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Unity In Christ And The Futility Of The Mind
Unity in Christ challenges the power of self head on, but it is the only path to overcome the futility of the mind and reveal the full nature of Christ.
This I say, therefore, and testify in the Lord, that you should no longer walk as the rest of the Gentiles walk, in the futility of their mind, (Ephesians 4:17)
I recall someone saying once that whenever we encounter a 'therefore,' we need to stop and find out what it's there for. Today's verse occurs within the context of Paul explaining unity in Christ. In essence, he tells us that we're all made differently. We have individual purpose with varying spiritual gifts. But we're called to unity in Christ, our 'umbrella' calling, as it were. Our 'differentness' fits together to reveal the complete picture of Jesus.
Unity in Christ and the futility of the mind.
This seems like such an odd expression – though extremely powerful – to use within the context of unity in Christ. But it gets right to the heart of the matter. It raises the fundamental issues that characterises non-believers: the self-driven mindset. Self remains firmly entrenched in the area of the mind, from which it rules with an iron hand. It's not by accident that Paul, when talking of spiritual warfare, makes particular reference to all lofty imaginings that raise themselves up against the knowledge of Christ.
We can see immediately that self and unity in Christ are at complete odds. They absolutely cannot co-exist. Self demands absolute focus and obedience. Christ expects complete submission and obedience. Yet is only through true unity in Christ that we discover our full purpose and the peace and joy of a surrendered life. Something that is futile is simply 'not going anywhere.' It's a worthless exercise. There's absolutely no point in wasting any more time on it. This is possibly the most noticeable practical difference between believers – who live with minds surrendered to the obedience of Christ – and 'the rest of the gentiles.' The futility of the mind is the territory of the unsaved, unregenerated, and unsurrendered.
Self, our mind, and true unity in Christ.
A classic example of the power of the mind can be seen in our quickness to take offence. Even born-again, Spirit-filled believers are easily offended by some real or imagined slight. If we look around at human relationships, we'll find this is a common thread. It's also a very clear manifestation of self. And, of course, it's the mind that interprets, assimilates, and responds to the event. It all processes through the mind, and the rest of us follows obediently where it leads.
Unity in Christ, on the other hand, asks us to 'lay ourselves down.' It instructs us to not take offence, and if we do, to hurry to rectify it. We're told to 'turn the other cheek,' to love our brothers as we love ourselves. Every single one of these sentiments or commands – and the Bible is full of them – is essentially a direct challenge to self. They are a deliberate campaign to end the 'regime of the mind' and overturn its rule. Unity in Christ is an outright declaration of war against self.
Unity in Christ brings the opposite of the futility of the mind.
To grasp this, we need to understand that the rule of the mind is focused on elevating self above all others. Everything it does is calculated towards self-gratification and self-elevation. Even our relationships are carefully built around what is 'good' for us. The result of this is self-isolation. We only give of ourselves when it 'works for us.' There is a 'what do I get out of it' attitude that governs our responses and our engagement. When self is the core focus of our existence, it results in the exclusion of everything else that isn't self-driven. Unity in Christ has no place in a self-driven life.
This is part of the 'futility of the mind' Paul speaks of. There is no real spiritual growth. Even our 'religion' exists solely for self-gratification. It's rather like a traffic circle that simply goes round and round with no exit. The island in the middle is 'me-myself-I' and everything revolves around that. The most futile thing of all, though, is that we never discover our greatest purpose. Unity in Christ opens our lives to the limitless possibilities inherent in life in Christ. It releases us from repeating our futile circle and exposes us to growth and spiritual experience. It challenges us, but it also brings peace, joy, and all the other wonderful things God has in store for us.
Unity in Christ means knowing who and what we are.
Perhaps the greatest grace that unity in Christ brings is that of knowing our real identity. First, we understand the reality that without Jesus, we are nothing and have no hope of relationship or intimacy with God. We get to see our weaknesses, failures, sinful natures, and even that our strengths and abilities are irrelevant. Outside of Christ, we are and can do nothing. Second, we discover our real identity in Christ. We learn that we are sons, not petitioners. Suddenly, our potential is limitless because it is in the hands of one who possesses all the power and glory. It's a radical change of perspective.
Unlike the futility of the mind, unity in Christ places us firmly in the context of relationship and vulnerability. It's through interaction and humility that the edges are knocked off and we gradually become the 'puzzle peace' that fits perfectly in the right place. While we matter just as much as we do in the self-view, it's from the perspective of God, not self. We see that He has created us to be a certain piece, without which the picture would be incomplete.
There is no hamster on the wheel with unity in Christ.
The futility of the mind – often commented on in cartoons or satires of even non-believers – has us spinning the wheel in a futile quest. With unity in Christ, on the other hand, our focus is on the will of God. We learn to see things from His perspective, to understand that even the smallest action is important. Self begins to take second place because we experience the joy of working with God for His purposes, and in obedience to a will that is so much greater than ourselves.
The Bible says that 'all things' work to the good of those who love the Lord. But it also says 'if you love me, you will obey me.' We cannot separate one from the other. Surrender is something of a 'four-letter word' in the language of self, but it's the only way to step from an exercise in futility to absolute fulfilment. Unless we take the first step and start to make unity in Christ something we pursue constantly, we will deprive ourselves of the joy and peace that comes from God alone. Only in living the purpose for which we were created can we discover absolute fulfilment. Pursuing unity in Christ is the practical means towards this.
The difficulties of living unity in Christ.
Of course, were all human. Self sneaks in the back door and the mind rears up in a kind of mental guerrilla warfare when we least expect it. The reality is that there are so many people out there we simply don't like. They rub us up the wrong way. Our personalities clash, and our natures are too different to make for easy co-existence. The truth, though, is that we don't have to like someone to love them. Did Jesus love the Sanhedrin or the mob that demanded He be crucified? He was human while on earth, so it's very unlikely. Yet He loved them enough to die for them anyway.
Grace is released when we realise that God knows all of this. That is the very reason why He has given us the Holy Spirit to work from within. His grace gives us the ability to rise above the reactions and response of self and empowers us to love, even when we don't like. Unity in Christ has nothing to do with the ways of the world. It's entirely supernatural, with practical manifestations. It's the thing that sets us apart from 'the rest of the gentiles.'
Unity in Christ is a way of life.
We understand the power of unity in Christ when we see the absolute love Jesus had for the world. It's a love to vast for any single person to reveal effectively. Only through the collective body of believers living in unity in Christ can the full height, depth, width and limitless measure of the love of God be revealed. When we are in Christ, unity in Christ becomes a way of life designed to bring us all together to complete the perfect puzzle. The Bible says that by this – loving one another – will all men know that we are His disciples. It's a lifetime journey, but it starts with our one small step of obedience. Today, let's set aside self and seek the mind of Christ, rather than the futility of the mind that drives self.
Thank You, Lord, that You empower and enable us to do what is impossible in our own strength. Forgive us for the times when we fall back into human responses. Help us to love the unlikeable and to keep the image of Jesus at the centre of all our relationships and interactions. Teach us to love as You love, so that our unity in Christ will reveal Your love to the world.


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A wall of paper flowers are the next big buzz for weddings. They double as a great setting for the ceremony and also a great place to use for photos.
There are so many fabulous ways to use paper flowers in your event especially with multiple options and colors. Flowers can be beautiful without the large florist bill.
Check out a few of the most STUNNING paper flower backdrops we love. Not only are they whimsical but, elegant, classy, and larger than life!

subset: commoncrawl


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Sleeping Dogs
In With the Gang5 Secret
Complete Night Market Chase.
That'll Show 'em20 Secret
Complete Payback.
A Big Betrayal35 Secret
Complete Dockyard Heist.
Big Smiles All Around50 Secret
Complete Big Smile Lee.
Achieve Face Level 2.
Gaining Face25
Achieve Face Level 5.
Great Face50
Achieve Face Level 10.
Change all your clothes in your wardrobe or a clothing store.
Successfully perform an action hijack.
Kill someone with a fish.
Complete a Case.
Visit Aberdeen, Central, Kennedy Town and North Point.
Try 10 different foods or drinks.
Perform 5 unique environmental kills.
Pick a lock, plant a bug, trace a phone, crack a safe, and take over a spy camera.
Safe Driver20
Cruise for 2 minutes straight without damaging your car.
Gun Nut15
Use 10 different firearms to defeat enemies.
Use 10 different melee weapons to defeat enemies.
Win a bet on a cockfight.
Win 50,000 on a single cockfight.
Hijack 5 trucks and collect their cargo.
Shoot out a cop's tires while fleeing in a police chase.
Case Closed30
Complete all cases.
Mr. Nice Guy30
Complete all Favors.
Event Driven20
Complete half of the open world events.
Complete all of the open world Events.
Martial Law15 Secret
Defeat all 4 Martial Arts Clubs
Complete all Street Races.
Unlock ten Triad Upgrades.
Super Cop15
Unlock ten Cop Upgrades.
Unlock every lockbox in North Point.
Unlock every lockbox in Central.
Unlock every lockbox in Kennedy Town and Aberdeen.
Complete all of Roland's Jobs.
Achieving 90% and above for all songs at the Karaoke Bars in HK.
Hack every Security Camera in the game.
Purchase all clothing.
Pray at all of the Health Shrines.
Purchase all vehicles.
Achieve 5 Silver Stat Awards.
Achieve 15 Silver Stat Awards.
Solid Silver35
Achieve 30 Silver Stat Awards.
Achieve 1 Gold Stat Award.
Gold Rush10
Achieve 5 Gold Stat Awards.
Golden Touch30
Achieve 15 Gold Stat Awards.
Pure Gold60
Achieve 30 Gold Stat Awards.
Complete 10% of all missions, cases, favors, events, jobs and races.
Complete 25% of all missions, cases, favors, events, jobs and races.
Complete 50% of all missions, cases, favors, events, jobs and races.
Complete 100% of all missions, cases, favors, events, jobs and races.
DLC: Nightmare In North Point Pack5 Achievements worth 125 Gamerscore
Pet Cemetery15 Secret
Send Dogeyes, Ratface and Ponytail back to Hell.
I Can Haz Banishment50 Secret
Banish Smiley Cat.
Complete all secondary content.
Cursed Gold15
Achieve 5 Gold Awards.
Hell Money25
Find all the money shrines.
DLC: The Year of the Snake4 Achievements worth 100 Gamerscore
Bomb Squad15 Secret
Complete the first mission.
Cult Master50 Secret
Defeat the cultists.
Complete all Secondary Content.
Find all the Evidence Collectibles
- Developer
- United Front Games
- Publisher
- Square Enix
- Platform
- Xbox 360


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David Pogue of the New York Times feels that people do not behave the same way online as they behave in real life. He suggests using moderation on Internet forums to prevent good people from getting turned away.
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God's Word Sustains
By Liliana Ballge, financial aid assistant director at Goshen College
Reprinted from Lenten Devotions
DEVOTIONAL: The life of a Christian isn't without test or trials, rather our assurance is in knowing that God is in control. However, as Christ himself exemplified in Luke 4:1-13, we too must equip ourselves with God's Word as a weapon against the devil himself or as a tool for facing any test or trial. I have found this to be true in my own life.
Like Jesus, God's Word has been the sustaining power while dealing with the illness and death of my mother-in-law. Three years ago, my mother-in-law was diagnosed with cancer and underwent treatment and was healed. However, a couple months later, she again became sick and this time the cancer was more severe. During the same week that we were preparing to celebrate my husband's graduation, we were also at the hospice house watching my mother-in-law lose her life at the young age of 55. To this day, tears fill my eyes and my heart feels the pain of losing her, but I am comforted by God's Word that Jesus Christ is my comfort and strength, her Healer and our Savior.
While we mourned for her loss, we rejoiced that she is no longer in pain and is resting in peace. God showed us his salvation by coming to this earth in the form of a human named Jesus and overcoming death. I thank God that because of his resurrection power, we have a new heaven to look forward to. A place described in Revelations 21:4 where "God shall wipe away all tears from their eyes; and there shall be no more death, neither sorrow, nor crying, neither shall there be any more pain: for the former things are passed away."
SCRIPTURE: Luke 4:1-13 (NRSV)
Jesus, full of the Holy Spirit, returned from the Jordan and was led by the Spirit in the wilderness, where for forty days he was tempted by the devil. He ate nothing at all during those days, and when they were over, he was famished. The devil said to him, 'If you are the Son of God, command this stone to become a loaf of bread.' Jesus answered him, 'It is written, "One does not live by bread alone." ' Then the devil led him up and showed him in an instant all the kingdoms of the world. And the devil said to him, 'To you I will give their glory and all this authority; for it has been given over to me, and I give it to anyone I please. If you, then, will worship me, it will all be yours.' Jesus answered him, 'It is written, "Worship the Lord your God, and serve only him." ' Then the devil took him to Jerusalem, and placed him on the pinnacle of the temple, saying to him, 'If you are the Son of God, throw yourself down from here, for it is written, "He will command his angels concerning you, to protect you", and "On their hands they will bear you up, so that you will not dash your foot against a stone." ' Jesus answered him, 'It is said, "Do not put the Lord your God to the test." ' When the devil had finished every test, he departed from him until an opportune time.
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Melanie Stanley-Soulen pastored Allen-Lee United Methodist Church from 2007 until 2013.
June 2013


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By Brian Palmer, OnEarth NRDC. For GSS Energy Use chapter 4. Excerpt: ...growing concerns about climate change began beckoning a few wary environmentalists into the carbon-free nuclear camp, with such notables as Whole Earth Catalog founder Stewart Brand and renowned climatologist James Hansen endorsing a nuclear expansion. ...the first new reactor of the 21st century, Watts Bar Unit 2 had finally received its operating license (https://www.tva.gov/Newsroom/Watts-Bar-2-Project). ...Nuclear's heyday came in the 1970s. Utilities broke ground on dozens of reactors around the country, including two units at Tennessee's Watts Bar facility in 1973. ...In the early 1970s, a utility could build a reactor for only $170 million. ...By the early 1980s, the average price for building a reactor had risen to $1.7 billion—a tenfold increase in a decade. ...financial analysts ... recognized that the industry could be viable only if (1) the country instituted a carbon tax to increase the cost of fossil fuels, and (2) prices for coal and natural gas stayed high. Neither condition panned out. ...the Watts Bar project hit its own speed bumps. Initially slated to open in 2014, the project is now two years behind schedule. TVA has also admitted the project would cost at least $1.5 billion more than anticipated—a 60 percent overrun on its $2.5 billion budget. And that doesn't include the $1.7 billion the company spent in the 1970s and '80s. ..."Energy efficiency gains, wind, and solar are now proven to be smarter, cheaper, faster ways to address climate change without the burdens of nuclear waste, the risk of severe nuclear accidents, or the nuclear weapons proliferation problem," notes [Matthew] McKinzie [, director of NRDC's nuclear program].... https://www.nrdc.org/onearth/does-nuclear-power-have-future-america
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Capstone Press
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Phone: (952) 933-7182
Capstone is a leading publisher of children's books and digital products and services, offering everything from nonfiction, fiction, and picture books to interactive books, audio books, and literacy programs. Imprints and divisions include Capstone Press, Compass Point Books, Heinemann-Raintree, Picture Window Books, Stone Arch Books, and Capstone Digital.
Capstone Press is listed in the following categories:
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Visa requirement to travel from Hungary to Zimbabwe
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Tago Mago [reissue] - MUTE/SPOON
FILTER Grade: 95%
By Jon Pruett on November 18, 2011
First, a little perspective: Tago Mago came out in 1971, the same year as Sticky Fingers, Maggot Brain, Hunky Dory, Master of Reality, There's a Riot Goin' On and Electric Warrior. Even with that kind of rarefied company, this album still seems sui generis. Sure, Can had recorded before and the results were as beguiling as brilliant, but Tago Mago was (and is) a double-length album like no other. Four decades on, and there has yet to be anything that hits on this kind of organic, brain-melting, structured psychosis. The key here is the locked groove of drummer Jaki Liebezeit and bassist Holger Czukay. These guys get into a kind of metronomic interplay that remains the group's largest legacy—check out the skittering, propulsive "Oh Yeah" or the juggernaut swagger of the 18-minute "Halleluwah." On top of this is Michael Karoli's spindly, spiderweb guitars and the inspired, oft-indecipherable rants of Damo Suzuki. "Mushroom" shows the band can do concise when they want to, cramming stuttering groove, bizarre rage/paranoia and droning guitar lines into just over four minutes. "Aumgn" goes into full-on acoustic/electronic sound collage territory and maybe the band's most out-there moment before reigning back the free energy into something more rhythm-based on "Peking O" (setting up the electronic and organic fusion of the next year's Ege Bamyasi). "Bring Me Coffee or Tea" adds a sweet, swaying mystical coda to this long and strange adventure. The reissue adds three live cuts from 1972 (including a 30-minute version of "Spoon"!) that further showcase these peerless, unclassifiable giants, making for an album that should be mandatory listening for students of the outer realms.


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GarageBand 4+
Make great music anywhere
- #21 in Music
- Free
GarageBand turns your iPad, and iPhone into a collection of Touch Instruments and a full-featured recording studio — so you can make music anywhere you go. And with Live Loops, it makes it easy for anyone to have fun creating music like a DJ. Use Multi-Touch gestures to play keyboards, guitars, and create beats that make you sound like a pro — even if you've never played a note before. Plug in a guitar or bass and play through classic amps and stompbox effects. Use a Touch Instrument, microphone, or a guitar and instantly record a performance with support for up of 32 tracks. Use the Sound Library to download additional free instruments, loops and sound packs. Audio Unit Extensions in iOS 13 allow you to play, record and mix third-party instruments or effects right into GarageBand. And then share your song with friends and family.
Live Loops. Make music like a DJ
• Use Multi-Touch to tap and trigger a Live Loop cell or group of cells
• Get started with templates or build your own grid from scratch with Apple Loops
• Create custom loops by recording directly into a cell using any Touch Instrument
• Use Remix FX to perform DJ-style effects
• Tap record to capture your performance
Play your iPad, and iPhone, like a musical instrument
• Play a variety of musical instruments on the innovative Multi-Touch keyboard
• Play and record using the Alchemy Touch Instrument
• Build grooves inspired by classic electronic drum machines with the Beat Sequencer
• Download free instruments, loops and sound packs for GarageBand with the Sound Library
• Capture any sound and apply studio-class effects
• Recreate legendary guitar or bass rigs using virtual amps & stompboxes
• Use 3D Touch to play keyboard sounds with polyphonic aftertouch*
• Record performances from third-party music apps directly into GarageBand using Audio Unit Extensions**
Drummer for iOS
• Add virtual session drummers to your song, who take direction and play realistic grooves
• Choose from acoustic, electronic drummers and percussionists***
• Each character provides their own sound and the ability to create over a million realistic grooves and fills
Sound like a virtuoso with Smart Instruments
• Play an entire string orchestra using Smart Strings
• Perform with Chord Strips and autoplay using any keyboard instrument
• Groove with a variety of Smart Basses using upright, electric, and synth sounds
• Strum chords or trigger autoplay patterns on an acoustic and electric Smart Guitar
Create a song anywhere you go
• Record, arrange and mix your song with up to 32 tracks using Touch Instruments, audio recordings, and loops****
• Record multiple times over any song section and choose your favorite using Multi-Take Recording
• Use professional mixing effects, including Visual EQ, Bitcrusher, and Overdrive
• Recording, mixing and exporting a song can be done at 24-bit audio resolution
• Trim and place musical regions exactly where you want them to play
• Automate the volume and record the movement of controls on Touch Instruments
• Add comments or lyric ideas to your song with an integrated notepad
Share your songs
• Keep your songs up to date across all devices using iCloud Drive
• Create custom ringtones and alerts for your iPad, iPhone, or iPod touch
• Share your songs using email or Facebook, YouTube, and SoundCloud*****
• Remotely add new tracks to your Logic Pro X project from your iPhone or iPad via iCloud
* Polyphonic aftertouch is available on iPhone 6s or later.
** Requires compatible third-party Audio Unit Extensions apps from the App Store.
*** Requires free download from GarageBand Sound Library.
**** Multitrack recording requires a compatible third-party audio interface.
***** Sharing to Facebook and YouTube requires iMovie.
What's New
Version 2.3.8
• Support for Dark Mode and new Share sheet in iOS 13
• Access files from external hard drives, SD card readers, and USB drives
• Improves audio fidelity of Apple Loops when making tempo and key changes
• New downloadable "Skyline Heat" sound pack with a collection of over 350 new Hip Hop loops and 6 drum kits
• Search for Apple Loops by Sound Library pack name
• Provides performance and stability improvements
Ratings and Reviews
Overall amazing app
This is the best mobile app to make music on the go. Hands down. With the latest additions, its become so rich, its my go to to when developing that melody in my head while im not in front of a computer. However, its not perfect. Yesterday, I lost an entire track because of an unintended consequence of the save feature. As you know, GB will save your progress when you exit the app. Theres no difference between exiting the app and locking your scree, since all the saving logic seems to occur during the onPause() method, regardless of what's making it pause. I guess this unintended feature would also happen when switching apps but i havent tested that one. Anyway, saving during onPause is the best thing to do, but it has the very important consequence of wiping out your history along with it. So, if you made some destructive changes that you you are not sure are going to stay, or deleted something unintentionally but selecting the track instead of the region, and realize you have to do something else in the real world, i had to get off the subway, you lock your screen and boom! History, and your ability to undo and go back, are all gone! For me who mainly uses GB on the go, this is a great deal. I'm pretty sure you guys can be selective about when you clear the history. Can you please fix?
I want to use wind instruments, but they're not there!
I'm a beginner music maker, and I've been playing in a school band for a lot of my life, so I grew up loving wind instruments like flute, trumpets, etc. but as of July 10, 2019, there doesn't seem to be an option to get them. I searched for extensions to add to GarageBand so that I may use the more traditional instruments, but I couldn't find anything. All I have is the computerized digital percussion, some strings I don't know how to use (yet), and a piano which I'm unable to really use because on my phone screen, the accents and attacks on the instrument are very spontaneous and annoying. It's a good app, don't get me wrong, but no matter where I look, I can't find any instruments I know what to do with in a composition (i.e. wind instruments). There also doesn't seem to really be a good way of making music box music in it no matter how hard I try (I try using the Sweet Bells on the piano setting, but even after messing with the sound settings it still doesn't feel right). The reason I point these things out is because I want to create more traditional or fantasy-based music. It would be nice to be able to create some ethereal music without struggling to find the instruments. Other than that, the app is wonderful and intuitive. I intend to keep using it, just so long as I have access to wind instruments and hopefully a music box-like instrument. Thank you for your time!
Needs to be solved
So I have been using this app since the iPhone 5s. And I have a major complaint it is a major book for those who are using voiceover with GarageBand. It's a book Apple needs to take care of. I am a voiceover user myself and I have been having this issue. Whenever you would like to add compression, change your EQ, add reverb, or echo, or any really cool affect like reversing the track, changing the speed so if you were trying to make those rap style high hats, or adding other great effects. Garage band will not let you, as soon as you close out of your mixer it erases all of the things you've done. Matter of fact it doesn't even add DFX it's like you never even added them. I have been dealing with this bug, since I started using this app I have never been able to successfully add any of those amazing plug-ins garage band will not even change the sound of your recording, as soon as you go and increase or decrease the amount of compression reverb or like I said any of the other affects, and you close out of the mixer and prepped play to hear your track it doesn't add them, then you go back to your mixer and look at it and see they're all back down to 0% Apple please please fix this issue, recordings with sound so much better when you can actually affect the sound. This bug has been going on long enough. On behalf of me and other voiceover users a like please fix this issue
- Seller
- Apple Inc.
- Size
- Category
- Music
- Compatibility
Requires iOS 13.0 or later. Compatible with iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch.
- Languages
English, Arabic, Catalan, Chinese (Hong Kong), Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Malay, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Simplified Chinese, Slovak, Spanish, Swedish, Thai, Traditional Chinese, Turkish, Ukrainian, Vietnamese
- Age Rating
- 4+
- Copyright
- © 2011-2019 Apple Inc. All rights reserved.
- Price
- Free
Family Sharing
With Family Sharing set up, up to six family members can use this app.


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Project Update Template Excel
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33 St James's Square
London, SW1Y 4JS
Contact information
Phone: +44 20 7661 9382
33 St James's Square
London, SW1Y 4JS
Contact information
Phone: +44 20 7661 9382
Collinson Grant works with managers to restructure, merge acquisitions, cut costs, restore profitability, introduce lean operations, streamline supply chains and manage people better. Helping clients to exploit digital technologies successfully is an increasing part of our work. Our consultancy skills and diverse experience help us to achieve successful results in demanding situations.
Our ambition is always to create the conditions for a sustained improvement in efficiency and financial performance. Our emphasis is on results and value for money.
The enduring partnerships we have formed with senior people have helped us to prosper in challenging economic circumstances and grow stronger when times are better. Our people are drawn from diverse backgrounds, but all are comfortable operating at a senior level.
The restructuring of large enterprises is one of our core competences but we offer many other managerial skills. Our work is varied because it takes place in many different locations and for many different types of organisation. It can range from giving advice to a senior manager for a short period, managing a reorganisation over several months or taking full executive responsibility for an operational division.
Some of the companies who first used our services 40 years ago are still our clients. Times change and so does the economy, but our relationships endure because we take time to build trust and to understand the day-to-day concerns of the managers we work with.
Our work centres on assignments for large organisations in the United Kingdom, throughout continental Europe and further afield. We support our clients' senior managers in planning, resourcing and implementing projects to restructure, merge acquisitions, cut costs, improve performance and profit, and manage people. Building long-term relationships based on trust and added value allows us to sustain successful partnerships with clients, often over many years.
It is not essential to have worked as a management consultant. We recruit people with different skills, but always with a strong educational background. Increasingly, Digital channel shift will be a part of someone's experience. Our work embraces both operational and HR consulting – and we recruit both permanent and associate staff.
Click here for jobs at Collinson Grant.


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Our guest blogger is Peter Juul, a research associate at the Center for American Progress Action Fund.
In a recent Brookings Institution report on Middle East strategy for the new administration, editors Richard Haass and Martin Indyk propose extending a nuclear guarantee to Israel in order to buy that country's acquiescence for a lengthy period of engagement with Iran to bring Tehran's nuclear program under international control. Along with Haass and Indyk, Bruce Reidel and Gary Samore, authors of the report's chapter on non-proliferation, posit that Israel cannot abide by a nuclear Iran despite having adequate deterrent forces. Setting aside this debatable assumption about Israel's own internal foreign and nuclear policy debate, there is little rational reason to believe that a U.S. nuclear guarantee would prove more reassuring to Israel than its own nuclear deterrent.
The United States has extended nuclear deterrent guarantees to other states — most notably NATO members and Japan — but these commitments existed in most cases to discourage allies from developing their own nuclear weapons programs. This is hardly the case with Israel, which it has its own highly developed, if undeclared, nuclear weapons program. A United States nuclear deterrent guarantee to Israel would be irrelevant to Israel's overall strategic situation, and would likely have negative political repercussions for the United States in the region. Israel's nuclear deterrent is shrouded in secrecy, but it is estimated to have between 100 and 200 nuclear warheads. Like the United States, Israel's nuclear delivery forces are structured to form a "triad" of air, land, and sea-based systems. Israel's long-range F-15I and F-16I strike aircraft are believed to be nuclear capable, and have the range to reach targets in Iran without refueling. More central to Israel's nuclear forces are its Jericho-series of ballistic missiles. Israel is estimated to have between 50 and 100 Jericho II missiles with a range between 1,500 kilometers and 3,000 kilometers, and in January tested a new 4,000 kilometer-range missile. This new missile puts all of Iran in Israel's nuclear reach. Finally, Israel's three Dolphin-class submarines are reportedly capable of firing Harpoon missiles modified to carry nuclear warheads, and in 2000 Israel reportedly tested a 1,500 kilometer range cruise missile from one of its submarines. Two more submarines are on order from Germany. Israel therefore has a mature nuclear deterrent likely capable of launching a second strike against adversaries. Iran, on the other hand, is not believed to possess nuclear weapons at this time and has very limited options for delivering a bomb. Its current long-range missile systems (the Shahab-3 family) have ranges comparable to Israel's solid-fuel Jericho system, but are liquid-fueled and require greater time to launch. Tehran recently claimed to have developed a solid-fuel missile with a 1,900 kilometer range, but questions remain as to exactly what kind of missile was actually launched. Even if Iran does develop nuclear weapons, its ballistic missile force remains relatively undeveloped, and Iran will likely not have a second strike capability similar to Israel's for several years. In addition, there are reports that Ukrainian smugglers transferred nuclear-capable cruise missiles to Iran. What does all this mean? For one, it means that both current circumstances and a potential Iran-Israel adversarial nuclear relationship are and will remain highly unstable for the foreseeable future. The current and possible future nuclear balance between the countries is such that Israel has incentives to either prevent Iran from developing a nuclear capability or disarm its rudimentary nuclear force (should it be developed) through either conventional or nuclear strikes on Tehran's delivery systems. In other words, Israel should be able to take out Iran's nuclear capabilities with minimal probability of effective Iranian nuclear retaliation. (If any Iranian nuclear weapons survive an Israeli first strike, Tehran is sure to use them.) For Iran, a nuclear balance that favors Israel gives it a "use it or lose it" incentive in a crisis — that is, it tilts Iran's calculus in favor of using nuclear weapons in a confrontation with Israel. A U.S. nuclear guarantee to Israel does nothing to prevent the instability resulting from a comparatively strong Israeli second strike capability and a comparatively vulnerable Iranian nuclear force. It does not change Iran's "use it or lose it" strategic logic in a crisis situation, and therefore cannot serve as much of a reassurance to Israel. While low-end estimates of the range of Israel's Jericho II missiles do not include all of Iran, Iran does not yet possess a missile capable of reaching Israel from beyond the Jericho II's range and many of Iran's population centers are within its range. Further, Israel has successfully tested a longer range Jericho capable of reaching all of Iranian territory. A U.S. nuclear guarantee based on the premise that Israel cannot strike all of Iran is without merit. A U.S. nuclear guarantee to Israel might have a reassuring effect were Israel not a nuclear state. But Israel is a nuclear state, and it is unlikely to place its perceived existential security in the hands of an outside power –- even one as friendly as the United States. Regardless of what the United States does, Israel is likely to increase the security of its second strike capabilities in the event Iran acquires a nuclear weapon –- which will in turn likely drive Iran to develop its own secure second strike capabilities. An Iranian bomb, then, appears to augur an arms race between Israel and Iran until both sides reach the stable equilibrium of mutual assured destruction. Since a U.S. nuclear guarantee is strategically worthless to Israel, it serves no purpose beyond signaling. The United States should therefore consider the regional political consequences of a nuclear guarantee to Israel. It will likely reinforce regional popular perceptions that the United States is biased toward Israel in local disputes while providing no appreciable strategic benefit to the United States or Israel. If a nuclear guarantee is provided solely to Israel, Arab states aligned with the United States will wonder why they were not deemed important enough to be included. Diplomatic ruptures between these states and the U.S. could result.
In sum, a U.S. nuclear guarantee to Israel makes little strategic sense. It would not help Israel, and could harm the United States politically in the region. Israel will likely maintain nuclear superiority over Iran for the foreseeable future, enabling it to hold both Iran's population centers hostage to a retaliatory strike and its nuclear forces hostage to a first strike. This capability likely creates an incentive for Iran to use its nuclear forces first or lose them altogether, leading to an unstable nuclear relationship between Israel and Iran. A U.S. nuclear guarantee to Israel does not fundamentally alter this situation.


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Dorint Am Goethepark Weimar
About the Hotel
Why We Love This Hotel
- This Neoclassical hotel overlooks Goethe Park in the centre of Weimar
- Regional dishes and local beers are served at the wood-panelled pub
- The spa centre features a sauna and a Jacuzzi
Set in an elegant Neoclassical building, the hotel Dorint am Goethepark Weimar overlooks Goethe Park in the central German city of Weimar. It is situated in the federal state of Thuringia, between its capital Erfurt and the metropolis of Leipzig.
The hotel is a few minutes' walk from the city centre and many of the rooms overlook Goethe Park, named after the German writer and poet, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, who lived and worked in Weimar. An annual arts festival takes place every year around Goethe's birthday and the Goethe House celebrates his work in the building where he lived. There's plenty more to see in the local area including Wartburg Castle and Castle Grosskochberg.
The main restaurant serves à la carte dishes and overlooks the Goethe House, while regional cuisine and local beers are available at the wood-panelled Consilium bar.
The wellness centre features a fitness centre, a sauna and a Jacuzzi, and the hotel can recommend local jogging and Nordic walking routes.
All rooms have free Wi-Fi. The Standard and Comfort rooms are in the new part of the building and the Superior rooms are decorated in Art Nouveau and Bauhaus styles. Junior Suites overlook the Goethe House and its garden.
- Infant cots / cribs
- Bar
- Newspaper / magazines
- Extra beds / roll away beds
- Restaurant
- Pet-friendly
- 100% smoke-free
- 24-hour front desk
- Beauty treatments / massages (fees apply)
- Pillow menu
- Room service (limited hours)
- Business center
- Baby-sitting service (fees apply)
Room amenities
- Air-conditioning
- Safe
- Sitting area
- Flatscreen TV
- Complimentary Wi-Fi throughout
- Bathrobes and slippers
- Bathtub
- Hair-dryer
- Parking (fees apply)
- Accessible bathroom in some rooms
- Accessible meeting room
- Accessible parking
- Accessible restaurant
- Accessible spa
Standard Time is 3pm.
Minimum age required to check in: 18.
Checkout: Standard Time is 12pm.
Children and additional guests:
Breakfast for children is included Extra guests allowed in Superior Rooms only.
Breakfast for adults is included
Extra guest charges will apply as follows: 49€ for children aged 15 and under, 99€ for older children and adults. Extra beds are on request.
Infant's cot/crib available on request, in Standard and Superior Rooms only, free of charge, for children aged 2 and under.
Please use the Special Request field to confirm the age of the third guest.
Supplements are not included automatically in the total price and will be charged directly by the hotel.
Extra guests allowed in Superior Rooms only.
Pets are allowed on request and will be charged at 15€ per pet per night.
Supplements are not included automatically in the total price and will be charged directly by the hotel.
Fees: City tax not included in the total price: 1.50€ per person per night payable at the hotel.
Cancellation: Cancellation policy & booking conditions vary by 'rate plan'. These will be displayed on the payment page after you have searched for your dates and selected a rate.
Have a Question? Contact Travelzoo.
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Customer Service available Mon-Fri, 8am-6pm
Rates may vary by date, are subject to availability and are not guaranteed until your purchase is complete.
The room rates listed are for double occupancy per room unless otherwise stated and exclude tax recovery charges and service fees.
It is the responsibility of the hotel chain and/or the individual property to ensure the accuracy of the photos displayed. Travelzoo is not responsible for any inaccuracies in the photos.
*Unless otherwise stated, Travelzoo-exclusive extras are valid once per stay (based on two adults sharing). Value is an estimate based on double occupancy. Extras are only included with Member Rates and may not be available on all dates. Extras are non-transferable and have no cash value. Total value may vary depending on time of booking and availability. When included, breakfast may be limited to 2 guests per stay subject to hotel's discretion. Other restrictions may apply; see our T&Cs for details.
Please note: Some amenities and services may not be available in all rooms or may incur an additional charge. All prices stated have been verified at the time of publication and may vary at the discretion of the hotel.


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The playwright Arthur Miller remarked that Protestantism was a large factor in preventing social revolution in the US during and after the 1930s Great Depression. The doctrine of Sola Fide had its hand in the origins of modern science, philosophy and psychopathology. "Average" because it's what Willy Loman could not say of himself, "Protestant" because it's the root of most of what I feel interested to write about, well or badly.
Thursday, 14 November 2013
"How To Believe" - Guardian, Liz Williams
This series in the Guardian is good to see. Huge need for thinking. Liz Williams put in 5 short pieces on Karl Popper "The Enemy of Certainty". I've now got a big crush on Ms Williams, witch and SF writer. (Hey Liz! Please get in touch!) I was so pleased to see her emphasising that Popper's attempt at demarcation between science and pseudo-science (simultaneously denying the logical positivist doctrine of verification) was not casting the pseudo-science out. His work allows for rigour and meaningfulness in "pseudo-scientific" theory. Indeed he leaves us realising that metaphysical underpinnings are there in science no less than in other theory. He preserves the metaphysical and smashes positivism! Yay!
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is the
ware made by potters. Major types of pottery include
, and
. The places where such wares are made are called potteries. Pottery is one of the oldest human technologies and art-forms, and remains a major industry today.
Ceramic art
covers the art of pottery, whether in items made for use or purely for decoration.
Pottery is made by forming a
clay body
into objects of a required shape and heating them to high temperatures in a
to induce reactions that lead to permanent changes, including increasing their strength and hardening and setting their shape. There are wide regional variations in the properties of clays used by potters and this often helps to produce wares that are unique in character to a locality. It is common for clays and other minerals to be mixed to produce clay bodies suited to specific purposes.
Prior to some shaping processes, air trapped within the clay body needs to be removed. This is called de-airing and can be accomplished by a machine called a vacuum pug or manually by
. Wedging can also help to ensure an even moisture content throughout the body. Once a clay body has been de-aired or wedged, it is shaped by a variety of techniques. After shaping it is dried before firing. There are a number of stages in the drying process.
refers to the stage when the clay object is approximately 75-85% dry. Clay bodies at this stage are very firm and only slightly pliable. Trimming and handle attachment often occurs at the leather-hard state. Clay bodies are said to be "bone-dry" when they reach a moisture content at or near 0%. Unfired objects are often termed
. Clay bodies at this stage are very fragile and hence can be easily broken.
Methods of shaping
The potter's most basic tool is the
. However, many additional tools have been developed over the long history of pottery manufacturing, including the
potter's wheel
and turntable, shaping tools (paddles, anvils, ribs), rolling tools (roulettes, slab rollers,
rolling pins
), cutting/piercing tools (knives, fluting tools, wires) and finishing tools (burnishing stones, rasps, chamois).
Pottery can be shaped by a range of methods that include:
Handwork or hand building
. This is the earliest and the most individualized and direct forming method. Wares can be constructed by hand from coils of clay, from flat slabs of clay, from solid balls of clay — or some combination of these. Parts of hand-built vessels are often joined together with the aid of
or slip, a runny mixture of clay and water. Hand building is slower and more gradual than wheel-throwing, but it offers the potter a high degree of control over the size and shape of wares. While it isn't difficult for an experienced potter to make identical pieces of hand-built pottery, the speed and repetitiveness of wheel-throwing is more suitable for making precisely matched sets of wares such as
table wares
. Some
studio potters
find hand building more conducive to fully using the imagination to create one-of-a-kind works of
, while others find this with the wheel.
A potter shapes a piece of pottery on an electric-powered potter's wheel
The potter's wheel.
In the process that is called "throwing" (coming from the
Old English
, which means to twist or turn ) , a ball of clay is placed in the center of a turntable, called the wheel-head, which the potter rotates with a stick, or with foot power (a kick wheel or
wheel) or with a variable speed
electric motor
. (Often, a disk of plastic, wood or plaster — called a
— is first set on the wheel-head, and the ball of clay is thrown on the bat rather than the wheel-head so that the finished piece can be removed intact with its bat, without distortion.)
During the process of throwing the wheel rotates rapidly while the solid ball of soft clay is pressed, squeezed, and pulled gently upwards and outwards into a hollow shape. The first step, of pressing the rough ball of clay downward and inward into perfect
rotational symmetry
, is called
the clay, a most important (and often most difficult) skill to master before the next steps:
(making a centered hollow into the solid ball of clay),
(making the flat or rounded bottom inside the pot),
(drawing up and shaping the walls to an even thickness), and
(removing excess clay to refine the shape or to create a
From around 7th century BC until the introduction of
slip casting
in the 18th century AD, the potter's wheel was the most effective method of
mass producing
pottery, although it is also often employed to make individual pieces. Wheel-work makes great demands on the skill of the potter, but an accomplished operator can make many near-identical plates, vases, or bowls in the course of a day's work. Because of its inherent limitations, wheel-work can only be used to create wares with
radial symmetry
on a
vertical axis
. These can then be altered by impressing, bulging,
, and by other methods making the wares more visually interesting. Often, thrown pieces are further modified by having handles, lids, feet, spouts, and other functional aspects added using the techniques of handworking.
These operations are carried out on the potter's wheel and allow the time taken to bring wares to a standardized form to be reduced.
is the operation of bringing a shaped tool into contact with the plastic clay of a piece under construction, the piece itself being set on a rotating plaster mould on the wheel. The jigger tool shapes one face whilst the mould shapes the other. Jiggering is used only in the production of flat wares, such as plates, but a similar operation,
, is used in the production of hollow-wares, such as cups. Jiggering and jolleying have been used in the production of pottery since at least the 18th century. In large-scale factory production jiggering and jolleying are usually automated, which allows the operations to be carried out by semi-skilled labor.
Roller-head machine
This machine is for shaping wares on a rotating mould, as in jiggering and jolleying, but with a rotary shaping tool replacing the fixed profile. The rotary shaping tool is a shallow cone having the same diameter as the ware being formed and shaped to the desired form of the back of the article being made. Wares may in this way be shaped, using relatively unskilled labor, in one operation at a rate of about twelve pieces per minute, though this varies with the size of the articles being produced. The roller-head machine is now used in factories worldwide.
RAM pressing
A factory process for shaping table wares and decorative ware by pressing a bat of prepared clay body into a required shape between two porous molding plates. After pressing, compressed air is blown through the porous mould plates to release the shaped wares.
Granulate pressing:
As the name suggests, this is the operation of shaping pottery by pressing clay in a semi-dry and granulated condition in a
. The clay is pressed into the mould by a porous die through which water is pumped at high pressure. The
clay is prepared by spray-drying to produce a fine and free flowing material having a moisture content of between about five and six per cent. Granulate pressing, also known as
dust pressing
, is widely used in the manufacture of
ceramic tiles
and, increasingly, of plates.
is often used in the mass-production of ceramics and is ideally suited to the making of wares that cannot be formed by other methods of shaping. A
, made by mixing
body with water, is poured into a highly absorbent plaster mold. Water from the slip is absorbed into the mould leaving a layer of clay body covering its internal surfaces and taking its internal shape. Excess slip is poured out of the mold, which is then split open and the molded object removed. Slipcasting is widely used in the production of sanitary wares and is also used for making smaller articles, such as intricately-detailed figurines.
Decorating and glazing
Pottery may be decorated in a number of ways, including:
In the clay body; by, for example, incising patterns on its surface.
decoration, in the manner of many
blue and white wares
In-glaze decoration
On-glaze decoration
can be worked into the clay body prior to forming, to produce desired effects in the fired wares. Coarse additives, such as sand and
(fired clay which has been finely ground) are sometimes used to give the final product a required texture. Contrasting colored clays and grogs are sometimes used to produce patterns in the finished wares. Colorants, usually metal oxides and carbonates, are added singly or in combination to achieve a desired color. Combustible particles can be mixed with the body or pressed into the surface to produce texture.
So-named after its resemblance to the quartz mineral
which has bands or layers of color that are blended together. Agatewares are made by blending clays of differing colors together, but not mixing them to the extent that they lose their individual identities. The wares have a distinctive veined or
The term 'agateware' is used to describe such wares in the
United Kingdom
; in Japan the term
is used and in
, where such things have been made since at least the
Tang Dynasty
, they are called
Great care is required in the selection of clays to be used for making agatewares as the clays used must have matching thermal movement characteristics.
This is the application, by hand or by machine, of a band of color to the edge of a plate or cup. Also known as lining, this operation is often carried out on a potter's wheel.
The surface of pottery wares may be
prior to firing by rubbing with a suitable instrument of wood, steel or stone, to produce a polished finish that survives firing. It is possible to produce very highly polished wares when fine clays are used, or when the polishing is carried out on wares that have been partially dried and contain little water, though wares in this condition are extremely fragile and the risk of breakage is high.
This is a
clay slip
, often white or cream in color that is used to coat the surface of pottery, usually before firing. Its purpose is often decorative, though it can also be used to mask undesirable features in the clay to which it is applied. Engobe slip may be applied by painting or by dipping, to provide a uniform, smooth, coating. Engobe has been used by potters from pre-historic times until the present day, and is sometimes combined with
decoration, where a layer of engobe is scratched through to reveal the color of the underlying clay. With care it is possible to apply a second coat of engobe of a different color to the first and to incise decoration through the second coat to expose the color of the underlying coat. Engobes used in this way often contain substantial amounts of
, sometimes approaching the composition of a
This is a commonly used abbreviation for
, although the alternative names of
transfer print
are also common. These are used to apply designs to articles. The litho comprises three layers: the color, or image, layer which comprises the decorative design; the cover coat, a clear protective layer, which may incorporate a low-melting glass; and the backing paper on which the design is printed by screen printing or lithography. There are various methods of transferring the design while removing the backing-paper, some of which are suited to machine application
Decoration with gold is used on some high quality ware. Different methods exist for its application, including:
Best gold
- a suspension of gold powder in essential oils mixed with a flux and a mercury salt extended. This can be applied by a painting technique. From the kiln the decoration is dull and requires burnishing to reveal the full color
Acid Gold
– a form of gold decoration developed in the early 1860s at the
factory of
Mintons Ltd
The glazed surface is etched with diluted
hydrofluoric acid
prior to application of the gold. The process demands great skill and is used for the decoration only of ware of the highest class.
Bright Gold
– consists of a solution of gold sulphoresinate together with other metal resonates and a flux. The name derives from the appearance of the decoration immediately after removal from the kiln as it requires no burnishing
Mussel Gold
– an old method of gold decoration. It was made by rubbing together gold leaf, sugar and salt, followed by washing to remove solubles
is a glassy coating applied to pottery, the primary purposes of which include decoration and protection. Glazes are highly variable in composition but usually comprise a mixture of ingredients that generally, but not always, mature at kiln temperatures lower than that of the pottery that it coats. One important use of glaze is in rendering pottery vessels impermeable to water and other liquids. Glaze may be applied by dusting it over the clay, spraying, dipping, trailing or brushing on a thin
composed of glaze minerals and water. Brushing tends not to give an even covering but can be effective as a decorative technique. The color of a glaze before it has been fired may be significantly different than afterwards. To prevent glazed wares sticking to kiln furniture during firing, either a small part of the object being fired (for example, the foot) is left unglazed or, alternatively, special refractory
are used as supports. These are removed and discarded after the firing. Special methods of glazing are sometimes carried out in the kiln. One example is
, where
common salt
is introduced to the kiln to produce a glaze of mottled,
orange peel
texture. Materials other than salt are also used to glaze wares in the kiln, including sulfur. In wood-fired kilns fly-ash from the fuel can produce
on the surface of wares, and the use of an ash and clay mix can result in alkaline glazes, as used in
Catawba Valley Pottery
in the eastern United States.
Firing produces irreversible changes in the body. It is only after firing that the article can be called pottery. In lower-fired pottery the changes include
, the fusing together of coarser particles in the body at their points of contact with each other. In the case of porcelain, where different materials and higher firing-temperatures are used the physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of the constituents in the body are greatly altered. In all cases the object of firing is to permanently harden the wares and the firing regime must be appropriate to the materials used to make them. As a rough guide, earthenwares are normally fired at temperatures in the range of about 1000 to 1200 degrees Celsius; stonewares at between about 1100 to 1300 degrees Celsius; and porcelains at between about 1200 to 1400 degrees Celsius. However, the way that ceramics mature in the kiln is influenced not only by the peak temperature achieved, but also by the duration of the period of firing. Thus, the maximum temperature within a kiln is often held constant for a period of time to
the wares, to produce the maturity required in the body of the wares.
The atmosphere within a kiln during firing can affect the appearance of the finished wares. An oxidising atmosphere, produced by allowing air to enter the kiln, can cause the
of clays and glazes. A reducing atmosphere, produced by limiting the flow of air into the kiln, can strip oxygen from the surface of clays and glazes. This can affect the appearance of the wares being fired and, for example, some glazes containing
fire brown in an oxidising atmosphere, but green in a reducing atmosphere. The atmosphere within a kiln can be adjusted to produce complex effects in glaze.
Kilns may be heated by burning
, or by
. When used as fuels, coal and wood can introduce smoke, soot and ash into the kiln which can affect the appearance of unprotected wares. For this reason wares fired in wood- or coal-fired kilns are often placed in the kiln in
; lidded ceramic boxes, to protect them. Modern kilns powered by gas or electricity are cleaner and more easily controlled than older wood- or coal-fired kilns and often allow shorter firing times to be used. In a Western adaptation of traditional Japanese
Raku ware
firing, wares are removed from the kiln while hot and smothered in ashes, paper or woodchips, which produces a distinctive,
, appearance. This technique is also used in Malaysia in creating traditional
labu sayung
Earliest known ceramics are the Gravettian figurines that date to 29,000 to 25,000 BC
It is believed that the earliest pottery wares were hand-built and fired in bonfires. Firing times were short but the peak-temperatures achieved in the fire could be high, perhaps in the region of 900 degrees Celsius, and were reached very quickly. Clays tempered with sand, grit, crushed shell or crushed pottery were often used to make bonfire-fired ceramics, because they provided an open body texture that allows water and other volatile components of the clay to escape freely. The coarser particles in the clay also acted to restrain shrinkage within the bodies of the wares during cooling, which was carried out slowly to reduce the risk of thermal stress and cracking. In the main, early bonfire-fired wares were made with rounded bottoms, to avoid sharp angles that might be susceptible to cracking. The earliest intentionally constructed kilns were
or trench-kilns; holes dug in the ground and covered with fuel. Holes in the ground provided insulation and resulted in better control over firing.
The earliest known ceramic objects are
figurines such as those discovered at Dolni Vestonice in the modern-day
Czech Republic
Venus of Dolní Věstonice
(Věstonická Venuše in Czech) is a Venus figurine, a statuette of a nude female figure dated to 29,000–25,000 BCE (Gravettian industry). The earliest pottery ware found to date was excavated from the
Yuchanyan Cave
in southern China and the
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
in 2009 reports that the ware dates back to 18,000 years ago. Pottery vessels made by the Incipient Jōmon people of Japan from around 10,500 BCE have also been found..The term "
" means "cord-marked" in Japanese. This refers to the markings made on clay vessels and figures using sticks with cords wrapped around them.
Pottery which dates back to 10,000 BCE have also been excavated in
It appears that pottery was independently developed in North
during the tenth millennium b.p. and in
South America
during the seventh millennium b.p.
The invention of the
potter's wheel
sometime between 6,000 and 4,000 BCE (
Ubaid period
) revolutionized pottery production.
Specialized potters were then able to meet the expanding needs of the world's first cities.
Pottery was in use in
ancient India
during the
Period II (5500 - 4800 BCE) and Merhgarh Period III (4800 - 3500 BCE), known as the ceramic Neolithic and
Pottery, including items known as the ed-Dur vessels, originated in regions of the Indus valley and has been found in a number of sites in the
Indus valley civilization
In the Mediterranean, during the
Greek Dark Ages
(1100–800 BCE), artists used geometric designs such as squares, circles and lines to decorate
and other pottery.
The period between 1500-300 BCE in ancient
is known as the
Mumun Pottery Period
The quality of pottery has varied historically, in part dependent upon the repute in which the potter's
was held by the community .
For example, in the
period in Mesopotamia,
pottery achieved a level of technical competence and sophistication, not seen until the later developments of
Greek pottery
with Corinthian and
Attic ware
The distinctive Red
Samian ware
of the Early
Roman Empire
was copied by regional potters throughout the Empire. The
Dark Age
period saw a collapse in the quality of European pottery which did not recover in status and quality until the
European Renaissance
In archaeology
, and
the study of pottery can help to provide an insight into past cultures. Pottery is durable and fragments, at least, often survive long after artifacts made from less-durable materials have decayed past recognition. Combined with other evidence, the study of pottery artifacts is helpful in the development of theories on the organisation, economic condition and the cultural development of the societies that produced or acquired pottery. The study of pottery may also allow inferences to be drawn about a culture's daily life, religion, social relationships, attitudes towards neighbours, attitudes to their own world and even the way the culture understood the universe.
Chronologies based on pottery are often essential for dating non-literate cultures and are often of help in the dating of historic cultures as well. Trace element analysis, mostly by
neutron activation
, allows the sources of clay to be accurately identified and the
test can be used to provide an estimate of the date of last firing. Examining fired pottery shards from prehistory, scientists learned that during high-temperature firing, iron materials in clay record the exact state of Earth's magnetic field at that exact moment.
Environmental issues in production
Although many of the environmental effects of pottery production have existed for millennia, some of these have been amplified with modern technology and scales of production. The principal factors for consideration fall into two categories: (a] effects on workers and (b) effects on the general environment. Within the effects on workers, chief impacts are indoor
air quality
sound levels
and possible
. Regarding the general environment, factors of interest are off-site
water pollution
air pollution
and disposal of
hazardous materials
Historically plumbism,
lead poisoning
, was a significant health concern to those glazing pottery. This was recognised at least as early as the nineteenth century, and the first legislation in the United Kingdom to limit pottery workers' exposure was introduced in 1899. Whilst the risk of to those working in ceramics is now much reduced it can still not be ignored. With respect to
indoor air quality
, workers can be exposed to fine
carbon monoxide
and certain
heavy metals
. The greatest health risk is the potential to develop
from the long-term exposure to crystalline
. Proper ventilation can reduce the risks, and the first legislation in the United Kingdom to govern ventilation was introduced in 1899..
Another, more recent study at
Laney College
Oakland, California
suggests that all these factors can be controlled in a well designed workshop environment.
The use of energy and pollutants in the production of ceramics is a growing concern. Electric firing is arguably more environmentally friendly than combustion firing, although the source of the electricity varies in environmental impact.
Other usages
Due to the large number of pottery factories, or colloquially, 'Pot Banks', the English
, one of the first industrial cities of the modern era where, as early as 1785, two hundred pottery manufacturers employed 20,000 workers, is often called "The Potteries".
For the same reason
the largest football club in the city
are known as "The Potters".
See also
List of pottery terms
Anagama kiln
Arts and Crafts movement
Bone china
Chinese porcelain
Dipped ware
Glaze defects
History of pottery in Palestine
Iranian pottery
Kakiemon pottery
Longquan celadon
Maiolica of Renaissance Italy
Native American pottery
Pit fired pottery
Poole Pottery
Pottery of Ancient Greece
Raku ware
Rockingham Pottery
Royal Doulton
Henry Doulton
John Doulton
Saggar fired pottery
Salt glaze pottery
Sea pottery
Staffordshire Potteries
Studio pottery
, Mexican maiolica
Enoch Wedgwood
Josiah Wedgwood
Victorian majolica
Vietnamese pottery
Yixing pottery
Dennis Krueger,
Why On Earth Do They Call It Throwing?
, in Ceramics Today
No. 359: The Dolni Vestonice Ceramics
"Chinese pottery may be earliest discovered."
Associated Press
. 2009-06-01
Barnett & Hoopes 1995:23
Barnett & Hoopes 1995:211
American Philosophical Society
(vol. 85, 1942). ISBN 1422372219
Archaeology of the United Arab Emirates: Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Archaeology of the U.A.E. By Daniel T. Potts, Hasan Al Naboodah, Peter Hellyer. Contributor Daniel T. Potts, Hasan Al Naboodah, Peter Hellyer. Published 2003. Trident Press Ltd. ISBN 190072488X
Ahn 2000; Bale 2001; Crawford and Lee 2003
Health Risks In A Victorian Pottery
Indoor air quality evaluation for the Butler Building Ceramics Laboratory, Laney College, Oakland, California
, Earth Metrics Incorporated, Alameda County Schools Insurance Association, December, 1989
Patterns of Labour - Work and Social Change in the Pottery Indsutry. Richard Whipp. Routlidge 1990
ASTM Standard C 242-01
Standard Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products
Ashmore, Wendy & Sharer, Robert J., (2000).
Discovering Our Past: A Brief Introduction to Archaeology Third Edition
. Mountain View, California: Mayfield Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0072978827
Barnett, William & Hoopes, John (Eds.) (1995).
The Emergence of Pottery
. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1-56098-517-8
Childe, V. G., (1951).
Man Makes Himself
. London: Watts & Co.
An Introduction To The Technology Of Pottery.
2nd edition. Pergamon Press. 1988
W.Ryan & C.Radford.
Whitewares: Production, Testing And Quality Control.
Pergamon Press. 1987
Hamer, Frank and Janet. (1991).
The Potter's Dictionary of Materials and Techniques
, Third Edition. London: A & C Black Publishers. ISBN 0-8122-3112-0.
Rice, Prudence M. (1987).
Pottery Analysis – A Sourcebook
. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-71118-8.
Tschegg, C., Hein, I., Ntaflos, Th., 2008. State of the art multi-analytical geoscientific approach to identify Cypriot Bichrome Wheelmade Ware reproduction in the Eastern Nile delta (Egypt). Journal of Archaeological Science 35, 1134-1147.
External links
How pottery is made
Neolithic Pottery Manufacture
Pottery manufacture in recent past
- film on pottery making around the world at NFB.ca
A brief history of the pottery industry
Pottery-related objects and photographs to explore online
Customs and Working Practices of a Victorian Pottery
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Toothless Toronto await Giovinco, Altidore in Eastern Conference final
Toronto FC will probably be the happier of the two teams following their goalless draw against Columbus Crew in the first leg of the Eastern Conference final.
They arrived in Columbus without prolific pair Sebastian Giovinco and Jozy Altidore, and despite not registering a shot on goal in 90 minutes, the Reds will return home comfortable with the state of the series and their chances of hosting a second consecutive MLS Cup final.
Here are the lessons we learned from the goalless draw in Columbus and how they might impact the second leg next Wednesday.
Toronto has many gears
Without Giovinco and Altidore, Toronto FC turned to Tosaint Ricketts and a slightly adjusted setup in a first leg that was mostly about management. More important than getting goals on the road was stifling the Crew attack and setting up a return engagement when all their firepower will be available. Greg Vanney's team executed the game plan insofar as they kept Columbus quiet in a largely comfortable fashion by sitting deep and outmanning the Crew in crucial areas.
Until Harrison Afful's late chance that required Alex Bono to make a point-blank save, Toronto didn't have much to worry about. The Supporters' Shield winners looked composed throughout. A bit of good luck and the referee ignoring Pedro Santos' penalty claim early in the second half were all they needed to call the first-leg job done.
For the second leg in Toronto, the Reds will have to shift back into the more attacking gear that helped them win the points title. Giovinco and Altidore will give them an edge they lacked in the first leg, but after a long layoff between rounds, it might not be that easy to slide back into a more powerful gear.
The midfield matters
The team that wins the midfield battle generally wins the game -- or, in this case, gets what they want out of the result. Toronto FC controlled the center of the park at Mapfre Stadium and in the process starved the Crew attackers of service and space.
Columbus' ability to build from deep, usually going through captain Wil Trapp, was limited by Toronto's approach to midfield. Sitting deeper in defense and counting on Michael Bradley to dictate terms as a shield in front of the back line, TFC tasked Victor Vazquez and Jonathan Osorio with applying pressure and clogging passing lanes.
Without their preferred approach available, Columbus were less effective in wide areas and less able to push extra men into the attack. Federico Higuain was limited, Afful spent more time sitting deep and Jukka Raitala was pinned back. Justin Meram and Santos desperately missed runs from teammates that would have dragged defenders and created space.
Things will be very different in Toronto. Artur will be unavailable due to yellow card accumulation. TFC's more aggressive approach should open things up for Columbus, and it will be incumbent upon Trapp, Higuain & Co. to take advantage.
Goalkeepers have to perform
The hero of playoff games against Atlanta and NYCFC, Zack Steffen, had nothing to do in the Columbus net as the Reds registered zero shots on goal. Steffen's quiet night might have been a nice break for the 22-year old, but the Crew will wish his counterpart hadn't played so well on the other end.
It's not as though Bono had much more to do than Steffen -- Columbus took 14 shots, but only three were on goal -- but the Toronto goalkeeper stepped up when it mattered, saving Afful's point-blank shot in the last six minutes of the match. Bono's earlier intervention on Santos, a moment when he chose to come off his line and won the ball fairly according to referee Robert Sibiga, prevented a Crew chance and kept the game goalless.
Steffen isn't likely to go without facing a shot in the second leg. Bono, too, could be tested by a Crew attack capable of creating goal-scoring chances on the road.
The difference in this series, which features excellent attacking teams playing 90 more minutes for the right to host the MLS Cup final, could be which of the two young American keepers puts in the better performance at BMO Field.
Jason Davis covers Major League Soccer and the United States national team for ESPN FC. Twitter: @davisjsn.
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Avocado Oil Mayo
*If you would like to make Aioli just add a couple cloves of garlic to the mixture before you blend. Viola, Aioli!
directions and preparations
Combine all ingredients in a container with a lid. Shake until combined. Or, combine all ingredients in a food processor and mix thoroughly.
There are many variations of Mayonnaise but this is the foundation. It is a variation from Alice Waters, a pioneer in the farmers' market, fresh, organic, farm to fork style of cooking. This as all of the ingredients you should be using, should be of the highest quality. Believe me it is the food that makes the difference, not the recipe. You make many more types of mayonnaise and I will refer to this foundational recipe often. If you want to now more and learn more about cooking with quality ingredients and getting the flavors you want without all the added processed stuff, I highly recommend getting her book "The Art of Simple Food". This is the binder for chicken salad, tuna salad, and egg salad. And a base for dips, other dressings, tartar sauce as well as for use on meats, fish, and vegetables.
Preparations and Directions
1. Put it together. In a mixing bowl add the salt, egg yolk and water and mix well with a whisk.
2. Whisk and add. S-l-o-w-l-y dribble the oil into the egg yolk mixture, whisking constantly. As the egg yolk absorbs the oil, the sauce will thicken, lighten in color, and become opaque. You won't be able to see through it. This will happen rather quickly. Then you can add the oil a little faster, whisking all the while.
3. Finish. Finish your mayonnaise with a touch of lemon juice or vinegar. Whisk in and you have mayonnaise! Adjust to how you like the flavor and enjoy.
If the sauce is thicker than you like, thin it with a few drops of water. Taste and add more salt if desired.
Rule of Thumb: 1 egg yolk = 1 cup olive oil
Chimichurri Sauce
Chimichurri sauce is an awesome, all purpose sauce that adds flavor, freshness and variety to all kinds of meat. This is super nutritious and super delicious and super easy! It has all the components of a powerhouse food. The combination of fresh herbs, garlic and oil make this one of my favorite sauces. I really enjoy this on Flank Steak (or any meat), Lamb chops, grilled chicken and fish, and vegetable kabobs. Even, Sweet Potato fries! Be creative, this is a great tasting sauce.
Preparation and Directions
Cowboy Butter
Serve with grilled meats, like steak or chicken, for dipping. It also tastes delish with vegetables!
Preparation & Directions
1. Combine. In a small bowl, combine butter, lemon juice, garlic, shallot, mustard, horseradish, cayenne, and paprika. Whisk to combine.
2. Stir and finish. Stir in parsley, chives and thyme and season with salt and pepper.
3. Also, put the butter in the freezer for a few minutes so it will slightly harden. Spread a piece of plastic wrap on the cutting board. Place the butter on the plastic and form into a log shape. Use the plastic to roll the butter into the log shape. Form as you like and put it the fridge for later use!
Recipes to enhance your health & keep you looking & feeling your best.
February 2019


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Philanthropy Front and Center: What to Consider When You're Contemplating a Merger
Tracy Kaufman writes on Philanthropy Front and Center - New York today about the complicated topic of nonprofit mergers. As part of a longer series on nonprofit collaboration, Tracy tackles the merger issue with answers to questions such as: Why do nonprofits merge? What types of obstacles might come up? What can be done to facilitate the process? The post concludes with a list of resources for further reading to learn more about mergers.
The post follows from a Foundation Center seminar held on July 27, Nonprofit Collaborations: Focus on Mergers:
Our expert panel was moderated by Sandra Lamb, president and CEO of Lamb Advisors, and featured Ethan Kahn, audit manager at MBAF-ERE CPAs, LLC; Linda S. Manley, legal director at the Lawyers Alliance for New York; and Jill O'Donnell-Tormey, executive director at the Cancer Research Institute. The presenters stressed that while a merger can be extremely beneficial for your organization's financial well-being and your mission, it is also a complicated, costly legal undertaking, fraught with obstacles along the way. Below are a few of the things they recommend that you think about when considering a merger, and ideas on what can make the process more successful.
Read the full post on the New York blog.
If you're interested in learning even more, Grantspace offers several resources on the topic. Here's a selection:
- Philanthropy Chat: Tom McLaughlin Discusses Mergers and Alliances (podcast)
- Knowledge Base entry on collaboration, including mergers (FAQ)
- Upcoming event: Come Together: Successful Bay Area Partnerships (San Francisco event)
An earlier version of this post credited the Philanthropy Front and Center post to Ines Sucre; the post was written by Tracy Kaufman.


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private schools at Nottingham and Bunny, and the grammar school at Kingston-upon-Hull, kept by the Rev. Joseph Milner [q. v.], he read privately with John Dawson [q. v.] of Sedbergh. He commenced residence at Trinity College in October 1799; was elected scholar on 25 April 1800, and obtained Sir William Browne's medal for a Latin epigram in 1801, and for a Greek ode in 1802. He graduated B.A. in 1803, when he was sixth wrangler. In 1804 he obtained the prize offered by Dr. Claudius Buchanan [q. v.] for the best Greek ode on the subject 'Γενέσθωφὤς,' and the first members' prize for a Latin essay on 'The Causes of the Decline and Fall of States.' In 1805 he again obtained this prize, with an essay on 'The Researches and Discoveries made by the French in Egypt during the Expedition of Napoleon there,' and on 2 Oct. was elected fellow of his college. The number of prizes which he won gained for him the nickname of 'Prize Pryme.'
In October 1804 Pryme had taken chambers in Lincoln's Inn. He was called to the bar in 1806 (15 Nov.), and began to practise in London; but his health broke down, and under medical advice he returned to Cambridge in October 1808. He obtained the Seatonian prize for a poem on the conquest of Canaan in 1809, and gradually, as his health improved, began to work as a provincial barrister. In this capacity 'Counsellor Pryme,' as he was called, attained a considerable practice. In 1813 (August) he married Jane Townley, daughter of Thomas Thackeray, esq., a surgeon in Cambridge, and took up his residence in a house on the outskirts of the town, called Barnwell Abbey.
In 1816 Pryme began to lecture in the university on political economy, a subject which at that time had not been recognised in any university as part of its regular studies. He obtained the sanction of the vice-chancellor, John Kaye [q. v.], master of Christ's College, before advertising his course; but the heads of colleges, who viewed innovations with suspicion, insisted that the lectures were not to begin before twelve o'clock, lest they should interfere with college lectures. Pryme's courses were well attended, and in 1828 (27 May) he was recognised as professor by grace of the senate. He continued to lecture till 1863.
Pryme, as soon as he became a Cambridge householder, contrary to the established custom of members of the university, interested himself in the affairs of the town. He became a paving commissioner, and, as a whig, was popular with the reforming party in the borough. The control of the freemen by the Duke of Rutland was distasteful even to some of the tory party, and in 1820, in order to keep alive a spirit of independence, the duke's candidates for parliament were opposed by Pryme and Mr. Adeane of Babraham, Cambridgeshire. They polled respectively eighteen and sixteen votes. A similar attempt to open the borough in 1820 was equally unsuccessful. In 1832, however, after the Reform Bill, the nominees of the Duke of Rutland did not offer themselves for re-election, and Pryme headed the poll with 979 votes. His colleague was Thomas Spring Rice (afterwards Baron Monteagle) [q. v.] He retained the seat till the dissolution of 1841, when he withdrew owing to ill-health. In the House of Commons Pryme was listened to with respectful attention, and was soon consulted by the government. In his first session he was a member of several committees, and was entrusted by Lord John Russell with the charge of a bill to enable a sect called separatists to affirm. In the session of 1836 he took an active part in the discussion on the Tithe Commutation Act, and moved for leave to introduce a bill for the abolition of grand juries. This was negatived.
Pryme had come forward as a university reformer on 4 Dec. 1833, by proposing graces for a syndicate to consider the propriety of abolishing subscription on graduation, and he had spoken in favour of a petition to the House of Commons having the same object on 24 March 1834. In 1836 he moved for the appointment of a commission to inquire into the state of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge. Lord John Russell promised to bring the subject forward when success was probable, and Pryme's motion was withdrawn. In the course of the session of 1839 he got the Metropolitan Police Act amended by the insertion of a clause prohibiting the opening of public-houses before 1 p.m. on Sundays.
The five years following his retirement from parliament in 1841 Pryme spent in Cambridge. He continued his annual course of lectures, practised to some extent as a barrister on the Norfolk circuit, and interested himself in the Norfolk estuary scheme and other local improvements. In 1847 he removed to Wistow in Huntingdonshire, where he had bought a considerable estate. Thenceforth his interests were in the main those of his own neighbourhood, but he continued to visit Cambridge and to promote his favourite study. In 1863 (29 Oct.) he had the satisfaction of learning that the senate had decided to continue the professorship of political economy, with a salary of 300l. On the same day he tendered his resignation. He died on 2 Dec. 1868. By his will he bequeathed his books and pamphlets on poli-


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Exercises for Women to Make Belly Back In Shape
Exercise is known to be one of the best ways by which one can remain fit and reduce excess fat from the belly. There are some set of exercises, which are effective to make your belly in shape. If you are the one, who has gained weight and want to be back in shape, here are simple set of exercises which are going to help:
• Ball crunches is a must
This is one of the exercises, which is important if you want to make your belly back in shape. This is one of the exercises that is going to work well for the back as well along with reducing the belly fat. In this, abdomen exerts more and makes your body system to reduce fat from this area. In a woman gym in Singapore, the exercise is done by lying on the ball with the lower back. By placing your hands behind the head, lift your chest off the ball and contract the abs so that the bottom of the rib cage towards the hips. Practice atleast 3 sets of it.
• Bicycle exercise will fasten your fat reduction
Fitness centers believe this exercise this exercise to be the most effective one. This is the exercise with the help of which one can easily make her belly reduce weight and get back into shape. All you need to do is to lie on a mat, placing your hands back of your head and move your legs as if you are doing cycling. Practice this set with both legs atleast for five minutes.
• Cardio exercise cannot be skipped
In order to make your belly flat or back in shape, you should practice cardio workout 3-4 times a week. In a Singapore gym you can go for power walking, running, Aerobics, kick boxing, etc., You can ask fitness trainer to guide you with best cardio exercise according to your body and excessive fat, which raises your heart rate for atleast 20 minutes. This helps in speeding up the metabolism and burn calories. In the starting stage do not over exert yourself, slowly and gently adopt a gym practice.


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Archive for August, 2012
Kiwi Urbanism – Thursday, Aug 16 at Harbour Centre
Auckland, the largest city in New Zealand, needs appoximately 30,000 new homes by 2030. New forms of higher density suburban development need to be developed if Auckland aspires to be both compact and the most liveable city in the world. (Sound familiar, Vancouver?)
David Irwin and Gavin Lister – two urban designers from Auckland – will explore key projects that their practise Isthmus Group are currently designing and building. Isthmus Group is one of the leading urban design and landscape architectural practices in New Zealand, with host of national and international awards to its name.
The practice is currently designing New Zealand's largest and most dense new greenfield residential subdivision. But right outside their office in the central city suburb of Freemans Bay, they have discovered what could be a true Kiwi urbanism – an inspiration they twist and apply to a new inner-city residential development – perhaps the only central city subdivision to be developed for a number of years.
Come hear and see what they've learned that might be an inspiration for Vancouver.
Thursday, August 16 @ 7 pm
Room 1700, SFU Harbour Centre (515 West Hastings)
Free of charge. No reservation required, but space may be limited.
Thanks to support from TransLink.


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Enchanted Tales: A Little Magic Singalong
Songs from Enchanted Tales
Sing along with your favorite songs from these classic stories!Children's Fiction / Folklore / Music / Nursery Rhymes & Fairy Tales`strong> English 24m Sell Sheet
|Release Date
|List Price
|Your Price
|1 Video DVD
|December 29, 2017
|Add to Cart
Part of the Enchanted Tales series.
Sing Along with the Enchanted Tales original songs from this award-winning series. Spell-binding animation inspired by classic children's stories. Sing along with all of the characters you love from "Tom Thumb Meets Thumbelina," "The Hunchback of Notre Dame," and "The Prince and the Pauper" as you're guided by the lyrics at the bottom of your screen! Hours of fun for the whole family! Enchanted Tales: A Little Magic Singalong includes these songs: "Tom Thumb Meets Thumbelina" - Hi Diddle De - That's How Far It Goes - Build It! "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" - Welcome To Paris - We Love Life - When I'm Looking At You - When The Magic Is In Your Heart "The Prince and the Pauper" - High Life - Trading Places - Long Live The King - Do Lak-A Do


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The Edgemere Console Table Legs from American Standard features a transitional style, with a modern-day twist that will fit perfectly in your bathroom. Made of durable, quality metal, the Edgemere Console Table Legs can be paired with the Edgemere Console Sink Top for a complete, perfectly coordinated set. Available in our beautiful Polished Chrome and Brushed Nickel finishes. Transitional style metal console legs Designed with integral front and side towel bars Engineered with a glass shelf for storage
No rebates currently available for this model.
|Total: $0.00
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|See ? Gross !
|How unflattering are these close-up shots ?!
One thing I didn't like (apart from the fact that you can't just put it on and run out the door (I'm not sure I can trust it so I always make sure it melted nicely into my lips before I start smiling confidently)) is the shade selection. I don't think it's bad per say I just didn't find any other shade that I liked (but I really like this one and one is enough … I guess)
All in all I love it ! I don't mind waiting a couple of minutes for a product that is going to last that well on my lips !
Have you tried these ? What side are you on, love or hate ?


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Welcome to LASOS, Inc
LASOS, Inc (Linking All So Others Succeed), in Harford County, Maryland, is a non profit organization that provides adult literacy classes in civics, financial literacy, technology and citizenship, at risk youth mentoring and family literacy programs for non native English speaking residents of Harford County. We also provide on site translation as well as a network of service providers that assist in the integration process.
LASOS, Inc.'s vision is to provide all the resources needed by non English Speaking residents to support integration into the American society. In turn, the residents will be empowered to contribute and communicate more effectively in their families, work places, and communities.
LASOS, Inc sought out to develop a set of guiding principles that reflect our beliefs. We work vigorously to build stronger communities. These principles guide what we do, why we do it, and how we do it.
Constituency Served
The organization provides services to non native English speaking residents and community members ages 6 months and up that resident in Harford County. Focused support for low income residents allows the organization to be positioned to serve those most in need of literacy programs and services.
The programs are unique, providing invaluable services at no charge to the community members. This reduces the financial barrier for those interested in continuing their education, connecting with the community and learning English in a safe and supportive environment.
The members served are lacking in the areas of Basic reading and math skills, technology, English, healthcare, financial know-how, hygiene and even basic survival skills.