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Published in the 1852 volume, "Memoirs of the Most Eminent American Mechanics". Condensed from the memoir written by Professor Olmated.
When Eli Whitney was fifteen or sixteen years of age, he suggested to his father an enterprise, which was an earnest of the similar undertakings in which he engaged on a far greater scale in later life. This being the time of the revolutionary war, nails were in great demand, and bore a high price. At that period, nails were made chiefly by hand, with little aid from machinery.
Young Eli Whitney proposed to his father to procure him a few tools, and to permit him to set up the manufacture. His father consented, and he went steadily to work, and suffered nothing to divert him from his task until his day's work was completed. By extraordinary diligence, he gained time to make tools for his own use, and to put in knife blades, and to perform many other curious little jobs, which exceeded the skill of the country artisans.
At this laborious occupation, the enterprising boy wrought alone, with great success, and with much profit to his father, for two winters, pursuing the ordinary labors of the farm during the summers.
At this time he devised a plan for enlarging his business and increasing his profits. He whispered his scheme to his sister, with strong injunctions of secrecy; and requesting leave of his father to go to a neighboring town, without specifying his object, he set out on horseback in quest of a fellow laborer. Not finding one so easily as he had anticipated, he proceeded from town to town, with a perseverance which was always a strong trait of his character, until at the distance of forty miles from home, he found such a workman as he desired. He also made his journey subservient to his improvement in mechanical skill, for he called at every workshop on his way, and gleaned all the information he could respecting the mechanic arts.
At the close of the war, the business of making nails was no longer profitable; but a fashion prevailing among the ladies of fastening on their bonnets with long pins, he contrived to make those with such skill and dexterity, that he nearly monopolized the business, although he devoted to it only such seasons of leisure as he could redeem from the occupations of the farm, to which he now principally betook himself. He added to this article the manufacture of walking canes, which he made with peculiar neatness.
We are informed that he manifested an aptness for mathematical calculations, and that when quite young, was considered not only remarkable for his ingenuity, but for general information.
From the age of nineteen, young Whitney conceived the idea of obtaining a Liberal education; and partly by the avails of his mechanical industry, and partly by teaching a village school, was enabled so far to surmount the difficulties thrown in his way, as to prepare himself for the freshman class in Yale College, which he entered in 1789. While a schoolmaster, the mechanic would often usurp the place of the teacher; and the mind, too aspiring for such a sphere, was wandering off in pursuit of "perpetual motion."
At college, his mechanical propensity frequently showed itself. He successfully undertook on one occasion, the repairing of some of the philosophical apparatus. On another, a carpenter being at work at the house where Eli Whitney boarded, he solicited the permission to use his tools. The carpenter being unwilling to trust him, only granted the request on the gentleman of the house promising to be responsible for the damages; but no sooner had Whitney commenced operations, than the man, astonished, exclaimed, "There was one good mechanic spoiled when you went to college."
Soon after taking his degree in the autumn of 1792, Mr. Whitney engaged with a Mr. B., of Georgia, to reside in his family as a private teacher. On his arrival he was informed that Mr. B. had employed another person, leaving him without resources or friends, save in the family of General Greene, of Mulberry Grove, near Savannah, with whom he had formed an accidental acquaintance. These benevolent people, however, deeply interested themselves in his case, and hospitably offered him the privilege of making his home at their house, where he commenced the study of law.
While residing there, Mrs. Greene was employed in embroidery, which is worked on a kind of frame, called a tambour. She complained of its bad construction, and observed it tore the delicate threads of her work. Mr. Whitney, eager for an opportunity to oblige his hostess, set himself to work and speedily produced a tambour frame on a plan entirely new, with which he presented her. Mrs. Greene and her family were much delighted with it, and considered it a wonderful piece of ingenuity.
Not long after, the family were visited by a party of gentlemen, consisting principally of officers who had served under the general, in the revolutionary army. The conversation turning upon the state of agriculture, it was regretted that there was no means of cleaning the seed from the green seed cotton, which might otherwise be profitably raised on lands unsuitable for rice. But, until ingenuity could devise some machine which would greatly facilitate the process of cleaning, it was vain to think of raising cotton for market. Separathig one pound of the clean staple from the seed was a day's work for a woman; but the time usually devoted to the picking of the cotton was the evening, after the labor of the field was over. Then the slaves, men, women, and children, were collected in circles with one, whose duty it was to rouse the dozing and quicken the indolent.
While the company were engaged in this conversation, "Gentlemen," said Mrs. Greene, "apply to my young friend, Mr. Whitney, he can make anything," at the same time showing them the tambour frame and several other articles which he had made. She introduced the gentlemen to Whitney himself, extolling his genius, and commending him to their notice and friendship. He modestly disclaimed all pretensions to mechanical genius, and on their naming the object, replied that he had never seen cotton seed in his life. Mrs. G. said to one of the gentlemen, "I have accomplished my aim, Mr. Whitney is a very deserving young man, and to bring him into notice was my object. The interest which our friends now feel for him, will, I hope, lead to his getting some employment to enable him to prosecute the study of the law."
But none foresaw the change that this interview was to make in the plan of his life. He immediately began upon the task of inventing and constructing that machine, on which his future fame depended. Mr. Miller, to whom he communicated his design, warmly encouraged him in it, and gave him a room in his house, wherein to carry on his operations. Here he set himself to work, with the disadvantage of being obliged to manufacture his tools and draw his own wire, an article then not to be found in Savannah. Mr. Phineas Miller and Mrs. Greene were the only persons who knew anything of his occupation. The many hours he spent in his mysterious pursuits, afforded matter of great curiosity, and often of raillery, to the younger members of the family. Near the close of the winter, the machine was so nearly completed as to leave no doubt of his success.
The individual who contributed most to incite him to persevere in the undertaking, was Mr. Miller, who was a native of Connecticut, and a graduate of Yale college. Like Mr. Whitney, soon after he had completed his education, he came to Georgia as a private teacher, in the family of General Greene, and after the decease of the general, he became the husband of Mrs. Greene. He had qualified himself for the profession of law, and was a gentleman of cultivated mind and superior talents; but he was of an ardent temperament, and therefore well fitted to enter with zeal into the views which the genius of his friend had laid open to him. He had also considerable funds at command, and proposed to Mr. Whitney to become the joint adventurer, and to be at the whole expense of manufacturing the invention until it should be patented. If the machine should succeed in its intended operation, the parties agreed, under legal formalities, "that the profits and advantages arising there-from, as well as all privileges and emoluments to be derived from patenting, making, vending, and working the same, should be mutually and equally shared between them." This instrument bears date May 27, 1793, and immediately afterwards they commenced business under the firm of Miller and Eli Whitney.
An invention so important to the agricultural interests (and, as it has proved, to every department of human industry,) could not long remain a secret. The knowledge of it soon spread through the state, and so great was the excitement on the subject, that multitudes of persons came from all quarters of the state to see the machine; but it was not deemed safe to gratify their curiosity until the patent right should be secured. But so determined were some of the populace to possess this treasure, that neither law nor justice could restrain them; they broke open the building by night, and carried off the machine. In this way the public became possessed of the invention; and before Mr. Whitney could complete his model and secure his patent, a number of machines were in successful operation, constructed with some slight deviation from the original, with the hope of evading the penalty for violating the patent right.
As soon as the co-partnership of Miller and Whitney was formed, Mr. Whitney repaired to Connecticut, where, as far as possible, he was to perfect the machine, obtain a patent, and manufacture and ship for Georgia, such a number of machines as would supply the demand.
Within three days after the conclusion of the co-partnership, Eli Whitney having set out for the north, Mr. Miller commenced his long correspondence relative to the cotton gin. The first letter announces that encroachments upon their rights had already commenced. "It will be necessary," says Mr. Miller, "to have a considerable number of gins made, to be in readiness to send out as soon as the patent is obtained, in order to satisfy the absolute demands, and make people's heads easy on the subject; for I am informed of two other claimants for the honor of the invention of cotton gins, in addition to those we knew before."
At the close of this year (1793) Mr. Whitney was to return to Georgia with his cotton gins, where his partner had made arrangements for commencing business immediately after his arrival. The importunity of Mr. Miller's letters, written during the preceding period, urging him to come on, evinces how eager the Georgia planters were to enter the new field of enterprise which the genius of Eli Whitney had laid open to them. Nor did they at first, in general, contemplate availing themselves of the invention unlawfully. But the minds of the more honorable class of planters were afterwards deluded by various artifices, set on foot by designing men, with the view of robbing Mr. Whitney of his just rights.
One of the greatest difficulties experienced by men of enterprise, at this period, was the extreme scarcity of money, which embarrassed them to such a degree as to render it almost impossible to construct machines fast enough.
In April he returned to Georgia; during his absence he was strongly importuned to return by his partner, on account of the infatuated eagerness of the Georgia planters to obtain the advantages of his machine. Large crops of cotton were planted, the profits of which were to depend, of course, entirely on the success and employment of the gin.
The roller gin was at first the most formidable competitor with Eli Whitney's machine. It extricated the seed by means of rollers, crushing them between revolving cylinders, instead of disengaging them by means of teeth. The fragments of seeds which remained in the cotton rendered its execution much inferior in this respect to Whitney's gin, and it was also much slower in its operation. Great efforts were made, however, to create an impression in favor of its superiority in other respects.
But a still more formidable rival appeared early in the year 1795, under the name of the saw gin. It was Whitney's gin, except that the teeth were cut in circular rims of iron, instead of being made of wires, as was the case in the earlier forms of the patent gin. The idea of such teeth had early occurred to Mr. Whitney, as he afterwards established by legal proof. But they would have been of no use except in connection with the other parts of his machine; and, therefore, this was a palpable attempt to invade the patent right, and it was principally in reference to this that the lawsuits were afterwards held.
In March, 1795, in the midst of perplexities and discouragements, Mr. Whitney went to New York on business, where he was detained three weeks by fever. As soon as he was able, he went by packet to New Haven, where, on landing, he was informed, that on the preceding day, his shop, with all his machines and papers, had been consumed by fire! Thus was he suddenly reduced to bankruptcy, being in debt four thousand dollars, without any means of payment. His mind, however, was not one to sink under such trials as even this; he was, on the contrary, incited to more vigorous effort. Similar was the spirit manifested by Mr. Miller. The following extract of a letter of his to Mr. Whitney may be a useful lesson to young men who feel themselves overwhelmed with misfortunes:
"I think that we ought to meet such events with equanimity. We have been pursuing a valuable object by honorable means; and I trust that all our measures have been such as reason and virtue must justify. It has pleased Providence to postpone the attainment of this object. In the midst of the reflections which your story has suggested, and with feelings keenly awake to the heavy, the extensive injury we have sustained, I feel a secret joy and satisfaction, that you possess a mind in this respect similar to my own—that you are not disheartened—that you do not relinquish the pursuit—and that you will persevere, and endeavor, at all events, to attain the main object. This is exactly consonant to my own determinations. I will devote all my time, all my thoughts, all my exertions, and all the money I can earn or borrow, to encompass and complete the business we have undertaken; and if fortune should, by any future disaster, deny us the boon we ask, we will at least deserve it. It shall never be said that we have lost an object which a little perseverance could have attained. I think, indeed, it will be very extraordinary, if two young men in the prime of life, with some share of ingenuity, with a little knowledge of the world, a great deal of industry, and a considerable command of property, should not be able to sustain such a stroke of misfortune as this, heavy as it is."
After this disaster the company began to feel much straitened for want of funds. Mr. Miller expresses a confidence that they should be able to raise money in some way or other, though he knows not how. He recommends to Mr. Whitney to proceed forthwith to erect a new shop, and to recommence his business, and requests him to tell the people of New Haven, who might be disposed to render them any service, that they required nothing but a little time to get their machinery in motion before they could make payment, and that the loan of money at twelve per cent per annum would be as great a favor as they could ask. But, he adds, "in doing this, use great care to avoid giving an idea that we are in a desperate situation, to induce us to borrow money. To people who are deficient in understanding, this precaution will be extremely necessary: men of sense can easily distinguish between the prospect of large gains, and the approaches to bankruptcy." "Such is the disposition of man," he observes on another occasion, "that while we keep afloat, there will not be wanting those who will appear willing to assist us; but let us once be given over, and they will immediately desert us."
While misfortune was thus multiplying upon them, intelligence was received from England that the manufacturers had condemned the cotton cleaned by their machines, on the ground that the staple was greatly injured. This news threatened the death-blow to their hopes. At this time (1796) they had thirty gins at eight different places in Georgia, some carried by horses and oxen, and some by water. Some of these were even then standing still. The company had $10,000 dollars in real estate, suited only to the purposes of ginning cotton. The following extract of a letter, written by Mr. Whitney at this period, will serve to show the state of his mind and affairs at this period :—
"The extreme embarrassments," says he, "which have been for a long time accumulating upon me, are now become so great, that it will be impossible for me to struggle against them many days longer. It has required my utmost exertions to exist, without making the least progress in our business. I have labored hard against the strong current of disappointment, which has been threatening to carry us down the cataract, but I have labored with a shattered oar, and struggled in vain, unless some speedy relief is obtained. . . . . Life is but short at best, and six or seven years out of the midst of it is, to him who makes it, an immense sacrifice. My most unremitted attention has been devoted to our business; I have sacrificed to it other objects from which, before this time, I might certainly have gained twenty or thirty thousand dollars. My whole prospects have been embarked in it, with the expectation that I should, before this time, have realized something from it."
The cotton from Eli Whitney's gins was, however, sought by merchants in preference to other kinds, and respectable manufacturers testified in its favor; and had it not been for the extensive and shameful violations of their patent right, they might yet have succeeded, but these encroachments had become so extensive as almost to annihilate its value. The issue of the first trial they were able to obtain, is announced in the following letter from Mr. Miller, dated May 11, 1797 :—
"The event of the first patent suit, after all our exertions made in such a variety of ways, has gone against us. The preposterous custom of trying civil causes of this intricacy and magnitude by a common jury, together with the imperfection of the patent law, frustrated all our views, and disappointed expectations which had become very sanguine. The tide of popular opinion was running in our favor, the judge was well disposed towards us, and many decided friends were with us, who adhered firmly to our cause and interests. The judge gave a charge to the jury pointedly in our favor; after which the defendant himself told an acquaintance of his, that he would give two thousand dollars to be free from the verdict; and yet the jury gave it against us, after a consultation of about an hour. And having made the verdict general, no appeal would lie."
"On Monday morning, when the verdict was rendered, we applied for a new trial; but the judge refused it to us, on the ground that the jury might have made up their opinion on the defect of the law, which makes an aggression consist of making, devising, and using, or selling; whereas we could only charge the defendant with using."
"Thus, after four years of assiduous labor, fatigue, and difficulty, are we again set afloat by a new and most unexpected obstacle. Our hopes of success are now removed to a period still more distant than before, while our expenses are realized beyond all controversy."
Great efforts were made to obtain trial in a second suit, at the session of the court in Savannah, in May, 1798. A great number of witnesses were collected from various parts of the country, to the distance of a hundred miles from Savannah, when, behold, no judge appeared, and, of course, no court was held. In consequence of the failure of the first suit, and so great a procrastination of the second, the encroachments on the patent right had been prodigiously multiplied, so as almost entirely to destroy the business of the patentees.
In April, 1799, Mr. Miller writes as follows :—"The prospect of making any thing by ginning in this state is at an end. Surreptitious gins are erected in every part of the country; and the jurymen at Augusta have come to an understanding among themselves, that they will never give a cause in our favor, let the merits of the case be as they may."
The company would now have gladly relinquished the plan of working their own machines, and confined their operations to the sale of patent rights; but few would buy a patent right which they could use with impunity without purchasing, and those few, hardly in single instance, paid cash, but gave their notes, which they afterwards to a great extent avoided paying, either by obtaining a verdict from the juries declaring them void, or by contriving to postpone the collection until they were barred by the statute of limitations, a period of only four years. When thus barred, the agent of Miller and Whitney, who was despatched on a collecting tour through the state of Georgia, informed them, that such obstacles were thrown in his way from one or the other of the foregoing causes, he was unable to collect money enough from all these claims to bear his expenses, but was compelled to draw for nearly the whole amount of these upon his employers.
It was suggested that an application to the legislature of South Carolina to purchase the patent right for that state would be successful. Mr. Whitney accordingly repaired to Columbia, and the business was brought before the legislature soon after the opening of the session in December, 1801. An extract from a letter of Mr. Whitney to his friend Stebbins, at this time, will show the nature of the contract thus made :—
"I have been at this place a little more than two weeks, attending the legislature. They closed their session at ten o'clock last evening. A few hours previous to their adjournment, they voted to purchase, for the state of South Carolina, my patent right to the machine for cleaning cotton, at fifty thousand dollars, of which sum twenty thousand is to be paid in hand, and the remainder in three annual payments of ten thousand dollars each." He adds, "We get but a song for it in comparison with the worth of the thing; but it is securing something. It will enable Miller and Eli Whitney to pay all their debts, and divide something between them."
In December, 1802, Mr. Whitney negotiated a sale of his patent right with the state of North Carolina. The legislature laid a tax of two shillings and sixpence upon every saw (some of the gins had forty saws) employed in ginning cotton, to be continued for five years; and after deducting the expenses of collection, the avails were faithfully passed over to the patentee. This compensation was regarded by Mr. Whitney as more liberal than that received from any other source. About the same time, Mr. Goodrich, an agent of the company, entered into a similar negotiation with the state of Tennessee. This state had by this time begun to realize the importance and usefulness of the invention. The citizens testified strongly their desire of coming into possession of its benefits. The legislature, therefore, passed a law, laying a tax of thirty-seven and a half cents per annum on every saw, for the space of four years.
Thus far prospects were growing favorable to the patentees, when the legislature of South Carolina unexpectedly annulled the contract she had made, suspended further payment of the balance then due, and sued for the refunding of what had already been paid.
When Mr. Whitney first heard of the transactions of the South Carolina legislature annulling their contract, he was at Raleigh, where he had just concluded his negotiation with the legislature of North Carolina. In a letter written to Mr. Miller at this time he remarks: "I am, for my own part, more vexed than alarmed by their extraordinary proceedings. I think it behooves us to be very cautious and circumspect in our measures, and even in our remarks with regard to it. Be cautious what you say or publish till we meet our enemies in a court of justice, when, if they have any sensibility left, we will make them very much ashamed of their childish conduct."
But that Mr. Whitney felt very keenly in regard to the seventies afterwards practised towards him, is evident from the tenor of the remonstrance which he presented to the legislature. "The sub scriber (says he) respectfully solicits permission to represent to the legislature of South Carolina, that he conceives himself to have been treated with unreasonable severity in the measures recently taken against him by and under their immediate direction. He holds that, to be seized and dragged to prison without being allowed to be heard in answer to the charge alleged against him, and indeed without the exhibition of any specific charge, is a direct violation of the common right of every citizen of a free government; that the power, in this case, is all on one side; that whatever may be the issue of the process now instituted against him, he must, in any case, be subjected to great expense and extreme hardships; and that he considers the tribunal before which he is holden to appear, to be wholly incompetent to decide, definitively, existing disputes between the state and Miller and Whitney.
"The subscriber avers that he has manifested no other than a disposition to fulfil all the stipulations, entered into with the state of South Carolina, with punctuality and good faith; and he begs leave to observe farther, that to have industriously, laboriously, and exclusively, devoted many years of the prime of his life to the invention and the improvement of a machine, from which the citizens of South Carolina have already realized immense profits,
—which is worth to them millions, and from which their posterity, to the latest generations, must continue to derive the most important benefits, and in return to be treated as a felon, a swindler, and a villain, has stung him to the very soul. And when he considers that this cruel persecution is inflicted by the very persons who are enjoying these great benefits, and expressly for the purpose of preventing his ever deriving the least advantage from his own labors, the acuteness of his feelings is altogether inexpressible."
Doubts, it seems, had arisen in the public mind as to the validity of the patent, and the patentees were supposed to have failed in the fulfilment of a part of the contract. Great exertions had been made in Georgia, where, it will be remembered, hostilities were first declared against him, to show that his title to the invention was unsound, and that somebody in Switzerland had conceived of it before him, and that the improved form of the machine, with saws instead of wire teeth, did not come within the patent, having been introduced by one Hodgin Holmes.
The popular voice, stimulated by the most sordid motives, was now raised against him throughout all the cotton growing states. The state of Tennessee followed the example of South Carolina, in annulling the contract made with him; and the attempt was made in North Carolina, but a committee of the legislature, to whom it was referred, reported in his favor, declaring "that the contract ought to be fulfilled with punctuality and good faith," which resolution was adopted by both houses.
There were also high-minded men in South Carolina who were indignant at the dishonorable measures adopted by their legislature of 1803; and their sentiments had impressed the community so favorably with regard to Mr. Whitney, that at the session of 1804, the legislature not only rescinded what the previous one had done, but signified their respect for Mr. Whitney by marked commendations. Nor ought it to be forgotten that there were in Georgia, too, those who viewed with scorn and indignation the base attempts of demagogues to defraud him. The proceedings against Mr. Whitney were predicated upon impositions practised upon the public.
At this time, a new and unexpected responsibility devolved on Mr. Whitney, in consequence of the death of his partner, Mr. Miller, who died on the 7th of December, 1803. Mr. Miller had, in the early stages of the enterprise, indulged very high hopes of a sudden fortune; but perpetual disappointments appear to have attended him throughout the remainder of his life. The history of them, as detailed in his voluminous correspondence, affords an instructive exemplification of the anxiety, toil, and uncertainty that frequently accompany too eager a pursuit of wealth, and the pain and disappointments that follow in the train of expectations too highly elated.
If Mr. Miller anticipated a great bargain from an approaching auction of cotton, some sly adventurer was sure to step in before him, and bid it out of his hands. If he looked to his extensive rice crops, cultivated on the estate of General Greene, as the means of raising money to extricate himself from the numerous embarrassments into which he had fallen, a severe drought came on and shrivelled the crop, or floods of rain suddenly destroyed it. The markets unexpectedly changed at the very moment of selling, and always to his disadvantage. Heavy rains likewise destroyed the cotton crops on which he had counted for thousands; and more than all, wicked and dishonest men contrived to cheat him of his just rights, and thus his airy hopes were often frustrated, until at length he was beguiled into inextricable difficulties; and in the midst of all, and on the dawn of a brighter day, death stepped in and dissolved the pageant that had so long been dancing before his eyes.
Eli Whitney was now left alone, to contend singly against those difficulties which had for a series of years, almost broken down the spirits of both the partners. The light, moreover, which seemed to be rising upon them from the favorable occurrences of the preceding year, proved but the twilight of prosperity, and a darker night seemed about to supervene.
But the favorable issue of the affairs of Eli Whitney, in South Carolina, during the subsequent year, and the generous receipts that he obtained from the avails of his contracts with North Carolina, relieved him from the embarrassments under which he had so long groaned, and made him in some degree independent. Still, no small portion of the funds thus collected in North and South Carolina was expended in carrying on the fruitless, endless lawsuits in Georgia.
In the United States court, held in Georgia in December, 1807 Eli Whitney obtained a most important decision, in a suit brought against a trespasser of the name of Fort. It was on this trial that Judge Johnson gave his celebrated decision. It was in the following words :—
In equity: {Whitney, survivor of Miller & Whitney, vs Arthur Fort.}
"The complainants, in this case, are proprietors of the machine called the saw gin: the use of which is to detach the short staple cotton from its seed."
"The defendant, in violation of their patent right, has constructed, and continues to use this machine; and the object of this suit is to obtain a perpetual injunction to prevent a continuance of this infraction of complainant's right."
"Defendant admits most of the facts in the bill set forth, but contends that the complainants are not entitled to the benefits of the act of congress on this subject, because—"
1st. The invention is not original.
2d. Is not useful.
3d. That the machine which he uses is materially different from their invention, in the application of an improvement, the invention of another person.
"The court will proceed to make a few remarks upon the several points as they have been presented to their view: whether the defendant was now at liberty to set up this defence whilst the patent right of complainants remains un-repealed, has not been made a question, and they will therefore not consider it.
(The Judge proceeds to make statements on all 3 contentions upholding Eli Whitney's patent.)
This favorable decision, however, did not put a final stop to aggression. At the next session of the United States court, two other actions were brought, and verdicts for damages gained of two thousand dollars in one case, and one thousand and five hundred dollars in the other.
The influence of these decisions, however, availed Mr. Whitney very little, for now the term of his patent right was nearly expired. More than sixty suits had been instituted in Georgia before a single decision on the merit, of his claim was obtained, and at the period of this decision, thirty years of his patent had expired. In prosecution of this troublesome business, Mr. Whitney had made six different journeys to Georgia, several of which were accomplished by land at a time when, compared with the present, the difficulties of such journeys were exceedingly great, and exposed him to excessive fatigues and privations, which at times seriously affected his health, and even jeopardized his life.
A gentleman of much experience, who was well acquainted with Mr. Whitney's affairs in the south, and sometimes acted as his legal adviser, observes, that "in all his experience in the thorny profession of the law, he has never seen a case of such perseverance, under such persecution; nor," he adds, "do I believe that I ever knew any other man who would have met them with equal coolness and firmness, or who would finally have obtained even the partial success which he had. He always called on me in New York, on his way south, when going to attend his endless trials, and to meet the mischievous contrivances of men who seemed inexhaustible in their resources of evil. Even now, after thirty years, my head aches to recollect his narratives of new trials, fresh disappointments, and accumulated wrongs."
In 1798, Mr. Whitney became deeply impressed with the uncertainty of all his hopes founded upon the cotton gin, notwithstanding their high promise, and he began to think seriously of devoting himself to some business in which superior ingenuity, seconded by uncommon industry, qualifications which he must have been conscious of possessing in no ordinary degree, would conduct him by a slow but sure route to a competent fortune; and we have always considered it indicative of a solid judgment, and a well-balanced mind, that he did not, as is frequently the case with men of inventive genius, become so poisoned with the hopes of vast and sudden wealth, as to be disqualified for making a reasonable provision for life by the sober earnings of frugal industry.
The enterprise which he selected in accordance with these views, was the manufacture of arms for the United States. He addressed a letter to the Honorable Oliver Wolcott, secretary of the treasury, by whose influence he obtained a contract for the manufacture of ten thousand stand of arms, four thousand of which were to be delivered on or before the last of September of the ensuing year, (the contract being concluded on the 14th of January, 1798,) and the remaining six thousand within one year from that time.
(The Story of the Whitney Armory is worthy of its own article.)
Description of Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin.—The principal parts are two cylinders of different diameters, (see F H, section and plan.) mounted in a strong wooden frame, A, which are turned by means either of a handle or a pulley and belt, acting upon the axis of a fly wheel, attached to the end of the shaft, opposite to that seen in the section. Its endless band turns a large pulley on the end D of the saw cylinder F, and a smaller pulley on the end E of the brush cylinder H, (see plan,) so as to make the latter revolve with the greater rapidity.
Upon the wooden cylinder F, ten inches in diameter, are mounted, three quarters of an inch apart, fifty, sixty, or even eighty, circular saws, edged as at I, (see section,) of one foot diameter, which fit very exactly into grooves cut one inch deep into the cylinder. Each saw consists of two segments of a circle, and is preferably made of hammered (not rolled) sheet iron; the teeth must be kept very sharp.
Opposite to the interstices of the saws are flat bars of iron, which form a parallel grid of such a curvature, that the shoulder of the slanting saw tooth passes first, and then the point. By this means, when a tooth gets bent by the seeds, it resets itself by rubbing against the grid bars, instead of being torn off, as would happen did the apex of the saw tooth enter first. Care must be taken that the saws revolve in the middle of their respective grid intervals, for if they rubbed against the bars they would tear the cotton filaments to pieces.
The hollow cylinder H, is mounted with the brushes c c c, the tips of whose bristles ought to touch the saw teeth, as at d, d, (see plan,) and thus sweep off the adhering cotton wool. The cylinder H revolves in an opposite direction to the cylinder F, as is indicated by the arrows in the section.
The seed cotton, as picked from the pods, is thrown into the hopper I,, (see section;) the disc saws, I, in turning round, encounter the cotton filaments resting against the grid, catch them with their sharp teeth, and drag them inwards and upwards, while the striped seeds, too large to pass between the bars, fall through the bottom N of the hopper, upon the inclined board M. The size of the aperture N, is regulated at pleasure by an adjusting screw to suit the size of the particular species of seeds.
The saw teeth, filled with cotton wool, after returning through the grid, meet the brushes c c c of the cylinder H, and deliver it up to them; the cotton is thereafter whisked down upon the sloping table O, and thence falls into the receptacle P. A cover Q (see section) encloses both the cylinders and the hopper; this cover is turned up around the hinges as shown in the section, in order to introduce the charge of seed cotton into the machine, and is then let down before setting the wheels in gear with the driving power.
The axis ee, ff, of the cylinders (see plan) should be well fitted into their plummer box bearings, so as to prevent any lateral swagging, which would greatly injure their operation. The raised position of the cover is obvious in the section, the hinge being placed at B.
By means of the cotton gin, one man with the aid of a water wheel possessing a two horse power, can clean five thousand pounds of seed cotton in a day, eighty saws being mounted upon his machine. The cleaned wool forms generally one fourth of the weight of the seed cotton, and sometimes so much as twenty-seven per cent. The ginners are usually a distinct body from the planters, and they receive for their work, one-eighth, or one-tenth of the net weight of the cleaned cotton, under an obligation to supply all the seed required by the planter.


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We have launched a summary of our forthcoming guidance for how companies can ensure they respect human rights in conflict areas, at the annual UN Forum on Business and Human Rights in Geneva.
The guidance builds on our Conflict-Sensitive Business Practice for the Extractive Industries, which was published in 2005. The field of business and human rights has developed a great deal since this time, and the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) – a global standard for preventing and managing adverse impacts on human rights that are linked to business activities – have been widely taken on board since being endorsed in 2011.
However, despite the fact that most human rights violations take place in conflict areas, it is still not clear what the principles mean for companies operating in these fragile settings. The summary addresses this, providing an overview of the full guidance we are launching next year on how to undertake human rights due diligence in conflict areas.
The report was launched with a discussion at the UN Forum on what business leadership means in practice in areas affected by conflict, instability and social unrest. This was chaired by our CEO Harriet Lamb, who was joined by panellists Mark Cutifani, CEO of global mining company Anglo American, and Adam Brett, who set up Tropical Wholefoods, an enterprise that buys dried fruit and nuts from farmers in conflict areas such as Afghanistan.
Cutifani emphasised the need for businesses to understand and support the vision of local communities they are operating in and around, and leave a positive legacy.
Brett spoke of the important role that Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) industries must play in contributing to peace in conflict areas. He also stressed the challenges businesses can face when trying to do the right thing in these settings. "Conflict is not a black and white, it is a series of greys, and creates space for immoral entrepreneurs to gain ascendency. Local business lose their place in these environments."
Brett gave the example of his Pakistani partner who has had to contend with a huge range of issues including land grabbing, natural disasters, corruption, and dealing with communities with links to the Taliban.
Our full guidance on conducting human rights diligence in conflict areas will include recommendations, case studies and tools to support companies like Tropical Wholefoods and Anglo American through this process, and help ensure they don't exacerbate or create further tensions in their area of operations, while seeking to respect human rights.
Find out more about our work on economic development for peace.
Thumbnail photo: United States Mission Geneva (Creative Commons)

subset: commoncrawl


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Fresh Wave – Naturally be Happy. Healthy. Odor-Free.
With two kids, a dog and a husband who loves to be outdoors, odors are inevitable in our home. I have spent years trying to find solutions and the only thing I came up with it is to clean 24/7. But, hey, moms we all know that is not possible. The majority of odor removing products I have found are filled with harsh chemicals and ingredients that I do not want in the air in my home. Other products are not safe with the kids and dog wanting to put everything in their mouths.
We have been loving having a sneak peek of Fresh Wave products. Starting today you too can enjoy their Happy. Healthy. Odor-Free life that Fresh Wave offers.
The Odor Removing Spray is perfect for shoes, clothes, curtains, trash cans, your pet's bedding, or your child's sporting gear.
The Odor Removing Gel works 24/7. I keep mine behind our trash can. Keep yours wherever your find strong, nasty smells. The gel disappears as it absorbs odors and works for 60-90 days.
The Odor Removing Packs are perfect for those small spaces like gym bags, shoes, closets, car interiors, lockers and more. They offer a Fresh Wave for up to 60 days!
The major difference in Fresh Wave products is that they do not mask the odors you are trying to remove. This non-toxic product contains just water and plant oils, so no harsh chemicals or fake scents, making it completely safe for your family and pets.
Follow Fresh Wave on Instagram, Twitter and Facebook #HappyHealthyOdorFree #FreshWaveHappy
You can find Fresh Wave products exclusively at Target.


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There's nothing more annoying and frustrating than running out of ink when you are almost half-way done printing your sample digital artwork that you will present to your potential client. If you don't want to experience the same problem ever again, it's time to invest in Carrot Ink's four high-quality remanufactured HP 950XL and 951XL ink combo pack.
The four cartridges in our multi-pack all boast high-yield ink capacity ratings, which means you will have more ink to print all the documents and artwork that you need to run your creative business. Plus, you don't need to purchase other colors because magenta, yellow, cyan, and black ink cartridges are already included in our set. Skilled cartridge professionals strictly followed HP's ink formula so you can have exceptional print quality without the ugly streaks and smudges. In addition to utilizing a branded ink blend, our cartridges went through the best remanufacturing practices to ensure that they are in their top-notch condition.
Our remanufactured cartridges are recycled from an empty HP ink cartridge. We've retained original components and installed new parts for uncompromised performance with its compatible Office Jet Pro printer models such as 8610, 8615, 8620, 251dw, and more. We offer risk-free buying experience for everyone through our 1-year warranty policy and no-fuss replacement program.
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|Carrot Item #
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A charred Sherman Hill mansion and a former one-room schoolhouse have been named among "Des Moines Seven Most Endangered Buildings" by the Des Moines Rehabbers Club. Over the period of about a month, the Club received nominations from the public for buildings, homes, and other structures within the City of Des Moines in danger of demolition or neglect. The resulting list will help raise awareness of endangered structures in Des Moines and promote opportunities for rehabilitating them.
In no particular order, the following have been selected as "Des Moines Seven Most Endangered Buildings". Visit http://renovatedsm.com/node/316 for more information and photos of the buildings.
- 692 17th Street, Sherman Hill neighborhood.
- East Woodlawn School, 2930 Euclid Avenue.
- 1910 Officer's Quarters, Fort Des Moines.
- Kingsway Cathedral Church, 901 19th Street.
- Roadside Settlement House, 620 Scott Avenue.
- Gas Station, 203 E. Grand.
- 1021 26th Street.
The last one on this list is on the City's "Public Nuisance" list. Being listed as a public nuisance is technically a legal action, and subjects the owner to fines if the deficiencies are not corrected. Ultimately, if the items listed on the public nuisance action are not remedied, the structure may be demolished by the City.Continue reading...


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BC: By: Kevin Rudenski
FC: Jerry's Adventures | By: Kevin Rudenski
2: Once upon a time there was a bird named Jerry....
4: He started out as an egg, but grew up fast, and was learning to fly still only as a child.
6: His early flight took him across the world, to places he had never been before. What he saw amazed him, and he wanted more.
8: As Jerry flew, he not only found new places, but discovered new cultures and traditions.
10: He also experienced new types of weather he'd never been in before too.
12: Jerry found many places that were beyond beautiful, and filled him with joy because of the sight.
14: One of his favorite places was this mountain range with the lake in front of it. Each time he visited this place he made a new friend.
16: Of all the animals he became friends with, Tom the llama was his favorite. Though Tom couldn't fly, they explored hundreds of miles of land, finding more and more friends to explore with.
18: One day Jerry realized he had flown and seen everywhere he had wanted to go on Earth. But he loved exploring, and didn't want to stop. Soo.....
20: He looked up at night and said to himself that he wanted to explore the whole universe. So he did, and Jerry is still exploring to this day.


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Eurobest Amsterdam: Take Europe's brightest, creative minds, and then add some innovative thinking and engaging new content formats. The result?
With more than 75 industry experts lined up to speak at 26 seminars and nine workshops, Eurobest 2009 is the year's most valuable learning opportunity, culminating in the grand Awards Ceremony on Friday 27 November at the Beurs van Berlage in Amsterdam.
A brand-new content programme of seminars and workshops boasting audience participation, addressing a range of subjects and featuring a host of talented, unmissable speakers from the ad world and beyond.
On the line-up are such big names as Crispin Porter + Bogusky, Facebook, Adidas, 180 Amsterdam, Microsoft and Wired, to name but a few. Click on our Full programme link to view all the details, or browse the list of expert speakers. In there you will also find Markedu speaker Michael Leander. Representing FEDMA, Michael will do a 2-hour workshop titled "Decoding email marketing".
Expect to be engaged, energised and enlightened but also, best of all, entertained.
These are the words from the organizers of Eurobest – the same people who organize the hugely popular Cannes show every year.
Get free marketing inspiration – check Markedu's free web-seminars here


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We bring our families to Shalom Park and CJP knowing that Judaism is much more than going to synagogue once a week.
Each and every day we can opt to improve everything around us.
What are our first thoughts in the morning? Joy or exhaustion? Contentment or complaint?
Take a moment to offer a thought and a word of gratitude first thing in the morning, whenever we have given up on hitting the snooze button. See what it does to change the morning. It may take a few tries. Look at our loved ones and think, "I am grateful for my family", and let those loved ones know that we are thankful for them.
We can transform our days that easily.
Things that we care about, like health and fitness, are things that Judaism cares about too. Our teachers were not only scholars with their heads in their books. We come from people who explored all dimensions of living better – rituals and learning are only parts of Judaism. Mental and physical health, daily practices that improve things in small increments – learned Jews have explored these ideas for centuries.
Take a small step of gratitude, make a better moment every morning.


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On Friday evening I took photographs of a family group of 11 people staying here on Herm Island. It was really good and the weather was perfect (if a little bright!). And I'm happy to say they liked the pictures, so now I can share a few with you.
We started at the top of the hill as they were staying in self catering cottages. I discovered that this family have been coming to Herm for many years, in fact the mothers, who are sisters, started coming when they were children!
These steps in the courtyard were a perfect starting point for a large group
Then onto the path for views over the fields and out to sea with each family separated.
Of course I try my best to get 'classic' photographs where everyone is looking, but I also love to throw in photographs of more natural moments and these often work well in black and white.
This is at the Guernsey viewpoint.
Then on our way down the hill we stopped at another viewpoint.
And then we arrived at the location that I think is the perfect picture spot here on Herm.
These pictures are very backlit but I like their softness and I didn't want to blast them out with a flash.
Time for some fun by the harbour wall!
And then my favourite picture of the whole shoot because I love to be more arty, you can still make everyone out and it has such a great mood about it!
And to finish the shoot and give a good variety to the photographs, back to some more well known poses on the lawn outside the hotel (which is at least more interesting than a studio doing this in a white box!)
It was great to have a group large enough to do this last picture, but I won't be attempting it again unless it's a very cloudy day or shady spot as they found looking at the sky very uncomfortable.
This family certainly came at the right time, I was desperate to work with people in this beautiful location again, landscapes don't leave me feeling quite so fulfilled somehow!
There's a few more weeks of the school holidays left so some more bookings would be fantastic.... email me email@example.com or ask hotel reception to contact me.


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Feckless f*cks and the Fukushima 50
I've been wanting to post about the tragedy that hit Japan on March 11th beginning with the 9.0 earthquake that struck in the North that sent ripples through the rest of the island and the devastating tsunami that claimed so many lives. I'm angry, more like an uncontrollable rage that I can't bottle in anymore.
Those feckless f*cks (hereinafter referred to as fecks) such as the overseas news networks who, like a pack of jackals frothing at the mouth, instead of reporting the true misfortune of events in Sendai and the surrounding areas decided that it wasn't as newsworthy as "TOTAL NUCLEAR MELTDOWN!" You irresponsible twats who would rather keep people in fear to boost your viewership ratings and to sell papers! It was almost as if you wanted things to get worse. One report even went as far as to say that Japan could be wiped off the face of the earth. FOX "news" even used the above picture showing a nuclear plant being housed in a Japanese nightclub (Shibuya Eggman). Eggman even posted on their website "Shibuya Eggman has no nuclear plant, Our electricity's powered only by music."
I learned more from this Japanese video made to explain to kids what was happening than the speculative drivel you tout as information.
And you, fat cat foreign bankers who without a moment's hesitation shelled out thousands of dollars (up to $265,000 one way) to charter private jets out of Tokyo forgetting about how good this country has been to your pockets. I don't even need to break down how much aid that money could bring. These same bankers who not long ago sent the economy into a downward spiral only to be bailed out later by their governments. The Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE) had to ban brokers from selling stocks for their own arbitrage trading. You fecks.
And you douches who use this opportunity to still harp on about "Japan killed my grandfather so this is karma", you immature fecks. You forget about Hiroshima and Nagasaki, retaliation that no other country I can think of could pick itself up and carry on. You selfish brats who cry "Where is the money my government wants to use to aid Japan coming from? Not my taxes?" You would be the first begging for aid from other countries if the tables were turned, and trust me Japan would be right there to help.
All in all, I count myself and many others here in Tokyo as very lucky. We have nothing to complain about. Yeah, supermarkets and conbenis were literally empty as people panicked and stocked up like crazy and don't get me started on this drama queen who could just do us all a favour and be deported. So what if there's no milk, those cows up north could use a break too. I made a joke there, but not to take away from what's really going on in Sendai, Fukushima, Iwate, Ibaraki, those are the people who really need us. The Fukushima 50 who are working non stop to keep us all safe, let us not forget them and their families. My fear/sadness/anger has now rightly returned to reflection and JanKenBPM salutes you brave souls!
If you're not one of those fecks and want to know how you can help Japan, don't just click "like" on one of those Facebook groups or say "Oh, let us pray for Japan", do something:
If in Japan:
- Groupon, they will give two times the money you send, maximum 10.000 ¥ each time
- Here you can find various options
If you are outside Japan:
- International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
- American Red Cross
- American Red Cross Japan Earthquake Disaster Relief on Amazon
- GlobalGiving Japan Earthquake and Tsunami Relief Fund
- Adapt Advancers
- Lady Gaga's wristband
Also a friend sent me a link that has many more ways to give Too Much Magazine.
There are so many ways to give your support ❤
Born This Way: Don't be a Drag, just be a Queen
My God, isn't this pic just frikkin awesome? Think of it as a post Valentine gift from me <3.
I'm sure by now you've all heard Lady Gaga's new single "Born this Way", from her upcoming album which is probably the most anticipated album of 2011. I assure you, it will be dissected and critiqued ad nauseum, but that won't stop me from adding my 2 cents.
So, does it work? Honestly, I got a bit bored the first 20 secs in. I read someone tweet "it already sounds like a tired David Guetta throwaway" and I found myself chuckling in agreement. I suspect "Born this Way" won't age as gracefully as some of her other songs BUT I did feel the same way the first time I heard Paparazzi, so it still is early days.
Inevitably, when you're as famous as Gaga, you will be compared to other singers. Remember the whole Christina Aguilera debacle? Yeah, I know Christina who? And there's also the whole Grace Jones' outrageous style copied, blah, blah, let's get back to the music. (Love you Grace Jones!) Obviously, the great queen Madge is the icon most pointed to. "Born This Way" is eerily evocative of Madonna's "Express Yourself" + (insert whatever here) since its premiere. Not that this is necessarily tragic BUT if you're going to hype your song as the new gay anthem (that could dethrone "I Will Survive") then ehhh, it doesn't quite work in that sense.
The message, on the other hand, does work. One of the reasons I loved Gaga is because she's always been an outspoken advocate for gay rights. I wouldn't say this is the ultimate gay anthem, more an anthem for all minorities. The lyrics are honest, she knows how to create a solid pop song with a big hook. Until the music video, or the next single drops, "Born This Way" will be played to death in clubs and will be belted out at gay pride parades throughout the year. Nichome anyone?
Lady Gaga – Born This Way (DrewG Brian Cua Dirty Pop Remix)
Lady Gaga – Born This Way to Feel The Music (DJ Tristan Jaxx You're A Queen Mix)
What do you think? Any anthems you'd like me to post? Leave your comments below.


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My "battle buddy," Sam
After remarks from the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Gen. Martin Dempsey, and the Secretary of the Army, the Honorable John McHugh, the announcer asked the ladies if their tank could shoot. They replied, "Absolutely!" and then shot a cupcake out of the tank gun! Nice work, ladies.
I took a picture in front of it with the July issue of Glamour in hopes that the magazine will publish my picture. (They feature one reader's photo each month -- I guess we'll find out in September if they choose mine!)
What you can't see is the male Soldier to my left laughing at what a nerd I am.
You'll notice I'm wearing red pants. That was intentional, as I was hoping to get on TV and wanted to stand out in the crowd. The courtyard was packed with people, especially when it was cake cutting time. I don't know if I made it onto "DC Cupcakes," but I did make it onto CNN! (I'm to the far left of Gen. Dempsey smiling from ear to ear -- not because I realized I was on TV, mere feet away from the top ranking officer in the U.S. military or near my favorite CNN reporter, Barbara Starr -- but because I was looking at 5,000 cupcakes.)
Georgetown Cupcake donated 1,500 cupcakes to the event, and you can imagine how fast they went. I was feeling sorry for the Army bakers who had made a huge cake, but then I noticed that it was going just as fast. As Barbara Starr put it, "In a couple of hours, everyone in the Pentagon is going to be on a sugar high." I waited for a while to get my cupcake, a salted caramel (YUM). I really wanted a chocolate coconut one, but I was very happy with what I got.
Also melted, but who cares? I even ate the Army insignia. It was delish.
I took it back to my office to find that my cubemate had a chocolate coconut one! So we split our respective cupcakes in half and shared.
Sugar high? Check.
Sugar CRASH? Double check.
Totally worth it? Duh.


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Smart technologies are playing a major role in the transformation of our infrastructure, real estate, facilities, and communication networks.
Learn how we bring SMART SOLUTIONS to our clients.
"Our approach is simple. Respect, trust and confidence are built, relationships are developed, and mutual success is achieved."
Tony Bartolomeo, President and CEO
"Companies that are going to succeed have to be innovative. That's one of the things that Pennoni is good at. Not afraid to take chances, not afraid to be innovative, not afraid to develop new ideas and run with them."
Joe Viscuso, SVP and Director of Strategic Growth
"One of the things I love about this company is that you have a large number of people with different experiences. From the very start of planning a project through to construction closeout, we can either cover it with Pennoni's own services or the people we partner with."
Linda Douthwaite, Senior Structural Engineer
"Every project I've worked on, everything came down to getting it done right, doing it the right way, making proper decisions to have a really quality product."
Kazi Hassan, Project Engineer
"It comes down to our ability to take on new ideas and move forward with them. We've done a very good job at implementing technology into our everyday workplace, even a lot of times ahead of our competitors, and it's benefited us over the years."
Matt Kensil, Design-Build Operations Manager


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About TAPC
TAPC is a nonprofit organization committed to improving the lives of abused and neglected children in Tulsa and contiguous counties by provided resources and building community. TAPC receives no government funding and relies on the support of the many generous foundations, corporate and individual donors in Tulsa. Help TAPC support the over 1,600 children in the foster care system in our community. Let's give each child a voice and a future with hope.


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Katherine Heigl Wears a Wig
The actress, Katherine Heigl has dyed her hair from blonde to brunette for upcoming movie One for the Money but had to back to her roots to promote her other film Killers. But instead of dyeing hair again and again Katherine put on a naturally-looking blond wig.
She said:
"I did it about a month ago… I'm supposed to have dark hair for One for the Money and recently discovered the beauty and the wonder of a really well-done wig."
She added:
"I did have to go back to blonde for poster shoots for a film I have coming out this summer, Killers, and the wigs are so fantastic I thought from now on I should just wear wigs. It takes half the time."
The mother-of-one said:
"I was pretty shocked at first… I was like, 'wow, it's dark, that's not just brown, that's black.' It took me a good day and a half to totally embrace it.
She admitted her husband's reaction wasn't as pleasant as she expected:
"Josh just freaked out immediately. That's good at least that the boys like it. I love it. It's fun. I feel a bit different even though I don't act any different. I say all the same stupid things – I just look different."
Latest posts by Mary Rise (see all)
- Make Your Pedicure Last Longer - July 26, 2012
- Tips to Prevent Eyeshadow from Creasing - July 25, 2012
- Anne Hathaway's Catwoman Diet and Workout - July 25, 2012
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text: Home / Stop Screw for Hansa 281 & 381 Black Zoom Stop Screw for Hansa 281 & 381 Black Be the first to review this product SKU: HS-218015 Fluid Adjuster for Hansa 281/381 Black Airbrushes Availability: In stock £10.06 Qty: Add to Cart Email to a Friend Add to Wishlist | Add to Compare Product Description Product's Review Product Description Details Replacement Stop Screw adjuster for Hansa 281/381 Black airbrushes. The Stop Screw is the Fluid adjuster on the back of the Airbrush Handle. Product's Review Write Your Own Review Only registered users can write reviews. Please, log in or register CMS tab


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Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Acronyms.
(pen name of Amaiak Saakovich Voskanian). Born Feb. 2(15), 1902, in the city of Karaklis, Western Armenia. Soviet Armenian writer. Honored Cultural Worker of the Armenian SSR (1967). Member of the CPSU since 1924.
In 1915, Siras moved to Tbilisi, and in 1921, to Yerevan. He began publishing in 1922. In 1932 he graduated from the Communist Institute of Journalism. Siras wrote the novels Ask Them (1931; 2nd ed., 1954, entitled On the Eve; Russian translation, 1965), about Armenia on the eve of the Great October Socialist Revolution, and Unwritten Law (1936; 2nd ed., 1940, entitled Anait; Russian translation, 1949), about the life of an Armenian family. Siras' novella Father and Son (1946) and novel Ararat (1950; Russian translation, 1956) deal with the Great Patriotic War of 1941–45. Siras' works have been translated into many national languages of the USSR and into foreign languages. He has been awarded three orders and several medals.
WORKSSiras, Hm. Erkeri zhoghovatsu, vols. 1-4. Yerevan, 1958-61.
Hayreni ashkharh. Yerevan, 1974.
In Russian translation:
Devushka bez imeni: Rasskazy. Yerevan, 1968.
REFERENCESIstoriia armianskoi literatury. Moscow, 1966.
Nikitin, S. "Sila splochennosti (o romane 'Ararat')." Literaturnaia gazeta. May 9, 1957.
Hovsep'yan, G. "Nshanavor vipasane." Grakan t'ert', 1972, February 18.


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Are you looking for a place where you can totally relax? Spa Costa del Sur is the place for you. With more than 40,000 square feet, 27 treatment rooms, 4 couples suites, a couples co-ed wet area and a full-service salon, relaxation is our specialty.
Our spa is designed to pamper, relax and rejuvenate. We offer one of the most extensive spa menus in the city. Some of our most popular treatments include our Pure Fiji Goddess of the Sun Ritual and Just For You Facial.
We offer the most cutting-edge treatments for men, women, couples, and teens. A visit to Spa Costa del Sur steam, sauna, whirlpool and treatment rooms will leave any guest feeling like they can take on the world, or at least the sights and sounds of Las Vegas!
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- 45 Minute Lalicious Manicure – $45
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- Any 50 minute Jurlique Facial – $145
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- Milk & Honey mask add-on (For Manicures or Pedicures only)– $5/each
no other discounts apply
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For reservations please call 702-797-8030 or click here.


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Botanical nameErica cristata
Erect, sparse, slender shrublet up to 60cm with longish slender branches. Closely set leaves, toothed on margins. Slightly sticky flowers are covered with small stiff hairs and are red to purple with purplish lobes at the end of the tubular corolla; anthers are awned but also have a 'chin'.
Latin: cristatus = comblike; referring to teeth along leaf margins.
High mountain slopes
Flower Date
December to January


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I wonder if any of your readers can help with my research into my great-grandfather's history and family?
His name was John Wright Smith, born in Mansfield in around 1819.
He later lived in Blaby, Leicester and was there in the 1871 census where he had a needle manufacturing business. He died in Blaby in 1881.
His wife was called Jane (no surname) born in Bruntingthorpe, Leicester about 1823.
My email address is email@example.com if anyone has any information.
Shirley and Geoff Aplin
Rotorua, New Zealand


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They look young and yummy,
They dress up as baits
on a fishing pole,
Those who are caught
are unfortunate,
Decent fish swim in deep waters,
They are not easily fooled
by freely offered artificial treats.
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Young Dapto football player dies between gamesBy Rachael Jones
A promising young player with the Dapto Canaries Rugby League Club has collapsed and died between games at a Wollongong football ground.
Tory Brunning, 22, from Berkeley in Wollongong, played reserve grade yesterday before leaving the field at half-time complaining of flu-like symptoms.
After full-time in first grade he collapsed and could not be revived.
Manager of Illawarra District Rugby League, Chris Bannerman, said support was being offered to players.
"Most immediately it's identifying where there is a need for counselling," he said.
"That's the most urgent priority, particularly with the people most closely associated with the incident."
"I know pretty much the whole rugby league fraternity is expressing their condolences and their sympathies; Tory was a really well-liked young man and very popular with his peers locally."
He had played half a game in reserve grade and was preparing to sit on the bench for the first grade match when he started feeling ill.
He did not participate in the first grade match.
"We really can't say too much more about the circumstances than that at the moment," Mr Bannerman said.
Brunning played against the Wests Devils in the reserve grade fixture at Dapto Showground on Saturday and was due on the pitch again at 3:00pm. He was found face-down on the ground at 4:45pm.
An autopsy will be carried out and a brief prepared for the coroner.


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Facebook Bot comment poster
Facebook bot comment is an effective way to reach numerous people all over the website and get your content or message to them. If you want to reach as many people as possible, then you need to comment as often as possible.
This is where the problems begin with many, though. Commenting on your own feels like a major chore. That is because it is. Commenting is something that takes time, and a lot of it. If you want to reach a large number of people, then you may spend hours commenting on post after post, profile after profile.
If you are doing essentially the same comment each time, it feels overwhelming and bothersome. This is where the Facebook bot comes into play. It gives you the chance to comment all around Facebook without any actual effort on your part. This is the main advantage of using a bot instead of relying solely on yourself for the work. It is faster, more effective, more reliable, and better as a whole. A Facebook bot comment is just like any other comment.
It is not as if the comment ends with a signature telling the readers that a bot sent it. When people read it, they will get the exact message you want to say to them. The difference here is that you are letting a bot do all of the work. It is easier on you and it gets to more people in less time. It is the most efficient method of mass commenting.
The Facebook bot has numerous advantages to it. Not only is a Facebook bot Mass comment just like any other comment, but it is something you can use easily. It can use multiple accounts, and scrape links in Google. You have more to gain from using a Facebook bot than you may realize. It is completely safe and easy to use this type of bot. As stated, you can connect multiple accounts to it and you can set it up without any problems.
Functions bot
Facebook bot work for you
This is something that you can have full control over as part of your marketing. If you are trying to get to a large number of people, but do not want to put in the time and effort, this is your best solution. It is effective, reliable, and efficient. It works far better than commenting on your own does.
The Facebook bot likes sitself will update on its own and requires little effort. You do not have to constantly watch over it to make it work. You have something easy to use and manage at all times. Anyone hoping to mass comment without the work or time associated with mass commenting can rely on the bot. Again, it is the Facebook bot 2016 movement. Do not stay behind while everyone else gets to more people with less invested.
Facebook au poster ★ Facebook bot comment ★


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Take Your Company to the Next Level? It's Time to Get Social
Chris SmithsonView all author articles
TweetShare0 SharesSEO experts realise the Value of Social Media SEO experts are constantly working to make sure that the online […]
SEO experts realise the Value of Social Media
SEO experts are constantly working to make sure that the online presence of businesses all over the world are performing at their best. SEO is like a moving target, it is necessary to stay on the ball with any marketing to make sure that websites do not start to fall victim of the latest algorithm changes. In order to do this is I necessary to stay completely up to date with everything that might have an effect on the SEO campaigns and to be prepared to prevent falls in rankings. This is a full time job which involves detailed research, quick thinking and problem solving.
With the newest update which almost everyone is now sick of hearing about SEO experts have learnt the importance of original content. It is also worth realising the value that social media adds to any online marketing campaign. Twitter in particular is an excellent player when it comes to strengthening websites and improving brand awareness. In addition to Twitter there is Facebook 'likes' and now Google's +1 all of which can be more powerful than building several backlinks.
Search Engine Changes and SEO
If you regularly look for the latest information using the search engine giant Google for example you will notice that top of the results come the Twitter feeds related to your search. These results are constantly updated each time a new tweet comes in related to the search term. And the more you can have your tweet retweeted the more power is given to your link. This is why it is important to have a strong social media identity.
It is necessary to have a sturdy social media personality and voice. If you are trying to strengthen a brand name then make sure that your social media profiles all have the same name, and also to make sure your links use the brand name as the keyword, and also to build a strong offline advertising campaign. If you spend time on all the different aspects and work closely with SEO experts who understand how to get the most out of all of your online strategies it is possible to build brand signals and build strong Twitter and Facebook profiles.
SEO Social Media Needs Attention
Just one Tweet every couple of days is not going to cut it in SEO terms. The account needs to be kept updated with fun and informative tweets. Build a rapport with your followers and spend time sending direct messages and building lists to help you organise your followers. In many cases managing social media is considered to be a full time job, and the best campaigns are the ones who realise the potential of social media accounts.
Not everyone has the manpower or the time to devote to social media which is why it is worth looking into the services offered with social media for business experts. They can work hard on your behalf to make sure that you get the most out of your social profiles, build strong brand signals and make the most out of the current SEO techniques. Call 0800 84 999 33 for further information or contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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(The Duke of Strathmore, #2)
Genre: Historical Romance (Regency)
Cover Blurb:
The Favourite Heiress…
Once engaged to the future Duke of Strathmore, the beautiful Lady Clarice Langham now finds herself in the humiliating position of celebrating his marriage – to another woman. As a result of the scandal, it seems her reign as London's most eligible debutante has come to an end. But things begin to look up when handsome and charming rake David Radley makes it clear that, at least as far as he's concerned, she's still the catch of the season.
The Illegitimate Son…
The eldest son of the Duke of Strathmore, David Radley has been raised alongside his father's legitimate children. But while he is generally received as part of the family, not everyone thinks he should be, and especially not Clarice's father, the Earl of Langham, who forbids her from having anything to do with him.
An Unsuitable Match…
David's been in love with Clarice for years, and it isn't long before the attraction between them develops into something deeper. Yet he senses Clarice is hiding something and until she reveals her secret, she won't be free to follow her heart. Despite everything, David will not give up on Clarice, not even when another seems set to claim her…
Let me say straightaway that I'm sure I would have liked this book much more had I read LETTER FROM A RAKE (book 1) first. It's clear that events occurring in that book have a direct impact on the story and characters in AN UNSUITABLE MATCH. At times I felt a little adrift, as though I should already know something about the characters but didn't. So it took me some time to really immerse myself in the story but when I did, I enjoyed it.
At first, I found it hard to relate to Clarice because there was so much negativity about her – her drab, ill-fitting clothes; the grief and guilt she feels over her mother's death; her belief that she is totally undeserving of love; her desire to be punished and suffer for her actions. It was only when she starts to come out of her shell and embraces life again that I warmed towards her. I enjoyed seeing her finally having the courage to face her past and lay the ghosts to rest.
I liked David from the start. Although he is the bastard son of the Duke of Strathmore, his father and step-mother make no distinction between him and their other children. However much they might insult each other, the Radley brothers are fiercely loyal and I adored this tight-knit, loving family. The scene where David's father hands him the deeds to Shambrook Grange is very emotional and reveals the deep love between father and son. David's desire to be a good and fair employer to those working on the Shambrook estate and the way he ensures that needy families in the village are housed in the empty estate cottages shows what a deeply caring person he is.
As with all good romances, the course of true love doesn't run smoothly. Clarice and David's happiness is threatened not only by Clarice's disapproving father but also by his heir, the devious and menacing Thaxter Fox. It's lucky they have stalwart champions in the form of David's sister Lucy and Clarice's grandmother Lady Alice. Lucy is such a live-wire and I love her matchmaking efforts and tendency towards amateur dramatics. The larger-than-life Lady Alice is a delight with her "magical" walking stick.
I was all set to dislike Clarice's father until I discovered that he was only testing David's worthiness because he loves his daughter and only wants her happiness and I couldn't fault him for that.
There are some nice touches of humour interspersed throughout the story and the Epilogue provides a teaser for Lucy's book and I am definitely looking forward to reading it.
My Verdict: Overall, a delightful story enhanced by some memorable secondary characters.
Read July 2015
The Duke of Strathmore series so far (click on the book covers for more details):
**I received a copy of this book from the author via NetGalley in return for an honest review.**


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$0.33 – $0.44 sq. ft.
12′, 13′ 2", 13'5″, 16′, 8′
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Comes in 16'0″ Width
110 Gauge
10 Year Warranty
There is nothing like the look of wood with just a clearcoat over it. Windsor Natural looks like the real thing, at a fraction of the cost. The Elite family of BeauFlor 12MM laminates provide a great, natural-looking floor, at an exceptional value. These floors are durable, easy to clean, and water-resistant.


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14th Feb 2018 Happy Valentine Day Whatsapp Status Sms Messages Wishes : The day of Love " Valentine Day" is here, when the love birds will express their loves and share the bond of togetherness. Valentine Day has been dedicated to all the lovers, and they together cherish the joy of love to each other.Valentine Day is celebrated on 14th February of every year and this year; it is going to be the bigger one with numbers of people have planned to celebrate the day with their loved day. Valentine Week List
Well, we all knew that you guys are looking to celebrate the Valentine Day on the eve of Valentine Day and must be looking for all the wishes and Quotes to wish your loved ones. Valentine Day Messages
Happy Valentine Day Sms Messages
Valentine's Day is commended on February 14. It is a celebration of sentimental love and many individuals give cards, letters, blossoms or shows to their mate or accomplice. They may likewise orchestrate a sentimental dinner in an eatery or night in a lodging. Basic images of Valentine's Day are hearts, red roses and Cupid. Valentine Day Images
If you wake up one day and were asked to have a wish, what would it be?
Mine would be that our love would last until you see an apple in an orange tree.
Love is like playing the piano.
First you must learn to
play by the rules,
then you must forget the
rules and play from your heart.
Happy Valentine's Day.
It is very tough to believe a stranger,
But if someone loves you more than fish loves water,
Holds your hand tight with tears in his eyes and says,
The moment I saw you
I fell in love with you
I can't live without you
and want to spend the rest of my life with you
I Love you
What will you reply?
I want to wake up to see you by my side, and I want to feel you, next to me, the last thing before I go to sleep I want to share every moment with you.
All the love that history knows,
Is said to be in every rose.
Yet all that could be found in two,
Is less than what I feel for you.
Happy Valentine's Day
I don't understand why Cupid was chosen to represent Valentine's Day. When I think about romance, the last thing on my mind is a short, chubby toddler coming at me with a weapon.
I Love my eyes when u look into them; I Love my name when u say it; I Love my heart
when u Love it; I Love my life when you are in it. Happy
Valentine's Day!
Today I like you
Tomorrow I Will love you
through the frights
Through the cold nights
I love you always and forever
Happy valentine's day .!
You are unique
You are caring and
You are the Best.
And I am the luckiest to have you in my life!
Happy Valentine's Day my sweet heart!
Love is like playing the piano.
First, you must learn to
play by the rules,
then you must forget the
rules and play from your heart.
Happy Valentine's Day.
Sweeter than chocolates, Sweeter than the wind, Sweeter than just about everything, You are my Valentine, Happy I Love You Day.
No poems no fancy words
I just want the world to know
that I LOVE YOU my Princess with all my heart.
Happy Valentine's Day.
Happy Valentine Day Whatsapp Status
Many individuals commend their affection for their accomplice by sending cards or letters, giving blessings or blooms and orchestrating dinners in eateries or sentimental evenings in lodgings. Individuals who might want to have a sentimental association with some person may utilize the event to make this known, regularly namelessly. Valentine Day Whatsapp Status
May this Valentine's Day give you lot of love and Happiness…!!
I want to be with U until the sun falls from the sky.Happy Valentine's Day
Nothing is Good, but when I am with U everything is Good.
I'll love U until the day after forever.Happy Valentines Day…
May the beauty Of Valentine's Day fill your heart with Love & happiness..
Love is heat… You are sweet… When two Lips are meet each other. then Love is complete….Happy Valentine's Day
Every moment I am not without you, my tears fill the ocean blue…By mine, my love, forever.
Real love is when there is no expectations and no demands.
"The moment you have in your heart this extraordinary thing called love and feel the depth, the delight, the ecstasy of it, you will discover that for you the world is transformed.
"You should be kissed, and often, by someone who knows how."
It's been said that you only truly fall in love once, but I don't believe it.
Every time I see you, I fall in love all over again.
"If you were a Transformer, you'd be Optimus FINE."
A life with love will have some thorns, but a life without love will have no roses."
"Good thing I brought my library card, because I'm checkin' you out."
Happy Valentine Day Wishes Quotes
Valentine's cards are frequently brightened with pictures of hearts, red roses or Cupid. Regular Valentine's Day blessings are blooms chocolates, confection, unmentionables and champagne or shimmering wine. Valentine Day Fb Covers
"Love asks nothing in return, but seeks those who need it. And who needs our love more
"Tell me how much you know of the sufferings of your fellowmen
and I will tell you how much you have loved them." Valentines Day
Love is the warm hug that extinguishes an argument.
I forgot your name. Can I call you mine? And, in case you forget my name too, call me yours!
Love is the only gold. – By Lord Alfred Tennyson
Happy Valentines Day
What I need to live has been given to me by the earth. Why I need to live has been given to me by you.-
"I am weird, you are weird. Everyone in this world is weird. One day, two people come together in mutual weirdness and fall in love."
You don't know who you truly are
until you find the other half of your
heart and put them together. Unconditional
love makes your eyes open to a whole new you.
I am waiting at the end of the
rainbow for you, my Prince
Charming. Our carriage awaits
A candle may melt and it's fire may die, but the luv you have given me will _always stay as a flame in my heart. Happy valentines day…
Love is like a cloud… love is like a dream… love is 1 word and everything in between… love is a fairytale come true… B'Coz I found love when I found U.
Happy valentines day
When you luv someone, it's nothing._ When someone loves you, it's somthing._ When u love someone & they love you back, it's everything.
Happy valentines day
The best smell in the world is that man that you love.Happy Valentines Day..
If you have only one smile in you give it to the people you love.
If you really like this article on valentine Day, then please do not forget to share it with your near and dear once through social media.


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Montague Keen - March 23, 2014
My dear, please understand that the reason so many problems are being hurled in your direction at this time is to try to take your mind off our work. Our project is designed to work with the EIGHT OBELISKS IN ROME. These obelisks connect with all the other obelisks worldwide which incorporate all the ley lines. Their ENERGY must be released.
Website: The Montague Keen Foundation
Donations for our translators team are helpful and received with gratitude
is brought together on our new website:
Would you like to comment on this message? Visit our forum! If you're the first to comment, feel free to click "New Thread" (after making sure that you're registered and logged in of course) and copy this channeling there.
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Dec 10
"When I was asked to trial an Ecar for four days I wasn't sure what to expect.
The new eco friendly cars seem a little futuristic and something you'd expect to see as a new invention on Top Gear.
I mean, we've all seen the charging points across town, but I know I've never paid much attention to them.
My first thoughts were - how difficult will it be to charge, what if I run out of electricity, and how much will it cost?
However I decided to throw caution to the wind and presented myself at the car dealers showroom ready to collect the keys of my four door Nissan Leaf.
The Leaf, I was told is the family range ecar.
On first inspection I could see it was certainly a roomy car with five doors and a huge boot.
Terry the sales executive was given the unenviable job of putting me through my paces in the car.
He explained as electric cars need no gearboxes, they are all automatics.
He also explained that the charge I have on the car will last for longer if I'm economical with my driving. That means treating the car with care and only having the lights and heat on when they are needed.
Charging couldn't be easier either.
The car comes with two leads, one you can use to charge your car up at home, and one for use at one of the many charging points. It probably takes around eight hours to fully charge your car at home.
Alternatively you can use the garage at Glendermott Road in Derry/Londonderry where there is a rapid charger which will have your car fully charged in around 45 minutes.
I was a little worried about what would happen if I ran out of electricity.
'How many times have you run out of petrol?' Terry asked me. 'Never I admitted,' so I guess it's the same for electricity.
It was then my turn to have a go.
The biggest issue I had at the start was getting my head round driving an automatic car when I've had a manual for the past 20 years. But once you get your mind in tune with the fact you don't need your left foot, the rest comes easily.
As I switched the car on, I immediately turned to Terry convinced I'd done something wrong.
'It's fine,' he said. 'The electric car is very quiet so it doesn't sound the same as switching on other cars.'
And it was quiet, you could barely hear it at all. You'd hardly know it was even on.
What's not to love about a Nissan Leaf? The interior is beautiful, it has built in sat nav, blue tooth and all the gadgets you need for hooking up your IPOD.
But what I loved most of all was the built in camera for reversing. Once you've reversed with one of these, you'll never look back.
Before long I was cruising down the dual carriageway in my Ecar.
My two kids were dying to get a go in it.
But seeing the damage they've done in my own car, they were told that for the next few days all crisp packets and fruit shoots were banned.
I only needed to charge the car once during the four days. I did this at the Rapid Charge Point on Glendermott Road.
It took 25 minutes to charge the car up to 75 miles. And best of all when you use the charge points around the town, it's free.
The Leaf is a fantastically smooth drive.
The only issues I had were adjusting to the automatic drive. But by the time Friday came and I went back to my old car I had almost forgotten what it was like to drive a manual.
A number of grants are available to support the purchase and running costs of Ecar.
A grant can be accessed to reduce the initial costs of purchasing an ecar, as well as a grant of up to £900 to install a charging point at home.
This grant is available from the Office of Low Emission Vehicles (OLEV) https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/office-for-low-emission-vehicles
Having a charging point at the home would be the icing on the cake and essential for any ecar owner.
The biggest plus is the zero cost for fuel. It does cost around £2 to fully charge your car at home, but use any of the points around town and it is free.
By the time my fourth day came around I was an expert in the ecar. And, it almost broke my heart to hand the keys back to Terry.
For family life, it is a car I'll definitely be considering next time."


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Travel Notes
the Mosts
Guest Book
We have collected "mosts" of our travel and it revealed such things;
-the longest single journey
train: 81 hours, transsiberian express, moscow - irkutsk
bus: 28 hours, lima - guayaquil bus
ship: 45 hours, osaka - shanghai ferry
hitchhike: 700 km, junin - mendoza, argentina
-the longest period we didn't take shower
5 days in tibet (sounds like a movie)
-the coldest night
old tingri town, tibet, january, -10 °C and no heating in the room
-the coldest day
nanjing, china
-the longest stay in a country
china, 69 days
-the longest stay in a city
shanghai, 14 days
-the most favorite place
for traveling: mongolia, laos, bolivia
for living: south korea, japan
-the most beautiful girls
ismail: south korea and japan
özcan: ok i agree that south korean and japanese girls are beautiful but i have one place, poland
ismail: this discussion doesn't end !
PS. for those who love latin culture (you get it) correct place is definitely colombia and venezuela
-the most handsome men
well, we don't care
-the best food
turkish foooood
-i didn't mean that, the best food apart from turkish food
chinese food
-the most "how i am gonna eat that"
yuanyang rice terraces, china, hairy pork skin, chicken feet
-the most clean country
japan, singapore
-the most dirty country
no offence, india
-the most interesting country
-the most colorful country
-the most diarrhea making country
-the most, everything the most
-the most beautiful tropical islands
phi phi (thailand), gili (indonesia), perhentian (malaysia)
-the most beautiful under water
gili islands (indonesia)
-the most beautiful stars
gobi desert
-the most number of horses (the animal one)
-the most number of cats (non animal)
south korea and japan
-the highest altitude
5800 meters tibet, himalayas
-the most stolen passport
-the most stolen camera
-the most attacked by animals
ismail: by monkey in nepal, by tick in india
özcan: by cow in india
-the most colorful photo shots
varanasi (india), lhasa (tibet), yuanyang rice terraces (china), bolivia, laos
-the most difficult accommodation
the 3 nights spent with mice fellows in mumbai CST train station
-the most difficult moment
the moment when we were robbed and lost both of our passports and wallet as well in india
-the most cute children
south korea, bolivia
-the most common meeting point with friends
bangkok (with aycan, koray, dilek)
-the most met friend
serhan özten (busan, new delhi)
-the most weird moment
after half an hour we were robbed in india while we were sitting on our backpacks and thinking what to do, a guy came to us and told us the last night's match score of turkish team
galatasaray, it was so unexpected and irrelative to the situation
-the most unforgettable moment
we crashed with our motorbike in a silent night in laos and reached to luang prabang city so difficultly. we were bloody, oily, wet and hungry. at midnight we could find a sandwich even don't remember what was inside. but it didn't matter
-the best sleep
sleeping at niras bankoc hostel in thailand right after we came from india
-the most difficult sleep
old tingri, tibet, himalayalas sleeping at -10 °C
-the most interesting character
buryatian michael, transsiberia express
-the most "where is this place on the map"
junin, argentina
-the most weird welcome
mongolian police officer who welcomed us with undershirt and loud laughter
-the most difficult shower
shower had with bucket in a toilet in india
-the most freedom feeling
at gobi desert, laos
-the most "we will die" moment
train fire in thailand followed by a stampede
-the most "i can't describe with words"
fireflies we met at night while walking to machu picchu
-the most interesting society
indians, japanese
-the most contrast societies
indians and japanese
-the most disappointing thing
realizing jack wolfskin coats bought from fake market in china doesn't warm us in himalayas
-the cheapest country
-the most expensive country
no doubt, japan, arigatoooooooo
-the most luxurious but cheap accommodation
datong, china (we paid around 8 euros per person for a room can be considered luxurious)
-the best night clubs
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