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The Joker is known for being bold, colorful, and dramatic, but there's at least one area of his life that is totally in the dark: where he came from, and who he was before he turned into Batman's greatest enemy. The Joker himself has stated that he prefers his past to be "multiple choice," and while many possible origin stories have come and gone, not a single one has ever been proven. Joker may have been a failed comedian, sure, but he also might have been a bored bank robber. Or maybe even... Batman's brother?
This mystery is part of what has made the character such an icon. It's scary to imagine what kind of tragedy could possibly transform a regular man into such a wild and unpredictable force of nature. Was it really all because of "one bad day?"
Chances are, we may never know the true story of how the Joker came to be. But that doesn't mean it isn't worth trying to shine a flashlight into the mystery, and follow the little bread crumbs that have been left for us over the years. Here are 15 Wildly Different Origin Stories For The Joker.
15 He Was the Leader of the Red Hood Gang
While there are many, many tales about how the Joker came to be, there are two story elements that repeat themselves quite frequently. First, there's often a failed heist leading to an unintended chemical bath. Second, there's a red hood. Or the Red Hood, to be exact.
The exact motivations, organization, and size of the Red Hood Gang varies, depending on the story. Either way, what makes the Red Hood Gang unique is the M.O. of their leader — known as the Red Hood — a brilliant criminal mastermind who always wears a red, dome-shaped helmet. The turning point occurs when the Red Hood Gang attempts to rob a chemical plant, and Batman intercepts them. Desperate to avoid capture, the gang's leader leaps into a vat of chemicals — or trips, or is accidentally dropped by Batman, depending on the story — and then is seemingly burned alive. In actuality, the chemical vat contains a drainage pipe that empties out into the river, and the unnamed leader washes up on the shoreline. There, he discovers that his skin has been stripped of all pigmentation, his lips are red, his hair is green, and his cheeks have been warped into a permanent smile.
That's the standard story. But then Alan Moore's 1988 classic, The Killing Joke, added a new twist that changed the entire context of it — and for the first time, presented the sinister villain in a more sympathetic light.
14 He Was a Failed Comedian With A Pregnant Wife
Before The Killing Joke, most versions of the Joker's origin presented the character as having always been villainous, an experienced criminal who just went one step further. Alan Moore's brilliant innovation was to ask a question that no one had ever pondered before: what if, once upon a time, the Joker was just a regular person like the rest of us? What if maybe, just maybe, all it takes to turn a normal human into the Joker... is one bad day?
The heartbreaking story in The Killing Joke presents the notion that the future Joker was once an engineer at a Gotham chemical plant who one day decided to quit his job, and follow his lifelong dream of becoming a stand-up comic. Unfortunately, his passion only gets him so far; no one laughs at his jokes, and his new career as a comedian is a financial failure. Poor, desperate, and broken, the comedian struggles to support his pregnant wife, Jeannie. In a last-ditch effort to make money for his family, the failed comic agrees to the manipulations of a low-rent criminal gang who want him to help them break into the same chemical plant at which he once worked. In order to protect his identity, they give him a dome-shaped red helmet to wear, so that he can pretend to be their leader, the infamous "Red Hood." In actuality, the Red Hood is a patsy, and the gang uses this guise in order to keep attention off their own backs if they get caught.
Then, the comedian's one bad day lands on him like a piano. His pregnant wife dies. The comedian tries to get out of his criminal agreement, but the gang forces him to stick to the plan. At this point, a familiar sequence occurs, with Batman assuming that the comedian is the leader, the comedian taking a dunk in the chemicals, and so on. What differs here is that when the Joker wakes up to see the reflection of his new chalk-white face and twisted smile, it's just the final nail in the coffin.
13 His Aunt Eunice Washed Him With Bleach
While The Killing Joke origin is the closest to an official one there is, the Joker does stipulate that he prefers his past to be "multiple choice," so he's an unreliable narrator. There have been other theories floated around, many by the Joker himself, and the "Aunt Eunice" story is one of the most horrifying.
In this possible origin, there is no chemical bath, no factory, no Red Hood. Here, the Joker's problems begin in childhood; as a little boy, he is raised by his Aunt Eunice, an abusive sociopath. As presented in the Joker's oral description, the two of them live in a rundown apartment, where he is regularly starved, beaten, and screamed at. He has no friends, his only companion being a small stuffed animal with a purple hat that he desperately clutches onto at all times, until Aunt Eunice takes it away from him.
Perhaps the most horrifying mistreatment that the boy suffers is when Aunt Eunice, furious at him for "never washing his ugly face," decides she's going to clean him up the same way she cleaned up her husband — with bleach, and a scrub brush. It's implied that Eunice frequently washed the boy down with bleach, until his skin eventually became white. This Aunt Eunice story offers a different explanation for the Joker's strange appearance, as well as his twisted mental state.
12 He Was Jack Napier, Killer of Batman's Parents
Everyone remembers Jack Napier. He was arguably the main character of Tim Burton's 1989 Batman film, since the movie's entire plot revolves around his story rather than Bruce Wayne's. While Batman's origin is held off until later in the film, the Joker's origin is revealed in real time, as we watch the saga of a clever mobster named Jack, who one night falls into chemicals — either by accident, or because Batman dropped him — and then wakes up with a giggly new bounce in his gait, a white face, and a megalomanical desire to take over Gotham.
There isn't a great deal of mystery to Burton's Joker. We know who he is, we know how he came to be, and we even see how he dies. While this clear sequence of events is a divergence from the enigma surrounding the comic book Joker, the bigger change is that Burton chose to involve the Joker in Batman's origin story, by framing Jack Napier as the killer of his parents via flashback.
Fans never took well to this drastic change in the mythos, so it was never incorporated into the comics. Really, there are enough parallels between Batman and the Joker without forcing such an unrealistic coincidence into the story.
11 There's That Story He Told Harley Quinn...
Throughout the Joker's long and demented history, there has only been one serious relationship that he's ever engaged in, and that's been his on-and-off love affair with Dr. Harleen Quinzel, better known as Harley Quinn, who made her cinematic debut in Suicide Squad earlier this year. While we know that the Joker likes telling varied and contradictory versions of his own story in order to keep others guessing, it's interesting to peek in on the tale he spun for the woman he has shared his bed with.
In fact, back when Harley is first assigned to be the Joker's counselor at Arkham Asylum, the fiendish murderer actually tells Harley a sad little tale about his childhood with the direct intention of manipulating her into falling in love with him. Needless to say, it works. As such, it's hard to buy the Joker's story, since it seems so poised to tug on Harley's heartstrings; according to him, he spent his childhood years suffering at the hands of an abusive father. His rare moments of happiness came when his father would bring him to the circus, and while there, he would see his father actually laugh at the clowns — the only time his father ever laughed — particularly when the clowns dropped their pants, and other slapstick gestures. One day, his father's pants dropped. Reminded of the clowns at the circus, the future Joker burst out laughing, only to receive a broken nose in response.
Whether this particular clown story is true or not, it's not the last time we'll see the Joker talking about having a problematic relationship with his father.
10 He Was Gotham's Slickest Criminal — And His Insanity is Just an Act
One argument that many have raised against the more sympathetic takes on the Joker's origin is that the Joker's cunning brilliance, sharp reflexes, and knowledge of the criminal underworld couldn't have come from nowhere. If the Joker had been a regular guy before he turned into a murderous clown, it would seem more likely that he had some serious experience in Gotham's mob scene, and perhaps could have even been a major player behind the scenes.
The story Case Study, by Paul Dini and Alex Ross, suggests that the Joker might not even be crazy. Perhaps all of his madness is just an act performed by a perfectly sane, perfectly rational person, feigning insanity as a form of revenge against the city that ruined him.
Case Study details a medical report on the Joker, written by Harley Quinn before she was assigned to the Joker. The report suggests that the man who would be the Joker was a major player in Gotham's crime scene for many years, casually avoiding any charges or reputation through a combination of cleverness, wit, and ruthlessness. If this man was the Joker, even back then, he had a tendency to constantly use new names and new identities, always slipping under the radar as he overthrows major crime bosses and takes over their territory. The decision to become the Red Hood, here, was not of desperation, but for the thrill of it; this nameless crime boss had grown tired of being so powerful, and wanted to have reckless fun like in the old days.
9 He's an Immortal Demon
How has the Joker lived so long, despite one near-death after another? How does he always survive those big falls, those exploding factories, those dips into the harbor, those burning buildings? What if he's... immortal?
One of the most out-there theories regarding the Joker's origins is that he may be older than Gotham City itself. The Endgame storyline proposes that throughout Gotham's history, countless inhabitants have fallen prey to a terrifying white demon called the Pale Man of Gotham City. It is theorized that the Pale Man was once a regular human who came into contact with a chemical compound named dionesium, one of the main ingredients in Ra's al Ghul's Lazarus Pits, which then rendered him immortal. Since his exposure to dionesium, the Pale Man has haunted Gotham for generations, like a mystical Jack the Ripper, always emerging during the city's most catastrophic events.
If the Joker is the Pale Man, then it means that he's been pretending to be a regular human being all along, merely for the sake of toying with Batman. However, the finale of Endgame suggests that the whole thing is a massive ploy on the part of the Joker, to mess with Batman's head. Talk about twisted games.
8 The Animated Series Origin
Without question, one of the most enduring and celebrated incarnations of the Joker is the one featured in Batman: The Animated Series. Mark Hamill's voice is so distinctive that it's been featured in multiple movies and video games even in the years since the DCAU ended, and the way that the Joker was written combines the best of every version. Hamill's Joker is one who can be hilarious one moment and sinister the next, equal parts charismatic and ruthless. He's also totally obsessed with his bat-eared adversary, at one point even shown shedding tears when he believes the Batman to have finally died.
The Animated Series never delved too deeply into the Joker's beginnings. However, the clues that the series does show regarding its Joker backstory are straight from the classic origin, with the character presented as having been a gangster (and possibly a hit man) who at one point fell into chemicals that bleached his skin.
One unique reference points occurs in Batman: Mask of the Phantasm. The beloved film tells an epic love story about Batman's beginnings, culminating in a present day three-point climax between Batman, Andrea Beaumont/The Phantasm, and the Joker. The film reveals via flashback then when the pre-Joker worked for the mob, he was personally involved in the murder of Carl Beaumont, Andrea's father, and the man who was almost Bruce's father-in-law. In one neat plot twist, it turns out that the pre-Joker and a pre-Batman Bruce Wayne actually crossed paths at one point, if only for a moment, neither of them realizing that they were encountering their greatest enemy for the first time.
7 He's Actually Batman's Brother, Thomas Jr.
Then there's this doozy, which has actually gained a lot of traction in many online circles.
The theory is based around the idea that the Joker is secretly Thomas Wayne Jr., Bruce's long lost older brother. An enormous collection of evidence has been gathered throughout the years; references to the possibility of a "Thomas, Jr.," a firstborn son that died as an infant, usually from a brain injury, go way back through decades of Batman comics. The theory suggests that Thomas Jr. was stolen at an early age, presumed dead, and spent much of his early life suffering from locked-in syndrome as a result of his brain injury. He was either kidnapped or kept in a crooked hospital throughout all of his early life, explaining why he has no fingerprints on file. There are a number of villains who have tried to get to Batman by pretending to be his lost loved ones, and this theory implicates the Joker as the one pulling the strings, using these pawns to drop hints to his brother, hoping that Batman will one day uncover who he really is. One argument is that the Caped Crusader actually knows Joker's true identity, subconsciously, and that's why he's never allowed the Joker to die.
Some have even suggested that there are hints of this theory sprinkled into The Dark Knight, which is where Joker so lovingly speaks of the parallels between him and Batman. But hey, speaking of The Dark Knight...
6 The Dark Knight - How DID He Get Those Scars?
Back when Heath Ledger was first cast as the Joker in Christopher Nolan's then-upcoming Batman Begins sequel, no one could have ever foreseen that he would become arguably the most iconic version of the villain to date. Ditching the perma-white skin and chemical bath for powdery makeup and a Glasgow smile, Ledger's Joker was a living embodiment of chaos, a philosophical serial killer who was every bit Batman's equal. And like the comic book character before him, this Joker came out of nowhere, but liked teasing his victims with false stories about his identity: "Wanna know how I got these scars?"
In the film, the Joker offers at least two explanations, both of which may be false. In one, he claims to have once had a wife, whose face was cut up by loan sharks; in order to show her that he didn't care about the scars, he says, he cut his own cheeks up. This story, of course, is a callback to The Killing Joke. At another point in the movie, though, the Joker claims that his scars are from the knife of his father, whom he claims was "a drinker... and a fiend." At the end, Joker is about to tell Batman a third, probably altogether different story, but the Dark Knight cuts him off.
One thing that does seem for sure is that the Joker probably did have issues with his father, since there's at least one other instance of him lashing out at another character who reminds him of his old man. One theory hypothesizes that Joker may have been a war veteran with PTSD, explaining his comfort with and access to all that military-grade weaponry. Other theories suggest he may be an escapee from Arkham Asylum, a former circus worker, or an incarnation of the devil.
5 He Was a Bored Bank Robber
The Joker origin presented in the Lovers and Madmen storyline starts from a similar place as the one in Case Study, based on the idea that a man of the Joker's noteworthy talents couldn't have come from nowhere. Lovers and Madmen, though, presents a somewhat different possibility: the future Mister J was actually Jack, a genius bank robber, who got so good at his job that he became bored and apathetic. This doesn't seem like too much of a stretch. The Joker we know today is always craving new thrills, and he hates when things get stagnant.
In the story, Jack and his criminal gang perform another run-of-the-mill bank heist in Gotham, but this time, Batman intercepts. This dramatic occurrence spurs new energy in Jack's life; he can't remember the last time something exciting foiled his plans. He even leaves Batman a note pinned to a dead guard, thanking him for "making my day."
Jack begins doing bigger and bigger heists, trying to get Batman's attention, aching for another exciting encounter. When they finally do come face-to-face again, Batman whips a Batarang at Jack's face, splitting his mouth open, and giving the villain a gruesome Glasgow smile, reminiscent of The Dark Knight. One chemical splash later, and the Joker is born.
4 He Had Psychotic Tendencies at an Early Age
One particularly disquieting take on the Joker's beginnings appeared in the 1990 out-of-continuity anthology The Further Adventures of the Joker, which contained a story that may be from the Joker's childhood. This tale once again begins with an abusive father — a trope that recurs enough within the Joker's various origins that we can almost mark it as canon — but this particular version of Joker's dear old dad is intensely obsessed with organization and tidiness, and equally pushy about laughter, always screaming at his wife and son to smile more, to laugh at his jokes, and so on.
What marks this particular take unique is that it implies that Joker's homicidal tendencies didn't manifest in adulthood; they were inherent from the beginning. The little kid who would become the Joker is depicted as killing dozens of small birds and rodents, keeping a collection of their tiny bones, and manipulating their remains into weird little art projects.
A later story in the comics also lines up with this tale. When the Atom goes into the serial killer's mind, the hero stumbles upon memories of a teenage Joker setting his house ablaze when his parents happen upon his dead animal collection. Creepy stuff.
3 Martha Wayne is the Joker
What if Bruce Wayne had been shot, instead of his parents? How would Thomas and Martha Wayne, Gotham's great philanthropists, react to such a personal tragedy? Well, according to the Flashpoint timeline, Thomas Wayne would become a recluse, dedicate himself to avenging his lost son, and become a dark and murderous incarnation of Batman. Martha, on the other hand, would snap. She'd lose herself. She'd even slice her cheeks open in a permanent Glasgow smile.
In Flashpoint, Martha Wayne becomes the Joker, and she is just as scary as the Joker we know from the DC Universe. Needless to say, this brings her into direct conflict with her husband, Batman, creating a deeply heartbreaking antagonism between the two of them.
When the Flash of the DC Universe comes to the Flashpoint timeline, and begins working to reset history, Thomas makes a point to reconnect with Martha, informing her that the universe may change so that Bruce will never have to die. However, upon finding out that in the new/original timeline her son will become Batman, Martha is so horrified that she runs away and falls to her death, crash landing in a rocky underground cavern.
2 "There Are Three Jokers"
So, here's the current big thing in the Batman world. DC Rebirth has been one of the biggest comic book events in the last year, and many revelations are still slowly seeping out. Between Batman's secret plans, a shocking twist involving Watchmen, and the return of the Post-Crisis Superman, lots of crazy things have been happening. But one of the wackiest of all was the possible revelation that the Joker may not be one man... but three?
Hold onto your hats, because here's what we know so far. There is this mystical throne called the Mobius Chair, which possesses all knowledge in the entire universe, and thus can answer any question you ask it. In the story, when Batman gets a chance to sit on the chair, he asks it to tell him the Joker's true identity. In response, the chair tells him something rather unexpected: "There are three."
Three Jokers? We still don't know exactly what this means, whether it's three different men, three different versions of the same man from different universes, three different personalities inside one man, or what have you. All we have is the image above, which demonstrates the Joker as he was depicted in three different eras. The first one is the original Joker of the Golden Age, the second one the violent murderer of The Killing Joke era, and the third one the increasingly bloodthirsty Joker of the modern age. So far, we still don't know what it all means, but we'll be anxiously awaiting answers until they arrive.
1 Alfred is the Joker
And finally, we have this bizarre possibility. This wild twist was presented in Neil Gaiman's Whatever Happened to the Caped Crusader?, a comic specifically written to be the "last" Batman comic, and thus not in continuity. Still, it's one of the most interesting takes out there.
The story is narrated by Batman, who has seemingly died, but is watching his own funeral proceed. Various friends and foes come to speak about him, the details of his life and death varying tremendously depending on who is telling the story. But things get weird when the microphone moves to Alfred, Bruce Wayne's closest confidante and lifelong friend. Alfred talks about Bruce's early days as Batman, painting a picture of a desperate man who is failing at being a vigilante, leading to even more stress and desperation. In order to help Master Bruce regain his confidence, Alfred hires some of his friends to portray costumed criminals. Finally, realizing that his dear friend is like Captain Ahab in search of a whale, Alfred endeavors to become his Moby Dick. He dons white facepaint, red lipstick, and a devious smile to transform himself into the Joker, giving Bruce the archenemy he has needed all along.
It's worth noting that Bruce himself, in the narration, doesn't feel that this story is realistic. Nonetheless, it's certainly one of the more unique Joker origins out there.
What other origins could exist for the Clown Prince of Crime? Where did the Joker come from? Be sure to leave all your wild, wacky, and unique theories in the comments!


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Composites Horizons expands with ceramic operations facility to support GE Aviation partnership
Composites Horizons, LLC, a division of AIP Aerospace, announced the creation of a Ceramic Matrix Composite facility adjacent to its existing Polymer Matrix Composite facilities in Covina, CA. The 35,000 square foot building will be dedicated to the manufacturing of sophisticated oxide ceramic matrix composites (OX/OX CMC's). Composite Horizons also announced that they have been selected by GE Aviation as a supplier of components for an OX/OX CMC exhaust system for a key business aircraft engine program.
Low per capita ceramic consumption in Indonesia provides opportunities
The Indonesian ceramic industry is expected to continue its steady growth in 2014. Chairman of the Indonesian Ceramic Industry Association (ASAKI) Elisa Sinaga says that ceramic sales may reach IDR 36 trillion (USD $3.1 billion) in 2014. Most of these sales—approximately 87 percent—are sold on the domestic market, while the remainder is exported. The sales volume of sanitary ceramics (used on walls and floors) is targeted at 410 million m2 this year (worth roughly IDR 27 trillion), up from 360 million m2 in 2013 (IDR 24 trillion).
Saint-Gobain and Central Glass Co. to open Jakarta automotive glass plant
Saint-Gobain and Central Glass Co. Ltd. plan to build an automotive glass plant in Jakarta, Indonesia, due to go into production in 2016. This investment will enable both groups to take an active part in the fast-growing Indonesian auto market, company officials wrote in a company statement. Saint-Gobain and Central Glass have worked together in automotive glass since 2002 in Japan and since 2012 in China.
Kuraray acquires DuPont Glass Laminating Solutions
Japanese chemical manufacturer Kuraray announced it acquired DuPont Glass Laminating Solutions/Vinyls, a segment of DuPont Packaging & Industrial Polymers. The $543-million acquisition allows Kuraray to expand its technical and operational strength in the areas of technology, R&D, manufacturing and sales network. According to the company, the purchase also offers Kuraray an integrated supply chain, presence in six new markets worldwide and increased availability of resources through DuPont's strong market penetration.
Ferro Corp. to sell majority of assets in its Specialty Plastics business to A. Schulman Inc. for $91M
Ferro Corp. of Mayfield Heights (Ohio) has agreed to sell the majority of the assets in its Specialty Plastics business to A. Schulman Inc. of Fairlawn for $91 million in cash, the company announced in a recent press release. The announcement comes almost a year after A. Schulman dropped its plans to buy Ferro. A. Schulman says it expects the purchase to give the company "important geographic diversification benefits." The assets, which include plastic compounds, colorants and liquid coatings, had about $154 million in sales in 2013, the company said, with about two-thirds of those in the US.
Kolstads give $1M to Montana Tech
Two 1985 Montana Tech alumni, Gary and Janet Kolstad, have gifted $1 million to Montana Tech University. Gary Kolstad is CEO of CARBO Ceramics Inc., a global oilfield services technology company providing industry leading production enhancement products and services to increase the recovery factor in oil and natural gas wells. The proceeds from the Gary and Janet Kolstad Endowment will benefit the Petroleum Engineering Department and scholarships for petroleum engineering students.
RAK Ceramics in talks for acquisition in Morbi
United Arab Emirates-based Ras Al Khaimah (RAK) Ceramics, the world largest tiles producer, is considering buying a tile manufacturer in Morbi. The acquisition is pegged at Rs 100 crore. According to sources, RAK Ceramics, which had initially planned a joint venture with a local ceramic company, now may look for a buyout. Morbi is India's largest ceramic tiles manufacturing hub, located 250 km from Ahmedabad, Gujarat. India is the second largest ceramic producer after China.
Asahi India Glass stops production at float glass manufacturing unit
Asahi India Glass announced that the company has stopped production of float glass at its Taloja Plant owing to age and expiry of useful/operating life of the furnace. The company is also taking necessary steps towards closure of the float glass manufacturing unit at the Taloja Plant.

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We're going out on a limb here and calling this the World's most comfortable bean bag chair. Sitting is believing with the two layers of smooth lycra that move underneath your body weight to mould your body and support you with billions of pre-filled microbeads.
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Price: R 13 995
Prices quoted are per person
- Meet and Greet at Phalaborwa " Gateway to Kruger " Airport
- or Hoedspruit Eastgate Airport
- Night Drive
- Bush Walk by arrangement
- Safaris in Kruger Park on Open Game-viewers
You wing your way from Johannesburg International Airport to Hoedspruit or Phalaborwa airports, where our ranger is on hand to welcome you. Clients on the morning flight enter Kruger immediately. Enjoy a full day of game viewing and bird watching from our open Game-viewer which affords brilliant photographic opportunities. Clients on the afternoon flight are transferred to Tremisana Game Lodge, where we go on a night drive using powerful spotlights to identify nocturnal species. The BUSH BRAAI in our Marula Tree boma is a truly unforgettable experience !
On your second day, we enter Kruger at the Orpen Gate. We explore the game-rich Central Section that boasts open plains where visibility is excellent. The abundance of prey species such as zebra, wildebeest, giraffe and impala ensures a high concentration of predators in this zone.
You may also enjoy a 4h Bush Walk and Game Drive along the Olifants River as well as a 3h Big Five Drive on Tshukudu Game Reserve.
On subsequent days, your tour-guide will conduct further gameviewing in Kruger.
- Return airfares, airport tax, all transfers, entry fees, game drives/walks, breakfasts and dinners
- Lunches
- Drinks
- Items of a personal nature
- Gratuities
Special Notes
- This is an intended itinerary. Times as well as the order of the itinerary are subject to change.
- Accommodation used is subject to availability and in the event the intended accommodation is unavailable we reserve the right to change establishments or camps to an alternative lodge or camp of similar or better standard.
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Sharing Land, Not Property
A new book from the Lincoln Institute explains the long history of community land trusts (CLTs) and why they're a good idea today.
"Community land trusts are at a critical turning point, and many opportunities lie ahead," said Gregory K. Ingram, president of the Lincoln Institute, which maintains a partnership with the National CLT Network to support training and research on community land trusts. "This book aptly frames an approach that can counter today's tumult in housing markets and provide sustainable affordable housing."


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BZ may refer to:
bzip2 is a free and open-source file compression program that uses the Burrows–Wheeler algorithm. It only compresses single files and is not a file archiver.
BZ20 is the fifth studio album by Irish boy band Boyzone, released on 22 November 2013 by Rhino Records.
BZFlag (an abbreviation for Battle Zone capture the Flag) is a free and open-source, multiplayer online, tank game.
The BZ20 Tour was a tour by Irish boy band Boyzone, celebrating the band's 20 years of existence. It included dates in England, Scotland, Singapore, Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines.
The Bzyb (; Georgian: ბზიფი; Abkhazian: Бзыҧ, romanized: Bzyp; Russian: Бзыбь, romanized: Bzybj) is one of the two largest rivers of Abkhazia, along with the Kodori and the twelfth longest river in Georgia.
BZN (Band Zonder Naam; Dutch for "Band Without Name") was a successful Dutch pop group that had a string of hits from 1966 to 2007 on.
The Bzhedug dialect (Adyghe: Бжъэдыгъубзэ) is a dialect of Adyghe. The Bzhedug dialect is spoken by the Bzhedugs who live mostly in Adygea and Biga.
The Basic Leucine Zipper Domain (bZIP domain) is found in many DNA binding eukaryotic proteins. One part of the domain contains a region that mediates sequence specific DNA binding properties and the leucine zipper that is required to hold together (dimerize) two DNA binding regions.


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The Cinnamon Challenge
What are the risks?
In addition to discomfort and irritation, the "Cinnamon Challenge" poses potentially serious health risks, including pneumonia. The greatest danger is the potential for aspirating cellulose fibers in the cinnamon powder. These fibers are bioresistant and biopersistant, meaning that they do not dissolve or biodegrade in the lungs. Studies involving rats indicate that cellulose fibers can damage the lungs and remain present in the lungs for a year or more after exposure.
There are no formal studies on the effects of inhaled cinnamon in humans, but individual cases indicate the risk. At least one teen was hospitalized for a collapsed lung after attempting the "Cinnamon Challenge," and at least 30 teens required medical attention. Not surprisingly, people with asthma or other broncho-pulmonary diseases, or allergies to cinnamon are at greater risk. For such individuals, the Challenge could prove fatal.
- American Association of Poison Control Centers (2012). Poison Centers Issue Warning About the "Cinnamon Challenge." Retrieved 05-03-2013, from http://www.aapcc.org/press/4/.
- American Association of Poison Control Centers. Cinnamon Challenge. Retrieved 05-03-2013, from http://www.aapcc.org/alerts/cinnamon-challenge/.
- Grant-Alfieri, A, Schaechter, J, and Lipshultz, S. Ingesting and Aspirating Dry Cinnamon by Children and Adolescents: The "Cinnamon Challenge. Pediatrics. 2013 May;131(5):833-5. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2012-3418.
- Muhle, H, Ernst, H, Bellmann, B. Investigation of the durability of cellulose fibres in rat lungs. The Annals of Occupational Hygiene, Vol. 41, Supplement 1, 1997, pp 184-188, ISSN 0003-4878. Retrieved 05-03-2013, from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003487897800361.
- Tátrai E, Adamis Z, Ungváry G. The pulmonary toxicity of cinnamon dust in rats. Indian J Med Res. 1995 Dec; 102:287-92. PMID: 8557323.
- CBS News. (2013). "Cinnamon challenge" dangerous to lungs, new report warns. CBS/AP. Retrieved 05-08-2013, from http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-204_162-57580670/cinnamon-challenge-dangerous-to-lungs-new-report-warns/.
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BBC reporter Alan Johnston, held by a small Gaza Islamist group that kidnapped him nearly four months ago, was released Wednesday. His freedom followed several hours of gunfire between Hamas and the kidnapping group, with Hamas surrounding the complex in which Johnston was held. At least one passerby was reported killed.
As the battle developed, a Hamas official said, "It could be that Johnston will be killed, but we are determined to put an end to this kidnapping business and show who's boss."
Johnston was displayed Wedensday morning at a Hamas press conference at Hamas Authority prime minister Ismail Haniyeh's home in Gaza City's Shati neighborhood. "It is just the most fantastic thing to be free," Johnston said. "It was at times quite terrifying. I dreamt many times of being free, and always woke up back in that room. Now it really is over."
Johnston expressed his thanks to Hamas and its efforts for winning his freedom.
In recent days, Hamas and Army of Islam, a group run by Gaza's powerful Doghmush clan, have exchanged fire and kidnapped each others' members. The release reportedly came about after Hamas agreed not to crack down on Army of Islam and the latter agreed to coordinate attacks with Hamas in the future.
Hamas Syrian chief Khaled Mashaal said that the affair proved that Hamas could bring order to Gaza better than Fatah ever could. "Today we celebrate with Johnston's family, the BBC and our people the freedom of Alan Johnston," Mashaal told Reuters.
At least two people were killed and two others wounded in Gaza City and Khan Yunis Wednesay in exchanges of fire betweein Hamas and other terrorist clans as Hamas continues to assert its control over the region.


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A couple weeks ago, we reported that Salma Hayek had dropped out George Tillman Jr.'s (Notorious) upcoming action-thriller, Faster. Tonight, Variety reports that the film has lost none of Hayek's talent or hotness as Carla Gugino has come on board to co-star alongside Dwyane Johnson, Billy Bob Thornton, Moon Bloodgood, and Maggie Grace.
Faster follows an ex-con (Johnson) who is pursued by cops and killers as he attempts to avenge his brother's death. According to Variety, "Gugino plays the detective in charge of the investigation, hot on his trail and hell-bent on connecting the killings with a decade-old case." I had to re-read that description a couple of times because my brain kept processing it as simply "Gugino…hot…"
Update: CBS Films sent us a press release about the movie, hit the jump to read it:
Carla Gugino has signed on to the revenge thriller "Faster," a co-production of CBS Films and Sony Pictures Worldwide Acquisitions Group. The announcement was made today by Amy Baer, President and Chief Executive Officer of CBS Films, the feature film division of CBS Corporation (NYSE: CBS.A and CBS). The project, which started principal photography in early February, is being directed by George Tillman, Jr. ("Notorious," "Men of Honor," "Soul Food") and stars Dwayne Johnson, Billy Bob Thornton and newcomer Oliver Jackson-Cohen.
Scripted by Joe and Tony Gayton, "Faster" follows an ex-con (Johnson) as he sets out to avenge his brother's murder with a deadly to-do list. Gugino plays Cicero, a detective who is hot on his trail as she diligently connects details of this recent crime spree with those of the brother's decade-old killing.
The film is being produced by Castle Rock Entertainment's Martin Shafer and Liz Glotzer, alongside Tony Gayton and Robert Teitel. Joe Gayton and Dara Weintraub are executive producers.
Gugino was most recently seen on the big screen in "Watchmen" and "Race To Witch Mountain." She teamed up again with "Watchmen" director Zach Snyder for his upcoming film "Sucker Punch" for Warner Bros. She has over 35 film credits to her name including "Righteous Kill," "American Gangster," and "Sin City," and numerous television credits including her 9 episode stint as Vincent Chase's agent Amanda Daniels in HBO's hit series "Entourage." Gugino is also an acclaimed theater actress whose stage roles include starring turns in Broadway's Tenessee Williams' "Suddenly Last Summer" (2006) and Arthur Miller's "After The Fall" (2004). She most recently starred on Boadway in Robert Falls' "Desire Under the Elms" for which she received rave reviews.
About CBS Films
CBS Films, established in 2007, plans to produce four to six movies a year spanning all genres, with production budgets up to around $50 million per film.
CBS Films has two films currently in post-production: the romantic comedy The Back-up Plan, starring Jennifer Lopez and Alex O'Loughlin, written by Kate Angelo and directed by Alan Poul, in theaters April 23rd, 2010; and the edgy teen romance Beastly starring Vanessa Hudgens and Alex Pettyfer, written and directed by Daniel Barnz, in theaters July 30, 2010. The film is based on the Alex Flinn novel of the same name. The company's development slate includes Consent To Kill, an action-thriller based on the Mitch Rapp character from the best-selling Vince Flynn novels; the romantic thriller The Eternals written by Chris Hauty and directed by Jeff Wadlow; The Station, a thriller set against the International Space Station and based on a popular Boom! Studios comic book series; a remake of My Fair Lady, based on the classic musical by Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe, which is being co-developed with Columbia Pictures; and an action-adventure feature adaptation of the long-running TV show "Gunsmoke".


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Places // Portfolio
I travel with my Holga and Film usually. This is how I like to see the world. I try not to think too much, just observe and read people and situations and place objects in the most interesting way.
"Actually, the best gift you could have given her was a lifetime of adventures…"


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Deputy Director and Policy Lead
Professor Simon Hettrick is responsible for the Institute's policy research and campaigning. He received his Masters degree in laser physics at Heriot-Watt University, and doctorate at the University of Southampton. Prior to his current position, he worked in patent law and lead communications for OMII-UK.
Simon works with stakeholders from across the research community to develop policies that support research software, the people who develop that software and the researchers who rely on it. Simon's research focusses on the research software community with the aim of understanding the practices and demographics of this important community.
He is also responsible for the Institute's communications strategy and provides editorial oversight of the Institute's press and online presence.
Simon was the founding chair of the UK's community of Research Software Engineers and is a passionate advocate of software career paths in academia.
Before working at the Institute, Simon researched new types of compact and efficient lasers for use in a wide range of fields, including spectroscopy, medicine and materials processing.
View Simon's Linkedin profile.


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University Bank's Mission:
We are a bank focused on listening and responding to our community's true needs, profitably providing the highest level of service to the people, small businesses and organizations we serve.
University Bank's Values Statement:
Ethics: We are guided by our shared values and always strive to maintain them in everything we do.
The Individual: We respect the individual and value their differences, including their need to achieve professional and personal balance in their life.
Integrity: We speak openly and directly and we do what we say, with care and compassion, and work hard to understand and resolve issues.
Accountability: We understand what is expected of us, always maintain the highest standards of ethics and the highest standards of quality and are fully committed to meeting those expectations.
Success: We focus on listening and responding to our customers' true needs, by combining operational excellence and cross functional teamwork to produce exceptional results, with profit.
Diversity: We celebrate, respect and serve our diverse community.
Community: We improve our communities by being active, responsible and generous members of the communities we serve.


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Fringe Blanket Photo Prop Pattern
This blanket creates the feeling of a luxurious nest. It will be densely fringed with whatever colors you choose! Great for baby's first photos! – And for using up that leftover yarn! This fringe blanket photo prop pattern is detailed and easy to follow! Contact me with any questions!
PATTERN DIFFICULTY: Easy
You Will Need:
9.0mm (Size N/15) Crochet Hook
Blanket Yarn: 350 Yards (320 Meters) Medium/Aran.
Recommended Brand: Red Heart Supersaver.
Fringe Yarn: About 1000 yards (915 Meters) scrap yarn of varying weights and textures.
Yarn Needle
Tape Measure
Finished Measurements:
Approximately 42″ x 54″ (107 cm x 137 cm)
Format is PDF. This pattern is written in Standard American Terms.
How to Get Your Pattern
- After your payment goes through Paypal, you will be automatically directed to the page on this website where you can download your pattern.
- After your payment goes through Paypal, a receipt of purchase will be sent to your email account. This email will contain a link to the pattern. Use this link to access your pattern at any time.
There are no reviews yet.


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Find a Park
View Statewide Map
7 Parks Found
Oscar Scherer State Park
An unexpected oasis surrounded by urban sprawl providing visitors with a refreshing escape into natural Florida. This hidden gem is a refuge not only for visitors, but for the imperiled Florida scrub-jay, bald eagles and other birds who nest along the shores of Lake Osprey.
1843 South Tamiami Tr.
Osprey FL 34229
T.H. Stone Memorial St. Joseph Peninsula State Park
Stretching 20 miles into the blue waters of the Gulf of Mexico, St. Joseph Peninsula is a true wildlife haven. Its powdery beaches and bayside salt marshes are nesting grounds for sea turtles, shore birds and the endangered St. Andrews beach mouse.
8899 Cape San Blas Rd.
Port St. Joe FL 32456
Wekiwa Springs State Park
With emerald springs feeding the Wekiwa River and lush tropical hammocks, this unique park just minutes from Downtown Orlando is perfect for observing abundant wildlife or cooling off on a summer day. Miles of trails beg to be explored on foot, bike or horseback, and canoes and kayaks are available on site.
1800 Wekiwa Cir.
Apopka FL 32712


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_Inaugural event to coincide with Anaheim 3 Weekend
February 4th, 2010 -- Anza, CA -- Former factory riders Ryan Hughes and Scott Burnworth have teamed up to present the FMF Rynoland Grand Prix Sunday, Feb 14th; the day after the Anaheim 3 Supercross. This event offers riders of all ages and abilities to meet current and former factory MX stars and industry VIPs as they test their skills on the scenic Rynoland GP course.
Come hang out and race with MX, Off-road and Freestyle Legends such as Ryan Hughes, Mike Bell, Danny LaPorte, Broc Glover, Ricky Dietrich, Nate Adams and Robbie Maddison as they take on the specially designed Rynoland GP course. The exciting 9-10 minute loop is a mix of motocross, off-road and single track sections, all winding through the "world famous" Rynoland MX Compound.
The FMF Rynoland GP will also feature the "FMF 2-Stroke Challenge", open to all pre-mixers with classes for 125, 250 and 500cc 2-stroke motorcycles. This is sure to be a highlight of the day.
"2-Strokes are easy to work on, inexpensive to own and a blast to ride. That's why FMF stands behind what we are founded on and the reason we still ride every chance we get. The FMF 2-Stroke Challenge is all about FUN and we can't wait to bench race with all of you who attend." Don Emler Owner and Founder.
"There will be plenty of fun for the whole family says co-host Ryan Hughes. "You don't want to miss this event!"
As an added bonus, there will be *NO GATE FEE for all riders and a "FLEX" RACE SCHEDULE, where you are able to sign up one hour before your start time. (*The Gate fee will be deducted from your entry fee at sign up)
The FMF Rynoland GP is supported by FMF, Fox, Maxima, Dunlop, Aerial7 and Ryno Organics.
Date & Location: Rynoland MX Park in Anza, CA on Sunday, February 14th, 2010. Open practice on Saturday the 13th, with one parade lap before your race on Sunday. Camping available Friday & Saturday night.
*Get a course preview and more information at: www.rynoland.com


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If you live (and/or drink) in Long Beach then you've probably heard of "Blackwell." Blackwell has been the →
Dutch's Brewhouse, owned and run by Jason "Dutch" Van Fleet, is located on Atlantic Blvd. in Bixby Knolls. →
Husband and wife team Levi Fried and Harmony Sage are the brains (and heart) behind Long Beach Beer →
Our 9th MeetUp brought us to Ballast Point Brewing & Spirits in Alamitos Bay. Thanks to everyone that →
The opening date of the new Ballast Point location in Long Beach has long been a mystery. We →
Okay, this likely isn't new news to a lot of people, but it's definitely something to look forward →
What would a blog about craft beers in Long Beach be without a stop at Belmont Brewing?? →


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let's do lunch
so, i traded my new friend allison a mushroom purse for an octopus lunch bag.
i've had it for a couple of weeks now and i'm here to tell you - it has changed my life. i want to bring lunch everyday. honestly, this little canvas bag makes me so happy that i can't help but want to carry it everyday. so, i cheerfully pack my lunch every morning filling this sweet little bag with healthy treats. jimmy johns never even crosses my mind. seriously.


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BirdofNight should be in attendance.
Games: BF4 and TF2
BirdofNight should be in attendance.
Games: BF4 and TF2
Ill be there, Ill be happy in joining in some killing floor, pay day 2, or some battlefield or ut2k4 action
Trust me, I do science
My Hardware, Past and Present
Most users can create a channel for the game they want to play in TS as well. If you need help just ask an admin and we can make a channel for you.
Corsair 800D / Corsair TX750 PSU
ASUS Sabertooth P67 / Win7 Pro
Intel i7 2600k @ 4.4ghz (44 x 100) + Corsair H100
Corsair Vengeance DDR3 1600 x 16GB
2 x XFX R9 280x + 3 x Asus VS24AH-P 24" IPS 1920x1200
Samsung 840 Evo 250GB OS + 2 x 1TB WD Caviar Black
The member formerly known as SuBX3r0 HEAT
Vlan! Pretty sure that day is free. I'll be there!
I would love to come and play if I can make it! The last VLAN was tons of fun! TF2, Xonotic, CS:GO, BF4 or Quake Live would be fun.
Last edited by ThatCrappyGamer; 01-23-2015 at 08:31 PM.
I should be there.
Let's play some Call of Duty:Black Ops ll
Can either party up and go pub'ing or set up a private match.
It's All About Having Fun ..... Isn't It?
Gigabyte GA-990FXA-UD3 | AMD FX8350 Black Edition | CoolerMaster Hyper 212 EVO | Corsair XMS3 16GB DDR3
XFX Radeon HD 7950 3GB DDR5 | Acer G246HL 24" WideScreen
Samsung 840 EVO 500GB | Western Digital Caviar Black 500GB (Storage) | Samsung SH-S224 DVD Burner
HT|Omega Claro | Technics SL-1210 MKll ~ Stanton 681EEE MKlll
Esoteric Sounds Rek-O-Kut Professional Phono Preamp MKII
Klipsch Pro Media v4.1 | Sennheiser HD 580 Precision ~ Sennheiser PC165 (Mic/Headset)
Lian Li Lancool PC-K7B w/ Enermax NAXN 82+ 750W
Win7 x64
I Should be there
I will be there. Unless of course I lose a limb or something like that
I put the VLAN on my blog as well, not that many people will see it there since it's still so new. =P
My Hardware Review Blog - A place for me to share my reviews and thoughts on the hardware that I use and the games that I play.
Other hardware: Seagate 600 Series 240GB SSD OS/Boot Drive - Various WD Black & Seagate HDDs - Cooler Master HAF 932
If you enjoy gaming click here to learn about the Fragging Frogs.
[Proudly using only AMD desktop CPUs since 1996 and now also GPUs in 2014 - Thanks AMD!!]
My Rigs - My Upgrade History - My Games
I'll be there.... My first time. (Be Gentle... )
If you enjoy gaming click here to learn about the Fragging Frogs.
[Proudly using only AMD desktop CPUs since 1996 and now also GPUs in 2014 - Thanks AMD!!]
My Rigs - My Upgrade History - My Games


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Detroit is a leading producer of quality peak performance diesel truck engines that are fuel efficient and low cost maintenance.
At RPM Truck Repair in Effingham, IL, we make it our priority to keep your Detroit engine running safely and efficiently with regular service, repair and maintenance. Maintenance is important to keeping your Detroit engine running in top condition and lasting long into the future. We provide inspections for your Detroit engine with any service which helps limit the amount of repairs needed on your truck.
We have many years of experience in fixing Detroit engines, along with mechanics that are up-to-date with current technology and equipment. Our knowledgeable and friendly staff, technicians and mechanics are here to help you with all of your Detroit engine's service and repair needs.
RPM Truck Repair is a full service repair & maintenance shop for diesel trucks, semi trucks, trailers, heavy equipment and fleet maintenance. Click here for more information on the services we provide.
Our Detroit repair and service shop is located in Effingham, IL. We proudly serve the following areas: Effingham, Palestine, Fayette, Shellby, Clay, Coles, Jasper, Jefferson, Cumberland and surrounding areas.
We at RPM Truck Repair look forward to being your Effingham Detroit repair and service shop. Click here to contact us, or give us a call at (217) 347-7764.
Schedule an appointment for your next Detroit service or repair today!


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BY Ysabell On Aug 06, 2018 Living Room
Sitting room design ideas amazing of interesting maxresdefault on living desig 3694 small ideassmall. Small sitting room design ideassmall ideas living contemporary. 60 inspirational living room decor ideas the luxpad sitting design pics small. Sitting room design ideas small ideassmall pics 40 most beautiful.
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Officials from Dapcha Kashikhanda Municipality in Kavre District have integrated the construction of recharge ponds into next year's ward and VDC plans as a result of research conducted by the Nepal Water Conservation Foundation (NWCF), a partner of the Koshi Basin Programme working to understand the relationship between springs and ponds in Nepal's middle hills. Dapcha Kashikhanda and its surrounding localities have been facing increasingly dry springs in recent years, and the expectation is that these ponds will help to replenish local springs and improve the communities' access to water.
The two-year study found that traditional ponds that existed in the past above the springs played an important role in sustaining the springs below. This fact, however, was not readily understood, and many such ponds either dried up or were used for other purposes, like building houses and other infrastructure. During research work, some ponds were reconstructed with voluntary labor contribution from the local people under technical supervision. The following monsoon, the ponds were filled with water, and a number of springs below increased their flow and duration from years prior. A few long-dried-up springs were also revived.
Impressed by this positive result, some in the community dug recharge ponds in their own private land. Although the result of the action research was very promising, it was soon realised that it was not possible to replicate on a large scale with the sponsoring research organisations' limited resources. To be implemented on a wide scale, it needed to be owned by the community and the government. ICIMOD and NWCF have continued their partnership to encourage the municipality- and district-level planners to include the recharge pond construction activities into their regular annual and periodic plans.
To initiate, a one-day introductory workshop was organised 2 December 2015 in Bhakundebesi, near the main office of the newly-declared Dapcha Kashikhanda Municipality. Workshop participants included local leaders of Daraune Pokhari, Chhatrebajh, and Purano Gaun settlements of the Municipality and Shyampati VDC; collaborators in action research in Daraune Pokhari; planning officers from the Municipality and the District Development Committee (DDC), Kavre; and local FM radio station representatives. In the first half of the program, participants were informed by ICIMOD and NWCF experts about past and on-going project activities and future plans. Local people of Daraune Pokhari who had participated in activities also shared their experiences. In the second half of the program, the local people expressed their views, following which, the officials from the municipality and the VDC expressed their opinions and pledged their full support to the program.
Following the meeting, all wards of the municipality and Shyampati VDC convened their municipality and ward council meetings to identify projects and programs to be implemented in their respective areas and prepare detailed technical and financial plans for approval. NWCF research associates provided technical support to all councils in plan preparation related to local water management and recharge pond construction. As a result of the exercises, all ward and VDC councils identified many recharge ponds for construction or rehabilitation and several springs to be protected during the coming fiscal year. In Daraune Pokhari, the council identified eight different projects ranging in cost from NPR 50,000 to 200,000 to be included in the next year's plan. The newly-included settlement of Purano Gaun identified five different projects for recharge pond construction and spring protection. Similarly, Shyampati VDC and other settlements identified a number of projects to be implemented in their respective areas. Since these projects were identified as high priority by the community, ward and VDC councils, they have a high chance of being approved by district level authorities in the coming fiscal year.


text: Few musicians working today are more prolific than Bradford Cox, who records as Atlas Sound and, with four bandmates and a heavier rock set-up, as Deerhunter. For Monomania, his ninth album since 2005 (not counting two EPs and a glut of online demos), he reportedly wrote more than 20 songs for every one that ended up on the finished record. Somehow, it all sounds effortless: a whistlestop tour of rock'n'roll styles – from blues on Pensacola to deranged glam rock on Leather Jacket II – that never lets up. There is a form of mania at work here, but the results are propulsive and ecstatic.


text:
Creating Promising Futures Through Social Construction
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/ Matthew Pruen
Matthew Pruen
Hoffman Institute UK and Healing the Wounds of History, Lebanon
The French Retreat, La Loge, Yviers
16210, France
+447976 843 715
[email protected]
Matthew Pruen
is a coach, facilitator and consultant working with individuals, couples, families and teams in the UK and internationally.
He is a certified supervising teacher at the Hoffman Institute UK
where he teaches 10 one-week retreats annually as well as training new Hoffman teachers.
Additionally, Matthew has a background in Systemic Constellation Work which he practices in organisational, and well-being contexts.
Matthew's main concern is a busy coaching practice based in London with a focus on supporting couples finding the breakthrough they need for intimacy, trust and fulfillment.
Along with his wife Emma, he runs a retreat centre in South west France which hosts his own relationship workshops as well as many other well-being based events annually.
Matthew's personal background is Middle Eastern - being of both Arab and British origin – where he has designed and delivered forgiveness-based programs in Lebanon for Healing the Wounds of History alongside HWH founder Alexandra Asseily. As a team, AA and MP have run a training program to support a community of NGO workers, students and inter-sectarian peace workers in Lebanon for over three years. They are currently developing a facilitator training with the intention of creating a first generation of trainers able to teach the HWH program in Arabic. (
Matthew has worked as an associate lecturer at the London College of Communications and has contributed to the marketing and design course using systemic approaches to creativity. Taking this approach further he has coached actors, playwrights, film-directors and other creatives.
Matthew is also an artist and musician and is married and lives near Bordeaux, France and in Brighton, UK. He is a father of three and has two grandchildren.
Verena Aebischer, Ph.D.
Matthew Pruen
GDPR Cookie Consent by


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Come and stay with us at McCracken Country Club, Adelaide Meridien, Adelaide Royal Coach, Adabco Boutique Hotel or Mayfair Hotel!


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Press Release
From: National Space Club
Posted: Tuesday, February 4, 2014
Washington, DC - The National Space Club (NSC) is pleased to announce its annual award recipients. The Awards are selected by panels of experts from across the aerospace and defense industry, government and academia, and are a testament to the inspiring work of individuals across our nation. The Awards will be presented at the 57Th Annual Robert H. Goddard Memorial Dinner, taking place at the Washington Hilton Hotel on Friday, March 7, 2014.
Recipients are:
The Kepler Team will receive the Club's preeminent award, the Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy. Kepler has revolutionized exoplanet science and stellar astrophysics by expanding the galactic census of exoplanet candidates and fundamentally altering our understanding of our place in the galaxy. This honor is afforded Kepler in recognition of their significant contribution to U.S. leadership in the field of rocketry and astronautics.
Emily Briere, Student, Duke University, is the winner of a national search and competition and will be the recipient of the Goddard Memorial Dinner Keynote Scholarship and will serve as the keynote speaker at the Goddard Memorial Dinner.
Dr. Craig Ferguson, Research Associate, Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, SUNY Albany, receives the NOAA - David Johnson Award for addressing one of the most important and vexing scientific issues facing operational weather and climate models, namely determining whether the models correctly represent land-atmospheric coupling states.
Brian Grigsby, Science Teacher, Shasta High School, Redding, California, is the recipient of the Space Educator Award for his work in inspiring, educating and developing the next generation of students in space science.
William Harwood, Space Reporter, CBS News and Walter Cronkite, former Anchorman, CBS Evening News, will be recognized with the Press Award for their dedication and enthusiasm for space news.
David Korth and the Extra Vehicular Activity (EVA) Console Team, NASA/Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, will receive the Eagle Manned Mission Award for their ability to recognize hazards, analyze a situation, and recommend appropriate actions while under the immense pressure of a human spaceflight emergency.
Lieutenant Colonel Samuel Little, Director of Operations, 45th Launch Support Squadron, 45th Launch Group, Air Force Space Command, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida, will receive the General Bernard Schriever Award for successfully leading his squadron as they integrated and launched six Department of Defense satellites, provided Air Force support to three successful Falcon 9 launches and piloted the groundbreaking Global Positioning System III pathfinder satellite.
Michael Lotto, Student, University of Colorado, Boulder, will receive the Goddard Memorial Scholarship in support of his continued study in Bioastronautics aimed at the development of future Extra Vehicular Activity (EVA) suits and hardware to support future human work in space and exploration of the planets.
Moira Miller, Student, Washington-Lee High School, Arlington, Virginia, is the recipient of the Olin E. Teague Memorial Scholarship,for her accomplishment as an intern at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center where she prepared a presentation for the Lunar and Planetary Sciences Conference 2014.
Dr. Adam Steltzner, Fellow, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, will receive the Astronautics Engineer Award for his outstanding leadership in the design and development of the Mars Science Lab's Entry, Descent and Landing system that successfully landed the Curiosity Rover on Mars on August 5, 2012.
The X-51A WaveRider Team will receive the Nelson P. Jackson Aerospace Award, recognizing the barrier-breaking unmanned X-51A WaveRider autonomous flight demonstrator that is leading the way to hypersonic flight.
Dr. Darrell Zimbelman, Director, Electro-Optical System Program Office, Department of Defense/Air Force Civilian, will receive the Dr. Joseph V. Charyk Award for distinguishing himself as the Program Manager responsible for delivering two multibillion-dollar major system acquisitions and lead his team to overcome nearly insurmountable challenges in the reactivation of the Director of National Intelligence's top priority intelligence program after a two-year hiatus.
Individuals and organizations interested in attending the 57th Annual Robert H. Goddard Memorial Dinner on Friday, March 7, 2014 at the Washington Hilton, may find more information on our website www.spaceclub.org. For specific questions please contact NSC at firstname.lastname@example.com or by calling 202-547-0060.
The National Space Club is a non-profit organization devoted to fostering excellence in space activity through interaction between industry and government, and through a continuing program of educational support. Awards are offered to recognize significant achievements in space science and enterprise. Scholarships and other education support are a major focus of Club activity.
// end //
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I normally install Linux with the following partition:
Code:/ 30GB (ext4) /swap 10 GB (swap) /boot/efi 300 M (FAT32) /home 400 GB ((ext4))
However, I noticed that SUSE and other Linux introduced new Linux partition types such as btrfs. I am just wondering, what's the advantage of btrfs? If we would like to introduce btrfs, what's the recommended partition would be?
thanks a lot.


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This blog was created to document and provide a counter-balance to Robert Sungenis' problematic views and history related to the Jewish people, beginning in September 2006 and up to the present. The following topical directory is available to help readers more easily navigate the articles on this blog. "Labels" are also available on the right-hand side of the blog in order to locate articles that touch on various topics.
Over the past couple of years, Robert Sungenis and some of his close associates have returned to making false accusations against his diocese and former ordinary, Bishop Kevin Rhoades. Sungenis has also subsequently published an article that violates one of his many promises to restrict himself to purely theological matters when Jews were involved and to maintain charity "as if the bishop were present with us." This broken promise is merely the latest in a long line of broken promises. As a result, some articles documenting Sungenis's problematic views about the Jewish people and the falsehood of his accusations against his diocese and former ordinary have again been made available to the public.
Sungenis has gone to great lengths to portray his conflict with Bishop Rhoades and other Catholics as stemming from his efforts to defend the purity of Catholic doctrine in regard to the Jewish people. His claim is completely and demonstrably false. While the most recent articles below deal with doctrinal issues, we have presented them primarily in order to illustrate that Sungenis's accusations of "heresy" against his critics (including his own bishop) have been and continue to be a canard used by him to take the focus off the actual reason he's gotten into so much hot water with his bishop and so many others: his anti-Jewish prejudice. This anti-Jewish prejudice was publicly expressed for over a decade on issues that have nothing to do with theology -- ranging from historical revisionism to conspiracy theories about Jews. However, even in regard to doctrinal issues and scriptural interpretations involving Jews, Sungenis has made numerous errors because his theology is tainted by his prejudice against them (for example, see here and here). He has repeatedly demonstrated that if Jews are involved, he is unable to maintain any semblance of fairness and objectivity.
Robert Sungenis and the U.S. Catholic Catechism for Adults
Was Sungenis the first and/or only one to notice a problematic sentence on page 131 of the USCCA and did he single-handedly cause the U.S. bishops to change it, as he publicly claims? Did the U.S. bishops "vindicate" Sungenis's personal views on "supersessionism," as he also publicly claims? Was the conspiracy theory he publicly floated about the U.S. bishops true? What role did Sungenis actually play in regard to the change to the problematic sentence on page 131 of the USCCA? Is he uniquely qualified to handle Jewish issues? These questions and more are answered.
Sungenis's Continued Misuse of "Supersessionism"
Sungenis unfortunately continues to treat the term "Supersessionism" as if it is magisterial. It is not of Catholic origin and appears in no magisterial texts. It's a loaded term that can and does carry very different connotations, implications and nuances. Some versions of supersessionism are not in accord with Catholic teaching. Sungenis himself holds to a version of "supersessionism" that then Cardinal Dulles aptly characterized as "crude" and that we have characterized as "extreme." Click here and here (scroll down to "Supersessionism, Redux") for more in-depth discussion of Sungenis's problems as they pertain to supersessionism.
Is Sungenis Right About a Future Special Conversion of the Jewish People to Christ?
Short answer? No. In fact, contrary to Sungenis, there is widespread evidence from the Church Fathers, the Catechism of the Catholic Church, Scripture, various saints, Popes and renowned scholars that there will be a future, special conversion of the Jewish people to Christ. Click here, here and here for even more evidence that Sungenis is incorrect.
Sungenis on Romans 11: Theological Bias in Biblical Exegesis
David Palm discusses several of Sungenis's errors regarding Romans 11 and the Jewish people.
Why Sungenis is Wrong to Insist on Saying the Old Covenant is "Revoked"
Sungenis continues to insist on using a word in relation to the Old Covenant that the magisterium has never used: revoked. Take a look the facts and reasons why avoiding this term makes sense. You can read more here as well.
Why Sungenis is Wrong to Consider the New Covenant a Punishment of the Jewish People
Watch on as David Palm exposes Sungenis's erroneous "theology of punishment" at the Catholic Answers Forum. Click here and here for two additional posts by Palm dealing with Sungenis's fundamental error about the establishment of the New Covenant.
Why Sungenis is Wrong to Deny the Inherent Jewishness of the Catholic Church
David Palm explains how Sungenis's anti-Jewish bias leads him to flirt with multiple heresies.
Is Sungenis Right About the Identity of the "Olive Tree" and "Root" in Romans 11?
Sungenis insists that the "root" of Romans 11 is Christ alone. Unfortunately, it seems that his anti-Jewish inclinations are influencing his theology again. There's a considerable number of Catholic witnesses who disagree with him, including the Catechism of the Catholic Church, Church Fathers, renowned Scripture scholars and even Pope Benedict XVI. And it doesn't help that he was caught cropping quotes to make Church Fathers appear to say the opposite of what they actually said.
Sungenis's Theology of Prejudice Against the Jewish People
Several examples are presented that demonstrate how Sungenis's bias against the Jewish people has adversely colored his theology: The Conversion of the Jews, The Antichrist as a Jew, The Good Friday "Demand", Pope Benedict XVI on the Jews, and more.
All in the Family: Christians, Jews and God
An in-depth look at what the Church has taught about our relationship with the Jewish people, and the Jewish people's continuing relationship with God. In particular, a critique of two opposing errors common in certain circles: the dual covenant theory and extreme supersessionism. (Sungenis falls in the latter camp).
Two Narratives and 15 False Claims About Bishop Rhoades
Sungenis and his friend Rick DeLano have labored to create a false narrative about what happened between Sungenis and Bishop Rhoades and why. In the process, they have spread many false claims about His Excellency, 15 of which are exposed and corrected in this piece.
Sungenis Privately Admits He No Longer Believes Bishop Rhoades is Teaching Heresy on the Old Covenant But Continues to Publicly Accuse Him of It Regardless
Remarkably, Bob Sungenis privately admitted that he no longer believes Bishop Rhoades holds to a heresy in regard to the Old Covenant (Bob now thinks the real problem was some other "evil man" who was the "mastermind behind the whole thing")...but that hasn't stopped him from continuing to publicly make the slanderous charge against His Excellency, regardless.
Sungenis Comes Out at the Catholic Answers Forums...to Debate David Palm
A close supporter and member of Sungenis's inner circle came out at the CAF anonymously to take a dishonest shot at an article written by RSATJ contributors, only to be confronted and corrected. Suddenly, Bob did something he rarely does: he made an extended, online appearance at the CAF himself. See how Bob was repeatedly challenged by David to defend his charges and how he repeatedly failed to do so...and much more. The entire debate/thread at the CAF is very enlightening.
Answering Sungenis's Latest "Response" on the "Bishop Rhoades Affair"
Some of Bob's latest errors and dishonesty in his 34-page response regarding his interactions with Bishop Rhoades are exposed.
Answering Sungenis on the Conversion of the Jews...Again
Bob's latest fundamentalist-style attempt to deny this traditional, positive Church teaching about the Jewish people is answered...again.
Contra Sungenis on Elijah and the Conversion of the Jews
Bob has made accusations of supposed "blunders" and "exegetical duplicity" on the part of the Church Fathers in regard to the role of Elijah in the "Conversion of the Jews." But David Palm shows that it is Sungenis who has blundered and behaved impiously.
Defending Pope Benedict XVI from Sungenis's Latest Attack
Bob has again treated Pope Benedict XVI very disrespectfully because Bob remains unable (or unwilling) to read carefully and charitably when Jews are involved.
Rick DeLano Crafts a Conspiracy Theory (01/28/12): A detailed response to Sungenis board member Rick DeLano concerning numerous factual errors and allegations he made concerning why Bishop Rhoades told Sungenis to take the name "Catholic" off of his organization (it had nothing to do with page 131 of the USCCA or the dual covenant error).
- An Open Invitation to Bob Sungenis (09/03/2008)
- Robert Sungenis vs. Pope Benedict XVI on the Holocaust (03/13/09)
- Ferrara Repudiates Holocaust views of Bishop Williamson and Sungenis (04/16/09)
- Pope Continues to Repudiate Holocaust Revisionism Promoted by Sungenis (05/28/09)
- Sungenis Comes Full Circle (07/14/09)
Timelines of Events:
- March 2005 - Oct 2006, Events surrounding the publishing of www.sungenisandthejews.com
- May 2007 - Jan 2008, Sungenis and the Bishop
The Unjust Attacks of Bob Sungenis Against His Bishop:
— Sungenis Smears Bishop, Continues to Mislead and Distort the Record (07/06/07)
— Bishop Rhoades Sets The Record Straight (02/21/08)
— By Sungenis Alone (03/29/08):
- Sungenis the Aggressor
- Sorting Through the Facts
- The Basis for Bishop Rhoades' Cease and Desist Order
- Ignoring the Hard Evidence and Hoping Others Will Too
- The Real Reason Sungenis Turned on Bishop Rhoades
- Bishop Rhoades and the Cardinal Keeler/RCM (non)Connection
- Is Bishop Rhoades "Propagating heresy to "unsuspecting Catholics"?
- Are Bishop Rhoades' Primary "allegiances" to Jewish Interests?
- Sungenis' "Invitation" to "Discuss" Matters with Bishop Rhoades
- Sungenis vs. Sungenis
- The Wily Interviewer?
- Inquisitor Sungenis' New Complaint and Set of Statements for Bishop Rhoades to Affirm or Deny
- The Wily Bishop Rhoades?
- Direct Evidence of Bad Faith
- Double Standards
- Any Excuse to Attack My Bishop Will Do
- The Selectively Quoted Correspondence from Bishop Rhoades
— Slandering the Bishop, Again (05/13/08)
— Bishop Rhoades and the Dual Covenant Theory (09/24/09)
- The Theology of Prejudice (02/21/08)
- The Theology of ADL Conspiracy Theories? (02/21/08)
- The Pope's "Blunder" or Sungenis' Prejudice? (10/23/08)
- A Response to Robert Sungenis' Critique of our Lay Witness Article (3/1/10)
- Sungenis on Romans 11: Theological Bias in Biblical Exegesis
Has Sungenis Apologized?
- Saying "Peace!" When There Is No Peace (02/21/08)
- Proverbs 26:11 - More Broken Promises, More Attacks (09/02/08)
- Sungenis Comes Full Circle (07/14/09)
Broken Promises:
- Bill Cork's page demonstrating the plagiarism in Sungenis' original 2002 article "Conversion of the Jews Not Necessary?", with side-by-side comparisons
- Side-by-side comparison showing almost 1500 words plagiarized from white supremacist Mohr in Sungenis' 2002 article
- Sources, Schoeman, and Sungenis (02/17/07; in this and others below, search for "plagiarism" or "plagiarize" in the body of the article)
- Sungenis Comes Full Circle (07/14/09; more side-by-side examples provided)
- Damien Mackey rebuts Sungenis' attempt to pin the blame on him in regard to one case of plagiarism
- Sungenis' Definition Difficulties (04/19/07; Sungenis' attempts to redefine plagiarism.)
- The Theology of ADL Conspiracy Theories (02/21/08; contains yet another example of plagiarism.)
On Fraudulent Quotations:
- Doctoring the Record (11/02/06)
- Just what the Doctor Ordered? (02/17/07)
- Sources, Schoeman, and the Credibility of Bob Sungenis (Part 2, Section 2; 02/17/07)
- Refusing to Admit the Obvious: Sungenis' Einstein Quote is Fraudulent (03/23/07)
- Jacob Michael the Prophet? (04/11/07)
- The Ginsberg "Quote" (04/16/07)
- The Perpetually Prolific Robert Sungenis (07/25/07)
- The Origin of the Schoeman Forgery Revealed, Sungenis up to Old Tricks (09/08/07)
- More Slander, Fraudulent Quotes and Double Standards From Sungenis (05/19/08)
- More Misquotes, More Misrepresentations (09/02/08)
- Proverbs 26:11 - More Broken Promises, More Attacks (09/02/08)
On Tainted Sources:
- Bill Cork's page demonstrating the highly problematic sources used in Sungenis' original 2002 "Conversion of the Jews Not Necessary?" article.
- Sources, Schoeman, and Sungenis (02/17/07)
On Sungenis' "Doctorate":
- Doctoring the Record (11/15/06)
- Just what the Doctor Ordered? (02/17/07)
Denied Imprimaturs:
- Sungenis and Co. Evasive on Simple Questions about Catholic Apologetics Study Bible (CASB) and Canon Law (05/29/07)
- More Confusion on Sungenis's Catholic Apologetics Study Bible? (06/23/07)
- Sungenis, the CASB (The Apocalypse of St. John) and the Imprimatur (06/28/07)
- Sungenis Smears Bishop, Continues to Mislead and Distort the Record (07/06/07)
- CASB2's Missing Imprimatur: The Real Reason the Bishop Said "No"? (02/21/08)
- Sungenis' Books Continue to Lack Imprimaturs (05/14/08)
- More Imprimatur and Canonical Difficulties for Sungenis? (01/15/09)
On Conspiracy Theories:
- Sowing Confusion, Distrust and Conspiracy Theories (05/23/09)
- Miscellaneous articles on the blog demonstrating Sungenis' penchant for conspiracies


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I believe it was the English writer/contrarian George Bernard Shaw who first coined the phrase: "Youth is wasted on the young." Anybody buying into that cliché was soon set straightprovided they were fortunate enough to be among the standing-room-only-crowd who witnessed this performance. Twenty seven year old trumpeter Christian Scott last appeared in San Diego as a guest of McCoy Tyner, and has already graced the cover of Downbeat magazine. I believe the McCoy invitation probably speaks louder than the Downbeat cover, but both are impressive at his age. Speaking of age, with Scott it's kind of deceptive, because he began an apprenticeship under his unclefamed New Orleans Alto master Donald Harrison at the tender age of 12. By the time he was fourteen he was performing with Harrison regularly. He graduated from Berklee with a double major in record time.
So, this "kid" is no slouch. He is currently on tour in support of this latest release, Yesterday You Said Tomorrow (Concord, 2010). Already being heralded by many critics as one of the best recordings of the year, this disc features the same working ensemble that performed on Tuesday night. Scott has carefully assembled a quintet of the some of the best young talent from all over North America. As Mr. Scott expressed after the concert, "Nobody thinks about putting a band together anymore." Having that band chemistry is clearly important to the leaderhe chose each member of his quintet very deliberately. The result is quite convincingthis band is tight.
It's relatively unusual to have a frontline of trumpet and guitar, but in Canadian guitarist Matt Stevens, Scott has found a perfect foil. Stevens' clear tone and liquid lines as well as tasteful use of effects brought John Abercrombie to mind (Although Stevens himself disavowed that influence.) Pianist Milton Fletcher, who hails from Seaside California, began playing the instrument when he was four. By the age of ten he was gaining acclaim in the Monterey Jazz Festival's education program. He too, was a star at the Berklee College of Music. His style is full of classical and gospel references. This is a player to watch. Double bassist Kristopher Funn is from Baltimore, Maryland, and spent four years with Kenny Garrett. His role was clearly to act as an anchor for the others. One of the only disappointments of this concert was not getting to hear him take a solo. Finally, from Houston, Texasdrummer Jamire Williams, who's c.v. includes work with Dr. Lonnie Smith. Playing an unusual drum kit with two snare drums, Mr. Williams was a dynamo, in constant motion the entire night.
The concert began with an ethereal original from the new release, "A Never Ending Repentance" which featured a nice long Scott solousing his much hyped whisper technique: a method of blowing warm air into the trumpet in order to achieve a more vocal sound. Hype or not, Mr. Scott has achieved his own distinctive timbre on his instrument. Style wise, he most resembled a young Woody Shaw. Matt Stevens followed with a melodic, floating solo that contrasted nicely with the leader's more fiery exposition. Next up was a startling take on the Herbie Hancock original, "Eye Of The Hurricane." This is an inherently exciting tune, and the Scott Quintet didn't disappoint with their rendition. As on many of the evenings selections, Jamire Williams propelled the soloists to a more explosive aesthetic with his constant percussive onslaughts. In that respect, he seemed to have more than a little Tony Williams in himand that's quite a comparison.
Trumpeter Scott gets quite physically demonstrative when he's improvisinghe twists and turns, he'll go from a deep crouchto standing straight up on the balls of his feethead back blowing into the rafters all in one solo! When he's done, he stands right in the middle of his compatriotsshouting, "Go motherfucker!" to whoever's got the baton at that moment. It was a great thing to see such enthusiasm from the man. They followed the Hancock piece with "The Eraser" by Radiohead.
Scott then told the story of being pulled over by the New Orleans Policeoffense: being a black youth driving a nice new car. One thing led to another which culminated in having a gun put to his head. Naturally, he wrote a song about the experience: "K.K.P.D.," which stands for Ku Klux Police Department. Playing the difficult piece seemed to exorcise the demons of that experience somewhat, as he followed with a pensive ballad dedicated to his woman, "Isadora." You get the feeling that she must be drop-dead-gorgeous. After the ballad, Scott introduced each member of his ensemble with obvious respect and affection. It was quite unlike the typical jazz leader introducing his side-men routine that we've all heard a million times. He spent about two minutes on each musician taking care to mention their individual home towns, who they played withhow he came to meet them, and how he cajoled each one into joining the quintet. Scott went to the microphone one last time to announce the final composition of the evening"Angola, Louisiana, & The Thirteenth Amendment."
Christian Scott should not be viewed through the same lens as so many of the "young lions" who have come and gone over the last twenty years. Unlike so many of those handsome young men in the Armani suits who play endless variations of the hard-bop aestheticMr. Scott has his own concept going on. All due respect to George Bernard Shaw, youth has not been wasted on this young man.
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On June 25, the people of St. James ventured outside of our church walls and took Vacation Bible School to children in our community.
One by one, children ventured out of their homes to hear Bible stories and music, to engage in crafts and games, to eat breakfast, have fun, and hear the Good News of Jesus.
Praise be to Jesus, whose love reaches all people - and who is worshiped not only within the church walls, but on a grassy knoll right in people's backyard.


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