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Camouflage and markings of North American P-51 Mustang
Part 2
This page is a continuation of Camouflage and Markings of North American P-51 Mustang, Part 1. Both parts cover wartime paint schemes of P-51 Mustang in the U.S. service.
14th Air Force
North American P-51C Mustang
Here's a Mustang of the somewhat forgotten 14th AF which operated in China from 1943 onwards to the end of the war, having been split away from the 10th in India/Burma.
As you can see, it is a P-51C model with the normal natural metal finish and Olive Drab anti-glare panel. The serial number is moved from the fin to the rear fuselage to make way for the Group/Squadron markings and the large number '1061' is the individual aircraft identification. The whole 311th Fighter Group had yellow tails with two black bands; the 530th Fighter Squadron having its diagonal bands sloping from top right to bottom left, while the other two Sqns had theirs either vertical or sloping the opposite way. The red nose was also a squadron marking.
Many planes of this Group had a girl's name on the nose but very few had any artwork.
15th Air Force
North American P-51C Mustang
There were four Fighter Groups of the 15th AF based in Italy which were equipped with the P-51. This P-51C shows the earlier style of 52nd Fighter Group markings over the usual natural metal finish with Olive Drab anti-glare panel.
The main Group marking was the yellow band edged in black around the fuselage; this was repeated around the outer wing tip and midway round the tailplane in various combinations. Some fighters had both, some had only one - this particular aircraft only has the wing tip band but no tailplane bands.
The yellow band around the inboard wing on this aeroplane was a common P-51 identification marking in Italy and not a Group marking. Likewise, the red nose was common to all allied fighters in the Mediterranean theatre.
The 2nd Fighter Squadron is identified by the code letters 'QP' on the fuselage, the individual letter 'L' in black being on the vertical tail. These individual letters were always on the fin for all three squadrons of the Group, sometimes plain black or sometimes yellow outlined with black. The 4th Fighter Squadron was coded 'WD' and the 5th FS 'VF'; thus the codes for the three Sqns of the 52nd Group duplicated those of the famous 4th Fighter Group (the Debden Eagles) of the 8th AF based in the UK.
Later on, towards the end of WWII, the 52nd changed its markings to an all yellow tail and rear fuselage, retaining the wing tip bands.
North American P-51D Mustang
The second of my 15th AF Mustangs is this early type P-51D of the 31st Fighter Group with their red diagonal stripes on the vertical tail. Note also the yellow bands around the wingtips (later on the tips themselves were painted red).
The nose is again standard red theatre marking for all Allied fighters and the overall finish is natural metal with Olive Drab anti-glare panel. The 308th Fighter Squadron is identified by the 'HL' code letters, the other two Sqns of the Group, the 307th and 309th, being respectively 'MX' and 'WZ'; these code letters duplicated those of the 78th Fighter Group of the 8th AF based in the UK.
North American P-51D Mustang
Another 15th AF Mustang, this is a late type P-51D of the 332nd Fighter Group.
Unfortunately by modern standards, during World War II the US Army practiced a policy of strict segregation of black people, so this Group was entirely manned by black Americans. Their proud claim at the end of the war was that they never lost a single bomber under their escort, which is a tremendous record.
The Group was identified by their all red tails and in some cases wingtips like this one. The Group had four Squadrons (99th, 100th, 301st and 302nd) of which the 302nd was identified by the number range 70 - 90 and the colour yellow on tail trim tabs and the band behind the spinner. The red spinner is of course the standard Allied fighter marking; and the yellow bands around the inner wings were standard P-51 ident markings. The basic finish is the usual natural metal with Olive Drab anti-glare panel.
North American P-51D Mustang
The last of the 15th AF Mustangs is this P-51D of the famous "Checkertail Clan" 325th Fighter Group. Apart from the chequered fin/rudder, rear fuselage and tailplane the Group had the black outlined yellow bands near the wingtips (near to the end of the war some aircraft had checks on the wingtips).
This aircraft also has the inboard yellow bands around the wings, and, of course, the usual red nose. The three Squadrons of the Group (317th FS, 318th FS and 319th FS) did not use any separate colour ident, but each had its own range of ident numbers, in this case 70 - 99 for the 319th. Overall colour scheme is the usual natural metal with Olive Drab anti-glare panel.
20th Air Force
North American P-51D Mustang
Now we move on to the 20th AF. There were three P-51D Groups in the 20th AF, the 15th, 21st and 506th, identified respectively by the number ranges 50-199, 200-349, and 500-649.
The 15th Fighter Group was composed of the 45th, 47th, and 78th Fighter Squadrons which were respectively numbered 51-99, 150-199, and 100-149, hence this 45th Fighter Squadron aircraft is number '56'.
The green markings edged in black are also Squadron marks; there were no distinctive coloured Group markings as such. Some aircraft of the 45th Fighter Squadron had the diagonal bands repeated on the wings and tailplane.
The overall finish is the standard natural metal with Olive Drab anti-glare panel. This particular aircraft has the normal single radio mast on top of the fuselage, but modellers should note that many 20th AF P-51D's had two masts side by side.
North American P-51D Mustang
This P-51D shows the markings of the 47th Fighter Squadron of the 15th Fighter Group: all of the black/yellow markings are Squadron markings, as well as the fuselage identification number '150'. Note that this aircraft has two radio masts side-by-side, which are painted black also.
The only other thing to say is that the finish is as per usual in natural metal with Olive Drab anti-glare panel.
North American P-51D Mustang
The third of the 20th AF Mustangs is this one of the 21st Fighter Group. The three Squadrons of this Group (46th, 72nd, and 531st) all had the same markings but in different colours - light blue, yellow, and white respectively - and different individual aircraft ident number ranges: 200-249 for the 46th, 250-299 for the 72nd, and 300-349 for the 531st. All the squadron coloured markings were edged in black as shown on this one.
This one also has its two radio masts painted blue. The name on the nose Little "ANGEL" the 104 is in black and red. Yet again this is a natural metal aircraft with Olive Drab anti-glare panel.
North American P-51D Mustang
Here's the last of the USAAF Mustangs in this roundup, this one of the 506th Fighter Group, 20th AF.
The three Sqns (457th, 458th, and 462nd) of the Group had similar markings in different colours and also had different series of ident numbers (457th 500-549, 458th 550-599, and 462nd 600-649). The squadron markings consisted of painting the fin, rear fuselage and tailplane all over in a colour. As shown here, the 457th was red; the 458th had black diagonal stripes over the natural metal background, and the 462nd was yellow.
Otherwise the finish was standard in natural metal, including propeller spinner, with Olive Drab anti-glare panel. Note that this particular aircraft has two aerial masts side-by-side.
Continue to Camouflage and Markings of North American P-51 Mustang, Part 3


text: Esprit unfortunately closed all its stores here in the US, but you can still find them in lots of countries in Europe. Their jeans come in a full range of styles from jeggings to flare and waistlines that include low, mid, and high rise. I like the slouchier straight legs shown above and below. In the prints, I am delighted to see that they are more on the discreet side. My fave print is absolutely the pair of jeans below – they are still jeans but have graphic designs. I really like this kind of print.

subset: commoncrawl


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Café 349 Catering
Ruth Smiley Hahn © 2013 | All Rights Reserved
Hi Ladies,
I just wanted to tell your how fantastic lunch was today. Everyone commented on it. Someone told me they hadn't had such a nice lunch at a workshop ever! The chicken strudel was particularly amazing !!! I hope it's on your regular menu so that I can have it when I go to the café for lunch!
Thanks so much,
Pat (catering for teacher at the Pontiac High Science Fair)
To all the staff at Café 349
Thank you ! Our wedding day was exactly as we hoped it would be—and in a big part thanks to you !
Café 349 not only served yummy and delicious food, but the service was outstanding. The staff at Café 349 went over and beyond their call of duty, giving us a hand with anything and everything that needed to be done. As we were hosting our reception in a tent—there was lots to do ! From the very beginning preparatory stages, to the selection of the menu, to the help setting up tables, to the service during the evening—everything was perfect. Ruth and her staff made sure we had nothing to worry about. Once again—thank you and congratulations on a job well done!
John and Lysanne (wedding dinner)
Catering & Private Events
Since the official opening in October 2002 we have made it our mission to provide wholesome foods prepared with the finest ingredients, as you would in your own home.
We proudly support local farms, often using fresh produce from the farm gate to your dinner plate. With elegant surroundings, we can comfortably sit up to 35 people for a delicious served or buffet meal.
We can also provide catering delivered to your home or community hall. I would be delighted to discuss details of your event and build with you the perfect menu.
Fully personalized menu Free consultation Menus can be faxed, emailed or picked up at the café. Payment options include: Debit, Visa, MasterCard, cash or personalized cheque.
Please phone or email us to make arrangements and to choose a menu.


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September marks back to school time for all students little and big.
This fall we have two 4th year University of Waterloo optometry students, Eva and Reena, doing primary care internships at our office. They spent the summer in the US doing medical therapeutic optometry. This fall they join our office in Toronto focusing on primary care optometry. They will back at the University of Waterloo in the winter.
Help us welcome Eva and Reena to Toronto.


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How should individual Christians, pastors and churches respond to the issue of spousal abuse? For the answers to this vital question, please surf over to my Salt and Light blog.
I have also written several other articles about spousal abuse, domestic violence, etc. Please take time to read the following:
- Hope and help for the battered woman (2): RA 9262 essential provisions
- Hope and help for the battered woman (3): RA 9262 Protection Orders
- Hope and help for the battered woman (4): Emotional abuse / psychological violence
- The "Battered Woman Syndrome" as defense
- Mediation not applicable to domestic violence cases


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Subtotal: ( items in your cart)
Save: $85.50
In stock-
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Average connection time 25 secs
Average connection time 25 secs
The name alone indicates how significant this tire is for Schwalbe. With a new tread design, improved Compound and quality workmanship, the Schwalbe One sets a new benchmark in terms of quality and Performance. Available in many different colors.
Triple Compound
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Triple Compound. Perfectly adapted to the specific purpose. MTB (PaceStar, TrailStar, VertStar), Roadrace (OneStar) Tour (RoadStar, TravelStar).
This high-tech fabric ensures a high level of puncture protection for Race- and Tour- tires.
Please check the stock availability notice on your item when placing your order. This item is: In stock.
Express Delivery Available If ordered before 8pm, delivered by courier next working day. Available on orders placed before 8pm (2pm weekends and Bank Holidays) for delivery next business day. Applies to most delivery addresses within mainland UK.
You will receive an email to confirm when your item has been sent.
You can also check the status of your order and individual items by accessing your account details and following the prompts.
Please allow 10 working days from the shipping date of your order before notifying us of any late deliveries.
It may be advisable to check with your neighbors to see if your delivery has been left with them, check any places it could be left such as: garage, porch, or behind garbage cans if it was too big to fit through your mailbox. Contact your local post office to see if the item has been returned to the depot as undelivered and awaiting collection.
Please see our returns policy.
2 Reviews
Where reviews refer to foods or cosmetic products, results may vary from person to person. Customer reviews are independent and do not represent the views of The Hut Group.
I used to ride gatorskins (23 or 25mm), with very few problems. I switched to these (slick version) this year. Initially I was skeptical if I was faster, but now I have no doubt - they are faster. I am big (100kg) and have put 1400 miles on them with no flats. I ride on pretty flat surfaces but have quite a few turns. No issues ever taking turns at speed. No slipping, and no cuts to the surface so far. I just rotated the tires tonight, as I was just starting to square off on the back tire. I hope to get another 1000 miles before I retire them. These are excellent tires and I will get them again.
First test for these tires was a 78km ride in rough wet conditions.They gripped well in corners.They seem very fast in dry conditions also.So far very pleased with these 25mm tires . Would definitely recommend these tires.


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Retirement Redefined
Around the country, attitudes about retirement are shifting.
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Are you ready for retirement? Here are five words you should consider.
Social Security Benefits: How Much Will I Receive
Calculating your potential Social Security benefit is a three-step process.
Retirement Plan Distributions
There are a number of ways to withdraw money from a qualified retirement plan.


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The 'DIY Marquees' mark is a registered trade mark of C & D King Ltd
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- Yellow nails
- Thickened nails
- Misshapen or dystrophic nails
- Whitening or scaling of the nails
- Brittle nails
- Hard nails that are especially difficult to cut
- Painful nails
- In certain circumstances, fungal nails can cause infection of the underlying nail bed and this is characterized by redness, swelling, pain, warmth, drainage, odor, bleeding, and loss of function
- Fungal nails can also cause ingrown nails characterized by pain along the border of the toenail
Diagnosis is typically made by clinical exam of the nails by Dr. Stewart. Diagnostic studies including KOH, PAS stain, and fungal cultures are frequently utilized to confirm the diagnosis. Click here to make an appointment
Treatment for toenail fungus includes:
- Lasers utilize heat energy to destroy the fungus embedded in the nail and are approximately 85-90% effective in treating toenail fungus. There are no known side-effects of lasers and there are no known contra-indications to treatment
- Most topical medications are approximately 10% effective in treating toenail fungus. Dr. Stewart describes these medications as management tools to control the fungal load and to make the nails easier to cut
- Lamisil (Terbinafine) is an oral mediction used to treat toenail fungus. It is approximately 50-70% effective and it is taken over the course of 3 months. Patients undergo blood tests to test for liver dysfunction as this is a possible side effect of the medication. The medication is contra-indicated with certain medical conditions and cannot be taken in conjunction with certain medications
- Nail debridement (reduction in thickness and length) performed by Dr. Stewart is recommended for painful and thickened toenails. Patients should not attempt to cut thickened or hard nails on their own without professional assistance or guidance to prevent injury and infection to the toenail and surrounding tissue
- Patients treated with laser or Lamisil should be started on anti-fungal creams indefinitely to prevent recurrence of the toenail fungus in the event of a cure
Laser therapy to remove toenail fungus? It really works and it's worth every penny!"
– Terri Weller
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I first came to see Dr. Stewart a few years ago to see about laser treatment for my toenail fungus. It worked like a charm and has never come back"
– Dawn Krause
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This photo shows the floating Hallelujah Mountains in the film "Avatar" (left) and a mountain in China's Zhangjiajie area. [Photo: Rednet.cn]
As the release of "Avatar" in China draws near, a Chinese Internet user put up a posting on Rednet.cn Tuesday. He doubted director James Cameron's words during an earlier press conference in Beijing where he promoted his film.
According to the Global Times, Cameron revealed that China was the inspiration for some of the alien planet scenes in the film, especially "Hallelujah Mountains", which he said was modeled after Huangshan Mountain in China's Anhui Province. He recalled sending his crew to the site to select scenery and take pictures. "All we had to do was simply recreate Huangshan Mountain in outer space."
However, Internet user Deng provided some evidence to prove that the model of Hallelujah Mountains in "Avatar" is not Huangshan, but an area called the South Pillar of Heaven in Zhangjiajie, Hunan Province. Deng put a picture of the South Pillar of Heaven next to a still scene from "Avatar", showing how the two mountains look very similar. Deng claimed he worked in Zhangjiajie and was very familiar with the South Pillar of Heaven, often taking pictures of it from different perspectives.
A number of online users replied this post, accusing Cameron of giving misleading information.
"Avatar" is the story of an ex-Marine who finds himself thrust into hostilities on an alien planet filled with exotic life forms. It is scheduled to debut in China on January 4, 2010.


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Tuesday, February 18, 2014
Austin Shop Hop
This weekend I am heading back to Austin to do some fantastic fabric shopping during the 2nd Austin Shop Hop! Being a born and raised Austinite, I always love going home to visit, and I love it even more when there is fabric & shopping involved :)
One thing I love about the Austin Shop Hop is that with your passport purchase includes an awesome reusable shopping bag! The bag for this round is this really cool canvas bag.
I cannot wait to go to all 8 of the fantastic shops that are participating in the Hop! The hop spans the entire weekend, Friday, Saturday, & Sunday, but my mom has the weekend off so we're planning on doing all our shopping Friday.
Hopefully we can avoid some big crowds by going on a day when most people will be at work. Plus we'll get first pick of all the awesomeness in the stores :)
Is anyone else local to the Austin area planning on doing the Shop Hop?
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Thank you so much for stopping by Young Texan Mama. I am so glad that you found your way here. I appreciate your support & comments so much. They truly make my day! If you have a question leave it here or email me at email@example.com.
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15 killed in Philippine road accident
Fifteen people were killed when a cargo truck they were riding in fell on its side in a southern Philippine province.world Updated: Aug 15, 2008 14:15 IST
Fifteen people were killed on Friday when a cargo truck they were riding in fell on its side in a southern Philippine province, an official said.
Fourteen people were also injured in the accident in Monkayo town in Compostela Valley province, 930 km south of Manila, according to provincial social welfare officer Josephine Frasco.
Frasco said the truck, which was carrying vendors from the gold mine area in nearby Mount Diwalwal, fell on its side while traveling downhill in the village of Upper Ulip.
"Five people died on the spot while the rest of the fatalities died while being treated in the hospital," she said.
Frasco said most of the fatalities were pinned down by the cargo truck. Police investigators were trying to determine the cause of the accident.


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Yep folks semester one is done! As of today I'm on break for 2-weeks. Can you tell by all those question marks and exclamation points that I'm in disbelief? I have accomplished a LOT! In what, 16 weeks?! And although I have failed to share the play-by-play in real time, I now have time to recap. So let's start with my top 5 dietetic internship moments thus far.
Top 5 Dietetic Internship Moments Fall Edition
1. Meeting the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics President-Elect (incoming president), Dr. Evelyn Crayton, PhD, RD, LD
2. Observing several GI procedures including about 3 Endoscopies and 1 Colonoscopy (Sounds gross…I know, but they were truly amazing)
3. Attending the Food and Nutrition Expo and Conference (FNCE) in Atlanta, Georgia
4. Preparing an Artisan menu for Food Day 2014, which took place in the Saint Louis University Department of Nutrition and Dietetics garden.
5. Gardening days in the department garden.
Still, I cannot believe that I'm half way through!
If you're a dietetic intern, let's chat! Share your top 5 dietetic internship moments thus far in the comments.


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|Prep Time
|10 minutes
|Cook Time
|45 minutes
|Passive Time
|75 minutes
- 1 Pineapple peeled, cored and cut into 1-inch pieces* see Cook's Note, 3 1/2-pound
- 2 tablespoons pineapple juice plus 2/3 cup
- 1/2 cup packed light brown sugar
- 2 tablespoons unsalted butter at room temperature
- 3 egg whites
- 2/3 cup Water
- 2/3 cup vegetable oil
- 1 1/2 teaspoons almond extract
- 1 box white cake mix 18.25-ounce, recommended: Betty Crocker Super Moist
- Special Equipment: 6-cup mini Bundt pan
- Place an oven rack in the lower 1/3 of the oven. Preheat the oven to 325 degrees F. Butter and flour a mini Bundt pan.
- For the Cakes: Place the pineapple in the bowl of a food processor. Pulse until coarsely chopped. In a 10-inch nonstick skillet, combine the chopped pineapple, 2 tablespoons pineapple juice, sugar, and butter over medium-high heat. Bring the mixture to a boil, stirring occasionally. Cook until the liquid evaporates and the mixture begins to brown, about 10 to 15 minutes. Spoon the pineapple mixture into the prepared pan.
- In a large mixing bowl, combine the egg whites, water, vegetable oil, almond extract, cake mix, and 2/3 cup pineapple juice. Using an electric hand mixer, beat the mixture on medium speed for 2 minutes. Pour the batter over the cooked pineapple. Bake for 28 to 30 minutes until the cakes begin to pull away from the sides of the pan and the tops are golden. Allow the cakes to cool for 15 minutes. Place a piece of parchment paper on top of the cakes. Put a baking sheet, upside-down, on top of the parchment paper. Flip both pans over and allow the cakes to cool completely while still in the Bundt pan, about 1 hour. Unmold the cakes and place on individual serving plates.
Recipe Notes
Cook's Note: This recipe will also work using 1 (20-ounce) can crushed pineapple in 100 percent pineapple juice, drained and juice reserved.


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WEST DUNDEE, Ill. – The Calvin men's golf team finished the two-day Tim Kopka Memorial Tournament in third place at 588 strokes. The Knights shot a combined round of 297 strokes on Saturday.
Senior Ben VanScoyk (Grand Rapids, Mich./Grand Rapids Christian) improved one stroke from Friday with a round of 70 on Saturday. VanScoyk finished the weekend in third place at 141 strokes.
Senior John Van Noord (Troy, Mich./Oakland Christian) also clocked in a round of 70 on Saturday. Van Noord ended up tied for fourth place at 142 strokes.
Tied for ninth place was junior Sam Kuiper (Grand Rapids, Mich./Grand Rapids Christian) at 147 strokes. Kuiper shot a round of 74 strokes on Saturday.
Freshman Sam Holland (Novi, Mich./Detroit Catholic Central) finished the two-day tournament tied for 48th place at 158 strokes. Senior Matthew Lumbantoruan (Jakarta, Indonesia/Morning Star Academy) recorded a 66th place finish at 160 strokes.
Illinois Wesleyan took the crown at 581 strokes, Carthage finished in second place at 583.
The Knights return to action on Friday for the two-day Irish Hills Invite hosted by Adrian College at the Grande Golf Club in Jackson, Michigan.


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Richard Lundgren
Alvorada 4
Villa 9
Arabian Ranches
Phone: +971524021050
Mobile phone: +971524021050
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Website: www.OceanDiscovery.org
- Exploration diver any environment
- Scientific Diver and Dive Leader
- Commercial Diver and Dive Leader
- Cinematographer with Red Epic and Sony F55 experience
- ROV operator with work class and survey experience
- Surveyor with MBES and SSS experience
- Commercial Captain and Engine certification class VIII
- Photogrammetry and site surveys including creation of photo mosaics and photogrammetry
- Chamber operator, attendant and supervisor
Diving Qualifications
- GUE IT/IE all ocean levels
- Service Technician All major brands
- CPR Instructor
- Commercial Diver Swedish Navy Certification "A"
Diving Experience
- Richard Lundgren has worked as a diver professionally around the world for more than 20 years. He's been fortunate to participate in many sensational exploration projects such as HMHS Britannic, sister ship of the RMS Titanic, and the discovery of the mighty admiralship Mars the Magnificent sunk during the Nordic seven-year war in 1564.
Community Involvement
- Awards:
- Discovery Award 2014 - For outstanding contribution or significant research that has resulted in a discovery that has advanced the field of technical diving. TEKDiveUSA
- DIVER of The Year 2011 Global Underwater Explorers
- Citizen of the Year 2012
- Diver of the Conference 2012 Eurotek
- The Spirit of Independent Award Fort Lauderdale film festival
- Film award at the International film festival in Zagreb
Special interests
- Scientific diving
- Wreck diving
- Cave diving
- Photogrammetry
- Photo
- Video
- Lundgren has participated in numerous underwater expeditions worldwide and is recognized as one of Europe's most experienced trimix divers and underwater videographers. With thousands of dives to his credit - including cold-water dives, wreck, cave and technical dives using stage deco techniques, specially mixed gases and diver propulsion vehicles - Lundgren is an accomplished photographer and cinematographer with a contagious passion for discovery and exploration. Richard served as the deep cameraman on National Geographic, PBS and NOVA production – First Face of Amerika.
- Swedish, English and some German


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home > services > EMSD cooling tower audit report
EMSD Cooling Tower Audit Report
John Herbert
Annual EMSD Cooling Tower Auditor
Since 2000 the Electrical and Mechanical Services Department (EMSD) and Water Supplies Department (WSD) in Hong Kong has permitted the use of fresh water cooling towers for comfort Air conditioning systems, the cooling tower is the equipment used to reject heat from the chillers used to cool the building, or in factories to reject heat from the process.
Kelcroft has conducted Cooling Tower EMSD annual audits, and prepared
the report for EMSD in accordance with the EMSD requirement detailed
in the EMSD code of practice.
The EMSD cooling tower audit requires examination of the cooling tower system, and the relevant documention including the drawings, water treatment records, and maintenance records. The report should also idendify any defects discovered.
Cooling Tower Auditor
Learn more about cooling towers in this article by John A. Herbert published
by Hong Kong BEAM (PDF). Mr John A. herbert has conducted cooling tower risk assessment and EMSD reporting, as required by EMSD.
What Next? Call our Hong Kong office telephone: +(852) 2335 9830, send us a fax +(852) 2335 9862, or send us an email message to order your cooling tower audit


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> Write a Review
AI Sports Nutrition Maniac Reviews
Maniac pre workout
Maniac is absolute shit. The WORST sup I have ever wasted my money on. Yeah it tastes good compared to other pre workouts but so does beer and you will get the same results from a cold can before your workout. Don't waste your money
Reviewer: Gawney from Australia |
Date: 2/8/2013 1:46:05 AM
Doesn't really work for me. The taste isn't too bad but I don't feel anything when I take this product especially when I needed for the gym!
Reviewer: Uni22 from Staten Island |
Date: 11/9/2012
this shit suck i never gona buy this agaen and waste my mony! i drinks this befor my sets dont be seein no pump i dont see nothin. waste.. i be puttin up stacks in da gym and cant be drnkn this garbage son. i be swole as a mutha on dat otha shit
Reviewer: Terrance from Detroit |
Date: 10/15/2012
Not the best
I have got to say that I was a bit disappointed in this product because everything else that AI makes is awesome. This just made me feel funny and upset my stomach and yes I have tried dozens of pre-workout supplements, but this is in the bottom 3 in my opinion. You get what you pay for.
Reviewer: Z-man from FL |
Date: 5/24/2012


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Thursday, January 31, 2008
December 2007 CMHC Data
Starts were 1181.
Units Under Construction were 25104.
Completions were 1334.
Completed and Unabsorbed Units were 1294.
In past years completions really spike upwards in the first few months of the year so we should look for a big increase in completions over the next 2-3 months with the corresponding decreasei in units under construction. These new units completing will add tremendously to the already climbing inventory of homes available for resale.
7 comments:
- Drachen said...
I don't see an upwards spike in completions except in '06 the rest of the years if there is a spike it's indistinguishable from the noise.
- 4:20 PM, January 31, 2008
- Dignan said...
is the completed but unabsorbed number the total for the month, or units that have completed recently but have yet to be absorbed
- 5:33 PM, January 31, 2008
- the pope said...
Thanks for the graph mohican - thats quite a number of units in the pipeline!
- 6:04 PM, January 31, 2008
- mohican said...
Completed but unabsorbed is the total number of recently completed but not yet sold/rented.
- 7:58 AM, February 01, 2008
- Warren said...
The unabsorbed stat seems a little ambiguous, but good relative to itself I suppose.
Thanks for the stats.. bring on some completions!
- 10:24 AM, February 01, 2008
- This comment has been removed by a blog administrator.
- 9:41 PM, February 03, 2008
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Subscribe To A Second Lemony Snicket Movie Might Be Possible Updates
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Brad Silberling is busy talking about his experience directing Will Ferrell, Danny McBride and some Sleestaks in Land of the Lost, but Cinefools also caught him at the premiere to talk about Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events, the movie he directed in 2004 that didn't exactly make the kind of money you'd expect from a Jim Carrey movie based on a series of best-selling books.
But apparently there's always room for a sequel, even for a non-hit. Silberling told the Cinefools guys " I would love nothing more than to do that and we've been hoping to, so I think there will be a chance it may take a wildly different form but I think it will probably happen." He admitted, though, that there are challenges in place. "There was a period of time, about a year ago, where I would have said "Oh, good luck" because it was mired in so many things. It was a co-production between Paramount and Dreamworks and there were studio politics and I actually think it's going to see the light of day."
There's no word anywhere in there about when the movie would be made, or with who, or anything. But for the dozen or so Lemony Snicket fans reading this site, there's hope! It can't be any worse than all the other children's book adaptations we get, right?


text: The GBP/USD pair fell during the course of the session on Wednesday, as we continue to grind our way lower. Any rally at this point in time should be a selling opportunity, and as a result we are sellers of exhausted candles above. The market should try to reach down to the 1.45 handle given enough time, and as a result we remain very bearish. In fact, we are not buyers until we get above the 1.50 level, something that isn't going to happen in the short-term as far as we can see on these charts.


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Round Table: Biological Advances. Barcelona Knee Symposium. March 2007.
Round Table: Tissue and Molecular Engineering.
5th Clínica CEMTRO International Symposium on "Advances and Developments in Traumatology and Orthopaedics".
Dir: P. Guillén. Madrid. November 2006.
Round Table presentation. Conference of the Spanish Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology. 2006. Barcelona.
International Conference on Advanced Regenerative Medicine in Tissue Regeneration. Barcelona. Fundación Universal. May 2006.
1st Meeting of the It-Net. Tissue Engineering Network April 2006. San Sebastián.
SECOT Basic Foundation Course: Biomaterials. Grafts. Bone substitutes and musculoskeletal system reconstructive surgery materials. Salamanca. June 2005.
1st Tissue Engineering International Symposium. Lugo. May 2005.
Regenerative medicine symposium with Adult Stem Cells: current situation and predictions for the future. Dir: Prof. J. Sanmiguel. Royal Academy of Medicine of Salamanca. February 2005.
Hospital Clínico Universitario. University of Salamanca. Profs. J. Sanmiguel, C. Cañizo. 2005.


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Each month our shelter hosts a spay/neuter transport to Angels of Assisi in Roanoke, VA, for cats and dogs.
- An appointment must be reserved with our shelter so that we can make sure there is room on the van.
- Animals will need to be dropped off at our shelter by 7:00 am on the morning of the appointment and pick up is around 6:30 pm the same day.
- All cats must be in a plastic crate to go on the transport.
- If you do not have a crate, please try to borrow one or ask the shelter if there is one you may borrow.
- Feral cats must be in traps.
Cash or check is accepted and checks are to be made payable to the Shenandoah Valley Animal Services Center.
If you need financial assistance to have a pet spayed or neutered, please call the shelter. Financial assistance is sometimes available to assist with the costs of the surgeries.
The current price is $55 for a cat spay or neuter.
Price includes cat spay or neuter surgery, a rabies vaccination, and pain medication.
Microchip is available for an additional $15.
The current price is $65 for a dog spay or neuter.
Price includes dog spay or neuter surgery, a rabies vaccination, and pain medication.
Microchip is available for an additional $15.


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IAC 2010: E7.2. 30 Years of the Moon Agreement: PerspectivesSeptember 28, 2010 at 7:21 am | Posted in Blogcast, Space Law | Leave a comment
by P.J. Blount with the blog faculty
E7.2. 30 Years of the Moon Agreement: Perspectives was the next session of the IISL. It was chaired by Mahulena Hofmann, University of Giessen, and Jose Monserrat-Filho, Brazilian Association of Air and Space Law. The Rappoorteur was MIchael Mineiro, McGill University.
The first presentation was by Yan Ling of China. She presented "Is Selling Land on the Moon Allowed in China?". This presentation was based on a case about lunar land sales that happened in China. In the case the Beijing Administration for Industry and Commerce (Baic) found that a company had sold 48 acres of lunar land in Beijing. BAIC stated that this violated administrative laws. The company argued that it did not violate any laws. It argued that its action was not violative of the outer space treaty or of domestic laws. BAIC in turned argued that the acts did violate the Outer Space Treaty and Chinese contract law (because the company could not show clear title to the object it was trying to sell. The court upheld the decision of BAIC. It held that lunar land ownership does not exist and that lunar land cannot become a commodity. Ling then did an analysis of the case. She stated that BAIC was correct in asserting that Lunar land is not allowed under domestic law, because there was no clear ownership of the land. Furthermore, she asserted that international law precluded ownership of Lunar land.
"Some Considerations on Establishing an International Regime on Exploration and Use of the Natural Resources of the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies" was presented by Li Shouping of the Beijing Institute of Technology. He began by stating that the international community had failed to establish a consolidated system for exploitation of resource exploitation on the Moon and other celestial bodies. He then moved to discussing the concept of "the common heritage of mankind." He said this term usually refers to exceptional areas such as Antartica and the deep sea bed. After discussing the term in light of other areas of international law, he turned to a discussion of its use in the Moon Treaty and its similarities to other sources for the term. He then argued that the principle constitutes customary international law. He also argued that it was necessary to establish an international regime under the framework of "the common heritage of mankind."
Jonathan F. Galloway, Lake Forrest College, presented "Establishing a Natural Resources Regime on the Moon." Galloway started by stating that the international regime for exploitation of the Lunar resources would be developed when such activity became feasible. He noted the number of signatories had grown to 13 in recent years. Next, he discussed exactly what resources are at stake including water, Helium-3, and uranium; but he said that the technology to exploit these resources was not yet put into place. He then argued that "the common heritage of mankind" could have numerous different political and legal interpretations that range from capitalist to socialist. He stated that he thinks any developed regime would most likely be a public-private partnership, similar to the Intelsat model (he noted that Eilene Galloway proposed this model in 1980).
Fuki Taniguchi, JAXA, the presented on "A Consideration on an International Regime of the Moon Agreement." Taniguchi started by noting that a small number of States have ratified the treaty, and he asserted that "the common heritage of mankind" was a central reason for the small number of State parties to the treaty. He noted that Japan is not a party to the Moon treaty, because there was no urgency for the State to sign since the major space powers had not signed it. Next he examined Art. II of the Outer Space Treaty and its legal impact on the Moon regime. This article makes the Moon and other celestial bodies res communes. He said that this was different from the "common heritage of mankind" which seeks to establish a regime to manage such a res communes area rather than simply keeping it from being appropriated. Next he moved on to the exploitation of natural resources on the Moon. He then argued that the flaw in the common heritage of mankind language in the Moon Agreement was not clear enough, and that further clarification was essential. He stated that a good reference point for developing such a regime would be the regime that governs the deep sea bed.
Next, Mahulena Hofmann presented "Moon Agreement as a Tool of Planetary Protection." She started by discussing how the idea of planetary protection (including both forward and backward contamination) emerged in the early days of space exploration. Then she moved to an IAA study on planetary production that has just been completed. This study is a interdisciplinary study. Next she moved to the Moon Agreement provisions that have bearing on planetary protection. She mention Art. 7 of the Moon Agreement, which she argues extends the Outer Space Treaty's Article IX. She then moved back to the conclusions of the IAA study, which concluded that there was a consensus on planetary protection, that there should be deliberation in the United Nations and other international organizations, and that Art. IX of the Outer Space Treaty should serve a nucleus. She also noted that the study included a draft legal instrument to advance planetary protection. She concluded that the Moon Agreement can serve as an instrument for Planetary Protection, but only in a limited manner.
Finally, Edythe Weeks of the United States presented "Tidying Up the Moon Treaty Prior to Construction." She started by stating that exploitation of the Moon will soon be feasible. She stated that the Google Lunar X-Prize as well as the new commercial space focus of United States Space Policy. She then moved to a discussion of the Moon Treaty, beginning with a brief history of the Moon Agreement. She stated that the issue with the Moon Agreement were the terms were "the common heritage of mankind" and "international regime." She argued that a possible change in the terms might accomplish the same ends, yet not be as controversial. She then compared the concept of res communes to the U.S. domestic law concept of "heirs in common." Weeks co-author Melissa Force then took over and discussed ways to move forward. She supported the Moon Agreement as the best statement on property rights in space available. She said that going forward, that the international community should start with what is already there, but with special attention paid to working with the controversial terms that currently exist in the Moon Agreement. She argued that the common heritage of mankind concept has evolved since the Moon Treaty opened for signature, and that this shift could be leveraged in order to get wider acceptance of the treaty.
IAC 2010: E7.1. Nandasiri Jasentuliyana Keynote Lecture on Space Law & Young ScholarsSeptember 28, 2010 at 2:02 am | Posted in Blogcast, Space Law | Leave a comment
by P.J. Blount with the blog faculty
The 53rd International Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space began this morning at the IAC 2010 with E7.1. Nandasiri Jasentuliyana Keynote Lecture on Space Law & Young Scholars. The session was chaired by Vladimir Kopal, West Bohemian University, Czech Republic and Tanja Masson-Zwaan, International Institute of Space Law, the Netherlands. Mark Sundahl, Cleveland State University, United States served as Rapporteur.
The first presentation and keynote lecture was "A Concise History of Space Law" by Stephen Doyle of the United States. Doyle began by stating that space law developed in four principle periods on development 1) 1910-1957 development of concepts; 2)1957-1966 establishment of basic principles; 3) the development of rules and regulations at the national level since 1957; and 4) the development of rules and regulations for extraterrestrial human settlements and activities, which is still in the conceptual phase. His presentation began with the history of space law traced back to a law journal article by Emile Laude published in 1910. From this point Doyle covered the major pre-1957 works on space law. He asserted the launch of Sputnik was a gmae changer for space law. After that launch, he noted, the involvement of the U.N. and the formation of the ad hoc committee on space and how this led to the negotiations on the space treaties and the principles that followed the space treaties. He said that UNCOPUOS is still the most important actor in the development of space law. Next, he gave a brief overview of other international organizations that create and contribute to space law. Doyle then moved to a discussion on national space legislation and its development. In order to illustrate this he did a case study of the space law development in the United States beginning with the NAS Act of 1958 and tracing it through present day. He stated that this foundation has allowed the development of international cooperation and can lead to a very bright future for space activities.
The next presenter was Vladimir Kopal who presented "The Life and Work of Professor Vladimmir Mandl – A Pioneer of Space Law." Kopal stated that Mandl was the author of the world's first comprehensive monograph on space law. Mandl was born on 1899 in what is now the Czech Republic. He was trained as a lawyer and opened his own legal office in Pilsen. He turned his legal expertise to legal problems caused by industrial and technological developments, which led him to examine aviation law issues, and he wrote the first Czech language monograph on the subject. According to Kopal, Mandl later became a pilot. His aviation monograph was presented in order to him to become a docent at the University of Prague. He later became interested on space and began researching these matters, and made his first publications based on this subject matter. Kopal stated that Mandl emphasized that adopting other legal systems, such as the law of the sea, wholesale would be inadequate for the regulation of outer space and that a new system must be developed. Kopal also noted that Mandl put forth the idea of no claims of sovereignty in outer space in his works. Kopal noted that he teaching activities were terminated with the German occupation of Czechoslovakia in 1939. He died in 1941 at the age of 42. Kopal asserted that Mandl was the first person to approach the legal problems of spaceflight and work to develop a system to govern these issues.
Stephen Hobe, University of Cologne, gave a presentation titled "Vladimmir Mandl and Alex Meyer: Two Pioneers of Space Law." Hobe said that his presentation was going to cover early German writings on space law. He reiterated the importance of Mandl's German works to the field of space law, and how many of the principles that he put forth in his works are still being used today. Next, he covered Alex Meyer's works on space law. He stated that Meyer was known as an aviation lawyer, but that he also did important research into space law. Meyer's publications on space law began 5 years before the first spaceflight occurred. Meyer argued that the strict application of aviation law to space would be inadequate. Meyer also acknowledged the possibility of space to be used as an arena for armed conflict, and he endorsed a ba on the use of force in space.
Next, the student and young scholar presentations began. The first was from Phillip de Mann, Catholic University of Louvain, on "The Commercial Exploitation of Outer Space and Celestial Bodies – A Functional Solution to the Natural Resources Challenge." He made a distinction between the legal regime in the exploitation of resources of celestial bodies and the exploitation of other resources in space (e.g. radio frequencies). He started with the celestial body concept, by stating that one must first grapple with what constitutes a celestial body, and that a functional approach to this definition is the most tenable in which the concept is defined by "virtue of of activities regulated." Next, he moved to the non-appropriation provisions of the Outer Space Treaty. He argued that this provision should not be applicable to natural resources in space. He then argued that this is confirmed by the Moon Agreement which allows the appropriation of Celestial bodies. He then moved to definitions of natural resources and how the definition affects the legal regime, and how scarcity criteria should be applied in working on the management of resources.
The next presentation was by Mariam Yuzbashyan, excalibur Almaz Ltd, on "Potential Uniform International Legal Framework for Regulation of Private Space Activities." She stated that current space activities are effected by globalization and commercialization. She argued that many aspects of private activities needed particularized regulations, but that a comprehensive regulation was still desirable. She suggested the development of International Space Private Law (ISPL). She said that ISPL had to be defined by its legal sources such as the Cape Town Convention, national space legislation, ISS IGA, and space law cases and arbitration practices.
"You Can Lead an Astronaut to Water . . . : Prospects for Legal Use and Water Rights on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies" was presented by Joshua Easterson of the United States. Easterson set his presentation up in light of the recently discovered evidence of water on the Moon. He stated that terrestrially rights are usually apportioned via riparian rights or usage rights. He stated that unique characteristics of space water rights in space will be apportioned in a much different manner. He highlighted the importance on non-appropriation clauses and stated that this provision precluded usual appropriation of water rights as are done terrestrially. He then moved to analogies in international law such as the law of the sea, antarctic law, international commission on whales, and international water treaties. He stated that one of the best analogies is the ITU model used for radiocommunications. He then proposed the development of a new Moon treaty that sets forth a operational regime.
Next, the panel heard from Masatoshi Fukunaga, Keio University, on "Current Status and Recent Developments of Non-discriminatory Principle in the 1986 UN Principles on Remote Sensing." Fukunaga focused on Principle 12 of the Principles on remote sensing. He presentation discussed how states have dealt with this principle. He stated that principle 12 governed access to data by sensed states. Next he moved to a case study of India to illustrate how the state has worked with this principle. He turned to the remote sensing policy of India that sets for non-discriminatory access for imagery up to 5.8 meters to all states. Next he spoke briefly on CEOS. He said the CEOS' data policy and stated that it is similar to the Indian policy. He concluded by stating that the policy was still alive and viable, that it still has influence on relevant issues, and that its objective has changed from being sensed State oriented to being applied to more than just sensed States
Eduard van Asten, The Netherlands, presented "Legal Pluralism in Outer Space." His presentation was on the regulation of pirate actors permanently located in Outer Space. He began by discussing the QUID, a space monetary system, put forth by Travelex in 2007. He used this as an example of how private actors might begin to regulate themselves. In a similar way he discussed the ISS IGA and national laws that apply to space actors, which illustrate the numerous sources for regulation of private actors.. He stated that there were numerous legal complications with these private actors that include the lack of sovereignty, inefficiency of jurisdiction, enforcement problems, variety of national laws, applicability of national laws, and private interests. He then began to discuss the theory of legal pluralism, which he summarized as the means by which a population observes more than one body of law. He said that these problems will lead to future normative development that will most likely develop in a legally pluralistic manner.
"Space and Lisbon – A New Type of Competence to Shape the Regulatory Framework for Commercial Space Activities" was presented by Matxalen Sanchez Aranzamendi, European Space Policy Institute. She began by noting that space activities are wider than just exploration activities. She stated that downstream services are very important to economic growth and that these areas should not be forgotten when space legislation is being developed. Next she discussed particular regulatory areas that affect these downstream services such as data regulation, telecommunications regulations, and export controls. She argued that in these regulatory areas there are converging competencies from different regulatory bodies. She then moved to the idea of space competence in the EU under the Lisbon Treaty and asserted that it was an effective way to organize the regulatory body in this area.
Michael Mineiro, McGill University, presented "Beyond the Looking Glass: The Application of Public Choice Theory to U.S. Commercial Communication Satellite Export Controls." Mineiro presented a case study of public choice theory as applied to ITAR controls on communications satellites in in the United States. He then gave an overview of public choice theory as an economic modeling system that explains human behavior. He said under this theory behavior should be skewed in favor of exporters, but in reality that wasn't happening. He, therefore, argued that the theory must be recalibrated in order to understand why the system was working the way that it does. He then stated that even after using a a recalibrated-cost theory the benefits are declining due to the development of technologies in other areas around the world. He then turned to other theories that can help to explain what is wrong with the system.
Next, Michael Chatzipanagiotis of Greece gave a presentation titled "Forum Selection Clauses in Suborbital Space Tourism Contracts and EC Law." He started by stating that forum selection clauses are contract provisions in order allocate jurisdiction to particular courts. These are used by companies to stay out of unfavorable venues as well as to avoid multiple litigations in various jurisdictions. In order to be valid there must be consensus, a statement of objective factors, and reference to a particular legal relationship. He stated that the Brussels Convention and regulation set out what courts must do when presented with litigation wherein a forum selection clause is at issue. He stated that transportation contracts are not governed by the brussels convention. He stated that its unclear as to whether space tourism represents a transportation contract. It these contracts aren't transportation contracts then they are governed as a commercial contract.
Finally, Guillermo Duberti, Universidad de Belgrano, presented "Re-thinking Responsibility in the Law of Outer Space." Duberti stated that international law is dynamic and constantly changing and that law is following technological advances instead of preceding them. He stated that there was a conflict between general international law and space law. He says that this is because of the innovation of article VI. He stated that
IAC 2010: E3.1A. New Developments in National and International Space Policies and Programmes ISeptember 27, 2010 at 5:58 am | Posted in Blogcast, Space Law | Leave a comment
E3.1A. New Developments in National and International Space Policies and Programmes I was chaired by Kazuto Suzuki (Hokkaido University, Japan) .
The first presentation was given by John M. Logsdon, Space Policy Institute , George Washington University; it was titled "Understanding the New U.S. Approach to Human Spaceflight. His comments focused on the new American spaceflight plans and the new American space policy as put forth from the Obama administration. He stated that this policy represented a dramatic shift in human spaceflight strategy in the United States, and that these proposals have been extremely controversial, and have received negative comments from Congress as well as former astronauts. The origins of the new strategy was a result of the NASA transition team that was appointed after Obama took office as well as a ten person commission headed by Norm Augustine. He stated that NASA did not incorporate the findings of the Augustine Commission, and that as a result the White House took charge and worked on a new strategy on its own. Once the policy was made public, members of Congress immediately objected. As a result NASA is doing two different things. Logsdon stated that by law NASA is pursuing Constellation but that it is also planning what it will do if the proposed cancellation goes through. Additionally, he stated that Congress is torn as well and has as of yet been unable to adopt an authorization bill. He stated that the real question was whether American society could accept this "radical change."
Next was Ariane Cornell, Space Generation Advisory Council, who presented "Five Key Turning Points in the American Space Industry in the Past 20 Years: Analyzing Moments That Molded Supply, Demand, and Regulation to Plan Ahead." She began by stating that 1990's and 2000's have been marked by important changes. she said there were 5 key moments during this. The first was the Aerospace and Defense Consolidation following the Cold War, which caused a substantial reduction in the number of aerospace companies.. She said that this caused a reduction in R&D and a decrease in innovation. The next moment was the Itar Violations of the mid1-990s. The result was that space technology became subject to ITAR, which has kept American companies from taking part in the global space economy. The third moment was the creation of SpaceX. The result of this was new face for "new space" making space more appealing and beginning the reversal of the earlier consolidation. The fourth moment was the Iridium-Cosmos collision, which brought space debris issues to the forefront. Finally, she pointed to the Constellation cancellation, which she said creates more opportunities for industry. She suggested that this structural change should be embraced and that a greater involvement in international regulations was important.
The next presentation was "The Making of a Nation's Space Policy: Australia's Approach" by Noel Siemon, The PC Users group (ACT). His remarks focused on recent space policy activities in Australia. He stated that early space policies were not effective in fostering a long term development plan, which caused a lack of confidence from the space community. He pointed out that recently there was Senate report as well as a defense white paper, and that these have catalyzed new thinking on a central space policy for Australia. he noted that the Senate report specifically pointed to the lack of a central space agency as being shortcoming of Australia's space activities. As a result of this report was the establishment of a Space Policy Unit and a Space Innovation Council. These entities were meant to give advise on the development of a space activities. he observed that the institutional structure is similar to the the structure that preceded the 1986 policy which was a=Australia's first and short lived policy. He stated that specific challenges were determining a goal for the policy, avoiding reverse policy making, establishing a formal institutional structure, recognizing best practices globally, creating a purpose beyond political desires, and making sure that it creates a comprehensive structure. He said that meeting these challenges were crucial.
Next, Lulekwa Makapela of South Africa presented on "the National Space Policy : Movement Towards a More Co-ordinated Approach of Space Activities in South Africa." She stated that South Africa has just recently finalized it's national space policy and it was launched in 2009. As a result she said there has been and increase in space activities in South Africa. She said that activities are coordinated by different government stakeholders and one of the purposes of the policy was to create a guidance document for these various stakeholders. She stated that there were various things that influenced the policy including the Accelerated Shared growth Plan of South Africa. She said that there are six guiding principles but that the most important one was Cooperation and Government Coordination. This coordination ranges over the public sector, public institutions, the private sector, and academia. She also noted that there was a legal and regulatory framework that supports the national space policy.
"A Comprehensive Mapping of the European-African Cooperation Using Satellites and Policy Perspectives" was presented by Christina Giannopapa, European Space Policy Institute. Her presentation was on an ESPI study on European-African cooperation in space activities. She said the methodology for the study included desktop research, interviews with stakeholders, questionnaires to stakeholders, and a roundtable and worship with stakeholders. The roundtable and workshops occurred in February of 2010, June 2010, and July 2010. As a result she stated that goals and strategies included the meeting of the Millennium Development Goals. Also, she discussed the Joint Africa-EU strategy which defines the long-term policy orientation between the continents and includes space and space applications. After this work was done she stated that the report went on to map the actors and the activities engaged in these activities. She also gave an overview of bilateral agreements between EU countries and African countries as well as an overview of African space policy activities.
Next, Stephanie Wan, George Washington University, presented "Influence in Space Policies and Cooperation in the Asia Pacific." Her focus was on Korean space activities, and gave a brief summary of Korea's space activities. She then moved to discussing Korea-China cooperation. She said that this has been limited due to the Missile Technology Control Regime, but that there have been some cooperation. Next she discussed Korea-Japan space cooperation. She said that this cooperation has focused on the necessity to cooperate for socio-economic benefits, but that there have still been problems based on historical tensions. She next discussed international organizations. She started with APSCO, noting that it was an ESA-like legal framework. She said that Korea has not joined APSCO. She next discussed APRSAF, which is much less formalized than APSCO. She also covered UN ESCAP/RESAP and its goals and how these influence space cooperation. She briefly noted that there were other organizations such as ASEAN Space Organization and the Asian Space Agency. She concluded that Korea has a strong future but that they should pursue cooperation and leadership in the Asia Pacific region.
Joseph Fuller of Futron Corporation gave a presentation titled "Space Policy and Governance as Barriers to International Collaboration." He started by noting that that we have the opportunity sustain and protect the planet if international collaboration is pursued. He noted that we have no global governance system, but that there are global problems which the world faces.He said that while market is driven by economic forces, but that governance is still required within the market. he said that there is a need to identify global priorities based on States mutual needs and interests. He noted that global goods and utilities have evolved such as GPS, weather satellites, the ISS, and the European Space Agency. He then noted that there were UN models for global governance such as International Atomic Energy Agency, Climate Committee, and COPUOS. Then he discussed example of national policy barriers like Foreign Diplomacy (e.g. human rights issues), National Security (e.g. ITAR), and transparency. He concluded by stating that requirements for success would be no military involvement in civil activities, transparency, continuity of support, cost and schedule performance, and extended political stability and suggested several structures that could help organize such governance.
"Contemporary Space Exploration in the United States and Europe: A Public Policy Comparison" was presented by Veronica Chkadua, University of Alabama in Huntsville. She started by noting that the United States and Europe's space policy planning schemes were very different and noted that an understanding of these differences was very important in comparing the policy's of the two. She said that in the United States policies are mad by political appointees, appropriated for in one year increments, and are executed by NASA with Congressional oversight. Next she turned to the EU model wherein policies are developed by ESA and the EU civil service and adopted by the EU Council and Parliament; funded in 7 year increments, and executed by ESA with joint EU/ESA Space Council oversight. She stated that there were key policy issues that the two were dealing with differently including exploration infrastructure, industrial base, and defining relevance of the programs.
Sandra Cabrera Alvarado, France, presented "The Analysis of Existing International Space Cooperation Initiatives for UNESCO's World Heritage Sites." Alvarado started with a discussion of UNESCO world heritage sites. She said that the 1972 Convention for the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage Sites gave UNESCO this competency. She said that there are now 911 properties on the list and that the task of protecting these sites has gotten more difficult as the list grows. To this end, she said that UNESCO and ESA entered into an agreement to use space technologies to help protect these sites. She said that ESA has a policy of using space technologies to assess global problems and help overcome them. The framework is an open initiative that allows a diverse range of State and non-State partners (currently 53) to join and asset in using these technologies to these ends. The initiative supports the 1972 convention. She gave a brief case study on Mexico City. In this study DLR has monitored with its TerraSAR-X satellite the sinking of the city which has threatened the world heritage site in Mexico City. This information is then passed on to the national authorities that control the site, so that they can take proper measures. SHe said the agreement is not binding agreement instead it requires compliance on a good faith basis, but that States are still bound by the 1972 convention. The agreement does comply with the Remote Sensing Principles as well as the Outer Space Treaty. She proposed that the open initiative should be a step towards working towards a binding charter.
"Transparency and Confidence-building Measures (TCBM) for Space Security" was presented by Jana Robinson, European Space Policy Institute. She began with a definition of "transparency" as "is the degree of openness in conveying information and a device of strategic negotiations." She said the level of transparency was a policy choice by individual States, but that modern technologies can increase transparency on their own. She also noted that information availability alone does not constitute transparency. Next she addressed the need for these measures. She identified incidents in space that have happened recently as well as issues such as debris, crowding orbits, and intentional interference. She next moved to leading examples and proposals such as the SALT I talks, INF and START I treaties and the 1990 CFE treaty. She noted that there are new proposals on the table such as the China-Russia PPWT, the European Draft Code of Conduct, and the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines among numerous others. She stated that TCBMs will continue to to be an important part of space security. She did note that they have strengths as well as limitations, but that they will remain and important element in space governance. She gave a a brief overview of the EU Draft Code of Conduct for Space Activities.
The final paper was presented by Olufunke Ero-Phillips of Switzerland on "The Role of Space Technology and ICTS in Global Activities on Food Security." Her presentation focused on the use of space technologies to increase food security around the world. She stated that space technologies can help through disaster risk management, climate adaptation, enhanced end user activities, improving food supply chains, resource management, early warning systems, communications, and food security analysis. She then went over the Nigerian space policy which covers food security specifically. Then she discussed problems associated with these sorts of activities such as liability for damage, contract issues, legal problems with remote sensing, intellectual property rights, cybersecurity, and the world's digital divide. Finally, she recommended that space policies be broadened to address these issues.
International Astronautical Congress 2010September 27, 2010 at 2:02 am | Posted in Blogcast, Space Law | Leave a comment
by P.J. Blount with the blog faculty
The 61st International Astronautical Congress (IAC) begins today in Prague, Czech Republic. res Communis is on the ground and will be live blogging the whole event. In particular we'll be covering the 53rd Colloquium on the International Law of Outer Space hosted by the International Institute of Space Law (IISL).
Library: A Round-up of ReadingSeptember 27, 2010 at 1:30 am | Posted in Library | Leave a comment
Aviation and the Environment: Systematically Addressing Environmental Impacts and Community Concerns Can Help Airports Reduce Project Delays. GAO-10-50, September 13.
Aviation and the Environment: Survey of Airport Officials on Airport Environmental Issues (E-supplement to GAO-10-50). GAO-10-748SP, September 13.
Bluesky's Aerial Photopacks Resolve Boundary Disputes – EARSC
New START, Missile Defense, Treaty Amendments – Lawfare
Spy Satellite Launch Delayed Because of Wrongly Parked Car – got geoint?
Environmental Taxes on Long Haul Airline Travel – International Economic Law and Policy Blog
Congress shows essential leadership in debate on military export controls – Budget Insight
Further progress in EU–Africa cooperation in Space – EARSC
Look to the Nelson: Don't CR to Fix Anything – NASA Watch
Brit and Oz Arms Export Treaties Head To Senate Floor – Export Law Blog
National Security Council Gets New Space Policy Guru – Space Policy Online
What to Do With JSF – DoD Buzz
The Centenarian Who Wasn't, NASA v. Nelson, and the Constitutional Right to Information Privacy – Prawfs Blawg
House releases compromise NASA authorization bill – Space Politics
No love for the House compromise bill – Space Politics
Beware: Chinese iPhone 4 comes with a crippled Maps app – Ogle Earth
First Contact and the Frontiers of Global Governance – Opinio Juris
Possible Class Action Suit Over Ash DamageSeptember 25, 2010 at 3:27 pm | Posted in Aviation Law | Leave a comment
by P.J. Blount with the blog faculty
Source – Flightglobal:
European regional carriers plan class action over ash losses
European regional carriers are to take legal steps to recover losses incurred during the ash-related airspace closures over the continent earlier this year.
The European Regions Airline Association, at its annual general assembly in Barcelona this week, stated that it was "outraged" at the "failure" of politicians and regulators to provide timely compensation over the matter.
It says that its airline and airport directors have "agreed…to recover financial damages through legal action". . . . [Full Story]
The EU and AUC discuss space policies for AfricaSeptember 25, 2010 at 2:54 pm | Posted in Space Law | Leave a comment
by P.J. Blount with the blog faculty
Source – EARSC:
The EU and AUC discuss space policies for Africa
On 15 September 2010, a high level political dialogue on "Space and Africa" brought together leading figures in the European and African space sectors. The European Commissioner for Industry and Entrepreneurship and Vice-President of the European Commission, Antonio Tajani, and Jean-Pierre Ezin, Commissioner of Human Resources, Science and Technology of the African Union Commission (AUC), expressed in a joint statement satisfaction with the on-going cooperation between the EU and Africa in the field of space applications.
Firstly, the joint statement highlights the need for a future African Space Agency, which could initially focus on practical areas capable of producing benefits for the African citizen such as use of Earth Observation data to monitor weather, environment and climate change.
Among other issues, the joint statement underlines the progress made on the GMES and Africa initiative through the extensive exchange of contacts between the two continents. In this context, the ongoing preparation of a high-level strategic document to guide the implementation phase was welcomed, while the extensive work done for the preparation of a detailed thematic action plan was recognised. The action plan will facilitate the allocation of EU contributing funding for 2011 onwards, the definition of the EU Financial Perspectives 2014-2020 as well as contributions from other sources and the implementation in Africa of priority applications. Furthermore, EUMETSAT and ESA indicated their readiness to consider additional support for new projects emerging from the GMES and Africa initiative.
One day later, on 16 September 2010, a high level political meeting on "Space for the African Citizen" was organised by the AUC and the Belgian High Representation for Space Policy, in the framework of the Belgian presidency of the EU. The meeting focused on how space technologies can be used as a transversal tool to contribute to Africa's global development.
Disasters Charter: Flood in SloveniaSeptember 25, 2010 at 1:36 pm | Posted in Space Law | Leave a comment
by P.J. Blount with the blog faculty
The Disasters Charter was activated for a Flood in Slovenia:
Flood in Slovenia
Type of Event: Flood
Location of Event: Slovenia
Date of Charter Activation: 22/09/2010
Charter Requestor: ZRC
Project Management: ESA
Description of the Event:
Heavy rainfall of 210mm in 24hours has led to flooding and landslides across South Eastern and central Slovenia, affecting the capital Ljubljana and Posavje region, damaging property, roads, railways and taking two lives.
International Partners Discuss Space Station Extension And UseSeptember 23, 2010 at 1:35 pm | Posted in Space Law | Leave a comment
by P.J. Blount with the blog faculty
Source – NASA:
International Partners Discuss Space Station Extension And Use
WASHINGTON — The International Space Station partner agencies met Tuesday, Sept. 21, by videoconference to discuss continuation of space station operations into the next decade and its use as a research laboratory.
The Multilateral Coordination Board (MCB) meeting included senior representatives from NASA, the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), the European Space Agency (ESA), the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos), and the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). The MCB meets periodically to ensure coordination of station operations and activities among the partners.
The MCB was pleased to learn that the government of Japan has approved continuing space station operations beyond 2016. Coupled with the approval of the government of the Russian Federation for continuation to 2020, this progress is indicative of the strength of the station partnership and the successful use of station.
ESA and CSA are working with their respective governments to reach consensus about the continuation of the station. NASA also is continuing to work with the U.S. Congress to complete the necessary procedures to extend station operations consistent with the presidential budget request.
The MCB also noted the benefits to future exploration beyond low-Earth orbit through enhanced station research, technology development and other opportunities.
Each partner agency reaffirmed its commitment to gaining the maximum return from station with increasing the operational efficiency. On-going research with potential societal impacts includes:
— NASA and the National Institutes of Health recently announced three new biomedical experiments using the station's unique microgravity facilities to improve human health on Earth. The experiments will use the station to study how bones and the immune system weaken in space as part of NIH's new BioMed-ISS program.
— CSA will focus its life science research program on mitigating health risks associated with spaceflight. More specifically, these health experiments and activities will monitor crew health and deliver health care on space missions, develop exercise, etc.
— ESA just started a fluid physics experiment in the Microgravity Science Glovebox onboard the station's Columbus module that is of high interest to material scientists. The experiment uses advanced optical diagnostics to investigate the transformation of particles to aggregates due to density fluctuations in a mixture. The ESA experiment demonstrates a new capability to reverse and fine-tune the aggregation process; such control may yield a significant potential impact on fabrication of micro-structured materials such as photonic crystals.
— Roscosmos continues experimental programs aimed at human's adaptation to future long-term expeditions. Effects of the flight conditions on the cardiovascular system, the respiratory system and bones are being carefully investigated in dedicated medical experiments. Other research being conducted includes plantation of wheat and vegetables followed by genetic, microbiological and biochemical tests of plants.
— Japan's externally mounted X-Ray camera monitors more than 1,000 X-ray sources in space, including black holes and neutron stars. The instrument scans the entire sky in X-ray wavelengths and downlinks data to be distributed through the Internet to research groups around the world. Since last October, it has issued more than 50 alerts for the X-ray transient phenomena.
All of the partners also recognize the key role of the space station in inspiring students around the world to learn about science, technology, engineering and mathematics. More than 30 million students have participated in human spaceflight though communications downlinks and interactive experiments with station astronauts.
Second International Air Law Moot Court 12-15 March 2011, DubaiSeptember 23, 2010 at 1:20 pm | Posted in Aviation Law Current Event | Leave a comment
by P.J. Blount with the blog faculty
Source – The International Institute of Air and Space Law:
Second International Air Law Moot Court 12-15 March 2011, Dubai
The Second International Air Law Moot Court Competition will be held on 12-15 March 2011 in Dubai. The case regarding the operation of international air services in the context of the volcanic movements is published on this website. Registration for the Competition is online.
The first edition of the International Air Law Moot Court Competition which took place in New Delhi from 3-6 March 2010 in Delhi, India has been a very successful event with 14 teams participating, presenting fascinating pleas while our Indian hosts have generously and graciously received their guests.
This time, the Sarin Memorial Legal Aid Foundation from India and the International Institute of Air and Space Law of Leiden University in the Netherlands join forces with the Dubai Civil Aviation Authority with the purpose of organising the second edition of the International Air Law Moot Court Competition.
We invite universities having an interest for international air law to send a team to the Competition which will be held on 12-15 March 2011 in Dubai. The case regarding the operation of international air services in the context of the volcanic movements is published on this website.
Each university may send a team to the Competition which will last four days, including the semi-finals and final. The international air law moot court competition is a unique opportunity for students seeking to gain experience in the subject of air law.
For more information, please visit the pages dedicated to the Competition at or contact the Moot Court coordinator, Ms. Axelle Cartier, at email@example.com. Registration is available online.
We thank you for your attention and look forward to receiving the registration of your university.
M.L. Sarin, Senior Advocate, Secretary General, Sarin Memorial Legal Aid Foundation
Pablo Mendes de Leon, Professor in Air and Space Law, Director International Institute of Air and Space Law
Mohammed Al Ahli, Director General, Dubai Civil Aviation Authority
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Fourth of July festivities and fun are at the top of everyone's list as Independence Day draws near. Backyard cookouts, parades and fireworks are the customary celebratory activities for this anticipated holiday, but for many North Texas residents, fireworks are not an option.
"We don't want to discourage anyone from enjoying the holiday; we just want to remind people that Texas is still prone to wildfire danger," said Texas Forest Service Wildland Urban Interface and Prevention Coordinator Justice Jones in a statement.
The Texas Forest Service suggests these tips to ensure safety and prevent fires:
- Check for and obey furn bans and fireworks restrictions
- Keep water nearby just in case a fire starts. It doesn't take much of a spark or burning ember to ignite dry, fine-textured fuels like grass and weeds
- Read and follow label instruction on how to properly discharge fireworks
- Only use fireworks with close adult supervision
- Use fireworks only in areas clear of dead, dry grass and weeds
- Avoid using fireworks, particularly aerial varieties, around buildings. Winds can carry hot fireworks onto roofs where leaves or other flammable debris may have accumulated.
Although many burn bans have been lifted throughout the region, fireworks may still be prohibited. Below is a list of cities that prohibit the discharge of fireworks.
The latest news from around North Texas.
Dallas County
Dallas, DeSoto, Duncanville, Garland, Grand Prairie, Highland Park, Irving and Richardson.
Tarrant County
Arlington, Fort Worth and North Richland Hills
Collin County
Allen, Frisco, McKinney, Midlothian, Plano, Waxahachie and Wylie
Burn bans continue to be in effect in Wise County and Palo Pinto County, and Ellis County enacted a 90-day burn ban beginning June 25.
This list is subject to change. Burn bans and fireworks restrictions are determined by county government and city ordinances.
For more information on fireworks bans, visit your county's website.


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Levi's "Circles" Conveys A Global Movement of Unity and Individuality
World peace in this campaign video.
Following the release of its Spring/Summer 2018 collaboration with A-COLD-WALL, Levi's launches its fifth installment, "Circles," as part of its "Live in Levi's" campaign. Teaming up with agency FCB West, the iconic denim brand celebrates individuality and unity via music and dance in the Levi's jeans. Using dance to illustrate a form of self-expression, the "Circles" video takes aim to bridge various cultures and connections across the globe while celebrating our individuality. The video also features an upbeat and optimistic sound from Makeba by Jain.
Check out the festive video above and learn more about the Live in Levi's Circles campaign on the Levi's website.


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Seward Assistant is Going to Kansas City
KSCB News - May 23, 2013 4:04 pm
Seward men's basketball assistant Jason Sautter has left the Seward program for UMKC. Sautter spent two years at Seward with Bryan Zollinger and helped the Saints win back to back Jayhawk West titles and one Region 6 crown. The Saints were 56-15 in two years when Sautter assisted Zollinger including a 25-8 season this year.
Sautter leaves Seward for the UMKC Kangaroos to join Kareem Richardson. He was an assistant for Rick Pitino at Louisville.
Prior to joining Seward, Sautter went 55-30 at Western Texas as a head coach.
Zollinger now looks for his fourth assistant coach since he has coached at SC. Zollinger is 162-46 as head coach at Seward with Ryan Stock (08-10), Jay Cyriac (2011), and Sautter (12-13). Zollinger has won four Jayhawk West titles in six years and two Region 6 titles with a pair of third place finishes at the NJCAA Tournament.


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MINNEAPOLIS -- As the streamers came down from the ceiling of U.S. Bank Stadium after the buzzer sounded on Texas Tech's dream season, Brandone Francis walked off the court with tears in his eyes.
"I'm sorry," Francis said to coach Chris Beard, before turning to the Texas Tech cheering section and repeating the same sentiment.
The senior guard's college career was over, as Texas Tech fell in overtime to Virginia in Monday's national championship, 85-77. Francis came off the bench to lead the Red Raiders in scoring with 17 points, but he missed a 3-pointer late in overtime -- and shouldered the blame for the loss.
"I put everything into this," Francis said. "We didn't get to this point to come second. Nobody remembers second place. I was trying to make history and leave a legacy. And not any kind of legacy. I was trying to win a championship."
None of his teammates or coaches was willing to let him take the blame alone, though.
There was a sense of ownership in the Red Raiders locker room Monday night into Tuesday morning, with multiple players accepting their share of responsibility for the heartbreaking defeat.
"I'm sorry too," Beard said. "There's nothing wrong with looking another man in the eyes and saying you're sorry; that's a sign of strength. ... I'm proud of Brandone for saying that. I feel the same way."
After several minutes in the locker room following the loss, Francis walked to where Matt Mooney and Tariq Owens were sitting at neighboring lockers. Francis sat on the floor in between them and the three departing seniors held hands, quietly exchanging words for a few minutes.
It was the end of their college careers -- but it's not the end of Texas Tech basketball.
Every road trip that Texas Tech -- and most programs in the country -- takes, the managers and support staff put tape on the floor of a hotel ballroom to show dimensions of a basketball court. It helps with a pregame walk-through; it helps the coaches show last-minute tweaks or game plan adjustments.
It's generally just a half-court setup, depending on the size of the ballroom, but at the Radisson Blu in Minneapolis, the Red Raiders were able to expand their taped-down basketball court.
And on one of the baselines was a new mantra for Beard and Texas Tech: Smell the roses.
While the Final Four was indeed a business trip for the Red Raiders, it also was the first time in program history they had reached the national semifinals. And Beard wanted to make sure his team enjoyed it.
"Coach brought that to us a couple weeks ago: Enjoy the moments. Not too many people in life get the moments that we're getting," sophomore Jarrett Culver said over the weekend. "Everybody's going to remember this Final Four we came to and how great it's been to us. Smell the roses is like, enjoy the moment, live in the moment and enjoy everything that's going on around you."
"That message was very clear as soon as we got back to Lubbock," assistant coach Brian Burg said on Sunday. "We're going to have more fun than any other team in the country. We're going to enjoy this experience; we're not going to take it for granted whatsoever. At the same time, we're going to prepare like we always do and be ready to play for 80 minutes here in Minneapolis."
Tech ended up having to play for 85 minutes this weekend, as a 3-pointer from Virginia's De'Andre Hunter with 14 seconds left in regulation tied the game at 68-68 to force overtime. After two Mooney jumpers gave Tech a three-point lead in the first two minutes of the extra session, Virginia went on an 11-0 run to put the game out of reach.
The loss is going to sting for a long time in Lubbock, with Beard calling it the "pain of my life."
But when the dust settles, this is the furthest Texas Tech basketball has ever been in the NCAA tournament, the first Final Four appearance in program history. The players will look back on this and realize what they ultimately achieved.
"This was a hell of a ride," senior Owens said. "We defied the odds and put in the work to get here. I'm gonna keep my head held high hoping that people will finally give us the respect we deserve."
"Everything we've done is amazing," Culver added. "The experience is something every single body in this locker room will cherish, will remember forever for the rest of their life."
There's going to be questions heading into the offseason for Texas Tech. Was this an anomaly or do the Red Raiders have staying power? Will things change now that Tech has expectations and top-ranked high school talent entering the program?
On paper, Beard faces another rebuild. Owens and Francis are gone, as is national semifinal hero Mooney and starting center Norense Odiase. Culver is a projected lottery pick, so the expectation is that he will leave, as well. It might be an even bigger rebuild than this season in terms of talent lost, but there are highly touted reinforcements waiting in the wings this time around.
Top-50 recruit Khavon Moore and four-star shooting guard Kevin McCullar took redshirts for this season. They will be joined next season by Jahmius Ramsey, the No. 6 shooting guard in the country, and ESPN 100 small forward Terrence Shannon Jr. Top-10 junior college transfer Khalid Thomas also enters the fold. The Red Raiders also are expected to be active on the graduate transfer market.
"It doesn't matter what people rank us in preseason," Odiase said. "They've been ranking us bottom of the barrel the last two seasons, and we were able to get to the Elite Eight and Final Four. ... It will only get better from here. This is just the start. This team is not done at this stage. I really believe that."
Tech didn't get to this point -- from 6-12 in the Big 12 in Beard's first season to an Elite Eight run last season to a Big 12 regular-season title and national title game appearance this season -- on the backs of top-100 freshmen and recognized names. The Red Raiders did it with graduate transfers, second-chance players and guys who were hungry for an opportunity.
The departing players believe in the culture Beard has built, though; they believe in the tenets of a program that has been one of the most successful in the sport over the past two seasons.
"The everyday, the day-to-day process and everything that we're about -- it doesn't change," Odiase said. "Players, coaches might leave, things like that. But we've established something huge here that will shine for years to come. ... We'll always have the underdog mentality."
Texas Tech has needed to outwork everyone over the past three seasons -- and Beard knew that. He said last year that the only way he knew how to succeed was by outworking people, and that's how he wanted to build up Texas Tech. He didn't expect to out-coach Lon Kruger or out-recruit Bill Self on his first day in the Big 12.
"It's the reality. If I didn't do this, then the results weren't going to be the same. I've always had an understanding we were going to try to outwork people. Then it's just the people I've worked for and we just believe it," Beard told ESPN in 2018. "So, how are we possibly going to beat people? I think the only way is discipline and grinding it out. ... We can't waste a minute. If we do have an advantage, and I don't know if we do, then we've gotta get it over time and we've gotta be disciplined to get it."
That's why the staff stayed up until 6:30 a.m. on Sunday after beating Michigan State on Saturday night. That's why they discussed a game plan until 3 a.m. on Monday.
So, while the Red Raiders came up short on Monday night, they already left their imprint on Texas Tech basketball -- but they also don't think it's a one-time deal.
"Last year, with our Elite Eight loss, that was painful," Beard said. "We said, 'Hey, we're not going anywhere. We're going to keep fighting and scrapping to build a program that's relevant in the Big 12 and ultimately in the national tournament. We're going to get back to work tomorrow and we'll try to be right back here next year, somehow, someway.'"
"The message is, we're not going anywhere," Beard added. "This was year three, and we keep building this thing to get better and better and better."


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Moscow, Feb 19 (AFP) Russian President Vladimir Putin said today he refused to return a historic but disputed Jewish archive to the United States because doing so would "open a Pandora's box". He spoke after a US judge slapped a daily fine of USD 50,000 on Moscow last month for its failure to comply with a 2010 order to return the sacred texts. Putin's international cultural cooperation representative Mikhail Shvydko said at the time that the ruling "doomed" the chances of the archive ever being sent to the United States. Speaking at a Moscow meeting on inter-ethnic issues, Putin called the ruling "unjust" and proposed instead to display the collection in Moscow. "If we open a Pandora's box today and begin to grant such claims, then there won't be an end to such requests and it is unclear what they will lead to," he said in televised remarks. "Maybe one day we will be able to do so but in my opinion, right now we are simply absolutely not ready for it. It is not possible." He suggested the texts be displayed at the Jewish Museum and Tolerance Centre, which opened in November and is one of the world's largest Jewish museums. The archive -- referred to in Russia as the Schneersohn Library in honour of its original owner Rabbi Joseph Isaac Schneersohn -- was split up and partially nationalised by the Soviet Union in 1918. The other part was taken out of Russia and ended up in Germany where it was seized by Soviet troops at the end of World War II in 1945. Most of the 12,000 texts and 50,000 documents it contains have since been transferred to the Russian military archive and state library. Officials there said last month that they had no intention of parting with a collection gathered in the 18th century and regarded with veneration by Hasidic Jews who populated eastern Europe and have since largely settled in New York. The dispute has frozen cultural exchange programmes between the two old Cold War rivals and as a result, touring exhibitions of such great museums as the Hermitage and the Tretyakov have bypassed the United States. The US State Department has argued that decisions of the kind issued by the District Court complicated both the case and bilateral ties. Since Putin's return to the Kremlin for a third term in May, Russia and the United States have been at odds over a growing number of issues. (AFP) AAH 02200213 NNNN
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