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Guest Post: decAY1c.
Last week, for the first time in far longer than intended, I spent a few hours in the dentist's chair. It was my first dental treatment in years, following an exam/consultation 10 days prior to establish what I was working with, mouth-wise. Some highlights of that visit included:
"You do know that this tooth is cracked, right?"
"Wow, that other tooth was really bad, but this is definitely the worst."
"You know, you're really not supposed to wait this long to go to the dentist."
No, you're not. Nobody is, but people with diabetes such as myself are particularly ill-advised to invite decay or surgery on themselves, oral or otherwise. Add to that my many middle-of-the-night hypos dispatched with glucose tabs (but not with an extra brushing) and my mouth was deep in the danger zone. This was confirmed by the 2-page laundry list of necessary procedures they sent me home with, including one extraction, two crowns, two rounds of scaling (whatever that is), and some other stuff, the shorthand for which I can't decode.
So how did it get so bad? In every other regard, I'm an acceptably responsible patient: I have kept my A1c at or below 6 for well over a year. I get my full blood work done 3-4 times/year, and my cholesterol is excellent. I had a full dilated eye exam this year. I refill all of my prescriptions on schedule (and am a bit of an insulin/test strip hoarder, an artifact of spending the first 9 months of my diabetic life with no insurance coverage and buying my supplies on eBay). I have trained for and completed two running races this year with mileage in the double-digits. What makes me such a disaster in the dental arena?
The obvious answer would be that I hate going to the dentist, but that's just not the case. I've never hated going to the dentist. I can't say I love it, but I definitely prefer it to the 405 during rush hour, or watching an Adam Sandler movie made after 2008.
Is it the cost? That could be a factor. The last dentist I went to see (also for a long overdue extraction) did not take my insurance, and he too sent me home with a lengthy treatment plan. This plan, however, was almost five times the cost of my current one, threatening to tip into 5 digits. That extraction cost over ten times what my most recent one did. I was in no hurry to rush back and fork over all that cash. Still, I spend significantly more than that each year on the rest of my medical expenses, between premiums, copays, deductibles, and uncovered expenses. So clearly, there is a priority gap.
I think at the end of the day, dental care is just easier for me to ignore. How many times in the past two and a half years did I say "I need to go to the dentist"? Lots. There was one missed appointment, a few half-hearted plans to seek cheaper treatment in Mexico (not uncommon here in San Diego), and guilt-ridden bouts of compensatory overzealous brushing, flossing, and gum-massaging. But, absent any acute symptoms (which, miraculously given the sorry state of my chompers, I managed to avoid) it was always easy to put off actually getting to the chair.
Diabetes care, on the other hand, is a lot harder to ignore. With 4-8 daily finger sticks, a CGM, and familiar symptoms on both the high and low end of bg-land, your head has to be pretty deep in the sand not to have a sense of what's going on there. The effects of exercise (or not exercising) on my health are felt almost immediately. It goes without saying that if I stopped going to my endo or GP, and stopped getting prescriptions for insulin and test strips, that the consequences for my health would be impossible to disregard. But (as I so gracefully demonstrated) it's possible to go many years without a dental exam and experience few, if any, symptoms, even while serious problems exist and continue to worsen. One of my teeth was, according to my dentist, just the tiniest bit shy of needing a root canal yet I had no idea. I couldn't even tell that one of my teeth is CRACKED COMPLETELY IN HALF.
So what to do? Unfortunately, a Google search for "home toothometer" turned up no useful results, and so far no one has come up with a better method than dentist's x-rays for measuring decAY1c (in fact, decAY1c isn't even a thing. yet.). So I'm going to try a more low-tech approach: schedule my next check-up and cleaning while I'm paying for my last one. That, and mentally preparing myself for an all-liquid diet starting at age 40.
(Ready? Here we go with the Formal Bio.) Christopher Angell is the Creator and Chief Person With Diabetes (PWD) of GlucoLift All-Natural Glucose Tablets. Diagnosed with type 1 diabetes in 2007 at age 30, Christopher learned first-hand that for people living with a chronic illness little things, like the taste of a glucose tablet, can have a huge impact on quality of life over time. Dissatisfied by glucose products whose chalkiness and artificial ingredients unnecessarily exacerbated the unpleasantness of the low blood sugar episodes they were intended to treat, Christopher created GlucoLift so that people with diabetes could have a delicious, effective and natural way to raise their blood sugar. He currently lives with his wife in San Diego, CA (and tonight he's on DSMA Live - be sure to tune in!)


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But in all honesty, I have thought about writing a children's book for some time, and when freelance work dies a bit, I think I'll give it a go. I've actually already written one some time ago and kept it in my vaults until whenever I decide to dig it up again. It's about a tiger who wakes up for breakfast with a seemingly unending appetite. I, at least, think that the idea is solid enough for a book. But I've had one big issue; designing the tiger.
I had to figure out who the tiger was and, more importantly, what he looked like. Was he an adult tiger? A cub? An adult tiger that acts like an immature cub? Should he have a long slender body, or a short stout one? How realistic/stylized should I be? I spent some time studying tigers, as well as fictional tigers from comics and movies, both for inspiration and to help me avoid designing something that already exists! If it's too realistic, it'll look like Shere Kahn. If it's too graphic, it'll look like Hobbes. There seemed to be a fine line there, at least for me.
But after a lot of scribbling and rough designing (while I will scan and post at a later date), I eventually ended up with this:
While the look of the tiger was pretty much in place, the one thing that really helped me cement the design was to try animating him. By doing so, not only did I phone in on the design a bit more, but I got to understand a bit more on who the character was and how far I could push the design. So I did a rough test of him taking a big tiger bite out of a peanut butter sandwich:
Now that I'm a bit more confident with the look of the tiger, I can start planning out the layout of the book, and how I will go about getting it made. I've heard some good things about sites like Lulu, and I know a few authors, so maybe they can give me a few tips. But it never hurts to ask around, so if anyone knows more about making and self-publishing a children's book, feel free to drop me a line!
I'll post more about this as I go later on. Take care!

subset: commoncrawl


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Adhesys Medical Selected for MassChallenge 2016 Accelerator
Adhesys Medical joins 128 startups from around the world for 4-month program in Boston
Houston, May 19, 2016
Today Adhesys Medical announced it will join MassChallenge Boston, the most startup-friendly accelerator on the planet. One of 128 startups participating, Adhesys Medical will benefit from mentorship, office space, and a vast network of experienced entrepreneurs, corporate partners, and investors. In November, all MassChallenge Boston startups will compete for $1.5M total in cash awards with no equity taken.
"Having been selected as one of the MassChallenge finalists is a great honor for us and we are proud to be part of the class of 2016. This is a great opportunity for us to gain access to a broad network of supporters, partners and investors", said Alexander Schueller, President of Adhesys Medical Inc.
Having expanded to the United States in January 2015, Adhesys Medical, which was founded in Aachen, Germany in 2013 now has an office in Houston, Texas at the doors of the Texas Medical Center, the largest hospital complex in the world. The MassChallenge program will enable the company to expand to Boston, one of the most important life-sciences hubs of the country.
"We received consistent feedback from our judges about the quality of applicants this year, and I'm confident we'll have an incredibly high-caliber class of entrepreneurs joining us in Boston," said MassChallenge Boston Managing Director Scott Bailey. "These entrepreneurs will be challenged throughout the program to impact communities and provide disruptive solutions across a wide range of industries. Be on the lookout for them this summer!"
This year's MassChallenge Boston class was selected from more than 1,700 applicants across a diverse range of industries and geographies, including 65 countries and 37 states. The accelerator program will culminate on November 2, 2016, at the MassChallenge Boston Awards Ceremony, where entrepreneurs will pitch their startups with the chance to win a share of $1.5 million in zero-equity awards.


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'Cheap' Carbon Fiber being developed by Ford and Dow Automotive Systems
Car manufacturers simply love carbon fiber. Especially high end, exotic sports car makers. Yep, engineers in Italy literally live and breathe carbon fiber, and as carbon fiber has developed, it's become more accessible and slightly cheaper up to the point where 'regular' car manufacturers are considering using the material once reserved for the most exotic of exotics. One problem still remains, and that's the simple fact that carbon fiber is still too expensive.
Sure, the actual fibers used to begin the process of creating carbon fiber may be relatively cheap, but the main costs are derived from the intensive manufacturing process and considering that carbon fiber is often applied by hand, it's easy to understand why it is so expensive. Furthermore, individual carbon filaments used to make the stuff can be five micrometers thin, and yes, that's a lot thinner than the average human hair.
However, if Ford and Dow Automotive Systems have their way, carbon fiber should become accessible to the 'masses.'
The two are currently researching ways to increase carbon fiber production while also making it simpler and more cost-effective to construct. The biggest reason behind the new partnership is the belief that Ford will someday, in the not too distant future, be able to construct sedans entirely out of carbon fiber, such as the Ford Fusion, but in order to do so, the duo really have their work cut out.
It's not yet known how much this venture is costing, but we feel unless Ford and Dow really come up with the goods, the American brand may be better off investing this money elsewhere, such as improved car safety. Or perhaps that's what this is all about, car safety.
We'll just have to wait and see.
Source: Motor Authority
1 comments:
I don't like CFRP so much. The fatigue and lifetime of polymers is a true concern for me. Composite materials might make it difficult to preserve cars in collections i fear.


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Feb. 8, 2009. Natalie Cole holds the best instrumental arrangement accompanying vocalist award backstage at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards, in Los Angeles. (The Associated Press)
A funeral for Grammy Award-winning singer Natalie Cole will be held Monday in Los Angeles.
A spokesperson for the family said Saturday that the service will be at West Angeles Church of God in Christ, where Cole was once a member. R&B star Chaka Khan is expected to sing at the funeral.
Cole will be buried next to her parents, sister and brother at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale.
Click here to subscribe to FOX411's YouTube channel
She was known for such R&B hits as "This Will Be (An Everlasting Love)," "Inseparable," and "Our Love." In 1991, she intertwined her musical legacy with that of her father Nat King Cole to make his "Unforgettable" a Grammy-winning hit through technological wizardry.
She died on New Year's Eve at age 65 of pulmonary arterial hypertension, which led to heart failure.


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Thanks to growth in Africa and the Asia-Pacific region,
For Noko, owner of a small restaurant north of Johannesburg, business skills training courses offered through a program implemented by
Today, her self-confidence, income and ambitions have grown. Noko now has three employees and plans to install a big billboard at the entrance of her town. She's working on making menus and designing uniforms. And her tripe dish, called mogodu, is bringing in the customers.
"I am very proud of my business and want to attract even more customers, maybe even tourists," said Noko, 40. "After my training, my eyes have been opened up to great possibilities."
Bea Perez, Coke's Chief Sustainability Officer, said thriving, sustainable communities are critical for a sustainable business. "And women are absolutely essential to our success," she added. "We still have a significant amount of work to do, but I am proud of the progress we are making. It's inspiring when I am able to meet the participants and see firsthand how 5by20 is transforming the lives of women, families and communities around the world."
5by20 focuses on helping women entrepreneurs across the
In the long run, that helps build sustainable communities, says Therese Gearhart, president,
"An educated, successful and empowered woman creates a ripple effect throughout her community when she can afford her children's education, provide basic medical needs for her family and help support and mentor other women entrepreneurs," said Gearhart. "The entire community benefits."
Results on the Ground: South Africa
In 2013,
- The participants saw an average 44 percent growth in business sales and a 23 percent average jump in personal income.
- On average, the women became more able to afford basic expenses such as children's education, medical visits and clothing. About two-thirds of participants said they were able to put money in savings each month.
- More than half (54 percent) of participants reported their business improved "a lot" as a result of the training.
- More than 90 percent of the women said they were confident they would keep their businesses open and will be able to grow.


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Home » Blogging
Category Archives: Blogging
Mecca, Saudi Arabia
Birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad and situated in Saudi Arabia, Mecca is the most revered site of the Islamic world. It is situated in the Sirat Mountains and is approximately forty-five miles from the port of Jidda, which is located on the Red Sea. Originally this ancient city was a popular way point for caravan traders on route to Southern Arabia, Asia and the Eastern portion of Africa. By the six century, Mecca was well on its way to becoming an important center for religion and trade.
In 570 Ad. Muhammad was born in Mecca. Muhammad would go on to preach about monotheism and as a result faced many years of persecution. All the while he began amassing a large number of followers. In 622 AD, Muhammad and his followers emigrated to Yathrib. By the year 630, Muhammad and his followers entered Mecca and took control of the city. After seizing control of the city Muhammad began systematically began destroying the almost four hundred pagan idols located there. He then declared Mecca as the holiest site in Islam. It was also designated as the major point for Muslim pilgrimage.
The annual pilgrimage to Mecca is known as Haji. Haji is an obligation that is required of every able bodied Muslim. According to tradition, the Haji is to be begun on the twelfth month of the Islamic calendar. The purpose of the pilgrimage is to show devotion to Allah and also show solidarity among the Muslim people. Today, the Haji attracts over three million visitors to Mecca each year. As a result, the economy of Mecca has become quite dependant on this influx of foreign money. It is estimated that the city takes in more than one hundred million dollars as a result of the Haji. While the pilgrimage nets the most income for the city, Mecca does have a few minor industries still operating there. These include furniture and utensil production and textiles.
The Masjid al-Haram, known as the Sacred Mosque, is the epicenter for the Haji. It covers an area of ninety-nine acres and can accommodate over a million people. This mosque was originally built in 638AD and has been continually added to and modified ever since. It is considered to be one of the finest examples of Ottoman architecture available in the world. The Masjid al-Haram surrounds an area known as the Kaaba . The Kaaba is considered to be the holiest location in the world according to Muslim tradition. The Kaaba is a large stone structure in the shape of a cube. It is about forty-three feet high. Its covered in a black silk curtain known as a Kiswah. On the eastern corner of the Kaaba is the Black Stone. It is a stone that is believed to date back to the time of Adam and Eve. It is twelve inches in diameter. Also located within the Masjid al-Haram is the Zamzam Well. The water from this well is believed to be blessed by Allah and able to cure not only thirst, but illness and hunger as well.
Another popular attraction in Mecca is the Jabal-al-noor or Mountain of Light. Its located in Mecca's Hejaz region. On location is the Cave of Hira. This shrine is a popular place for pilgrims to visit and offer prayers up to Allah. This cave is where Muhammad sought refuge from the evils of society. It is also believe that this is the location where the archangel Gabriel revealed himself to the prophet and guided his endeavors.
The cuisine in Mecca is heavily influenced by the large influx of foreigners of different nationalities. This can be evidenced by the proximity and popularity of North American fast food chains to traditional Arabian restaurants. Popular dished eaten by the citizens of Mecca include Kabsa (a traditional dish of rice, spices and meat), Mandi (a dish featuring lamb and basmati rice) and Shawarma (a flat bread sandwich containing meat). Other popular food items in the city is Samosa, fava beans and Baklava.
Visitors need to keep in mind that there are no mass transit facilities available in this city. Travel around the city is done by either taxis or private vehicles. There are plenty of lodging accommodations available throughout the city. These include popular hotels such as the Hilton Makkah, Elaf Kindah-Makkah, Mercure Hibatullah and Makkah Al Mukaramah Elaf Ajyad. The Makkah Al Mukaramah Elaf Ajyad is the closet hotel to Masjid al-Haram and is only a few miles from the Al Hijaz shopping centre.


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Operation Timebomb v2
Operation Timebomb v2 was a fail operation conducted by a joint force of different boards, the propaganda and instructions was spreaded everywhere a month earlier and the day in which the operation was going to take place was the 1st of October. It was a revenge to SJW in the middle of other happenings such as the GaymerGate and the Fappening.
The objective was to piss off SJW on Tumblr, for doing it they decided to do a Timebomb, which consists in scheduling multiple posts on a certain date, so once the date reaches, the tumblr hashtag targeted gets crapflooded with extreme gore, rape, animal abuse and porn imagery.
To achieve this many sites and boards joint forces:
- 8chan: the raid idea came out from there
- Masterchan
- Openchan
- 4chan /b/
- Don Roberts
- Bonzi Buddy
- Funnyjunk
- Know your meme
- Other niggers
Propaganda of the operation was spreaded fucking everywhere to get the more raiders as possible.
1st of October
As many anons expected, the operation failed hard. It was spreaded in so many places that tumblr mods knew about it and in the moment in which the imagery was posted, they quickly deleted it. Hardly anyone was able to even see a shocking imagery.
Tumblr spamming tutorial and script
iMacros script for making tumblr rain
1) Make a folder of the files you wish to dump. Use only .jpg files, and convert all .png files to .jpg (sorry .gif). If you aren't a lazy fuck, optimise the files. Make the filesize of the images low enough that you can upload as quickly as possible, but good enough that the image is still effective.
2) Name all the files '1.jpg', '2.jpg', '3.jpg', ... '9001.jpg' or the script won't work. Use Bulk Rename Utility to help with this.
3) Download iMacros extension
4) Open up notepad/etc. and paste this code:
SET !VAR1 EVAL("var randomNumber=Math.floor(Math.random()*10); randomNumber;") SET !VAR2 EVAL("var randomNumber=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); randomNumber;") SET !VAR3 EVAL("var randomNumber=Math.floor(Math.random()*12+1); randomNumber;") SET !VAR4 EVAL("var randomNumber=Math.floor(Math.random()*100+1); randomNumber;") TAG POS=1 TYPE=I ATTR=CLASS:icon_post_photo&&TXT: WAIT SECONDS=2 TAG POS=1 TYPE=DIV ATTR=TITLE:Click<SP>to<SP>add<SP>photos<SP>or<SP>drag<SP>some<SP>from<SP>your<SP>desktop&&CLASS:drop_target&&TXT: TAG POS=1 TYPE=INPUT:FILE FORM=ID:post_form ATTR=ID:photo_file_input CONTENT=C:\*PATH*TO*FILES*\{{!VAR4}}.jpg TAG POS=1 TYPE=DIV ATTR=CLASS:tags&&TXT: TAG POS=7 TYPE=INPUT:TEXT FORM=ID:post_form ATTR=* CONTENT=feminism WAIT SECONDS=1 TAG POS=1 TYPE=DIV ATTR=CLASS:chrome<SP>blue<SP>options&&TXT: WAIT SECONDS=1 TAG POS=1 TYPE=LABEL FORM=ID:post_form ATTR=TXT:Schedule WAIT SECONDS=1 TAG POS=1 TYPE=INPUT:TEXT FORM=ID:post_form ATTR=ID:post_publish_on CONTENT=12/25/14<SP>{{!VAR3}}:{{!VAR2}}{{!VAR1}}pm WAIT SECONDS=1 TAG POS=1 TYPE=BUTTON FORM=ID:post_form ATTR=TXT:Schedule WAIT SECONDS=25
5) Edit the following parts:
- line 4 - change '100' to the number of files in your folder
- line 9 - change 'C:\*PATH*TO*FILES*\' to the path of the your folder
- line 11 (optional) - feminism is the tag to post the images to; idk how to make multiple tags work
- line 17 (optional) - 'CONTENT=12/25/14............pm' means schedule to post on December 25, 2014 at [a random time] pm. Changing 'pm' to 'am' is fine.
- line 20 - change '25' to about how many seconds it takes the largest image to post. As you can tell, my country has shit upload speeds and seven proxies slows it the fuck down.
6) Save the file in your iMacros folder (mine is in Documents\iMacros\Macros) and change the file extension to .iim
7) Open tumblr, log in and make sure you are at https://www.tumblr.com/dashboard
8) Open the macro and set to loop 50 times (the maximum you can queue to post on one day)
9) Spoof your MAC, log out, create another account and repeat from 7). Check external links for a tool for it in case you are a n00b.
10) Run in background.
11) ?????????????
See also
External Links
Operation Timebomb v2 is part of a series on
Visit the Chans Portal for complete coverage.


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Preview of Thor, Green Lantern, and Captain America Party Supply Patterns
Hallmark sent us photos of upcoming party supply patterns for Thor, Green Lantern and Captain America. Both Thor and Green Lantern will become available in April while Captain America will not be available until June.
We posted all 59 product photos of these party supply patterns on our facebook page. To view them, become a fan of our facebook page.
Tell us which one you like the most and which products of each pattern you like the most.
Update: we have removed the images of these party supplies because we received an email from Hallmark on 2/7/11, asking us to take down all images of their upcoming party supply patterns, including Thor, Green Lantern and Captain America until each of these patterns begin shipping.


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Paul and Eric got up with the sun one morning, the idea was to take photos of Rome while the light is still good and the tourists are still sleeping.
A successful mission to be sure.
Paul and Eric got up with the sun one morning, the idea was to take photos of Rome while the light is still good and the tourists are still sleeping.
A successful mission to be sure.
They did it again.
Paul and Dan swam across the lake one more time (belated credit is due to Dan who swam the first time too).
This time, Phoebe and I made it there before they reached the shore.
And we had porchetta sandwiches for dinner–from a roadside truck with the best view.
Everybody wins (but not everyone wears Speedos).
Filed under Sights
Filed under Phoebe
I was sitting in a cubicle in New York City the first time I heard about Ischia. A co-worker at iVillage was just coo-coo for the place and as it turns out, she's related to most of the people there. New Jersey-born Francesca would often (and I do mean often) talk about her annual trips to Ischia, the sun, the food, the language. But most of all it was the family–cousins, grandparents, second cousins, in-laws and every other combination of the Italian family tree–that she enjoyed visiting. They all live here and now I can see why.
Like its neighbor Capri, it's lovely in every way you'd imagine an island in the Mediterranean to be. Pretty views, nice seafood, sandy beaches. But Ischia is most famous for its thermal baths. The one we visited is a terraced complex on the sea with more than 20 pools, all at different temperatures, all heated naturally. (The whole of Ischia is an old volcano which makes for not just hot pools but also rich soil for fabulous tomatoes and export-worthy lemons.) We even met up with Francesca for a delicious meal at one of her family's favorite restaurants. And so it went. All weekend long Paul, Phoebe and I walked, talked, ate and enjoyed. But the most amusing part, as is often the case, was the journey.
Located off the western coast of Italy, you reach Ischia by ferry from Naples or Pozzuoli, an adventure in itself. We had reservations for ourselves and the car but weren't sure where or how to collect the actual tickets once we reached the dock. Time to divide and conquer. So, receipt in hand, I hopped out as Paul inched the car toward the boat. Which boat, we didn't know but forward is usually a good bet. Two ticket counters later, I found our tickets, jumped back in and pointed to the correct ferry. That's when it left the dock. Sigh. But our disappointment was quickly followed by confusion then relief as dock workers immediately waved us on to another boat. It left an hour earlier than our original plan and may or may not be going directly to Ischia but there was no time for questions (and not a chance of backing up anyway) so we were off.
Only it's trickier than it sounds. The boat is about half the size of Seattle's ferries and the layout unique: one ramp on the left side, half a dozen lanes in the middle, only the back of the boat opens and it also closes. This makes for an interesting, if time-consuming, boarding process. Each car must complete a multi-level u-turn with a curve so tight that it often requires a 3-point turn. More confusing though, is the part where all passengers have to get out before the car is parked (once lined up, it's too packed in to open the doors). So just as you pull onto the boat, feeling momentarily triumphant for a. finding the ferry b. securing the tickets and c. not missing the boat, orange-vested men swarm the car, motioning for you to get out. For a second, we thought they were going to park it for us. Some sort of grungy valet service? Not really, it's a more of a grab the baby and go.
But once Phoebe and I found Paul again on the passenger deck above (an Ellis Island moment to be sure) we thoroughly enjoyed the ride. Glistening water, sunny skies and perfect views of nearby islands made for a surprising treat. And it's a good thing because in our haste at the boarding ramp, neither of us brought the pacifier with us. Now that's a real adventure.
Paul's got a new project, homemade limoncello. This is a popular after dinner drink in Italy, strong, lemony and usually a little sweet. Inspired by friends from FAO, he researched recipes then came up with an adaptation of what he saw online:
Dealing with this many lemons is not a small job. There were numerous trips to the store: One batch of lemons didn't have a nice enough skin. Then the question became whether 17 was really enough? Maybe we need more…
Lemons collected, the next step was zesting. Armed with our hand-held microplane, Paul got them all. He sat down and scrubbed, rubbed and removed every trace of yellow from each one, excluding the bitter pith.
The last step was simple, add alcohol. In the states, homemade limoncello calls for vodka but here we have access to grain alcohol which is the original ingredient–for better or worse. In went the lemon peel and the two sit together for at least six weeks. By mid-November we'll either have a sweet treat or a bitter drink…but either way it'll be lemony.
* For this recipe you don't actually use the lemons themselves so we pulled out the juicer attachment to the food processor and made homemade lemonade. Pretty puckery.
Filed under Food & Restaurants, Life
Thanks so much to Peggy for Phoebe's handmade blanket.
The weather in Rome is perfect for it now–and she loves it!


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text:
In economics, hyperbolic discounting is a time-inconsistent model of discounting. Hyperbolic discounting refers to the tendency for people to have a stronger preference for more immediate payoffs relative to later payoffs, where the tendency increases the closer to the present both payoffs are. Also known as current moment bias, present-bias, and related to Dynamic inconsistency.
The discounted utility approach: Intertemporal choices are no different from other choices, except that some consequences are delayed and hence must be anticipated and discounted (i.e. re-weighted to take into account the delay).
Given two similar rewards, humans show a preference for one that arrives sooner rather than later. Humans are said to discount the value of the later reward, by a factor that increases with the length of the delay. This process is traditionally modeled in form of exponential discounting, a time-consistent model of discounting. A large number of studies have since demonstrated that the constant discount rate assumed in exponential discounting is systematically being violated. Hyperbolic discounting is a particular mathematical model devised as an improvement over exponential discounting, in the sense that it better fits the experimental data about actual behavior. But note, the time inconsistency of this behavior has some quite perverse consequences. Hyperbolic discounting has been observed in humans and animals.
In hyperbolic discounting, valuations fall very rapidly for small delay periods, but then fall slowly for longer delay periods. This contrasts with exponential discounting, in which valuation falls by a constant factor per unit delay, regardless of the total length of the delay. The standard experiment used to reveal a test subject's hyperbolic discounting curve is to compare short-term preferences with long-term preferences. For instance: "Would you prefer a dollar today or three dollars tomorrow?" or "Would you prefer a dollar in one year or three dollars in one year and one day?" For certain range of offerings, a significant fraction of subjects will take the lesser amount today, but will gladly wait one extra day in a year in order to receive the higher amount instead. Individuals with such preferences are described as "present-biased".
Individuals using hyperbolic discounting reveal a strong tendency to make choices that are inconsistent over time – they make choices today that their future self would prefer not to have made, despite using the same reasoning. This dynamic inconsistency happens because the value of future rewards is much lower under hyperbolic discounting than under exponential discounting.


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Go on a family vacation where all my siblings and their partners come too. Everyone is so busy that it is hard to get everyone together. I would love to go on a vacation with everyone. i have the best family and love spending time with everyone :0)
I swear I came out of the womb a Mariah Carey fan. I always loved her voice, and I still do.
My parents bought me my car, and that was pretty huge. An ex once bought me a subscription to a trashy tabloid magazine and it was awesome. It was a gift that kept on giving!
Memphis all the way. Every summer my Dad and sister and I go to Memphis. We stay at the Peabody and have a great night out on Beale. It is the perfect trip, and I have such great memories every time I go.


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Official Crisis on Infinite Earths Index (1986) comic books
Tags: Crisis on Infinite Earths (part Index), Index$6.00
Official Crisis on Infinite Earths Index (1986). To celebrate DC Comic's 50th Anniversary Marv Wolfman and George Perez were charged with the Herculean task of simplifying the company's fifty-year-old continuity. Thus, Crisis on Infinite Earths, a twelve issue maxiseries/crossover event, was created. This index provides credits, feature characters, guest-stars, villains, comments, and a synopsis for each of the twelve issues in the series. It also offers details and first appearances for the multiple Earths featured in the story (Earth-1-6, Earth-S, Earth-X, Earth-Prime, and more). Edited by Murray R. Ward. Written by Lou Mougin and Mark Waid with special thanks to Robert Greenberger and George Perez. The cover, illustrated by series artist George Perez, is a group shot of most of the heroes who sacrificed themselves to save the DC Universe during the Crisis (including Superman (Earth-2), Supergirl, Flash (Barry Allen), Lori Lemaris, Aquagirl, Superboy (Earth-Prime), and many others). This index is the perfect compliment to the epic original Crisis and also provides a perfect jumping on point for DC's Post-Crisis continuity. And, it can be used as a nice prelude to DC's 2005 follow-up, Infinite Crisis. 32 pages. Cover price $1.75.


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$20.00 – $35.00
Anthem Crafts is a Layout from the best-selling Anthem Child Theme. The Layout features great typography, overlapping text/images, and a styled, light contact form. Want more? Anthem is available as a Child Theme.
Hobbyist (1 Live + 1 Dev License), Hardcore (Unlimited Licenses)
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Make your small business be fulfilled. Save time. Be fast And Sell More
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I've been exercising four times a week for the last three weeks. And I have not lost any weight but my body does feel different. I know that the number means nothing, because muscle weighs more. I'm still fluctuating between 163-164. I don't weigh myself every day, but have every other week or so. I know its my health that matters, and boy, I do feel different!
I had been doing revolt, and I really liked it. However, the creator of the program kept getting way behind at posting videos. First it was one day behind, so I just did the same video over again. Then it was two, so I tried to work off the exercise sheet (hard for me, I don't know what the names of things are...) Then it was an entire week. So I got annoyed and decided to stop. She's trying to run Revolt all by herself, and I don't think she's dedicated to it. I bought a year subscription so maybe I'll try again. (it was only 40$ for a year, and that's less then what we pay a month for our YMCA membership, so I didn't lose much money, but still...)
I'm going to keep exercising. And you know what, my husband has been going with me! It's fun to go together, even if we both end up doing different things. (Him machine, me dance class usually) I've noticed that he has a lot more energy and zest in the mornings!
How have you all been? I've found some days I feel like the exercise I'm doing means nothing. And other days I feel great. Hah! (Also, yes, I am wearing red lip stuff from Burnt Bees today. I like it. Also, it tastes good.)


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30 September 2013
Members of the NUT & NASUWT will strike across the Midlands, Eastern and Yorkshire regions tomorrow (Tuesday 1 October). The action is part of a campaign of regional strikes with national action planned later this year. The two unions, fighting attacks on national pay, represent some 90 percent of classroom teachers.
There will be major demonstrations across the regions hit by strikes with the big
official demonstrations in:
Rally 11am to 12:00pm
ICC, Broad St, Birmingham , B1 2EA
Assemble at Victoria Square Birmingham B1 1BD at 10:00am
Leaving 10:30am to march to ICC
Rally 11:30am to 12:30pm
Cambridge Union Society, 9a Bridge Street, Cambridge, CB2 1UB
Assemble at Parkers Piece behind University Arms Hotel, at 10.30am
Regent Street, Cambridge, CB2 1AD
Leaving 11:00am to march to Cambridge Union Society
*please note that this time is different to the time previously advertised.
Rally 11am to 12:00pm
Ponds Forge International Sports Centre,
Ponds Forge, Sheaf Street, Sheffield, S1 2BP
Assemble at Barkers Poole, City Hall, Sheffield, S1 2JA at 10:00am
Leaving 10:30am to march to Ponds Forge International Sports Centre


text:
Hot Pot - Venetian Gold
$ 0.75
$ 3.00
A pure golden hue with a shimmer finish.
Finish : Shimmer
Application : Semi-Opaque
A 26mm metal pan that contains a highly pigmented eye shadow for multiple applications. Each Coastal Scents Hot Pot™ fits snugly into one of the Interchangeable Palettes. These custom palettes contain magnets in a soft foam padding which attract the metal pan of the Hot Pot™. This allows you to completely customize your palette to create any look by simply adding interchangeable Hot Pots™ from the vast collection of shades, hues, and finishes.
Dimensions: 26mm in diameter
Net Weight: 1.5 g / 0.05 oz
Ingredients: Talc, Mica, Mineral Oil, Kaolin, Titanium Dioxide, Magnesium Stearate, o-cymen-5-ol. May Contain: Phenyl Trimethicone, Iron Oxides, Manganese Violet, Ferric Ammonium Ferrocyanide, Ultramarine Blue, Chrome Oxide Greens, Hydrated Chrome Oxide Green, FD&C Red No.40 Al Lake, FD&C Yellow No.5 Al Lake, FD&C Blue No.1 Al Lake.
Customer Reviews
- Reviews
- Questions
Venetian Gold
Some hot pots are hot or miss, VG is a huge hit! Buttery soft and so very pigmented! Highly reccomend!
Pretty light gold!
I watched a lot of swatch videos before taking the leap with my Hot Pot order. In the videos I watched, this looked like a bright, garish yellowy-gold. It's not!! If you're looking for a warm, shimmery gold color, this is perfect! It's not metallic but it is very shimmery. This is an easy to wear color and can be used to highlight or on the inner corner also or over other colors and on it's own it's a pretty light gold. Looks good as part of an eye look that includes Midas Gold and would blend well with lots of colors!
Bright Gold
This isn't as warm as shown in the picture, which is unfortunate, because I really wanted a warm gold. The pigmentation is great, but it's more of a true toned gold.
Gilded glamour
For me, this is the perfect gold. It's not brassy, it's not too cool, it's not too warm, and it's not obnoxious. Dry it applies smooth and soft, easily feathered out and blended with other tones. Wet it absolutely pops with golden opulence and makes for a striking complement to almost any palette.


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Brabourne Stadium
First Round - The CCI won against Bhatnagar S.C. By 388 runs played at Youths Own Union C.C. (Cross Maidan) on 25th & 26th November 2017.
Second Round - The CCI won against Parkophene Cricketers by 61 runs played at Karnataka Sporting Association ground on 9th & 10th December 2017.
Quarter Final - The CCI defeated Fort Vijay C.C. by 7 wickets played at P. J. Hindu Gymkhana on 16th & 17th December 2017 and entered the Semi Final of the tournament. Detail scores:
Fort Vijay Cricket Club 141/10 in 29.2 overs
Anand Singh 5 wkts for 21 runs
Harshal Soni 5 wkts for 44 runs
Cricket Club of India 142/3 in 21.2 overs
Vinit Indulkar 46* runs in 62 balls
Sachin Yadav 42 runs in 33 balls
Cricket Club of India won by 7 wkts
The Semi Final Round of Purshottam Shield Cricket Tournament between CCI and New Hind Sporting Club was played at New Hind Sporting Club Ground (Matunga) on 23rd & 24th December 2017.
Congratulations!!! Once again defending Champion CCI 'B' Team has won Cricket Championship of MCC (Mumbai Club Cricket Championship) Tournament 2017.
This tournament is held amongst 10 leading clubs of Mumbai. The CCI 'B' team defeated Chembur Gymkhana by their excellent performance in each department of the game and won the finals by 55 runs on Tue, 26th December 2017. The finals was played at out grounds under floodlights. A detailed summary of the match is as under:
Cricket Club of India 1 0 / 3 in 20 Overs
Tejas Patani 80 runs in 50 balls
Zaosh Irani 40 runs in 22 balls
Chembur Gymkhana 1 5 / 10 in 18.4 Overs
Siddharth Jadeja 4 wkts for 23 runs
Tejas Patani 3 wkts for 17 runs
CCI 'B' Team won the finals by 55 runs.
The CCI team will be participating in the Spirit of Cricket Challenge - 2018 organized by Sydney Cricket Club from 5th to 15th January 2018 to be held at Sydney, Australia. 7 top clubs from across the world will be participating in this tournament.
We wish our team all the best.....
Other: No Fees Applicable
Other: No Fees Applicable


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There's nothing quite like the panic attack induced when your kid tells you he counted and there's only 20 days left until the epic road trip you thought you had more than a month to prep for.
That was 6 days ago.
*deep breaths*
5 boys, 3 weeks, 21 states, 2 oceans, a handful of national landmarks, 5,000 some-odd miles, countless new gray hairs, and a bottle of xanax. (I wish...just kidding)
I've done quite a few searches for road trip tips and hope to utilize the ticket system for rewards and the clothespin on the visor for behavior. Do you have any other tried and true tips for me?
(Other than the wrapped dollar store gift bags every hour...that just sounds like a whoooole lot of trash, clutter, and frustrated tears over broken junkass toys every one hour and five minutes. ...the kids might cry, too.)


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Summer might be coming to an end, but the days are still hot enough for the beach and the water is the perfect temperature for a dip.
But, if you fancy a change from the beautiful Manly Beach, why not make the most of the smaller crowds that we're seeing at all the beaches across Sydney, and do things a little bit differently?
After all, backpacking is about challenging yourself and pushing your boundaries.
So whether you're looking for a new challenge or you just fancy getting your kit off, a skinny dip might just be for you.
It's a great idea to take some friends with you on this adventure. It's gonna be one you remember forever and you might feel a bit braver with your mates standing by your side, when it comes to stripping off.
Below are 3 great beaches to get naked on (and not get in trouble).
Obelisk Beach – Just across the water from Manly. Obelisk Beach in Mosman is the perfect little spot for a naked dip. It's secluded enough to feel private and is protected from the hustle and bustle of Sydney Harbour.
Cobblers Beach – This beach is a favorite amongst the regular nudists in Sydney. It's a beautiful beach and a great spot for snorkeling, just be careful where you look with your goggles on!
Lady Jane Beach – If you are more of an exhibitionist this beach might be for you, as it is often visited by boat loads of tourists, who fancy a quick glance at some naked butts on their way to South Head.


text: On 04/06/2011 02:54 PM, Uwe Kleine-König wrote:> Signed-off-by: Uwe Kleine-König <firstname.lastname@example.com>> ---> Hello,> > I wasn't sure what to return when dev_set_drvdata is called with> dev=NULL. I choosed 0, but -EINVAL would be OK for me, too. What do you> think?Uwe,I feel -EINVAL would be more appropriate here.Return value of 0 would mean drvdata is set properly, which is not the case.Otherwise, patch series looks fine to me. Please add my reviewed-by for all patches.Reviewed-by: Viresh Kumar <email@example.com>-- viresh--To unsubscribe from this list: send the line "unsubscribe linux-kernel" inthe body of a message to email@example.com majordomo info at http://vger.kernel.org/majordomo-info.htmlPlease read the FAQ at http://www.tux.org/lkml/


text:
The School
Accountability Committee (SAC) exists as mandated by Colorado's
Education Accountability Act of 2009. The SAC at Free Horizon
Montessori is comprised of parents, faculty, and the Assistant Principal
and or Principal who collaborate with school leadership to ensure we
are accountable to FHM's mission and vision. The SAC meets monthly to
develop, implement, analyze, and report on community surveys that
address three main areas:
SAC analyzes academic and school survey data to inform and make
recommendations to the Principal and Board of Directors regarding the
Unified Improvement Plan.
In support of this work, the SAC is responsible for the following:
We encourage you to become a SAC member, or
participate in SAC meetings as you are able, to share your ideas and
concerns with the committee in order to make FHM the best school it can
The committee is comprised of parents, faculty, and Principal (or designee).
School Accountability Committee holds regular meetings twice monthly
from August through November, then once a month from December through
May. Meetings are typically held from 5:30 - 7:30 pm in the
FHM administrative office. Meetings are listed on the school calendar
and open to the public.
Find meeting agendas, minutes and other information from the current school year by clicking the links below:
SAC School Performance Reports:
Click on the links below for compilations of historical
School Accountability Committee meetings, agendas, surveys, plans, and
other documents.
year, the School Accountability Committee seeks parents interested in
serving two-year terms. Please consider this volunteer opportunity to
improve your school. If you are a number-cruncher at heart, this is the
perfect place for you to fulfill your 30-hour/year volunteer commitment
for your family.
To apply, please complete download and complete the SAC Application and submit it to the front office to Kresta Vuolo's attention.


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Corner of Derby Place and Glebe Pt. Rd., Glebe. Held in the grounds of Glebe Public School every Saturday 10am - 4pm.
Walk, ride, bus or train make it to Glebe Markets this Saturday!
Glebe Markets is just a short walk or bus ride from Central Station.
You can get to Glebe Markets in the following ways:
You can catch a train to Central Station, which is a 5-minute car or bus trip to Glebe Markets. You can easily walk. Walking will take about 20-30 minutes.
You can find the cityrail train timetable here so you can plan your trip on Saturday mornings.
The light rail also has a stop at Glebe. It is about a 30 minute walk from the station to Glebe Markets. You can also combine this with catching a bus.
You can drive to Glebe Markets.
The address for the markets is: Corner of Derby Place and Glebe Pt Rd. Glebe
You can enter the market from Derwent St as well as Glebe Point Rd.
Parking anywhere in the inner city is always at a premium.
Most parking near the markets is metered.
You can take a bus from central station. You will find the bus stop outside the front of the Mecure hotel. Use the bus stop on George st. The bus numbers from central station are the 431 or 433. These 2 Glebe Point Rd buses stop immediate out side the markets! Get off at the bright coloured fence which is the 2nd stop on Glebe Point Rd. It will take you 5 minutes or less from central station to Glebe Markets(depending on traffic).
There is also bus stop in Derwent street 470 just at the rear of the markets, and in Broadway/ Paramatta Rd.
If you are catching a bus from other locations within Sydney, other buses that stop at Glebe Pt Rd are the 436, 461 and the 483. The 370 bus goes to Glebe via Newtown.
Look here for bus time tables and routes .
Download a map of Glebe Markets


text:
Kate Kupferer
Women friends at work make the day seem brighter and the time move faster. But why not enjoy time with your office buddy after-hours too?
No matter what word you'd use to describe your work life—rewarding or so-so, stimulating or a grind—any environment is better when you share it with a friend. We typically spend at least one-third of each weekday at our jobs, so it's natural to develop camaraderie with the people there. Many women find that having gal pals at work makes their jobs more satisfying and fun. And while some would argue that the office is where you accomplish what you're paid to do, there is substantial proof that women with a good friend in the office are more engaged and successful in their jobs. In fact, there are many well-known companies that actively encourage workplace bonding; among them are Google, Zappos and Dropbox. These companies and others understand that a strong social network on the job is not just enjoyable, but can also contribute to a shared sense of purpose and a spirit of community. New research confirms that employees who have friends at work stay longer and are more productive. So how do you take a friendship with an office buddy to the next level?
Try Some Teamwork
She's in sales; you're in marketing—so of course you're used to collaborating together on company goals. Why not take those skills and that bond one step further? Take baby steps at first. Perhaps you admire her sense of style. Work up to a shopping date by complimenting her on her look and asking her which labels, stores or websites she prefers. She may surprise you by initiating a meeting at the mall.
Do you enjoy her sense of humor? Tell her how much fun you had at a comedy club over the weekend—maybe she'll ask to join you next time. But making new women friends can be tough if one of you is shy. You may need to send your office friend a link to the club's event schedule and ask if there's a performer she'd like to see or a date that works for her. She may be thrilled to receive an invitation to something other than a jewelry or kitchenware party, as well as by the notion that you've thought of something you both may truly enjoy.
Offer Positive Feedback
Don't you just love it when someone notices what you do well? Even better is when they pipe up in public. Think about your work buddy's recent accomplishments on the job. Has she landed recent sales or clients for your firm? Maybe she volunteered for the more difficult portion of a project? Perhaps you've noticed she is kind to her co-workers or just simply shows up every day with enthusiasm? Let her know and let the boss know as well. Better yet, offer up your positive feedback at the next staff meeting. And the next time you meet at the water cooler, you may wind up making plans for that celebratory wine cooler after work.
Making Friends In a Virtual Office
Many of us with virtual offices may struggle with how to make new friends. While it may be most convenient to work from your home office, it can also get a bit lonely. If you have virtual co-workers or if you work digitally with consultants who are in the same town, consider scheduling lunch meetings or happy hours together once a month. Another way to create office relationships is by joining a co-working group, which shares office space by appointment. And of course, make it a point to join the relevant professional organizations in your area.
It's perfectly natural to develop a friendship with folks you don't physically work with. After all, the elements of a successful friendship—mutual support, similar values, common interests, trust, respect, the ability to collaborate—are equally important in a professional relationship.
Give Her a Promotion
There can be downsides to having office friends become off-site friends. If you find your trust tested by a work pal who gossips about co-workers, reveals your confidential information to other employees, or who uses your efforts to her advantage; you should definitely re-think this particular relationship. But a woman friend who treats you and others with respect, who supports your goals within and outside of your job, and whose company you enjoy no matter the time of day—she is a friend indeed.


text:
Nikola Tesla Quotes About LaborQuotes about: Labor
His [Thomas Edison] method was inefficient in the extreme, for an immense ground had to be covered to get anything at all unless blind chance intervened and, at first, I was almost a sorry witness of his doings, knowing that just a little theory and calculation would have saved him 90 per cent of the labor. But he had a veritable contempt for book learning and mathematical knowledge, trusting himself entirely to his inventor's instinct and practical American sense. In view of this, the truly prodigious amount of his actual accomplishments is little short of a miracle.
If he [Thomas Edison] had a needle to find in a haystack, he would not stop to reason where it was most likely to be, but would proceed at once with the feverish diligence of a bee, to examine straw after straw until he found the object of his search. ... [J]ust a little theory and calculation would have saved him ninety percent of his labor.
My belief is firm in a law of compensation. The true rewards are ever in proportion to the labor and sacrifices made. This is one of the reasons why I feel certain that of all my inventions, the Magnifying Transmitter will prove most important and valuable to future generations. I am prompted to this prediction not so much by thoughts of the commercial and industrial revolution which it will surely bring about, but of the humanitarian consequences of the many achievements it makes possible. Considerations of mere utility weigh little in the balance against the higher benefits of civilization.
Nikola Tesla
- Born: July 10, 1856
- Died: January 7, 1943
- Occupation: Inventor
- Cite this Page: Citation


text:
The first one's on us.
Here's another reason why our clients love us. Our pre-collection service is free for all new qualified clients.
How it works
We send out warning letters to your delinquent accounts via e-mail, fax or regular mail, depending on each situation. If the debtor pays on receipt of this warning letter or within one week, there is no cost to you. We will forward 100% of funds recouped.
You win, we succeed.
Collection Systems Canada Corp. (CSC) only charges commission from the point that accounts are assigned to one of our collection agents. This applies to all accounts from new qualified clients, no exceptions. You have nothing to lose, so get in touch and give us a try!
Applicable Conditions:
- for commercial accounts only;
- for accounts not older than 90 days;
- no NSF activity on accounts;
- no known contestation of accounts;
- for debtors with known address and located in North America;
- for clients transferring a minimum of 25 accounts with a total value of over $10,000.
Fill out our Online Account Placement Form and CSC will immeditately begin the recovery process. Also, find out about CSC's Rates & Services.
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Toll-Free: 1.866.393.9105
E-mail: email@example.com
With operations in Vancouver, Calgary, Toronto and Montréal, we are well positioned to serve the needs of Canada's business community.


text:
Accommodation for 2012 Olympic Games to be provided by new service
A new service, providing accommodation during the London Olympic Games, has been launched by London Property Rental 2012. The properties provide accommodation for both families and groups and are located within fifteen minutes by train of Central London.
Set up by experienced property professional Carol Fox, London Property Rental 2012 provides a home-from-home experience by offering fully vetted, high quality private homes in highly desirable areas of London – all within walking distance of excellent transport links. The properties, owned by affluent families who have chosen to be away from the capital during the games, are comfortably furnished, well-equipped and provide added benefits of free parking, fast broadband and digital TV.
According to Carol Fox, Director of London Property Rental 2012, 'We were approached by a friend in the United States who asked if he could rent our house during the Olympics. We saw immediately how families and groups would benefit by renting a quality family home during the 2012 Olympics rather than standard hotel rooms - especially those groups who need multiple rooms and have arranged their own travel and tickets to the London Games.'
Up to 350,000 foreign tourists are expected to visit London during the eight weeks of the 2012 Games, estimates the European Tour Operators Association, while Lord Coe has talked of up to 'a million' extra visitors. This far outstrips London's estimated capacity of 100,000 hotel beds.
According to Fox, 'Families and groups who want to stay together may find it difficult to find accommodation during the Olympic Games that offers the benefit of an intimate environment but which is also cost-effective. In setting up London Property Rental, we will provide a quality 'home-from-home' experience where guests can relax and unwind away from the games yet still be in the centre of London within a 15-minute train journey, to explore tourist attractions or access the Olympic venues.'
'It's not too late for Londoners to put their property with us for rent during 2012 Olympic Games. We are always on the look-out for high quality family homes in excellent locations with good transport to add to our portfolio. We are finding that a large number of London home-owners are opting to go away during the Olympics and are accessing our service to earn money by making their property available for a 2012 managed let during July and August next year. And, in a lot of cases, the rental income generated will more than cover the cost of their summer holiday. '


text:
Reporting Services – Remote Server Returned an Error: (401) Unauthorized
Posted by denglishbi on July 18, 2010
This past week I was working on a new project and the client was leveraging the new Microsoft BI Stack working with PowerPivot, SharePoint 2010, PerformancePoint Services 2010, and Reporting Services 2008 R2 running in Integrated Mode. Everything was working great with PowerPivot, loading files into the PowerPivot Gallery, and using PerformancePoint Services with PowerPivot as the data sources. The odd thing was that Report Builder was not working against PowerPivot, well it was kind of. Let me try and explain and walk through the steps to reproduce the issue:
- We created a Web Application in SharePoint 2010 – http://<ServerName>:51000 and then deployed the PowerPivot web application (powerpivotwebapp.wsp) to it – in order to deploy the application you need to go into Central Administration->System Settings->Manage Farm Solutions->powerpivotwebapp.wsp
- Now we will create a new site collection within this web application and we will use the Enterprise Business Intelligence Center template (one thing to note is that the URL for this site collection is being set to http://<ServerName>:51000/sites/msbi
- Now we will access the new site collection and add a new PowerPivot Gallery library to the site (go into Site Actions->More Options to add the library)
- Now we will upload a PowerPivot file to the PowerPivot Gallery library to utilize as a source (nothing fancy with the data, just some store sales data broken out by year and month with a PivotChart in the file)
- Now we will launch Report Builder 3.0 from the PowerPivot Gallery to create a report off this StoreSales.xlsx file. Once Report Builder is running we will check the properties of the data source that is generated and test the connection
- Everything looks good right? Before we try to create a dataset let's try clicking the Build… button and testing the source connection one more time
- Oh no…that can't be good. Well now let's back out of the and try to create a dataset
- Hmmm…same error message 'The remote server returned an error: (401) Unauthorized.' How can this be? We are site collection administrators, owners of the site, created the PowerPivot file and uploaded it, and we can even create a PerformancePoint data source and PerformancePoint content without any issues (this portion is not show here, but all of the PerformancePoint functionality does work – I should mention that this is a Single Server development environment).
- So now what. I was able to use Report Builder to create SQL Server and SharePoint List reports – ran into issues when trying to save them to the site though. In order to get them to the site I had to save the RDL files locally and then upload them to SharePoint. They did work once they were uploaded, so now what is the issue? How about we check out the Report Server to see what is going on.
- That seems to be working just fine. Now let's try clicking on the site collection URL that we created
- Well that can't be good. 'An internal error occurred on the report server. See the error log for more details. (rsInternalError) The site http://<ServerName>:51000/ could not be found in the Web application SPWebApplication Name=SharePoint – 51000.' Now according to the message it is looking for a site that would be at the Root of the Web Application that we originally created. Remember that the site collection was originally created at http://<ServerName>:51000/sites/msbi. Okay, so let's try creating another site collection.
- Now let's try the Report Server again. Well what do you know, now we can explore the original site collection.
- Now let's try creating the dataset in that Report Builder report again against that PowerPivot file
- Well what do you know, it works now:) Game on!
So the lesson of the day is to make sure that you create a site collection at the Root of the web application in SharePoint, otherwise Reporting Services will definitely have some issues. Typically I would always do my development this way and then create sub sites within the site collection itself. In this case though the method that was originally chosen was to create the site collection at what I would consider a sub site level. This caused some extremely odd behavior within Reporting Services with connectivity and creating reports. The solution was to go back into Central Administration in SharePoint and create a Root level site collection for the web application.
Just kind of weird though when originally it all pointed to what I would have thought to have been a permission issue. Then after further testing I thought maybe a PowerPivot issue, then SharePoint Integration issue, and it turned out to be a site collection issue. Weird. Is this a bug? Should it be added to the Connect site?
2 Responses to "Reporting Services – Remote Server Returned an Error: (401) Unauthorized"
November 3, 2015 at 9:35 am
It is a permission issue, at least from an application standpoint it is. Since you didn't have access to traverse thru the Root Site Collection you lacked the correct permissions. We had a root site collection and users who had permission to the root site collection worked fine, by adding authenticate users to the viewer group we fixed the issue.
Lesson learned is that SharePoint users must be able to traverse the Root site collection.


text:
The real battle of Airtel The Voice Nigeria Season 2 will begin on Sunday, July 30, after the Blind Audition came to a thrilling end last weekend.
Talents will be competing against a team member for a spot in the live shows. In this battle rounds, two contestants will perform one song but only one of them get to qualify for the next stage.
To prepare for the face-off, talents went through vocal and stage performance master classes with co-coaches Emmanuel "Bez" Idakula and Dare Art-Alade, popularly known as "Darey".
Viewers are now looking forward to a more exciting contest between talents, hoping to see the best emerge as the competition heats up in The Voice Nigeria, sponsored by Airtel Nigeria, the smartphone network.
Contestants who made the 12-members team of #TeamPatoranking are: Afolayan Alabi, Annie Cedric, Blessing Isaac, Emmanuel Okafor, Favour Idugbe, Ogunyeni Itunu, Kessy Mbonu, Tama Nisa, Ebube Obioma, Emuejevoke Efiokpene, Chukwuemeka Chike-Ezekpeazu and Ese Urinrin.
#TeamTimi consists of Blessed Eke, Daniel Diongoli, Emmanuel Precious, Godwin Bada, Jahtel Ilem, Kendris Ologidi, Nwando Okoli, Victor Thompson, Sandra Osamor, sisters Tara and Bella, Gerald Agunwobi, Happiness Osasumwen and Grace Udoh.
While Bunmi Oshin, Chris Rio, Ifeoma Onu, Jahnomso Ilem, Joy Ebiem, Ogechi Ihenacho, Olanrewaju Omowa, Oluwale Olusi, Torisheju Ogbe, Kelvin Audu, Favour Johnson and Yimika Akinola makes up #TeamYemi.
And #TeamWaje consists of Amarachi Ugoeke, Daniel James, Isaac Aloma, Arewa Comfort, Glory Amanyi, Obichi Marshall, Paulyn Bob, Shapera Makepeace, Wilson Odini, Zora Julius, Chucks Aniebonam and Efezino Akpo.
We saw quite a number of talented singers during the auditions, with at least seven contestants wowing all the coaches and getting four chair turns.
One can only image how grand the battle stage will be. A positive side to it is that the coaches have a poach option, where they can poach talent from another coach.
Tune in to Africa Magic Showcase (DStv Ch151) and Africa Magic Urban (DStv Ch153) every Sunday at 7pm Nigerian time to catch all the excitement.


text:
by Ginny Henningsen (and contributing author Lenz Grimmer), January 2012
On large systems, kernel resource controllers—known as control groups (or cgroups)—can be especially useful to help strategic applications get the resources they need while limiting resources for other applications.
As a system administrator, whether you are consolidating applications on a large server or deploying systems to support service delivery in a cloud, it's often up to you to make sure that critical workloads get the system resources they need. Sometimes resources can be allocated temporarily, such as at the end of a fiscal period or so that a crucial project can be completed by a strict deadline. In other cases, application processes are greedy—notorious CPU or memory hogs—and it's necessary to limit resource consumption so other applications don't starve.
Having worked with resource controls in Oracle Solaris, I was anxious to learn how to do the same thing in Oracle Linux 6 with the Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel (UEK). Resource management using control groups (cgroups) is just one of many new features in Oracle Linux 6. Cgroups give administrators fine-grained control over resource allocations, helping to make sure that applications get what they need to deliver consistent response times and adequate performance.
According to the Linux kernel documentation, "Control Groups provide a mechanism for aggregating/partitioning sets of tasks, and all their future children, into hierarchical groups with specialized behaviour." This "behaviour" is defined by kernel subsystems—the actual resource controllers—that allocate system resources, track usage, and impose limits. Processes assigned to each group are then subject to the defined set of resource control parameters. An administrator assigns specific processes or system services to each group, adjusting resource parameters for the process group as needed.
In practice, an administrator can use cgroups to:
Note that some capabilities (specifically I/O throttling) require the Oracle Linux 6 UEK Release 2 kernel (2.6.39) or the Red Hat compatible kernel in Oracle Linux 6.1 or later. The UEK Release 2 kernel is available as a Beta release from ULN or from the public yum server.
The UEK Release 2 Beta kernel includes Linux Containers (
lxc) that provide isolated environments with their own process and network space. I'll save the topic of using cgroups and Linux Containers for a possible future article, and focus on the basic cgroup functionality available now in Oracle Linux 6. For the examples in this article, I'll use the UEK Release 2 Beta release as a starting point. Be sure to read the Resource Management Guide and other references mentioned at the end of this article to learn more about cgroups.
Cgroups are especially valuable when consolidating multiple workloads on large servers since you can divide up resources among different workloads. For example, suppose I want to configure an AMP stack so that the MySQL server processes collectively get twice the CPU resources as the Apache Web server processes. To do this with cgroups, I allocate a 2-times relative share of processing power to a cgroup and assign all the
mysqld processes to that group, while giving the group with the
httpd processes only a single relative share (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Relative shares of CPU resources can be allocated to different process groups.
Alternatively, I can assign specific sets of CPU and memory resources to each cgroup, as conceptually shown in Figure 2. Since a cgroup can control multiple resources, I can allocate both CPU and memory to the same cgroup and associate the cgroup with a given set of processes.
Figure 2. Specific resources can be allocated to cgroups and assigned to process groups.
For NUMA architectures, assigning specific resources has the effect of pinning processes to the same processor and memory nodes. This can be a big performance win since it allows a processor to access local rather than non-local memory.
Suppose I have a NUMA system with two nodes (to keep it simple), such as this:
# numactl --hardware available: 2 nodes (0-1) node 0 cpus: 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 node 0 size: 32349 MB node 0 free: 22057 MB node 1 cpus: 1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 node 1 size: 32822 MB node 1 free: 26766 MB . . .
Figure 3 shows how multiple processor cores can be grouped into sets and allocated to specific processes of an AMP stack. Processor cores 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 are allocated into
group1-web to support the set of Apache
httpd daemons. Processor cores 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 are assigned to
group2-db and the associated
mysqld daemons. Local memory nodes are allocated to each cgroup.
Figure 3. Cgroups can be configured to correspond to NUMA nodes.
Cgroups are implemented using a file system-based model—just as you can traverse the
/proc tree to view process-related information, you can examine the hierarchy at
/cgroup to examine current control group hierarchies, parameter assignments, and associated tasks.
In this tree-like file system hierarchy, children inherit characteristics from their parents. The file system implementation also enables access control—each cgroup pseudo-directory has an owner and a group that restricts who can modify the hierarchy and its underlying files, as well as what processes can be assigned to a cgroup.
Before I give examples of how to set up cgroups, let's clarify some terms:
You can use the
lssubsys command (which is included in the
libcgroup package) to view the available kernel subsystems:
# lssubsys -am cpuset cpu cpuacct memory devices freezer net_cls blkio
Compared to the initial Oracle Linux 6 release (2.6.32), UEK Release 2 adds the
blkio subsystem to enable I/O throttling. Here's a brief explanation of the various subsystems (see the Resource Management Guide for details on each subsystem and its parameters):
cpuset assigns individual CPUs and memory nodes to cgroup tasks
cpu schedules CPU access (for example, according to relative shares, as in Figure 1, or for real-time processes)
cpuacct reports total CPU time used.
memory reports or limits memory use.
devices grants or denies access to devices.
freezer suspends or resumes tasks.
net_cls tags outgoing network packets with an identifier.
blkio reports or controls I/O bandwidth for block devices.
For the examples in this article, I'll show how to set up non-persistent allocations using shell commands and later on show how to capture these settings into a persistent format. A note of caution (and common sense!)—when making modifications with a technology, such as cgroups, that impacts the kernel, it's recommended that you make on-the-fly changes only on non-production systems before applying changes to production workloads.
I'll walk through three examples:
cpuset subsystem to implement NUMA pinning
To illustrate how to allocate CPU and memory resources to a set of processes, I'll continue the example of a hypothetical AMP stack. Suppose I have a single physical server with two 8-core processors and I want to allocate 8 cores to the Apache Web server and 8 cores to the MySQL database, each with a dedicated local memory node (as shown in Figure 3). The steps below show how to make these allocations for the
httpd and
mysqld server processes.
libcgroup is installed.
Use the
yum list command to verify that the
libcgroup package is installed on Oracle Linux 6:
# yum list libcgroup Loaded plugins: refresh-packagekit Installed Packages libcgroup.x86_64 0.37-2.el6 @anaconda-OracleLinuxServer-201105261616.x86_64/6.1
If the
libcgroup package is not installed, use the command
yum install libcgroup to install it.
There are two ways to create a hierarchy: First create a mount point for the hierarchy and then attach the appropriate subsystems with the
mount command, or use the
cgconfig service. In the first method, I create a hierarchy called
cpu-n-ram and attach the
cpuset, and
memory subsystems using these commands:
# mkdir /cgroup/cpu-n-ram # mount -t cgroup -o cpu,cpuset,memory - /cgroup/cpu-n-ram
The second way to create the cgroup hierarchy is for the
cgconfig service to read the configuration file
/etc/cgconfig.conf. The equivalent entry in this file for the mount would be as follows:
mount { cpuset = /cgroup/cpu-n-ram; cpu = /cgroup/cpu-n-ram; memory = /cgroup/cpu-n-ram; }
Restarting the
cgconfig service reads the configuration file and creates the
/cgroup/cpu-n-ram hierarchy:
# service cgconfig restart
In either case, I can confirm the mount's success using this command:
# mount | grep cgroup cpu-n-ram on /cgroup/cpu-n-ram type cgroup (rw,cpu,cpuset,memory)
The mount has the effect of populating the hierarchy with parameter entries for the named subsystems, as shown in Listing 1.Listing 1. Populating the Hierarchy with Parameter Entries
# ls /cgroup/cpu-n-ram cgroup.procs memory.failcnt cpu.rt_period_us memory.force_empty cpu.rt_runtime_us memory.limit_in_bytes cpuset.cpu_exclusive memory.max_usage_in_bytes cpuset.cpus memory.memsw.failcnt cpuset.mem_exclusive memory.memsw.limit_in_bytes cpuset.mem_hardwall memory.memsw.max_usage_in_bytes cpuset.memory_migrate memory.memsw.usage_in_bytes cpuset.memory_pressure memory.soft_limit_in_bytes cpuset.memory_pressure_enabled memory.stat cpuset.memory_spread_page memory.swappiness cpuset.memory_spread_slab memory.usage_in_bytes cpuset.mems memory.use_hierarchy cpuset.sched_load_balance notify_on_release cpuset.sched_relax_domain_level release_agent cpu.shares tasks
The subsystem parameters are the heart of cgroup resource controls—they're essentially the knobs you turn to set limits, restrict access, or define allocations for each subsystem. Understanding the specific parameters will help you understand the possibilities for controlling resources with cgroups. The
tasks file (last in the output in Listing 1) keeps track of processes associated with the hierarchy that are governed by the parameter settings. Once my setup is complete (after Step 5 below), the
tasks file will contain all the process IDs (PIDs) assigned to the cgroup.
The following
cgcreate commands create cgroups called
group1-web and
# cgcreate -g cpuset:/group1-web # cgcreate -g cpuset:/group2-db
Note that you can use user and group ownership to control who has the authority to create cgroups within the hierarchy. The syntax is as follows, where
-t <uid:gid> specifies the user and group IDs of those allowed to assign tasks to the cgroup and
-a <uid:gid> refers to those who are allowed to administer the cgroup and change subsystem parameters:
cgcreate -t <uid:gid> -a <uid:gid> -g <subsystems:cgroup-path>
Discretionary Access Controls (DAC) mechanisms are applied to the directories and files that represent the cgroup and subsystem parameters, limiting cgroup changes to authorized users and groups.Step 4: Set subsystem parameters for the cgroup (
The following
cgset commands set parameters for the
group1-web and
group2-db cgroups, allocating CPU and memory nodes:
# cgset -r cpuset.cpus='0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14' group1-web # cgset -r cpuset.cpus='1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15' group2-db # cgset -r cpuset.mems='0' group1-web # cgset -r cpuset.mems='1' group2-db
It's important to note that if you use the
cpuset subsystem in a cgroup definition, the parameters
cpuset.cpus and
cpuset.mems are mandatory parameters and must be defined. All kernel subsystem parameters are documented in the Resource Management Guide.
There are several ways to assign a process or set of processes to a cgroup so that they will be governed by the associated resource controls. The
cgclassify command moves an existing process into a cgroup:
# cgclassify -g cpuset:group1-web 1683
This has the same effect as putting PID 1683 into the
tasks file:
# echo 1683 > /cgroup/cpu-n-ram/group1-web/tasks
Children of a process inherit their parent's cgroup, so a "founding father" process can be used so that subsequent child processes (ones that are forked, exec'd, or cloned) will have the same cgroup as the parent. A simple way to illustrate this concept is to attach the current shell to a cgroup, as follows:
# echo $$ > /cgroup/cgroup-name/tasks
Any process subsequently launched in the shell is automatically assigned to the shell's cgroup.
Alternatively, the
cgexec command can launch a process in the specified cgroup:
# cgexec -g cpuset:group1-web httpd
For services that have a configuration file in
/etc/sysconfig, you can edit the configuration file to allocate the service to a cgroup automatically. For example, add this line to
Then start the service to automatically execute the processes in the specified cgroup:
# service httpd start
There's also a way to set up rules so that processes are automatically assigned to particular groups by
cgred (the cgroup rules engine daemon). The
cgred daemon moves tasks into cgroups according to settings in the
/etc/cgrules.conf file. See the documentation for details.
Once I've assigned processes to a cgroup, the kernel executes those tasks within the resource allocations I've set. In the case of the AMP processes, I haven't given the
httpd and
mysqld processes exclusive access to their perspective CPU and memory resources. If other processes need those resources and the CPU/memory nodes are available, they can still run using those allocated resources. However, there are two other parameters—
cpuset.cpu_exclusive and
cpuset.mem_exclusive—that can change this default behavior and grant exclusive access.
Instead of the
cpuset subsystem, I could have used other subsystems to moderate CPU and memory usage for the
httpd and
mysqld processes. For example, if I wanted the group of
mysqld processes (
group2-db) to have twice the total CPU time collectively as the cgroup of
httpd processes (
group1-web), I could set
cpu.shares=1 for
cgroup1-web and
cpu.shares=2 for
cgroup2-db, giving twice the relative CPU time for the database servers. I can also set memory limits for the cgroups using
memory subsystem parameters. The parameter
memory.limit_in_bytes restricts the maximum amount of user memory for processes in a cgroup, while
memory.memsw.limit_in_bytes limits both user memory and swap space.
The devices subsystem provides fine-grained control for system devices. An administrator can define cgroups that restrict access to particular devices and define what users or groups can access those devices, augmenting security and data protection measures. I'll step through an example.Step 1: Create a cgroup and attach the subsystem.
First I'll create a hierarchy and attach the devices subsystem:
# mkdir /cgroup/devtest # mount -t cgroup -o devices - /cgroup/devtest
This populates the hierarchy with the pseudo-files that represent the subsystem parameters:
# ls -l /cgroup/devtest total 0 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jan 16 09:45 cgroup.clone_children --w--w--w-. 1 root root 0 Jan 16 09:45 cgroup.event_control -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jan 16 09:45 cgroup.procs --w-------. 1 root root 0 Jan 16 09:45 devices.allow --w-------. 1 root root 0 Jan 16 09:45 devices.deny -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jan 16 09:45 devices.list -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jan 16 09:45 notify_on_release -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jan 16 09:45 release_agent -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jan 16 09:45 tasks
The following
cgcreate command creates the
group3-dev cgroup:
# cgcreate -g devices:/group3-dev
For this example, I'll control access to the first hard disk drive,
/dev/sda. To identify the major and minor device numbers of
/dev/sda, I examine the device node:
# ls -l /dev/sda brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 0 Jan 16 09:24 /dev/sda
According to
/dev/sda has a major number of 8 and minor number of 0. The following
cgset command sets the parameter to deny access to
# cgset -r devices.deny='b 8:0 mrw' group3-dev
b indicates a block device, but it's possible to restrict access to both block and character devices. (Block devices—such as hard disks, flash drives, and CDROMs—move data in buffered blocks, unlike character devices—such as keyboards, mice, and serial devices—which transmit data character by character.)
I'll attach the current shell to the cgroup so that the shell and any subsequent commands are automatically assigned to the tasks pseudo-file for cgroup
# echo $$ > /cgroup/devtest/group3-dev/tasks
At this point, I can still access the inode and see that the device exists:
# file /dev/sda /dev/sda: block special
However, even though I'm root, I can't read from the device or accidentally run
# dd if=/dev/sda bs=512 count=1 dd: opening `/dev/sda': Operation not permitted # fdisk /dev/sda Unable to open /dev/sda
To allow access, I change the subsystem parameter
# cgset -r devices.allow='b 8:0 mrw' group3-dev
Now I can read from the device:
# dd if=/dev/sda of=/dev/null bs=512 count=1 1+0 records in 1+0 records out 512 bytes (512 B) copied, 0.000514591 seconds, 995 kB/s
The devices subsystem is designed to restrict or permit access to devices, providing a fine-grained way of protecting data.
Whereas the devices subsystem controls or denies device access, the
blkio subsystem moderates I/O operations to the specified block devices, as this next example shows.
Processes assigned to the
blkio subsystem can control I/O operations to block devices in two ways:
blkio subsystem parameter (
blkio.weight) allows each cgroup to have a relative portion of available I/O. The weighting mechanism is implemented in the Completely Fair Queuing I/O scheduler. (See the documentation for more information.)
In this example, I'll configure a throttling function for certain processes, restricting the I/O bandwidth (in bytes/second) for the hard disk device
/dev/sda. I'll then show how to set an upper limit for the number of I/O operations per second for cgroup processes that read from the device.
First I'll make sure the
blkio controller is mounted:
# grep blkio /proc/mounts || mkdir /cgroup/blkio ; mount -t cgroup -o blkio none /cgroup/blkio
I'll create a cgroup called
# cgcreate -g blkio:/io-test
I'll assign the current shell to this cgroup so that the
blkio controller manages the I/O of every subsequent command executed inside the shell:
# echo $$ > /cgroup/blkio/io-test/tasks
I want to specify a bandwidth rate to throttle I/O to the drive
/dev/sda for all processes in the cgroup. I'll first check the device's uncapped read performance using
hdparm -t:
# hdparm --direct -t /dev/sda /dev/sda: Timing O_DIRECT disk reads: 350 MB in 3.00 seconds = 116.61 MB/sec
To establish an upper limit for bandwidth, I need to set the subsystem parameter
blkio.throttle.read_bps_device. Its format is
<major>:<minor> <bytes_per_second>. Again, I'll look at the device node to obtain the major and minor numbers:
# ls -l /dev/sda brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 0 Jan 16 10:01 /dev/sda
Now I'll put a limit of 1 MB/sec (1024x1024 bytes) on reads originating from this device:
# echo "8:0 1048576" > /cgroup/blkio/io-test/blkio.throttle.read_bps_device
Alternatively, I could have used the
cgset command:
# cgset -r blkio.throttle.read_bps_device="8:0 1048576" io-test
I'll check the read performance again:
# hdparm --direct -t /dev/sda /dev/sda: Timing O_DIRECT disk reads: 4 MB in 4.00 seconds = 1.00 MB/sec
The overall throughput is now limited to the specified rate.
I can remove the bandwidth limitation by setting
blkio.throttle.read_bps_device to zero:
# echo "8:0 0" > blkio.throttle.read_bps_device
Or, alternatively:
# cgset -r blkio.throttle.read_bps_device="8:0 0" io-test
If I recheck the throughput, the rate has returned to its previously uncapped state:
# hdparm --direct -t /dev/sda /dev/sda: Timing O_DIRECT disk reads: 352 MB in 3.00 seconds = 117.17 MB/sec
Limits for writes can be configured in a similar fashion, by writing the bytes per second value into the
blkio.throttle.write_bps_device file.
As an alternative to limiting the overall bandwidth, I can also limit the maximum number of I/O operations per second (IOPS) for the device. I'll use
iostat to measure the uncapped IOPS of the device (
iostat is part of the
sysstat package), and I'll use
hdparm to generate some disk load.
In a separate shell (for example, another terminal window), I run the
iostat command:
# iostat 1 -d /dev/sda
The output updates every second, summarizing the number of IOPS for the drive. In my "founding father" window, I run an
hdparm command (specifically,
hdparm --direct -t /dev/sda) and observe how the transactions-per-second value (
tps) changes for
Device: tps kB_read/s kB_wrtn/s kB_read kB_wrtn sda 31.00 15872.00 0.00 15872 0 Device: tps kB_read/s kB_wrtn/s kB_read kB_wrtn sda 235.00 120320.00 0.00 120320 0 Device: tps kB_read/s kB_wrtn/s kB_read kB_wrtn sda 240.00 122880.00 0.00 122880 0
Note how
tps jumps from 31 in idle mode to above 230 while
hdparm is running. To restrict the IOPS rate to 50 for the device
/dev/sda, I'll go back to my "founding father" window and set the
blkio subsystem parameter to throttle IOPS for reads:
# echo "8:0 50" > /cgroup/blkio/io-test/blkio.throttle.read_iops_device
I run the
hdparm test again and observe the capped transactions-per-second values in the
iostat output:
Device: tps kB_read/s kB_wrtn/s kB_read kB_wrtn sda 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 Device: tps kB_read/s kB_wrtn/s kB_read kB_wrtn sda 10.00 5120.00 0.00 5120 0 Device: tps kB_read/s kB_wrtn/s kB_read kB_wrtn sda 50.00 25600.00 0.00 25600 0 Device: tps kB_read/s kB_wrtn/s kB_read kB_wrtn sda 50.00 25600.00 0.00 25600 0
It's easy to see how the
blkio resource controller did its job, limiting the maximum IOPS rate to 50. As a consequence, the throughput measured by
hdparm will also drop.
To disable I/O throttling based on IOPS, set the value of the subsystem parameter to zero again:
# echo "8:0 0" > /cgroup/blkio/io-test/blkio.throttle.read_iops_device
Using the
blkio controller gives you a flexible tool to limit the disk I/O utilization of a process group, allowing you to establish service level agreements with clearly defined upper limits for bandwidth and throughput.
Up to this point, everything I've done on the command line won't persist across reboots. Once I've set up hierarchies, attached cgroups, and defined parameters the way I want them, I can capture an existing configuration with
# cgsnapshot -s > cgconfig-example.conf
Listing 2 shows the captured configuration.Listing 2. Output from
# Configuration file generated by cgsnapshot mount { cpuset = /cgroup/cpu-n-ram; cpu = /cgroup/cpu-n-ram; memory = /cgroup/cpu-n-ram; devices = /cgroup/devtest; blkio = /cgroup/blkio; } group group2-db { cpuset { cpuset.memory_spread_slab="0"; cpuset.memory_spread_page="0"; cpuset.memory_migrate="0"; cpuset.sched_relax_domain_level="-1"; cpuset.sched_load_balance="1"; cpuset.mem_hardwall="0"; cpuset.mem_exclusive="0"; cpuset.cpu_exclusive="0"; cpuset.mems="1"; cpuset.cpus="1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15"; } cpu { cpu.rt_period_us="1000000"; cpu.rt_runtime_us="0"; } memory { memory.memsw.failcnt="0"; memory.memsw.limit_in_bytes="9223372036854775807"; memory.memsw.max_usage_in_bytes="0"; memory.swappiness="60"; memory.use_hierarchy="0"; memory.failcnt="0"; memory.soft_limit_in_bytes="9223372036854775807"; memory.limit_in_bytes="9223372036854775807"; memory.max_usage_in_bytes="0"; } } group group1-web { cpuset { cpuset.memory_spread_slab="0"; cpuset.memory_spread_page="0"; cpuset.memory_migrate="0"; cpuset.sched_relax_domain_level="-1"; cpuset.sched_load_balance="1"; cpuset.mem_hardwall="0"; cpuset.mem_exclusive="0"; cpuset.cpu_exclusive="0"; cpuset.mems="0"; cpuset.cpus="0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14"; } cpu { cpu.rt_period_us="1000000"; cpu.rt_runtime_us="0"; } memory { memory.memsw.failcnt="0"; memory.memsw.limit_in_bytes="9223372036854775807"; memory.memsw.max_usage_in_bytes="7303168"; memory.swappiness="60"; memory.use_hierarchy="0"; memory.failcnt="0"; memory.soft_limit_in_bytes="9223372036854775807"; memory.limit_in_bytes="9223372036854775807"; memory.max_usage_in_bytes="7303168"; } } group group3-dev { devices { devices.deny="a *:* rwm"; devices.allow="b 8:0 rwm"; } } group io-test { blkio { blkio.throttle.write_iops_device=""; blkio.throttle.read_iops_device=""; blkio.throttle.write_bps_device=""; blkio.throttle.read_bps_device=""; blkio.reset_stats=""; blkio.weight="500"; blkio.weight_device=""; } }
Cgroups are implemented as a service that reads the configuration file
/etc/cgconfig.conf to populate the cgroup hierarchy at boot time. To make cgroup definitions and allocations persistent across reboots, you can edit the default configuration file—inserting the captured subsystem mounts, cgroup definitions, and parameter specifications, as shown in Listing 2—and then restart the
cgconfig service:
# service cgconfig restart
Once the
cgconfig service is restarted, you can assign processes to the defined cgroups or use the
cgred daemon to assign processes based on the rules you've created.
This article just begins to scratch the surface of what is possible with cgroups. It's easy to see how this feature will integrate with Linux Containers—administrators will be able to create operating user space environments with precise control over CPU, memory, and I/O resources, which will be ideal for consolidation efforts. I'm looking forward to future developments around cgroups and Oracle Linux 6 UEK Release 2.
Here are the resources referenced earlier in this document:
And here are some additional resources:
libcgroup man pages
|Revision 1.0, 01/30/2012
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