Mede as quoted by Wolf) take the following (spurious) ΚΑΊ as explicativum (et communione, videlicet fractione panis et precibus), or suppose a ἓν διὰ δυοῖν (Homberg) after the Vulgate: et communicatione fractionis panis, so that τῇ κοινων. would already refer to the Agapae. Recently, following Mosheim (de rebus Christ, ante Const. M. p. 114), the explanation of the communication of charitable gifts to the needy has become the usual one. So Heinrichs, Kuinoel, Olshausen, Baumgarten, also Löhe, Aphorism. p. 80 ff., Harnack, christl. Gemeindegottesd. p. 78 ff., Hackett, and others.[137] But this special sense must have been indicated by a special addition, or have been undoubtedly suggested by the context, as in Romans 15:26; Hebrews 13:16; especially as κοινωνία does not in itself signify communicatio, but communio; and it is only from the context that it can obtain the idea of fellowship manifesting itself by contributions in aid, etc., which is not here the case.
τῇ κλάσει τοῦ ἄρτου] in the breaking of their bread (τοῦ ἀ.). By this is meant the observance of common evening-meals (Luke 24:30), which, after the manner of the last meal of Jesus, they concluded with the Lord's Supper (Agapae, Judges 1:12). The Peschito and several Fathers, as well as the Catholic Church,[138] with Suicer, Mede, Wolf, Lightfoot, and several older expositors, arbitrarily explain it exclusively of the Eucharist; comp. also Harnack, l.c. p. 111 ff. Such a celebration is of later origin; the separation of the Lord's Supper from the joint evening meal did not take place at all in the apostolic church, 1 Corinthians 11. The passages, Acts 20:7; Acts 20:11, Acts 27:35, are decisive against Heinrichs, who, after Kypke, explains the breaking of bread of beneficence to the poor (Isaiah 58:7), so that it would be synonymous with κοινωνία (but see above).
ΤΑῖς ΠΡΟΣΕΥΧΑῖς] The plural denotes the prayers of various kinds, which were partly new Christian prayers restricted to no formula, and partly, doubtless, Psalms and wonted Jewish prayers, especially having reference to the Messiah and His kingdom.
Observe further in general the family character of the brotherly union of the first Christian church.
[136] With the spuriousness of the second καί (see the critical note), the four particulars are arranged in pairs.
[137] That the moral nature of the κοινωνία expresses itself also in liberality, is correct in itself, but is not here particularly brought forward, any more than other forms of its activity. This in opposition to Lechler, apost. Zeit. p. 285.
[138] This Church draws as an inference from our passage the historical assertion: Sub una specie panis communicaverunt sancti in primitiva ecclesia. Confut. Conf. Aug. p. 543 of my edition of the Libri Symbolici. See, in opposition to this view, the striking remarks of Casaubon in the Exercitatt. Anti-Baron. p. 466. Beelen still thinks that he is able to make good the idea of the daily unbloody sacrifice of the mass by the appended τ. προσευχ.!Acts 2:42. The growth of the Church not merely in numbers but in the increase of faith and charity. In R.V. by the omission of καὶ before τῇ κλάσει two pairs of particulars are apparently enumerated—the first referring to the close adherence of believers to the Apostles in teaching and fellowship, the second expressing their outward acts of worship; or the first pair may be taken as expressing rather their relation to man, the second their relation to God (Nösgen). Dr. Hort, while pointing out that the first term τῇ διδαχῇ τῶν ἀποστόλων ("the teaching," R.V., following Wycliffe; cf. Matthew 7:28, "doctrine," A.V., which would refer rather to a definite system, unless taken in the sense of the Latin doctrina, teaching) was obviously Christian, so that the disciples might well be called scribes to the kingdom, bringing out of their treasures things new and old, the facts of the life of Jesus and the glory which followed, facts interpreted in the light of the Law and the Prophets, takes the next words τῇ κοινωνίᾳ as separated altogether from τῶν ἀποστόλων, "and with the communion": κοινωνία, in Dr. Hort's view by parallelism with the other terms, expresses something more external and concrete than a spirit of communion; it refers to the help given to the destitute of the community, not apparently in money, but in public meals, such as from another point of view are called "the daily ministration" (cf. Acts 6:2, τραπέζαις). There are undoubtedly instances of the employment of the word κοινωνία in this concrete sense, Romans 15:26, 2 Corinthians 8:4; 2 Corinthians 9:13, Hebrews 13:16, but in each of these cases its meaning is determined by the context (and Zöckler, amongst recent commentators, would so restrict its meaning here). But, on the other hand, there are equally undoubted instances of κοινωνία referring to spiritual fellowship and concord, a fellowship in the spirit; cf. 2 Corinthians 6:4; 2 Corinthians 13:14, Php 2:1, Galatians 2:9, 1 John 1:3; 1 John 1:6-7; cf. also in classical writers, Arist., Ethic., viii., 9, 12, ἐν κοινωνίᾳ ἡ φιλία ἐστί. Here, if the word can be separated from ἀπος., it may be taken to include the inward fellowship and its outward manifestation, Acts 2:44. May not a good parallel to this signification of the word be found in Php 1:5, where κοινωνία, whilst it signifies co-operation in the widest sense, including fellowship in sympathy, suffering and toil, also indicates the special and tangible manifestation of this fellowship in the ready almsgiving and contributions of the Philippian Church; see Lightfoot, Philippians, in loco. The word naturally suggests the community of goods, as Weizsäcker points out, but as it stands here without any precise definition we cannot so limit it, and in his view Galatians 2:9 gives the key to its meaning in the passage before us—the bond which united the μαθηταί was the consciousness of their belief in Christ, and in the name ἀδελφοί the relationship thus constituted gained its complete expression.—τῇ κλάσει τοῦ ἄρτου: no interpretation is satisfactory which forgets (as both Weizsäcker and Holtzmann point out) that the author of Acts had behind him Pauline language and doctrine, and that we are justified in adducing the language of St. Paul in order to explain the words before us, cf. 1 Corinthians 10:16; 1 Corinthians 11:24, Acts 20:7 (and Acts 27:35, Weizsäcker). But if we admit this, we cannot consistently explain the expression of a mere common meal. It may be true that every such meal in the early days of the Church's first love had a religious significance, that it became a type and evidence of the kingdom of God amongst the believers, but St. Paul's habitual reference of the words before us to the Lord's Supper leads us to see in them here a reference to the commemoration of the Lord's death, although we may admit that it is altogether indisputable that this commemoration at first followed a common meal. That St. Paul's teaching as to the deep religious significance of the breaking of the bread carries us back to a very early date is evident from the fact that he speaks to the Corinthians of a custom long established; cf. "Abendmahl I." in Hauck's Real-Encyklopädie, heft i. (1896), p. 23 ff., on the evidential value of this testimony as against Jülicher's and Spitta's attempt to show that the celebration of the Lord's Supper in the early Church rested upon no positive command of Jesus. Weizsäcker's words are most emphatic: "Every assumption of its having originated in the Church from the recollection of intercourse with Him at table, and the necessity felt for recalling His death is precluded—the celebration must rather have been generally observed from the beginning"Apostolic Age, ii., p. 279, E.T., and cf. Das apostol. Zeitalter, p. 594, second edition (1892), Beyschlag, Neutestamentliche Theol., i., p. 155. Against any attempt to interpret the words under discussion of mere benevolence towards the poor (Isaiah 58:7) Wendt regards Acts 20:6-7 (and also Acts 27:35) as decisive. Weiss refers to Luke 24:30 for an illustration of the words, but the act, probably the habitual act of Jesus, which they express there, does not exhaust their meaning here. Spitta takes Acts 6:2, διακονεῖν τραπέζαις as = κλάσις ἄρτου, an arbitrary interpretation, see also below. The Vulgate connects τῇ κλάσει τοῦ ἄρτου with the preceding κοινωνία, and renders in communicatione fractionis panis, a rendering justified in so far as the κοινωνία has otherwise no definite meaning, and by the fact that the brotherly intercourse of Christians specially revealed itself in the fractio panis, cf. 1 Corinthians 10:16, and Blass, in loco, and also [129] where he reads καὶ τῇ κοινωνίᾳ τῆς κλάσεως τοῦ ἄρτου. But whilst Felten refers to the evidence of the Vulgate, and also to that of the Peshitto, which renders the words before us "in the breaking of the Eucharist" (so too in Acts 20:7), it is worthy of note that he refuses to follow the usual Roman interpretation, viz., that the words point to a communion in one kind only, Apostelgeschichte, p. 94. It is possible that the introduction of the article before at least one of the words τῇ κλάσει (cf. R.V.) emphasises here the Lord's Supper as distinct from the social meal with which it was connected, whilst Acts 2:46 may point to the social as well as to the devotional bearing of the expression (cf. Zöckler, note in loco), and this possibility is increased if we regard the words τῶν ἀποστόλων as characterising the whole sentence in Acts 2:42. But unless in both verses some deeper meaning was attached to the phrases τῇ κλάσει τοῦ ἄρτου—κλῶντες ἄρτον, it seems superfluous, as Schöttgen remarked, to introduce the mention of common food at the time of a community of goods. No doubt St. Chrysostom (so Oecum., Theophyl.) and Bengel interpret the words as simply =victus frugalis, but elsewhere St. Chrysostom speaks of them, or at least when joined with κοινωνία, as referring to the Holy Communion (see Alford's note in loco), and Bengel's comment on Acts 2:42 must be compared with what he says on Acts 2:46.—καὶ ταῖς προσευχαῖς, "and [in] the prayers" R.V. Dr. Hort suggests that the prayers may well have been Christian prayers at stated hours, answering to Jewish prayers, and perhaps replacing the synagogue prayers (not recognised in the Law), as the Apostles' "teaching" had replaced that of the scribes (Judaistic Christianity, p. 44, and Ecclesia, p. 45). But the words may also be taken to include prayers both new and old, cf. Acts 4:24, Jam 5:13 (Ephesians 2:19, Colossians 3:16), and also Acts 3:1, where Peter and John go up to the Temple "at the hour of prayer," cf. Wendt, Die Lehre Jesu, ii., p. 159.
[129] R(omana), in Blass, a first rough copy of St. Luke.42. And they continued stedfastly in the apostles' doctrine] i.e. They allowed nothing to interfere with the further teaching which the Apostles no doubt gave to the newly baptized. The converts would naturally seek to hear all the particulars of the life of Him whom they had accepted as Lord and Christ, and such narratives would form the greatest part of the teaching of the Apostles at the first.
and fellowship] That communion, or holding all things common, of which a more full description is given in the following verses, and which would bind them most closely into one society.
breaking of bread] The earliest title of the Holy Communion and that by which it is mostly spoken of in Scripture. (See Acts 20:7; 1 Corinthians 10:16, &c.) In consequence of the omission here and elsewhere of any mention of the wine, an argument has been drawn for communion in one kind. But it is clear from the way in which St Paul speaks of the bread and the cup in the same breath, as it were, that such a putting asunder of the two parts of the Sacrament which Christ united is unwarranted by the practice of the Church of the Apostles.
and in prayers] The Greek has the article here, and stress has sometimes been laid on this, as though the Church at this early date had some settled form of prayer. But it is enough to refer to Acts 1:14, where the article is also found, but which few would wish to construe "they continued stedfastly in the prayer."Acts 2:42. Προσκαρτεροῦντες, continuing stedfast, persevering) having forsaken all things else.—κοινωνίᾳ, in fellowship) of all their internal and external goods, actions, and plans. Comp. as to their resources, Romans 15:26.—τῇ κλάσει τοῦ ἄρτου, in breaking of bread) that is, in frugal diet, partaken of jointly one with the other. Comp., however, note, Acts 2:46. [The Lord's Supper is included in this expression.] The Christianity of all, and each individually, is to be estimated, not merely from Divine worship, but also from the daily mode of life.Verse 42. - Teaching for doctrine, A.V.; in the breaking for and in breaking, A.V. and T.R.; the prayers for in prayer, A.V. And fellowship; better, as in the margin, in fellowship; not meaning the apostles' fellowship, but the fellowship of the Church - that common life of close brotherhood in which all that they did was done in common, and all that they possessed was possessed in common, so that there seemed to be but one heart and one mind amongst them all. Breaking of bread; in the Holy Eucharist (see Matthew 26:26; Mark 14:22; Luke 22:19; Luke 24:30; 1 Corinthians 11:24; 1 Corinthians 10:16; Acts 20:7). The prayers; the common prayers of the Church.
See on Acts 1:14.
Doctrine (διδαχῇ)
Better, teaching.
Fellowship (κοινωνίᾳ)
From κοινός, common. A relation between individuals which involves a common interest and a mutual, active participation in that interest and in each other. The word answers to the Latin communio, from communis, common. Hence, sometimes rendered communion, as 1 Corinthians 10:16; 2 Corinthians 13:14. Fellowship is the most common rendering. Thus Philippians 1:5 : "your fellowship in the gospel," signifying co-operation in the widest sense; participation in sympathy, suffering, and labor. Compare 1 John 1:3, 1 John 1:6, 1 John 1:7. Occasionally it is used to express the particular form which the spirit of fellowship assumes; as in Romans 15:26; Hebrews 13:16, where it signifies the giving of alms, but always with an emphasis upon the principle of Christian fellowship which underlies the gift.
Breaking (κλάσει)
Used by Luke only, and only in the phrase breaking of bread. The kindred verb κλάζω or κλάω, to break, occurs often, but, like the noun, only of breaking bread. Hence used to designate the celebration of the Lord's Supper.
Prayers (προσευχαῖς)
Always of prayer to God. Compare on δεήσεις, prayers, Luke 5:33; and besought, Luke 8:38.
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JOHN CARPENTER – soundtracks (2 of 3)
A reader asked me about posting the "Escape From New York" soundtrack, oncologist but unfortunately I have to refrain from that, thumb since it's still commercially available (one can get it from the iTunes store).
I recently gave "Halloween III: Season of the Witch" another viewing, and as much as it pains me to say it, it doesn't hold up very well. I used to sing its praises, going so far as to call it "one of my favorite horror films from the '80s", but after re-watching it for the first time in a long while, its faults were more glaringly apparent than ever. I know that Nigel Kneale, creator of the original Quatermass series, wrote the original screenplay (which the film supposedly somewhat resembles) — but the whole thing has the feel of something made on a stoned dare, rather than hatched by people who genuinely care for horror. Still — it does have that awesome moment when that woman gets zapped in the mouth by a death laser, which rips most of her face off. And, it's possibly one of Carpenter's best scores as well.
John Carpenter – "Halloween II", 1981 (ZIP file)
John Carpenter & Alan Howarth – "Halloween III: Season of the Witch", 1982 (ZIP file)

subset: commoncrawl


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Like countless others, Demetrius Flannigan-Fowles has dreamed of playing in the NFL since he was a little kid.
But even after a four-year career with his hometown Arizona Wildcats during which he started 36 games, Flannigan-Fowles didn't see the NFL as a realistic possibility until very recently.
Flannigan-Fowles participated in the Jan. 19 NFLPA Collegiate Bowl at the Rose Bowl. He performed well. His outlook changed.
"After that I was like, 'Wow, I really have a shot at this,'" Flannigan-Fowles said after his pro-day workout at Arizona Stadium on Friday. "I was able to compete against some of the best college athletes. I got a lot of phone calls and a lot of text messages about my play. It really hit me. I'm about to do this thing."
Flannigan-Fowles continued to improve his draft stock with a polished workout in front of NFL scouts representing all 32 teams. He ran the 40-yard dash in 4.57 seconds, a good time for a safety checking in at almost 6-2 and 205 pounds. That time would have ranked 15th at the position at the NFL scouting combine had Flannigan-Fowles been invited.
"I thought it was a good workout," he said. "There were obviously some things I thought I could have done better. It is what it is. I'm blessed."
Flannigan-Fowles is among the humblest recent ex-Wildcats. After pro day, a scout praised Flannigan-Fowles' intangibles. His character, combined with the workouts, should get him invited to an NFL camp if he doesn't get drafted.
Flannigan-Fowles is hoping to follow the path laid out by former UA safety Will Parks. The two were teammates in 2015. Parks is entering his fourth season with the Denver Broncos, who selected him in the sixth round of the '16 draft. Flannigan-Fowles watched Parks' pro-day workout closely.
"He looked like he was out there working," Flannigan-Fowles said. "So I try to bring that same element when I'm out here."
Flannigan-Fowles has been training at Phenom Sports Performance in Westlake Village, California, working out as many as three times a day. He's also taking three online classes in hopes of earning his degree in economy and industry by May.
"I don't let it stress me out," Flannigan-Fowles said. "I'm doing all this training and stuff, but if I don't finish these last three classes that I have to graduate, I know I'm going to be kicking myself later."
Six of Flannigan-Fowles' family members, including his mother, attended pro day. Flannigan-Fowles played two seasons at Tucson High and graduated from Mountain View.
Despite sitting out his senior year of high school, Flannigan-Fowles played as a freshman for the Wildcats. He finished his UA career with 243 tackles, including 10 stops for losses. He also had 22 passes defensed, six interceptions, three forced fumbles and two fumble recoveries.
Flannigan-Fowles had some inconsistent stretches during his time at Arizona. He said Friday that he could stand to improve his open-field tackling and that scouts told him he needed to use his length better.
"When I get there," Flannigan-Fowles said, referring to the NFL, "I'm going to evaluate myself and try to get better every day."
Dressed for success
At the conclusion of his pro-day workout, receiver Shawn Poindexter changed clothes. That isn't unusual. This was: Poindexter donned a white UA polo, beige khakis, brown dress shoes and a matching belt.
Poindexter looked like someone attending a job interview. Which is exactly what pro day is.
"Burt Kinerk advised me to be ready just in case teams come up and talk to you," said Poindexter, who has been working with Kinerk, the prominent Tucson attorney and athlete representative, since December.
"Even yesterday, I met with the Niners. They said it was totally casual. I showed up in business casual. They respected it and thanked me for it."
The San Francisco 49ers were Poindexter's favorite team as a youth. One of their coaches, former NFL receiver Miles Austin, conducted Poindexter's workout.
"Got a chance to talk and listen to Miles Austin, who coached me up a little bit out there," Poindexter said. "Which was awesome."
UA outside receivers coach Taylor Mazzone, a former college quarterback, threw passes to Poindexter and fellow receiver Tony Ellison. Mazzone is part of the local team Kinerk and Poindexter assembled to help him prepare for pro day and the draft.
Poindexter was disappointed with his 40 time — unofficially north of 4.6 — mainly because he felt he let down UA track coach Fred Harvey, who had been training him. But Poindexter impressed scouts with smooth route-running at 6-4½, 212 pounds.
One scout came away particularly enthralled with Poindexter's hands. He caught almost everything thrown his way.
"I performed pretty well," Poindexter said. "I missed my 40, but it's all good. I made up for it with my routes and catching the ball. Just waiting on phone calls now, I guess."
Poindexter is Arizona's highest-rated prospect, and he probably will be selected on the final day of the April 25-27 draft. He emerged as a possible pro in his final season with the Wildcats, catching 42 passes for 759 yards and 11 touchdowns — all career highs.
Poindexter earned an invitation to the East-West Shrine Game, where he caught a touchdown pass. UA coach Kevin Sumlin has compared him favorably to Josh Reynolds, a former Texas A&M receiver who transformed himself from a project into a pro. The L.A. Rams took Reynolds in the fourth round of the 2017 draft, and he started for them in the Super Bowl.
Several family members were waiting to greet Poindexter after his workout. Now that it's over, what's next?
"Just continue to work hard," he said. "Team workouts potentially. Waiting to get calls. And then draft day."
Extra points
- Arizona's other possible draftee, defensive tackle PJ Johnson, looked uncomfortable at times during drills. A scout said afterward that Johnson likely would land a job, regardless of how he looked, because his size is so rare. He measured at 6-3
- ⅞
- and 323 pounds, about 22 less than his playing weight last season. Johnson did 20 bench-press reps before on-field drills.
- Offensive tackle Layth Friekh had to cut his workout short after pulling up during his first 40-yard dash. Friekh watched the rest of pro day with an ice pack on his right calf.
- Two draft-eligible UA prospects, defensive tackle Dereck Boles and receiver Shun Brown, did not participate in pro day. Brown worked out for scouts at a Tucson high school Thursday.
- Four other players participated in pro day: punter/holder Jake Glatting, punter Dylan Klumph, snapper Nick Reinhardt and kicker Josh Pollack.
- Dozens of current Wildcats and most of the UA coaching staff attended all or part of pro day. Former UA receiver Trey Griffey also came to support his ex-teammates.
- The 2019 Wildcats are set to begin spring practice Monday evening.


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A crush is like having the flu. You don't really know when or where you picked it up, how long it will last, and there's no sure fire way to make it go away.
Originally my crush on Mr. Kitty had faded away due to lack of interaction. That changed two weeks ago when I attended a friend's holiday party. I knew Mr. Kitty was going to be at the party because he made a point of letting me know via text. This wasn't the motivation for attending, most of my friends were going so it was mandatory fun time. About an hour or so in I was heading out of the party for a short break while passing Mr. Kitty on the steps. As I had my focus on getting outside, I said a quick hello and kept on my way. He then text to ask if I was coming back.
Eventually I made my way back into the party, wet from rain and my glasses a streaky mess. Mr. Kitty and I ended up chatting most of the evening, from the living room to the bedroom. When I was finally ready to leave and hit the bar with my friends I said a quick goodbye. Much to my surprise, Mr. Kitty stole a kiss. It was odd because to be honest I have really not been getting a vibe that there was any interest on his part. It was also shocking because I'm not a public affection person – scratch that, I am a no affection of any type person.
This of course kicked my brain into 'think mode.' Meaning, I get girl brain and begin asking myself what everything meant and of course the worst thing happened… my crush returned full force. Over the next two weeks Mr. Kitty would pretty much vanish until last weekend when I was intoxicated and sent a message and then yesterday when out of the blue he asked if I was going away for Christmas. Questions that seem to show interest, but I can decipher if it's that or just general boredom on his part. So of course I provided what I thought to be clever answers that did not encourage the continuation of the conversation.
This is part of my person crush detox. I hate the feeling of a crush, it's annoying and similar to the feeling of a rash. So, my process is to personally not engage, nor set up conversations like the above mentioned in a way where the other person can easily engage. Second, I talk to my friends that are in relationships and ask them to tell me all of the miserable details. Ray Ray shared that she and her boyfriend never have sex, never go out, sit in front of the television and basically do nothing but rot away. It's soothing to know.
Like I said, there's no sure fire way to get rid of a crush, but the mind games I play with myself seem to be doing the trick.


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CHAUTAUQUA, New York ---- Chris McMorrow (Weymouth) fired a school record three-over 75 during the opening round of the 2018 NJCAA National Golf Tournament at Chautauqua Country Club hosted by Jamestown Community College on Tuesday.
McMorrow's 75 (+3) breaks the school record for an individual round in program history, along with being the lowest score ever by a Massasoit golfer at the NJCAA Nationals. In addition, McMorrow's opening round marked the lowest by a Region 21 student-athlete at Nationals since CCRI's Steve Letterle rolled in a 73 during the first round back in 2014.
The Weymouth native currently sits tied for third out of 88 student-athletes as his score also marked the lowest of any round in Region 21 this season.
The Warriors, which started on the back-nine, saw McMorrow birdie his first hole of the day, just missing an eagle putt on the 10th. He finished with an 38 on the back nine and 37 on the front.
"My driver was really working today," McMorrow said. "I hit almost every fairway, which really helped. The greens were fast and had late-subtle breaks. Coach Mike helped me out a lot reading putts. I'm just really excited to get back out there tomorrow."
Joining McMorrow's record-breaking day, was strong play by Shawn McIsaac (Avon), Jack DeCoste (Sandwich) and Chris Flipp (Weymouth), who all finished in the 80s. McIsaac rolled in an 81, followed by an 85 from DeCoste and 86 from Flipp to finish with a team score of 327 on the day.
The 327 team score marked the lowest by a Region 21 team at Nationals in the last five seasons. Despite the stellar team score, McMorrow thinks the Warriors can improve on Wednesday.
"We can score even better. We are all ready to get back out and play again," McMorrow said.
After the first day, the Warriors trail reigning NJCAA National Champions, Georgia Military (318) by nine strokes.
"Definitely an eye opening day," head coach Mike Croatti said. "Coming out here it was more let's try and set some small personal goals and small team goals to build off. I honestly think with a little improvement from the rest of the guys that we could be in contention."
Croatti, who traveled back-and-forth to watch his four players marveled at the team's perseverance throughout the day.
"They weathered the storm," Croatti said. "I wasn't seeing a lot of great shots, but they weathered the storm and they were right there in the mid to low 80s besides an incredible day by McMorrow. With some luck (McMorrow) could have shot 71 today. As a group, they have been ridiculously consistent throughout the year. The whole team has a pretty good short game and that's what's going to win here. Whoever putts the best will win this tournament."
The Warriors return to the links on Wednesday for the second of four rounds at the following tee times:
9:40 AM – Chris McMorrow
9:48 AM – Chris Flipp
9:56 AM – Shawn McIsaac
10:04 AM – Jack DeCoste


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Healthy Home Medicine Living
How to Create an Earthworm Farm in 6 Easy Steps from Dehon Joubert
Very easy!
- Get two containers, mine is rectangular and garden shops have them ready-made or be imaginative, the one fits halfway into the other and then has a lid fitting loosely so that the moisture does not evaporate..
- Add earthworms and soil with rotten plant material in top container - this top container has draining holes so that moisture can drip from the top and be collected in the bottom.
- Now you feed your earthworms with veggie peels etc, no citrus - they don't like citrus - so all planty stuff from your kitchen now goes into this farm. The earthworms pull this into the soil and make great compost.As this top container becomes too full you can add some of us great compost into your garden.
- Daily, wet the top with a litre of water. This water is good for the earthworms, they like it wet, and it seeps down to the bottom container taking the earthworms' pee and poo with it - that is called black gold!
- Keep on adding water through the system from the top until the bottom can't take more. Then take the bottom water and pour it into the top container putting the bottom container back soon enough to catch the flow again - this way your black gold becomes stronger - when it is really black you use this diluted in your garden - 1 tablespoon on 6 litres water or stronger - my mom loves to make this dilution stronger - her plants love it too ;-).
- Remember in the top container your earthworms are procreating so you'll see when things get cramped then you let some free into your garden. Thank you, Dehon!
How to Make Compost
Here is a helpful list of how to make your own compost to feed your garden. Click here.


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Gutter Maintenance Service in Temecula
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Six persons injured after truck accident in Guilford County
GUILFORD COUNTY, N.C. –November 9, 2011. MyFox 8 reports that six people were taken to the hospital after an accident involving a group home minivan Wednesday morning in Guilford County. Glenda Higgins, the owner of the group home, said the van's tire was going flat and the driver was getting ready to pull into a gas station when a pickup truck hit them from behind.
The driver of the truck has been charged with failure to reduce speed. It was not clear how many people were in the truck or if anyone from the truck was taken to the hospital.
There are lots of reasons for North Carolina truck accidents. The reasons vary from distracted driving, failing to maintain proper distance and faulty braking mechanisms. Thankfully the victims only sustained minor injuries.
If you've been injured in a car wreck where someone else was at fault, contacting an auto accident attorney may be a good idea. An auto accident lawyer will consult with you for free, will take a look at the circumstances of your accident and can determine whether or not you have a valid case in order to get compensation for your injuries.


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|About Search
SEARCH is a 20-minute individual test designed to:
SEARCH was developed as a screening instrument for children ages 63-80 months. Its most effective use is in scanning an entire class during kindergarten or early in first grade in order to provide teachers and administrators with a grade-wide profile for the proper planning of content, organization and timing of instruction. SEARCH can also be used in clinical planning for individual children who appear to be faltering in classroom activities.
SEARCH is based on both clinical and statistical research that focuses on neuropsychological skills basic to reading and the language arts. The importance of these skills was determined via a 2-year intensive interdisciplinary study that examined 1st graders neurologically, psychiatrically, perceptually, psychologically and educationally. Results of this study revealed that those children vulnerable to learning failure lagged in developing skills relating to spatial orientation and temporal organization. A follow-up of the original group of children, validated the clinical judgment that reading failure is associated with specific types of perceptual immaturitynamely, in visual, auditory, and body-image immaturityall relating to orientation in space and organization in time. SEARCH uses the results of this research to formulate its program, making early identification of learning disorders in children key to overcoming potential failure.


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General Comment
This week looks like being caught up in the Safety Debate with discussion of just how much effort is being put in by NEHTA and DoHA to ensure what is being done first does not do any harm and secondly actually works as intended to reduce clinical errors and maximise patient safety. Of course with the way the NEHRS has been architected they already have removed a lot of the potential for benefit in such areas as interactive clinical decision support (CDS).
Blogs posted this morning will get you started and there is more to come during the week.
E-health lead rollout sites lacking patients
- by: Karen Dearne
- From: The Australian
- April 10, 2012
Ehealth records: too important to muck up
AMA secretary-general Francis Sullivan demands regulations be changed
- by: Sue Dunlevy, Patricia Karvelas
- From: The Australian
- April 11, 2012
Health department reversal on PCEHR liability
Doctors will not be liable for PCEHR breaches: DoHA
GPs face 'extreme obligations' with e-health
E-health: not just a flick of a switch for overworked doctors
E-health set to roll despite software hiccup
GPs want cash for e-health input
- by: Sue Dunlevy
- From: The Australian
- April 10, 2012
AMA sets its own items for managing a shared health summary for the Personally Controlled Electronic Health Record (PCEHR)
AMA proposes PCEHR consult items and fees
AMA prices e-health record creation
Australia leads the way in health products management
NEHTA and GS1 to host NPC webinars
Electronic alert to end abuse
- by: Karen Dearne
- From: The Australian
- April 14, 2012
Concerns over breast screening software
DCA and Communicare forge alliance to accelerate community eHealth initiatives
Video spares patients as it assists students
Amy Corderoy
Australian data breach costs rise to $2.16 million per incident in 2011
Reform on FOI bogs down
Philip Dorling
Matrix magic makes veterinary surgery less intimidating
Deborah Smith
Risks of putting digital life in cloud
Migration to the cloud ecosystem: Ushering in a new generation of platform competition
13 April 2012


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As a part of my National Digital Stewardship Residency (NDSR) project, I'm interviewing staff members about their experiences developing and using software at the National Library of Medicine (NLM). Doing these interviews may be my favorite part of the job right now. Each of these staff members has had invaluable insight into the cultural and technical aspects of software development and into the history of NLM itself. Not to mention, I've heard a funny story or two.
Most recently, my mentor and I drove to Frederick, MD to interview a retired staff member about her work on NLM's software products. Before I delve it the interview, I need to thank my mentor for joining me on this Thursday morning adventure and for BBQ after. My mentor is a total mensch.
We drove in Frederick to interview Rose Marie Woodsmall, who worked at NLM for thirty years and was instrumental on AIM-TWX, Grateful Med, and innumerable other projects. Throughout the first two months of my project, her name kept popping up in interviews, in documentation, and even in casual conversations with staff members. Organizing the interview, however, was a bit difficult as Woodsmall had retired and started a sheep farm in rural Maryland. Perhaps my only regret from this interview was that I did not get to meet any of the sheep. Even without the sheep's input, the interview provided amazing background and context.
The interview was filled with anecdotes, including how Grateful Med got its name. (You'll have to wait for a later post with that story. I have a long blog post planned about naming conventions at NLM and how that affects research and institutional culture.) Perhaps the most interesting aspect of the interview, however, was how Woodsmall was able to outline the lived experience of major technological shifts in computing and how the technological changes were not always smooth. Woodsmall frequently acted as a liaison between software users and developers on development projects, and she had to navigate relationships between many stakeholders.
The overall push of software development through the years that Woodsmall was a staff member at NLM was towards more user-friendly systems. MEDLARS I, the earliest of NLM's computerized catalog search systems, required an expert user. Implemented in 1964, it was only searched by specially trained medical librarians, and the training was two weeks long! These medical librarians worked in libraries and hospitals around the world and helped facilitate access to NLM's resources, even at a geographic distance. It was a big step forward in medical librarianship and medicine in general.
After MEDLARS I, however, came MEDLARS II which allowed for online search capabilities and was slightly less cumbersome to use, although not 'user-friendly' or 'online' in the ways we understand those terms today. After implementation in 1971, MEDLARS II still required specialized training, and although it was 'online' and allowed remote searches of databases in real time, it was not connected to the Internet. In fact, the Internet had not yet been invented. MEDLARS II relied on dedicated phone lines to establish its network connection, and computers that were connected to MEDLARS II were not necessarily connected to any other networks. Some machines were dedicated to simply searching the NLM databases. These machines did not look like computers today. Some were teletype machines, like the one pictured below.
Although MEDLARS II sounds very limited considering current search capabilities on the Internet, it was another step forward for medical librarianship. It seems like common sense to assume that everyone welcomed the switch from batch-processing to online search. After all, why not make life easier? However, as Woodsmall pointed out, the switch was not universally applauded. Some of the search analysts, accustomed to their particular place within their individual institutions, were suspicious of the new technology and were concerned about losing their sense of prestige. One librarian even hid the teletype machine used to connect to the network in a closet. She did not want her patrons to use it, and she did not want them to see her use it. Eventually, people saw its utility and the transition became smoother.
Woodsmall talked about similar issues when NLM began to implement Grateful Med widely. Many librarians, even up to the 1990's, were nervous about allowing end-users to search a database without their assistance. In a Letter to the Editor in the Bulletin of Medical Library Associations published in January 1994, Catherine J. Green, a librarian at Bethesda Memorial Hospital in Boynton Beach, Florida, quotes a recent lecture that argues that allowing end-users to search the database on their own "is not only a dumb idea, it is a dangerous idea!" Green and others were worried that doctors would inefficiently or inaccurately search for medical information using Grateful Med, thus impacting the quality of patient care. This concern is not unfounded, and although Grateful Med is now frequently praised for helping democratize access to medical information, this concern at the time of implementation is an important aspect to the technology's history.
The point is that change is not always universally heralded, and it is possible to forget that fact when those changes are later determined to be technological progress. The move from batch-processing to online search and then to end-user search capabilities are all seen as positive advancements in medicine and medical librarianship now. But, when these changes were implemented, they were not always seen as progress in medical librarianship. Disagreements and long discussions about the viability of these technologies cannot be overlooked because they are an integral part of the way that technological change occurred.
Interviewing someone like Woodsmall is helpful because she was able to highlight those discussions and the more contentious aspects of software development. Implementing new technologies frequently requires advocacy, both within the organization and with users. As I continue to research the history of software development at NLM, interviews will remain important as they help contextualize the technology in the disagreements, debates, and compromises that occur throughout development and implementation.


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We hire Certified Nursing Assistants (CNA), Home Health Aides (HHA), Home Companions and Personal Care Aides to provide non-medical home care services for our clients.
Our ideal candidates are experienced professionals who demonstrate a devotion to caring for others, with reliability and compassion, and understand the needs of home care clients.
The key to our success is our caregivers. We promote a work environment that is open and friendly and we provide on-going specialized training and home care education so that our caregivers continue to provide the high-quality home care services for which At Your Side Home Care is known.
If you are interested in becoming a member of the At Your Side team, please contact the office nearest you and ask about employment opportunities.
At Your Side is an equal opportunity employer.


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Category: floral
Fall Bloom
30×30 acrylic on canvas – katfish design
I was fortunate to attend Art Makers Denver & painted for two full days with the beautiful, talented, & author of Painted Blossoms ~ Carrie Schmitt. As an artist I periodically feel that need to refill the well & that's exactly what these couple of days did for me. I'm feeling excited to to get back into the studio & see what unfolds.
30×30 acrylic on canvas – katfish design
22×30 acrylic on paper – katfish design
Day 45/100 – #the100dayproject
with Elle Luna & The Great Discontent
Celebrating 100 days of making. I've committed to #100DaysOfWatercolor… you can follow my progress on Instagram


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Plains All American (PAA) is set to jointly develop a new 45-mile pipeline, namely Byhalia Connection. This is likely to enable the firm to benefit from rising crude oil production.
Ferrellgas Partners' (FGP) first-quarter fiscal 2020 revenues declined on a year-over-year basis.
It seems that the masses and most of the financial media hate hedge funds and what they do, but why is this hatred of hedge funds so prominent? At the end of the day, these asset management firms do not gamble the hard-earned money of the people who are on the edge of poverty. Truth […]
WPX Energy (WPX) President and Chief Operations Officer Clay M. Gaspar has been elected to the company's board of directors effectively immediately. Gaspar has held increasing levels of leadership with WPX since joining the company in 2014. He is a member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers and holds a bachelor's degree in petroleum engineering from Texas A&M and a master's degree in petroleum and geosciences engineering from the University of Texas at Austin.
Noble Energy's (NBL) Q3 loss is narrower than expected. The company lowers its 2019 capital expenditure guidance, indicating that its important projects are close to completion.
Devon Energy's (DVN) Q3 earnings are better than expected on the back of strong production from its U.S. assets and cost-cutting initiatives.
Q3 2019 WPX Energy Inc Earnings Call
WPX Energy's (WPX) Q3 earnings miss expectation. Strong production from Delaware and Williston basins allows the company to raise total production forecast for 2019.
Strong revenues from customers drive Murphy Oil's (MUR) Q3 results.
WPX (WPX) delivered earnings and revenue surprises of -18.18% and 24.84%, respectively, for the quarter ended September 2019. Do the numbers hold clues to what lies ahead for the stock?
Delivers free cash flow, capital discipline and share repurchase progress
CNX Resources (CNX) third-quarter 2019 revenues increase on a year-over-year basis.
WPX Energy's (WPX) third-quarter earnings are likely to have benefited from rising oil production from high-quality assets.
In order to justify the effort of selecting individual stocks, it's worth striving to beat the returns from a market...
Announcement of Periodic Review: Moody's announces completion of a periodic review of ratings of WPX Energy, Inc. New York, October 24, 2019 -- Moody's Investors Service ("Moody's") has completed a periodic review of the ratings of WPX Energy, Inc. and other ratings that are associated with the same analytical unit. The review was conducted through a portfolio review in which Moody's reassessed the appropriateness of the ratings in the context of the relevant principal methodology(ies), recent developments, and a comparison of the financial and operating profile to similarly rated peers.
WPX (WPX) doesn't possess the right combination of the two key ingredients for a likely earnings beat in its upcoming report. Get prepared with the key expectations.
The elite funds run by legendary investors such as David Tepper and Dan Loeb make hundreds of millions of dollars for themselves and their investors by spending enormous resources doing research on small cap stocks that big investment banks don't follow. Because of their pay structures, they have strong incentives to do the research necessary […]
Oil prices continued their near-month-long, post-September 16, post-Saudi Arabian drone attack slide on Tuesday. After falling 5.5% last week, WTI Crude futures closed down 0.3% at $52.46 yesterday, and Brent Crude was off a similar 0.3%, closing at $59.07.The reason, unfortunately, is not that the Middle East has suddenly become a safer place to do business. It hasn't, with a new border war due to break out along the Iraq-Turkey border any day now, and a Saudi response to Iran's (alleged) strike against its oil facilities still pending. Instead, market participants are becoming more anxious about the next round of U.S.-China trade talks later this week, and what a failure of the two superpowers to reach an accommodation might mean for the global economy.Naturally, worries like these are pushing the price of oil stocks down in tandem with oil prices. For example, independent oil and gas exploration and production company Pioneer Natural Resources has lost 16% of its value since the September 16 attacks. Another independent producer, CNX Resources, has lost 20%, while yet a third, WPX Energy, is down 21%.But here's the good news: According to the consensus of Wall Street analysts, all three of these stocks could go back up -- as much as 30%. Let's take a closer look:CNX Resources (CNX)The most heavily leveraged of these three "strong buy" rated oil stocks, CNX Resources boasts a $1.3 billion market capitalization ... and $2.8 billion in debt.Despite all the debt, CNX Resources is a profitable operation, generating more than $300 million in net profit over the last 12 months -- enough to give the stock a trailing P/E ratio of just over 4.2. The stock is not free cash flow positive, however, burning through more than $250 million in cash over the last 12 months.Still, in a note recommending the stock, Jefferies analyst Zach Parham predicted that "a more capital efficient budget than expected in 2020," combined with plans to "hold production flat in 2021" hold out the prospect for CNX generating positive free cash flow in the near future -- which would provide cash CNX could use to pare its debt load.Parham predicts the stock could close out this year with about $85 million in free cash flow -- and grow that number by nearly half, to perhaps $110 million, in 2021. With a $10 price target on the stock, the analyst believes the stock can rise about 40% over the next 12 months. (To watch Parham's track record, click here)"CNX remains one of only two Buy rated gassy E&Ps (along with COG), as we believe CNX can generate growth and FCF in 2020, while also having the potential to bring forward value through asset sales (CNXM GP, CNXM units, remaining midstream assets, CBM, etc)," the analyst concluded.How does Parham's bullish bet weigh in against the Street? It appears the analyst is not the only one enthusiastic on this oil stock, with TipRanks analytics demonstrating CNX as a Strong Buy. Out of 3 analysts polled in the last 3 months, all 3 are bullish on the stock. With a return potential of nearly 36%, the stock's consensus target price stands at $9.67. (See CNX stock analysis on TipRanks)WPX Energy (WPX) Next on our list today is another three-lettered oil company: WPX. Like CNX, it's a debt-laden company with strong GAAP profits but no free cash flow to speak of -- in fact, WPX burned through nearly a half-billion dollars in cash over the last year. But with a $4.1 billion market capitalization, WPX is a bit bigger, and perhaps a bit better able to manage its debt -- which at $2.1 billion net of cash, is actually a bit lighter than what CNX is carrying around.One bright note on this stock: Last quarter marked the first quarter in more than a year that WPX generated positive free cash flow from its business. It wasn't a lot -- $39 million to be precise -- but it might have been a sign of better times to come.Guggenheim analyst Subash Chandra highlighted positive free cash in Q2 combined with 10% production growth and the prospect of $55-a-barrel oil prices as supporting hopes for consistent cash generation at the company -- beginning with another $56 million generated in Q3. While risk-averse investors might prefer to see the company use some of this cash to begin paying down debt, Chandra believes it's more likely that WPX will deploy its cash as part of "a $400mm stock buyback program" -- which to be sure, would also be a plus for shareholders."The company pushed the maturity wall to 2023 while reducing borrowing costs [...] At $55 oil, we estimate a FCF yield of 9-10% assuming maintenance capex of $900mm next year, with potential upside if WPX can achieve the 15-20% LOE improvements targeted. Markets may worry about Bakken inventory as the play has been the primary oil growth driver. But otherwise WPX has addressed many issues dogging other companies. We expect shares to outperform with our price target upside potential realized if an appetite for 2P resources return," the analyst opined.And as far as target prices go, Chandra is even more optimistic than most other analysts. Whereas the consensus on Wall Street is that WPX will go to $15 over the next year (53% upside), Chandra thinks the shares are worth at least $17 -- which if correct, would mean 73% profits for investors who buy today. (See WPX Energy stock analysis on TipRanks)Pioneer Natural (PXD)Last and far from least, we come to Pioneer Natural -- at $20.6 billion in market cap, by far the biggest of these three oil companies. That's not all that Pioneer stock has to recommend it, though.With only a $1.6 billion debt load (net of cash), Pioneer sports by far the cleanest balance sheet of this bunch, the least leverage, and the lowest level of absolute debt to boot. It's also the only one of these companies in sufficiently fine financial fettle to sustain a regular dividend payment -- 1.4%.Evercore ISI analyst Stephen Richardson, who recommends the stock, praised Pioneer for raising its dividend in its Q2 update -- a report that also featured reductions in general and administrative spending. Like WPX, Richardson noted that Pioneer is conducting a buyback program, having repurchased $200 million worth of stock in the quarter. The analyst liked the fact that after declaring that he "saw value and ... a discount to intrinsic value" in the stock price, Pioneer's board moved quickly to put its money where its mouth was, and scoop up some cheap stock.And speaking of cheap ... Wall Street in general thinks this stock is pretty cheap, too. Predicting the shares will fetch more than $180 12 months from now, the consensus on the Street is that within a year, people buying Pioneer stock at today's prices could be sitting on a 46.5% profit! (See Pioneer Natural stock analysis on TipRanks)
Brookfield Infrastructure Partners (BIP) issues $500 million of 3.538% medium-term notes. The proceeds from the same are going to be used for refinancing old debts and funding its pipeline projects.
Black Hills Corporation (BKH) is set to issue $700 million notes to refinance outstanding debt and utilize balance proceeds for general corporate purposes.
Billionaire hedge-fund investor Leon Cooperman thinks the 10-year-old great bull stock market is far from over, which to him means there is plenty of upside left. Quite simply, bull markets don't end when stocks reach fair valuations, which is the case today, the CEO of Omega Advisors said.
Some say volatility, rather than debt, is the best way to think about risk as an investor, but Warren Buffett famously...
WPX Energy (WPX) is set to issue $600 million senior notes to refinance outstanding debt and for general corporate purposes.


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September 20 2007
Sony Computer Entertainment Acquires Evolution Studios and Bigbig Studios
Award winning developer of million-seller MotorStorm strengthens SCE Worldwide Studios network
Tokyo, 20th September 2007 – Sony Computer Entertainment today announced that it had acquired leading game developer Evolution Studios Ltd and its subsidiary Bigbig Studios Ltd to further expand its game development capability as part of Sony Computer Entertainment's Worldwide Studios (SCE WWS).
In a strategic move to secure excellence in game development for current and future PlayStation® platforms, the acquisition of Evolution and Bigbig formalises the successful and long established exclusive relationship between Sony Computer Entertainment and the two studios.
Evolution Studios, based in Runcorn, England is the award-winning developer of MotorStorm™, the million-selling #1 hit title for PLAYSTATION®3(PS3™). Since its establishment in 1999, SCE has enjoyed a highly productive and commercially successful relationship with Evolution – a studio with an unrivalled track-record for quality and productivity, having shipped a title every year for 6 straight years. Evolution established its reputation as the successful developer of the World Rally Championship series on PlayStation®2, also published by SCE. The studio is currently working on the next instalment of the Motorstorm franchise for PS3™, scheduled for release in 2008 on Blu-ray Disc, along with content expansions for the original MotorStorm to be distributed via PLAYSTATION®Network.
Bigbig Studios, based in Leamington Spa, England was founded in 2001 with backing from Evolution Studios and SCE and is the developer of the Pursuit Force game for PSP™ (PlayStation®Portable), which has sold over 800,000 copies worldwide. The studio is currently working on the second title in the series, Pursuit Force: Extreme Justice, which will be available in October this year for PSP™ and on PlayStation®2 early in 2008.
"Our strategy is to create the best games by working with the best talent and Evolution and Bigbig are world-class additions to our team," said Phil Harrison, President of SCE Worldwide Studios. "The incredible people in these studios further extend the depth and skill of the industry's largest platform-exclusive development resource".
Following the acquisition, Mick Hocking, Managing Director of Evolution Studios, will also be appointed Group Studio Director for the three Studios; SCE WWS Liverpool Studio, Evolution and Bigbig , reporting directly to SCE WWS Vice President, Michael Denny.
Studios across the WWS network share technology, production methodology and creative goals to build the best possible experiences for users to enjoy the most from the PlayStation family of hardware platforms and network services. With over 2,500 employees, SCE Worldwide Studios combines the talents of 15 game development studios in Japan, the USA, the UK and The Netherlands.
About SCE Worldwide Studios (SCE WWS)
SCE World Wide Studios was formed on 1 September 2005 in order to secure, strengthen and further develop game development and publishing activities for the PlayStation range of game and entertainment consoles. SCE WWS is responsible for the global creative, technical and strategic direction setting of development and production of computer entertainment software for the PlayStation family. SCE WWS directly employs over 2,500 people in its 15 studio locations around the world, all exclusively dedicated to PS2, PSP™, PS3™ and PSN development.
About Sony Computer Entertainment Inc.
Recognized as the global leader and company responsible for the progression of consumer-based computer entertainment, Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. (SCEI) manufacturers, distributes and markets the PlayStation® game console, the PlayStation®2 computer entertainment system, the PSP® (PlayStation®Portable) handheld entertainment system and PLAYSTATION®3 (PS3™) system. PlayStation has revolutionized home entertainment by introducing advanced 3D graphic processing, and PlayStation 2™ further enhances the PlayStation legacy as the core of home networked entertainment. PSP™ is a new handheld entertainment system that allows users to enjoy 3D games, with high-quality full motion video, and high-fidelity stereo audio. PS3™ is an advanced computer system, incorporating the state-of-the-art Cell processor with super computer like power. SCEI, along with its subsidiary divisions Sony Computer Entertainment America Inc., Sony Computer Entertainment Europe Ltd., and Sony Computer Entertainment Korea Inc. develops, publishes, markets and distributes software, and manages the third party licensing programs for these platforms in the respective markets worldwide. Headquartered in Tokyo, Japan, Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. is an independent business unit of the Sony Group.
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Pests pest control in indoor greening rarely, but do not be excluded. In contrast to mineral systems, especially the Earth culture provides an ideal habitat for pests. Poor site conditions and excessive casting can entail infested with pests. If this happened, professionals should treat as early as possible the plants with authorised plant protection products for interiors. Cut back the regular pruning of plants is used to stimulate a new shoots.
As a result the growths in their form and keep their good looks. At the same time the pruning contributes to the protection of investment, because regularly cut plants longer in the initially selected vessels fit. The best time for the pruning is the spring or the fall. Plant around it when accumulating the watering intervals and the vessel along with large plant becomes unstable, time to repot the plants. Because it is important that with the growth of the plant and leaves the root volume may increase. Too late transplanting causes damage to the roots, which later show up in the habit of the plant. Usually, plants must be planted to after a few years. Plant care needs expertise of the overview makes it clear that professional plant care requires a high degree of expertise.
On request the nationwide available Green Office-partner undertake the complete plant service for companies so that they can focus entirely on their core business. About the Green Office Germany GmbH & co. KG Green Office is a company of independent, owner-managed companies for indoor gardening and hydroponics. With 12 offices and 21 Nationwide, the network offers both intersite and individual concepts for building and space greening as well as service management service points. The Green Office includes everything that is necessary to achieve an inner Green: plants, flower pots and even water objects. Contact person: Green Office Germany GmbH & co. KG Kai-Uwe Funk – Managing Director – Huguenot Avenue 65-67 63263 Neu-Isenburg phone 06 102/25 000 90


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Nexus 6 features a large 5.96″ AMOLED QHD display, with a resolution of 1440 x 2560, giving it an impressive 493 ppi pixel density. It's powered by a Qualcomm Snapdragon 805 quad-core 2.7GHz processor, with 3GB of RAM, and either 32GB or 64GB of internal storage. The Nexus 6 shooter comes in at 13MP, with optical image stabilisation and a twin-LED ring flash, for clearer photos in low light conditions. Other features include a 3220mAh battery and a bundled Motorola Turbo Charger for a quick battery charge.
Google have released Android N Developer Preview 5 for Nexus 6 too. This build contains most of the features of Android Nougat and has less bugs than ever. If you want to install it on Nexus 6, a detailed guide is given below.


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PRNewswire - May 13, 2009
Couples can choose child's gender with less ethically charged method at Reproductive Science Center of the San Francisco Bay Area
SAN RAMON, Calif., May 13 /PRNewswire/ -- In response to growing numbers of couples who want to choose the sex of their next child, the Reproductive Science Center of the San Francisco Bay Area (RSC) announced today that it now is offering an alternative gender-selection technique with fewer moral and ethical dilemmas.
The Ericsson method is based on manipulation of sperm -- not an embryo. According to the developer, this technique offers approximately a 70-percent chance of success of obtaining the desired gender at conception. Thousands of healthy babies have been born using this method, according to Ericsson's studies.
Read more>>
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PTSD Service Dog Program
Our PTSD service dogs help assist with:
- Re-integrate and socialize
- Recognize early symptoms of anxiety or emotional distress
- Interrupt nightmares
- Increase confidence and a sense of belonging to civilian society
- Assume leadership responsibilities
With mobility issues, including bracing and stabilization
- Must be capable of housing the service dog with an adequate living space.
- Have a valid diagnosis.
- Have a valid medical report confirming your disability (Please download the medical report and have a recommendation from your doctor.
- Must have an interest in dogs.
- Must be capable of providing the physical needs of a service dog such as exercise.
- Must have a fenced yard.
- Must not have any other dogs at home.
High Volume Due to the high volume of applications we cannot provide a status to your application. Only those selected for an interview will be contacted.