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|A review on therapeutic potential of Lygodium flexuosum Linn.
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|From the centuries, herbal medicines are used to treat various diseases and now they had become an item of global importance, with both medicinal and economic implications. The demand of herbal medicine is being increasing day by day due to their safety and efficacy. Now herbals had taken over the allopathic system due to their less side effect and efficient working mechanism. Herbals are playing and pivotal role in increasing the economy of the country and had taken the nation on to the new path to achieve the goal of development. Lygodium flexuosum (Linn) Sw. is a fern found nearly throughout India up to an elevation of 1500 meter. It belongs to the family Lygodiaceae and widely used in treating various ailments like jaundice, dysmenorrhea, wound healing and eczema. It is the rich source of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and cumarin. The main constitute of the plant is lygodinolide which is mainly used in wound healing. In the present review an attempt had been made to explore different aspects of L. flexuosum.
|Esha Yadav; Munesh Mani; Phool Chandra; Neetu Sachan; A K Ghosh
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|Type: Journal Article
Journal Detail:
|Title: Pharmacognosy reviews Volume: 6 ISSN: 0976-2787 ISO Abbreviation: Pharmacogn Rev Publication Date: 2012 Jul
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|Created Date: 2012-10-11 Completed Date: 2012-10-12 Revised Date: 2013-05-30
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|Nlm Unique ID: 101570880 Medline TA: Pharmacogn Rev Country: India
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|Languages: eng Pagination: 107-14 Citation Subset: -
|Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Foreign Trade and Management, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Journal ID (nlm-ta): Pharmacogn Rev
Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Pharmacogn Rev
Journal ID (publisher-id): PRev
Publisher: Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd, India
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Copyright: © Pharmacognosy Reviews
Received Day: 17 Month: 2 Year: 2011
Revision Received Day: 02 Month: 4 Year: 2011
Accepted Day: 23 Month: 8 Year: 2012
Print publication date: Season: Jul-Dec Year: 2012
Volume: 6 Issue: 12
First Page: 107 Last Page: 114
PubMed Id: 23055636
Publisher Id: PRev-6-107
|A review on therapeutic potential of Lygodium flexuosum Linn
|Esha Yadavaff1
|Munesh Maniaff1
|Phool Chandra1
|Neetu Sachan2
|A. K. Ghoshaff1
Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Foreign Trade and Management, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
1Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Foreign Trade and Management, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Foreign Trade and Management, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
|Correspondence: Address for correspondence: Miss. Esha Yadav, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Foreign Trade and Management (IFTM), Lodhipur Rajput, Delhi Road, Moradabad-244 102, Uttar Pradesh, India. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Disease, decay and death have always coexisted with life, the study of disease and their treatment must also have been contemporaneous with the dawn of human intellect. The primitive man must have used plants as therapeutically active agents for curing various diseases. There is no authentic record of medicines used by the primitive man but the Rig Veda which is the oldest book in the library supplies curious information on this subject.[1] Nature has provided a complete remedy to cure all ailments of mankind. The history of herbal medicines is as old as human civilization.[2] Herbal medicines have often retained popularity for historical and cultural ingredients and are used primarily for treating mild and chronic ailments. They are considered to be medicinal if they possess pharmacological activities of possible therapeutic use. India has an ancient heritage of traditional medicines; Materia Medica of India provides lots of information on the folklore practices and traditional aspects of therapeutically important natural products. An Indian traditional medicine is based on various system including Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani. Natural products and especially those derived from higher plants have historically played a pivotal role in the discovery of new pharmaceuticals.[3] Modern allopathic system has developed many sophisticated and costly diagnostic methodologies which at the times have made it quite exorbitant and beyond the reach of common man. Many modern synthetic drugs may harm more than they help in curing diseases by its serious effects. On contrary, traditional medicines which make use of plants are much more esteemed being more safe without harmful effects and comparatively less expensive than many allopathic medicines.[4] Undoubtedly, the plant kingdom still holds many species of plants containing substances of medicinal value which have yet to be discovered.[5]
Large terrestrial climbing ferns are common everywhere on low lands in fairly open places. The dwarfed branches are up to 3-mm long.[6] It is slightly pubsent, substerete, flattened on one side, narrowly winged or tetragonous.[7] Rhizomes are short, creeping, underground, dichotomously branched, young regions clothed by stiff brown hairs and producing a single row of climbing leaves.[6] Rhizomatous perennial fern, with climbing rachis has up to 2.5-mm thickness. Primary rachis branches are not elongated. Secondary rachis branches are bearing alternate pinnately arranged leaflets, usually 3 or 4 (occasionally 5 or 6) on each side and a simple or forked terminal leaflet, the whole being 15-30 cm long. Basal leaflets often with large basal lobes, sometimes with two or three separate leaflets at the base. Largest leaflets 4-12 × 1-2.5 cm on hairy winged stalks 3-8-mm long, broadly rounded to cordate at the base and more or less distinctly jointed to the end of the stalk, narrowed gradually to the apex, edges of sterile leaflets finely toothed, texture thin but firm.[8–11] Rachis and petiole 0.1 inch or rarely more thick and several feet long, the rachis bearing short primary branches ending in a tuft of hairs, each primary branch bearing a pair of secondary branches which in their turn bear 3-4 alternately arranged pinnules and a simple or forked terminal pinnule. Pinnules 1-4-inch long and 0.25-1.0-inch broad, distinctly stalked, with the stalk articulated to the lamina, the base of the lamina rounded and gradually tapering to apex and with dichotomising free veins. The basal pinnules are with large basal lobes or even palmate. Fertile pinnules narrower than sterile ones and fringed by short narrow lobes about 0.32-inch long. Each lobe bears two lateral rows of sporangia attached individually to a short vein and covered by a marginal scale like indusium.[6] It is parallelogram and exine bearing compact leasurae (plate).[12] Lygodium fexuosum is extremely variable in the size and lobing of the sterile and sporogenous pinnules as well as the length of the sporogenous lobes. Occasionally the lower parts of the secondary pinnae are bipinnate.[13] Each lobe of the sporophore is interpreted as a reduced pinnule and contains a single sporangium enclosed by a flange [Figures 1 and 2].[14]
The leaves of climbing fern Lygodium are born on dorsal surface of a subterranean rhizome and twining growth to form the aerial portion of the shoot. These leaves have a number of structural and functional analogies to the entire shoot of some twini. The determinate primary leaves and the inderterminate climbing leaves initiate from a single cell on the flank of the apical meristem and are strictly foliar in the nature, structurally homologues with each other and with leaves of the fern. Shoot of Lygodium is an example of the phenomenon of leaf elaboration common to many ferns. The complex nature of the leaves and simple morphology of the stem indicate specialization of function within the shoot rather than retention of primitive, poorly differentiated organographies.[15]
It was fixed in formalin-acetic-alcohol and acetic-alcohol washed with water and preserved in 70% alcohol for study. Customary method of dehydration and embedding were followed. The initiation and further development of the root primordium has been studied in L. flexuosum. A cell in the growing region of the rhizome apex enlarges showing pyramidal appearance and produces cells laterally on all its faces. It appears that the surrounding cells in the expanding regions of the rhizome apex arrange themselves around the pyramidal cell and its derivatives and divide to form the developing root, primordium is almost next to the rhizome apex. A central pyramidal cell with four well-defined faces and number of surrounding cells usually in two tiers are seen. The procambial tissue differentiates between this group and the differentiating vascular tissue of the rhizome. A mature root apex is some what obtuse and is protected by a conical cap. Endodermis is double layered. A conspicuous tetrahedral cell is observed at the central region of the apex. In lygodium, the apical cells divide during early development of the root but no divisions were seen subsequently.[16] In Lygodium spores, a proximal cell formed by an initial division of the spore cut off a protonemal cell, a rhizoid and a wedge shaped cell by walls parallel to the polar axis.[17]
The effect of Gibberellic acid (GA) on the ultrastructure of chloroplast and the content of chlorophyll was seen in the cells of dwarf maize. Spores of Lygodium flexuosum were sown in two separate petridishes, each having approximately 500 spores in 1% knop's solution. After 5-6 days when germination takes place 2 mg/ml of GA solution was added to one of the petridishes and allowed to grow for 6 days then the cells of GA treated gametophyte were undertaken and it has been observed that the gametophyte, endoplasmic reticulum increases and the cytoplasm gets densely filled up with it. Ribosomes, golgi bodies, mitochondria and chloroplast also increases in size.[18]
Asia temperate: China, Guangdon, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Yunnan.
Asia tropical: Indian subcontinent (India, Srilanka), Indo-China (Indonesia, Thailand), Malaysia (Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Phillippines).
Australia: Northern territory, Queensland, Western Australia [Figure 3].[9]
In India it is found in Dehradun, Kumaon, Shahjanpur, Gorakhpur, throughout the plains in Bengal up to 5000 feet, both the sides of Madras state up to 4000 feet and Kerela.[20] It is also found at low altitudes (below 1000 m) especially common in bhabar forest. In the forest around Dehradun Dryopteris cochleata with dimorphicfronds is concipious near Rishikesh and Dehradun. L. flexuosum is growing very well in the forest of Gumaniwala and Clemantown on the forest floor and Neelkhanth road near Barrage Rishikesh. In Madhya Pradesh it is found in Annupur, Bastar, Betul, Bilaspur, Chhindwara, Damoh, Gwalior, Hoshangabad, Indore, Khandwa, Mandla, Raigarh, Raipur, Sidhi, Shivpuri and Panna.[21, 22, 23]
L. flexuosum is the sole genus in the family Lygodiaceae, though it is included in the family Schizaceae by some botanist.[23] It occurs on mangrove and had tree-dominated habitat subdivision is petridophyte and had life form of cryptophytes category.[24, 25] It is commonly epiphytically grows on moss-covered tree trunks, branches a lithophytes on shady boulders along with moss and in Thailand its habitat is in abundance.[26]
From the past decades this plant is used as an expectorant. Fresh roots are boiled with mustard oil and used in external applications for rheumatism, sprains, scabies, eczema and cut wounds, they are reported to be particularly useful for carbuncles. Stems may be used for tying rice sheaves.[20, 27] L. flexuosum is an important medicinal plant as some of the scholars of Indian System of Medicine reported that the plant may be 'Rudra Jata', an intermediate drug in classical text of Ayurveda and its medicinal properties have been reported from all the parts of the plant. The rhizome and root is ethnomedicinally useful in the treatment of jaundice. The leaf paste is applied all over the body for 7 days to cure jaundice by Kadar tribes of South Western Ghats of India. The root is used in jaundice and stomach pain by Rabha, Oraon and Mech tribes in Jalpaiguri district of West Bengal, India. L. flexuosum extract had antiproliferative and apoptotic activity in both cancer cells. L. flexuosum n-hexane extracts which is responsible for the possible hepatoprotective action.[28–30] This fern reported to exhibit antiferility activity.[31, 32] In China it is used as an expectorant. Bidi made of root is smoked. Fresh root is boiled with mustard oil are used for massage, powder of whole plant is taken.[33, 34] Extract of the rhizome of L. flexuosum in India is used to cure gonorrhea. The ash of plant is used for treating herpes this plant is used to feed domestic animals to treat foot and mouth diseases. During the time of scarcity, Chitwan people use their knowledge of wild plants to obtain vegetable for sustenance they collect tender plant and its parts from the common land. This fern is used as fodder and forage resources of common land in Western Chitwan.[35, 36] Regarding the conservation aspects Lodhas of West Bengal believe bhut raj (L. flexuosum) to be adobe of gods.[37] There are 60 to 79 plant species growing in the plantation and out of these 70% are palatable and can be used as forages for the rearing of cattle. Palatable species are those that can be termed as grazable by the cattle and L. flexuosum is the fern which is palatable.[38–40] it is used in the manufacturing of basket, hats, bags and other fancy articles.[41] It is also used to reduce inflammation and acts as panacea for wounds, treat ulcer, various respiratory diseases, general disorders, muscles sprains and it also had the potential to act as the pain killer. It also causes U- to-C-RNA editing and sometimes exceeds the conventional RNA editing.[42–44]
Antheridiogens were found in two species of Lygodiaceae family that is L. flexuosum and Lygodium circinnatum fern these were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In L. flexuosum, GA73-Me was also identified as a major antheridiogen with X2 being detected as a minor one. The total antheridium formation activity in the culture medium of 7-week old prothallia of L. flexuosum was more than 1000 times higher than that of Lygodium japonicum. On the other hand the response of gametophytes of the former two Lygodium ferns to GA73-Me was more than 100 times lower than that of L. japonicum.[45]
It is a principal antheridiogens in Lygodium ferns was investegated from the methanol extract of prothallia of Lygodium ferns GA25, GA73, GA73-Me, GA88-Me and a few unknown GA73 derivatives were detected by GC-MS. Because the presence of GA25 suggests that GA24, a direct precursor of GA25 may also be present in Lygodium ferns and the feeding experiments were used to investigate the possibility that GA24 is a precursor of GA73-Me. In L. flexuosum ferns [2H2] GA24 was converted into [2H2] GA73-Me and a trace amount of [2H2] GA9-Me, whereas [2H3] GA9 was converted into [2H3] GA9-Me and [2H3] monohydroxy derivatives and had been identified by GC-MS from the culture medium of Lygodium ferns and the results suggest that GA73-Me is biosynthesized from GA24 via GA73 their neither GA9 or GA9-Me, though the possibilities also suggest that GA73-Me is biosynthesized from 9,15- cyclo-GA9(GA103), [2H2]GA103 was not converted into [2H2] GA73-Me.[46, 47]
L. flexuosum is a rich source alkaloidal constituent it also constitute of flavanoids, saponins and cumarins. A new triterpene ester, an anthraquinone has been found in this plant. Lygodinolide was isolated from the methanolic extract of L. flexuosum. It has been found to contain a new compound characterized as O-P-coumaryl dryocrassol, besides drycrassol itself, tectoquinone, kaempferol, kaempferol-3-β-D-glucoside, β-sitosterol and stigmasterol [Figure 4]. In Lygodiaceae ferns, antheridiogens were reported to be GA-related compounds. Antheridic acid is a major antheridiogen in four Anemia ferns. The new heterocyclic spiro-terpenoid niveulone which is found to be similar to the compound lygodinolide and niveulone was isolated from the cultural fluid of the ascomycete Dasyscyphus niveus and its chemical structure and relative configuration were determined by spectroscopic techniques.[48–51]
Rat buated with extract of Lygodium flexuosum after establishment of carbon tetrachloride induces liver injury showed significantly protection of the liver as evidence by AST, ALT, LDH and MDA Levels. Phytochemical study yielded saponins, triterpenes, sterol and bitter principles which could explain the possible hepatoprotective actions. Hepatic glutathione levels were significantly increased by the treatment with the extract in both the experimental groups. Histopathological changes induced by CCl4 were also significantly reduced by the extract treatment in preventive and curative groups. Treatment with the n-hexane extract reduced the mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokinens, growth factor and other signaling molecules which are involved in hepatic fibrosis. The expression levels of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin, transforming growth factor, procollagen-I, procollagen-III and the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-I were elevated during CCl4 administration and reduced the levels to normal by the treatment with extract treatment. D-galactosamine-induced liver injury showed complete protection of liver as evidenced from normal AST, ALT and LDH levels, hepatic GSH and MDA levels and also by normal histological index of liver in treated rats.[24] Rats pretreated with L. flexuosum prevent the elevation of serum AST, ALT, LDH and liver lipid peroxides in ccl4 treated rats which show it is responsible for hepatoprotective action.[28, 30]
L. flexuosum extract has antiproliferative and apopotic activity in cancer cells and has inhibitory role in TNF-α induces NF-α B activation in PLC/PRF/5 cells confirming it potential as a chemopreventive agents. L. flexuosum extract inhibited the cell viability and induced apoptosis in hepatoma cells in a concentration-dependent manner as evidenced by apoptotic changes such as flipping of phosphatidly serine, cleavage of PARP. Cell cycle analysis showed the sub-G1 apoptotic population in cells treated with higher concentration of the extract. When activated with exogenous TNF-α in transfected hepatoma cells it was observed that NF-κB-dependent gene expression was inhibited by treatment with L. flexuosum extract in PCL/PRF/5 cells dose-dependently.[29]
The alcoholic extract of the L. flexuosum (Linn.) Sw. used by a tribal population in Maharashtra showed antifertility activity in rats, mice and rabbits.[31, 32]
The study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial potential of different parts of L. flexuosum. Antibacterial activity evaluated by disc diffusion method toward MTCC strains. It was observed that the rhizome of the plant possessed maximum antibacterial activity compared to petiole and leaf. Rhizome extract were found to be more effective against Gram-positive bacteria like M. luteus and S. aureus compared to Gram negative. Rhizome extract possessed antibacterial principles soluble in methanol and acetone that could regulate growth and multiplication of tested bacteria species.[52, 53]
Antiogenic effect of L. flexuosum was evaluated in wistar rats intoxicated with N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) in preventive and curative models. In preventive groups, NDEA was administered for 20 weeks. Rats intoxicated with NDEA had elevated the levels of serum gamma-GT, AST, ALT, LDH and hepatic MDA and decreased the level hepatic GSH. L. flexuosum extract treatment significantly reduced the levels of Ang-1 and Ang-2 and Tie-2 mRNA in rat liver is evidenced by RT-PCR. L. flexuosum extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg effectively reversed the hepatotoxicity induced by N-nitrosodiethlyamine in both preventive and curative model.[54]
Lygodium genus is considered as weeds: L. circinnatum, L. flexuosum, L. japonicum, L. microphyllum and L. polymorphum. So the federal regulation had amended the noxious weed regulation by adding L. flexuosum to the list of terrestrial noxious weeds this is necessary to prevent the artificial spreading of this weed into the United States. Fertile Lygodium leaves contain reproductive structures filled with spores that can become wind borne and spread the fern into uninfested areas. Florida currently has a lygodium management plan, which was released in 2006, and an active control program in place. The states of Alabama, North Carolina, South Carolina and Vermont, incorporate the federal noxious weed list by reference into their State noxious weed lists and included L. flexuosum as state noxious weeds. L. flexuosum is a vine-like fern that spreads by rhizomes and by climbing over other lowland vegetation. L. flexuosum are noxious weeds that posed a serious threat to U.S. agriculture and the environment. Accordingly, APHIS issued a Federal Import Quarantine Order on May 30 (2008), that immediately restricted the importation from all countries of any part of L. flexuosum capable of propagation, including nursery stock, spores and leaves (fronds), unless authorized by a PPQ permit for specified research in containment. This interim rule is intended to codify provisions of the existing federal order that prevent the introduction into or spread of L. flexuosum within the United States. L. flexuosum is a weed of rice, plantation crops and natural lowland vegetation in eastern Asia and it is not known to occur in the United States. This robust species spreads by rhizomes and by climbing over other vegetation. Like, it has the potential to cause serious environmental and economic damage in the southernmost areas of the United States.[56] Plant protection and quarantine is issuing a federal import quarantine orders restricting the importation of L. flexuosum. The restriction applies to any parts capable of propagation, including spores and leaves (fronds) of these climbing ferns. The purpose and goal of their federal regulation is to prevent the entry from all foreign countries into the united states of two harmful noxious weeds L. fexuosum and L. microphllum. This federal order is issued pursuant to section 412(a) of the plant protection act of June 20 (2000), as amended 7 U.S.C 7712(a), which authorizes the secretary of agriculture to prohibit or restrict the importation or entry of any plant, plant part, noxious weed or articles if the secretary determines that the prohibition or restriction is necessary to prevent the entry of a plant pest or noxious weed into united states.[57–61] In the United States L. flexuosum comes under the category of 15 highest ranking species showing the greatest invasive potential.[62]
The search of natural enemies of an invasive weed that threatens Florida's wetlands has led to a stem boring moth that attacks ferns the moth, Siamusotima aranea and was found in Thailand in stems of a native fern L. flexuosum by USDA-ARS scientist. It was discovered in the stems of L. lexuosum during the exploration for biological control agents. In South Africa lygodium ferns were known as an ancient group of ferns. The paucity of natural enemies associated with lygodium. Larva and pupa on the stem-boring pyralid have been collected from L. flexuosum in Thailand. Adults of the Thai moth have white eggs with dark lines resembling the legs of a spider, which it may mimic. Taxonomic studies of the moth, tentatively called Ambia new species. Neostrombaceous albicomus is the herbivores collected on Lygodium species in Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore and Vietnam.[63–65]
In the present review we have made an attempt to congregate the botanical, pharmacological, ethno- pharmacological, pharmacological and toxicological information on L. flexuosum, a medicinal herb used in the Indian system of medicine. Survey of literature revealed the presence of lygodinolide, alkaloids, cumarins, flavonoids and saponins in this plant. Research on lygodinolde has gained a special attention in recent times as several of them have shown promising activities like antifertility, wound healing, eczema and hepatoprotective, but most of the compounds are too toxic to be clinically used when taken in large amount. This plant is also used in bidi and the bidi made of root is smoked. Fresh roots are boiled with mustard oils and used for massage. In lygodiaceae ferns, antheridiogens were reported to be GA-related compounds. Antheridic acid is a major antheridiogen in four Anemia ferns. It is used to cure ulcer, eczema, cut and wound. It is also used in treating ailments like dysmennorrhea, jaundice, sprains and rheumatism. Now days, this had proven to be one of the most useful drug in the treatment of wounds. It consist of chemical constitutes like tectoquinone, kaempferol, kaempferol-3-β-D-glucoside, β-sitosterol and stigmasterol. It has been found to contain a new compound characterized as O-P-coumaryl dryocrassol, besides drycrassol itself. L. flexuosum is an important medicinal plant as some of the scholars of Indian System of Medicine reported that the plant may be 'Rudra Jata', an intermediate drug in classical text of Ayurveda and its medicinal properties have been reported from all the parts of the plant. L. flexuosum extract had antiproliferative and apoptotic activity in both cancer cells. L. flexuosum n-hexane extracts which is responsible for the possible hepatoprotective action. This review will definitely help for the researchers as well as practitioners, dealing with this plant.
Source of Support: Nil
Conflict of Interest: None declared.
Authors are thankful to the Prof R. M. Dubey, Vice Chancellor, IFTM University, Moradabad (UP), for providing necessary facilities and their constant encouragement during entire study.
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|Latif J,Mamat MN. A financial study of cattle integration in palm oil plantationOil Palm Inds Econ JYear: 200223444
|Bayani NS. Non-Wood Forest Products in Asia-Philippines. FAO corporate document repository, Forestry Department, PhilippinesLast accessed on 2011 Available from: http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5334e/x5334e09.htm.
|Shrivastava K. Importance of ferns in human medicinesEthnobotanical LeafletsYear: 2007112314
|Baltrushes N. Medical ethanobotany phytochemistry and bioactivity of the ferns of Moorea French PolynesiaSenior Honor's ThesisYear: 2005California, BerkelyDepartment of Integrative Biology
|Volkmar U. Exploring non-coding mitochondrial DNA sequence in bryophytes molecular evolutionDissertation, submitted to Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität BonnYear: 2010
|Yamauchi T,Oyama N,Yamane H,Murofushi N,Schraudolf H,Pour M,et al. Identification of antheridiogens in lygodium flexuosum and circinnatumPlant PhysiolYear: 1996111741512226326
|Yamauchi T,Oyama N,Yamane H,Murofushi N,Schraudolf H,Pour M,et al. Biosynthesis of GA73 methyl ester in lygodium fernsPlant PhysiolYear: 1997113773812223642
|Yamane H. Fern AntheridiogensInt Rev CytolYear: 199818416
|Achari B,Basu K,Saha CR,Prakashi SC. A New Triterpene Ester, an Anthraquinone and Other Constituents of the Fern Lygodium flexuosumJ Planta MedYear: 19865232930
|Basudev A. Structure of Lygodinolide: A novel spiro furan prehydro phenanthrene derivatives from Lygodium flexuosumJ Org ChemYear: 19905549778
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|Bir SS,Verma SC. Chromosome's atlas of the Indian petridophytesYear: 1951200984
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|Chris P. Weed risk assessment – An attempt to predict future invasive weeds of U.S.A
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|Solis MA,Yen S-H,Goolsby JH,Wright T,Pemberton R,Winotai A,et al. Siamusotima aranea, a new stem-boring musotimine (Lepidoptera : Crambidae) from Thailand feeding on Lygodium flexuosum (Schizaeaceae)Ann Entomol Soc AmYear: 20059888795
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Article Categories:
Keywords: Alkaloids, Lygodium flexuosum, lygodinolide, lygodiaceae.
Previous Document: A review: Ethnobotanical survey of genus Leucas.
Next Document: Mimosa pudica L. (Laajvanti): An overview.


text:
START-UP NY News
Quadrant Biosciences awarded $2M NIH grant to support "game changing" test
SUNY Upstate researcher Frank Middleton says a biomarker found in saliva may lead to earlier diagnosis of autism.
Buffalo start-up born at UB finds a global market
PLS 3rd Learning is working with the European Council of International Schools to teach educators to implement e-learning initiatives
Boosting a community
Through the START-UP NY program, Precision Optical Transceivers is making a difference in the town of Brockport.
SUNY expertise brings new business to New York
One of the first companies to come to New York under START-UP NY, MitoGenetics is exploring new ways to treat diabetes and other disorders.
Building a biotech ecosystem in Buffalo
The combination of UB's Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences and START-UP NY supports clustering of companies and research efforts.
Bak USA's link with UB is vital and growing stronger
The fast-growing company provides internships for students, hires graduates and leverages faculty expertise for research and development.
New device could cut drug development costs by more than $300M
Cytocybernetics demonstrates how TAF, START-UP NY and other technology/economic development programs help small businesses grow.
SUNY Downstate Biotech Incubator tenant develops 'Grow Your Own Bone' technique
Pioneering technology aims to simplify procedures, reduce pain and shorten recovery times for the 900,000+ patients who undergo bone-related surgeries each year
With help from START-UP NY and HVCC, SpaceoutVR builds a virtual reality footprint in Troy
HEADBANGERZ videogame creator dreams of being the next Very, Very Big Thing.
Drone manufacturer lands at Mohawk Valley Community College
MVCC's Airframe & Powerplant Technology Program and proximity to Griffiss Airport make the campus a perfect fit for ProDrones USA.
Flooring start-up gets a boost from SUNY Oswego
START-UP NY participant Designer Hardwood Flooring is looking for talented, visionary people and SUNY Oswego is ready to deliver.
Binghamton alums pioneer tech start-up in materials testing
With customers in the US, Europe and India, Advanced Materials Analytics LLC is spreading the word about what BU can do for technology.
Governor announces 15 additional companies join START-UP NY
143 businesses now participating in START-UP NY and committing to create more than 4,000 new jobs across New York State.
START-UP NY helps power up waste-to-energy venture
SWSP's partnership with SUNY Ulster brings the company a chance to recruit well-trained graduates from several of the college's programs.
Programs help propel three start-ups from lab to market
New companies are advancing innovation in health care and energy efficiency.
Governor announces 12 additional companies join START-UP NY
128 businesses now participating in START-UP NY and committing to create more than 3,600 new jobs across New York State.
START-UP NY business gives new meaning to urban agriculture
Biotech firm that's trying to redefine how the world makes animal products gains valuable assistance from SUNY Downstate.
Technology company set to capitalize on student talent
A new partnership between SUNY Plattsburgh and Eye-In Média brings benefits to both parties.
New in town: Windsor Wood USA
A partnership between ESF and a newly relocated wood products company brings numerous benefits to both parties, as well as the local community.
START-UP NY business shares UB's commitment to students and community
Bak USA is partnering with UB to reinvigorate Buffalo via internships, professional training and well paid jobs building Wi-Fi tablets.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Unit in One Roxas Triangle for Sale
With 3 Parking Slots
Fully Furnished
Orientation - Facing Pool & Zuellig Building
With 3 Bedroom + 1 Maids Room
With 3 Bathroom + 1 Bathroom in Maids Room
Area - 309 Sqm
Selling Price: PHP 70M
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|309 Sqm 36.7% smaller vs average in Makati City
|One Roxas Triangle
|One Roxas Triangle
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|With Balcony
|Date Listed
|Oct 4, 2019
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Situated on 1.18 hectares of land along Paseo de Roxas, Roxas Triangle Towers has the largest land area of any two-tower development in the city. The first tower, One Roxas Triangle, is a 51-story skyscraper launched in 1996 and completed in 2001. Owned by Roxas Land Corporation, this stunning residential enclave offers spacious units enhanced with the following fixtures: Poggenpohl cabinets, GE Profile appliances, a granite center island table, floors made with solid Brazilian cherry planks, and a sound-proof double-glazed glass curtain wall. To ensure that residents and their guests experience top-notch service and enjoyment, One Roxas Triangle offers state-of-the-art amenities, which include a large lagoon-type swimming pool, an adjacent whirlpool, an outdoor covered tennis court, an air-conditioned squash court, a fully equipped fitness center, a grand lobby, and 24-hour concierge. Strategically located in the heart of the business and financial district, One Roxas Triangle is an arm's length from offices, commercial establishments, retail shops, five-star hotels, and major thoroughfares.
- 24-hour Security
- Gym
- Swimming Pool
- Pets Allowed
- Game Room
- Retail Area
- Day Care
- Function Rooms
- Playground
- Beverly Hills Medical Group - 0.11 km
- MEDICard Lifestyle Center - 0.19 km
- MTech - 0.26 km
- Pacific Eye Laser Center - 0.26 km
- Caraderme - 0.50 km
- Chowking - 0.23 km
- The Coco Hut - 0.24 km
- Tapa King - 0.24 km
- Kaya - 0.25 km
- Okura - 0.25 km
- Assad Mini Mart - 0.50 km
- Playworks School - 0.60 km


text:
U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon has made a visit to the Gaza Strip and repeated his condemnation of the blockade imposed by Israel and Egypt. Meanwhile, international efforts to get Israelis and Palestinians back to negotiations are stepping up.It seems to have escaped his notice that the blockade is being imposed by rather powerful extremists.
U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon came the region to press Israelis and Palestinians to return to negotiations. On Sunday, while visiting the Gaza Strip, he condemned Israel for the blockade it and Egypt have on the enclave.
"I have repeatedly made it quite clear to Israel's leaders that the Israeli policy of closure is not sustainable and that it is wrong," Mr. Bn said. "It poses unacceptable suffering of human beings. This policy is also counterproductive. It undercuts moderates and empowers extremists."
March 21, 2010
Ban Ki-Moon delivers rare rebuke to Israel and its partner in crime
I'm surprised to see the UN General Secretary criticising Israel and Egypt over the Gaza blockade but it's there in black and white on the Voice of America site:
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text: This website is provided by Flora Pettit PC for informational purposes only and should not be construed as legal advice on any matter. Your use of this website does not create an attorney-client relationship between you and Flora Pettit, and until we have performed a conflicts check and you and Flora Pettit agree to form an attorney-client relationship, we will assume that any information you send us is not confidential, and our review of such information does not preclude us from representing a party that is directly adverse to you, even in a matter where that information could and will be used against you. Photos or other media may portray people who are not lawyers, employees, or clients of Flora Pettit.


text:
user comments 43 comment(s)
|well… (9:29am est tue mar 15 2005)
…always look at who commissions the survey. macrovision has an obvious interest in peddling their services, and try doing this not least by scaring the industry.
i can see the questions…"would you have bought the software if someone pointed a gun at you?" -"er…of course!"
– by blofeld
|eh. (9:35am est tue mar 15 2005)
it's the same with music. if they want to curb piracy they need to make it "easier" to buy than to steal.if cd's were even $10 (i think top sellers should be $5 since they play the crap on the radio for free all day and all night) piracy would be probably quartered. especially imports. i'm sorry i don't care how many organizations prosecute for piracy i'm not paying $40 for a regular album just because it was printed in germany and has songs on it that i want to listen to. – by price/benefit curve
|crap… (9:37am est tue mar 15 2005)
i don't believe this for a second. a survey of 6000 people does not represent the millions of gamers in na. also… the main bias of this survey is that macrovision is trying to peddle their copy protection services to ms and sony. why would either of these companies believe them? i'm annoyed that this crap makes its way into websites like geek.com without anyone in a position of authority to give it a little rip first. – by johny-d
|good point, (9:39am est tue mar 15 2005)
…price/benefit curve!
they play the same songs to death on the radio, and then they're surprised we don't wanna buy 'em.
make every song on itunes 10cents, and illegal downloads are dead in the water. what they lose in revenue they more than make up for with huge amounts of sales.
$15 for a cd i can't even rip? who you kiddin'? – by blofeld
|re: blofeld (9:57am est tue mar 15 2005)
actually my main concern with itunes is thier proprietary format. i could live with 50 or 75 cents in a generic format so i can play the stuff in an mp3 cd or dvd player. and not on an overpriced ipod that i dont want to leave in my car overnight. – by price/benefit curve
|f'em (10:01am est tue mar 15 2005)
these billion dollar industries will never be happy. like the music industry the movie industry, they only want the most they can get for everything and then don't understand when there are people (thank god) that find ways around filling there pockets with lamborgini cash. – by yo-yo
|re: p/bc (10:19am est tue mar 15 2005)
i'm not sure of the context when you said, "…since they play the crap on the radio for free all day…" but if you meant that the 'radio' plays songs for free all day… then that is incorrect since they pay royalties on all the songs that require it.
…however, you may have meant you listening to the 'free' radio all day. – by johny-d
|re: y0-yo (10:21am est tue mar 15 2005)
i totally agree with you. these corporations just want to make as much money as they can, period. consumers have found other ways to get what they want and not over pay for the product. this is not a fad. – by concerned consumer
|…… (10:25am est tue mar 15 2005)
how about you stop charging $49.99 for a dvd with some data on it and i might consider buying games. until then i will continue pirating all my software and games. bring it down to a resonable level in which the company would still make quite a profit but yet get paid for there programming and work that went into the game. $29.99 sounds quite a bit more fair to me. – by asdf
|interesting….. (10:27am est tue mar 15 2005)
when i tell "friends" they can't copy my games they suddenly hate me with a passion and want nothing to do with me. what shallow little sociopaths. i feel sad for people that are so emotionally unattached to people in their lives. i released a shareware game once on the internet about 8 years ago and asked for $5 a pop. thousands of downloads and dozens of encouraging emails later about how much fun it was and not a single person paid me. not even one! so yes i take it personally when i see these little maggots pirating.
– by james beatty
|no more ads (10:28am est tue mar 15 2005)
want to block geek.com's popup word ads? if using firefox install the adblock extension, restart firefox, click tools, adblock, preferences, and enter this line in the new filter textbox:
then click the add button to the right and presto! – by no more ads *sigh*
|no more ads (10:32am est tue mar 15 2005)
correction, add the filter:
– by no
|ahh… (10:45am est tue mar 15 2005)
"21% used pirated software (64% of whom have mod chips)"
how could you be able to play a pirated game without a mod chip? – by doug
|re: johny (10:50am est tue mar 15 2005)
yeah i know royalties are being paid…kind of. we all know how commercial radio works: execs/psychologists/numbercrunchers
analyze songs for pattern and do a test market, if its liked and deemed profitable, i wouldnt be supprized if record companies were paying radio stations to play thier music. not that this particular approach is wrong, its done with everything from dish soap to polish sausage (see "shelving" fees that grocery stores use). it just sucks for the consumer who only thinks they like asong because its drilled into thier grape all day long, and then feels the need to part with more of thier own money to have thier very own disc full of really poor music that is just targeted well. keep in mind that i'm not defending these people that spend serious amounts of money on cds. i have no pity for the masses. stupidity is its own reward. so i got off on a tangent, and highly off the subject of video games, which are a different story since you have developers attempting to offset thier investments. music is cheaper to produce okay i'll shutup now. – by price/benefit curve
|pirates (11:53am est tue mar 15 2005)
once a pirate always a pirate as for music the reason people pirate music is because todays music isn't worth buying over priced crap i mean who wants to buy rubens carters songs or britney's spears songs without her naked videos no one thats who stop blame p2p and start improving the music most people are listen to classic rock take the hint – by bluebeard
|pirates (11:57am est tue mar 15 2005)
correction words blame should be blaming and listen should be listening – by bluebeard
|todays music (12:23pm est tue mar 15 2005)
the key word on these posts and else ware is crap when describing todays music i have to agreed todays music is pretty crappy i wouldn't pay for it hell i wouldn't even pirated it don't blame peer too peer face it the musics over – by dazed not confused
|lol (12:42pm est tue mar 15 2005)
what a stupid comment.
"i would have bought the software if i hadn't been able to find it for free" lol well ofcourse the fact that its free doesn't change the fact that you want it.
royalties??? first off most artists don't see 1 cent of royalties until their album goes at least gold. they make more money on shows and merchandising (if their smart enough to ask for a cut). the only people who make money of albums is the record company. or in the case of exceptions like metallica who pay for the album, so they get most of the profit (why do you think they went after napster?)
"21% used pirated software (64% of whom have mod chips)"
video games are a completly different story though. although i beleive most could cut their budgets a little, it still takes alot of people (with salaries) to make a game. (unlike the few very well paid people it takes to make an album). there is more thought and planning in one game then 5 pop albums put together. music now is a science verse-chorus-verse-bridge-chorus add a little of the ol fletcher-munson curve and alot of compression, and bam pop album. the singer and band aren't even important anymore. its the same in most genres today as well. – by gilligan
|overhaul needed (12:44pm est tue mar 15 2005)
every industry wants to squeeze everything they can out of us. yeah, the gaming industry is out of control. they need to drop their prices a lot, but that doesn't make it right to steal their work. if you want them to drop their prices, a huge mass of consumers would have to stop buying and stop pirating. like that going to happen though. games will always cost a lot and people will always pirate. fact of life. – by black sheep
|sunk (1:04pm est tue mar 15 2005)
don't blame the pirates the music industry's boat sunk long ago – by capitan kidd
|industry change (2:19pm est tue mar 15 2005)
black sheep is right. the business model must change but we are a long way from that yet. in the mean time these sorts of arguments will continue. gilligan is also right – the music and video game industries are considerably different in terms of people producing the product. still, if i were an investor in either i'd be pushing for a change. – by jingjang
|silly kids (3:23pm est tue mar 15 2005)
games are for kids ages 8-13. if you are older and playing games, grow up and contribute to society.
i mean, do you see adults taking a school bus to the office? – by adult geek
|silly adult geek (3:56pm est tue mar 15 2005)
people have played games throughout the ages and they do so no matter what age they are and they still contribute to society.
who cares how old someone is. if people want to play games whether it requires a computer, tv, cards, or dice and a board, let them.
– by silly kid
|re:adult geek (4:05pm est tue mar 15 2005)
pogo.com is full of people playing games 8to80 games are a great way to wind down and relax – by try it you'l like it
|lower price on all tv games! (4:57pm est tue mar 15 2005)
aout 1 year ago i was going bananas when i saw a copy of (2d-graphic)sonic the hedgehog 2 or soemthing to nintendos game boy advanced,and believe me or not it costed 73 euros! thats like 76 dollars for a fuc*i*g 10 year old-graphics powered game. ok,ok the graphics isn't all but honeslty if you pay 76 dollars for a game for your gba you might need to get to a mental hospital. – by boycott video games
|adult geek (5:06pm est tue mar 15 2005)
"i mean, do you see adults taking a school bus to the office?"
yes, all the time. it's not yellow though. there are 2 kinds, the metro bus, and the subway… both=adult schoolbus.
if adult geek wasn't so pathetic, he/she/it would be amusing. – by vertdang
|vertdang (5:30pm est tue mar 15 2005)
he said school bus, not short bus.
tard. – by george w
|insulting… (6:36pm est tue mar 15 2005)
i find the whole anti-piracy rhetoric insulting. everyone is aware that game companies make their money on sales. if i like a game then i buy it. period. that particular game company makes money and creates more games that i like.
i also make damn sure i have a backup of all software that i purchase (regardless of what the law says of my right to do so – life dictates that you must have a backup, and i flat refuse to re-purchase a game), so by definition i am a pirate. so be it.
– by purchasing pirate
|boo hoooo.. (3:27am est wed mar 16 2005)
these artists.. write music i want to listen two.. spend many months of their lives recording it onto albumns..
market and promote it..
put their heart and souls into it..
then they want me to pay for it..
boo hoo.. sob … wail .. its not fair.. they should do it for free.. do they not love me…? – by apom
|sorry… (3:31am est wed mar 16 2005)
to.. not two..
i was too busy being sarcastic to check.
now i would love a ferrari
but i can't afford one..
is that cool?
|not a surprise (10:20am est wed mar 16 2005)
i can honestly say that this doesn't surprise me at all! i know alot of people who use pirated software, but they willingly pay for it, and some people who pay for pirated software… so it's kinda funny that in general, even though the companies are losing money, they aren't realizing the fact that pirating isn't a way for them to lose that much money, but since people can test the full game for free, then like i do, i go outa nd buy the game, many groups who rip software honestly want their leechers to buy the software if they liked it… so many people do ^__^ – by ozymandias
|omfg (10:33am est wed mar 16 2005)
i just made an uber post and it got erased because of geek.com's bloody programing problems.
apom, you are so missinformed its funny
– most "artists" don't write thier music or lyrics anymore.
– they don't promote it.
– heart and souls lol. i wish my other post hadn't been deleted.
– and yes most do make thier albums for free. i don't hve time to explain it again (stupid delete) but read a record contract if you get a chance (find one online) you'll be very surprised.
and no. they don't love you. – by gilligan
|the life of a pirate for me (11:49am est wed mar 16 2005)
aaaarrgh ye mateys. i buys me software with hard earned booty, but my ankle biters like to destroy the shiny discs that the programs are written on. i try and hide them in buried treasure chests, but alas they are just like their pappy.
so what do i do, i backs me software up (aka pirates) the software. this goes for xbox games as well as pc games which make me one of the most wanted pirates on the seven seas. anyways, i wouldn't be such a salty dog if these software companies would send me another copy after initial purchase if needed. say i pays 50 gold coins for the software, take it home, and the dog eats it. now if i'm a law abiding citizen, i go buy another copy for 50 gold coins making everyone except me happy. if i'm law abiding but consumer conscious, i pirate me a copy and use it on an everyday basis keeping the original locked up tight and bury it. if i'm a true pirate, i make the copies and distribute it on the net for others to have. – by capt hook
|george w (4:35pm est wed mar 16 2005)
wtf are you talking about?
go wreck the economy more… dipshit. – by vertdang
|vertadang (11:30pm est wed mar 16 2005)
go wreck the economy more… dipshit. – by vertdang
you are the dipshit! 99% of people who download illegal software weren't going to buy it anyway! therefore there was no lost revnue to lose to begin with.
think before you breathe! – by mr.swearengen
|purchasers… (6:02pm est thu mar 17 2005)
i will have to agree with mr. swearengen. regardless of what macrovision would have companies believe, most pirates would not purchase what they copy (i believe it to be mostly an economics issue). other pirates, though, do use piracy as a tool to evaluate software before purchasing. you can argue that companies allow demos to be downloaded and played but if given a choice to download a demo or download the entire game for testing purposes most would opt for the full game.
|mr.swearengen (5:33pm est fri mar 18 2005)
mr.swearengen, are you stoned? no seriously, pull the needle out…
"you are the dipshit! 99% of people who download illegal software weren't going to buy it anyway! therefore there was no lost revnue to lose to begin with."
not 1 time did i mention illegal software… not once. i was simply making a comment regarding public transportation…. and the fact that adult geek is a fucking tool (but that goes without saying).
|piracy! (6:07pm est fri mar 18 2005)
conclusion for all of the above discussion…
"long live piracy"
"piracy rules!"
"for as long those blood-suckers developers doesn't reduce the price"
ps you could always have my wtc-double crash airplane packs with stupid americans.
end. – by cyber^terrorist
|now i know why (6:11pm est sun mar 20 2005)
nintendo used mini discs for gamecube,beacause they're harder to copy and stuff.i think piracy should happen especialy at the movies.at the movies some candy costs $2.50 for the packs you get for $0.50 at the store.long live piracy and die sony! – by anonomus
|pirate (11:04am est mon jun 27 2005)
look you can analyze and talk bout it all day but no1 ever will stop piracy unless companies drop prices dramatically. but theres nothing like being a wanted criminal is there? makes you feel like a badboy – by hardman
|geeks (11:05am est mon jun 27 2005)
get a girlfriend losers
– by winner
|pants (9:34pm est sun aug 07 2005)
i wish i was a pirate – by the cow
|arg (10:43pm est sat feb 18 2006)
– by arg.


text:
Piper Saratoga airplane on Atlanta highway
The Piper Saratoga, a little airplane, sat traveling without hitting any vehicles after making an urgent situation landing on Interstate 85 near Shallowford path in Atlanta, several kilometers from Peachtree DeKalb Airport whenever town\'s evening rush-hour was beginning on Monday, Sept. 20, 2010.
Pilot Matt Conway, which effectively moved the plane straight down, explained the place mechanical dilemmas pushed him to secure.
No fire or injuries had been reported, in accordance with Tameka Minter – dispatch supervisor with all the Dekalb County Police division. The traffic was copied for 2 hours.
Piper Saratoga made a crisis landing on Interstate 85 northeast of downtown Atlanta, Georgia, on Monday, snarling traffic during afternoon rush-hour
Matt Conway, the pilot associated with Piper Saratoga airplane that made the crisis landing in Atlanta
Traffic snarled for kilometers as Piper Saratoga blocked at least four lanes as rush hour was beginning
Individuals saw the accident
Authorities stated that they tried to find out motor conditions that caused the accident.
Relevant backlinks:
US Plane Crash Kills 14, Including Young Ones
8 PlaneCrashes That Changed Aviation
Surviving a Plane Crash is a Miracle!
I am the lover of development on culture and culture. I am currently the lecturer in personal significant. In leisure time, I am partial to reading articles and joining social tasks.


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Individual tickets are $395 through April 15, and $450 after.
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The discovery of a dead pigeon inside a UK chimney had sparked a WWII mystery, according to io9. Although David Martin discovered the deceased pigeon in 1982, the mysteries the little creature was carrying are just now being unraveled.
When Martin first noticed the bird while renovating his chimney, he thought nothing of it. After all, a dead bird inside a chimney is really nothing remarkable. However, it wasn't until the man noticed a red capsule fastened to the pigeon that the mystery began to deepen. Tucked within the container was a secret message written in code, one that hasn't been seen for several decades.
The bird has since been identified as 40TW194, a carrier pigeon from World War II. According to the New York Times, the messenger was one of two birds carrying the same message. Unfortunately for these winged creatures, neither one reached their intended destination.
The encoded message is now in the capable hands of Britain's top-secret GCHQ listening post and decoding department. Efforts are currently being made to decipher the mysterious WWII-era message. Although little details about the note have been made available to the public as of this writing, many speculate that it was probably important.
"We suspect it was flying back to Monty's HQ or Bletchley Park from Nazi occupied Normandy during the invasion. I can only presume it became exhausted and attempted to rest on an open chimney — where it valiantly perished," Bletchley Park curator Colin Hill said in a recent press release.
Some have theorized that the pigeon might have been on a life-saving mission. It's eventual demise inside of Martin's Chimney could mean that some people may have died as a result of the bird's failure to reach its destination. Regardless, code breakers are currently working hard to decipher what sort of message the pigeon was bringing to Allied forces at the time of its death.
For now, the message carried by the brave pigeon that died in a chimney during WWII remains a mystery.


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I'm not talking about those candies they used to sell (do they still sell them?) at the movies. Also known as a Chinese date, jujubes may be a good, natural option to help ease your frazzled nerves and help you get to sleep a bit easier.
As I've mentioned before, I've battled with anxiety and sleeplessness since childhood, so I'm always on the look out for something natural and non-addictive to hasten the Sandman. I recently stopped taking Ambien due to the well-documented side-effect of temporary amnesia. I'd sometimes wake up in the morning surrounded by wrappers and food that I don't remember eating.
Since I've been visiting my local farmers market every week, opting for the freshest, healthiest, and non-pesticide laden fruits and veggies, some of the farmers have tried to push off some of their jujube bumper crop on me. One of them, let's call him The Hippie, told how the magic of the jujube put an entire car full of 8 year-old boys to sleep and tells me to taste them. They have the consistency of an apple, but it's drier and a bit squishier than an apple, but that's the best I can do to describe it. The first taste isn't unpleasant. The aftertaste requires a bit of getting used to. It's hard to describe, but the closest thing I can compare it to is…milk burps. You know when you've had milk and maybe burp it up after it's been in your stomach for a few? It's like that. I scrunch my face up when I taste his tiny wedges. As if reading my mind, The Hippie replies, "Well jujubes are more regarded for their medicinal qualities than for their taste."
He has a point. Some research suggests that jujubes contain compounds that have a sedative effect. It's also chock full of Vitamin C, B vitamins, amino acids, calcium, potassium and antioxidants. So I thought, what the heck, I'll give the milk-vomit fruit a try. So for $3 a bushel, he sent me on my way and told me not to forget to vote democrat next November. (I know you guys think I make this stuff up, but I swear it's true)
It works for me. Almost too good. I ate about three in the middle of a particularly stressful day, and fell asleep for two hours, which is no bueno on a school day and I need to be on my A-game or the kiddies start swinging from the chandeliers. So the next time, I took them a couple hours before bedtime and while I can't say when I went to sleep, I know it was a deep and restful one, absent of wrappers and empty food plates.
For more on jujubes, click here.


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There is a federal pending bill that, if it passes, will REQUIRE animal testing for cosmetic ingredients for the next ten years and will cost millions more animal lives in the process. http://leapingbunny.org/SafeCosmeticsAct.php *We cannot let this happen.* Sign and share: https://www.change.org/petitions/congress-stop-the-potential-for-the-u-s-to-require-animal-testing-that-would-occur-if-the-safe-cosmetics-and-personal-care-products-act-of-2013-scpcpa-is-passed and please also take a minute to write your representative: http://www.opencongress.org/bill/hr1385-113/show
From http://www.pcrm.org/lf/lf/safe_act/safeguard-american-food-exports-safe-act
Safeguard American Food Exports (SAFE) Act
The Safeguard American Food Exports (SAFE) Act (H.R.1094/S.541), a crucial bill to protect both consumers' health and American horses, was recently introduced in Congress. This legislation will prohibit the sale and transport of horse meat and horses intended for human consumption, thereby keeping toxic meat out of the nation's food supply.
Because horses in the United States are raised as companions and sport animals—not for human consumption—they are routinely given hundreds of drugs and chemicals that could cause harm to human health if their meat is ingested. Many of these substances have never been tested on humans, while some are known to be deadly if ingested by people. These pharmaceuticals—steroids, antibiotics, growth promoters, sedatives, artificial hormones, vaccines, painkillers, and others—are often labeled "not for use in animals used for food/that will be eaten by humans," and more than 50 drugs regularly administered to horses are expressly prohibited by federal regulations for use in food animals.
There is no system in place to track these medications and veterinary treatments to ensure that horse meat is safe for human consumption. Even small traces of these chemicals in adulterated horse meat could pose serious health risks, most of which are completely unknown.
Please click here to urge your members of Congress to keep toxic horse meat out of the food supply by co-sponsoring and supporting the SAFE Act.
From http://www.aavs.org/site/c.bkLTKfOSLhK6E/b.6366831/apps/s/content.asp?ct=13251395#.Uh0lzn9cVEM:
As you may know, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) oversees Animal Welfare Act regulations concerning captive wildlife. However, it does very little in monitoring public handling of wildlife, like baby tigers, lions, bears, and primates at malls, fairs, and roadside zoos across the country. After they are too old to be used to pet, feed, pose with, and play with, the babies are often discarded at shoddy roadside zoos, sold into the pet trade, or killed for their meat. Allowing such close contact with wild animals is not only unsafe for the public, it also puts the animals' health at risk, undermines conservation efforts, and drains valuable resources from nonprofit sanctuaries.
We need your help to urge USDA to stop public handling of wildlife!
Eight wildlife organizations, including Born Free USA and the Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries (GFAS), are asking USDA to prohibit public contact with captive wildlife. GFAS and several sanctuaries that are supported by AAVS's Tina Nelson Sanctuary Fund, often become responsible for the care of animals who are rescued for this exploitive business. This puts a drain on their valuable resources, making it more difficult to provide refuge to animals relinquished from labs.
Help Captive Wildlife!
You can help protect wildlife by urging the USDA to prohibit public contact with captive wild animals like baby tigers, lions, bears, and primates. A sample letter is below. Comments must be made directly to USDA via the Federal Register website. While it is always more valuable to personalize your message, you may copy and paste the sample letter below into the "Comments" section on that website. Don't forget to click "Submit!"
Deadline to comment is October 4, 2013!
Sample letter
Dear U.S. Department of Agriculture,
I am writing to ask USDA to issue Animal Welfare Act regulations, prohibiting public handling of big cats, bears, and primates, regardless of the animal's age.
Allowing USDA licensees to use tiger, lion, and bear cubs or primates, for playing, petting, and photo sessions with the public fuels the exotic pet trade, puts the animals' health at risk, endangers the public, and creates a burden for both law enforcement and nonprofit sanctuaries. Animals exploited this way are often discarded, ending up at unaccredited roadside zoos, the exotic pet trade, and even on dinner plates or in illegal wildlife trade.This practice is unsafe for the public, harmful to the animals, and undermines conservation efforts.
Please take swift action to prohibit public contact and close encounters with big cats, bears, and primates.
Thank you for your time and attention on this important issue.
From https://secure3.convio.net/neavs/site/Advocacy?cmd=display&page=UserAction&id=227
NIRC: Retire Privately Owned Chimpanzees Now
Despite the National Institutes of Health retiring all the federally owned chimpanzees at the New Iberia Research Center (NIRC) in New Iberia, Louisiana, the lab still houses a large number of privately owned chimpanzees who they have not yet scheduled for retirement. NIRC and other labs are fighting to hold on to the millions in funding they have received for decades to simply house and maintain chimpanzees – even though their actual use in research was rapidly dwindling or nonexistent.
Please write to University of Louisiana at Lafayette President Dr. Joseph Savoie and ask him to retire all privately owned NIRC chimpanzees (UL Lafayette operates NIRC).
**Send your letter from this link: From https://secure3.convio.net/neavs/site/Advocacy?cmd=display&page=UserAction&id=227
We urgently need your help.
Last night, leaders from the United States House of Representatives refused to allow debate on pro-animal amendments to the Farm Bill, while allowing the dangerous King Amendment to slide through.
If enacted, the King Amendment would nullify the few state laws that do provide protection to farmed animals, such as laws banning cruel crates and cages, prohibiting the force-feeding of ducks, and forbidding horse slaughter and shark finning. This amendment also threatens laws governing environmental protection, worker safety, and more.
All of our hard-fought victories could be lost.
The King Amendment and the rest of the Farm Bill will be voted on by the House later tonight and tomorrow. We need your help to speak out immediately against this dangerous legislation, which will have devastating consequences if enacted.
What You Can Do:
Please contact your US representatives as soon as possible and urge them to vote "NO" on the Farm Bill. Representatives receive a lot of emails, so personalizing your message will make it stand out.
Thank you for getting active to help our country's farmed animals!
In order to address your message to the appropriate recipient, we need to identify where you are.
Please look up and use your full nine-digit zip for the best results.
From HSUS:
Urge Congress to Crack Down on Puppy Mills
Legislation to crack down on puppy mills has been reintroduced in Congress. S. 395 / H.R. 847, the Puppy Uniform Protection and Safety (PUPS) Act, will close a loophole in the Animal Welfare Act regulations that currently allows puppy mills to sell dogs over the Internet without any oversight or standards of care.
This bipartisan bill will require the following changes to the AWA: 1.) All dog breeders who sell more than 50 puppies per year directly to the public will be federally licensed and inspected; 2.) Dogs at commercial breeding facilities must be given the opportunity to exercise for 60 minutes a day; and 3.) The bill will not affect small breeders and hobby breeders who sell fewer than 50 dogs per year directly to the public, but is crafted to cover only large commercial breeding facilities.
The PUPS Act is sponsored by Sens. Dick Durbin, D-Ill. and David Vitter, R-La., and Reps. Jim Gerlach, R-Pa., Sam Farr, D-Calif., Bill Young, R-Fla., and Lois Capps, D-Calif.
Complete the form [https://secure.humanesociety.org/site/Advocacy?cmd=display&page=UserAction&id=5934&autologin=true&s_src=web_hp_bb1052913] to automatically send a message to your legislators expressing your support for the PUPS Act. Look up your legislators' phone numbers here.
After making your phone call (please do not skip that crucial step!), fill in and submit the form [https://secure.humanesociety.org/site/Advocacy?cmd=display&page=UserAction&id=5934&autologin=true&s_src=web_hp_bb1052913] to automatically send a follow-up message to your legislators. Members of Congress receive a lot of email, so remember to personalize your email message below so that your message stands out.
The Rotten Egg Bill has reared its ugly head again. Senator Maria Cantwell has just signed on as a cosponsor of the EGG PRODUCTS INSPECTION ACT AMENDMENTS OF 2013 (S.820), which would condemn egg-laying hens to confinement in battery cages forever, and would prohibit any future challenge by state law or public vote. This bill does nothing but benefit the animal abusers. It will do nothing to help the birds; in fact, it will do just the opposite. Please urge Senator Cantwell to withdraw her sponsorship and ask Senator Patty Murray to vote NO[Ed: You can read more about our official position in opposition to it when it was introduced last year here. And as detailed below, this year's bill is even worse than the one that failed last year.]
From All-Creatures.org (originally Posted: May 8, 2013)
FROM United Poultry Concerns (UPC)
United Poultry Concerns opposes the EGG PRODUCTS INSPECTION ACT AMENDMENTS OF 2013. We oppose legislation that benefits egg producers and legally condemns hens to living in cages. With Congress set to consider the Farm Bill shortly, please notify your U.S. Senators and Representatives that you oppose the Egg Products Inspection Act Amendments. Urge them to oppose this legislation and briefly and clearly explain your reason.
Call Senators and/or Representatives at (202) 224-3121.
To send letters, faxes, emails:
Find and contact your U.S. Senators
Find and contact your U.S. Representative
Also visit The Screaming Hen Bill – opposition!
Before you read further, please watch "Normal and Natural," a short video by Edgar's Mission in Australia.
"This legislation puts cages in place, puts them in law. That's a huge cave-in . . ." – Joe Miller, attorney for Rose Acre Farms Battery Cage Hen Operation, 2nd largest egg producer in the U.S., 2013.
The Egg Bill would legalize and legitimize cages for hens
What is an enriched cage?
Helping Hens or Benefiting Their Abusers?
What Should I Do?
In "Agreement Raises Flags for Egg-Laying Hens" published in 2012, United Poultry Concerns reviewed the effort by animal advocates to ban cages for egg-laying hens in Europe and the United States. In 2011, a pact between The Humane Society of the United States and United Egg Producers frustrated this effort, which also failed in the European Union when a law went into effect January 1, 2012 banning conventional barren battery cages while legalizing "enriched" or "furnished" battery cage systems for hens in the EU.
Following suit, the alliance between HSUS and UEP led to legislation before Congress in 2012. The Egg Products Inspection Act Amendments of 2012 (The "Egg Bill") sought to legalize cages for egg-laying hens, prevent voters from initiating ballots to ban cages in their own state, and prohibit states from passing stronger welfare laws than those set in the Egg Bill.
Last year's bills failed but are once again before Congress. Under the terms of the 2013 Egg Bill sponsored by Sen. Dianne Feinstein of California and Rep. Curt Schrader of Oregon, barren battery cages would be phased out over a 20-year period and replaced by "enriched" cages as the dominant housing system for hens in the United States.
The Egg Bill would legalize and legitimize cages for hens
Since cages are the cheapest way to mass-produce billions of eggs for consumers, the majority of the 280 million hens in U.S. facilities will continue to be caged in long windowless buildings just as they are now, under the proposed law.
This year's Egg Bill is even worse than last year's: one of the worst exemptions allows the toxic excretory ammonia levels of 25 parts per million in confined-hen buildings to reach even higher levels of toxicity to accommodate egg industry "emergencies" of unspecified duration. The toxic ammonia the Egg Bill permits constitutes animal cruelty even without cages.
What is an enriched cage?
In her forthcoming book Chickens' Lib: The Story of a Campaign, Clare Druce, founder of Chickens' Lib in England in the 1970s, summarizes in "Enriched" Cages – A Gaping Loophole in the "Welfare" Law for Egg-Laying Hens in the European Union:
Basically it's still a battery cage, the birds living behind bars on metal grid flooring, the cages stacked up in tiers, many thousands of hens to a building. Compared to the old-style cage, there's mandatory additional floor space per hen measuring roughly the size of a postcard, bringing the entire minimum space per hen to 750 square centimeters (116 square inches), little more than a sheet of paper.
The cages must include a perch, a "nest" box and a scratch pad. The term "nest box" sounds comforting, Clare says. "But in the enriched cage context it is simply a curtained area, behind which the hen finds the same sloping cage floor, the metal grid now covered in matting of some kind. Not a wisp of straw, no soft material with which to arrange her nest. Some of the enriched colony cages I saw held up to 60 hens. Gleaming metal cages stretched away into the distance, and there was that familiar unending clamor of frustrated hens' voices."
Helping Hens or Benefiting Their Abusers?
Under the terms of the Egg Bill, the majority of hens will remain in cages. They will be locked into a federal law administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture which doesn't even enforce the 55-year-old "Humane Slaughter Act," from which birds are excluded.
At most, brown hens, being slightly larger than the white hens who represent the majority of egg-laying hens in the United States, may within 20 years get a maximum of 144 square inches apiece, or one square foot of living space per hen. The white hens will max out at 124 square inches per hen, well below a square foot, even though a hen needs a minimum 1.5 square foot, or 216 square inches, merely to engage in minimal "normal behavior."
Whether the Egg Bill would ban starvation molting of hens is a question. The ammonia cave-in and the cage cave-in show how capitulation to egg industry economics and "emergencies" will likely influence the bill as it moves through the legislative process to its final, eviscerated form.
The claim that the proposed legislation would ban inhumane methods of "euthanasia" is totally false. Spent hens are just piles of garbage – a costly nuisance – to egg producers, to be gotten rid of any old way. Like the male chicks of the egg industry who are trashed as soon as they are born, their sisters are a waste product to this industry as soon as they lay fewer eggs. Gassing hens to death with CO2 in metal boxes is NOT EUTHANASIA!
What Should I Do?
United Poultry Concerns opposes the Egg Products Inspection Act Amendments. We oppose legislation that benefits egg producers and legally condemns hens to living in cages. With Congress set to consider the Farm Bill shortly, please notify your U.S. Senators and Representatives that you oppose the Egg Products Inspection Act Amendments. Call them at (202) 224-3121. Urge them to oppose this legislation and briefly and clearly explain your reason.
Thank you for taking action.
To view Humane Farming Association's animated video A Cage Is A Cage and learn more, please visit: StopTheRottenEggBill.org.
To learn more about enriched cages and why sanctuaries oppose them, see "Enriched" Cages for Egg-Laying Hens in the US and EU by United Poultry Concerns.
Thank you for everything you do for animals!
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From all-creatures.org:
Originally Posted: April 24, 2013
FROM Kinship Circle
While Huntington Life Sciences (HLS) has teetered on the edge of shutdown, straddled with a $100 million debt, some financier always seems to bail them out.
Ask US Bank to end its association with HLS and terminate the current loan agreement.
Sign an online petition (copy/paste URL into your browser):
And/or better yet, make direct contact:
Go here for LOTS of direct contact information:
Downloadable PDF or go here: http://www.kinshipcircle.org/action_center/letter_new3.asp?LetterID=2004
US Bank loan lets HLS kill more animals
Huntingdon Life Sciences faced financial ruin. But US Bank's $120 million loan kept them open to poison dogs, cats, monkeys and more animals in tests for pesticides, sweeteners, diet pills… So today animals still collapsed, frothing at the mouth. Dogs who didn't get enough anesthesia "whimpered and moved" while cut apart.
US Bank is currently Huntingdon's top debt-relief source. Though made aware of 7 investigations that reveal habitual animal abuse and fraudulent science, the bank approved this mega loan. Apparently US Bancorp doesn't see animal cruelty as reason to blacklist a company, as it does with illegal gun sellers, gambling websites, etc. Like hundreds of other firms that dumped HLS, US Bank has access to footage and documents about techs who punch beagle puppies, dissect live animals, falsify data and botch experiments so badly that animals seize and die on the spot.
Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty UK launched a global campaign in 1999, with unified U.S. action a few years later. Anti-HLS efforts target the lab's infrastructure: Financiers, customers and suppliers are strongly urged to dump HLS in ongoing letter/phone/email campaigns and live protests. Any company with ties to HLS is exposed to evidence of animal abuse.
Dear U.S. Bancorp Executive Officers and Employees,
It is refreshing to know that a corporation as large as U.S. Bancorp rejects business from illegal gun sellers, gambling websites, pornographers, and other enterprises judged corrupt or immoral.
Please add animal cruelty to your criterion for blacklisted companies. I was genuinely surprised to learn that U.S. Bank National Association approved a $120 million loan for Huntingdon-Life-Sciences. This controversial research laboratory, with facilities in England and New Jersey, is on record for: Multiple violations of animal welfare law in the United States and England, personnel cited for animal cruelty and on- site drug/alcohol use, and payoffs to the U.S. Agriculture Department for fraudulent records and animal welfare noncompliance.
Investigative footage that spans more than a decade shows animals who vomit, stagger, seize and collapse. Veterinary inspection is rare. H-L-S violence first went public when a UK Channel Four TV series, Countryside Undercover, broadcast reports from the lab's Beagle Unit. A U.S. probe revealed dogs killed when dosing tubes misdirected into their lungs (rather then stomachs) choked them in poison. During post-mortem dissection, a tech cut apart the chest of a still conscious monkey. Another was filmed punching beagles: "A worker swung a puppy by the scruff of her neck…and continually punched her as she screamed," the investigator noted.
In 2005, two H-L-S workers left their jobs distressed over suffering seen for 12 months. Their testimonials also described coworkers who "grab dogs by the scruff, shout and swear, swing and slap them." They witnessed: Dogs barely anesthetized for painful procedures like bone marrow extraction; staff needle-jabbing contests; and routinely forged records to hide slip-ups.
In 2008, Animal Defenders International publicized H-L-S logs about inhalation tests with monkeys cinched in chairs to breathe in toxic fumes. The animals were so stressed, some suffered rectal prolapse and many self-mutilated to cope. One gnawed off an entire finger. Another shredded her face and had to eat via tube. Animals died in agony from collapsed or obstructed lungs.
Pharmaceutical firm Novartis withdrew sponsorship of an H-L-S study altogether, after disclosure of botched xenotransplantation tests in which pig hearts were stitched to the necks of hundreds of monkeys. The Daily Express exposed evidence of monkeys "screaming, reluctant to move, salivating, huddled with severe tremors on torso and head, collapsing, gasping."
Biotechnology has evolved with breakthroughs in human-based methods relevant to human conditions. Conversely, animal tests mislead researchers due to metabolic, anatomic, physiological and psychological discrepancies between species. Erroneous animal data may speed new drugs through clinical trials to market, but lead to unforeseen adverse drug reactions in the general population. U.S. Food and Drug Administration lists ADRs as the fourth top cause of death, with over two million victims each year.
If a companion animal shares your home, you know how frightening pain is for your furry friend. The animals at H-L-S are no different, except pain is amplified. I urge you to join Royal Bank of Scotland, HSBC, Citibank, Bank of New York, Merrill Lynch, Charles Schwab, Barclays Plc, Stephens Inc. and hundreds more firms that severed relations with H-L-S. I encourage you to explore any cause-for-termination language in the current loan agreement as well.
I realize you may receive letters similar to mine, but these words accurately express my thoughts. Thank you for your valuable time. I look forward to any feedback you can provide.
Thank you for everything you do for animals!
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Pigs, chickens, cows and turkeys are being stomped, electroshocked, kicked, pitchforked, punched, skinned, burned…and a lot more….as you are reading this. It happens while you sleep, eat, drive to work, watch movies, relax. It happens unceasingly. Not everyone thinks it's OK, and the videos/photos/proof brought out of those factory farms have won some significant victories. Ag-gag laws criminalize undercover work. Let's be really clear: these laws, that are now in place in FIVE STATES and pending in many others, do nothing to improve conditions for the animals — on the contrary. They free farmers to commit the most atrocious acts of cruelty on a regular basis because no one will ever see them. This is also a food safety issue, not that I care ONE DUST MOTE about that. Under these Ag-gag laws, it is not the crime that is illegal, but bringing the crime to light.
This petition goes to the White House and must be answered.
Signing takes less than 10 seconds. Even if your house is on fire you have 10 seconds.
From allcreatures.org, Originally Posted: April 10, 2013
FROM Chimpanzee Sanctuary Northwest
Let the producers of Urban Tarzan know that brutal training practices in the entertainment industry are well documented. Remind them that in addition to welfare concerns, using chimpanzees in the media seriously hinders conservation efforts of free-living chimpanzees.
You may send your letter to the creators and executive producer, Mark Basile at:
You may also submit your comments to Spike TV's Facebook page, or post Tweets that express your concern, such as @1UrbanTarzan very disappointed to see a chimp in your show. Please remove the episode!
There is a growing public awareness about the ethical problems with using chimpanzees in entertainment. Please remind the producers of the show about these issues by sending them a polite letter. Ask them to remove the episode from the air and pledge to never use primates in their productions again. Your letters can make a difference! In the last couple months both Great Clips and CR Fashion Book have removed content with chimpanzee actors after receiving educational letters from advocates like you!


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I cried. For a lot of reasons. Today is going to be an emotional one.
But. If I hadn't loved. If I hadn't celebrated. If I hadn't shared myself with others. If I hadn't given all that I am and shared who I want to be. Then I wouldn't be sad. But I wouldn't be me either. So I will take the tears and the emotions. Because it's who I am. And I leave knowing that this place, these people will be part of who we are always. It's not 'bye' it's 'later'. Cause where we are going, there is beach, and Disney, and sun when there is no sun anywhere else. So if we aren't enticing enough, that stuff should be.
Also. My rational mind is slapping my emotional self. Because we are moving to Florida, not China. No one is going to war. No one is fighting a disease. This is a life passage. An exciting one. That we are doing for the right reasons.
Also. I bought a sheet cake, cupcakes, one package of baby food, and two six-packs of beer at 8:15 this morning. My coping skills a marginal at best.
The Best part? Knowing that we are taking the friendships, the love, and the memories with us. Now, off to make sure the diaper genie doesn't get packed with dirty diapers in it. To sit in storage for weeks.


text:
Casey, Emma (2012) Familial rituals and routines: A MO case study of gambling and households. In: Mass Observation Anniversaries Conference; 4-6 Jul 2012, Brighton, U.K.. (Unpublished)Full text not available from this archive.
|Item Type:
|Conference or Workshop Item (Paper)
|Event Title:
|Mass Observation Anniversaries Conference
|Research Area:
|Faculty, School or Research Centre:
|Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (until 2017) > School of Social Science (until November 2012)
|Depositing User:
|Emma Casey
|Date Deposited:
|22 Nov 2012 12:07
|Last Modified:
|22 Nov 2012 12:07
Actions (Repository Editors)
|Item Control Page


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Diane Fitzgerald beading project PDF: the Fortune Teller Beads necklace!February 19, 2012, 15:41 pm Posted by Lark Jewelry & Beading
Diane Fitzgerald's Favorite Beading Projects contains two dozen of the world-famous beader's favorite designs from across her career, including everything from basic stringing to beadweaving designs. The book will inspire advanced beaders as well as be accessible to beginners, and it includes an additional small gallery of Diane's work from over the years.
To give you a taste of the book, here's one of the projects: Download a PDF of the beautiful Fortune Teller Beads necklace. You can also try out the Midnight Snowflakes neckace project by clicking here; you'll get to preview a handful of photos of other projects from the book via that link, as well.
You can buy the book at your local bead store or bookstore or online on Amazon.com or BN.com.


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I've reset my password and now I've lost all my data. Is there a way to restore it?
Unfortunately, there is no way to restore your user data after a password has been reset, due to privacy and security reasons.
Our storage follows the 'zero-knowledge' principle. This means that all data is stored encrypted. Your password is being used as encryption hash. We do not store your password. When a password is reset, the encryption hash will be lost making it impossible to decipher the stored data.


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