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Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States
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The United States produced 5.14 billion metric tons of carbon-dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2017, the lowest since the early 1990s,[1] but still the second largest in the world after greenhouse gas emissions by China and amongst the worst countries by greenhouse gas emissions per person. From year to year, emissions rise and fall due to changes in the economy, the price of fuel and other factors. The US Environmental Protection Agency attributed recent decreases to a reduction in emissions from fossil fuel combustion, which was a result of multiple factors including switching from coal to natural gas consumption in the electric power sector; warmer winter conditions that reduced demand for heating fuel in the residential and commercial sectors; and a slight decrease in electricity demand.[2]
While the Bush administration opted against Kyoto-type policies to reduce emissions, the Obama administration and various state, local, and regional governments have attempted to adopt some Kyoto Protocol goals on a local basis. For example, the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) founded in January 2007 is a state-level emissions capping and trading program by nine northeastern U.S. states. In December 2009 President Obama set a target for reducing U.S. greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the range of 17% below 2005 levels by 2020.[3]
The U.S. State Department offered a nation-level perspective in the Fourth US Climate Action Report (USCAR) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, including measures to address climate change. The report showed that the country was on track to achieve President Bush's goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions (per unit of gross domestic product) by 18% from 2002 to 2012.[citation needed] Over that same period, actual GHG emissions were projected to increase by 11%.[citation needed] The report estimated that in 2006, U.S. GHG emissions decreased 1.5% from 2005 to 7,075.6 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent. This was an increase of 15.1% from the 1990 levels of 6,146.7 million tonnes (or 0.9% annual increase), and an increase of 1.4% from the 2000 levels of 6,978.4 million tonnes. By 2012 GHG emissions were projected to increase to more than 7,709 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, which would be 26% above 1990 levels.[citation needed]
- 1 General
- 2 Carbon emissions by categories
- 3 Reporting requirement
- 4 Reduction target
- 5 Strategy and measures to address climate change
- 5.1 Near-term measures
- 5.1.1 Energy: residential and commercial sectors
- 5.1.2 Energy: industrial sector
- 5.1.3 Energy: supply
- 5.1.4 Transportation
- 5.1.5 Industry: non-CO2 GHGs
- 5.1.6 Agriculture
- 5.1.7 Forestry
- 5.1.8 Waste management
- 5.1.9 Cross-sectoral
- 5.1.10 Nonfederal policies and measures
- 5.2 Long-term measures
- 5.3 International measures
- 5.1 Near-term measures
- 6 Criticism
- 7 See also
- 8 Notes
- 9 References
- 10 External links
According to a 2016 study U.S. methane emissions were underestimated by the EPA since at least a decade, on the order of 30 to 50 percent.[4]
U.S. carbon dioxide emissions from energy use rose by 1.6% in 2007, according to preliminary estimates by the United States Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration (EIA). Electricity generation increased by 2.5%, and carbon dioxide emissions from the power sector increased even more, at 3%, indicating that U.S. utilities shifted towards energy sources that emitted more carbon. That shift was partially caused by a 40 billion kilowatt-hour decrease in hydropower production causing a greater reliance on fossil fuels like natural gas and coal. Carbon dioxide emissions from power plants fueled with natural gas increased by 10.5%, while coal-burning power plants increased their emissions by 1.8%.[5] Paper is the fourth largest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions in the United States and one of the largest consumers of industrial water among all Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries.[6][7][8][better source needed]
In 2007 the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration stated that the "U.S. and global annual temperatures are now approximately 1.0°F warmer than at the start of the 20th century, and the rate of warming has accelerated over the past 30 years, increasing globally since the mid-1970s at a rate approximately three times faster than the century-scale trend. The past nine years have all been among the 25 warmest years on record for the contiguous U.S., a streak which is unprecedented in the historical record."[9]
Carbon emissions by categoriesEdit
A study completed in 2015[10] provides a breakdown of how much CO
2 emissions are created by certain parts of the United States economy. The largest group being electricity production accounting for 37% of carbon emissions, followed by personal ground travel at 22%, natural gas not used towards power at 11%, movement of goods by boat, truck, or air at 9%, oil refining at 6%, other uses of petroleum at 6%, jet fuel, specifically for air travel, at 4%, and the last 5% spread among other miscellaneous uses. A large portion of carbon emissions created by the United States is from personal use. The University of Michigan created a detailed list of steps that can be taken to lower personal carbon emissions.[11]
According to UCLA study (2017) the US 163 million dogs and cats are responsible for release of up to 64 ± 16 million tons CO2-equivalent methane and nitrous oxide. The environmental impact to feed dogs and cats is 25–30% of that used to feed humans.[12]
Reporting requirementEdit
Since January 1, 2010 the USEPA's Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases rule, requires thousands of companies in the US to monitor their greenhouse gas emissions and begin reporting them in 2011.[13]
A detailed inventory of fossil fuel CO
2 emissions is provided by the Project Vulcan.[14]
Reduction targetEdit
This article needs to be updated.December 2015)(
The White House announced on 25 November 2009 that President Barack Obama is offering a U.S. target for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the range of 17% below 2005 levels by 2020. The proposed target agrees with the limit set by climate legislation that has passed the U.S. House of Representatives, but the U.S. Senate is currently[when?] considering a bill that cuts GHG emissions to 20% below 2005 levels by 2020. The White House noted that the final U.S. emissions target will ultimately fall in line with the climate legislation, once that legislation passes both houses of Congress and is approved by the President. In light of the president's goal for an 83% reduction in GHG emissions by 2050, the pending legislation also includes a reduction in GHG emissions to 30% below 2005 levels by 2025 and to 42% below 2005 levels by 2030.[3] The Waste Prevention Rule which was enacted by the Obama Administration in November 2016 to regulate limits on the amount of methane released while drilling for oil and natural gas on federal land was repealed on September 18, 2018.[15][16]
Strategy and measures to address climate changeEdit
The U.S. strategy integrates actions to address climate change including actions to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions into a broader agenda that promotes energy security, pollution reduction, and sustainable economic development.[citation needed]
Near-term measuresEdit
Energy: residential and commercial sectorsEdit
- EPA Clean Energy Programs - Energy Star
- Commercial Building Integration[17] and Residential Building Integration (Build America).[18]
- Weatherization Assistance Program[19]
- State Energy Program[20]
As of 2010, buildings in the United States consume roughly 48% of the country's electricity and contribute a similar percentage of GHG.[21] Engineers Matthias Hollwich and Marc Kushner won the IBM Engineering Innovation award in 2008 with their innovative urban "biogrid" concept called: "MEtreePOLIS–Atlanta in 2018–"the city of the future." By prompting scientists, engineers, and architects in creating new designs and technologies, there is a hope that positive futures will be attainable without causing environmental damages.[22]
Energy: industrial sectorEdit
- Energy Star for industry
- Industrial Technologies Program (ITP)[23]
Energy: supplyEdit
- Wind Energy[24]
- Solar Energy[25]
- Geothermal Energy[26]
- Biofuels:[27]
- Distributed energy[28]
- EPA Clean Energy Programs - Green Power Partnership[29]
- EPA Clean Energy Programs - Combined Heat and Power Partnership[30]
- Carbon Capture and Storage Research Program[31]
As of 2011, 71% of petroleum consumed in the US was used for transportation.[35]
Programs to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector:
- The Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) program requires automobile manufacturers to meet average fuel economy standards for the light-duty vehicle fleet sold in the United States. The passenger car standard has been set by statute at 11.7 kilometers per liter (kpl or km/l) (27.5 miles per gallon (mpg)), but can be amended through rulemaking. In 2003, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) raised the standard for minivans, pickup trucks, sport utility vehicles (SUVs), and other light trucks from 8.8 kpl (20.7 mpg) to 8.9 kpl (21.0 mpg) for 2005, 9.2 kpl (21.6 mpg) for 2006, and 9.4 kpl (22.2 mpg) for 2007. The action more than doubles the increase in the standard that occurred between 1986 and 2001, a period of more than 15 years. It is predicted that this activity might save approximately 412 trillion Btus (3.6 billion US gallons (14,000,000 m3)) of gasoline over the life of model year 2005–07 light-truck fleets and is projected to result in emission reductions of 42 Tg of CO 2 Eq. in 2012 for all light trucks after model year 2005.
- In March 2006, NHTSA issued a new rule for light trucks covering model years 2008–11. The new rule raises required light-truck fuel economy to 24 mpg by model year 2011 and will save nearly 1,259 trillion BTUs (11 billion US gallons (42,000,000 m3)) of gasoline (73 Tg of CO 2 Eq.) over the life of the affected vehicles. The new rule includes an innovative reform that varies fuel economy standards according to the size of the vehicle. The regulation has also been extended for the first time to large passenger vans and SUVs.
- Under the Energy Policy Act of 2005, United States Environmental Protection Agency is responsible for promulgating regulations to ensure that gasoline sold in the United States contains a specific volume of renewable fuel. This national Renewable Fuel Standard will increase the volume of renewable fuel that is blended into gasoline, starting with calendar year 2006. The standard is intended to double the amount of renewable fuel usage by 2012. As of 2011, 4% of the energy consumed by transportation was supplied by renewable fuels.[35]
- The program[36] works jointly with DOE's hydrogen, fuel cell, and infrastructure R&D efforts and the efforts to develop improved technology for hybrid electric vehicle, which include the hybrid electric components (such as batteries and electric motors).
- The U.S. government uses six "criteria pollutants" as indicators of air quality: ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxides, particulate matter, and lead and does not include carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.
- Clean Cities[37]
- Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement (CMAQ) Program.[38]
- Aircraft Fuel Efficiency:
- Aviation yields GHG emissions that have the potential to influence global climate. In the United States, aviation makes up about 3% of the national GHG inventory and about 12% of transportation emissions. Currently, measuring and tracking fuel efficiency from aircraft operations provide the data for assessing the improvements in aircraft and engine technology, operational procedures, and the airspace transportation system that reduce aviation's contribution to CO 2 emissions. DOT has a goal to improve aviation fuel efficiency per revenue plane-mile by 1% per year through 2009. In the near term, new technologies to improve air traffic management will help reduce fuel burn and, thus, emissions. In the long term, new engines and aircraft will feature more efficient components and aircraft aerodynamics, enhanced engine cycles, and reduced weight, thereby improving fuel efficiency.
Industry: non-CO2 GHGsEdit
- The United States is one of the first nations to develop and implement a national strategy to control emissions of high-GWP gases. The strategy is a combination of industry partnerships and regulatory mechanisms to minimize atmospheric releases of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)—which are potent GHGs that contribute to global warming—while ensuring a safe, rapid, and cost-effective transition away from chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), halons, and other ozone-depleting substances across multiple industry sectors.
- Environmental Stewardship —The objective of this initiative is to limit emissions of HFCs, PFCs, and SF6 in three industrial applications: semiconductor production,49 electric power distribution,50 and magnesium production.
- HFC-23 —To reduce HFC-23 emissions from the manufacture of the ozone-depleting substance HCFC-22.
- Voluntary Aluminum Industry Partnership —To reduce CF4 and C2F6.
- Significant New Alternatives Program (SNAP)- To phase down the use of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs), such as CFCs and HCFCs. SNAP has initiated programs with different industry sectors to monitor and minimize emissions of global-warming gases, such as HFCs and PFCs used as substitutes for ozone-depleting chemicals.
- Mobile Air Conditioning Climate Protection Partnership —
- Environmental Quality Incentives Program
- Conservation Reserve Program
- Conservation Security Program
- AgSTAR
- Renewable Energy Systems and Energy Efficiency Improvements Program
Waste managementEdit
- Promulgated under the Clean Air Act in March 1996, the New Source Performance Standards and Emissions Guidelines ("Landfill Rule") require large landfills to capture and combust their landfill gas emissions. The implementation of the rule began at the state level in 1998. Recent data on the rule's impact indicate that increasing its stringency has significantly increased the number of landfills that must collect and combust their landfill gas. EPA estimates that methane reductions in 2002 were 9 Tg CO2 Eq.,[clarification needed] and reductions for 2012 may remain about the same.
- WasteWise to encourage recycling and source reduction.
- Federal Woody Biomass Working Group
- Climate VISION (Voluntary Innovative Sector Initiatives: Opportunities Now)
- Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases Under 1605(b):
- Authorized under Section 1605(b) of the Energy Policy Act of 1992, this voluntary program provides a means for utilities, industries, and other entities to establish a public record of their emissions and the results of voluntary measures to reduce, avoid, or sequester GHG emissions
Nonfederal policies and measuresEdit
State initiativesEdit
- Vehicle Air Pollution (SR 27)- States and implies that California Senate does not have to adhere to cutbacks in emissions standards further allowing stricter emissions standards than the federal government for the state of California.[41] Under this senate resolution the current administration or other federal powers will be opposed by California in any reduction or cutback of the Clean Air Act policies that are currently in place; allowing California to have higher emissions and air quality standards. This policy is because of the threat by the current administration's efforts to reverse environmental policies, in this case vehicle emissions standards.[42] This opposition of federal policy changes is allowed through California's Clean Air Act preemption waiver granted to the state by the EPA on July 8, 2009.[43] California's waiver applies to vehicles made in 2009 and later.[43] The current standard being followed by the state is a goal of all vehicles reaching an average of 35 miles per gallon.[Environmental protection Agency Federal Register / Vol. 74, No. 129 / 1][43] California saw a large decline in vehicle emissions from 2007 to 2013 as well as a rise in emissions following 2013 which can be attributed to different circumstances some of which include increased population, increased employment, increase in overall state GDP meaning more productivity in the state.[44]
- Vehicle Registration: Environmental Rebates (SB 745)- Establishes a rebate for any transportation improvement fee on a vehicle. This Senate Bill allots funds from the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund to the Climate Policy Special rebate fund and which are then transferred to the department of motor vehicles to pay for newly registered vehicles or renewed vehicles. According to the policy the cost per vehicle is to be displayed in the registration paperwork.[41]
Regional initiativesEdit
- Western Climate Initiative
- As of 2015[update], the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative includes Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island, and Vermont. It is a cap and trade program in which states "sell nearly all emission allowances through auctions and invest proceeds in energy efficiency, renewable energy and other consumer benefit programs".[45]
- Western Governors Association Clean and Diversified Energy Initiative
- Powering the Plains[46]
- Carbon Sequestration Regional Partnerships[47]
- U.S. Mayors Climate Protection Agreement
- National Governors Association (NGA)´s Securing a Clean Energy Future.[48]
- NGA has announced plans to expand statewide regulations on GHG emissions and clean energy initiatives. In a news conference on September 12, Governors Tim Pawlenty of Minnesota and Kathleen Sebelius of Kansas unveiled a task force they will lead along with six other governors to promote renewable energy, conservation, and a reduction in GHG emissions through statewide policies. The US Department of Energy will provide $610,000 in support for this initiative.
- As chairman of NGA, Governor Tim Pawlenty (R-MN) said that on energy issues, "We have a federal government that doesn't seem to want to move as fast or as bold as many would like." With states creating their own emissions standards, Pawlenty said, there will be a push for the federal government to come up with a nationwide energy policy to address global warming. If enough states act to reduce GHG emissions, it would "become a de facto national policy".[49]
Climate action plansEdit
- Greenhouse gas emissions by California Issued April 2006.
- Connecticut: Issued February 2005
- Massachusetts: Issued May 2004
- New Mexico : Issued December 2006
- Oregon : Issued December 2004[50]
Lead by example programsEdit
- New Hampshire's Building Energy Conservation Initiative
- New Jersey's Green Power Purchasing Program
- Atlanta's Virginia Highland - 1st Carbon Neutral Zone in the United States[51][52]
Local initiativesEdit
Private-sector and NGO initiativesEdit
- Climate Savers
- Ceres' Investor Network On Climate Risk
- Green Power Market Development Group
- Chicago Climate Exchange
- Business Environmental Leadership Council
- PowerSwitch!
- Climate RESOLVE
Long-term measuresEdit
- Carbon Sequestration Regional Partnerships[47]
- Nuclear:
- Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems Initiative
- Nuclear Hydrogen Initiative
- Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative
- Global Nuclear Energy Partnership
- Clean Automotive Technology
- Hydrogen Technology[53]
- and High-temperature superconductivity
International measuresEdit
- Kyoto Protocol – signed by U.S. President Bill Clinton in 1998 but never ratified
- Asia Pacific Partnership
The British climate envoy in the 2007 meeting of the world's top 16 polluters, John Ashton, said the United States seemed isolated on the issue of fighting climate change: "The argument that we can do this through voluntary approaches is now pretty much discredited internationally".[54]
Nuclear power in the USA is a vanishing climate stabilization wedge.[55]
See alsoEdit
- Climate Registry
- Coal in the United States
- Energy conservation in the United States
- Greenhouse gas emissions in Kentucky
- List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions
- List of U.S. states by carbon dioxide emissions
- Politics of global warming
- Post–Kyoto Protocol negotiations on greenhouse gas emissions
- Regulation of Greenhouse Gases Under the Clean Air Act
- Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming
- U.S. Climate Change Science Program
- ^ "U.S. energy-related CO2 emissions fell slightly in 2017 - Today in Energy - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 2018-12-15.
- ^ EPA,OA, US. "Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions - US EPA". US EPA. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
- ^ a b http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id=15650 December 02, 2009 President Obama Sets a Target for Cutting U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions
- ^ "US methane emissions are drastically underestimated, a new study shows". PRI. 2016.
- ^ "EIA - Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the U.S. 2006-Carbon Dioxide Emissions". doe.gov. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
- ^ Benson, Eric; Napier, Pamela (2012). "Connecting Values: Teaching Sustainability to Communication Designers". Design and Culture. 4 (2): 195–214. doi:10.2752/175470812X13281948975521.
- ^ Kinsella, S. (2007). "The State of the Paper Industry Monitoring the Indicators of Environmental Performance". Environmental Paper Network.
- ^ Mortenson, L. (2001). "Environment". OECD Environmental Outlook.
- ^ "Facts about Climate Change Science and Ocean Acidification, truth from consensus and climate change skeptics". www.climatechangefacts.info. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
- ^ "Carbon Tax Effectiveness". www.carbontax.org. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
- ^ "Carbon Footprint Factsheet - Center for Sustainable Systems". css.umich.edu. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
- ^ The environmental impacts of food consumption by dogs and cats; Gregory S. Okin PLOS August 2, 2017
- ^ EPA,OEI, US. "Page being updated" (PDF). www.epa.gov. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
- ^ Gurney, Kevin. "The Vulcan Project - Index". vulcan.project.asu.edu. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
- ^ "Bloomberg - Are you a robot?". www.bloomberg.com.
- ^ "US Interior finalizes changes to federal lands methane rule - S&P Global Platts". www.spglobal.com. 18 September 2018.
- ^ "DOE: High Performance Buildings". Archived from the original on 2007-09-03. Retrieved 2007-09-11.
- ^ "Building Technologies Program: Building America". Archived from the original on 2006-03-05. Retrieved 2007-09-11.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-08-29. Retrieved 2008-09-24.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ "EERE: State Energy Program Home Page". Archived from the original on 2007-09-25. Retrieved 2007-09-11.
- ^ Mazria, Ed. "2030 Challenge". Archived from the original on 2009-12-24.
- ^ Cogdell, Christina (2011). "Tearing Down the Grid". Design and Culture. 3 (1): 75–84. doi:10.2752/175470810X12863771378798.
- ^ "Industrial Technologies Program BestPractices". Archived from the original on 2010-08-27. Retrieved 2007-09-11.
- ^ "Wind and Hydropower Technologies Program: Wind Energy Research". Archived from the original on 2007-08-27. Retrieved 2007-09-11.
- ^ "Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy | Department of Energy". Eere.energy.gov. Retrieved 2018-07-11.
- ^ "EERE: Geothermal Technologies Program Home Page". Archived from the original on 2007-09-25. Retrieved 2007-09-11.
- ^ "EERE: Biomass Program Home Page". Archived from the original on 2007-09-13. Retrieved 2007-09-11.
- ^ "OE: Distributed Energy Program Home Page". Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-09-11.
- ^ "Green Power Partnership". www.epa.gov. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
- ^ "Combined Heat and Power Partnership". www.epa.gov. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
- ^ "Carbon Capture and Storage Research". Energy.gov. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
- ^ "Advanced Energy Systems Program". NETL website. National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
- ^ "Carbon Capture". NETL website. National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
- ^ "Carbon Storage Technology". NETL website. National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
- ^ a b US Energy Information Administration, Primary energy by source and sector, 2011, PDF.
- ^ "EERE: Vehicle Technologies Program Home Page". Archived from the original on 2007-09-25. Retrieved 2007-09-11.
- ^ EERE: Clean Cities Home Page Archived 2007-04-27 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "CMAQ - Air Quality - Environment - FHWA". www.fhwa.dot.gov. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
- ^ "EERE: Biomass Program Home Page". Archived from the original on 2007-09-13. Retrieved 2007-09-11.
- ^ "US EPA - Methane". epa.gov. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
- ^ a b Board, California Air Resources. "Air Quality Legislation". www.arb.ca.gov. Retrieved 2018-09-07.
- ^ "California Senate approves Wieckowski Clean Air Act resolution". Senator Bob Wieckowski. 2017-04-03. Retrieved 2018-09-07.
- ^ a b c EPA,OAR,OTAQ, US (2016-10-14). "California Greenhouse Gas Waiver Request | US EPA". US EPA. Retrieved 2018-09-07.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ "California's Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventory". www.arb.ca.gov. Retrieved 2018-09-07.
- ^ "Welcome". Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, Inc. n.d. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
- ^ "Powering the Plains: Energy Transition Roadmap" (PDF). GPI website. Great Plains Institute. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
- ^ a b "Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships". NETL website. National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
- ^ National Governors Association Archived 2007-10-27 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ [1][dead link]"NGA Officially Launches Chair's Initiative: Securing a Clean Energy Future". 09/12/2007. Archived from the original on 2007-10-27. Retrieved 2007-09-17. Check date values in:
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- ^ Jay, Kate (November 14, 2008). "First Carbon Neutral Zone Created in the United States". Reuters. Archived from the original on September 7, 2009. Cite journal requires
- ^ Auchmutey, Jim (January 26, 2009). "Trying on carbon-neutral trend". Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
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- ^ "Bush climate plans spark debate". BBC News. 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2010-05-04.
- ^ Morgan, M. Granger; Abdulla, Ahmed; Ford, Michael J.; Rath, Michael (2018). "US nuclear power: The vanishing low-carbon wedge". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (28): 7184–7189. doi:10.1073/pnas.1804655115. PMID 29967141.
External linksEdit
|Wikisource has original text related to this article:
- Live carbon emissions from electricity generation in some states
- U.S. Emissions Data and total carbon dioxide emissions from the consumption and flaring of fossil fuels data (Energy Information Administration).
- United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Economic analysis:
- New High-Res Map of U.S. Per-Capita CO
2 Emissions.
- Georgia Judge Cites Carbon Dioxide in Denying Coal Plant Permit.
- [32] 2005 Energy CO
2 Emissions by State and Industrial Sector for Fossil Fuel Combustion (EPA)
- Project Vulcan high resolution fossil fuel CO
2 inventory for the United States
- EPA Standards for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Power Plants: Many Questions, Some Answers Congressional Research Service


text:
How Employers Can Benefit from Telecommuting
Today's guest post comes to us from Fred Sexton, CEO of Worksnaps. Worksnaps is a unique service specifically designed to track time for remote workers, telecommuters and freelancers. For employers, Worksnaps improves the visibility and accountability of how time is spent and what you are really spending your money on. FlexJobs Employers receive 25% off any pricing plan at Worksnaps!
Did you know that working from home can actually increase productivity and efficiency? Many company owners don't realize the benefits that come from allowing employees to work from home. They worry that employees will goof off on company time or that projects will not be completed properly.
- How do you ensure all workers are doing their job properly?
- What do you do if different team members need to consult on a project?
- How will you perform status reports and updates?
Well you might be surprised to know that all of this and more is possible even if your workers perform their duties from the comforts of their homes.
The benefit from telecommuting:
Working from home increases productivity.
There are actually several ways that working from home can increase productivity. There have even been studies on this. The benefit from telecommuting has been proven, let's take a look at one, for example.
An experiment from Stanford University in July 2012 sought to find out whether or not working from home really works:
Over 10% of U.S. employees now regularly work from home, but there is widespread skepticism over its impact highlighted by phrases like "shirking from home." We report the results of a work from home experiment in a 13,000 employee NASDAQ-listed Chinese multinational. Call center employees who volunteered to work from home were randomized into home or office working for 9- months. Home-working led to a 13% performance increase, of which about 9.5% is from working more minutes per shift (fewer breaks and sick-days) and 3.5% from more calls per minute (quieter working environment).
They go on to elaborate on the experiment:
Home workers also reported improved work satisfaction and their job attrition rate fell by 50%. After the experiment, the firm rolled the program out to all employees, letting them choose home or office working. Interestingly, only half of the volunteer group decided to work at home, with the other half changing their minds in favor of office working. After allowing employees to choose, the performance impact of working from home more than doubled, highlighting the benefits of choice alongside modern practices like home working.
As this study showed, people who work at home can work at a schedule that is comfortable to them.
Telecommuting improves morale and work quality.
- You can plan meetings and responsibilities around your workday.
- With no dress codes, you are free to wear whatever makes you comfortable and you don't have to worry about how you look.
- You can just spend that time focusing on your work tasks.
- There are no co-workers to deal with that you might not get along with. Many employees report bad co-workers as a number one reason they don't want to go to work.
- Many employees who work from home feel more in control of their own schedules and empowered to get their work done.
The real caveat is time management. Work-from-home employees need to be self-motivated and if they slip or get distracted, your work may not get done on schedule.
How to address poor time management.
There are steps that you can take to address time management issues with your work from home employees. You want to make sure employees are staying on task. Let's explore:
- Time tracking: Worksnaps offers time tracking tools that you can use to help keep your employees on task, see where they are at any given point in the project and also allow them to check in with other project workers to see where others are at. This helps everyone work together and in sync.
- Personal Accountability: Worksnaps service helps the team to stay on task and collaborate better by knowing who is working on what. It provides visibility and reduces unnecessary interruptions. This is good for all parties involved and it saves time on having to redo tasks later because steps were missed.
- Improved invoicing: With accurate and verifiable time tracking, hourly based invoicing or payment is not guesswork anymore. Pay for actual hours worked. You can also monitor work in real time. You do not need to wait until the end of the day or week to know what your contractors have been working on.
Working from home is rewarding.
Finally, work-from-home employees are often more productive because they have the self-fulfillment that comes from working from home. They can take time off when they need it.
They can work where they are comfortable, even if that means taking the laptop out to the garden. They have more flexibility in their work and personal schedules, leading to more productive days and weeks.
While not everyone is capable of working that way, for those who can, the benefit from telecommuting can be huge. It can increase productivity and efficiency because you are more in control of your own time and how you spend it. That study by Stanford showed us that when given the option, half of the people chose to work from home and the other half chose to go back to the office. Of those who chose to work from home, they were even more productive.
Time = money and Happy employees = productive workers
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
By Staff Writer, Iran Probe
Sunday, 20 August 2017
I'm absolutely honored to be here with you today.
I have never been with a group who has had such a singular and overwhelming focus as you do. I'm proud to be among you. We assembled today as people who respect freedom and liberty with one cause and one cause only to free Iran.
So, in conclusion, that has led me to a couple of observations, one is I'm hopeful and optimistic for two reasons; one is the resistance is growing not only in size and scale but in determination, dedication, and conviction, and that is a credit to you and to all others who are a part of this movement. And second, the United States government who has already declared the Quds Force a foreign terrorist organization. I know for a fact that under consideration and I think what will eventually happen is that the Trump government will declare the IRGC a terrorist organization. The United States government will no longer appease or accommodate Iran but will confront Iran. The United States government will not permit Iran will not permit Iran to have nuclear weapons with ballistic missiles, which is not only a threat to the region but a threat to world peace. The United States government knows Iran while it should be confronted is not capable of fundamental change. the United States government knows Iran is evil to its core, the United States government in my judgment will support the people of Iran to change the regime. free Iran, Free Iran, and God bless you.
General Jack Keane, is a retired four-star general and former Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army, and a defense analyst currently serving as chairman of the board for the Institute for the Study of War.


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SST Basement Systems, serving Greater Thunder Bay, ON will be at this weekend's 2013 Spring Home and Garden Show at the Sports Dome. Don't miss us!
Friday, April 5th, 2013
TV personality, spokesperson, radio host and home improvement specialist, Jon Eakes knows a thing or two about sump pumps.
Wednesday, February 27th, 2013
SST Basement Systems participated in a project to remove mold from a school in a remote location.
Friday, March 30th, 2012
There are many advantages to having an insulated and encapsulated crawl space. This article will tell you the differences you could experience when you choose to repair y...
Wednesday, March 21st, 2012
A sump pump is a necessity for a dry basement. This article will give you tips for choosing a sump pump and a sump pump installer.
Wednesday, March 21st, 2012
SST Basement Systems will be displaying their solutions for wet basements at three upcoming home shows.
Wednesday, March 21st, 2012


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Title: Rip Tide
Author: Kat Falls
Series: Dark Life #2
Publisher: Scholastic
Publication date: January 1st 2013
Format: Paperback | 320 pages
Genre: YA | Science Fiction
Ty has always known that the ocean is a dangerous place. Every time he swims beyond the borders of his family's subsea farm, he's prepared to face all manner of aquatic predators - sharks, squid, killer whales….
But Ty is unprepared for the deadliest dangers of the deep. When he and his Topsider ally, Gemma, make a horrific discovery far below the surface, they begin to unravel a conspiracy that will put them in conflict with outlaws, Seaguard officers, and the savage, trident-wielding surfs - plus creatures unlike any Ty has encountered before.
My thoughts:
I was a big fan of the first book in this series, Dark Life, so I couldn't wait to pick this up. I have to say, I'm a bigger fan of Kat Falls than I was when I finished the first book. I loved it.
What I loved most about Dark Life was the world building and the creativity that went into it. I found this to be the case in Rip Tide too, maybe even more so. I absolutely adored the descriptions of the ocean, townships and Rip Tide itself. It was the kind of writing where you can picture everything seamlessly as you read it as if you're watching a film - a really great film at that. So much imagination was put into this book which, in my opinion, made the world it's set in more charming, and the story more enthralling.
I also found the characters to be just as well written. I loved Ty just as ever - he really came into his own in this book. Gemma was just as great. I actually thought she had the most depth to her character compared to the last book where Ty was more of the main focus. Ty was still the main star of the story, but I felt that I got to know Gemma a whole lot more in Rip Tide.
Overall I found this to be a fantastic read that I finished in no time at all - I only wish it was a lot longer!
My rating: 10/10
Kat Falls:
Goodreads | Website | Facebook
Dark Life:
- Dark Life
- Rip Tide


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McKenzie Study Center
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Report an absence
Regular attendance is extremely important and parents are asked to encourage their children to aim for the highest standards of attendance and punctuality. Family holidays should not be arranged in term time. Where a family holiday is taken in term time against advice with no specific return date, the pupil can be taken off roll. There is also the possibility of a penalty fine in these circumstances.
Parents are asked to telephone the school on the first day of any unavoidable absence and any subsequent day their child is absent. An absence note should also be sent in with their child on return. In the case of a long absence contact must be maintained with the school every few days.
Medical appointments, where possible, should be made outside of school hours in order to minimise disruption to learning. If an appointment is made during school hours, please ensure your child has a note on them for the time they need to sign out and an indication of the time they will be returning.
Any problems may be referred to the school's Attendance Officer.
When absence is unexplained the school may telephone parents or send an unauthorised absence letter.
Please note that the school can issue Fixed Penalty Notices for unauthorised absence. This can entail a fine of £60 per parent.
We are also working very closely with the Portsmouth City Council to improve attendance. For more information please follow this link
Justina Leslie
Attendance Officer
NHS Attendance Leaflet
Priory Leave of Absence form
Healthier Together – should your child go to school today Final (1) (2)
Should my child go to school today (Powerpoint presentation)


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Type the characters you see in the picture below
When a person dies in Clearwater as the result of a DUI, the consequences are very severe and life-altering. A person convicted of a DUI in which a death occurred is guilty of DUI Manslaughter, a second degree felony. As a result of the DUI conviction, you will be sentenced to a mandatory minimum of 4 years in Florida State Prison, facing the possibility of up to 15 years of imprisonment. You can also be fined up to $10,000.00 and your license will be revoked permanently. If this is your first DUI offense, you may be eligible for a hardship license after 5 years once you have completed DUI School through the Suncoast Safety Council. If you knew or should have known that a crash occurred and you failed to stop, give information and render aid, the consequences become more severe. You will be convicted of a first degree felony and could face up to 30 years incarceration as a result of these actions.
DUI Manslaughter cases are very complex. The State must prove that not only were you impaired at the time of the accident, but also that your actions caused the death of another person. To try to prove impairment, the Police can forcibly obtain a blood sample from you, which will then be tested for its blood alcohol level or presence of a chemical substance. If the State Attorney is satisfied that the blood sample demonstrates impairment, an arrest warrant will be placed. If you are faced with this situation, you need an experienced attorney who will fiercely fight for your cause. Call our office immediately at 727-222-3610. We are here to help.
Clearwater DUI Office Address (Satellite Office): 4500 140th Avenue North, Suite 101 Clearwater, FL 33762
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aprilia RSV Mille: a sporty guy!
This tiptop and a bit glamorous guy is not so simple, how it could seem. Aprilia RSV Mille doesn't only look well but works great too. It is one from the not too big number of sports motorbikes. Such motorbikes haven't some special additions or frills, but there are some differences besides. First of all, these sports vehicles weight lighter, so they could go faster. Its front brakes of 2x 320mm discs make your riding easy and comfortable, but wait, I have a complain! If would its throttle be a bit lighter! However, even you never tried motorbike's riding before, you couldn't refuse yourself in pleasure to test this specimen!


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Based in the Czech Republic, MADFINGER collaborated with NVIDIA® to inject new visuals and features into its Samurai II: Vengeance action game. Mark Ramos, who serves as CEO, co-founder and programmer for the small studio, talks about the new game set in ancient Japan in this exclusive interview.
How did you create your studio?
There are four of us now but we will increase in size this year. We just started up last May. Samurai Warrior was our first game. We created it in our spare time, since we were all working full-time jobs at various game companies.
What are your thoughts on the mobile game industry?
I think this mobile revolution started a few years ago with the iPhone. Apple did a really good job introducing a single platform for game developers to work with. Now with NVIDIA® Tegra®, we're seeing games that look like what you'd play on Xbox 360 or PlayStation 3. For Samurai II, I think this is a great game to show the capabilities of developing for Android.
How has Tegra impacted the gameplay experience with Samurai II?
Tegra allows us to double the number of polygons because the CPU and GPU reads very fast. We were able to move the camera a little bit higher so you see more of the environment around you. There are a lot of things that are moving in this game now and we increased the number of particles in the effects.
Can you explain how a team of four was able to develop this game?
We're using the Unity Free Engine in tandem with Tegra, so we don't need to worry about the technology. We're only focusing on the gameplay. Tegra is such a fast chip that it allows game developers to do more things. And that's good for the game industry.


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The sun is shinning here in Devon 'at the moment' so let's hope spring is on it's way. My daffodils have popped open so that's a good sign. Doesn't it make you feel so much better when the sun is out?!
It 'almost' gets me in the mood to do some spring cleaning!
Today's card is for my nan's birthday who is a leap year baby and will be 94 years old:
Items used:
Penny Black 'Gossamer' stamp
First Edition 'Spring Feast' papers
Computer generated sentiment
Distress ink
Flowers and twine from stash
My criticism for today - a bit too heavy handed with the Distress ink on the sentiment!
This is another one of my Australian stamps but I just know that it will be well loved.
So that's all folks - thanks for stopping by my blog and I hope you have a fab day. TTFN.
Penny Black Saturday challenge 'For someone special' ( 1 day left )
Sketch Saturday 'follow the sketch' ( 1 day left )
Totally Paper crafts 'Spring' ( 2 hours left )
Stampin' for the Weekend 'Flower Power' ( 7 hours left )
Divas by design challenge 'Make it sparkle' ( 5 days left )
Allsorts challenge 'Ladies Day' ( 1 day left )


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Last Friday, on the 26th, a married couple with three children was sentenced to nine months in prison for gross violation of integrity, a crime that has a maximum sentence of six years, for having spanked their children as part of their upbringing them. The district prosecutor had called for a year in prison each and is considering appealing the verdict. For the story in English, see http://www.thelocal.se/30466/20101127/.
No evidence of the children having suffered any physical or psychological harm was presented, and the court states that "Nothing else has become evident than that the parents – apart from the actions addressed in the case – have had a loving and caring relationship to their children." The parents had intentionally used spanking as a way of raising their children, as the third option after having discussed transgressions with their children.
As soon as the criminal investigations were initiated, the social services took all four children into state custody and placed them into care, and they will likely remain there for the foreseeable future. In Sweden, both spanking and grounding your children is illegal – even the so called "timeouts" that are routinely used for correcting children, and generally all parents found guilty of such conduct lose custody over their children. This criminalization might have you thinking that the government is terribly concerned about the well-being of the children. Well, while the government constrains the rights of parents to discipline their children, it takes great liberties itself. The Swedish LVU law allows the government to deprive a child of his or her liberty if the child engages in "socially destructive behaviour," which can really be anything, and they can then be taken from their parents by police in uniform and put into care at an institution. There they routinely face humiliating treatment and have their self esteems shattered.
What follows here is a video clip of a child being taken by police officers in uniform when she tried to run away from institution care back to her dad, a placement she had been put in in spite of not committing a crime. Friends have described the girl here as quite happy before her institution placement, but afterwards she's assumed a very dark outlook on life. Immediately preceding her running away, the social services had decided to reduce the limited time she was allowed to see her dad even more, and she simply broke down and couldn't take it any more. The clip shows both when she arrives at home completely shook up after running away, and the police the morning after coming to move her back to the institution.
Administrative use of force of this sort is quite common in today's Sweden, though mass media refuses to cover it even if the victims themselves approach newspapers; in this case, Youtube was the only outlet the father had of making what had happened known to the public, though his initial upload is gone now, and this is by another person.


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Welcome to Cardno IT Transport
Cardno IT Transport (formerly IT Transport Limited) is a leading international consultancy firm specialising in the development of transport and other infrastructure with the aim of poverty alleviation.
Headquartered in London, UK, Cardno IT Transport has an international reputation for its work, with nearly 40 years experience in providing high quality consultancy services to a wide range of clients in the UK and overseas, including: governments, multilateral and bilateral aid agencies, NGOs and the private sector.
Cardno IT Transport has a proven track-record of over 700 assignments in over 40 developing countries and their expertise encompasses technical, social, economic, institutional, and governance aspects.
Cardno IT Transport joined professional infrastructure and environmental services company Cardno in mid-April 2014.
Cardno is an ASX200 (Australian Securities Exchange) listed professional infrastructure and environmental services company, with specialist expertise in the development and improvement of physical and social infrastructure for communities around the world. Cardno's team includes leading professionals who plan, design, manage and deliver sustainable projects and community programmes.


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Always a treat to welcome Dan Groll of The Counterfactuals to the KYMN Studios. The band is appearing TOMORROW night for a free show at the Tavern Lounge (8-11 pm) here in Northfield — and as part of the Caravan Du Nord on Friday night at the Newhall Auditorium at Shattuck-St. Mary's in Faribault, along with Sarah Morris, Vicky Emerson, and Frankie Lee — what a great line-up! Brought to you by 89.3 The Current and the Minnesota Music Coaltion. (Tickets available here).
In advance of both gigs, Dan stopped by to chat a bit and preview three new songs (click the link for the session) — lucky us!
We heard:
I Found It
Dirge 1
Don't miss The Counterfactuals at The Tavern Lounge and as part of the Caravan Du Nord in Faribault!


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"RangpurSource Premium" is moving to new brand name "Proshikkhok"
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Reaching Belgium by plane
Belgium has two main airports, Brussels Airport (Zaventem, about 10 km from the city center of Brussels) and Charleroi Airport (city of Charleroi, 46 km south of Brussels). Nearly all international flights coming into Belgium arrive at Brussels Airport.
How to choose your flights?
If you are not going to book your flight through a travel agency, www.skyscanner.net is very easy to consult and tells you everything about flights from all over the world to Belgium. It is also possible to make a price comparison between the different airlines that travel between Belgium and your airport of departure.
How to reach Ghent?
Both Brussels airport and Charleroi airport are connected to the three main railway stations of Brussels (South or Midi-Zuid, Central and North) by shuttle (bus) service and/or train. For more information on transportation between the two airports and Ghent, please visit the websites below:
Transport between Brussels Airport and Ghent
Transport between Charleroi Airport and Ghent
The easiest way to travel from each airport to Ghent is by train. There is no train traffic during the night (between 0h30 and 5h30)!
Travelling between Charleroi and Ghent takes at least 2 hours; travelling between Brussels and Ghent takes about 1 hour.
Please consult: http://www.belgianrail.be/en/Default.aspx for further details
(search from "Brussels Airport" to "Gent-Sint-Pieters")
By train
- Arriving by train in Brussels:
Switch to one of the many intercity trains (IC) to, or via "Gent-Sint-Pieters", Ghent's main railway station (Directions Brugge, Knokke, Blankenberghe, Oostende all stop in Ghent).
- From the railway station "Gent Sint-Pieters" you can reach Ghent city center by public transport:
- tram 1, 10, 11, 12 or 13: to stop 'Korte Meer' (Voldersstraat is the second street on the right);
- tram 21 or 22: to stop 'Zonnestraat' (enter Korte Meer, Voldersstraat is the second street on the right).
De Lijn (website in Dutch only!) is responsible for both trams and busses. You can request a free network map at one of the "Lijnwinkels", which are located near the main bus terminals at Gent-Sint-Pieters railway station, Korenmarkt and Gent-Zuid. This network map is also available at the information desk in the tourist centre.
There are different formulas for season tickets. A single ticket costs € 1.20 and you can travel for 1 hour exchanging different trams and/or busses. Alternatively, you can buy a 10 trips ticket which costs € 8.00 and each single trip may last as long as for a regular single ticket.
By car
Entering Ghent from the E40 or the E17, follow the parking-route "P-Route" to P5 (Kouter), P6 (Center Parking, Korte Meer) or P7 (Sint-Michiels). These parkings are within walking distance from the "Aula"
Once you are in Ghent....
By public transport
From station Gent St-Pieters:
tram 1 (every 6 minutes) or tram 24 (every 20 minutes). Exit at Korenmarkt.
- From Gent Zuid:
tram 4 (every 6 minutes), tram 24 (every 20 minutes) or bus 17 (every 30 minutes). Exit at Korenmarkt.
By car
- Follow the parking signage to parking P7 Sint-Michiels. The parking is located at 50 meter from Het Pand. Take the exit Onderbergen and you come out in the Wilderoosstraat, opposite Het Pand.
- An alternative parking is P8 Ramen. From here it's about 5 minutes on foot to Het Pand.


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2017-01-10 by Phantom
2016 was a year of shocks and surprises and the rugby world was not any different. Ireland managed to beat New Zealand. The perennial underachievers the Lions made the final of Super Rugby. But European club rugby has been very topsy-turvy too. This weekend's Rugby 5 looks interesting. So let's have a look at what's on offer.
M1. Harlequin's v Edinburgh
This match is in the Challenge Cup and Harlequins have been in good form. Edinburgh have also had a good campaign thus far. Quins have built up a reputation of being hard to beat at home and that may give them the slight edge.
M2. Wasp's v Toulouse
Wasps continue to impress everybody with their expressive style and winning ways. They face Toulouse who upset everybody last weekend by beating Clermont. They may have turned the corner. These two teams met in October and the score was 20-20. One has to feel the reversal of venue will stand an in form Wasps in good stead to win.
M3. Glasgow v Munster
Munster won 38-17 in the reverse match in Ireland in October. They have been galvanized this season after the untimely death of Coach Anthony Foley. Last weekend they made light work of Racing Metro in France. This could be a banker for the away team.
M4. Bordeaux v Clermont
Bordeaux are hard to beat at home but Clermont have been hard to beat this season. They suffered defeat for the second time this season last weekend so their character will be tested. October's fixture was high scoring with Clermont winning 49-33. One can't be sure the same will happen here but Clermont are fancied to bounce back.
M5. Exeter v Ulster
Exeter went to Saracens last weekend and held them to a 13-13 draw. They have become a dangerous side who are hard to score against. Ulster won 19-18 in Belfast in October but they are are much better side in Ireland. Exeter should win this but it could be rather scrappy.


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Category Archives: Squaw Valley – Lake Tahoe
Thanks Michelle for capturing me resting on the job, again…
Resting or just grabbing another angle? Only I know….., thanks Michelle McDaidread more »
Carrie + Mike ~ Olympic Village Lodge, Squaw Valley
May in Tahoe and the weather forecast was uncertain. Snow had just fallen on the mountain peaks and the wind was, shall we say, brisk. On Friday, gray clouds crested over the hill and the outlook on my assistant's weather app was forread more »


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Like most farmers, Rod Bradshaw decides what to grow based on customer demand — a simple rule that's helped him run a successful farm for more than 30 years. On his 850-acre operation, Beck Farms, located just west of Bowden, AB, he grows mainly canola and cereals and sets aside about 50 acres for vegetables. Bradshaw's farm is a testament to changing demands by customers as well as improved genetics and agronomics for pulses.
In the '90s he began to experiment with different rotational crops. First he thought flax would be the answer, but it never penciled out. Eventually, he settled on faba beans even though there were few options for crop protection in those days and it didn't take long for lygus bugs and five-foot cleavers to make their presence known.
Bradshaw continued to experiment while at the same time genetics for faba beans and other pulse crops continued to improve for prairie climates. In 2008/09, Bradshaw gave the beans another chance. This time, he was pleasantly surprised. The first year yielded higher than expected at 79 bushels per acre. Now, Bradshaw consistently gets about 55 bushels per acre.
Bradshaw is pleased with his choice because of the crop's improved agronomics and nitrogen fixing, which reduces his total input costs. "We are getting more nitrogen benefit from faba beans versus peas," says Bradshaw. "You can put a little in the bank because you're not buying commercial fertilizer."
Indeed, the nitrogen fixing properties from pulses is just one of the crop's many benefits, according to Nevin Rosaasen, policy and programs specialist with the Alberta Pulse Growers Commission. "Pulse crops can break the disease cycle by having another crop in the rotation and the additional nitrogen means you have lower cash requirements for fertilizer." And he adds, on average, farmers planting hard red spring wheat on pulse stubble can expect one full point of protein and a 15 per cent bump in canola yields.
In addition, nitrogen from faba beans is more readily available in the second year because its thick stalk takes longer to mineralize. Farmers have seen other benefits too, such as reduced fuel usage driving through pulse stubble and noticeable soil tilth improvements due to pulse residue, says Rosaasen.
The differences that used to separate pulse crops and canola has shrunk and it's almost becoming an annual toss-up of what to plant. At a $10 to $11 return on soybeans, which can be similar to canola, Rosaasen says soybeans are a pretty competitive crop in a farmer's rotation. "It's pretty close when you factor in the decreased cost for nitrogen fertilizer and the cost for dollars per bushel per acre," he says. It's these kinds of numbers that are convincing farmers to choose pulses and soybeans more often over more traditional prairie crops such as wheat, barley and oats.
And the marketing is easier too, says Rosaasen. "Soybeans can be crushed easier and sent to feed lots and hog barns. And the assurance that you can move your soybeans is another reason we have seen an increase."
Massive growth in prairie pulses
"Increase" is a modest way of describing the rise of pulse crops on the prairies. Statistics Canada data shows that between 2012 and 2017, 8.3 million metric tonnes (MMT) of soybeans have come from Manitoba alone, including 2.24 MMT in 2017. This year, spring wheat and soybeans are virtually neck-and-neck at 2.65 and 2.29 MMT, respectively.
In Saskatchewan, the top pulse crop seesaws between peas and lentils. Both saw production of 12.9 MMT during that same time period, although the province has had diversified crops for considerably longer than both Manitoba and Alberta.
Now, Alberta farmers are catching on. That province has produced no less than 1.2 MMT of dry peas since 2012 including 1.99 MMT in 2017, a far cry from 2000, when only 620,000 thousand tonnes was produced. Lentils have become increasingly popular as well — from almost nothing in 2006 to 506,000 thousand tonnes in 2016.
Changing international markets
With such high production numbers, the question is where are these pulse crops headed? The short answer is "all over." Saskatchewan has been producing record numbers of peas and lentils in recent years, most of which finds their way to India, Bangladesh, Egypt, the United States and China.
"There's an insatiable demand from China for soybeans with over 90 million tonnes of imports per year," says Rosaasen. "That was Chinese policy; the country wanted to be self-sufficient in wheat, corn and rice. However, the demand for soy oil for cooking as well as meal for feeding hogs in China means there's a big demand for oilseeds."
Alberta Agriculture and Forestry's Neil Blue analyzes crops and knows the power of pulses. He says that farmers are approaching a floor price now of about $6 to $6.50 per bushel of peas, a big drop due to a recent 50 per cent tariff by the Indian government. He says it's typical to sell soybeans for $10/bushel. And while faba bean prices are slightly more variable, $5 per bushel seems to be a stable minimum, it can go up to around $8 for the highquality, human consumption market. Lentils have seen recent prices of $0.20 to $0.25 while greens are slightly higher at $0.30 to $0.40.
"I'm not really surprised with the way things have gone," says Blue. Farmers look for opportunities to have both stable or better income and ways to use pulses for rotational benefits. Peas have long been recognized as having rotational benefits. I think it's a real driver for farmers to have these kinds of crops included in the rotation."
Back at Beck Farms, Bradshaw admits he's been impressed with pulse crops and the in-field benefits, but that can't be the whole story to be successful. "Every crop needs to have a market," he says. "You can't grow something just because it agronomically works for you. There always has to be a use for it. If we can't sell it, we won't grow it." ff


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2019 – 2020 Membership Form
Return your completed membership form to email@example.com
Upon receipt of your completed membership form, you will receive a Tax Invoice for payment of your Membership Fees within 5 working days. Should you have any queries regarding your membership application, please contact the Secretariat Office on +61 2 9744 5252.
Payment can be made by Cheque, Direct Deposit or Credit Card. (NB: all credit card payments will incur a surcharge: AMEX 1.65% Visa/Mastercard 1.5%.)
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Members include parent/caregivers, teachers, therapists, community members, administrators and university lecturers.
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If you would like to join for the current financial year 1st July 2018 – 30th June 2019, membership fees are as follows:
Individual Member 165.00
Group Membership 340.00
Student Membership 46.00
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The gonorrhea bacterium is the strongest known organism; it can pull the equivalent of 100,000 times its weight. more...
December 6 , 1877 : Edison demonstrated the first sound recording. more...
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A legal secretary is an administrative assistant who specializes in the field of law. He or she assists lawyers by preparing legal documents. Legal secretaries are employed in law firms as well as the legal departments of insurance companies, corporations and real estate firms. Completion of a legal assistant training program of up to a year in length is a common educational requirement for many legal secretary positions.
Transcription and legal terminology are two main areas of secretarial training in the field of law. While typing legal documents and correspondence is often the main duty of a legal secretary, he or she may also answer phones, greet clients and schedule appointments. In larger law firms, a receptionist may perform those duties while legal secretaries are responsible for filing, preparing and typing up legal paperwork. Legal secretaries often specialize in a certain type of law, such as family, contract or wills and estates.
Fast keyboarding and good computer knowledge are expected in most legal secretary positions. A typing speed of at least 60 words per minute (wpm) is a common expectation. Using file management systems and transcribing a lawyer's dictation into letters or other correspondence are completed by many legal secretaries. Using technology such as voice mail, legal computer software and photocopiers is a typical part of most legal secretaries' workdays. In smaller companies, accounting tasks may be a part of a legal administrative secretary's job description.
If a legal secretary works for a trial lawyer, he or she may accompany the attorney to court to take notes for the case's files. Most legal secretaries are required to work both independently and as part of a team. Some secretaries research legal journals and law books to help lawyers on cases. Client confidentiality must be respected at all times. Attention to detail and an ability to follow through on legal cases are other important characteristics of successful legal administrative assistants or secretaries.
After several years, a legal secretary may be promoted to a supervisory position. After completing more legal courses, or obtaining a certificate or degree, he or she may be eligible to become a paralegal. Paralegals differ from legal secretaries in that they are responsible for more law-related rather than administration-based work. For example, a lawyer may supervise a paralegal in writing legal drafts, whereas a secretary would just prepare and type the documents. In some areas, the term legal assistant can be confusing, as it may refer to either a paralegal or legal secretary.
Post 3
Plenty of people become legal secretaries without a degree or diploma. It is definitely the kind of thing you can learn on the job if someone is willing to take you on.
Taking legal secretary courses is a bit of a waste of time in my mind, when you could be getting experience along with the learning.
Post 2
@Iluviaporos - It is probably tougher than the average secretary, but it depends on where you work, really. There are a lot of different kinds of law firms and even within those firms there are a lot of different kinds of lawyers.
A legal secretary working in a law firm in a sleepy small town isn't going to have the same kind of work load that one working at a big firm in New York City will. On the other hand, legal secretary duties are also going to vary and the person working in the small town may have a bigger variety of things to do, since it's likely they don't specialize as much.
And I've heard that people can even
become lawyers without degrees if they are able to pass the bar. So I imagine there's a few places out there who would hire a person without a qualification to be a legal secretary as well (although it would be a steep learning curve).
Post 1
It's actually really tough to have a legal secretary career and you almost always have to have a qualification these days to even get your foot in the door. I know people who have basically gone through law school and then become legal secretaries (usually because they realize they don't really want to be a lawyer).
Which means if you're looking for a job as a legal secretary, you'll be competing against people with a lot of experience. Don't just watch Erin Brockovich and expect to be able to walk in the door without any experience or skills.
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Beware of the advertising agency that speaks too proudly of the awards it has won. Instead, an agency should speak of the profitability and growth it has achieved for its past and current clients.
On top of that, advertising agencies with their contacts and branches, have developed a wide network which proves beneficial to do market research. The services and the quality of the people who will be doing the work on your business should be your prime considerations. The first thing to realize is that advertising agencies are misnamed in the current economic environment. The development of the campaign includes various facets like, coming up with the theme for advertising and also the media combination which can be the most effective to popularize this theme. Great advertising agencies become great because their clients have grown and prospered. Ideally, the agency that you select should be your agency for years, growing by helping you grow. An advertising agency with their knowledge of 'how branding works' can help you to design an instantly-recognizable logo.
Your most significant contributions will come in the form of data and judgment. Supply data that advertising agencies can use creatively, knowing that the true definition of creativity is something that generates profits for your company. Selecting an agency means selecting a valued member of your marketing team, not simply a company that creates great advertising. A giant advertiser recently moved some of its business from its successful agency in a small city in the United States to a far larger agency in a larger city – because the larger agency had more global services, and this advertiser was thinking globally. But global matters might not influence your own decision in an agency. Beware of the ad agency that speaks only of advertising and neglects the many other functions of marketing. Because they are advertising agencies, they see their mission as advertising. That purpose is to generate profits for your company – nothing else.


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Big Bee Studio released a fake trailer for a Pixar X-wings movie in the style of Cars. From the cutesy character names to the dopey jokes, this trailer captures all the Disney tropes we love.
Pixar gods, please make it real! Stop working on your remake of Planes, Trains and Automobiles (a comedy about a goofy trio of transportation vehicles that just wanna get home for Thanksgiving) and get crackin' on this!


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Springbank Physiotherapy - pt Health
London, Ontario N6J 0A8
Clinic Overview
Hours of Operation
Coverage Options
- Motor Vehicle Accident Insurance
- Health Benefit Plan
- Work Injury Insurance
- Self Pay (Cash/Debit/Credit/Cheque)
- No Obligation
Languages SpokenEnglish, Polish, Portuguese, Arabic, Mandarin
- Paid Parking (Validated by Clinic)
Our Services
Welcome to Springbank Physiotherapy – pt Health
At Springbank Physiotherapy – pt Health you can expect:
- Results: Proven, one-to-one, evidence-based therapy
- Coverage Options: Covered by most insurance plans
- Custom Treatment Plans: Customized treatment plans will help you reach your rehabilitation goals.
- Short & Long Term Relief: We focus on the root cause of your pain, not just symptoms
- Flexible Scheduling: Convenient scheduling around work and home obligations
- Prevention Strategies: We show you how to keep pain from coming back – on your own
- Experienced Clinicians: Licensed clinicians who genuinely care about reaching your goals
When you choose Springbank Physiotherapy – pt Health you will find experienced staff who work together to ensure optimal care for your painful injury.
Located on Springbank Dr, Springbank Physiotherapy – pt Health recognizes the differences in shapes, sizes, strengths and degrees of injury amongst all of our patients and designs sensible rehabilitation programs that help our patients reach their personal rehabilitation goals. Whether it is pain relief or recovery from an injury, we will provide therapy options that can help you play an active role in achieving your goals. We are a multidisciplinary clinic, by working together as a team, all clinicians are in constant communication with each other in order to ensure that each patient receives the most effective treatment possible.
We successfully treat many conditions and injuries through a variety of effective therapy options.
Early Intervention Can Help Prevent Lifelong Chronic Pain
Early intervention is critical to a speedy recovery. Research has proven that people who seek therapy early after an injury have shorter recovery periods and are 8 times less likely to develop chronic pain.*
Springbank Physiotherapy – pt Health can help you feel your best. Schedule your appointment today using the form, or give us a call and put Springbank Physiotherapy – pt Health full spectrum of advanced rehabilitation services to work for you.
*Study by the Department of Occupational Medicine at the Orebro Medical Centre.
Chiropractic Care
Massage Therapy
Chronic Condition Management
Custom Bracing
Hand Therapy
Children's Physiotherapy
Vestibular Rehab
Pelvic Health
Concussion Management
Conditions We Treat
At Springbank Physiotherapy – pt Health, our team has extensive experience and training in treating a variety of different conditions.
Personalized Treatment Plan: The First Step to Your Recovery
Our first goal is to reduce the symptoms you're feeling right now as quickly as possible. We assess and develop a personalized treatment program through means including, but not limited to, advanced exercise prescriptions, manual therapy, and various modalities.
Evaluating Your Condition
To come up with your treatment program, a therapist will gather key information about your condition. Your answers along with the results of an expert examination will guide us in creating a specific type of treatment program to effectively address your specific condition and eventually, to facilitate your healing.
Adjustments to the program are implemented based on your actual progress, or response, to the treatment until your goals are achieved. We pay close attention to your progress. You will receive verbal instruction and hands-on guidance to improve your condition.
Prevention Strategies:
Understanding Your Condition and Implementing Prevention Strategies
A clear understanding of your condition will not only alleviate your concerns, but can also help you understand your condition, to look for and change factors that may be causing your symptoms, and to help you learn how to avoid future problems.
Our therapists may provide tips, specific stretches, and exercises to do at work, or during activities. We recommend changes to help you do your job with less strain and less chance of injury.
As you recover, you will gradually advance in a series of strengthening exercises for the muscles surrounding the affected area which helps patients begin moving easier and lessens the chances of future pain and problems.
How Long It Takes:
Quick Treatments to Let You Work on Your Other Responsibilities
Our goal is to relieve pain and correct your injury as quickly as possible, without compromising the quality of treatments you will be receiving. We adjust our therapy programs to meet your goals.
We get you in for treatment quickly, usually within a few days, and work hard to get you back to enjoying life as quickly as possible. In fact, in some cases just a few 30-minute therapy sessions is all it takes.
Including Your Doctor:
Your Doctor Is Always Our Partner
It takes a team approach to high quality health care. That is why we never take your doctor out of the equation.
Springbank Physiotherapy – pt Health provides clear and consistent reporting to your doctor. Reporting may include areas such as results achieved, detailed assessment of problem, treatment by physiotherapist, and future treatment options.
We Help You Get Well & Stay Well.
But the treatment doesn't stop in our office. We may provide you with exercises to do at home on a regular basis to help control your symptoms and protect reoccurrence of injury in the years ahead. Although we will continue to be a resource, you will be in charge of practicing the strategies and exercises you've learned as part of an ongoing home program and maintain a good quality of life.
Ready to feel your best again? Schedule Your No-Obligation Appointment Today.
Coverage Options
Insurance Options
- Motor Vehicle Accident Insurance
- Health Benefit Plan
- Work Injury Insurance
- Self Pay (Cash/Debit/Credit/Cheque)
- No Obligation
Private Paying Options
Direct BillingSpringbank Physiotherapy Pt Health directly bills insurance companies for you when possible. Call for details.
pt Health is a Blue Advantage Provider. Learn more:
Springbank Physiotherapy Pt Health Team
Treating Clinicians
Aron Brant
PhysiotherapistSpeaks: EnglishAron received his Bachelor of Science in Kinesiology in 2006 and Masters of Physical Therapy in 2008, from McMaster University. Since graduating he has become certified in Contemporary Medical Acupuncture and has received post-graduate training in various soft tissue and manual therapy techniques. He is focused on treating patients holistically and combines a variety of treatment approaches to maximize patient recovery.
Nirali Mehta
Physiotherapist - Registered PhysiotherapistSpeaks: English, Hindi, GujaratiNirali graduated from the Gujarat University in India with an Honors Bachelor of Physiotherapy degree. She passed her physiotherapy license exam in Canada and graduated in 2018. Nirali worked as a physiotherapist in India and has experience treating a variety of patients back home. During her residency in Canada she worked in multiple private clinics the GTA. She is currently the Clinical team Manager at pt Health Stratford. Nirali's areas of expertise include: acupuncture , dry needling and IMS, concussion therapy, manual therapy, soft tissue release, CRPS. Nirali has felt compelled to pursue further postgraduate education in pelvic health so she can combine her knowledge of the nervous system, pain management and pelvic health to better address these issues with her clients. She has completed her 3 levels of pelvic floor training level and she treats variety of Female and Male pelvic floor conditions. She has done her level A McKenzie training and she treats different lower back condition with McKenzie approach.Nirali also has experience treating vertigo and TMJ (jaw) patients. Presently Nirali is also practicing in the community care and school settings as a Physiotherapist. Nirali provides effective, evidence-based, meaningful care in a supportive, respectful and kind environment. She prides herself on individualized, one-on-one treatment and develops exercise programs geared toward the level and goals of the patient. She believes that she will keep updating her skills and knowledge by taking advanced level courses. In her spare time she enjoys travelling, cooking, spending time with her husband and two huskies.
Jennifer Chromczak
Massage Therapist - RMTSpeaks: EnglishJenn graduated from the Massage Therapy program at Fanshawe College in 2018. She has always been interested in working in a multidisciplinary clinic with a focus on rehabilitation. Jenn's treatments are focused on using techniques such as soft tissue release and providing therapeutic exercise to help clients reach optimal recovery. She feels it is important to always remain up-to-date with new information within the health field and plans to regularly continue her education through various certifications, workshops and research.
James Corkal
Physiotherapist - RPT MSc PT MSc BScSpeaks: EnglishJamie graduated from Queen's University with his Master's of Physical Therapy in 2016. He spent the last two years expanding his skills and focusing on client-centric care in Kelowna, British Columbia. Jamie is excited to be returning to his adoptive home of London and continuing to grow his physiotherapy career at PT Health Springbank. As a physiotherapist, Jamie strongly believes in the adoption of functional movement patterns to optimize rehabilitation from injury, sports performance and living a healthy active lifestyle. His practice primarily focuses on correcting improper movement patterns through joint mobility and muscle strengthening exercises. Additionally, Jamie has a strong interest in post-surgical rehabilitation that includes - but not limited to - ACL reconstruction, total knee replacement, total hip replacement and rotator cuff repair. In addition to musculoskeletal dysfunction, Jamie is qualified to treat clients who have balance and dizziness disorders such as vertigo. In addition to physiotherapy, Jamie completed a Masters of Exercise Physiology from the University of Western Ontario with a specialization in cardiovascular and musculoskeletal responses to exercise. From this perspective, Jamie developed a keen interest in sports performance for all levels of athletes from youth to masters participants in sports such as football, hockey, soccer, basketball, golf and curling. As a former football player at UWO, Jamie tries to be involved in the local football community as much as possible. In Kelowna, he was a QB/WR Coach and Offensive Coordinator for the Kelowna Secondary School Owls football team. In his spare time, Jamie stays as active as possible and enjoys golfing, hiking, skiing and the occasional game of touch football
Ali Atoof
Chiropractor - D.C., B.Sc.Speaks: English, ArabicDr. Ali Atoof graduated from Western University with a BSc. in biology and medical sciences, followed by his Doctor of Chiropractic degree from New York Chiropractic College in 2016. Dr. Atoof now resides in London and is excited about joining the Springbank Physiotherapy pt Health team. His treatment philosophy revolves around finding the root cause of each patient's complaints and tailoring the treatments to their individual needs. He is passionate about keeping his patients active through manual therapy and rehabilitation to improve their quality of life. Dr. Atoof prides himself in being a hands-on provider and has taken many additional courses in manual therapy. He is proficient with diversified manipulative therapy, myofascial release therapy, instrument assisted soft tissue therapy and sport injury management. When not in the office, Dr. Atoof will be on the soccer field where he still competes year round, as well as hiking and enjoying time with family and friends.
Lucas Iredale
Massage Therapist - RMTSpeaks: EnglishLucas graduated from Medix College of Healthcare at the end of 2017 and became registered with the CMTO in early 2018. Lucas has a background in Personal Training, with a large focus on functional training, rehabilitation, and core strengthening. His specialties include general Swedish techniques, deep tissue, trigger point therapy, myofascial release techniques, active and passive stretching, and remedial exercises. As well as being a very upbeat, positive person, Lucas also carries some background in ergonomics such as risk assessment and applications. Lucas continues the path of learning, as to only aid in helping his clients achieve the best possible outcomes in all of their health and wellness goals. When he is not massaging he enjoys spending quality time with his family, weightlifting, drawing, and axe throwing.
Kate Johnston
Physiotherapist - BSc, MPTSpeaks: EnglishKate Johnston is a Physiotherapist from London, Ontario. She graduated from Mississippi Valley State University in 2009 with a B.Sc in Health, Physical Education and Recreation. In 2011, Kate received her Masters of Physical Therapy from The University of Western Ontario. She has since completed training to perform acupuncture, manual therapy as well as concussion and vestibular rehabilitation. Kate focuses on injuries to all areas of the body with a particular interest in concussion therapy, vertigo rehabilitation as well as sports, motor vehicle and workplace injuries. Kate enjoys working in a multi-disciplinary setting where there is collaboration between family doctors, nurse practitioners, occupational therapists and social workers, to name a few. She believes in patient-focused care and the importance of daily exercise and physical activity. Kate plays soccer, volleyball, golf and participates in a few local running races each year.
Support Personnel
Rachel Richardson
Physiotherapy Support PersonnelSpeaks: EnglishMy name is Rachel, and I am a physiotherapy support personal at Springbank physiotherapy. I am a Graduate of the University of Windsor Kinesiology program, and I've just recently moved to London Ontario. Previously I worked in an orthopedic bracing clinic specializing in off the shelf and custom products. I am also a certified Sigvaris compression stocking fitter. Currently, I am working toward becoming a certified Kinesiologist. In my personal time, I enjoy being outdoors and spending time with my two dogs.
Vincent Le
Physiotherapy Support PersonnelSpeaks: English
Angelika Rodzinka
Patient CoordinatorSpeaks: English, PolishAngelika graduated from Trios College in April of 2015, and received a diploma with distinction in Physiotherapy Assistant/Occupational Therapy Assistant, and is certified in CPR; Standard C level. She speaks fluent Polish and English. Angelika has been part of the Pt Health team since June 2015.
Sally Chen
Physiotherapy Support Personnel - Physiotherapist Support PersonnelSpeaks: English, MandarinSally graduated from Western University with her Honours Specialization in Kinesiology in 2019. She has worked with various high performance varsity athletes from Western University in exercise prescription, rehabilitation, and acute injury care. She has been a personal trainer for over two years, specializing in functional movement. In her free time, she enjoys weightlifting, hiking, and travelling.


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Wholesale Knit Prints Fabric
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For clothing and apparel designers the difference between success and failure can hinge on getting the right materials right when they need them. At Fabric Selection Inc., we understand your needs which is why we offer a wide selection of top quality materials, like printed knit fabric,at wholesale prices. Here at FSI, our highly modern facilities are able to quickly process orders of any size, and all of our materials are immediately available for shipping right away. Whether you're looking for a knit or poly/rayon blend, Fabric Selection Inc. will fill your demand with the material that you want at the prices that you need.
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