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Infrastructure, services, and housing
Up to 1981, there was no urban transportation plan for the whole Lagos metropolitan area. What often happened was that road networks were laid out in specific areas as they became incorporated into the built-up area of the city. There are about 2,700 km of road, about 40 per cent of which are tarred, and three main bridges linking Lagos Island and the mainland. However, inadequate land was generally reserved for road networks, with the result that some houses cannot be reached by motorable roads. In many cases the provision of parking spaces for motor vehicles was virtually ignored.
The problems of providing an efficient transportation system in metropolitan Lagos are threefold. First, there are the institutional problems, which seem to constitute by far the greatest problem. At least six different public agencies are responsible for the supply of transport facilities and the provision of transport services in the metropolis. These include the Federal Ministry of Works and Planning, the Lagos State Development and Property Corporation, the Nigerian Railway Corporation, and Lagos City Transport Services. Institutional reforms to improve the capacity for transport programme development and administration are clearly needed (Federal Ministry of Transport, Aviation and Communication, 1993). The lack of coordination between federal, state, and local council networks results in the existence of sharp breaks in road quality and maintenance standard. Similarly, the failure of the Lagos State Development and Property Corporation to integrate development of government layouts with those of private developers has produced ineffective integration of road networks within the metropolis. The inherent physical characteristics of many areas, especially the swampy terrain, constitute a second important challenge for efficient transportation networks. This involves technical problems in providing efficient drainage networks and in building roads of a high standard. This problem can be surmounted, provided the necessary financial resources are available and contracts for the construction works are awarded on merit to capable and experienced civil engineering firms. An integrated network of underground drainage channels, though costly for the whole of the metropolitan road network, would eliminate the perennial problem of street flooding during the rainy season in the metropolis. The social problems of traffic control, traffic discipline, and the observance of traffic laws and regulations constitute the third main problem. There is generally a low standard of traffic discipline on the part of motorists. This is aggravated by the extremely low standard of traffic control at strategic four-way intersections. In addition, traffic safety measures are poor, especially with respect to cyclists and pedestrians, particularly schoolchildren.
During the oil boom period in the early 1970s, commuters who earned over 600 naira per month normally owned private means of transport, thus reducing the demand for public transport. However, the current economic situation in the country has turned many marginal car owners into public transport users. The emerging trend is that more people, irrespective of their income levels, now depend on public transport services for mobility. This trend is bound to increase, because car ownership is now beyond the reach of many workers, thus leading to rapidly expanding demand for public transport.
Estimates of transport demand in metropolitan Lagos in 1990 ranged from 7 to 10 million passenger trips daily, of which over 95 per cent were undertaken by road, primarily by car, bus, and taxi. Of these, 80-85 per cent were made by public transport. However, there has been a considerable decline in the number of vehicles available for public transport, particularly since the mid-1980s. The total vehicle fleet in Lagos State declined from 165,000 in 1984 to 100,000 in 1988. Newly registered vehicles declined from 72,000 in 1982 to 17,000 in 1986 and 10,000 in 1988. New public transport vehicles declined from 16,500 in 1983 to 1,500 in 1988 (Lagos State Government, 1990). Imported used cars and buses have partially filled the gap. In 1991, 80 per cent of the 35,000 used vehicles imported into Nigeria were concentrated in Lagos. Many of these are used to operate the unconventional, unregulated, and unregistered services called kabu-kabu. A survey of the kabu-kabu services in December 1991 recorded 3,961 such minibuses on 24 of the over 300 public transport routes in metropolitan Lagos (The Guardian, 11 February 1994, p. 18).
Total annual passengers carried by the Lagos State Transport Corporation have fluctuated from 90 million in 1978 to 53 million in 1983, 76 million in 1989, and possibly fewer than 60 million in 1992 (The Guardian, 11 February 1994, p. 18). Consequent upon the SAP riots in 1989, the federal government introduced the Mass Transit Scheme, under which buses were distributed to states to assist in both inter-urban and inter-state transportation. Lagos metropolis benefited from this. In addition, in 1991, the Lagos State government introduced new fleets of buses for metropolitan Lagos. In 1992, the state government bought 90 buses and leased them to private operators to help ease the acute transportation problem. However, the scheme appears to have been grounded owing largely to default by many beneficiaries. A Task Force has been set up to recover payments. As of June 1994, four buses had been seized by the Task Force. Other bus operations sponsored by Lagos local government, which started in 1991, have reached more than half of the Lagos State Transport Corporation's capacity. Eventually, in 1993, the Corporation was dissolved and its staff laid off owing to inefficiencies and frequent breakdown of the buses. A few local governments continue to operate their own intra-city bus services. However, the services remain grossly inadequate and private sector operators have taken advantage of the vacuum to increase their operations. The 14,000 taxis in operation carried about 1.1 million passengers in 1989. In contrast, the minibus and midi-bus operators may be carrying about 4.5 to 5 million passengers daily. They are thus the most significant means of public transport. This major adaptive service comprises mostly old, often rickety used cars and minibuses used to operate largely unregulated public transport and accounts for the bulk of the public transport service in metropolitan Lagos. They are the only means of transport available in some localities. The second adaptive service is the use of motor-cycles to carry passengers from the suburbs to the main transport interchanges or terminals. These two adaptive services have provided substantial relief to the working class and the urban poor unserved by conventional public transport.
Urban railways, even since mass transit rail passenger services were introduced in 1988 and 1990, carry fewer than 1 million passengers per year. In recognition of the acute need for commuter transportation, the Nigerian Railway Corporation, which already has a commuter service between Agege and Apapa Wharf, commissioned a commuter line from Iju to Ebute Metta on 21 April 1994 (fig. 6.1). This was the first such effort since 1965. It is claimed that the service will add 10,000 passengers per day to the commuter passenger capacity of the railway service. The most recent policy emphasis, however, is on greater use of the private sector to provide affordable public transport services (Federal Ministry of Transport, Aviation and Communication, 1993).
Apart from inadequate public transport, other problems of the road system in metropolitan Lagos include poor maintenance, and traffic congestion (Onakomaiya, 1978). Many roads within the metropolis need repairing. Potholes are often left too long before being repaired and such delays tend to increase the cost of maintenance. In addition, roads are often damaged in the process of laying water pipes and electricity cables.
Efforts made in the past to solve the perennial problems of traffic congestion have included the construction of bridges, ring roads, and expressways; restriction of access to the city centre on alternate days of vehicles with odd and even registration numbers; and the conversion of hitherto two-way roads to one-way. Although these are commendable efforts, they have not solved the problem of traffic congestion, particularly during peak periods. It was hoped that the proposed Metroline Project would have helped in reducing the congestion. However, with the cancellation and later resuscitation and drastic modification of the original project, other measures may be needed to tackle the problem. It is hoped that traffic restraint measures will be introduced in Lagos Island (Federal Ministry of Transport, Aviation and Communication, 1993). In addition, a comprehensive study of land use within Lagos Island, Ikoyi, and Victoria Island is needed, with a view to introducing policy instruments that would stimulate the relocation of certain activities to other parts of the metropolis, thereby reducing the pressure for commuter transport to the central area.
Water supply
Inadequate water supply creates a continuing headache for both private residents and entrepreneurs in metropolitan Lagos. Table 6.4 shows the installed capacity, production in September 1994, and problems of production. There are 17 waterworks in Lagos State, with a total installed capacity of 4,119.3 million gallons of water per month (MGM). In September 1994 less than half of the potential was supplied and typically only 50-55 per cent of the water demand of the metropolis is being met. Private individuals as well as industrial and other establishments tend to supplement the piped supply by sinking boreholes or wells. In addition to the problems noted in the table, pipe breakages, inefficiency, and lack of spare parts inhibit greater output. Mini-waterworks were introduced during the period of the civilian administration between 1979 and 1983. Their capacities ranged between 2.5 million and 3 million gallons per day. They are currently not functioning properly and need upgrading. The Adiyan waterworks, the first phase of which was opened in 1991, has a capacity of 70 million gallons per day. A second phase with the same capacity is being evaluated. There are also problems of water distribution. A project assisted by the World Bank to improve the secondary and tertiary distribution network is currently being implemented. When completed, it is hoped that up to 65 per cent of the demand will be met. The state government is currently embarking on a state water supply expansion programme aimed at supplying water for all, including its rural areas, by the year 2000. There are, of course, spatial variations in the adequacy of the service. For example, the old-established neighbourhoods of Yaba and Ebute Metta, with a well-laid-out grid-iron pattern of development, are better serviced than slum neighbourhoods such as Ajegunle (fig. 6.1).
Table 6.4 Monthly production of water for metropolitan Lagos' September 1994
|Name of waterworks
|Designed capacity in MGMa
|Production in MGM, September 1994
|% of designed capacity
|Irregular power supplies
|Faulty borehole and NEPA problem
|Major NEPA fault
|Major NEPA fault
|Undergoing rehabilitation
|Faulty clear-water pumps
|Amuwo Odofin
|Alausa Ikeja
|Production interruption owing to a burst main
Source: Lagos State Water Corporation, October 1994.
a. MGM = million gallons per month.
Metropolitan Lagos accounts for about 40 per cent of the total electric power consumption in Nigeria, but inadequate and erratic power supply for industrial, commercial, and domestic demands has characterized the service provided by the National Electric Power Authority (NEPA), now renamed after commercialization as National Electric Power plc. The regular occurrence of intermittent power outages has led to nearly all industrial establishments in the metropolis acquiring their own stand-by generators (Lee and Anas, 1992). Some industrialists have claimed that, in recent times, they have had to depend on their generators and now regard NEPA as a stand-by. The ultimate consequences of this undesirable situation are low capacity utilization and higher costs of production. It was hoped that Egbin Thermal Power Station, which was commissioned in the late 1980s purposely to meet the electricity requirements of metropolitan Lagos, would improve the situation. It did for a while, until the station developed problems and could not obtain the necessary funds for spare parts. Efforts are currently being made to address the problems in collaboration with the federal government.
In terms of telecommunication facilities, which could relieve the pressure on intra-urban transportation, the NITEL telephone facilities are grossly inadequate. Although metropolitan Lagos is the best serviced area in Nigeria, with most of the lines in Lagos State (which itself has 40 per cent of the national total), demand far exceeds supply and some areas are much better served than others. Although the installed capacity (155,000 connections in 1994) is yet to be exhausted (80 per cent of potential connections have been made), there are demands that cannot be met (NITEL, Lagos, October 1994). The problems include the need to replace underground cables and to expand and modernize existing external networks. A World Bank assisted programme to provide an additional 132,000 lines for metropolitan Lagos and to modernize existing lines is being pursued in three phases. Efforts to improve the efficiency of the service included the provision of digital exchanges for Lagos Island, Victoria Island, Apapa, Ikeja, and Surulere in 1992. This has considerably improved international links. However, there is still a lot to be done to ensure the availability and reliability of the service for internal communication.
Environmental sanitation
Lagos seems to have acquired the unenviable status of being one of the dirtiest cities in the world. An important element in this regard is the inability of the city management authorities to cope effectively with waste disposal. The Waste Disposal Board was established in 1977 to coordinate refuse disposal activities in Lagos State. Initially it was mandated to take charge of general environmental sanitation and the collection, disposal, and management of domestic refuse. Subsequently, it was assigned responsibility for cleaning primary and secondary drains, the collection and disposal of industrial wastes, flood relief activities, and the collection and disposal of scrap and derelict vehicles.
With the inauguration of the Board in 1978, these duties were contracted out to a firm of pollution control experts. The situation improved slightly. However, the contract was terminated in 1984 and the Waste Disposal Board assumed direct responsibility. The national environmental sanitation exercise has also made an impact on the level of cleanliness in the metropolis. On average the Waste Disposal Board collects an additional 55,000 tonnes of refuse monthly as a result of this exercise. However, the Waste Disposal Board has recently run into problems, because the vehicles and other equipment it initially acquired have broken down and need replacement. The cost of replacement has proved prohibitive because of the considerable decline in the value of the national currency. The problem of uncleared accumulated refuse has once again surfaced in various parts of the metropolis, and task forces are being set up to clear it, but it is estimated that one-third of the city has no refuse collection service (Aina et al., 1994).
The Board, now named the Lagos State Waste Management Authority, has adopted the strategy of clearing refuse at night, since traffic congestion hinders effective operation during the day. The target is to collect 5,000 tonnes of refuse daily, which is about 75 per cent of the total solid waste generated daily. Another problem that acts as a constraint on efficient operation by the Waste Management Authority is the fact that up to 60 per cent of the inhabitants of the metropolis live in inaccessible areas. It has been claimed that for each day the refuse van is unable to reach any area, it takes an additional three days to clear the backlog. A 42 ha piece of land is being developed in the outer metropolitan area as a modern landfill site capable of handling solid waste for the next 40 years.
Although the pail system of sewerage has now been eliminated and the majority of Lagos residents have access to a water-flushed toilet, the supply of water is insufficient and waste water has to be used for flushing. Treatment facilities are totally inadequate and untreated or inadequately treated effluent is discharged into the Lagoon and pollutes groundwater (Aina et al., 1994). In 1993 the World Bank approved a credit of US$63 million through the International Development Association for a Lagos Drainage and Sanitation Project. This is aimed at improving living conditions in parts of Lagos that presently suffer from regular inundation, by improving storm water drainage. It will also provide assistance to the Lagos Waste Management Authority.
One of the great challenges facing metropolitan Lagos is housing (Abiodun, 1974, 1976). The considerable gap between supply and demand has found expression in the astronomical cost of rented dwellings. Overcrowding, slums, and substandard housing are expressions of this problem. Prior to 1928, planned residential areas in Lagos were limited. They included Ikoyi, which was a reservation area for expatriates who were colonial administrators and executives of foreign firms, and had a population of 4,000, or 3 per cent of the population of the city in 1931 (fig. 6.1). Apapa, Ebute Metta, and Yaba, with a combined population of 22,000, or 17 per cent of the total, also had some element of planning, in the sense that road networks in Ebute Metta and Yaba were laid out on a grid and residential development was confined to the blocks within the road pattern. On Lagos Island, apart from the areas around the racecourse and marina, the indigenous housing was unplanned and was left to develop haphazardly, with houses built quite close together. Such overcrowded, unhealthy housing and poor environmental conditions stimulated the rapid spread of influenza epidemics and bubonic plague, which ravaged the city between 1924 and 1930. These led to the emergence, in 1928, of the pioneer planning authority in Nigeria, the Lagos Executive Development Board (LEDB), which embarked on slum clearance and the relocation of families from the Island to the Mainland at Surulere (fig. 6.1; see also Peil, 1991). Since then, the activities of planning authorities have assumed considerable importance in metropolitan Lagos.
The Ikeja Area Planning Authority (IAPA) (fig 6.1) was established in 1956 to control development in the part of the metropolis outside the then Federal Capital Territory. In 1958, the Western Nigeria Housing Corporation was created by the former Western Region government with the responsibility of providing housing finance. In 1972, the LEDB, the IAPA, and the Epe Town Planning Authority were merged to form the Lagos State Development and Property Corporation (LSDPC) to stimulate greater efficiency and eliminate delay, waste, and duplication of responsibilities in the housing sector (LSDPC, n.d. (a), (b), (c)). Table 6.5 summarizes the housing units constructed by some of these authorities. The period 1979-1983 under the Jakande administration witnessed a massive housing development programme. Nevertheless, the problem persists - mostly because of rapid population growth, but also because of the introduction of the SAP in 1986 and the threefold increase in the price of petroleum fuel in 1994. The federal government housing programme for Lagos, which was launched in 1994 under the National Housing Scheme, has stalled, amongst other reasons because of the spiralling cost of building materials.
Table 6.5 Planned housing schemes in metropolitan Lagos
|Housing agency
|Lagos Executive Development Board, 1955 -1975
|Slum clearance of Central Lagos, 1955 to early 1960s, Olowogbowo Rehousing Scheme, Lagos Housing Scheme
|1,847 families housed in Surulere. 1,337 families resettled in low-income rented houses. Subsidized by Ministry of Lagos Affairs
|Other housing schemes in Surulere
|14,537 family units(dwellings) provided. In all, 128,800 people were provided with housing
|Lagos State Development and Property Corporation (LSDPC), 1972-1979
|Resettlement of slum dwellers from Central Lagos to Ogba and low-income housing in Isolo
|1,000 families housed
|Federal housing
|Under 1975-1980 and 1981-1985 plan periods
|6,000 housing unitsa
|LSDPC, 1979 to date
|Low-income housing
|16,878 housing units
|Medium-income housing
|1,790 housing units
Source: LSDPC (n.d.(b)).
a. Each housing unit may accommodate one or more households.
Despite the efforts of the various housing authorities, over 90 per cent of the housing in metropolitan Lagos is still provided by the private sector and individual effort. Housing has been widely seen as a secure and lucrative investment, which enhances the owner's status in the community (Barnes, 1979). Whereas access to privately owned land through customary channels or purchase has made it possible for a relatively large stock of owner-occupied housing to be built, opportunities for those excluded from these means of access to land have been limited to areas in public ownership. As a result, squatting is limited and over 60 per cent of residents are tenants, some in tenements constructed by absentee landlords, but the majority in houses occupied by landlords of modest means (Aina, 1990; Peil, 1991; Aina et al., 1994). During the 1970s it was usual for a man earning the average salary or above to build his own house, while, as profits and speculation increased, interest in providing rented rooms for the poor declined. In recent years, declining real wages and high inflation, particularly rapid increases in the prices of building materials, have resulted in workers living so close to subsistence level that they have nothing left for investment. Today only the very rich construct new housing units. In response to the slower rate of new house construction, tenancy has increased and rents have increased more than fivefold since the introduction of the SAP. High densities, overcrowding, and multi-family occupancy of dwellings have long characterized Lagos and have intensified in recent years (Ayeni, 1981; Peil, 1991).
Residential districts range from low-density areas that have been able to retain their characteristics, through medium-density districts such as Surulere and Ikeja, to substandard settlements that lack basic amenities. Some former low-density areas near the centre of the city have been penetrated by banking, commercial, and office uses, leading to a recent state government order that houses in parts of Ikoyi and Victoria Island should revert to their originally approved use. Many low-income areas were villages or peripheral settlements that have been engulfed as the city has grown. Some settlements, such as Maroko on Victoria Island, have been demolished, typically without any arrangement for resettlement, with the result that the displaced residents merely move on to already overcrowded neighbourhoods elsewhere. In addition, in response to astronomical rent increases, the rapidly increasing cost of living, and the increasing insecurity of life and property, a drift of population to villages and towns in adjacent Ogun State has been detected, increasing pressure on commuter transport links from these towns to the city.
Crucial influences on the ability of the private sector to supply sufficient housing to meet demand are access to land and the delivery of services. The inadequacy of the latter has been demonstrated above. To conclude, mechanisms for obtaining access to land will be briefly discussed. Hitherto, land for urban development could be obtained from any of the following: the Land Use and Allocation Committee based in the Governor's Office, the metropolitan development agency (the LSDPC), or indigenous landowning families and individuals. Although the Land Use Decree of 1978 vested the ownership of all undeveloped land in the state, attempts to regulate the ownership of land and transfer of rights have never been effective. Interested parties, including professionals, tend to connive to backdate transactions to make them appear to have preceded the Decree. Currently, no more distributable land is available within Lagos metropolis through the Land Use and Allocation Committee (LSDPC, 1983). Today, land for development is obtained primarily through the private sector. Large landowners may in some cases rent land for the construction of temporary housing while they wait for its value to increase, as described by Aina (1990) for Olaleye-Iponri. Although there are examples of squatting and illegal subdivision, such cases are limited. Land rights in Lagos have historically been a route to political power and a source of wealth and conflict (Peil, 1991).
Conflicts over rights of ownership between the state and private individuals or village or family groups, or between members of families, which arise in part out of the lack of a comprehensive land register, sometimes lead to sales of the same plot to more than one buyer or to the demolition of structures by the state. For example, more than 100 well-built houses were demolished by the military state government at Ala village, about 20 km east of Victoria Island, in August 1995, despite a court order that attempted to restrain the government. Land acquired by the state in this way may benefit powerful and well-connected individuals, rather than ordinary residents. Land scarcity has become a constraint on the ability of both the public and private sectors to respond to demand for housing and accounts, in major part, for the predominance of small rental dwellings in the housing stock.
It has been claimed that, unless more vigorous actions are taken now by the relevant authorities, in concert with the inhabitants, to combat the appalling living conditions in many localities, similar to those that produced epidemics before the 1930s, metropolitan Lagos may face outbreaks of disease more devastating than ever before.
Undoubtedly, there has been a spectacular growth in the spatial expansion and development of metropolitan Lagos within the past three or four decades. However, the indications are that the population growth rate has slowed down in the most recent decade from an estimated 14 per cent per annum in the 1960s and early 1970s to an estimated 4.5 per cent per annum in the late 1980s. Thus migration to the metropolis is tending to contribute less to its population growth than the rate of natural increase. This trend is likely to continue as the cost of living in the city continues to rise.
Nevertheless, over the decades, metropolitan Lagos has become the pre-eminent city in the Nigerian system. Lagos functioned as the political and administrative capital of Nigeria from the time the Northern and Southern provinces of Nigeria were amalgamated in 1914, through political independence in 1960, until the federal capital moved to Abuja in 1990. During this period it acquired leadership among Nigerian cities in terms of economic and social activities, particularly in manufacturing, trade, other services, and, most recently, finance, banking, and insurance. Despite the downturn in economic activities at the national level, metropolitan Lagos is still the premier manufacturing city not only in Nigeria, but also at a regional scale, for the west coast of Africa. It is the most important seaport, both in Nigeria and on the west coast of Africa, with substantial import and export trade both nationally and internationally. Metropolitan Lagos is the most important node for telecommunications and the most accessible city in Nigeria by land, air, and sea. It has thus attracted to itself the largest concentration of multinational corporations in Nigeria. It has become not only a West African regional centre but also a focus of international interaction at continental and to some extent at the world scale.
Certain issues were identified in this study, resulting from the above developments. Among these are the problems of the liveability of the city and its sustainable growth and development, including problems of unemployment, and the emergence of an increasingly marginalized and economically pauperized group. The survival strategies of its inhabitants, especially the poor, were noted. The manageability of the metropolis and the problems associated with its governance also attracted attention. Also discussed were problems of housing, transportation, and service provision. Certain conclusions were derived from these discussions. Chief among these is the fact that, with the continued downward trend in the national economy and the more than threefold increase in the price of petroleum fuel in the mid-1990s, pauperization of the city population is expanding across the class hierarchy. It has become impossible for a salary-earner to live in the metropolis without an additional source of income.
At the same time, it seems that the responsibilities of the state to tax-paying citizens with respect to the provision of basic infrastructure are not being fulfilled. In effect, citizens are being double-taxed, as they have to provide self-reliant strategies for meeting their needs for a regular supply of drinkable water, a supply of electricity, and security services. On the other hand, it seems that governance at the local council level holds some promise for focusing attention on the needs of citizens. For instance, the brief experience of civilian administration at the local government level between 1991 and 1993 did see the emergence of certain dynamic individuals as chairmen of local government councils. These people were able, through dynamic leadership and innovative ideas, to mobilize citizens at the local level for development efforts in a manner that outshone the state administrative efforts. It seems that there is a need in the future to strengthen the local government system in terms of resources, personnel, and capacity building, to stimulate efficient and effective governance for the benefit of citizens.
1. The 1963 census before independence is usually considered to be the most reliable census in Nigeria. Because of the unreliability of all subsequent censuses, due inter alia to the allocation of federal resources on a per capita basis to states, special efforts were made to ensure that the 1991 census was sound. However, the results are still controversial and the population of the city is still uncertain.
Abiodun, J. O. 1974. Urban growth and problems in Metropolitan Lagos. Urban Studies 11: 341-347.
Abiodun, J. O. 1976. Housing problems in Nigerian cities. Town Planning Review 47(4): 330-348.
Aina, T. A. 1990. Health, Habitat and Underdevelopment in Nigeria with Special Reference to a Low Income Settlement in Metropolitan Lagos. International Institute for Environment and Development, London.
Aina, T. A., F. E. Etta, and C. I. Obi. 1994. The search for sustainable urban development in Metropolitan Lagos, Nigeria: Prospects and problems. Third World Planning Review 16: 201-219.
Ayeni, B. 1981. Lagos. In: M. Pacione, ed., Problems and Planning in Third World Cities. Croom Helm, London, pp. 127-155.
Barnes, S. T. 1979. Migration and land acquisition: The new landowners of Lagos. African Urban Studies 4: 59-70.
Enterprise Consulting Group Ltd. 1988. Industrial Inventory Survey of Lagos State. Vol. 1, Main Report. For Lagos State Government, Lagos.
Fapohunda, O. J. 1985. The Informal Sector of Lagos. An enquiry into urban poverty and employment. University Press Limited, Lagos.
Federal Ministry of Transport, Aviation and Communication. 1993. Mass Transit and Transport System. Management Programme for the Lagos Metropolitan Area. Summary Report, Lagos.
Federal Republic of Nigeria. 1972. Labour Force Sample Survey 1966/67, vol. 1. Lagos.
Lagos Executive Development Board. 1971. A Preliminary Sketch: Master Plan for Lagos. Lagos.
LSDPC (Lagos State Development and Property Corporation). n.d.(a). L.S.D.P.C. at a Glance. Ikeja, Lagos.
LSDPC (Lagos State Development and Property Corporation). n.d.(b). 50 Years of Housing and Planning Development in Metropolitan Lagos. Challenges of the Eighties. Lagos.
LSDPC (Lagos State Development and Property Corporation). n.d.(c). Housing Delivery in Lagos State - Challenges of the Eighties. Lagos.
LSDPC (Lagos State Development and Property Corporation). 1983. LSDPC searches for land for development. LSDPC Quarterly Magazine 29-30(ó): 8.
Lagos State Government. 1977. Statistical Survey of Lagos State November/December 1976. Ministry of Economic Development and Establishments, Lagos.
Lagos State Government. 1981. Lagos State Regional Plan (1980-2000). Ministry of Economic Planning and Land Matters, Urban and Regional Planning Division, Ikeja, Lagos.
Lagos State Government. 1989. Lagos State Directory of Manufacturing Companies. Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Ikeja, Lagos.
Lagos State Government. 1990. Digest of Statistics 1990. Office of the Military Governor, Plans, Programmes and Budget Department, Statistics Division, Lagos.
Lee, K. S. and A. Anas. 1992. Costs of deficient infrastructure: The case of Nigerian manufacturing. Urban Studies 29(7): 1071-1092.
Mabogunje, A. L. 1968. Urban Development in Nigeria. University of London Press, London.
Manufacturers' Association of Nigeria. 1993. MAN Half-Yearly Economic Review, Lagos, App. 1.
Mehretu, A. 1983. Cities of SubSaharan Africa. In: S. D. Brunn and J. F. Williams, eds., Cities of the World. Harper & Row, New York, pp. 243-279.
National Manpower Board. n.d. Report on the Labour Force Sample Survey, Lagos, Nov. 1974, section 5.1.
Olowu, D. 1990. Lagos State. Governance, Society and Economy. Malthouse Press, Oxford.
Onakomaiya, S. O. 1978. Towards an efficient transport service for Metropolitan Lagos. In: P. O. Sada and J. S. Oguntoyinbo, eds., Urbanisation Processes and Problems in Nigeria. Ibadan University Press, Ibadan, pp. 57-62.
Peil, M. 1991. Lagos: The City Is the People. Belhaven Press, London.
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For more information on Project 12 check here.
I tried a new technique which included using my Cuttlebug to emboss on foil, using distress stain, alcohol inks and crackle paint and a lot of distressing. I'll be experimenting with this technique some more. I love the way this tag turned out! I was inspired by Tammy Tutterow's work.
This month I included photos from our mini vacation to FL along with some journaling.
There were so many great photos from the trip that I put the extra ones
in a little envie on the back page.

subset: commoncrawl


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"It takes our customers downtown right where they want to go in the morning and drops them off where they live at the end of the day," says Steve Olson, public information officer for FDOT's District 5.
The 32-mile first phase of SunRail will serve 12 stations and link DeBary, in Volusia County, to Sand Lake Road, just south of Orlando. Service is expected to begin in 2014. Construction on Phase I of SunRail includes double-tracking, signal improvements, stations and an operations control center. The rail line, built on an existing freight rail corridor that traverses Orange, Seminole, Volusia and Osceola counties, has put about 800 people to work, according to FDOT officials. Phase 2 will serve five additional stations, north to DeLand and south to Poinciana.
FDOT officials are careful to say that SunRail is not necessarily going to reduce congestion, because there is a high demand for north-south surface roads, which will be undergoing improvements in the coming years. "The region is continuing to grow, so there will be demand for these services," Olson says. "Our thinking is to get people to rethink using their automobiles and use the SunRail trains and other forms of mass transit.
"We think SunRail will change the whole dynamic for mass transit in the region," he adds. "It will have a huge impact as far as giving people choices."
It basically parallels Interstate 4, which is subject to a lot of congestion during rush hour. Further south, the line parallels a busy state road, Orange Avenue, which brings in traffic from southern Orlando and the Kissimmee/Osseola County.
Although the existing rail corridor is used by freight and Amtrak services, it will have to be improved for SunRail's passenger service. The trains will be operating with push-pull technology, and to ensure on-time performance, most of the 61.5-mile corridor will be double tracked.
"We are putting new tracks next to existing and moving existing tracks over, and replacing it," Olson says. "We are going through some of the existing infrastructure and upgrading it so it's a smooth ride."
SunRail will operate on weekdays, every half hour during three-hour windows in the morning and in the afternoon, and every two hours during off-peak periods. No freight will be allowed on the corridor during those peak travel periods. Olore says SunRail will also be in compliance with the positive train control mandate for 2015.
The capital cost for SunRail will also include a new state-of-the-art signal system for train operations and upgrades for the at-grade crossing warning system. In addition, upgrades to the at-grade crossing warning system will ensure that crossing gates aren't down any longer than needed, Olore says.
The former CSXT right-of-way along this 61.5-mile stretch is currently used 24 hours a day, seven days a week by freight and Amtrak trains. On average there are 10 through-freight, 10 local freight switchers and up to six Amtrak trains operating on a typical day. Many of these trains are operated after 11 p.m. CSX Transportation's long-range business plans call for relocating up to nine through-freight trains over to the "S-line," which runs through the center of the state. Freight trains on the "A-Line," where SunRail will operate, will be scheduled outside of peak commute times.
Funds to be used for supportive housing, substance abuse treatment, case management, blankets, socks, and other services.
Service is now available for the entire length of the Green Line and most of the Yellow Line.
The Superconducting Maglev (SCMAGLEV) train will start with a 36-mile route from Washington, D.C. to Baltimore City.
The confirmed part of the contract covers the delivery of 44 trains for a sum of over $587 million, which may be supplemented by options exercised for a total of up to 410 trains.
Mass. Electric will focus on core system, safety elements, including all necessary power, signaling and communications equipment.
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General Motors will recall almost 19,000 of its new 2014 Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra pickups because some front seats may not meet a federal safety standard, the automaker said in a news release Wednesday.
G.M. said that front seats with manual adjusters may not provide adequate protection against neck injuries in a rear impact crash. The problem was detected by an inspector at the assembly plant in Fort Wayne, Ind., Alan Adler, a G.M. spokesman, wrote in an e-mail. He said the automaker was not aware of any crashes or injuries related to the defect.
In addition, about 2,600 vehicles in Canada and about 100 in Mexico will be recalled for the same problem.


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Fireman's outfit, pristine cello, 1 million sports cards
San Diego Reader Classified ads, December 4, 2019
3 p.m., Dec. 6
Nicole Ueno, a native of Sunset Cliffs, sent out the call last month for community members to step up to cover eight different neighborhood watch zones across Ocean Beach and Point Loma. Within a week, over 650 people had signed on to join the Ocean Beach Neighborhood Watch.
On January 31, more than 40 locals gathered to discuss how best to deal with issues plaguing the eclectic beach community from aggressive panhandling and illegal camps to trespassing, vandalism, and arson.
"It's been a hard winter for crime in Ocean Beach, and many residents feel fed up with some of the repeated crimes we are seeing," said Ueno.
In December, a man exposing himself across from an elementary school sparked outrage. Recent arsons and strangers opening up front doors uninvited have locals on edge.
On the morning of the meeting, one local found her car with a smashed-out window, slashed tire, and "slut," "Jesus" and a swastika keyed all over her car. Last week, a local man found a vagrant camping out in his driveway, napping beside a cup of joe, a knife, and a blowtorch.
Ueno hopes the community can work together to curb crime and move toward safer neighborhoods. "Everyone is bringing different talents and interests to the table, and there has been a wonderful sense of collaboration among the members. I hope we can keep our eyes on the street and look out for each other, but also come together to brainstorm solutions and use our voice to influence relevant laws and policies."
At the meeting, Officer David Surwilo discussed what makes up a successful neighborhood watch program. Crucial are centralizing information, reporting crimes, and making sure the group doesn't go vigilante.
Short-term vacation rentals and AirBnB were pointed to as things that have changed the dynamic of neighborhoods and increased crime.
The long wait times when calling non-emergency lines was brought up. Surwilo said to press star to skip the intro message and that new hires and other measures are in the works to address dispatch issues. (An emergency operator told me in late-2017 that the same people are answering emergency and non-emergency calls.)
The recycling center behind Stump's Market on Voltaire was brought up as a place where troublemakers congregate. Getting the recycling center moved away from residences is a hot topic in Point Loma currently. Always a hot topic is the issue of campers and van dwellers parking illegally in front of homes.
Margaret Virissimo is Ueno's counterpoint in neighboring Point Loma. "A hill separates our towns, we are not a separate city and being a [Point Loma/Ocean Beach] native it made me think I have got to get more involved and change this perception that we are two separate towns. I hope by joining forces with Nicole from OB we can go back to our communities and bring double awareness, new ideas and updates to our communities. I sit on the Peninsula Community Planning Board so I hope to bring some city knowledge to these neighborhood meetings."
Ueno plans to work closely with Virissimo and Surwilo to create a successful neighborhood watch program that can serve as a model for other neighboring communities and to become as Virissimo put it Peninsula-strong.
This sort of stuff has been happening in nearly every neighborhood in the city, not just the self-appointed "eclectic" ones. So, obviously, I feel their pain over there. Unfortunately, most of our local journalists are not attending these meetings but instead hanging out with and promoting the agendas of the handful of nincompoops who are out to enable junkies to dominate our neighborhoods.
Not true. I've talked to people in many different neighborhoods about this (and attended many meetings). While it's not isolated for sure, any one story has to focus only on one or two neighborhoods. This story was focused on the community taking action.
If you have a story you want covered, please contact myself or another SDR reporter to look into it.
Thanks, Julie
Ms. Stalmer,
In this case, I wasn't talking about you or your reporting, so let's not make it personal. I'm talking more about the U-T or Voice of San Diego or CityBeat (though the last has improved). This story is both about that community taking action and what has happened that has led them to take action. The examples there can be found in many, many other places around the city but, unfortunately, there are only so many reporters available and for stringer rates, only so many neighborhoods can get covered. The fact that Ocean Beach and Point Loma could get more than 40 people in the room to discuss it is certainly newsworthy -- I'm less enamored with the Neighborhood Watch numbers because A) All us neighbors are really ever supposed to do is call the police, not actually engage the junkies, and B) Signing up is one thing, actually acting is another. Still, good to see this side of things reported, rather than focusing on, say, the 10 or so flakes who staged their little protest in El Cajon, or the unidentified person who nearly got killed by the garbage collection crew. If anything, Ms. Stalmer, I'm just regretting there aren't more stories similar to this from all over town.
But I will make no effort to stop my eyes from rolling every time I read an extraneous adjectival phrase-* referring to Ocean Beach, in this case "eclectic." It's just another area under siege from addicts, just like Logan or North Park or Banker's Hill. Those places have "vibes," too.
*- "pretentiously self-aware" excepted. :)
Yes, Ocean Beach gets covered a lot. I think, perhaps, because they are so good at coming together like a small town is more able to do.
It's tough to form a viable neighborhood watch. Getting one together isn't easy in most neighborhoods. Keeping it going once things get better even harder. Just calling the police isn't enough. The police can't be everywhere and if it's only a few people calling all the time, it's not taken seriously after a while. The more eyes, the better. The more eyes reporting, even better.
For full disclosure I was born in OB and I've always found it eclectic. But you are probably right, I should have kept that to myself.
Thanks for your feedback.


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Felabrations around the world are beginning to get ready for the annual festival of music and arts commemorating the life and times of Nigerian's foremost musical icon, the late great Fela Anikulapo Kuti. The idea and concept of Felabration as an annual celebration of Fela's music, life and times, originated from his eldest child Yeni who conceived it in 1998. The world's largest Felabration will take place in Nigeria at the New Afrika Shrine (Ikeja) this year in just a few days! The massive week-long festival begins on Monday October 12 and is preceded by this year's senior secondary schools debate on the topic "Poverty is not an Accident" and the October 12th debates on the topic "Human Rights as My Property."
Felabration in London is spearheaded by the British Library's "Late at the Library: Felabration!" with a sold out show for October 16th! Stay tuned for more information about a live streaming event right here on Fela.net!
Felabrations across the US have also been announced including the following shows:
10/13-10/17 – Atlanta, GA – Multiple Venues – Spreadlove – Felabration
10/15 – Cambridge, MA – The Middle East
10/16 – Los Angeles, CA – Echoplex
10/16 – San Francisco, CA – Brick and Mortar
10/16 – Washington, DC – Old Engine 12 Firehouse
10/17 – Oakland, CA – The New Parish
10/17 – Brooklyn, NY – X Marks The Lot
10/18 – Chicago, IL – The Shrine
10/23 – Houston, TX – The Flat
10/30 – Chicago, IL – Maria's
Please visit an event and show your FELAdarity!


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All JF Electrical Services Ltd installations and refurbishment work meet health and safety regulations, backed by the relevant documentation.
JF Electrical Services Ltd are highly qualified and complete full risk assessment and project proposals for every installation guaranteeing your business complies completely with the very latest Health and Safety Regulations.
Health & Safety Policy Statement:


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On the 15 and 16 July 2017, Centre for Social Research and Development (CSRD) with the support from Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung Southeast Asia (RLS SEA) organized the people's forum for the 4th time with the theme "Hydropower dams in Central, Central Highland – Concerns of people and relevant stake holders" in Buon Ma Thuat city, Dac Lak, Central Vietnam.
On the first day of the forum, people from the 10 communities presented the changes of their living conditions before and after the hydropower dam and their concerns. They proposed alternatives and how to make it change.
Those ideas were presented and discussed in a later session, all the communities had chance to share and to compare with other regions so that they can learn from each other, identify challenges and how to continue their strives and also develop join efforts in order to make the process stronger.
On the second day of the people's forum, the organizers invited different relevant stake holders to the workshop for a multi-dimensional dialogue that included people's representative organizations, hydropower's investors, affected people, media and CSOs.
CSRD's consultant expressed concerns over the negative impact of hydropower dam that not only worsening climate change, socio-ecological system but also resulting migration flow to the hydropower areas. With modern technology, better knowledge and less respect to the local environment, they often destroy the trees, rivers without take care of local impact.
Sharing from representative from Ben Van, Duong Hoa, Thua Thien Hue: 90% of children quit high school because of far distance, the low quality of new resettlement land that family do not earn enough. At the moment, 80% of people work as 'temporary wage earner" which are hard work, causing more sickness. Since the project started in 2012, they had been trained and know their rights, in 2013, they had claimed and received 50% compensation forest land and in the beginning of 2017, they had received the rest of 50% by money.
Tien Phong newspaper's representative in Central Vietnam emphasized the importance of cooperative and constructive perspectives of each and every one stake holders that not every hydropower is against the socio-ecological sectors. Especially, the governments and the investors should put the interest of the people first when consider the construction of hydropower plan. On the other hand, we should improve the monitor system (inspections and auditors) as well as the statistic mechanism. As well, the people should seriously consider to improve themselves, have more constructive and understanding perspective to the problem and develop the self-sustain living means of their own.
The 4th people' forum was one of few efforts initiated by CSO in Vietnam on the issue of hydropower dams and has raised many attentions and supports from relevant stake holders. The forum offered spaces and chances for all parties listen to each other and find alternatives for the current problems. The discourse on this topic should definitely be continued.


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The purpose of the thematic units
…is building the students capacity for independent work. The units have a very similar framework, and allow me to move around in the classroom, observe and talk with the students. The familiar framework also enable the students to lean on each other when they are stuck. It's been wonderful working with different topics, but keeping the structure of certain task types. I always include a few variations, and that's worked really well. You can take a look at the existing units here: Thematic Units.
The main focus of all the theme units: vocabulary, reading- and writing skills + sprinkled with some fun tasks!
Typical tasks are:
- word lists
- finding sounds
- writing with support
- finding pairs
- crosswords puzzles
- word search puzzles
- sorting letters
- naming words tied to the theme
- activities tied to the theme
- much more!
Most theme units are also accompanied with a reading booklet for guided reading or independent reading. They are also available separately, take a look at them here!
All available units:


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Morgan EvaGT
Morgan Eva GT Latest News
Dec 13th
Morgan Motor Company announced today that the EvaGT will not be launched until the Geneva Autoshow 2014. Charles Morgan of MMC had the following to say:
"During the past 6 months, Morgan has secured funding from the Technology Strategy Board (TSB) to allow it to participate in and manage a £1.4 million collaborative project to use revolutionary materials in a chassis application. The project named MagMog consists of 5 partners who are all experts in their relevant fields. The project partners are:
· Morgan Motor Company Ltd – Lead Partner in the project
· Penso Consulting Ltd – a design house with expertise in several premium sportscar designs.
· Superform Aluminium – the current supplier of Morgan Motor Company wings and body panels, Superform have the forming knowledge required to make this project succeed.
· Coventry University – Specialists in panel joining and fatigue testing
· Magnesium Elektron UK – the world's largest manufacturer of Magnesium sheet, M.E. have unrivalled knowledge in all areas of Magnesium usage.
The MagMog chassis development project started on November 1st 2011. The project aims to develop appropriate technologies to enable magnesium alloy to be used as the primary material in the construction of a body-in-white structure for the EvaGT. This will improve structural performance at a reduced comparative weight. Magnesium is the lightest structural metal available, 30% less dense than aluminium and is the eighth most abundant elements globally. Due to its inherent properties, use of sheet magnesium for vehicle structural applications will require hot-forming, increasingly being adopted by premium car manufacturers as it can produce larger and more complex panels. Morgan Motor Company intends to provide the initial route to market by adopting the developed technologies on its next generation of premium sports car, the EvaGT.
This project, along with Morgan Motor Company's desire to exceed the standard safety requirements for the EvaGT has resulted in the planned launch date being delayed. We now intend to launch the EvaGT at the 2014 Geneva Motorshow. While this delay is undesirable and inconvenient, we have taken the decision to pursue these projects to ensure the EvaGT is at the forefront of both environmental and safety technology."
Latest Photos of the Morgan EvaGT
Aug 17th
Since the launch of the Morgan EvaGT sports car on Sunday the 15th, at Pebble Beach, there have been the same photographs floating around the internet; however, we have just received these photos from Morgan Motor Company and these fresh angles really illustrate how stunning the latest Morgan is.
For more images of the Morgan 2+2 coupe EvaGT sports car, or to join the discussion of this positive step forward for MMC, you can visit Talk Morgan.
Morgan EvaGT Shown at Pebble Beach
Aug 15th
The Morgan Eva GT had it's world premier today at Pebble Beach Concours. This exciting new 2+2 fixed head coupe from Morgan Motor Company follows in the success of the limited production Morgan AeroMax.
MMC issued a press release along with launch drawings of the latest Morgan to grace the automotive stage. Here is what the company say about the Eva GT: -
"Morgan EvaGT (specification subject to change)
The goal is to manufacture a practical car that could be used everyday and answer all a family's transport needs. Although it has two large doors the car can seat four adults and has a large boot (reference the current Morgan Aero SuperSport, but it is considerably deeper on the EvaGT with a full hatch style entry). As all Morgans the car will be fun to drive with sensitive hydraulic power steering and excellent balance. The mass is evenly distributed within the axles and the car has short overhangs.
Weight 1250 kgs
Rear wheel drive
BMW Twin Turbo straight six.
306 Bhp 400 nm torque
Choice of 6 speed manual or automatic gearbox.
ABS Brakes
Electronic Stability Control
Euro 6 and US EPA (auto only) approved
200 gms Co2/km
40 mpg 7.06 litres/100 kms
Predicted 0-60 (100km/h) 4.5 secs
Predicted V/max 170mph/273 km/h
The powertrain of the EvaGT has been developed over 3 years using BMW facilities for high speed testing, hot weather sign off and emission testing.
Designed on Catia
A development of the Aero SuperSports platform currently used in production and for the Morgan Aero SuperSports GT3 race cars
Compliant with US and European Safety standards
Continental Smart Airbag System
Designed in Alias
Aerodynamically efficient
Superplastically formed panels made from lightweight alloys. The large outer panels are adhesively bonded to inner panels that are predrilled for interior features.
Xenon lights
Wireless canbus system for reliability
EPDM rubber seals with varying shore hardness for a quiet seal to suit the aperture
Minimal shutlines
Electronic window drop
GPS system with Apple connectivity
The Morgan Motor Company is taking orders with a request for a deposit of £5000 to ensure an early allocated build slot. The first 100 cars are planned for production to begin in mid 2012."
We hope you enjoy these photos from the Pebble Beach launch; for more images of the Morgan EvaGT click here.
Morgan EvaGT Ordering System Live
Jun 18th
Morgan Motor Company have launched the ordering system for the upcoming 2 plus 2 sports coupé, the EvaGT. The system allows potential customers to register their interest in this exciting Morgan, as well as reserve a car from the initial production run of 100 cars to be built in 2012. As a continuation of the Morgan Aero line, this new sports car looks to be another exciting chapter in the 101-year history of the last of the family owned British sports car makers.
Morgan EvaGT 2+2 Sports Coupe
Jun 11th
Posted by Morgan Car News in Morgan EvaGT
The Morgan Motor Company have sent Talk Morgan and the Morgan Car News a preview of their upcoming press release for the Morgan EvaGT, previously only refereed to as the Morgan 2+2 concept. Here is the information provided by MMC: -
At a time of global conservation with a drive towards improved fuel economy the Morgan Motor Company introduces a new concept for a sporting family, the Morgan EvaGT. The four seater Coupe takes its inspiration from the British sports saloons of the early 1950's. Among these were the Bristol 400 series and the Frazer Nash BMW 328. After the Second World War rationing forced designers to conserve and make the most of the materials at their disposal. However the pressure cooker of war had also led to an abundance of innovative engineering ideas. Steel was scarce so lightweight aluminium was used for bodywork. Smooth "in-line" straight six cylinder engines were fitted to give long distance comfort and reliability. Because the engineers had often worked on aircraft development during the war aerodynamics contributed to high but economical cruising speeds.
The Morgan Motor Company is the last survivor of these British sports car manufacturers. Of course the company is lucky enough to have 100 years of continuous success behind it and like Bristol and Frazer Nash; Morgan has a history of successful collaborations with German suppliers BMW, Siemens and Bosch. But Morgan also works with a number of young engineering companies in the United Kingdom and with world class British university research departments.
The new challenge is to make cars that are more efficient than any we have seen so far. The Morgan Motor Company is in a good position to respond to this challenge because the company is small and flexible with a proven track record of fast development cycles. It currently manufactures one of the greenest sports cars in the world, the Morgan Four Four Sport. Morgan achieves this result with the use of the new Ford 1.6 Sigma engine coupled with a light chassis. Morgan currently has a young well qualified technical team working towards a potential 5 engineering PHD's, who will make full use of research departments at the University of Oxford, Cranfield and Birmingham City to tap into a technical knowledge network to make more efficient cars. This team is helping to develop a high torque electric motor twice as powerful as others of the same weight and size and a powerful lithium phosphate battery with a higher charge density to achieve the most efficient performance for weight so far.
The dynamic team at Morgan has made a commitment from 2010 that they will bring out a new model every two years. The legendary sports car manufacturer will target new niches…..electric sports cars, a fun weekend vehicle and the first of the new cars will be the Morgan EvaGT, a four seater Coupe aimed at young families, with a bit of drama or automotive theatre as we like to call it. This is a revolution for a car company famous for making the same car for 50 years!
The Morgan EvaGT
Brief provisional specification
The Morgan EvaGT makes full use of clever technologies that the Morgan Motor Company has developed to manufacture a lightweight car. Morgan was one of the first car companies to see the advantage of a bonded aluminium chassis to give rigidity but also to save weight. The EvaGT uses a further developed version of the bonded aluminium chassis of the Morgan Aero SuperSports, a chassis that successfully competes in International GT3 Sports Car Racing. Compliant with European and US safety approvals.
Morgan was the first car company in 1995 to see the benefit of superformed aluminium, an aircraft technology, to manufacture smooth accurate body parts. Morgan Design have sculpted a new shape for the Morgan EvaGT that focuses on natural materials and understands their unique technical properties. Using computer technology in design and in manufacture to ensure accuracy, the parts are then hand finished to make sure they feel as good as they look. A perfect "A" class surface, minimal shut lines, hidden wipers, flush door handles and sharp creases deflect air over the surface of the car. The new Morgan EvaGT represents a philosophy of lightweight luxury that embraces authenticity, sustainability and innovation achieving its final result through the process of skilled craftsmanship.
Technical Specification (subject to change):
BMW 3 litre straight six mono twin turbo with direct petrol injection 306bhp and 400nm torque
- Euro 5 and 6 compliant at 200 gms Co2/km, US FMVSS, CARB and EPA approved.
- 40 mpg / 7.06 litres/100kms
- 6 speed sport automatic or 6 speed manual gearbox.
- Rear wheel drive with fully independent intelligent suspension
- Aluminium body panels with a laminated internal safety structure.
- Predicted weight of 2755 lbs/1250 kg
- Predicted 0-60 mph 4.5 seconds/ 0-100km/h 4.5 seconds
- Predicted top speed 170mph / 273 km/h
The first public view of the Morgan EvaGT will be at the 60th Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance, Carmel, California, USA on the 15th August 2010.
The Morgan Motor Company will be taking orders worldwide with a request for a deposit of £5000 from prospective clients for an allocated build slot. The first 100 cars of a limited run are planned to begin production mid 2012 and the "on-road" price will be competitive for a car of this class.


text: General Description: Welcome to Enotel Lido Resort Conference & SPA - Madeira in Funchal. The closest city to the hotel is Funchal City (3 km). To make your stay more comfortable a kiosk, a lounge, air conditioning, an elevator, a reception, a hairdresser, a conference room and a lobby are available. The staff in this 10 storey hotel speaks Spanish, English, German and French. An entertainment program suited for children and a playground are available for young guests. For guests who wish to be mobile, motorbike rental, car rental and bicycle rental can be arranged. A fresh water swimming pool with a separate children's pool is available. A poolside bar is on site at the hotel where guests can unwind with a drink. Distance from the hotel to: airport FNC (25 km), disco (2 km), theater (2 km) and horse riding (20 km). The hotel is within easy reach of city centre, taxi stands, bars and restaurants, supermarkets, tourist information, shops, bus stops, cinema and medical services. The hotel ensures that disabled guests are catered for with the following amenities: a ramp or level access, wheelchair suitable bathrooms and wheelchair suitable lift. For your entertainment the hotel features a TV lounge. Vehicles may be parked in the garage and the parking lot. Amenities: For convenience the hotel offers ironing service, maid service, babysitting, a safe, concierge, laundry service, wake-up service, medical care and room service. Internet access is provided in internet rooms and at wifi-hotspots. This family friendly hotel offers a children's pool and babysitting service to ensure a comfortable stay for parents as well as young guests. The hotel offers a conference room where the following are featured: translator service, internet access, secretary and catering service. Reception hours: 24h Service. Meals: Breakfast it is provided from 07:30 - 10:30 in the following variations: Buffet, Continental. The hotel has 4 restaurants. A snack bar is also available throughout the day. Evenings can be spent at the lobby bar. Sport and Leisure: Activities such as billiards, darts, animation programmes and table tennis are offered at the hotel. At Enotel Lido Resort Conference & SPA - Madeira recreational amenities include a Turkish bath, a hamam, a sauna, a steam room, a whirlpool, a relaxation room, a thalasso, a spa and massages. Guests who wish to be active on holiday can enjoy activities such as aerobics and exercise in the fitness room. Golfers have the opportunity to play at the nearest golf course which is 8 km from the hotel. The hotel offers the following , for guests to enjoy (weather and season permitting): live music and evening shows. Additional Information: Payment facilities include Diners Club, Euro/Master Card, American Express and Visa Card. Additional fees may apply for certain facilities, amenities or activities.


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Software regression
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)(Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A software regression is a software bug that makes a feature stop functioning as intended after a certain event (for example, a system upgrade, system patching or a change to daylight saving time).[1] A software performance regression is a situation where the software still functions correctly, but performs slowly or uses more memory than before.
Regressions are often caused by encompassed bug fixes included in software patches. One approach to avoiding this kind of problem is regression testing. A properly designed test plan aims at preventing this possibility before releasing any software.[2] Automated testing and well-written test cases can reduce the likelihood of a regression.
A software regression can be of one of three types:[citation needed]
- Local – a change introduces a new bug in the changed module or component.
- Remote – a change in one part of the software breaks functionality in another module or component.
- Unmasked – a change unmasks an already existing bug that had no effect before the change.
See alsoEdit
- ^ Yehudai, Amiram; Tyszberowicz, Shmuel; Nir, Dor (2007). Locating Regression Bugs (PDF). Haifa Verification Conference. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
- ^ Richardson, Jared; Gwaltney, William Jr (2006). Ship It! A Practical Guide to Successful Software Projects. Raleigh, NC: The Pragmatic Bookshelf. pp. 32, 193. ISBN 978-0-9745140-4-8.
|This software article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


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Why do so many people find maths difficult to get their head around? Why does it feel so natural to some to process an equation in milliseconds, and yet for others it's like banging their heads against a wall?
We all know that everyone has their strengths and weaknesses, right? One main factor is to do with which side of the brain you use the most – this often determines what your strengths and weaknesses are naturally.
There are varying scientific opinions on the reality of the brain function, but the common conception is as follows.
The right brain functions are:
Reading emotions
Processing Music
Non rational
Face recognitions
The left brain functions are:
Critical thinking
The right side of the brain operates the left side of the body, and left brain operates the right side. Which is why people often say that left handers are more creative because commonly their right brain is dominant.
The brain works out what is the most efficient way of working, and contrary to some beliefs, the left and right do work with each other. For example, a left hander might throw balls with their right hand, the brain has worked out (in this particular person's case) that their right hand is dominant in this activity. However, most left handers will throw with their left hand, and vice versa.
Only around 10% of the population are lefties, but there are many right handers that are predominantly right brainers, which goes to prove that both sides can, and do, work together, even though they are physically two separate entities joined just by a bundle of nerve tissues known as the corpus callosum, which is how the two hemispheres communicate with each other.
When it comes to maths, it doesn't mean to say that just because you're left handed, you are no good at maths – that definitely doesn't have to be true!! There are right-handers who tend to have dominance on their left or right brain – so there is no hard and fast rule. Left-handers and people who are ambidextrous commonly have more of a symmetrical brain – hence why left-handers or right brainers can also do maths! So, you may be more of a left brain or right brain, but you can work on your weaker areas to develop them – a bit like exercising and developing muscles in areas you didn't really use much. I am left handed (and more of a right brainer), and I now use right handed scissors – I found it very awkward as a child to use my right hand for cutting, but as there were usually only right handed scissors around eventually I got used it, and now it is totally normal.
So you CAN train your brain to be good at maths!! It may not come to you as easily but with some regular brain workouts, it is possible.
Both sides of the brain are involved, to some extent, in almost all learning activities. However many learning activities include reading, writing and listening which are left-brain activities – which means a combination of learning methods would benefit, giving your less used side a fair workout. Whichever side of your brain is less dominant, it would be of some benefit if you worked on it to make your learning an easier ride, so let's see what can be done about it…
Let's learn how to use both sides of the brain.
Right brain thinkers try some of these:
- Learn some of your maths in different ways, DVD's, online quizzes, physical revision techniques, visualise maths so your brain understands it.
- Plan your life – set goals and keep track of your progress
- Play complex games i.e. chess
- Train your left brain by using numbers, practise maths – this will actually help develop both of hemispheres of your brain.
Left brain thinkers try some of these:
- Listen to music while reading (this exercises your right brain)
- Find a creative hobby – this will increase use of your right brain, and help creative problem solving.
- If you're a number cruncher, take a breather and do some right brain thinking…imagine, think creatively!
- Try solving problems visually where possible
Other suggestions that help anyone:
Exercise before or during studying – it increases brain function. Sitting down decreases brain function by as much as 15 per cent. NB: it doesn't have to be a workout, it can be light exercise (!) walking around and so on).
Connect both left and right hemispheres by practising some of these: describe a picture or diagram; visualise a written description; convert some text into a picture; turn keywords into a poem.
Using graphs to help decipher information, gets both sides of your brain working – looking at the graph is a right brain activity, however describing patterns in the graph either written or verbally is a left brain activity.
Challenge yourself by doing a maths quiz, you can watch some mini lessons first, then try the quiz to see how much you remember – flex those brain muscles!
Watch a video to boost your brain power – brain exercises to strengthen your left and right brain connection.
Try using some Brain training apps that help you exercise both sides – strengthen your weaknesses and have fun at the same time!
While you're strengthening your brain mentally, don't forget that it needs nourishment to ensure it is able to work well – make sure it has enough good food, is hydrated and that it gets plenty of sleep.
Good luck with your brain training! Which side do you need to exercise?


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Here are the upcoming due dates for Martin's cards (our Scout Account fundraiser).
Details about our Martin's card fundraiser: Link to P883 Website – Martin\'s Cards
February 3
February 22
March 29
The March 29 order will be my last since Nathan will bridge at the April 5 meeting!
Kelly Thimmesch


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Your Thanksgiving feast is long gone, and you've spent the last few weeks actively trying to forget about the obscene amounts of creamy pie, sodium-filled dressing and bloat-inducing cocktails you ingested over the holiday. While it tasted glorious at the time, all of the sugar, dairy, carbs and alcohol can wreak havoc on your appearance by leaving you with the dreaded puffy, bloated face.
Before yet another delicious holiday meal creeps up around Christmas time, make sure you take the necessary skin-soothing steps to de-puff your face and refresh your total appearance.
What You'll Need
Cold water
Witch hazel
Cucumber (cold, preferably)
Green tea bags
Ice cub tray
Now What?
1. Start by filling up your bathroom sink with cold water; add in a cup of ice cubes.
2. Pour 1/3 cup of witch hazel into the water, then dunk your whole face in the solution up to ten times; gently pat your face dry.
3. Remove the cucumber from the refrigerator and cut it into thin slices; lay them directly on your closed eyelids for three minutes, then replace with fresh ones and leave on for another three to five minutes.
4. Lastly, if you're still feeling bloated after that, brew some fresh, strong green tea; let cool, then pour the green tea into an ice cube tray and freeze overnight.
5. Simply take out an ice cube in the morning and run it all over your puffy face, concentrating on the puffiest parts.
Why it works
1. The cold water helps to shrink your capillaries and stimulate drainage, and the witch hazel has natural anti-inflammatory effects.
2. The cucumbers help to force the puffiness away while simultaneously soothing the skin.
3. The green tea not only helps reduce the swollen look, but it's also very high in antioxidants, which is exceptionally good for your skin.


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Wicked little Game – MeritousMay 6th, 2009 | By admin
Meritus Stumbled upon this as I was going through the available games in Ubuntu today. Anyways this is a wickedly fun little dungeon crawler gam with some great game mechanics that make it challenging, strategic and fun. Definitely recommend everyone go check it out. I believe the game world is procedurally generated as there are
[continue reading…]


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Life Stories and Life Strategies of Parents and their Children with Dyslexia
Devilbiss, Urith Ann
Lieber, Joan
Hendricks, Susan
Kohl, Frances
Maccini, Paula
MetadataShow full item record
Learning to read is an essential life skill. Recent Educational policy initiatives at the national level have emphasized the importance of reading as an essential life skill in American society. The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001 states the commitment of President Bush to ensuring that every child in the United States of America can read by the end of third grade. Thus, this act has the potential to impact one of the three groups in the elementary learning to read population. The group of elementary aged children who struggle to learn to read will have difficulty becoming literate. The child who struggles to learn to read may be identified as possibly having a condition that is described in the literature as dyslexia. Dyslexia is often a misunderstood, misdiagnosed secret shame for those individuals who are identified with this condition. The impact of this diagnosis on the individual as well as their families causes much confusion among these individuals as well as among all of the scientific fields (educational, medical and psychological) dedicated to helping the child and their family. First person accounts of how elementary-aged children and their families accommodate for their child's dyslexia need to be given a voice in all of the scientific communities that study dyslexia. Recording and researching the daily life experiences will open the door to view the many struggles that these children face. The children's understanding of their dyslexia and the accommodations the children and their families make for the dyslexia is an important but missing area in the literature. Providing an outlet for these missing voices should encourage better communication among all the professions especially interested in the study of dyslexia. Then, living daily with dyslexia can be more readily understood and will not forever remain a hidden, shadowy, and often misunderstood, secret shame.


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Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul #WimpyKid #ad
Calling all Wimps! 20th Century Fox's DIARY OF A WIMPY KID: THE LONG HAUL opens in theaters this Friday, May 19!
Note: Prizing and samples courtesy of 20th Century Fox. I'll also receive the same prize, however any personal views expressed are always 100% my own.
To celebrate I'm sharing the news about the movie and the brand new site where you can create your own family road trip photo in the style of Jeff Kinney's Diary of a Wimpy Kid.
Now you can make an awesome #WimpyKid memory to share with everybody by going to www.WimpYourself.com
Then get ready to have a Wimpy Kid adventure.
Buckle up for a wild summer. Diary of a #WimpyKid: The Long Haul
In DIARY OF A WIMPY KID: THE LONG HAUL, based on the record-breaking book series, a family road trip to attend Meemaw's 90th birthday party goes hilariously off course--thanks to Greg's newest scheme to (finally!) become famous.
Starring: Jason Ian Drucker, Charlie Wright, Owen Asztalos, Tom Everett Scott, Alicia Silverstone
Directed By: David Bowers
Written By: Jeff Kinney and David Bowers
Produced By: Nina Jacobson, Brad Simpson
To learn more about DIARY OF A WIMPY KID: THE LONG HAUL, visit - www.wimpykidmovie.com
Facebook - www.facebook.com/wimpykidmovie
Twitter - www.twitter.com/WimpyKidMovie
Instagram - www.instagram.com/WimpyKidMovie
- (1) $25 Visa to see the film in theaters
- (1) Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul Hardcover book
Open to US mailing addresses only
Prizing and samples courtesy of 20th Century Fox
Entries must be made on or before 11:59 p.m. May 19, 2017.
a Rafflecopter giveaway
Winner will be selected by random.org. Giveaway entry must be completed before extra entries will count. Winner will be contacted by email and must respond within 24 hours or a new winner will be selected. Open to residents of the U.S. with a valid street address.


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Posted on July 6, 2015
Introducing my newest arrivals: Custom Baby Announcement Prints! What better way to celebrate a new baby than with a unique and personal print?
This week's Print of the Week is a true keepsake that can be personalized just for your little one and also makes a perfect gift.
Baby's name and birthday stats including weight, length, time, and birthplace are featured in charming detail.
You can order your print as a 5×7 for $20 or an 8×10 for $25.
Each print is carefully printed on acid free, high quality art paper with a matte finish, using archival-quality inks. (Mat and frame are not included.)
You can select up to three colors (see color palette) to match your nursery décor.
If you have your own poem or quote that you would like to have made into a print, I can always create a custom piece just for you. Be sure to check back next week for the new Print of the Week!
Category: GIFTS, NEW PRINTS, PRINT OF THE WEEK, TYPOGRAPHY Tagged: announcement, art, baby, birth print, birth stats, decor, fine art prints, kids room, nursery, print, typographic print


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Quarterback Luke Del Rio is transferring from Alabama to Oregon State.
Coach Mike Riley announced Saturday that the 6-foot-2, 203-pound Del Rio, the son of Denver Broncos defensive coordinator Jack Del Rio, signed a financial aid agreement at his new school.
"We are very excited that Luke has chosen to join the Oregon State Football program," Riley said in a statement. "He is an exceptional young man and will be a great representative of Beaver Nation on and off the field."
Del Rio redshirted last season and will have to sit out a year before being eligible to play three seasons.
ESPN rated Del Rio as the No. 27 pocket passer and No. 2 player in Colorado out of high school.


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An entire day has passed since baby girl left on the bus. She is gone, but not forgotten.
I still have "blog please" notes scattered around the house. She began a campaign to have her own blog some time ago. The other day, I suggested that she write a sticky note so I would remember to talk with the Papa about letting her have her own blog and e-mail. She posted about a hundred around the house. She even had some on the toilet seat, "Blog" on the top of the lid, and "Please" on the bottom part. This seemed to be more persuasive that just sitting and asking, "Please? Please? Please?(ad infinium)." She even wrote a letter to us as an assignment in her writing class, arguing the finer points of having a blog, and e-mail.
Her persuasive campaign was effective. I don't understand the technical part of all of it, but Symantec has a "beta" family program they're working on. It has something to do with parental control with blogs and email, so Emma and Paul are users for this new program. One of the features is has is to alert us when she invites a new person on her email list, or invites someone to view her blog.
We're still working on the details of the context of the posts, what she can and can't put on the page, but her blog is up and running.
I keep wondering if she's taking notes while on her trip, or if she has a new idea for a post.
I would like to say that I am spontaneous about what I post on, but sometimes I might have "staged" photos knowing that the photo may, or may not make the blog. So, I have several photos, with a story waiting to happen. I'm also beginning to realize that I do have a camera on my phone, so when I feel absolutely compelled to snap a photo, I can.
Except...I have to figure out how to get in on my computer, to get it to my blog.


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Syngenta Files 2013 Annual Report for Syngenta Finance NV
24 Mar, 2014, 14:00 GMT
BASEL, Switzerland, March 24, 2014 /PRNewswire/ --
Syngenta announced that the 2013 annual report for Syngenta Finance NV has been filed with the London Stock Exchange and the Netherlands Authority for the Financial Markets (AFM).
The document is available on the Syngenta corporate website here.
Hard copies of the financial statements are available to investors free of charge upon request.
Syngenta is one of the world's leading companies with more than 28,000 employees in over 90 countries dedicated to our purpose: Bringing plant potential to life. Through world-class science, global reach and commitment to our customers we help to increase crop productivity, protect the environment and improve health and quality of life. For more information about us please go to http://www.syngenta.com
Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This document contains forward-looking statements, which can be identified by terminology such as 'expect', 'would', 'will', 'potential', 'plans', 'prospects', 'estimated', 'aiming', 'on track' and similar expressions. Such statements may be subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause the actual results to differ materially from these statements. We refer you to Syngenta's publicly available filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission for information about these and other risks and uncertainties. Syngenta assumes no obligation to update forward-looking statements to reflect actual results, changed assumptions or other factors. This document does not constitute, or form part of, any offer or invitation to sell or issue, or any solicitation of any offer, to purchase or subscribe for any ordinary shares in Syngenta AG, or Syngenta ADSs, nor shall it form the basis of, or be relied on in connection with, any contract therefor.
SOURCE Syngenta International AG


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Content Count15
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About leonardo-aguiar
- Birthday 10/02/1980
Personal Information
Field of Work
(Product) design
R&D / Exploration
3D printer
Ultimaker 2
- On The Web
Recent Profile Visitors
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Thank you for the info geert_2. Do you suggest any LEDs strips available for sale that should work better / last longer with the Ultimaker2?
leonardo-aguiar started following A few tips for getting better prints, Led failure, Printing speed and and 5 others
Hi guys, I have an UM2 and its LEDs haven't been turning on for a while now. I finally took them off and would like some help if possible. I have checked the board and when it's on the pins for the LEDs are giving 24V. I pulled up its report and this is the info it gave me: Machine on for: 2588:20 Printing: 2174:48 Mat: 3854m What do the first two mean? Is the format hours:minutes? Attached are some pictures of the LEDs, One of the wires leading from one strip to another has its insulation stripped off some how. I'm not sure if this is the issue because I checked the strips continuity and all segments are fine. I did this by scraping the glue off of the back side of the strips where there are visible electrical contacts. I checked with a multimeter. Even where the LED's contacts are really brown (in one picture) there still is a working connection there. As for the brownish aspect of the LEDs, I think this might be a sign that they have gone bad. Does anyone know what this might be? Thanks for the help.
Thanks for helping gr5. I upgraded my UM2 with the e3D Titan extruder and hotend. My goal is to optimize print time depending on quality. 0.8mm nozzle x 0.4mm layers x 100mm/s speed = 32mm^3/s That's way above the 10mm^3/s throughput you talked about for the 0.4mm nozzle. Is there a way to calculate the max throughput for different nozzle sizes? It's finally good to know that the UM2 black feeder should be kept around 5lbs. I think I might have been printing too fast for many of my prints. Too many failures made me buy the e3D upgrade.
Shouldn't it say "a bit below my recommended"?
I'm planning on testing speeds for my printer so I did the table in the above post. Is it safe to say that since the throughputs are low when printing with lower layer heights, then I can increase the speeds drastically?
Nozzle Diameter (mm) Layer Height (mm) Print Speed (mm/min) Print Speed (mm/sec) Throughput (mm^3/sec) 0.40 0.05 1000.00 16.67 0.33 2000.00 33.33 0.67 3000.00 50.00 1.00 4000.00 66.67 1.33 5000.00 83.33 1.67 0.10 1000.00 16.67 0.67 2000.00 33.33 1.33 3000.00 50.00 2.00 4000.00 66.67 2.67 5000.00 83.33 3.33 0.15 1000.00 16.67 1.00 2000.00 33.33 2.00 3000.00 50.00 3.00 4000.00 66.67 4.00 5000.00 83.33 5.00 0.20 1000.00 16.67 1.33 2000.00 33.33 2.67 3000.00 50.00 4.00 4000.00 66.67 5.33 5000.00 83.33 6.67 0.25 1000.00 16.67 1.67 2000.00 33.33 3.33 3000.00 50.00 5.00 4000.00 66.67 6.67 5000.00 83.33 8.33 0.30 1000.00 16.67 2.00 2000.00 33.33 4.00 3000.00 50.00 6.00 4000.00 66.67 8.00 5000.00 83.33 10.00
0.4 x 0.2 x 50 = 4 no?
Hi gr5, Now that you mentioned it, I noticed that the nozzle is visibly further to the right in comparison with the original UM2 hot end. I'm guessing I need to adjust Cura for this? I don't know how. Do you? Thanks
Error: Tried printing out of printing area - SOLVED
leonardo-aguiar replied to gr5's topic in Ultimaker 3D printersOK. Thanks. Started this topic: I checked the machine settings. The width and depth were set to 230 x 230. Reduced it to 205x205 now. Will check if the problem persists. Thanks again.
Hi community, I've upgraded my UM2's extruder and hot end to the e3D titan kit. For some reason my prints are showing up centralized in Cura (15.04.6) but on the print bed they are off to the right and for one print all the models were yellow in Cura but then during the print I got an error message that the printer tried to print outside of the print area. Any tips for what might be the cause of this? Thanks
Error: Tried printing out of printing area - SOLVED
leonardo-aguiar replied to gr5's topic in Ultimaker 3D printersSo just to confirm. Dirty SD contacts can cause the printer to incorrectly position the head and go outside of the print area. Right? If the SD contacts have been checked and the issue persists, where would you begin trouble shooting? Just some background info. I upgraded my UM2 to have an e3D titan extruder and hot end. Now my sliced gcode looks centralized in Cura but my prints are way off to the right side on the print bed.
Underextrusion at top left corner of bed
leonardo-aguiar posted a topic in Ultimaker 3D printersHi guys, I had a print where one of the corners of the print bed had underextrusion issues. Images are at the flickr link below. Underextrusion issue Has this ever happened to anyone? Does someone know what could be the cause of this? Thanks. Best regards. Leo
UM2: Nozzle not heating up anymore
leonardo-aguiar replied to sebastian's topic in Ultimaker 3D printersHi Sebastian, Were you able to remove the broken heater cartridge out of the heater block? If so how? I have this same problem. I think the heater cartridge fused with the heater block due to a tight fit and a long print. A while ago I had some heater blocks locally made. I was surprised that the technical drawing of the heater block (provided at the Ultimaker GitHub repo) did not specifiy the diameter of the hole for the heater cartridge. Attached is the technical drawing of the heater block. Does anyone know what this diameter should be? Since the heater cartridge has a 4mm diameter should the heater block hole for it have a 4.1mm diameter? Or should it be greater still? How much does the heater cartridge expand when it is heated? How much does the heater block hole expand when heated? Thanks for helping guys. Best regards. Leo
Is this still a WIP?
UM2 Nozzle deteriorating and desintegrating
leonardo-aguiar replied to andwew's topic in Ultimaker 3D printersThis has just happened to me. After a week of printing with glow in the dark filament (not colorfabb) I switched filaments to another ABS. I was getting a lot of under extrusion so I decided to take the nozzle apart. The glow in the dark filament had already caused various clogs so I figured I had another one. I printed maybe around 70 hrs with it. I ended up using a full 1kg spool. I uploaded a picture of my nozzle to Flickr. The damage on the sides is from when I was holding on to it with plyers while I cleaned the insides with a pick in an acetone bath. The filament would gunk up and latch on to the inner walls. It would take a good 40min of jabbing at it to make the burnt filament snap off. I was running it at 230ºC, well within the 220-260ºC range specified on the packaging. Here's the link to the photo: If glow in the dark filament can do this to brass what can air born nano particles of it do to our lungs? Does anyone know where I can get a replacement in São Paulo, Brazil?


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Mariposa Bakery Gluten-Free Chocolate Croissants, Set of 8
- Only at Williams Sonoma
- Exclusive
- Vendor Shipped
Easy, hassle-free returns online and in-store for eligible items.Learn More
Earn 2x Rewards4 That's 10% back in rewards when you use your Williams Sonoma Credit Card at Williams Sonoma 12/14 - 12/21.Apply Now Learn More
- Summary
When Patti Furey Crane was pregnant with her first child, she craved high-quality, gluten-free sweets. Options were few and far between, though, so she decided to make them herself. In 2004, she opened a bakery devoted entirely to gluten-free confections and called it Mariposa, meaning "butterfly" in Spanish, because of her belief in transforming lives through healthy eating. Her chocolate croissants are light and tender, made from scratch with Guittard semisweet chocolate, creamy butter and fragrant vanilla. Simply heat until golden brown, and you can enjoy delicious gluten-free croissants fresh from the oven.
- Includes 8 croissants.
- 6.2 oz. total.
- Made in a 100% dedicated gluten-free facility.
- Shipped frozen to arrive chilled.
- Made in USA.
- Use & Care
Receiving Instructions
- The croissants are shipped frozen to arrive chilled. Upon receipt, remove croissants from the shipping container and place them in the freezer, where they will keep for up to one month.
- The croissants arrive fully baked and only need to be reheated. Preheat oven to 350°F. Place croissants on a baking sheet and warm in oven for 4–6 minutes until warm and golden. Alternatively, microwave for 10 seconds to reheat croissants.
- Ingredients
- Gluten-free flour blend (organic brown rice flour, tapioca starch, potato starch, organic amaranth flour), organic milk, unsalted butter, eggs, organic unrefined cane sugar, yeast, xanthan gum, sea salt, beet fiber, pure vanilla, ascorbic acid.
- Chocolate Filling: Semisweet chocolate (sugar, unsweetened chocolate, cocoa butter, dextrose, milk fat [butter]) and soya lecithin.
- Shipping
Shipping Information
Please allow 2-7 business days for processing and delivery. This gives our artisan partners time to prepare your order with exceptional care and attention to detail. A more accurate delivery date will be quoted on the payment page. Perishable food items are not eligible for rush shipping. Please not that we do not ship perishable food items outside the contiguous 48 states or to P.O. Boxes.
Shipping Rates
The shipping rate varies depending on your order total and shipping destination. View Shipping Options and Charges.
Next Day Delivery
For an additional charge of $26 per address, we can expedite delivery to most destinations. This service is not available for some oversize items, items shipped directly from the supplier (including perishable and custom-manufactured items), out-of-stock items and items to be shipped outside the contiguous 48 states.
Orders received by 9:00 p.m. ET Monday through Thursday will arrive the next business day; orders placed Friday through Sunday will arrive on the following Tuesday.
Return Policy
At Williams Sonoma, we take great pride in the quality and craftsmanship of our products. Attention to design, materials, safety and construction are our priority. Upon receipt, please inspect your purchase and notify us of any damage; we will arrange for a prompt replacement.
If within 30 days, you are dissatisfied for any reason, you may return your purchase for a refund of the merchandise value. An original receipt or gift receipt is required for all returns and exchanges. Returns with a gift receipt will be refunded in the form of a Merchandise Credit for the amount indicated on the gift receipt. Returns with original receipt will be refunded in the original form of payment, cash and check refunds over $100 will be issued as a company check (may take 14 business days from time of request).
For all cutlery returns (knife sets, single knives, cutting boards, knife sharpeners and knife storage), please contact us at 888.922.4108 to initiate the return.
We cannot accept returns on monogrammed, personalized, special-order items, custom upholstery, food, items shipped direct from the vendor or on items damaged through normal wear and tear. Final sale items ending in .97 or .99 cannot be returned.
Made to Order and Final Sale Furniture items are non-returnable and cannot be cancelled once the order is placed.
For returns of items purchased from your Williams Sonoma Gift Registry, we will gladly provide a refund or exchange for the merchandise within 90 days of your event or within 90 days of purchase, whichever date is later. View Full Returns Policy.
Rated 5 out of 5 by Michaela17 from Oh, it's been so long... I've been GF for 11 years due to wheat allergy, and I had croissant dreams for the first two of those. These are definitely a treat due to cost, but they hit the mark for me. I tried some from a bakery in DC last year, and they had the flavor but not the consistency. These had both. Thank you, Mariposa, for giving me back a moment of joy. ❤Date published: 2017-04-27Rated 4 out of 5 by Andyz14 from Next best thing to the real thing I've been missing croissants so badly since being diagnosed with celiac 3 years ago. I used to order them off this site all the time for myself and friends. Then these popped up. THey're actually really quite good. You have to heat them up just right in the toaster oven. But wow, almost as good as the real thing. I was pleasantly surprised and my mouth is very happy as I'm enjoying one right now. The only downside is the price. It's definitely going to be a rare special treat to order these again. But they came beautifully packaged. There were instructions. I def recommend heating them up for a few minutes in the toaster oven.Date published: 2017-02-15


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Welcome to our lighting company, where, with dedication and passion, chandeliers, sconces, ceiling lights, lamps and handcrafted wrought iron lamps are created and produced, paying particular attention to "handmade".
Our chandeliers, wall lights, ceiling lights and lamps are delivered with a Warranty Certificate, to confirm that the item is made entirely by hand in our factory, testifying to an artistic craftsmanship.
All our lamps can be customized and made to measure.We give the possibility to choose the color of the frame and to modify the specified measures.We can design and manufacture a lamp with a drawing or a photo, with our in-house technical studio, offering a customized lighting service.
What are chandeliers ???
and how to choose the right chandelier ...