text:
Professor Carter's Collection
Amateur Naturalists and their Museums
Edwin Carter was an Episcopalian, a miner, and a passionate naturalist. He drifted west during the Pike's Peak gold rush, settling down in the mining camp of Breckenridge, Colorado, where he began to hunt and stuff local game. When he died in 1900, probate examiners found more than 3,300 glassy-eyed rabbits, mountain goats, and grizzly bears patiently waiting in his one-room cabin.
At first, Carter collected randomly, indiscriminately. He dragged home bear in the morning and filled his pockets with chickadee in the afternoon. But by 1870, he began to hunt more systematically, intent on building a complete and carefully catalogued collection of Colorado fauna. Each evening, he consulted a few well-thumbed zoology textbooks, took up a stumpy lead pencil and brown wrapping paper, and scribbled down notes on the animals he had shot that day. Each animal merited a separate and individually numbered scrap of paper, which he threaded onto a loop of bailing wire. By the late 1880s, gunny sacks holding thousands of loops of these wrinkled scraps filled the corners of Carter's cabin.Work required Americans to keep a close eye on the natural world, for most still wrung a living from understanding and manipulating nature.
The animal bodies that banked the walls of Carter's small abode became the foundations of the Colorado Museum of Natural History, one of the largest natural history museums west of the Mississippi. And the crumpled slips that accompanied these bodies eventually became one of the most complete records of Colorado fauna ever created. Squinting through the dim of his cabin each evening, Carter had managed to compile a scientific census so scrupulously detailed that twentieth-century biologists did not hesitate to use it in their own work.
Carter's passion for the natural world was by no means unique. Neither was his ongoing effort to collect and meticulously examine nature's wonders up close. Though few committed themselves to collecting with such single-mindedness, late-nineteenth-century Americans of disparate circumstances and regions shared Carter's impulse to explore and accumulate pieces of the natural world.
Their obsessions and compilations found their way into the natural history museums that mushroomed across the United States at the end of the century. Historians have long described wealthy philanthropists and civic boosters as the engines of museum building, but credit for the establishment of natural history museums, especially those built in the American West, should be shared with men and women like Carter. City councils and industrialists funded museums' brick facades and purchased their showiest specimens, but amateur naturalists—and the carefully tended collections they proffered—were equally important contributors to these new museums.
Fig. 1. Edwin Carter, supervised by some of the hundreds of animal heads he mounted over the course of his life. Photograph by E. D. Peabody, c. 1899. All rights reserved, Image Archives, Denver Museum of Nature & Science. Courtesy of the Denver Museum of Nature & Science, Denver, Colorado.
Fig. 2. Photograph of the inside of Edwin Carter's cabin, Breckenridge, Colorado. All rights reserved, Image Archives, Denver Museum of Nature & Science. Courtesy of the Denver Museum of Nature & Science, Denver, Colorado.
"Natural Science Knows No Caste"
Americans in the last few decades of the nineteenth century used the descriptor "naturalist" frequently and flexibly, indicating just how inclusive the study of nature was at that time. The label was applied to professional students of nature, who, Adam-like, named and identified animals, plants, and minerals in order to create an encyclopedic catalogue of the myriad forms of nature. But diarists, authors and journalists also used the term to describe serious butterfly collectors, international explorers, government entomologists, woodsmen with a good eye for timber, landscape painters, bird watchers, and sportsmen with deep knowledge of the places they hunted. Nearly anyone who avidly pursued the study of the natural world, past or present, indoors or out, could be described as a naturalist.
By their own broad standards, most nineteenth-century Americans could describe themselves as naturalists in one way or another. They had to be, given how close they lived to the land. In the 1870s and 1880s, city could not be distinguished as easily from country as it could half a century later, for as writer John Burroughs exulted, "nature, wild and unkempt, comes to its very threshold, and even in many places crosses it." Even in the nation's most populous cities, tracts of wilderness, farmland, and densely settled neighborhoods still nestled against one another—Brooklyn, the third largest municipality in the nation, lay just to the southwest of a large primeval forest and was still considered the vegetable capital of the United States. Weather, weeds, and pests had little respect for doors, windows and walls. Across the night skies, both citydwellers and the loneliest homesteaders could see thousands of stars. Animals—sources of transportation, food, labor and clothing—crawled, crept, flapped and plodded through crowded streets and open plains.
Work required Americans to keep a close eye on the natural world, for most still wrung a living from understanding and manipulating nature. Settlers and farmers kept painstaking records of planting and harvesting dates, crop yields or sightings of predatory animals, and the practice of daily observation inevitably provided them with insights into natural processes and phenomena, and transformed a great many into amateur naturalists. Those extracting natural resources for industrial purposes were no less attuned to the natural world. Their work often required climbing directly into or onto nature, mining or cutting or picking or bending it into some serviceable form they could sell. And the work of the household also demanded knowledge of climate, flora and fauna, for well into the 1890s, most Americans still grew, gathered and ground bits of nature into medicines, fuel, foodstuffs, and decoration.
Late-nineteenth-century Americans turned to nature for recreation too, for it provided a universally accessible form of entertainment. Seasons provided ice to skate on, fruit to pick, and flowers to gather. Swimming usually involved mud, tadpoles, fish, or leeches. In their leisure time, Americans explored the outdoors in all kind of ways, and often brought their booty home for closer examination or as incontrovertible proof of their exploits. Children petted unclaimed dogs, touched dead birds, and adopted wild animals as pets. Parents rarely blinked when their progeny came home with pockets full of agates, birds' nests, and trembling mice, though they did expect boys and girls to restrict themselves to different provinces of the natural world. Middle-class parents encouraged their daughters to "botanize" and paint local plant life, while fathers of all means gave teenage sons rifles to bring down game for sport, bounty, or table.
Though most Americans learned about the natural world through immediate experience, they also pursued more information about it in more formal fashion. They listened intently as Chautauqua group leaders and lantern-slide lecturers discussed the natural world from a scientific perspective. They leafed through popular magazines and scientific journals, illustrated almanacs and "nature novels," to understand more about the bounty tenderly laid out on porches or parlor tables. Though science was poorly—and infrequently—taught in schools, scientists and educational reformers pushed for better instruction on the topic; by the end of the century, high school students pored over zoology, botany, physiology, and anatomy textbooks, while their younger brothers and sisters collected plants and animals for nature study classes.
Fig. 3. Agricultural and horticultural journals like The Lancaster Farmer casually combined popular and academic science, and counted both farmers and university-trained researchers among their readers and contributors. The Lancaster Farmer, vol. 7, no. 8., cover and pp. 113-114. Ed. Simon S. Rathvon, printed by Pearsol and Geist (Lancaster, Penn.: Wylie and Griest, 1875). Accessed from www.archive.org; book contributor LancasterHistory.org. Click on images to enlarge in new window.
This public interest in understanding and uncovering the origins, behavior and capacities of the natural environment was hardly surprising. "And why not?" wrote clergyman and entomologist Henry McCook in 1889. "The study of natural science…knows no caste." Nature, after all, was inseparably entwined with the daily existence of most people, and its study provided many of them with a tremendous source of pleasure. "The only truly happy men I have ever known were naturalists," mused Dr. Robert James Farquharson to fellow members of the Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences in 1883.
Though the boundaries between amateur and authority, between naturalist and scientist, remained relatively permeable until the twentieth century, science gradually solidified into a professional pursuit in the nineteenth. And as natural history gave way to biology and Ph.Ds became prerequisites for research positions, naturalists struggled to understand their increasingly uncertain status. By the end of the 1890s, specialized training, elaborate infrastructure, and new methodologies cordoned off many topics from even the most diligent amateurs. Yet a number of amateur naturalists still maintained that anyone—even an itinerant miner in Colorado like Edwin Carter—could make important contributions to the larger body of scientific knowledge through collection and observation.
Professional field scientists hesitated to discourage this kind of thought. Well into the twentieth century, far-flung networks of amateur naturalists with deep knowledge of particular places and habitats were extraordinarily important to the production of scientific knowledge. Many professional scientists acknowledged—some readily, some reluctantly—the enormous overlap between their own interests and practices and those of accomplished amateurs like Carter. And most scientists hoped to fan, not dim, the enthusiasm of young naturalists like sixteen-year-old William Beebe, who confided to his journal that "to be a Naturalist is better than to be a King."
"Agreeable and Instructive Recreation"
Of all the ways of relating to the natural world, collecting was one of the most popular in the late nineteenth-century United States. Collecting afforded "those whose tastes run in that direction a very agreeable and instructive recreation, and the means of employing pleasantly and profitably hours of enforced idleness which might otherwise be passed in far more harmful ways," explained Smithsonian ornithologist Robert Ridgway in 1887. Locating desired objects provided considerable entertainment, and once collected, those objects could be studied and swapped.
Fig. 4. Though ornithological collecting was limited almost exclusively to men in the nineteenth century, bird-watching was a popular recreation for both genders. Frontispiece from How We Went Birds'-Nesting: Field, Wood and Meadow Rambles, by Amanda Bartlett Harris. Illustrations by G. F. Barnes (Boston: D. Lothrop & Company, 1880.) Cairns Collection of American Women Writers. Courtesy of the Department of Special Collections, Memorial Library, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Fig. 5. Aided by chromolithography, publishers rushed to produce illustrated volumes on nature and natural history for children. Prang's Natural History was one of the most popular of these series. "Great Blue Heron: Wading Birds," lithograph (20.5 x 13 cm). Lith. and published by L. Prang & Co. Taken from Prang's Natural History Series for Children, vol. 2 (Boston, 1878.) Courtesy of the American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts.
Collectors found handling the specimens they had amassed to be an intensely pleasurable emotional and physical experience. Ornithologist Frank Chapman, for instance, described the sensation as exhilarating, and admitted to longing for the pleasures of proximity. "Only the bird in the hand will satisfy that desire for intimate, exact knowledge" of the specimen, he wrote in his autobiography, a desire "which obsess[es] the naturalist." His own "intimate and constant association with specimens" was "an endless source of pleasure and information," he recalled, "tinged with the romance of exploration."
Best of all, collectors could use objects as springboards for stories, telling tales about how they had obtained particular specimens through adventurous travel or trade, serendipity or scientific discovery. "To spend a night with him," Chapman wrote of a naturalist friend whose interests had taken him to South America, "was almost like a journey to the Amazon. Swinging in a Brazilian hammock with a skin of the Hyacinthine Macaw in my hands, listening to [his] thrilling account of how he had shot this rare bird, the pages of Bates and Wallace acquired a more vivid meaning, and here was firmly planted in my mind a desire to visit the tropics."
Collecting was not only personally gratifying, but was also critical to the professional study of science in these decades. Collections of natural specimens had ballooned in the eighteenth century thanks to the influence of Linnaeus, and swelled again in the mid-nineteenth century, as professional and amateur scientists began to map out the distribution and variation of species in order to trace the physical paths of evolutionary change. Diligent amateur collectors had an excellent chance to expand scientific knowledge, by adding to existing information on the demographics, behaviors, and habitats of existing species or by sending to professional scientists specimens still in need of official "discovery" and scientific nomenclature. Well into the twentieth century, scientists at the Smithsonian and other museums depended at least in part on enthusiastic amateurs to send them the data and specimens they needed for their research. Carter himself donated four ptarmigan eggs to Harvard's Museum of Comparative Zoology in 1879.
Whether inspired by pleasure or scientific ambition, the impulse to collect bits of nature proved as widespread in the United States as the impulse to study it, and the activity proved similarly democratic. Anyone with access to the out-of-doors could build a collection. In 1875, for instance, a struggling Pennsylvania farmer named Theodore Day, who "never had the means to get what I wanted [and] work[ed] hard for a living," described to his Smithsonian correspondents his "native insects + 150 specimens" as well as the stones and minerals that he had collected in seven states, though he lacked the cases in which to store them. Day also confided that he yearned to "travel some and collect mineral[s], stone, flowers, etc…butterflies, beetles, etc."
People who identified themselves as serious naturalists—amateur or professional—often collected on a much larger scale. Though not especially prosperous, Alfred Webster Anthony, a western mining engineer and avocational naturalist, amassed a collection of 10,000 birds over the 1870s and 1880s. Ferdinand Heinrich Hermann Strecker, a Pennsylvania tombstone carver, accumulated some 50,000 butterflies through travel, trading, and purchase. Despite his ailing health and eventual death at the age of 26, young Duncan Putnam, grandson of the second governor of Illinois, gathered 25,000 insect specimens, representing 8,000 different species.
Fig. 6. "Are you interested in natural history?" Advertisement from an issue of C. J. Maynard's The Naturalist's Guide. (Boston: Cupples and Hurd, 1887) pp. 9-11. Accessed from www.archive.org. Click to enlarge in a new window.
Collecting had been a habit in the antebellum era, but it became a national addiction in the decades after the Civil War, one enabled by easier travel, more leisure time, and the development of a social and economic culture of collecting. Natural history societies and specimen clearing house catalogues offered specimens for trade or sale throughout the 1870s and 1880s. Ward's Natural History Establishment in Rochester, New York, was the most prominent of the lot, but Charles K. Reed of Worcester, Walter F. Webb's Natural Science Establishment, the Black Hills Natural History Establishment, and a number of other specimen dealers also advertised in science periodicals until the end of the nineteenth century.
The widespread popularity of collecting allowed nature enthusiasts a way to make a living—or at least pocket money—while indulging in their personal passions. Farmers' sons and other young naturalists sold to neighbors or local merchants whatever they had captured, collected, shot, skinned or stuffed. Sufficiently high demand for specimens also financed voyages to distant lands, for young men easily sold what they had accumulated abroad, paid back their investors with the proceeds, and made a healthy profit to boot.
Edwin Carter found such joy in collecting that he too structured his life and work around it. The prospecting and tanning that filled his summers played second fiddle to the wintertime pleasures of tramping through the woods, observing, tracking, and taking game. Accompanied by a burro and his dog, Bismark, who pulled a small sled with food and supplies, the tall, thin miner roamed the hills in snowshoes, watching the small movements of the birds in trees and the way the snow dropped from the branches when brushed by scurrying animals. Carter could scan the horizon for hours, looking for any sudden motion in the trees or grass. Once he located an animal or bird, he watched even more closely. Each spring, for weeks on end, he would take his field glasses and lie in the sage studying the strutting of sage-grouse on parade, to memorize their movements.
As residency allowed certain benefits of long-term observation, a rural locale could be a real advantage for a collector, allowing even the most isolated hinterland naturalists to change scientific understandings of the geographical distribution of organisms. "Results of importance may be derived from the labors of isolated individuals who have no other assistance than books," wrote Smithsonian secretary Joseph Henry in 1871, and, indeed, serious amateurs living in the nation's emptiest regions collected, identified and observed thousands of new species during the nineteenth century.
Carter himself doggedly accumulated vast quantities of the same species in order to compare specimens' dimensions, shape and color, to track demographic and ecological trends, and to explore theories of natural selection on a very small scale. While the uninitiated saw the area's animal life as static, Carter perceived the changes wrought by season, migration, disaster, or human presence. To understand how ptarmigans' plumage changed from season to season, he shot one every day for a full year. He observed that the antlers of deer found in regions where the mine tailings formed acidic dunes were more likely to be misshapen.
Fig. 7. "The Carter Museum in Breckenridge, Colorado," photoprint mounted on matboard (14 x 22 cm), c. 1890s. Courtesy of the Western History Collection, X-917, Denver Public Library.
Fig. 8. "Interior View, Carter's Museum, Breckenridge, Colorado," photograph. Courtesy of the Western History Collection, X-914, Denver Public Library.
He quietly told neighbors of his intention to compile a complete record of Colorado wildlife in 1870, and by the 1880s, he gave himself over to this ambition entirely. He collected almost full time, supporting himself by selling mounted ptarmigans and fur rugs to locals and tourists. By the 1890s, he had lost track of how many specimens he had in his home. "I hear of no other collection that excells it except perhaps the Smithsonian," he wrote his brother in 1890. "My aim will be to make it the best in the world."
His commitment to cataloguing his specimens was just as ambitious. A few well-used textbooks and pamphlets on taxidermy and natural history and his own experience allowed him to identify, by scientific name, the birds and mammals in his brace. He was meticulous in his record-keeping. Once Carter's sacks of identification slips had been tidied into a specimen catalogue by Colorado ornithologist Robert Rockwell (an effort made easier by Rockwell's mother, who ironed every wrinkled paper strip so that they might be readable), naturalists realized the collection was the single most authoritative reference on the state's wildlife that yet existed. One of the nation's leading ornithological journals, the Condor, eventually credited the shy miner with collecting a handful of new species.
Carter's determination to comply with the highest scientific standards was as notable as the scale of his collection, and reports of his loving commitment to scientific precision attracted the public's interest as much as the contents of his cabin did. Though Carter was "a man of practical, rather than theoretical information," explained one local writer, compiling and cataloguing his collection had transformed the former miner into a "zoological student" with considerable expertise. Coloradans eagerly claimed Carter as an indigenous scientific savant; those unsettled by science's professionalization and specialization cited Carter as living proof that a naturalist could continue to stand, if not with, at least alongside, professional scientists.
"Mutual Scientific Interest"
Rightfully proud of his collection, Carter began to guide visitors through his home in the 1880s. The rough-hewn building stood several feet taller than most of the other structures in town in order to accommodate its spectacular contents. All the way up to the rafters, twelve feet above the floor, Carter hung more than 200 heads of elk and deer, buffalo and bighorn. Visitors brushed past thousands of specimens, including at least six full-standing buffalo mounts, forty grizzlies of all ages and color, numerous mountain lions, birds, eggs and nests of every shape and sort, even small mammals, all the way down to a tiny weasel suckling its young. Reporters enthused over Carter's "splendid full-grown mountings of elk and deer, with branching antlers, so life-like in form that the visitor almost expects to see them bound away on his approach." Limp and heavy bison, bear, and wolf skins banked the corners, claws and teeth indicating how powerful they had once been.
Fig. 9. Though Carter catalogued his specimens along scientific lines, their display was dictated largely by caprice and personal taste, as one of his bird cabinets makes plain. "Bird display in the Carter Museum," photograph. All rights reserved, Image Archives, Denver Museum of Nature & Science. Courtesy of the Denver Museum of Nature & Science, Denver, Colorado.
Fig. 10. This natty visitor to the Carter Museum poses with one of the naturalist's more dynamically posed mounts. On the back wall, Carter has created a theatrical tableau, arranging animals in front of a mountain landscape, complete with a crescent moon dangling from the ceiling. Photograph courtesy of History Colorado, Buckwalter Collection, Scan #20031518, Stephen H. Hart Library, Denver, Colorado.
Carter's displays were decidedly vernacular, an amalgam of personal taste, scientific principle, and showman's flair. He made a point of exhibiting every range of color and size within a species, and, guided by scientific impulse, helpfully included deformities and freaks, "to show the departures from the true type," explained one guidebook. He had a sense of humor as well, and scattered a few oddities among his specimens to prove it. This personal touch succeeded—his guests seemed to find the bear that appeared to be swigging whiskey from a jug quite amusing.
He never charged admission, asking only appreciation for the animals he had assembled in the cabin's dark confines. In diaries and letters, Coloradans and tourists confided that they were touched by Carter's absorption in his collection. The press marveled at his encyclopedic knowledge of the natural world and his unwavering aim to build a complete collection of Colorado fauna. Visitors and reporters alike began to refer to the bearded naturalist as "Professor Carter," an affectionate expression of respect for his deep knowledge of Colorado wildlife.
Both he and his visitors called the cabin a museum, a word still elastic enough to refer to a space of any size filled with objects intended for study. By the 1880s, the Carter Museum had become a tourist attraction, and Carter regularly led Denverites on day trips and Easterners come west for dry air and cooler climates through his home. State boosters lauded the collection, declaring it a local treasure. Guidebooks and local newspapers urged travelers to see it, declaring it worth a trip on the scenic route of the Denver, South Park, and Pacific. Colorado's governor and Denver's mayor made a special visit in 1892.
Though Carter's museum was exceptional in its scale and public popularity, small private museums were not at all unusual in this period. Many Americans proudly curated and displayed personal collections of natural specimens to friends or curious visitors. Enthusiastic amateur naturalists placed stuffed birds and animals on mantelpieces, bookshelves or barn rafters. Hunters invited remarks on their prowess by mounting and hanging their kills in their studies. Genteel matrons placed geodes, bird eggs, conches, and pressed plants in glass-fronted whatnots specially made for the purpose of assembling parlor museums.
Like collecting, organizing and displaying natural history specimens were wonderfully social pursuits, and provided regular sources of companionship for many Americans. "Among the strongest ties that bind men together is that of mutual scientific interest," wrote Iowan naturalist W.H. Barris, and throughout the 1870s and 1880s, like-minded folks gathered in fields, farmhouses, and front rooms to contemplate and discuss the intriguing detritus of the natural world. This mutual interest resulted in the development of a collegial, if competitive, network of collectors, and in the foundation of hundreds of small scientific associations in the 1870s and 1880s. Membership rolls in these societies swelled with the growth of towns and cities and the rapid settlement of Western territories. Collectors—both those people actually recovering objects, and those people amassing, categorizing, and displaying them—felt engaged in the pursuit of universal knowledge, and shared common cause amidst the social upheaval resulting from the development of new communities.
Fig. 11. The date of this newspaper cartoon betrays the city's eagerness to acquire Carter's collection. The image was published in 1897, two years before the old man agreed to transfer the contents of his museum to Denver's own. "Denver To Have the Carter Collection," Denver Republican, 1897. Courtesy of the Western History Collection, DPL X-11395, Denver Public Library.
Fig. 12. "What the Animals Said as They Were Wheeled up Sixteenth Street," The Denver Evening Post, Wednesday, June 13, 1900, p. 4. Courtesy of the Western History Collection, Denver Public Library.
The constellation of American scientific societies stretched from Atlantic to Pacific in the late nineteenth century. From 1860 to 1900, Americans established more than 64 scientific societies per decade. Though naturalists maintained 36 active scientific societies in the United States in 1865, by 1878, at least 141 local and state societies studied natural history in one form or another. By 1884, more than 200 societies had officially devoted themselves to the investigation of science and nature.
Scientific societies tried to ensure the larger public could also experience, even vicariously, the joys and travails of discovery, encouraging citizens to come see their collections and attend related lectures about the gathering of these specimens. The California Academy of Sciences, the Brooklyn Institute, and dozens of other scientific societies made their full collections available to both the studious and the curious in the 1870s and 1880s, lining their walls with specimen-stuffed display cases and drawers. "A large collection has the effect of attracting great attention, and the wandering thousands who are drawn by its exhibition to visit it daily or weekly, enjoy an innocent pleasure that is well worth providing," observed one member of the Boston Society of Natural History.
These societies compiled natural history collections for purposes of regional development as much as for purposes of individual satisfaction and reassurance. Though their members hoped to contribute to broader scientific knowledge by collecting, societies also compiled large collections in faith that their studies of the natural world would eventually contribute to the economic prosperity of their respective regions. "While it is doubtless true that to the earnest student of science the discovery of new truths is its own sufficient reward," Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences member Charles Putnam wrote in 1886, "still, it is fitting that we should give appropriate consideration to the economic values of these science studies."
The study and display of such collections also promoted local and regional identity. Americans had a long tradition of collecting and studying the natural phenomena of their particular localities, writing descriptive, sometimes defensive, histories of place. These histories and the collections of regional geology, flora, and fauna that followed them helped to create unique identities for the smallest rural hamlets. This was particularly true in the the American West, a region extensively surveyed but only recently settled. The study and display of local specimens guaranteed that towns like Breckenridge and Denver, too new and raw to have a well-respected record of human accomplishment, could claim a significant natural history. Such communities rarely hesitated to parlay the stories of their environmental pasts into narratives grander than those possessed by their urban Eastern counterparts.
"The Invaluable Collection of Professor Carter"
The efflorescence of public interest in the natural world in the 1870s and 1880s, combined with a widespread conviction that the study of natural specimens benefited society as a whole, also resulted in the creation of new public museums devoted to the preservation, study, and display of natural history. Loose local coalitions of amateur naturalists, philanthropists, politicians, and civic boosters joined forces to found such institutions or, at the very least, make scientific societies' displays more welcoming to a broad public.
Public museums required objects and buildings, and passionate naturalists played on the aspirations of politicians and philanthropists to gain funding for both. In New York City, young naturalist Albert Bickmore persuaded the city's wealthiest to found the American Museum of Natural History by expounding on the grandeur and economic importance of the natural history museums of Berlin, London, and Boston. Pricked by insecurity, department store magnate A.T. Stewart, lawyer Joseph Choate and banker J.P. Morgan hastily assembled a board of trustees, snapped up several magnificent collections from around the world, and commissioned an ambitious building to house them. Boosters in second- and third-tier cities were equally susceptible to this kind of prodding. To overcome their cities' well-deserved reputations as muddy backwaters, local politicians and museum patrons commissioned fireproof brick museums.
Regardless of the size of the museum or the surrounding city, curators relied on collections of amateurs. In smaller, newer places, local collectors frequently agreed to stock museums' shelves for free, wanting only the small public glory—and storage space—these squat new buildings provided. But even museums in the nation's largest cities readily accepted the precious finds of children and the donations of local hobbyists, and curators courted the larger collections accumulated by more serious naturalists. Strecker's collection served as the nucleus for the Field Museum's Lepidoptera collection, for instance, and still makes up a quarter of its holdings; Webster eventually donated most of his collection to the Carnegie Museum, though portions of it also wound up at the Smithsonian, the American Museum of Natural History, and the San Diego Society of Natural History.
Fig. 13. "Museum of Natural History, City Park, Denver," photoprint by Louis Charles McClure (19 x 24 cm), between 1908-1919. Courtesy of the Western History Collection, MCC-1935, Denver Public Library.
In Denver, throughout the 1880s and 1890s, both amateur naturalists and civic leaders aggressively advocated for the establishment of a natural history museum and the purchase of Carter's collection as its foundation. The city already possessed a fine opera house, a grand hotel, and a train station with an impressive stone clock tower. Dozens of mansions crowned Capitol Hill and ringed the city's verdant cemeteries. A natural history museum would be an obvious addition to these accomplishments, affirming the city's position as a regional capital and proclaiming the progressive nature of its citizenry. Such a museum would not only benefit local researchers and residents with an interest in nature, it would put Denver on the national map. Americans would know that Colorado was no barren wasteland, but a place both refined and democratic enough to provide excellent public museum for its residents. The museum would also, trustees hoped, eventually become a center for information about the area's considerable mineral resources and raise investors' interest in the region.
As Carter's collection lay less than a hundred miles away, its purchase seemed an obvious step to the city's boosters. Not only was it enormous, it was well known, and promised to attract national attention and funds to the future museum. After visiting Carter's cabin in 1898, Connecticut railroad magnate J. Kennedy Tod was so inspired by the old man's life work that he promised a thousand dollars to help the city secure what Tod described as "the valuable—nay, invaluable—Colorado fauna collection of Professor Carter."
When Carter finally agreed to sell his specimens in 1899 for the considerable sum of $10,000—about $270,000 in today's money—the conditions he set made it clear how deeply he cared about preserving and sharing his collection. He would give over his animals only if the city would erect a fireproof building with sufficient display space, and if he could maintain the collection as a salaried curator for the rest of his life. As snow turned the mountain roads quiet, all parties relaxed into agreement. It seemed as if Denver would have its museum and Carter would have his indoor job.
Then the elderly naturalist fell ill. His illness came as no surprise. To prevent specimens from rotting, nineteenth-century taxidermists routinely coated specimens with a pasty mixture of arsenic and soap, and poisoning was an accepted occupational hazard. Carter, who regularly polished the feathers and hides of his mounts with the preservative and slept each night among their toxic bodies, had survived previous bouts of arsenic poisoning. In 1892, he nearly died after rubbing two pounds of arsenic into a buffalo bull that he had acquired for $500—a mount he later described as his masterpiece. But this time, Carter was frailer and the poisoning more serious. The arsenic, a friend informed the city's museum committee in November, "is now doing its deadly work with him and I am fearful his demise is near." In December, Carter traveled to Galveston, Texas, hoping the lower altitude would improve his health. It did not.
In early February of 1900, he died of apoplexy induced by poisoning. At the behest of his fellow Masons, his remains were shipped back to Colorado and laid out in the still-unfinished State Capitol Building. Though the practice of laying in state in the Capitol was far more common a century ago than it is today, such grand surroundings were an honor, certainly, a tribute to Carter's contributions to the young state's future natural history museum.
Yet Carter's inconvenient death threatened to upend the plans for the museum. No contract had been signed, no checks written or deposited. Worse yet, Carter left no will. The city's panicked museum committee, stacked with merchant-kings, mine owners, and local politicians, sent its secretary, United States Senator E.W. Merritt, to Breckenridge to pay some very rapid respects, then take the collection back to Denver before relatives contested Carter's verbal agreement or Denver's right to his collection.
Fig. 14. Though Carter's own museum featured a tableau of mountain goats, most of his specimens could never have made it into this group even if they had survived the moth damage. Where Carter has stuffed his mounts with straw and wire, then propped them upon wooden boards, by the 1900s, taxidermists for the Colorado Museum draped specimen skins over plaster musculature, posing the mounts to demonstrate behaviors typical of the species, as made evident by the contortions of the center goat scratching behind his ear. "Interior View of the Colorado Museum of Natural History, Denver," glass photonegative by Louis Charles McLure (21 x 26 cm), between 1901 and 1910. Courtesy of the Western History Collection, MCC-1084, Denver Public Library, Denver, Colorado.
When the senator arrived in Breckenridge, he didn't bother with the funeral but instead rolled up his sleeves and began dragging specimens toward the boxcars waiting on the rails of the Colorado & Southern. "It would have looked a little more decent to have deferred the action for at least 48 hours after the burial of the man," a disapproving Breckenridge newspaper later wrote. Word soon reached the county judge, home sick in bed, and he stopped Merritt's team from moving the collection to Denver by issuing papers naming a local banker its temporary custodian. After five months of negotiation, Carter's relatives, estate administrators and the museum committee settled the affair. The city and its not-yet-built museum would receive the corpses of more than 3,300 animals, some mounted, some still waiting for Carter's arsenic and straw.
Denverites strolling downtown on June 13 that year encountered a peculiar sight. A mile-long parade of wild animals on platform wagons wound uphill from Union Station to the domed, white State Capitol building. A big buffalo and a mountain lion led the procession, "joggling stiffly with the motion of the vehicle," as one reporter noted. Coyotes, panthers, bears, badgers, elk, deer, mountain sheep, antelope—"all afflicted with the same queer, conscious catalepsy"—followed, jolting as they moved past the hanging cigar signs and the six-story Tabor Grand Opera House. The wagons turned off Broadway, onto Colfax Avenue, before depositing the glassy-eyed stuffed zoo at the doors of the brand-new state capitol building. Then the wagons unceremoniously dumped the Carter collection in the capitol's basement, to await the completion of the city's museum building.
Sadly, by the first September of the new century, the Carter collection, dumped in the Capitol building's basement, had disintegrated into a moth-eaten heap of hides, heads and horns. Denver residents doubted such items could be used to "encourage and aid the study of Natural Science," despite the promises of the museum's charter. Nationally respected naturalists and taxidermists, asked to inspect the collection, admitted skepticism about its possible rehabilitation for display or research purposes. Salvaging even part of the collection would require "the personal supervision of some up-to-date naturalist who is also skilled in the art of taxidermy," trustee Frederick A. Williams wrote. Even then, he added, "it will take a number of years to put the collection in good shape."
This report did not faze the museum's trustees. Many of them had, through will and work, scratched their way up from poverty into enormous wealth, and they brought the same hard determination to their civic duties. Composed of passionate collectors, hunters, naturalists, city boosters, and many who fell into all of these camps, the museum's trustees remained committed to building a center of scientific research and education. Some trustees donated their own valuable collections of minerals or mammals. Others promised to give more money, and pressed their friends and business partners to do the same. Trustee John Mason, a department store magnate and devoted amateur butterfly collector, magnanimously agreed to oversee the development of the museum's collections in his spare time. Mason had a vague but ambitious plan for his tenure—his list included rehabilitating Carter's collection, expanding the museum's mineral holdings and acquiring some of the large mammals rapidly disappearing from other states in the American West and Alaska.
The task proved more difficult than he had anticipated, and Mason became overwhelmed by the "onerous duties that are inseperable from the position." To complete and arrange the Colorado Museum's haphazard natural history collections so they would be useful to both researchers and lay public, board members concluded, they needed to hire a full-time director with professional experience in scientific collecting and museum work instead of an enthusiastic amateur naturalist.
Had Carter survived, he himself would have failed to meet the emerging qualifications to direct or even hold a curatorship in a good natural history museum. He would likely have been treated as a historical curiosity, rather than as an expert with valuable knowledge of the fauna and ecosystems of the Colorado Rockies. Or perhaps not. After all, his catalogue remained valuable for researchers interested in the region well into the 1920s, and field scientists and museum curators continued to rely upon diligent amateurs for decades after Carter's death. The first generation of curators and administrators in Denver were no snobs, but they were eager to build an institution that met the museum world's emerging professional standards. It was unclear what role people like Carter should play in the increasingly striated, specialized worlds of science and museum work.
Carter himself became a Colorado legend for reasons that had little to do with his actual contributions to zoology or even to the establishment of the Colorado Museum. He became an icon of a time past or perhaps one simply imagined, one where even a bearded miner living in the wilderness could add to scientific knowledge through a Victorian combination of determination, self-discipline, and love for nature. Whereas mid-nineteenth century researchers like Spencer Baird had based their research on Colorado zoology upon reports by explorers like Zebulon Pike and surveys obtained by the Pacific Railroad, by the 1870s, a handful of zoologists "journeyed thither, collected their material, and then returned to their homes in the East, there to arrange, publish, and discuss before learned bodies, their new-found knowledge," according to ornithologist Frederick C. Lincoln. Others, "held by the primeval 'call of the wild,' remained to study and observe more closely the creatures they found about them," and Carter, Lincoln maintained, was among them. Carter was no scientist, but tourists, boosters and a willing press lionized the naturalist as a person swayed by an even higher cause. They gladly trumpeted his work as a profound and glorious oddity, one that testified to the spirit of Colorado, or democracy, or humanity, depending upon what was needed for their story at the time.
Sadly, little of Carter's collection actually made it into the museum's halls. Ravaged by insects during their tenure in the Capitol Building, outpaced by new methods of taxidermy, most of his mounts no longer met professional standards for display specimens. Even if they had remained intact, they would have been deemed unsuitable as scientific or display specimens—while a bear holding a jug of whiskey might have appealed to the visitors of Carter's own museum, the museum workers at the Colorado Museum of Natural History considered such mounts to be grotesque symbols of an amateurism they were eager to escape. Nonetheless, the few specimens that made it into the museum served as reminders of the strong national tradition of amateur naturalism in the second half of the nineteenth century. Despite the sad fate of Carter's own collection, the contributions of amateur naturalists proved as central to American museum building as the more frequently acknowledged impulses of social reform, cultural philanthropy, and civic aspiration.
Further Reading:
The John Burroughs quotation can be found in Robert Kohler's superb All Creatures: Naturalists, Collectors and Biodiversity, 1850-1950 (Princeton, 2006); McCook's words in his own Tenants of an Old Farm: Leaves from the Note-Book of a Naturalist (New York, 1889); the Farquharson in Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences 3 (1883): 1; and the Beebe quotation in Carol Grant Gould, The Remarkable Life of William Beebe: Explorer and Naturalist (Washington, D.C., 2004).
There are several excellent studies of amateur naturalists and collectors in the late nineteenth-century United States—standouts include Kohler's All Creatures and his subsequent article "From Farm and Family to Career Naturalist: the apprenticeship of Vernon Bailey," Isis 99 (March 2008): 28-56; Mark Barrow's A Passion for Birds: American Ornithology After Audubon (Princeton, 1998), from which the Ridgway quotation is drawn; W. Conner Sorensen, Brethren of the Net: American Entomology, 1840-1880 (Tuscaloosa, 1995), and Elizabeth Keeney's The Botanizers (Chapel Hill, 1992). William Leach's forthcoming book, The Butterfly People: An American Encounter with the Beauty of the World, promises to be an important addition to this literature, and will explore the history of Strecker's collection in more depth. Naturalists often wrote memoirs about their experiences in the field or museum; I've borrowed several quotations from Frank Chapman's Autobiography of a Bird-Lover (New York, 1935), which remains one of the best. On the history of naturalists and natural history more generally, Donald Worster's wonderful Nature's Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas (New York, 1977) and Paul Farber's brief but exceptionally clear Finding Order in Nature: The Naturalist Tradition from Linnaeus to E.O. Wilson (Baltimore, 2000) remain classics in the field.
On the more communal aspects of collecting and the study of natural history, Mark V. Barrow's "The Specimen Dealer: Entrepreneurial Natural History in America's Gilded Age," Journal of the History of Biology 33 (August 2000): 493-534, and Sally Kohlstedt's "Parlors, Primers, and Public Schooling: Education for Science in Nineteenth-Century America," Isis 81 (September 1990): 424-445, are both terrific reads. The quotations from Day and Henry can be found in Daniel Goldstein's 1989 Yale dissertation, "Midwestern Naturalists: Academies of Science in the Mississippi Valley, 1850-1900," a useful source of information on collectors' networks of correspondence and the establishment of scientific societies in the Gilded Age. The quotation by Putnam can be found in the 1886 President's Annual Address to the Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, and the Barris quotation is drawn from Victoria Cain, "From Specimens to Stereopticons: The Persistence of the Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences and the Emergence of Scientific Education," Annals of Iowa 68:1 (Winter 2009): 1-35.
On the development of natural history museums in the late-nineteenth-century United States, see, among others, Keith Benson, "From Museum Research to Laboratory Research: The Transformation of Natural History into Academic Biology," in The American Development of Biology (Philadelphia, 1988), from whence the quotation about the Boston Society of Natural Science is drawn, and Sally Kohlstedt and Paul Brinkman, "Framing Nature: The Formative Years of Natural History Museum Development in the United States," Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences vol. 55, Supplement 1: "Museums and Other Institutions of Natural History: Past, Present and Future," (October 2004): 7-34.
Information on Edwin Carter and the founding of the Colorado Natural History Museum can be found in Frederick C. Lincoln, "In Memoriam: Edwin Carter," The Condor, 31 (Sept-Oct, 1929): 196-200; Kris Haglund, The Denver Museum of Natural History: The First Ninety Years (Denver, 1990); and the archives of the Colorado Museum of Natural History (CMNH), now housed in the Denver Museum of Nature and Science. All quotations about and by Carter can be found in the biographical file on Carter in the CMNH archives or in the digitized archives on http://heritagewest.coalliance.org. The Breckenridge Heritage Alliance renovated Edwin Carter's cabin in 2008 and 2009, and it now features interactive exhibits and a film chronicling Carter's life and legacy, as well as a hands-on taxidermy workbench and children's room.
comments powered by Disqus


text:
Bride's Posse Rhinestone Tank Top or T-Shirt with Boot
Let everyone know who is part of your posse with our Bride's Posse Rhinestone Tank Top or T-shirt with Boot. Featuring "Bride's Posse" written in a cursive font trailed by a dazzling rhinestone boot, our bachelorette tank top offers a little bit of a western flavor to your entire bridal party. You can personalize our custom t-shirt or tank with her choice of rhinestone color for the wording and the boot to make this top into one she can proudly flaunt anytime she goes out with the bride. Makes a great wedding gift for your beloved bridal party!
Allow for 2-3 business days production time. Please make your selections with care as custom items cannot be returned or exhanged.
Questions & Answers about Bride's Posse Rhinestone Tank Top or T-Shirt with Boot
Ask a question about Bride's Posse Rhinestone Tank Top or T-Shirt with Boot. Click here
Shop more gifts and apparel
at our sister store Zynotti
- For the Bride
- Bridal Brooches & Pins
- Bridal Garters
- Gloves
- Bride & Bachelorette Sashes
- Hair Accessories
- Handkerchiefs
- Headpieces and Tiaras
- Veils
- Slips and Body Shapers
- Wedding Socks
- Bustiers & Bras
- Bridal Lingerie
- CLEARANCE Ed Hardy
- Body Shapers
- I Do Shoe Stickers
- Jewelry
- Purses & Money Bags
- Bouquet Jewelry
- Something Blue
- Personalized Shoe Bags
- Emergency Kits
- Shawls, Furs & Pashminas
- Ceremony Accessories
- Will You Be My Cards
- DIY Invitations
- Flower Girl Baskets
- Ring Pillows
- Unity Sand Sets
- Unity Candles & Stands
- Wedding Signs
- Wedding Accessory Collections
- DIY T-Shirt Transfers
- Fun Wedding Stuff
- Cake Toppers
- Monogram Cake Toppers
- Bride and Groom Figurine Toppers
- Personalized Cake Tops
- Traditional Cake Toppers
- Anniversary Cake Toppers
- Cake Top Initials
- Birthday Cake Toppers
- Reception Accessories
- Wedding Favors & Supplies
- Card and Money Boxes
- Guest Signature Mats
- Guest Books & Pens
- Toasting Flutes
- Cake Tops & Monograms
- Cake Servers
- Renaissance Pewter Accessories
- Placecards & Table Numbers
- Napkins & Matches
- Dance Floor Decals
- Groomsman Accessories
- Money Dance Bags
- Bow Ties for the Guys
- Bridal Shower

subset: commoncrawl


text:
YOU CAN EDIT THIS PAGE! Just click any blue "Edit" link and start writing!
Pawleys Island
Earth : North America : United States of America : South (United States of America) : South Carolina : Grand Strand : Pawleys Island
Pawleys Island [9] is a city in the Grand Strand region of South Carolina
Get in[edit]
If you are traveling by air, you will want to fly into the Myrtle Beach International Airport (MYR). Regional carrier Spirit airlines runs regular routes from major airports, New York, Detroit, Atlantic City, etc. Other carriers include Delta, Unites, US Air, Continental. Alternate airport is Charleston, SC about 90 miles South.
Heading South on Highway 17 the trip from the Myrtle Beach airport is about 45 minutes when the traffic flow is not heavy. Highway 31 has a South bound expressway that creates greater access and easier traffic flow.
Get around[edit]
See[edit][add listing]
Do[edit][add listing]
Buy[edit][add listing]
Eat[edit][add listing]
Drink[edit][add listing]
Sleep[edit][add listing]
Get out[edit]


text:
In my coaching practice, I am often asked about the difference between self-confidence and self-esteem. Although these two terms are very similar, referring to how we feel about ourselves, they are two different concepts.
Self-esteem refers to how you generally feel about yourself: how much you like or love yourself and the overall image you have about yourself: positive or not. Your self-esteem is shaped by your past experiences and the environment you grew up in: your family members, your school and your community.
Self-confidence is related to how you feel about your abilities and how capable you see yourself of doing certain things or handling different situations.
Is it possible to have one without the other? The answer is yes, and self-confidence can vary depending on the situation.
Here are 6 warning signals of unhealthy self-esteem:
- Holding the belief that loving yourself and putting your needs first is selfish.
- Blaming your current circumstances or your past on other people (It's their fault, Life's not fair, People are mean, Nobody will give me anything, No one cares.)
- Having a "victim" mentality: thinking or talking like you're a victim (How could he do that to me? You hurt me.)
- Being stuck in your comfort zone and resistant to change.
- Denial of issues that feel uncomfortable, avoidance of the truth.
- Critical and disempowering thoughts or words (I'm useless, I'm a failure, I can't do anything right, I'm not good enough.)
You may not even be aware of these warning signs. Be honest with yourself. Get support, if needed, work with a coach you resonate with if you think that could help. We can only change the things we are aware of.
Here are 12 clear Signs of healthy self-esteem:
- Loving yourself as a whole person and knowing your uniqueness allows you to be YOU.
- Being authentic: living without pretending. Staying true to yourself and to what you believe in to be right.
- Not worrying excessively about what others think.
- Taking care of yourself and looking after your own needs rather than pleasing others.
- Having healthy boundaries with other people and treating yourself with dignity and respect.
- Being assertive and speaking up for yourself. Daring to say no to things you don't want to do.
- Focusing on your life without the need to compare yourself to others.
- Being able to acknowledge and celebrate other people's achievements.
- Being ok with spending time alone.
- Taking responsibility for the way you feel and for your actions, instead of blaming other people or your circumstances.
- Being open to change what you don't like in your life and what is changeable.
- Believing that you are lovable and you deserve the best things life has to offer.
And now, I would like to hear from you.
Are there any new insights you've gained or any wake-up calls? Post your comments below or feel free to get in touch at firstname.lastname@example.com.
And if you know other women who might benefit from this information, please share this post. Thank you.
With love,
Want more useful tips and weekly inspiration?
Sign-up for my newsletter. - it's free!
- Posted by Sara Fabian
- On March 4, 2016


text:
Young People Posting to Social Media While High and Regretting it Afterwards is Common
Posting to social media while high and regretting it afterwards is a common problem, a new study suggests.
"Study drugs" such as Vyvanse and Adderall are gaining popularity among Florida college students, even though area colleges have a zero-tolerance policy against students using medicines not prescribed for them.
CBS Miami reports these drugs are easy to obtain and abuse. Vyvanse and Adderall are used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The drugs increase focus and concentration, and help students stay up all night to study.
"It's a stimulant at the end of the day. It increases heart rate, loss of appetite. It's the exact same symptoms when people use a substance such as cocaine," said Dr. Michelle Gonzalez of the Coral Gables Counseling Center. She said it's common for teens and adults to mix these drugs with other substances, like Red Bull, or even addictive drugs such as cocaine. These dangerous combinations can send users to the hospital, she said.
According to a report in 2013 by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), the number of emergency department visits related to nonmedical use of central nervous system (CNS) stimulants, including Vyvanse and Adderall, among adults aged 18 to 34 increased from 5,605 in 2005 to 22,949 in 2011. The number of emergency department visits involving CNS stimulants and alcohol also increased. About 30 percent of emergency department visits involving nonmedical CNS stimulant use also involve alcohol.
SAMHSA notes that nonmedical use of these drugs has been linked to heart and blood vessel problems, as well as to drug abuse or dependence. "When combined with alcohol, CNS stimulants can hide the effects of being drunk and increase the risk of alcohol poisoning or alcohol-related injuries," the report noted.
The University of Miami handbook states, "The possession, use, or sale of the following is prohibited: unprescribed use of prescription medications and inappropriate use of legally obtained over the counter medications." Florida International University and Nova Southeastern University both have a zero-tolerance policy for study drugs, according to CBS Miami.


text:
I will witness your growth through muddy and tender times.
I will grow you and grow with you, lovingly and faithfully.
These are two of the affirmations my partner and I exchanged with each other during our wedding in 2000. We made them with the faith that by carrying our intentions--to open ourselves to Divine Assistance and stay with one another regardless of difficulty--we would be okay.
It's nine years later and the last two years have been muddy and tender indeed. The multiple veils and blindfolds that have hidden my awareness of social class oppression are being peeled away, with varying degrees of insistence, as the Spirit prompts, as the Way opens, and as I "give over [my] own willing."
. . . . . . . . . . . .
Quakerism allows for an unfolding of one's journey without pushing the river. Quakerism emerges out of a Seed of Love that calls us to labor with one another and to listen inwardly and deeply to the messages we receive from the Spirit and through others who may minister to us.
One of the things I know about myself is that I don't change when I'm in isolation. I change when I am in community and when I am in relationship with someone I care about. I change because the people around me are different from me and therefore view the world differently from how I view it.
Two people in my life have taken the extraordinary step of telling me how I have not only reinforced their [world]view but how I have contributed to the oppression they have known all their life.
One was a Deaf woman in Milwaukee. When I was at the height of my sign language interpreting career, she said to me, point blank:
- You
The other person was my partner. It's taken time for me to hear from her just the right phrase to address the thick blindfold that had been placed over my eyes--and the earplugs in my ears--by my owning class family:
- Stop
I didn't understand how I was "managing" her or what that even meant. I needed a weeklong workshop with George Lakey, dedicated to the topic of Quakers and Social Change. I needed to read at least two books about social class in America and reconsider Peggy McIntosh's well-known essay in light of social class.
And I needed--and still need on a near-daily basis--a good talking-to by my partner. (I still don't fully get what "managing her" means...)
This awakening to class oppression is powerful for me because social class and classism had been invisible to me before now, as has been my unintentional part in contributing to institutional and societal classism. This is powerful for me because I can begin to see how classism is embedded in our meetings, especially among Liberal Friends.
As Friends,* our actions indicate that we value individualism ("I don't want to give up my preference/privilege") over solidarity ("Let's stand with our brothers and sisters who have less"); we often write letters to legislators and make financial contributions to organizations for their good work rather than strive to engage in the good work ourselves, even at a local level.
We "talk about" doing things rather than taking action and doing things. Or we rationalize why we do or don't do things and label that as corporate discernment, even if we aren't in fact tending to "the least of these."
I'm learning... slowly... that much of these behaviors can be attributed to our collective middle-class/wealthy-class backgrounds--something that Jeanne has been telling me/us for a while.
Amidst all of this, I am sorting out the intrinsic values, expectations, and worldview that my parents and grandparents instilled in me and those that are reinforced by American Liberal Quakerism (which is the part I'm most familiar with), not to mention most of America's institutions, of which organized religion is a part.
God asks me to again to grow, to risk, to consider, to pray for more Light. What's my place in this work, where am I called?
Can I ever stop writing about this stuff and just start doing...?
*NOTE: A Friend outside of the U.S. contacted me privately a day after I posted this and makes this worthwhile point: I am indeed speaking of my own experience among Liberal Quakers in the States. Various forms of oppression exist differently--or perhaps not at all...?--in different countries and in different cultural contexts because of institutions, social structures, etc.
During my time in George Lakey's workshop, George spoke at length about Norway and some of its social, political, and economic structures that influence that country's social class dynamic. Similarly I was grateful for the Canadian Friend who shared from her experience that Canada's social systems and institutions (e.g. health care, education) made for very different dynamics around social class than what she has observed and experienced here in the U.S. --Liz, 26 Eighth Month 2009


text:
l'instant PLAISIR à AngletAddress: 153 boulevard des Plages, 64600 ANGLET Date: Monday 4 nov 2019 - Tuesday 24 Dec 2019 Show map
Book now - choose start date and product
Nearby accommodations
Les Terrasses d'Atlanthal
Distance: 87 meters
This hotel boasts 48 rooms decorated in colour schemes that pack plenty of punch! This top-quality hotel offers direct access to the beach.
Villa Clara
Distance: 249 meters
This villa was built in 1925 and is located on the Chiberta golf course, 100 metres from the plage des Cavaliers beach, 250 metres from the Atlanthal thalassotherapy centre and 500 metres from the tennis courts and fitness trail in the Chiberta forest.
Build: 12/11/2019 1:33:30 PM, Host: online3core18, DB: o3.cbguide-5089.cbischannel-207 online3data03.db.citybreak.com:8080, Controller: Activity, Action: showdetails


text:
The signatures of the same names on more than 4,500 documents handled by Lender Processing Services Inc. (LPS) for real estate valued at $624.8 million varied enough to raise doubts about their validity, Jeff Thigpen, register of deeds in Guilford County, North Carolina, told reporters today in Greensboro.
Check out the link to documents below…
NC Reg. of Deeds Thigpen Releases Approx. 4,500 DocX Signature Spread Sheet© 2010-19 FORECLOSURE FRAUD | by DinSFLA. All rights reserved.


text:
Trish Tunney is a professional photographer who lives and works in San Francisco. She has been voraciously making pictures since she was given her first camera in 1979.
Trish received a Masters Degree in Engineering and spent 15 years working as a Computer Engineer. When she left her first career to pursue photography professionally, her extensive technical background made for a natural progression from the wet darkroom to digital photography where she has also become a master fine art printer.
Her photography is about shadows and contrast more than objects. Because of this, the quality of light is crucial. She seeks out the directional light of early day or early evening where colors, both light and dark, are at their most exaggerated. She is drawn to bits of urban decay and endeavors to reveal the beauty that may be overlooked by the casual viewer. She has a "found object" aesthetic to her work where she will not manipulate the scene she is photographing either before or after the capture.
Trish has enjoyed success and notoriety as both a fine art and a commercial photographer. You may see her work in numerous galleries around the San Francisco Bay Area and she has private collectors worldwide.


text:
The Club has two indoor pools, a designated lane pool for those who enjoy a serious swim at the end of the day and a gently sloping swimming lagoon pool, perfect for a family splash around.
Why not relax in one of the whirlpool spa pools, steam room or sauna and when you're done finish off with a relaxing facial at the spa's on site beauty salon offering some of the latest treatments.
The extensive, air-conditioned gymnasium is fully equipped with high tech resistance and cardio machines and houses a separate free weights area.
In addition, the fitness and dance studio offers an amazing selection of classes for all abilities.
Facilities include:
For just £9.00 per month on top of your current membership, you will receive the following fantastic benefits every month:
Children under the age of 16 years are able to use the pool, whilst accompanied by an adult, between 11am and 6pm (Monday - Thursday), 11am and 8pm (Friday) and all day at weekends. These hours are relaxed during school holidays.
Children under the age of 16 years must be accompanied by an adult.
Cleopatra's at Park Hall. Located within the hotel's extensive leisure club, Cleopatra's offers a relaxing retreat. Treatments available from manicures to total body treatments and Spa Days. To make a booking call 01257 455045 or visit www.cleopatraseccleston.co.uk for full details on our comprehensive range of treatment.
Planning a birthday party, anniversary or another special occasion? We may have the perfect package for you! From only £750 for up to 50 people.
Marry in 2020 for £2020 on selected dates!
Receive some fantastic benefits on top of your current membership!
Gift vouchers for The Park Hall Hotel make the perfect present! Order today
Book your wedding in January or February 2020 and on selected dates you can marry from just £2020!
Our dedicated highly experienced Wedding Planners are there every step of the way taking the stress out of planning and ensuring your big day goes smoothly. Let us take care of everything!
Meet our experienced Wedding Planners
Celebrate your Winter Wedding in style
There's still time to plan your perfect wedding
Fancy a night out with a difference !
Book onto one of our Medieval Banquet Party Nights and join King Arthur and his royal court for a night of medieval merriment and revelry at BEST WESTERN Park Hall Hotel & Leisure Club, Nr Preston
Celebrate Christmas in style this year with delicious food and great entertainment from our resident DJ who will play all your favourite Christmas classics.
Great discounts for parties of 10 or more.
We've a choice of events and packages to create your perfect Hen Party
Combine a great night out with a relaxing break
Set in a stunning location, beside a tree fringe lake, yet only minutes from the M6 motorway in the heart of the north west. Our unique venue offers a perfect environment for business and pleasure. The unrivaled facilities include 18 meeting rooms, an authentic Baronial Hall, superb leisure facilities and 110 bedrooms!
Not only does BEST WESTERN Park Hall offer some of the largest conference & event facilities in the area (our Lancastrian Suite can seat up to 700 delegates!), following a multi-million £££ investment, our venue has been refurbished too!
Our diverse facilities ensure we'll have a venue to suit your requirments
Flexible delegate packages available
Available throughout the complex
Whether you opt dine off our daily table d'hote menu, from our mixed grill selection or would prefer an innovative dish from our A la carte menu... you're sure to enjoy a delicious meal.
The perfect way to start your day
Relax in the comfy leather sofas and enjoy a hearty home-cooked meal from our lounge menu. Choose from traditional dishes such as fish and chips or succulent burgers or a delicious bowl of pasta or noodles.
If the sun shines, make the most of it and enjoy dining on the terrace
If you want to make Christmas day extra special, allow us our experienced team to pamper you with a feast of festive food in the luxurious surroundings of our Hotel.
Memberships designed to suit your lifestyle
For just £9.00 per month on top of your current membership, you will receive the following fantastic benefits every month:
* Two Guest Passes
* £8.00 Food Voucher to use at any Lavender Hotel
* Free Towel Per Visit
* Free Tea and Coffee
New Spin Classes have now been added to the choice classes included in your membership
Please fill in the form to subscribe to our newsletter
You must check this box to subscribe to the newsletter
Best Western Everglades Park Hotel, Widnes


text:
In the last 20 years, bearded dragons have become popular reptile pets because of their superb personality and ease to care for. I've had the honor of interacting with several reptiles, and I can tell you now that beardies are the most animated and social reptile species in our society.
But just because they're deemed as easy pets to take care of, doesn't mean they're easy to keep happy. Everyone knows that communication is key in a relationship, whether it's between two human beings, two animals or a human and animal. And it's unfortunate that the bearded dragons aren't able to speak our language. However, there are ways to understanding their behaviors through the actions that they do.
Here are the common behaviors of bearded dragons and what they actually mean.
The Flared Beard
This specific behavior is the reason why they've been aptly named, the bearded dragon. This occurs when they are threatened or trying to establish dominance with another reptile. They will puff out their throats and change the color of it to black, therefore making it look like the reptile has a human's beard. Don't freak out if you see this happening, it's all part of nature. This will most likely happen if you introduce two male dragons in an enclosure.
The Head Bob
Unsurprisingly, head bobbing occurs when a dragon bobs it's head up and down. This is another display of dominance that can happen with two males in an enclosure. You may even someones see this happening while in their flared beard state. If it's mating season, expect to see a lot of head bobbing, even if the dragon is alone.
The Arm Wave
When a dragon bobs it's head at another dragon, two possible actions may occur. Either the other dragon doesn't back down and displays dominance back with the same behaviors, or he submits to the other dragon be arm waving. For example, if the other dragon is too old and big, usually the smaller dragon will slowly raise its arm and move it in a counter clockwise motion, signaling to the other dragon that it will submit to their dominance.
The Push Up
This is quite a funny behavior because it looks like your beardie is trying to get their daily exercise in. However, push ups are typically performed by female dragons during the mating season. It's their signal to male dragons, giving them the "okay" to mate with them.
The Erected Tail
A erect tail is when the dragons tail is pointed straight up in the air. This will happen if they are laser focused on capturing a prey. One of my favorite things to do is to watch my dragon hunt down their crickets. And, more often than not, they will have an erect tail when doing so. Whether the erect tail improves their chances of catching their prey still seems like a mystery to me.
The Gap Mouth
Bearded dragons are cold blooded reptiles that need a lot of heat. They come from the deserts of Australia and require heat in order to maintain good health. But sometimes, their body becomes too heated and they need to release some heat. They don't have pores on their body like humans, so they have to open their mouth to lower their body temperature.


text:
GlobalSign Launches Enterprise Reseller Program to Address the $18.3 Billion Opportunity for Secure Online Identities
Driven by Demand for Stronger Authentication, Regulatory Compliance, a Mobile Workforce and the Internet of Things, the Need for Enterprise Identity Services is Skyrocketing
LONDON AND BOSTON May 21, 2015 – GlobalSign, a leading provider of identity services for commerce, communications, content and communities, today announced the launch of an Enterprise Reseller Program to broaden its distribution channels and help System Integrators capture a share of the $18.3 billion opportunity[1] in identity and access management (IAM) solutions. The program uniquely gives resellers access to both IAM and PKI services from a single vendor, allowing for a holistic approach to solving security issues for the Internet of Everything.
With 75% of CIOs expecting to increase security spending in 2015[2], GlobalSign's Enterprise Reseller Program allows its partners to address the increasingly important authentication market – with the need to secure and credential employees, partners and customers; mobile devices; transactions, emails, code and documents. Managing access has become equally mission-critical, and the reseller program includes GlobalSign IAM solutions based on technology acquired from Helsinki-based Ubisecure in September 2014. The Single Sign On (SSO), federation and authorization solutions are presently in use on a massive scale in Europe – by over three million citizens who access Finnish governmental records, as well as by manufacturers, utility companies and service providers.
"The demand for identity solutions worldwide is creating a lucrative opportunity for resellers who want to provide high-value, strategic identity solutions to enterprise customers," said Henry Krumins, Head of Sales at GlobalSign. "GlobalSign's strong portfolio allows resellers to provide just the right solutions to their customers, and from a system integration standpoint, they can be quickly implemented so our partners can deploy in less time, and with lower cost -- optimizing margin."
Since 1996 GlobalSign has built a large channel for reselling SSL and client certificates to small businesses. Its new Enterprise Reseller Program expands the range of identity products and services sold through its channel, and is focused on helping medium and large enterprises meet their increasingly complex security needs. Independent research commissioned by GlobalSign shows that some 90% of senior IT leaders at organizations with over 1000 employees said they were concerned about their organizations' identity and access management (IAM) abilities as the Internet of Everything brings more systems, processes, devices and people with Internet connectivity in touch with IT resources.
Products and services available to GlobalSign Enterprise Resellers Include:
Managed Certificate Platforms so that organizations can holistically deploy and manage the digital credentials for signing and encrypting transactions, emails and documents, as well as authenticating users and devices;
Identity and Access Management Solutions, including IAM-Easy,™ for authenticating and managing identities and access to customer-facing applications;
Certificate Authority (CA) Services, including Trusted Root, timestamping, OCSP response services, APIs for custom applications, as well as Active Directory integration.
System integrators can participate in a variety of business models, including referral, integration-only, or full-scale reseller programs.
The GlobalSign Enterprise Reseller Program provides a full complement of resources, including automation technologies and APIs to readily integrate identity solutions into reseller portfolios; customer-facing sales and marketing resources; training and technical support to provide rapid customer implementation; and discounts and flexible licensing to help maximize partner margins.
For more information about the GlobalSign Enterprise Reseller Program, please visit https://www.globalsign.com/en/partners/var-partners/ or +603-570-7060 / 1-877-775-4562.
[1] Identity and Access Management (IAM) Market – Global Forecast to 2019," Markets and Markets, February 15, 2015
[2] "2015 Piper Jaffray CIO Survey," January 6, 2015, as posted at https://email@example.com&source=mail
About GMO GlobalSign
GlobalSign, founded in 1996, is a provider of identity services for the internet of everything, mediating trust to enable safe commerce, communications, content delivery and community interactions for billions of online transactions occurring around the world at every moment. Its identity and access management portfolio includes access control, single sign-on (SSO), federation and delegation services to help organizations and service providers create new business models for customer and partner interactions. GlobalSign's core digital certificate solutions allow its thousands of authenticated customers to conduct SSL secured transactions, data transfer, distribution of tamper-proof code, and protection of online identities for secure email and access control. GlobalSign's solutions are designed to address the massive scalability demanded by the emerging $14.4 trillion Internet of Everything (IoE) market, where the ability to make secure networked connections among people, processes, data and things, will require that every "thing" have a trusted identity that can be managed. The company has offices in the US, Europe and throughout Asia. For the latest news on GlobalSign, visit www.globalsign.com or follow GlobalSign on Twitter (@globalsign ).
About GMO Cloud KK
GMO Cloud K.K. (TSE: 3788) is a full-service IT infrastructure provider focused on cloud solutions. Established as a hosting company in 1996, the company has managed servers for more than 130,000 businesses and now has 6,500 sales partners throughout Japan. In February of 2011, the company launched GMO Cloud to enhance its focus on cloud-based solutions. Since 2007, the company has also grown its GlobalSign SSL security brand through offices in Belgium, U.K., U.S., China and Singapore. For more information please visit http://ir.gmocloud.com/english/ .
GMO Internet Group
GMO Cloud K.K. (TSE: 3788) is a full-service IT infrastructure provider focused on cloud solutions. Established as a hosting company in 1996, the company has managed servers for more than 130,000 businesses and now has 6,000 sales partners throughout Japan. In February of 2011, the company launched GMO Cloud to enhance its focus on cloud-based solutions. Since 2007, the company has also grown its GlobalSign SSL security brand through offices in Belgium, U.K., U.S., China and Singapore. GMO Cloud K.K. is part of the GMO Internet Group, an Internet services industry leader, developing and operating Japan's most widely used domain, hosting & cloud, ecommerce, security, and payment solutions. The Group also comprises the world's largest online FX trading platform, as well as online advertising, Internet media, and mobile entertainment products. GMO Internet, Inc. (TSE: 9449) is headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. For more information please visit http://ir.gmocloud.com/english/ .
For further details please contact:
Mary Kae Marinac PR Representative for GlobalSign
MKM Corporate Communications
Phone 978-685-3136
Press & Analyst Relations
+603-570-7060 / 1-877-775-4562


text:
Ecselis is at the crossroads of media, technology and data. We build strong global partnerships with best-of-breed leaders across these industries to deliver advanced and reliable technology for all our clients' needs.
From global giants to targeted specialists, our partners are experts in their fields. They provide add-ons, products or services that enhance our capabilities across each of our core services: Paid Search, SEO, Performance Display, Affiliate Marketing, CRO and DCO.
If you are a performance media, technology or data company and would be interested in a partnership, please contact us.


text:
The 160,000-tonne Freedom of the Seas arrived in Southampton on Saturday to prepare for the trip to New York.
The vessel, which has more than 1,800 rooms for up to 4,375 passengers, is more than 1,112ft (339m) in length - longer than 37 double-decker buses.
It boasts an onboard surfing pool with its own wave machine, a rock climbing wall and skating rink.
It has replaced the ocean liner Queen Mary 2 as the world's biggest cruise liner, which although six metres longer, is 15m narrower than the Finnish-built vessel.
The flagship of Royal Caribbean International, it will be based in Miami, Florida, and will head for destinations including Mexico, Grand Cayman and Jamaica.
It will be at Southampton's cruise terminal until Wednesday when it will depart for an official naming ceremony in New York.
Before then, invited UK guests will be touring and sailing on the ship, which also has the world's largest at-sea fitness centre.
Other facilities include a surf park where passengers can ride the waves, a family water park, and a full-size boxing ring.


text:
Medusa Pro Box Full Setup:
Medusa Pro Box full setup installer free download for all windows operating system. You can free download this medusa pro box from its official download link which is given at the bottom of this page. Medusa pro box is recently released and avail to free download for all OS. If you does not install medusa pro box setup then quickly install from here right now. This is latest and updated setup for mobile phone which helps to easy flash. Download this wonderful medusa pro box latest full setup from given download start button which is given at the last. This version include lots of latest and updated features which help to quick flash and repair all supported mobile phones. It is the most important and useful software in the world. So, don't miss this software install fastly right now.
Medusa pro box allows to flash and unlock all mobile phones which is not properly work and creating lots of errors and issues. You can use this software in your PC. First you need to download its latest and updated setup from here after that you will be able to flashing and unlocking your mobile phones. Go to bottom of this article, click on direct download link to start downloading without waiting and wasting money. Medusa pro box supported for various windows phones and many other mobile phones flash and unlock. It helps to unlock its various security codes, passwords, patterns etc. If you want to performed any of that mentioned functions in your mobile phone then now you have to download this medusa full setup box in your widows OS by below download link. After downloading you have to connect your mobile phone to PC with data cable find your device when your device is fully finding in medusa box then you will flash your mobile phone and unlocking your mobile phones right now with your own PC.
Features of Medusa Pro Box:
Ø Free to download
Ø Flash all supported models
Ø Read boot flash quickly
Ø Can write boot flash
Ø Can erase boot flash
Ø Quickly Repair and flash
Ø Unlock all codes and locks
Ø Can IMEI repair
Ø Easy to use
Ø Much more
You know this is actually windows device flashing box, you can download this full setup box for your all windows devices by below download link. When you download medusa pro box in your PC then you have to flash your windows device and unlocking your device errors, issues, and codes. Don't ignore this medusa pro box because it is your daily need and use, if unfortunately your windows device firmware corrupted but you don't have internet connection at that time it will helps to flash your mobile firmware and convert your mobile phone to its original form. So must download and install it on your windows PC.
Ø Windows XP Both 32 Bit and 64 Bit
Ø Windows Vista Both 32 Bit and 64 Bit
Ø Windows 8 Both 32 Bit and 64 Bit
Ø Windows 8.1 Both 32 Bit and 64 Bit
Ø Windows 10 Both 32 Bit and 64 Bit
Ø Windows 7 Both 32 Bit and 64 Bit
Ø Windows 2000 Both 32 Bit and 64 Bit
Ø Much more other windows OS
Supported Models:
Following models are supporting to flash which are as under..
Alcatel, Samsung, Lenovo, Motorola, ALFA, AMQI, ASUS
Cherry mobile, Crius, Dell, German asus, Haier, HTC, Huawei
LG, Micromax, Nokia, Oppo, SKY, Softbank, Sony, Sony Ericson
Toshiba, ViewSonic, Vodafone, ZTE, Pantech, Prestigio etc.
Flashing is not a new way for mobile phones using flashing boxes, but Medusa pro box is mobile flashing and mobile unlocking software. With the use of this brilliant software people of world will be able to flash their mobile phone swiftly. And unlocking different type of codes, passwords, security locks, patterns locks, etc. This software fully performed all these functions and quickly flash different mobile phones like LG, Samsung, Motorola etc and lots of other mobile devices. The latest version of 2017 is medusa pro box 184.108.40.206 and recently released by its developers. You can download it directly from given official download link. It has less specification if you have poor internet don't worry you can get it at your poor internet connection. So download this amazing flashing box from below mentioned link which is available infront of your eyes.
How to USE and Install?
Ø First of all download medusa pro box from here for your windows
Ø Save file for your windows desktop
Ø You will find medusa pro box on your PC then install it
Ø After install connect your mobile with PC via cable
Ø When you will connect your phone with your PC then open medusa pro box
Ø Follow instructions which is given in medusa pro box
Ø Instructions will helps you to flash your mobile phone
Ø Finally thanks for downloading medusa box from this site
If you want to download medusa pro box for your windows then follow/visit provided download link after clicking you have few time consume for download. When download will successfully completed then install it on your PC to start flashing or unlocking. You have to increase your flashing experience using this Medusa pro box.
Download links:
DownloadPro box suite intaller 1.2.2
DownloadMedusa software installer 2.6.1
DownloadMedusa software lite installer 2.6.1
DownloadMedusa flasher installer 1.1.0
Download Drivers:
DownloadTop GX4 Card Driver
DownloadCypress Reader Driver
DownloadMedusa Driver 184.108.40.206


text:
Hello, I accidentally left a half-pound of sliced Margherita pepperoni out on the kitchen counter overnight, -unrefrigerated for about 11 hours. Our overnight temp in the house is usually around 65-68 degrees, and I put the package back in the freezer when I found it the next morning.
I'd like to know if it is still safe to use.
I tried contacting Margherita Meat company and have gotten absolutely no reply from them. :(
So, if anyone here knows whether or not it is still safe to use, I'd appreciate hearing from you.


text:
The Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai witnessed a thriller of a contest where England, led by Joe Root, put up a spirited performance to chase down a mammoth score of 229 set by South Africa in their Group 1 match on Friday. After opening batsman Jason Roy 43(16) got the Englishmen off to a flyer, Root
India vs Pakistan To Clash With Earth Hour 2016
India take on Pakistan in their 2nd Group 2 match after a crushing 47-run defeat against New Zealand in the opening game of the 'Super 10' round of the ICC World T20 2016. While the India vs Pakistan clash has overcome several obstacles, the most prominent being the change of venue from Dharamsala to Kolkata,
India vs New Zealand Preview: ICC World T20 2016
The stage is set for Twenty 20 cricket's biggest spectacle! The much-awaited ICC World T20 is finally here and the mega event will see 10 teams battle hard to lay their hands on the biggest prize of T20 international cricket. The top eight teams, namely India, West Indies, South Africa, New Zealand, Australia, England, Pakistan
Tommy Sugiarto Takes Delhi Acers Into PBL Final
A stellar performance from Indonesian shuttler Tommy Sugiarto helped the Delhi Acers beat Chennai Smashers 4-3 in the 1st semifinal of the Premier Badminton League. In the Trump match, Sugiarto defeated Frenchman Brice Leverdez 15-11 15-14 and as a result, sent the Acers into the final. In the summit clash, they will meet the winner
PBL: Delhi And Chennai Notch Up One-Sided Wins
The league stage of the Premier Badminton League (PBL) came to a close on Wednesday with Delhi Acers and Chennai Smashers registering dominating victories against Mumbai Rockets and Bengaluru Topguns respectively. With this win, both Chennai and Delhi have made it to the semifinals of the PBL and will face each other in the first
Sunil Chhetri Guides India To Seventh SAFF Cup Victory
A late goal by skipper Sunil Chhetri helped India defeat Afghanistan 2-1 in the summit clash of the South Asian Football Federation (SAFF) cup in Thiruvanathapuram on Sunday. The Men in Blue lifted their seventh SAFF title in the process and also avenged their defeat in 2014 against the same opposition. A combined team effort
SAFF Championship: India Start With A Win Against Sri Lanka
The Indian Football team kicked off their SAFF Championship with a win against Sri Lanka India fielded a strong team for the match with Jeje, Sunil Chhetri, and Robin Singh leading the attack. However, Sanju Pradhan caused big headaches for the opposition. He was constantly tiring out the Lankan defence and got ample support from
Hockey World League: India Lose To Netherlands
The Indian men's hockey team faced their second defeat at the Hockey World League Final in Raipur. This time, the men in blue were beaten by world no. 2 Netherlands by a convincing scoreline of 3-1. Goals from Mink van der Weerden, Mirco Pruijser and Roel Bovendeert summed up the Dutch rout while Chinglensana Singh
Boring United, Happy Manager?
After a series of three successive 0-0 draws, Manchester United were back among the goals as they beat a defensive West Bromwich Albion side, with Jesse Lingard's curler from outside the area the highlight from the game. Juan Mata made it 2-0 from the spot, with a lot of question marks asked about Louis Van
Champions Atletico de Kolkata Pack A Punch At Home!
What does a champion team comprise of? Goal scorers upfront, steely midfield and a bunch of wily defenders; tonight the Indian Super League title holders displayed the exact attributes of a successful team. With Nadong Bhutia, Iain Hume, javi Lara and Izumi Arata, there wasn't any dearth of goal scoring options. At the back, the