text:
A Unique Model of Education: An Innovative Solution to Poverty
Our academy is more than just a school. We offer a completely unique approach for educating the poor. No other model of educational intervention commits the same level of long-term and quality investment in the lives of these children, or holds more promise for their futures and those of their families. St. Patrick's Academy was founded in 2012 with the hope of providing cost effective and quality education to children who are socially and economically disadvantaged in the rural villages which have no adequate facilities to standard education. Our academy was an extension of St.Patrick's Home that was originally started in 2000 to provide free room and board and school school for dalit children from the rural villages who have no access and opportunities for quality education.
St.Patrick's Academy is certainly a unique program that is designed to suit the needs of children who lack opportunities. We try a model that not many have thought of. We invest in the lives of those who may not able to return anything back to us. We see something potential in them through which they can contribute something significant both for the community and for the nation. This is the reason we would like to peel out something from these children who one day can become great leaders and productive members of our society. What keeps most of our people in bondage is illiteracy, poverty and ignorance. This is the reason why most of them have always been at the bottom. They had no scope of moving forward. It is my conviction that our academy will serve as a symbol of hope to children from socially and economically deprived backgrounds, and a means to attain their dreams.
Our academy has a wonderful academic setting. We have five class rooms which are designed optimally to enhance their learning. For example, each classroom is freshly painted and decorated with colorful pictures that attract the children. Each room has sufficient work desks and benches to inspire learning. In order to develop the skills and encourage creativity, the children have access to a nice garden and an outdoor playground. These children are truly lucky when you compare many schools in our areas without proper buildings and amenities such as toilet, playground and water tank. In some places, teachers conduct classes under the trees due to lack of class rooms. Our students are truly blessed to have all of them under one campus. While many dalit kids still are discriminated against even in schools, we try to encourage them and instill on their minds that the 'Sky is the Limit'. St. Patrick's Academy is the answer to a better and brighter future for the poor.
St.Patrick's Academy, is located at V.Salai near Villupuram in the State of Tamil Nadu, South India. This is 100 Miles South of Chennai, the Capital of Tamil Nadu and 30 Miles West of Pondicherry. Out of the 29 districts in Tamil Nadu, the Villupuram District ranks 28th in literacy. 64.48% of males and only 53% of the women are literate. Consequently, parents cannot provide their children with the help they need to succeed academically. They have limited knowledge of the opportunities that are available outside their villages and can provide limited guidance for their children. India has 22% of the world's population and 46% of the world's illiterates.
Our Objectives
• Offer excellence in education to socially and economically disadvantaged children.
• Create highly productive members of society with strong educational backgrounds and leadership skills.
• Provide strong academic background in meeting the challenges of the growing economy of India.
Our Vision
Our vision is to give hope to children who live in desperate situation and offer opportunities for qualitative education which will gradually close the gap between the rich and poor and build a nation where everyone can live security and dignity. Our model is based on the education that gives hope and promise and assures them that sky is the limit. Given proper care, support, and educational opportunities, the poor children will be able to succeed in life and bring about social change to their communities.
Why Patrick's?
Literacy is a key for socio-economic progress. India today faces a unique crisis. While its economy grows and flourishes, millions of people are being left behind without access to the same standards of education and opportunity as the more fortunate. Today, over 75% of India's population lives on less than $2 per day. India has a growing number of billionaire and millionaire, the poor remains the same. Education is the best way to break the cycle of poverty permanently. A huge discrepancy exists between the rich and poor. Many lack basic essentials of life such as safe drinking water, sanitation, housing, and health infrastructure. Their children suffer malnutrition, are unable to attend school, and ultimately become victims of child labor. Dalit solidarity has designed programs to promote both academic and vocational education as means of giving them hope .
Education is a key in eliminating caste based discrimination and ultimately empowering people for a great future. This led us to establish St. Patrick's Academy in June, 2012. Our school is the most affordable, qualitative and cost-effective for the poor children. We envision closing the gap between rich and poor, and building a nation where everyone can live in security and dignity. We started the school with 120 children from 16 remote villages. The number of students increased to 220 in one year. We have dramatically seen 40% increase of enrollment for this academic year beginning June of 2014, with 300 students and 20 school staff! This overwhelming growth affirms St. Patrick Academy's effectiveness and shows our parents' passion to obtain for their children the right foundation for a good future. As we step into the fourth year, we are expanding to serve children from nursery age to high school. Currently we have more than 560 children who are enrolled in our school. Currently we have more than 800 children as we move towards the fifth year in 2016.
Most of our students are the children of day laborers. Their parents work in the rice paddies and sugar cane fields for about four months each year. The annual income for a family of five in our villages is about $150. They live in mud huts with thatched roofs and dirt floors. There is no indoor plumbing and limited electricity. Their diet is primarily rice. They are the first members of their families to attend secondary school; the first who can read and write more than their names. In addition to dealing with extreme poverty, these students also face serious discrimination from a society that tells them that regardless of their efforts in the classroom or the workplace, because they are Dalits, they will never be the equal of their non-Dalit friends.
How Can you Help us?
With growth comes challenges. The biggest challenge is to balance the Academy's books. This growth has caused a financial crisis, as we struggle to pay salaries to a larger staff, cover costs of transporting students from distant villages, and maintain school structures and grounds. Most of our parents go for daily work where they make less than $2.00 per day. Their daily income does not even cover their costs of adequate groceries. Expecting parents to pay for school tuition is too much, although they contribute to expenses as best they can. They have a dream for their children but they need support to make this dream a reality. Please join the Dalit Solidarity family today by sponsoring a child, or offering a loved one the gift of a donation in his or her name. Sponsoring a child is the most powerful way to fight poverty. Our sponsorship program gives hope, love and life's essentials to one child at a time. Help us break the cycle of poverty and save precious lives. When you sponsor a child, you give them the promise of a bright future. For $30 per month, you can ensure that your child is educated, healthy, protected, cared for and feels loved in the community.


text: An Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) is a computer-based navigation system that complies with IMO regulations and can be used as an alternative to paper navigation charts. Integrating a variety of real-time information, it is an automated decision aid capable of continuously determining a vessel's position in relation to land, charted objects, navigation aids and unseen hazards. Continue reading "What is ECDIS?"

subset: commoncrawl


text:
A Brief History Of Blockbuster Colored Diamonds
Original article found on christies.com Ahead of their Geneva sale of the largest cushion shaped fancy pink diamond at auction, here's a look at five of the most exceptional colored diamonds ever sold at Christie's. THE BLUE The Blue: Fancy Vivid Blue pear-shaped diamond, weighing approximately 13.22 carats, flanked on either side by a pear-shaped [...]Read More →
Eight questions to ask if you're thinking of an art loan
Original article found on spearswms.com Despite the last global financial crisis, the art market has continued to perform well and many families have seen the value of their collections jump to become an increasingly important share of their wealth. As more families are looking at ways to 'cash out' and 'monetise' their collections, the [...]Read More →
Gold rallies to eight-month high, platinum claws back
Original article found on smh.com.au The gold price hit $US1156 per ounce as the dollar eased. Photo: Jim Rice Gold rallied more than 2 per cent on Thursday for the biggest one-day gain in almost eight months as a weak US dollar sparked short covering while platinum recovered from a four-day rout even as car demand woes lingered. [...]Read More →
Sotheby's Geneva to auction rare 12ct Blue Moon diamond
Original article found on professionaljeweller.com Sotheby's Geneva is preparing to sell the largest cushion-shaped fancy vivid blue diamond ever to appear at auction. The rare stone will lead Sotheby's Magnificent Jewels and Noble Jewels sale scheduled to take place November 11 in Geneva. It has been said that the 12.03ct diamond named the 'Blue Moon' [...]Read More →
Rise in Gold Price Crimped by Concerns Over U.S. Interest Rates
Original article found on wsj.com The price of gold was slightly higher on Tuesday, but its gains remain capped by concerns that U.S. interest rates and the dollar will rise. Gold ended Monday's U.S. trading session 0.4% lower as the dollar gained and investors bet the Federal Reserve will raise U.S. rates by the end [...]Read More →
Christie's will ask $100 million for this Modigliani nude this fall
Original article found on fortune.com On Wednesday, the auction house Christie's announced that it would hold its fall evening sales during a single week in November, with a nude painting by Amedeo Modigliani expected to fetch $100 million, according to the New York Times' art blog. Christie's held its main sales in a single week instead of the [...]Read More →
Swiss Watchmakers Turn Pessimistic As Smartwatch Risk Looms
Original article found on bloomberg.com Swiss watchmaker executives are the most pessimistic in four years as an increasing minority see a threat from smartwatches and the strong franc buffets the industry, a Deloitte LLP report showed. Deloitte found 41 percent of executives were negative about 12-month prospects while 14 percent were positive, according to the [...]Read More →
Inside Tiffany's plan to rebuild its luxury watch business
Original article found on fortune.com It's not every day that a 178-year-old company gets to be an upstart again. Yet that's exactly what high-end jeweler Tiffany & Co. TIF -0.12% is, following the recent launch of its CT60 line of luxury watches. It is Tiffany's first major new collection of timepieces in years. Four years ago, a bitter [...]Read More →
Gold price continues to 'seek out a bottom'
Original article from theweek.co.uk Gold recovered modestly on Thursday after hitting its lowest level for a month on renewed rate rise speculation, but analysts expect the downward trend to continue as the price "seeks out a bottom". More immediately, Daily FX's currency strategist James Stanley says "near-term support has come in just above the $1,100 level". [...]Read More →
This Exceptional Rolex Submariner from Cuba Could Be One-Of-A-Kind
Original article from forbes.com oyeria Riviera was established by Don Julio Abislaiman in 1923. At the time, Joyeria Riviera was Tiffany's Havanan equivalent: They were recognized as a prestigious jeweler, yet also as a retailer of important, luxury watches. Although a multitude of Rolexes passed through the shop, very few examples have survived to this present day. Even [...]Read More →


text:
Nicole Crowther, born in 1989/1990,[1] is a film student and one time extra on Glee. She is known for leaking out Glee spoilers, and more so for revealing the Prom Queen and King from Prom Queen.
Personal Life
She is a Fort Myers, Fla., native.[1] Crowther was a student at Los Angeles Feature Film Academy as of 2011.[1]
She tweeted out a spoiler for who was Prom King and Queen in the second season of the prom episode. Brad Falchuk, one of the show's producers and creators tweeted back, "Who are you to spoil something talented people have spent months to create? Hope you're qualified to do something besides work in entertainment.". [2]
She later revealed that she hadn't been on the Glee set since October, and got her spoilers from another extra. She added that she may not even know for sure if her Prom Queen and King spoiler was legitimate.[3] She deactivated her Twitter account soon after.
Crowther did background work for Disney's "Shake It Up," "Kickin' It" and "A.N.T. Farm"; Nickelodeon's "Big Time Rush," "Victorious," and "Supah Ninjas"; Fox's "Traffic Light"; and TNT's "Men of a Certain Age." She also worked on the movies "Prom" and "The Muppets."[4]


text: Feeding unrest in Cairo: The politics of bread A look at the ancient roots of food and the unrest simmering over rising cost of staples before Egypt's 2011 uprising. 09 Feb 2016 12:55 GMT Food, Middle East, Egypt, Arts & Culture Egypt has long been called Umm al-Dunya, or the "mother of the world". Ancient Greeks described it as "the gift of the Nile" whose flooding each year provided two rich harvests. Egyptian wheat fed the pharaohs and was used by the Roman state to supply the free bread which kept its citizens loyal. With one of the oldest agricultural economies in the world, Egypt has for centuries been an economic and cultural powerhouse in the region, and at the heart of this is its capital, Cairo. The government cannot ignore this [the rising food prices]. We have warned them a million times that this is a ticking time bomb that will one day explode Mahmoud al-Askalany, journalist and founder of Citizens Against Price Rises Street life in the sprawling metropolis is vibrant and much of the city functions as a marketplace. Although international chains such as KFC and McDonald's exist, their offerings are often too expensive for locals who prefer their own versions of fast food bought at carts around the city. Many foods that are popular today have ancient roots. According to legend, for instance, Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, the Fatimid ruler of Egypt, loved the leaf molokhia so much that he banned people from eating it. Ful, made of fava beans, is a filling, fast dish. In fact, fava beans were found in pharaohs' tombs and were believed to be the best food to sustain a journey to the next life. Egypt is the world's largest importer of wheat and has one of the highest consumption rates of bread in the world. Egypt's poor have long survived on bread subsidised by the government. In pre-revolution Egypt, against the backdrop of rising global food prices in early 2007 through to 2008, in a country where the common word for bread is aish, meaning "life" or "survival", Street Food investigates the cost of food staples for the average person. We look at how Cairo's street food vendors have been affected by the rise in cost of basic commodities. They are faced with a dilemma: raise their prices and lose customers, or keep them the same and lose profits. We speak to Abdelsalam Gomma, an economist, and Mahmoud al-Askalany, a journalist and a founder of Citizens Against Price Rises, about the politics of bread in Egypt. Al-Askalany holds the Mubarak-led government responsible for rising food prices: "Inflation in Egypt is caused by the greed of the businessmen, corporations, and the government, and by their desire to make more money," he says. He presciently tells us: "The government cannot ignore this. We have warned them a million times that this is a ticking time bomb that will one day explode." Editor's note: This film was first broadcast on Al Jazeera English in 2008.Source: Al Jazeera Tell us what you think


text:
|Object management facility which includes a snapshot facility for providing data transfer between two objects
|Dysart et al.
|Waitable object creation system and method in an object based computer operating system
|Cutler et al.
|System for locating a file in a logical ring by sequentially forwarding access request with file system name and file name
|Mansfield et al.
|Representation of collaborative multi-user activities relative to shared structured data objects in a networked workstation environment
|Bly et al.
|Object management facility for maintaining data in a computer system
|Dysart et al.
|Virtual and emulated objects for use in the user interface of a display screen of a display processor
|Beard et al.
|Valuator menu for use as a graphical user interface tool
|Gest et al.
|Virtual single machine with message-like hardware interrupts and processor exceptions
|System for editing real and virtual storage and secondary storage media
|I/O scanner for an industrial control
|Method of inter-process communication in a distributed data processing system
|Weishaar et al.
|Real-time distributed data-base management system
|Christensen et al.
a first storage domain for storing an existing presentation object;
a second storage domain for storing a semantic object; and
a communications interface for enabling a user of the first storage domain to access said semantic object of said second storage domain by creating a new presentation object in the first storage domain which has a transient data-passing link to the semantic object in the second storage domain.
a global object for containing objects accessible to users of the other storage domain via said interface;
a distributed object linked via a communication link of said interface to the global objects of the other storage domain; and
data communication means for communicating with the other storage domain via said interface so as to obtain a list of the global objects held on the other storage domain.
a communications interface; and
a plurality of storage domains, each storage domain comprising:
a global object into which a user of said each storage domain can place objects which are accessible to other of said plurality of storage domains via said interface;
a distributed object linked via said interface to the global objects of all other of said plurality of storage domains, whereby the opening of said distributed object in said each storage domain provides access to the global objects of all other of said plurality of storage domains via said interface; and
data communication means for communicating with all other of said plurality of storage domains via said interface to obtain therefrom a list of the global objects held therein.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to object based computer systems, and more specifically, to object based computer systems having a plurality of stations.
2. Description of the Prior Art
An object based system is a computer system for processing data organized in units termed objects. Typical objects are textual documents, drawings, and spreadsheets. These objects correspond to the files of more conventional systems, but one essential feature of objects is that each object functionally includes the processing arrangements required for that object. Thus, a document object includes a word processor, a folder object includes means for organizing documents, etc. A spreadsheet object will often include a variety of alternative means of displaying its contents, e.g. tabular displays, bar charts, and pie diagrams.
A further essential feature of an object based system is that objects can include each other (though loops are not normally allowed); this relationship is known as a parent-child relationship. Thus, a folder object can include a number of document objects, a document object can include a spreadsheet object and a drawing object, and so on. The significance of this is that individual objects can be constructed independently and then linked together to form a compound object. Hence, if a spreadsheet object is changed, e.g. by altering some of the figures in it, not only will the rest of the figures in the spreadsheet be updated, but also the figures copied into parent objects such as documents will be automatically updated. Such links are permanent in the sense that once created, they persist until some positive action is taken to destroy them. (In particular, they persist when the system is shut down and later re-started.)
An object based system comprises, in addition to a plurality of objects, an object management facility which organizes the objects and the relationships between them. The object management facility maintains a list of objects in the system and a list of which objects are active. It also maintains lists of links between objects, i.e. which objects include which (genealogical tables). In principle, this link information is held in the objects themselves. In practice, however, it is convenient for this link information to be held in portions of the objects which are separated from the main bodies of the objects and kept together in lists which can be manipulated by the object management facility. This enables housekeeping to be done more easily. For example, if a user tries to include one object in another, one housekeeping task is to check that this does not result in a closed loop, and it is easier to do this if the linkages are in a linkage table than if the various branches of the tree of included objects (descendants) have to be traced by extracting information from each of the objects in the tree.
A specific object based system is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 4,953,080, filed Apr. 25, 1988, entitled "Object Management Facilities for Maintaining Data in a Computer System" in the names of John Andrew DYSART, Peter Stuart SHAWMAN, William M CROWE, Charles H WHELAN, Peter M WILLIAMS, Brian W MCBRIDE, Brian MURDOCH, and John RF SENIOR, and assigned to Hewlett-Packard Company, the text of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The present invention is primarily concerned with the organization of an object based system having a plurality of user stations. Such a system may be provided by a single central processing device having a plurality of user stations coupled to it, or it may be provided by a distributed processing network consisting of a number of independent processing units each having a respective station associated with it. However, the invention is also concerned with an object based system having a plurality of storage domains supported on a single station.
A number of problems arise in a distributed processing network of the type to which the invention is directed in comparison with single-station systems. One problem is what happens if two separate users attempt to work on the same object. This problem can be dealt with by suitable design of the objects--either an object is designed so that two users can work on it simultaneously, or it is designed so that once one user is working on it, other users will not be allowed to work on it at the same time. More generally, there is the problem of what happens if there is some interaction between what the two users are doing as when one user is manipulating the figures in a spreadsheet object and another user is using some of those figures in a text object. This problem is relatively easy to deal with, since means are necessarily provided whereby a parent object can obtain information from an included (child) object. What is needed is, in essence, for the child to keep track of what information the parent has obtained from it, and, if that information changes, to send the updated information to the parent. (The child could, for example, send an update on every change of its own information.) The parent will have means for incorporating the information obtained from the child into itself, and must be able to update itself when that information changes. (The parent could in effect reinitialize itself every time it receives an update from the child.)
In addition to these problems, which are obvious, there are more subtle problems. It is these latter problems with which the present invention is primarily concerned. For example, if the system is a distributed processing system, the number of active stations in the system will vary as different users switch their stations on and off. Hence, which objects are available to a given user will vary. The user's own objects--those on the user's own processor--will of course always be available, but other users' objects will sometimes be available and sometimes not. Further, the system configuration will also change as users switch on and off. It also will be desirable for users to be able to pass objects between themselves, so the location of a given object may vary from time to time. There will be similar phenomena in a single-processor system as different users log on and log off provided that the users own their objects and access to them is only permitted while the owner is logged on.
Accordingly, there is a long-felt need for a multi-station object based system which overcomes the above-mentioned problems. The present invention has been designed to meet this need.
A major aspect of this invention relates to the manner in which the system supports communication between users. Another aspect of the invention is concerned with the manner in which links between objects belonging to different users are constructed. A further aspect of the invention is concerned with the manner in which each user is informed of which objects of other users are available to him or her.
According to a first aspect of the present invention we provide an object based data processing system comprising a plurality of storage domains arranged so that a semantic object in a second storage domain can be accessed by the user of a first storage domain by the creation of a new presentation object in the first storage domain which is linked to the semantic object in the second storage domain. As herein used, a "semantic object" is a permanent information-containing object; a "presentation object" is an interfacing object for enabling the contents of a semantic object to be operated upon; and a "storage domain" is closely equivalent to a floppy disc in the sense that all objects in a given storage domain are on line together or are off-line together. Consequently, a single machine may support a plurality of storage domains.
The invention provides means for enabling the user working in a first storage domain to access objects in a second storage domain and to manipulate the contents of objects in the second storage domain. The invention is applicable to a single machine having multiple storage domains and therefore a single user at any one time or to a plurality of machines having a plurality of users at any one time or to a single central processing device having a plurality of user stations coupled to it.
Preferably, the system is configured so that the new presentation object in the first storage domain is created by an existing presentation object in the first storage domain using information received from the semantic object or a parent of the semantic object. More specifically, a new presentation object is created by an existing presentation object in the first storage domain which is linked to a semantic object in the second storage domain which is a parent of the semantic object, and a link is formed between the new presentation object and the semantic object by passing object identification information from the existing presentation object to the new presentation object.
Importantly, these features have the advantage that the semantic object in the second storage domain does not need to know the identity of the first storage domain. Another, although lesser, advantage is that the data traffic between the first and second storage domains is reduced. In the case where there are a plurality of storage domains on a single machine this means that the semantic object to be accessed does not need to know which screen/display surface its corresponding new presentation object should appear on. Yet another advantage of the arrangement referred to above is that it is applicable to distributed and non-distributed object-based systems.
The arrangement described above requires the existence of a top level presentation object and a top level semantic object in the first and second storage domains, respectively, and the establishment of an initial link between these objects. Preferably, each storage domain comprises a global object for containing objects to be made accessible to the users of other storage domains, a distributed object linked to the global objects of all other storage domains and data communication means for communicating with all other storage domains so as to obtain a list of the global objects held on the other storage domains. In the embodiment to be described, the global object is termed the "outer office" and the distributed object is termed the "corridor". In this specification, the term `global object` shall mean an object which is `well known` in the system, i.e., it is accessible to all users. The term `master object` shall be used to denote an object which contains all the other objects in its particular storage domain. In the embodiment to be described, the master object is termed the `inner office`.
Preferably, the data communication means are themselves objects (datacom objects). Alternatively, the data communications means could be embodied within the object management facility for the system.
According to another aspect, the present invention provides an object based data processing system comprising a plurality of storage domains, characterized in that each storage domain includes:
a global object into which the user of the storage domain can place objects to be made accessible to other storage domains and a distributed object containing the global objects of all other storage domains, the opening of which in any storage domain gives access to the global objects of other storage domains. Preferably, the system further comprises data communication means for communicating with all other storage domains to obtain from the other storage domains a list of the global objects held in those other storage domains. This aspect is particularly applicable to a data processing system comprising a network of stations.
In this system, there is thus no absolute addressing required or even available for links from the objects of one storage domain to those of another. Instead, the data communication means provides a table of addresses for currently available global objects of other storage domains, and links between other objects are constructed by looking up the addresses of the new objects and passing them down the chain. Preferably, the data communication means are themselves objects (datacom objects). Alternatively, the data communications means could be embodied within the object management facility for the system.
According to a further aspect, datacom objects are provided which maintain continuous monitoring of the system so as to discover which other storage domains are available and copy the addresses of the datacom objects of other storage domains.
These arrangements have a very important consequence; there are no permanent links between objects on different storage domains. It follows from this that a user working in one storage domain cannot make an object on a different storage domain a child of an object of his or her own storage domain (or vice versa). The user must copy the remote object onto his or her storage domain; the copy can then be linked with other objects on that storage domain.
It will be seen that in the present system, objects in general refer to other objects. (by means of links) and are not concerned with identifying the storage domains in which the objects happen to be located. The identification of an object with the storage domain in which it is located is the concern primarily of the datacom object, and to a small extent of the corridor object; these are the two objects involved in linking between storage domains. Apart from such special cases, objects do not need to name (identify) storage domains.
An object based data processing system in accordance with the invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 shows one way of illustrating the relationship between two stations of the system;
FIG. 2A shows certain tables contained in a corridor object of a station in the system;
FIG. 2B illustrates the manner in which communication is initially established between stations;
FIG. 3 shows typical objects in a station and another way of illustrating the relationship between two stations; and
FIGS. 4A and 4B show how objects at one station are accessed from another station in accordance with the invention.
A major feature of the present system is the manner in which objects are made available to users. To explain this, it is convenient to define and restate some terminology.
All the objects discussed so far are permanent information-containing objects and are more specifically termed semantic objects. If the contents of an object are to be operated on, then the object must be opened. When an object is opened, an interfacing object termed a presentation object is generally created (although there may be some types of objects for which a separate presentation object is not created when the object is opened). The opening of a (semantic) object generally results in its presentation object creating a window in which the object is displayed. Thus if the semantic object is a document, the window will normally contain the text of the document (or some part of the text). If the object is a folder, the display will normally be some form of listing of the objects contained in the folder.
The presentation object has a transient existence and cannot have children. There is a link between the presentation object and its semantic object, but this link is, like the presentation object itself, only transient; this is in distinction to the links of parent-child relationships, which are permanent. There is of course a substantial amount of interaction between a semantic object and its presentation object. Although the link between these two objects is a transient link, the interaction between them does not differ in quality from the interaction between a parent and child pair of objects linked by a permanent link.
A single-station system can operate very satisfactorily with the limitation that a given semantic object can have only a single presentation object. In effect, this restriction means that a semantic object cannot be opened twice. In a multi-station system, this limitation can be maintained, but it is more restricting in its effects than in a single-station system, as it means that only a single user can operate on a given object at any one time. In the present system, therefore, a semantic object can be opened by a plurality of users, and can have a corresponding number of presentation objects associated with it. The presentation object and its associated semantic object can be regarded as coupled together by an interface through which information passes. In the present system, a semantic object can support a plurality of such interfaces. Whereas a semantic object which can support a single interface monitors that interface for any information to be passed through it, a semantic object in the present system monitors its interfaces to all associated presentation objects.
It will be realized that this feature of the present system automatically permits a plurality of presentation objects to be opened onto a semantic object by a single user, who can therefore operate separately and effectively simultaneously on different parts of the semantic object. This allows a single user to open two or more different types of presentation objects on a single semantic object--e.g. a pie chart, a bar chart, and a numerical table on the contents of a spreadsheet.
It is conventional in object based systems for the objects to be represented to the user by icons on the station display. Thus, an electronic mail object may be represented by an icon showing a conventionalized envelope; the erase function may be represented by an icon in the form of a waste-paper basket; a document may be represented by an icon in the form of a page with one corner dog-eared; and so on.
An object is generally chosen for selection by moving a pointer, typically by means of a mouse, to point to the corresponding icon. The object can then be opened by a suitable action (typically a double click of a control switch or button on the mouse). This normally causes the icon to be emphasized in some way--typically by greying the icon (changing its background from the usual generally white shade to grey). (The icon will generally remain visible, or at least potentially visible, because the window in which the object is displayed will generally not occupy the whole of the display screen.) When the user has finished with the object, it can be closed by a suitable action (e.g. by clicking on a particular close area on the perimeter of the window or by a menu selection).
A user will not normally be aware that their communication with an object (a semantic object) is mediated by a presentation object, and when they close an object, they will normally imagine that they are closing the semantic object. In fact, the closing actually closes the presentation object, which then ceases to exist.
It will be realized that not all objects can necessarily be represented by icons or be displayable. For example, a presentation object will not normally be represented by an icon.
There is another way in which a user can interact with an object, in which the object is treated as a unit, e.g., for renaming or moving it. If the object is to be moved, this can generally be done by dragging the object around the display, e.g. to move a document object into a folder of documents, the wastepaper basket, or a mailbox. This is achieved by moving the pointer onto the object's icon, pressing down the button on the mouse, and holding the button down while the pointer is moved around the display by the mouse. If necessary, the object can be selected for some subsequent operation, e.g., by single clicking onto the object. (An object being operated on in this way generally has its icon changed in a distinctive way, e.g. by being shown in reverse video.)
When an object is moved or otherwise selected in this way, the object management facility updates the (permanent) links of the object, in response to messages generated by the object which has been selected. This process is described in more detail in the patent application mentioned above and incorporated by reference. In effect, the selection and subsequent manipulation have the effect of initially creating a temporary link, which must then be made permanent.
The present system may have a plurality of stations. Means must therefore be provided whereby the stations have distinct identities but can nevertheless intercommunicate. The maintenance of distinct identities for the various stations is achieved by providing a local master object for each station, containing all objects owned by the user of that station. Intercommunication between the stations could be achieved by treating the entire system as consisting of a single global master object. However, such a global master object would not be well-defined, since the child objects contained in it vary from time to time, depending on which stations are in operation. In the present system, therefore, intercommunication between objects is achieved by including in each station a data communication (datacom) object. The function of the datacom objects is to maintain communication between different stations. This is achieved by the datacom objects of the active stations being permanently active, with information being continuously passed between them throughout the system. Each datacom object therefore maintains an up to date record of the state of all other stations in the system.
In a sense, each datacom object can be regarded as containing the datacom objects of all other stations as its children. It will be realized that this way of regarding the relationships between the datacom objects involves cyclic relationships. However, the construction of each datacom object is such that it divides its children strictly into two classes. As far as any investigation from within its own station is concerned, its only children are the datacom objects of other stations, and as far as any investigation from other stations is concerned, its only children are the other objects within its own station.
It is not essential for such intercommunication to be achieved by means of distinct objects (the datacom objects). The intercommunication functions could be performed by means of the object management facilities of the various stations. However, it is convenient for the intercommunication function to be separated out of the object management facility into distinct objects, the datacom objects, because the object management facility of each station is thereby simplified. The datacom objects can be designed as self-contained modules.
In a single-station system, the entire system is normally regarded as a single master object (often called the desk-top), which contains all other objects of the system (by means of chains of parent-child relationships). In the present system, each station has a local master object; this corresponds to the desk-top, but is here termed the inner office.
In addition to the intercommunication mechanism just discussed, some form of security mechanism is also essential, so that at a minimum, each user can segregate his or her own objects into private and public objects. In the present system, this is achieved by providing two further types of objects (in addition to the already existing types such as document, folder, wastebin, inner office, mailbox, spreadsheet, etc), which are here termed outer office and corridor.
The outer office and the corridor are special types or cases of a general class of folder objects, whose general function is to contain other objects. There are other terms which could be used for these two special objects with equal relevance; for example, the outer office could be called a public folder.
Thus, three specific objects exist at every station--the inner office, the outer office, and the corridor. The inner office is private, accessible only to the user of the station, while the outer office is accessible to all users of the system. The user of the station can move objects freely between the inner office and the outer office, thereby keeping them private or making them available to other users of the system as he or she wishes. The corridor is associated with the datacom object, and through it with the outer offices of all other active stations. (In one sense, the system can be regarded as having a single corridor which is distributed over the system, individual parts of it existing at the various active stations and being linked by means of the datacom objects.)
A user will normally work in his or her inner (private) office; that is, the user will open the inner office when starting a session. To put an object in the inner office into the outer office, the user will move the object into the outer office. (0f course, objects can be copied as well as moved.) To enter the outer office, the user moves the pointer to the outer office icon and opens the outer office. The user will then be presented with a display of the objects in the outer office. An object can be moved from the outer office to the inner office in the same way as it can be moved from the inner office to the outer office. To return to the inner office, the user moves the pointer to the inner office icon and enters the inner office. (The inner office, being the local master object, is normally open; to enter it, the user closes the outer office, so automatically reverting to the parent object, the inner office.)
To enter the corridor, the user moves the pointer to the corridor icon, and opens the corridor. The corridor object display is then generated, and this contains the outer offices of all users in the system. The user can then enter any selected outer office and observe its contents; that is, he or she can see what the contents are of the outer office of any active station in the system. The user can then either select or open any of these objects. (Selection enables the user to copy the object to his or her own station; opening enables the user to extract information from the object, or indeed to change the contents of the object.) If an object is copied, then the copy is of course a new object, which in this case will exist on the user's own station, as a child (directly or indirectly) of the user's own inner office (local master object). Any suitable icons may be used for the outer office and the corridor; convenient ones are a single door for the outer office and double door for the corridor.
The system thus involves the provision of a private area and a shared area at each station, together with an object by means of which the shared areas are made accessible to users at other stations. However, it will be realized that this basic arrangement may be subject to various enhancements to allow more flexible and elaborate security arrangements to be implemented. For example, the shared areas may be subdivided, and access control identifiers made available to selected stations, with the various subdivisions of the shared areas being available only to those users possessing the appropriate identifiers. The access may be full (read or write) or restricted to read only.
FIG. 1 illustrates a possible organization of objects and stations according to the invention. Two stations (machines) are shown, m/c 1 and m/c 2. Machine m/c 1 has its local master object, the desktop or inner office 10, which contains all other objects in that machine, including in particular the datacom object 20, the outer office 21, and the corridor 22 (and, of course, other objects not shown). The outer office 21 is a child of the corridor 22 as well as of the inner office 10. The datacom object 20 is permanently active and is not accessible to the user; it is concerned with communicating with other machines of the system. The outer office 21 can contain various objects which are put into and removed from it by the user. Machine m/c 2 has corresponding objects, shown with corresponding reference numerals which are primed.
The corridors 22 and 22' can be regarded as portions of a system distributed corridor which extends through both the two machines m/c 1 and m/c 2, and which contains the outer offices of all machines in the system. For practical reasons, this corridor is split into separate portions 22 and 22' on the two machines. The various portions of the corridor are coupled together by means of the datacom objects. As far as pure object management is concerned, the outer offices 21 and 21' in machines 1 and 2 are both children of the global corridor, and a user can move into any outer office via the corridor. In fact, however, such movement involves communications through the datacom objects.
A datacom object contains three storage tables: a storage domain identification table (SDID 50, FIG. 2A), a machine table (MT 51), and a network global object table (NGOT 52).
Each entry in the SDID table contains an SDID number (column 53) and a machine ID (column 54). In the present system, a single machine can support more than one storage domain. The SDID table thus associates each storage domain with a specific machine. The storage domains and machines are both given unique numberings.
Each entry in the machine table MT contains a machine number (column 55), a node name for the machine (column 56), and a flag indicating whether the machine is active or not (column 57). The various machines of the system are all connected to a communication network (not shown) of conventional type, in which the various nodes have distinctive names, and in which virtual circuits can be set up to establish communication between nodes. Thus, the MT table 51 associates the machine numbers used in the present system with the node names used by the communication system.
In the machine table MT, it is convenient for the entries to be in ascending order of machine number, with the local machine being the first entry (number 0). It is also convenient for the system to have one particular machine which is always active and to be given the second entry (number 1) in this table in all other machines. (In practice, the initial list is likely to be compiled manually; as further machines enter the system, so they will be added to the list automatically.)
The network global object table NGOT 52 lists all active network global objects. These are objects which are common to all stations of the network and directly accessible to all stations; in the present system, the various outer offices are such objects. Another possible example would be a printer object. Each entry in the NGOT table contains a temporary link value (column 58) and a subject identification (column 59). The temporary link is a value which can be used by any storage domain on the local machine to establish communication with an object on another machine, and the subject identification is the name of the network global object. Since the network global objects of the local machine are known to itself before it learns of those of other machines, the network global objects of the local machine are normally at the top of the list.
The manner in which the datacom objects keep themselves updated can be described with reference to FIG. 2B. For example, suppose the machine 2, BASE, is always active, and that machine 3, DICK, has also been active for some time. In this state, a virtual circuit 65 will have been established between machines BASE and DICK. The MT tables will be as follows:
BASE and DICK are each aware of each other; TOM is not yet active, but its MT table contains itself and BASE.
Suppose that TOM now becomes active. On activation, the object management facility activates its datacom object, which proceeds to read down its MT table. It passes over the first entry, which is its own identification; the next entry it comes to is number 1, BASE. It therefore attempts to set up a virtual circuit to machine BASE. Since BASE is active, this attempt is successful, and the virtual circuit 66 is set up. TOM now sends its own name to BASE over this circuit, and BASE therefore adds TOM into its MT table. The MT tables thus become:
BASE now sends a copy of its MT table to both TOM and DICK, which thereupon update their MT tables, so that the MT tables become:
DICK recognizes that TOM has been added to the system and thereupon attempts to establish a virtual circuit connection with TOM; TOM likewise attempts to establish a virtual circuit connection with DICK. A virtual circuit 67 between TOM and DICK is therefore established. (In fact, two circuits may be set up; each machine contains means for detecting this and abandoning one of them, first agreeing with the other machine which of the two should be abandoned.)
If a further machine becomes active, the system updates itself in broadly the same way. Each time a particular machine learns of the existence of a new one, it broadcasts its updated machine table to all other existing machines in the system. 0f course, if an updating received by a machine does not add any new machine to the list in its MT table, it takes no action.
A machine can leave the system in two ways. First, it may close down in an orderly manner, informing all the other machines that it is closing down. The other machines then update their MT tables accordingly. They do not delete the closed-down machine from their MT tables; instead, they retain the entry but change the flag in column 57. Second, a machine may close down without informing other machines of the fact, perhaps as a result of a fault or of a failure of the communications system which maintains the virtual circuits between the machines. Some other machine will eventually discover that it is unable to communicate with the closed-down machine; it will then update its MT table, and broadcast the updating to the rest of the system (as for a new machine being added to the system), so that eventually all active machines in the system will become updated. Timers can be included to check the status of the virtual circuits so that if a machine closes down without informing the rest of the system, the fact is detected within a predetermined period.
If a machine which has closed down becomes active again, it will read down its MT table and attempt to establish virtual circuits with all the machines listed therein. It will therefore establish virtual circuits with all the active machines in the system. (In fact, an MT table consists of a preset initial configuration plus additional entries for any machines beyond the preset one or ones which are currently active. The initial configuration is stored permanently (on disc), but these additional entries are stored in volatile memory, and so are normally lost when the machine is closed down. The re-establishment of virtual circuits therefore involves first establishing them with the permanently configured machines, then with any further machines whose existence is discovered via the permanently configured machines.)
The newly active machine thus receives copies of the MT tables of all other active machines. This does two things. First, any machines in the system which are not already in the newly active machine's MT table are added to that table, and second, the flags in column 57 are updated. The attempt to establish virtual circuits with any inactive machines is thus abandoned. (This means that the responsibility for updating the system when a machine becomes active rests with that machine; there are no general inquiries from active machines to inactive ones to discover whether they have become active.)
In addition to the transmission of the MT tables between machines, the network global object tables (NGOTs) are also sent. Thus, the NGOT of each machine will contain a complete list of all network global objects; that is, of all the outer offices of all storage domains. When a corridor object is entered (opened) by a user, the contents--the outer offices of all other storage domains of the system--have to be obtained. This is done by the datacom object of the local machine, using its NGOT, which contains the required information for each object required. If the user then enters one of these objects, the temporary link is obtained from the NGOT, using a virtual circuit to another machine if necessary.
Although communication between machines has been described here in terms of virtual circuits, a variety of alternative techniques can obviously be used instead.
FIG. 3 illustrates the organization of objects and stations in more detail. The main part of the diagram shows a typical collection of objects at one station, machine 1 (m/c 1), of the system. The local global object of m/c 1, containing all the other objects of that station, is shown as block 10; this block would normally be termed the desktop, but in the present system can also be termed the inner office. This block contains the usual collection of objects of a desktop. A typical selection is shown, consisting of a mailbox 11, a folder 12 which contains three documents 13 to 15 (document 15 also being contained in document 13), and a wastebin 16 which contains a document 17.
In addition, the desktop (inner office) 10 contains three special objects--a datacom object 20, an outer office 21, and a corridor 22. The datacom object 20 is permanently active and is not accessible to the user; it is concerned with communicating with other machines of the system. The outer office 21 can contain various objects which are put into it and removed from it by the user; it is shown as containing a spreadsheet object 23. The corridor 22 also contains the outer offices of all the other machines of the system; only one other machine, m/c 2, is shown (only partially) here, containing its corridor object 22'. Each corridor in fact contains the outer offices of all machines, including that of its own machine. Thus, corridor 22 of machine 1 contains the outer office 21 of machine 1 as well as the outer office 21' of machine 2.
The objects described so far in FIG. 3 are all semantic objects. In the initial state of machine 1, the desktop is opened, and a presentation desktop object 10A exists. If the user decides to open the folder 12, a presentation folder object 12A is created. Each of these presentation objects is linked, by a transient link, to its associated semantic object, and is also linked to the child semantic objects of its associated semantic object. In the same way, the user can open the outer office 21 or the corridor 22, with corresponding presentation objects being created for these two semantic objects. (With the possible exception of some special presentation objects such as those for local and global master objects, presentation objects are created only by other presentation objects.)
If the user opens the corridor 22, then the contents of the corridor--the outer offices of all the other active machines of the system--have to be displayed. This information has to be obtained by the corridor 22 from the outer offices of the other active machines of the system, and for this, the corridor has to have the appropriate links to those outer offices. As noted above, in the present system no permanent links are maintained between different machines in the system. Instead, the datacom objects of the active machines are permanently active, and these objects are coupled to each other through virtual circuits. When the corridor object of a machine desires to communicate with another machine, the appropriate address (machine identification) is extracted from the datacom object 20 and inserted into the corridor 22. The corridor can then utilize the link to obtain the requisite information from the outer office 21' in machine 2. When the corridor is opened, of course, it has to obtain identification information from the outer offices of all the other machines in the system since its contents include all of those outer offices.
The corridor 22 effectively contains links to the outer offices of each of the other machines in the system. When the user (on machine 1) opens an object in the corridor, say the outer office 21' of machine 2, this is achieved as follows. Initially there is a semantic corridor 22 (FIG. 4A) in machine 1, linked by a link 40 to its associated presentation object 22A, and also linked by a link 41 to an outer office 21' in machine 2. The presentation corridor object 22A includes an icon 21I' which represents the outer office 21'.
The user opens the outer office 21' by double clicking the pointer (not shown) on the icon 21I'. The user will not normally be aware of the distinction between semantic and presentation objects, and as far as they are aware, the icon 21I' is linked in some manner to the outer office 21' by a link 42. When this outer office is opened, the corridor presentation object 22A creates, on machine 1, a presentation object 21A' for the outer office 21', together with a link 43 from the presentation corridor 22A to the presentation outer office 21A', and causes the presentation outer office 21A' to be displayed. The name of the outer office 21' is also obtained from the corridor 22, and that name (and the name of the presentation outer office 21A' which has just been created) is used to construct a link 44 between the semantic and presentation outer offices 21' and 21A'. The link 44 is constructed by the presentation outer office 21A sending a message to the outer office 21 causing the outer office 21 to insert the name of the presentation outer office 21A in its link relationship table (see below) so that objects 21 and 21A are then linked to one another. Thus, these two objects, the outer office 21' and its associated presentation object 21A', jointly possess the link 44 and can-therefore communicate with each other (just like any pair of semantic and presentation objects). The link 43 from the presentation corridor 22A to the presentation outer office 21A' has now served its purpose, and is discarded.
If the user then decides to open an object, say document 35, in the outer office 21', the same sequence of events occurs The user double clicks on the icon 35I in the presentation outer office 21A' (FIG. 4B). This icon is linked to the document 35 by the two links 44 and 45, forming a notional link 46. The presentation outer office 21A' in machine 1 creates a presentation document 35A with a link 47 from the presentation outer office 21A', uses the links 47, 44, and 45 to create a link 48 from the document 35 to its associated presentation document 35A, and then discards the link 47.
When the user has finished operating on the document 35, he or she closes it. The presentation object 35A sends a message to its semantic object 35 instructing the semantic object to terminate the link, i.e. to erase the relevant link block. This results in the transient link between the presentation object 35A and the semantic object 35 ceasing to exist. Also, the presentation object 35A itself ceases to exist.
It should be noted that substantially the same processes occur when a user opens an object on his or her own machine.
When two objects are joined in a parent-child relationship by a permanent link, the link is formed by an entry in a link relationship table. This table is maintained by the object management facility, and is stored on disc, and therefore persists even when the machine is closed down and restarted. Each entry comprises three items: a reference name, a parent tag, and a child tag, the tags being the object management facility's names for the objects. The reference name is the name (i.e. a binary number) used by the parent object to identify the other object. This is described in the above-mentioned patent application incorporated by reference.
A child object does not itself contain any direct reference to its parent object or objects. When a child object wants to send a message to a parent object, it calls the object management facility, which thereupon searches the link relationship table to find the parent object.
Parent objects similarly do not usually contain direct references to their child objects; the object management facility is used in a similar way to find the child objects. However, a parent object can sometimes contain a direct reference to a child object; this will be in addition to the entry in the link relationship table defining the link from the parent object to the child object. In this case, the reference will be in the form of an object name for the child object. The first few bits of the object name form a scope portion. The scope is the type of the link: link types include, for example, temporary links (which are normally made permanent within a short time), permanent links with either local or global validity, etc. The interpretation of the remainder of the name depends on the scope of the name; in the case of a permanent link, the remainder of the name is the reference name of the child object.
When a new permanent link is being constructed, it may be constructed directly, or it may be preceded by the formation of a temporary link, having some temporary reference to the child object following the scope. In the latter case, a call is soon made to the object management facility, which thereupon replaces the temporary reference with a permanent reference name and inserts a corresponding entry in the link relationship table.
In the present system, where there are a plurality of stations, a user at one station can select and manipulate an object at a different station. The construction of any permanent links required, either directly or following the formation of a temporary link, is done by the object management facility at the station containing the object being manipulated, i.e. the remote station. If the manipulation is copying from one machine to another, then one of the object management facilities involved (either that of the machine on which the object is located or that to which it is being copied, depending on the details of the implementation) detects that another machine is involved, and sends a message to the data communication object of its machine to organize the copying from one machine to the other. In addition, all the children of the object are also copied to the new machine, so that the object retains its children but no inter-machine links are required.
If the manipulation involves creating a permanent link between the object and an object on another station, the object management facility detects the attempt to do this and intervenes, as this is not permitted in the present system. A message is issued to the user indicating that a forbidden manipulation has been attempted, and asking the user whether they are prepared to make a copy instead.
It would instead be possible for the object management facility of the object's original machine to determine whether the object (together with its children) has any links which would remain after the new link has been created, and move the object (together with its children) to the new machine automatically if no such links would remain on the object's original machine. The present procedure has, however, the advantages of simplicity and consistency.
Turning now to transient links, these links reside only in volatile memory and are therefore lost when the machine on which they exist is closed down. Further, there is no record of them kept outside the objects in which they exist. There is no link relationship table for them, and the object management facility has no direct access to them.
A transient link is another form of object name, having an initial scope portion which indicates that it is a transient link. The link has two further portions: a storage domain identifier and a tag portion. The storage domain identifier is the SDID number which has been discussed above, and the tag portion is a temporary identification of the linked object (child). The tag portion is assigned by the object management facility of the storage domain containing the object being linked. This structure is the same whether the link is between two objects in the same storage domain or two objects in different storage domains. If the transient link is one which is set up between different storage domains, then the SDID value and the tag identifying the object in that storage domain are obtained as described above with reference to FIGS. 4A and 4B.
If either end of a transient link is closed down properly, then the object being closed will send an appropriate message to the other object. This will usually occur when a presentation object is being closed, in which case it will send a message to its associated semantic object to delete the link from its list of object names, before the presentation object itself closes down and effectively ceases to exist. If communication is terminated by some other means, e.g., a failure of the communication medium between the two stations, then the failure may become apparent to one or both objects when they try to communicate with each other, and they will thereupon erase their object names for the link. Each station may be provided with means which maintains a list of those objects at that station which have links to other stations, and inform the relevant objects if communication to some other station is interrupted (such means may conveniently reside in the datacom object). If all else fails, the two ends of the link will disappear when the stations at those ends close down.
Although an exemplary embodiment of this invention has been described in detail above, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many additional modifications are possible in the exemplary embodiment without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of this invention. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of this invention as defined in the following claims.


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Aviation History
FROM THE BRITISH FLYING GROUNDS. Brcoklancis Aerodrome. ON Wednesday, last week, Lieut. Spencer Grey was at work on his Blackburn, which, after covering several circuits, he took up to over 1,000 ft. At the Avro School, Setti and Graves (a new pupil, better known as " Uarracq " of looping-the-loop fame), were both practising on the Green-engined machine. Lieut. Parke, R.N., came over and took out the Viale-Avro, which he flew over Addle- stone at a considerable height. On Thursday, Spencer Grey was again out on the Blackburn doing some well-banked circuits in a gusty wind, also Setti and Graves, On Friday, Setti was on the Green-engined Avro for a short while, and Gill put in some rolling practice on the school Deperdussin. Game made an attempt to pass the second half of his brevet on the Bristol. Finding that .the engine was not pulling well he came down, and after making an inspection Fleming took it up to assure himself that everything was right. Game then accomplished several figures of eight, but on the fifth turn found that the machine wanted to climb more than he liked, and as he was then on a right-hand turn, his attempt to make her drop her nose by turning to the left spoilt the figure. He did not go up again, but Fleming took Nesham out for instruction in lever-control. Later Naval Cadet Wheeler went out on the same machine and flew about a dozen circuits at over 2,000 ft. Fleming was up with Lieut. Smith, Capt. Raleigh, Nesham and Lane as passengers at various times during the day. Saturday was an excellent flying-day, and there was a fair atten dance of visitors, considering the time of year. Gill did hops on the school Deperdussin, seeming to have a pretty good idea of handling the controls. Setti flew two circuits on the Green-Avro, and Parke took out the other Avro, with the intention of passing the altitude and landing tests for his superior brevet. Making the machine climb rapidly, he made off over Addlestone, and soon reached well over 1,000 ft., being occasionally lost to view in some comparatively low-lying clouds. He came down well, en vol plant, and his landing, which, however, was decidedly bumpy, brought him within the prescribed distance from his observers, thus being the first Naval officer to pass the height test. After lunch Sopwith was up first on the Martin-Handasyde, which machine he flew almost continuously till dark, taking numerous passengers. It flies splendidly, but the extent to which Sopwith trusts it is not always pleasant to watch. Blondeau, on his biplane, cleverly avoided what might have been a close shave. When only a short distance from the ground he was confronted by another machine which had just landed. Elevating quickly, he put on a tremendous " bank," and got clear in a most masterly fashion. Lieut. Hewlett afterwards was out on the same machine. Spencer flew his biplane as usual at various intervals during the afternoon. Parke again had out the Viale-Avro, and circled the aerodrome for some time. Setti and Sabelli were practising on the Avro and Deperdussin respectively. Pashley tried his Humber-Bleriot, but as it did not seem by any means satisfactory, the propeller was changed. By this time, however, it was nearly dark, so flying was discontinued. At the Bristol School, Fleming took Lieut. Smith up for three circuits, then the latter did some short straight flights. After landing with a bump, he found himself in the air again, but prevented any damage by switching the engine on again, which brought the machine to earth in safety. In the afternoon, Fleming was up with Lieuts. Stephen and Nesham, allowing them lever-control. Gordon-England then made a flight on same machine. Captain Raleigh was doing straight lines, his landings being greatly improved. On Sunday, Sopwith started off for St. Albans on the Martin- Handasyde. We hear later that on arriving there he landed in a small field and being unable to check his speed sufficiently unfor tunately ran into a bank, which broke the first skid and the propeller. Spencer and Parke were flying, but Blondeau was unable to do so, as a petrol-can , which had been left on one of the planes of his machine flew back into the propeller and smashed it. Gill was out on the Deperdussin, doing short straight flights. On Monday, Fleming, on the Bristol, was up first, and went over Weybridge at 3,000 ft. When at that altitude his engine failed him, forcing him to come down in a spiral vol plane. Users of Gnome engines here, by the way, have all experienced trouble the last few days, apparently due to atmospheric conditions. Fleming then took Smith and Nesham out in passenger's seat for practice in lever control. S. V. Sippe took out the Viale-Avro, flying well for nearly three-quarters of an hour, doing the required number of eights at about 300 ft., but he landed too far from the observers. He went up again, and landed right among the observers from about a 300 ft. vol plant. Setti was up on the Green-Avro, and Blondeau was flying his biplane. In the afternoon Fleming was flying with Warren, Nesham, and Smith. On Tuesday, Sippe flew the Viale-Avro in excellent style for some time, then finding his engine was not doing its duty he came down again. When this was remedied he found that the wind had got up, and was blowing treacherously, so left off for the day. Grahame FROM TERRA FIRM A AND FROM ON HIGH.—The "Bristol" aviation schools at Salisbury Plain, with a Bristol two- seater monoplane in (light; and inset is a view of the same scene from a Bristol biplane. 10
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© Reed Business Information 2010


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American retail workers have now lost jobs for the fourth straight month, locking in a trend in which shoppers are spurning bricks-and-mortar shops and buying on-line.
The U.S. economy added 138,000 new jobs in May, and the unemployment rate dipped to 4.3%, according to a report issued Friday by the Labor Department. Markets won't be too disappointed with these headline numbers, even though job growth was below economist expectations by roughly 50,000.
Data: Bureau of Labor Statistics; Chart: Lazaro Gamio / Axios


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Throughout July and August, nEoFILM has slowed do just a bit, running to its default review schedule of a minimum of three per week. August is an important month in our household and birthdays are pouring out of every hole like sand from the great pyramid of Giza, and I do like to try to tie-in a review to important days, including birthdays. On the 8th August, my eldest stepson celebrated his 17th birthday and I chose to post a review of a film which we first watched together and we liked, The Raid (2011), even though he has now seen Dredd 3D (2012) which we both agree is a better interpretation of this hard-boiled scenario.
For my wife's birthday, which was on the 22nd, I was struggling to find one, so I chose the film which she had been mithering to watch since it was first released in cinemas, What To Expect When You're Expecting (2012), but I'm digressing as neither, least of all the latter, are contenders for Film Of The Month.
Really, it's between two 9 candle (9/10) movies, this years Academy Awards Best Picture, Argo (2012) and the 11-year-old Spielberg, Philip K. Dick adaptation, Minority Report (2002). But in the end, Spielberg wins again. I didn't like this that much back in 2002 and it's not perfect but when it works, it surpasses what makes up a perfect film, in leaps and bounds. Argo on the other hand, is a well made film but I don't feel that Ben Afleck's award winner is a classic. But there's something about Minority Report, both the director and the source writer (Dick) which leads me to think that this could be a slow burn classic. It certainly grows on me with each viewing.
On another note, the crass Jennifer Lopez vehicle, The Back-up Plan (2010) was NEVER considered and was actually given a very generous rating of 4/10, which was not my initial feeling, lets just put it that way… Defiantly the stinker of the month if there was such a category…


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Konica Minolta device logs prints as copies
KB Home | Konica Minolta device logs prints as copies
This KB article relates to PaperCut MF, the edition of PaperCut that implements copier control.
Q When I print to a Konica Minolta MFD, those prints are additionally logged as copies. This happens in particular in conjunction with print release.
You need to make sure print jobs go to the copier "unauthenticated". Please see the section titled "Enabling unauthenticated printing" in the Konica Minolta Embedded Manual.
Note: Both the Print Driver settings and the Front Panel / LCD settings need to be changed.
Categories: PaperCut MF, PaperCut MF - Konica Minolta Troubleshooting
Keywords: prints shown as copies, double charge, print charge as copy, print job seen twice, print job charged twice
Share your findings and experience with other PaperCut users. Feel free to add comments and suggestions about this Knowledge Base article. Please don't use this for support requests.
Article last modified on July 10, 2012, at 05:06 AM
Printable View | Article History | Edit Article


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Fans of Hellboy know the story already, but for those of you that need a crash course here it is: Hellboy is a demon that was summoned by the Nazis to help take over the world, but with the help of the Allied Forces and Professor Trevor "Broom" Bruttenholm Hellboy was rescued and taken in by the American government. The government agency that brought Hellboy is know as the B.P.R.D. (the Bureau for Paranormal Research and Defense), a group assembled to take care of ghosts, ghouls and everything else that goes bump in the night. With time Hellboy has grown up from a child to a young adult who is considered the "World's Greatest Paranormal Investigator." Traveling with the B.P.R.D. and his close companions (Abe Sapien and Liz Sherman), Hellboy has made it his life's goal to avoid his "destiny" of destruction and fight against the supernatural threats which intend to harm our world.
In Blood and Iron, Hellboy and B.P.R.D.'s finest are recruited by Professor Broom to help stop the resurrection of an evil female vampire, Erzsebet Ondrusko (fans of history can compare Erzsebet to Countess Erzs¿bet B¿thory). What Broom hasn't told Hellboy, Abe, and Liz is that he was the one who killed Erzsebet sixty years ago, and that all the supernatural surroundings in this New York town had happened before. But dealing with the mysterious backstory of the city is only one of the problems Hellboy has ahead of him, as besides Erzsebet we find ghosts, phantom wolves, witches, harpies, a werewolf and the Queen of Witches, the goddess Hecate, all waiting for him.
Even though the focus of the film is on the supernatural fiends plotting destruction, it is the bond between the characters which is a big draw to the story. While it is never overtly thrown in your face, it is still obvious that the B.P.R.D. is like a family to our heroes. With Broom as the father figure and Hellboy, Liz, and Abe as his children, we get interesting relationships with all of these characters. Whether it is the whole group discussing where they found the best pastries on the planet or small scenes between Liz and Abe, family can be considered one of the main themes of the story. The main focus of this theme of family lies with Hellboy and Broom. Starting the film with the signature story recap we watch as Broom takes in Hellboy, and nurtures him into a great detective. This dynamic helps give a happy ending to the film, which is needed after the dark setting and story of the film.
While Hellboy: Sword of Storms focused on the theme of Japanese mythology, Blood and Iron takes a darker approach which suits the series better. With plenty of blood, death and evil mythological monsters spread across Blood and Iron's story, it seems as if the film is more in touch with Mignola's comics. Always dark and bleak, with a sarcastic edge, the comics are filled with sinister fun which was only really capitalized on a couple times in the first film (i.e., the floating heads and the graveyard), but here in the second film we find the horror theme throughout the whole story. From Broom's flashback fighting Erzsebet to Hellboy's final fight with a goddess, Blood and Iron never lets up on the tension - as it seems that anybody could die at any point. We appreciated the fact this film used Mignola's dark style, as it really helped set a great mood and ambiance for the film.
The excellent music, composed by Christopher Drake, helps increase the gothic and ominous setting for the film. Drake did a great job with Sword of Storms, and Blood and Iron is no different. Much like the first film, Drake takes the sounds and instruments needed, and compiles a soundtrack which helps set the mood with synthesized orchestration. Perfectly blending strings with organs, there is a very gothic feel to the music which helps give credence to the locale in the given scenes. We also need to commend Drake for his piano work; while it isn't technically amazing, it sets the perfect creepy mood for its characters.
Also helping to make the characters jump off the screen are the voice actors. Like the last film, the actors from Del Toro's live-action film have come back to lend voices to their characters. And while we may have complained about a couple of the performances the first time around, Blood and Iron has pitch perfect performances from all its voice actors. As always, Ron Perlman is strong as Hellboy and Doug Jones hits the demeanor of Abe perfectly, but we're most impressed this time around by Selma Blair's performance as Liz. In the first film we complained that she seemed too dull and whiny, but here she seems at ease with the character, and offers the deadpan deliveries right on - even if the character didn't have a lot of range in this film. Other than the main three characters, however, there's great work done by Peri Gilpin and John Hurt, and all the voice talent that didn't get top billing.
While the story was good, and the music, mood and acting was great, the animation continues to be the only technical aspect that needs improvement. While some may enjoy Hellboy's animated style, I personally do not. As a big fan of Mike Mignola and his work in the comic medium, I am disappointed by the happy cartoony look of all the characters. Mignola has proved that his style can translate to the animated medium (The Amazing Screw-On Head), so why do they need to take away from the hard horror look of the comics and create soft characters which look like they are out of a Saturday morning cartoon. Normally not enjoying the animation style of a cartoon will make you immediately dismiss the show, but with all the other aspects of the Hellboy animated films in place, it is hard to ignore the show solely on this basis.
Other than the animation style the only problems we have with Blood and Iron are the editing and direction. While most everything plays out perfectly in the film, the last half seems disjointed and is prolonged by a useless montage, which doesn't really seem to serve any other purpose than to show you where everybody is. If this montage were looking to be effective, it could have possibly used more interesting clips or been a little shorter. But that is a minor complaint compared to a gripe we have about a portion of Blood and Iron's story. One of the major themes of the movie is that Hellboy is a demon, and he was created for destruction, but he denies this "destiny." This story is only really elaborated on by a couple of flashbacks with Broom and a couple of scant lines from Hecate. And while these flashbacks and appearances by Hecate appear all across the movie, it doesn't register that this was a theme of the movie until the last scene of the film. It isn't like a big reveal like the film The Sixth Sense or anything like that, but more like the film was supposed to have you feeling suspense over Hellboy's great power... but this never happened. In fact it almost seemed useless to have Hellboy's fight against Hecate at the end, as this theme didn't seem evident and so she seemed extraneous. If only they would have teased us with Hellboy's power like the live action film, her appearance and their massive battle would have seemed to have purpose.
While the final battle may not have made a lot of sense, it's definitely a lot of fun. Hecate's a great looking character, and her power is very evident, so when Hellboy and she rumble it's very fun to watch. But their fight isn't the only battle worth watching, as Hellboy had a pretty cool prolonged fight with a werewolf. And like all good Hellboy stories, each fight follows the same format: a monster is found by the good guys (either killing or threatening somebody), Hellboy says, "Oh crap," and then the monster proceeds to beats up Hellboy until they are ultimately taken down by the big red demon. While normally we hate predictability, there is something fun and ultimately charming about Hellboy's attitude during these fights, which makes them a blast to watch. So if you are looking for action, Blood and Iron has plenty of it.
While we were able to find fault in the film, Hellboy: Blood and Iron
is still a good Hellboy story which seems like an animated version of the comic. Although Blood and Iron and Sword of Storms are the only films that have been announced, we're hoping that this isn't the end of the animated Hellboy brand. As even though these films have had their fare share of shortcomings, they have ultimately been a lot of fun, and well worth watching. So whether you are a Hellboy fan or not, if you are reading this review, give Blood and Iron a chance, you may like it.
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Hellboy: Blood and Iron (Animated)$6.49on Amazon
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In This Article
Hellboy Animated: Blood and Iron


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Life of the Party: Virginia Gold Cup a Good Bet
Colorful duds, pari-mutuel betting star at 88th running.
Colorful duds, pari-mutuel betting star at 88th running.
This year's YGL party at Arena Stage honored the area's young movers and shakers.
Get in the mood for the Triple Crown with our very own hunt country races.
Washington Life Magazine 6th annual listing of Washington D.C.'s most influential movers and shakers under 40.
Servicemembers walk the runway at Nationals Park to support wounded warriors and their families.
Washington Life and the National Museum of Catholic Art & Library throw smashing fundraiser at historic Georgetown mansion.
The Veterans' Day gala raised funds to bring military families together over the holidays.
Events DC debuted last week as the Washington Convention and Sports Authority rolled out its sleek new logo and brand at a jazz luncheon and high-energy launch party.
Luke's Wings purchases airline tickets for the families of service members who are recovering from war injuries.


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MOSCOW, Dec. 27 — Moscow is open to dialogue with all Syrian parties and did not support any side in the conflict, Russian Foreign Ministry said Thursday.
Russia did not rule out the possibility of contacting the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces, the ministry's spokesman Alexander Lukashevich told reporters.
"We don't reject that dialogue and are engaged very actively in it with all opposition groups, which are also interested in verifying the Russian position," he said.
Earlier this month, Russia accused the United States of contradicting the Geneva communique, due to Washington's recognition of the national coalition as the sole legitimate representative of the Syrian people.
Lukashevich said the situation in Syria had been developing under the worst-case scenario and it was up to Syrians to make a decision on whether president Bashar al-Assad could run for that post again.
He reiterated Moscow's position that the armed conflict in Syria could not be resolved by military means.
On Thursday, a visiting Syrian government delegation led by Deputy Foreign Minister Faisal Mikdad held brief talks with Russian officials. Both the delegation and the Russian Foreign Ministry made no comment after their meeting.
Lukashevich would not give a direct answer to a reporter's question on whether Russian warships were heading to Syria for evacuation of Russian citizens stationed there.
"This is a sensitive topic so we can't talk about some details. Still, naturally, the plans are changing, the situation deteriorates, so one should be ready for any scenario," he said, adding the safety of Russian citizens abroad was the ministry's priority.
On Tuesday, Russia's Deputy Defense Minister Anatoly Antonov denied claims Russian ships were carrying officers to Syria, saying the cruises were for performing missions in "various parts of the globe." (PNA/Xinhua)


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PhD (third-cycle) studies
Rehabilitation and habilitation engineering – brought together under one heading as "rehabilitation engineering" – focuses on people with disabilities. It is an interdisciplinary field including such diverse subjects as technology, science, humanities, social science and medicine.
General Syllabus for Postgraduate (Third-Cycle) Studies in Rehabilitation Engineering TETNSF00
Faculty of Engineering (LTH) information on PhD studies
LTHs template for individual study plans
(Previously used templates for individual study plans, for internal use only):
Handbook for Postgraduate Students (from Swedish National Agency for Higher Education)
Doctoral Student Section at TLTH
CODEX – rules and guidelines for research
Lund University Regional Ethical Review Board (application form, etc.)


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AFSCME Council 28
Washington Federation of State Employees
Council Representative / Internal Organizer
Based in Seattle, WA
Who We Are:
The Washington Federation of State Employees (WFSE) has a long history of fighting for workers' rights and employee benefits while tackling social justice issues with passion and energy. The WFSE, Council 28 has been operating in the state capital for over 75 years and our staff fight for fairness and equality as well as ensuring the hard working men and women of state government, higher education institutions, and public service workers get better pay, better health care, better retirement, and a healthy work environment. There's more to accomplish, and with the right personnel, we believe we can accomplish it. Come join our team and be a part of a larger mission that will make an impact for years to come. Learn more about who we are at: wfse.org.
What We're Looking For:
The Washington Federation of State Employees (WFSE) is recruiting to fill a vacancy in our Council Representative position located in our Seattle Field Office. This position works independently and part of a team to coordinate and facilitate internal organizing and conduct worksite visits to engage members and offer solutions to workplace issues. Council Representatives activate membership by motivating and assisting members in coordinating workplace job actions and rallies; interacts appropriately with members to resolve workplace issues through member mobilization, both in groups and in a one-to-one setting; and schedules, advertises, and conducts workplace informational meetings. Incumbents conduct political grassroots organizing by scheduling, advertising, and conducting PEOPLE and Get Out The Vote (GOTV) presentations; schedules, advertises, and conducts training for stewards, MAT Leaders, and members; and mentors stewards
Additional duties include:
Required Qualifications:
Desirable Qualifications:
Special Note:
This position is overtime eligible and may be required to work some weekends. Travel is normally limited to the assigned area of responsibility. Must have a valid driver's license, use of personal vehicle, and valid vehicle insurance. Release of driving record required prior to interview. Benefits include annual and sick leave, cell phone allowance, vehicle allowance, medical/dental, life, and long term disability insurance, and holidays. Salary range is $53,033 to $61,298 and will be determined commensurate with experience.
How to Apply:
To be considered for this position(s), applicants must submit a résumé, letter of interest, and at least three (3) professional references to: email@example.com. Your letter of interest should clearly explain how your experience, training, and education make you a viable and competitive candidate for this position.
This position is open until filled; however, first round of application assessments will be conducted fourteen (14) days after the initial job posting date. It is to the applicant's advantage to apply as early as possible.
The Washington Federation of State Employees is committed to providing equal employment opportunity and equal access in a non-discriminatory manner to its programs and services for all persons without regard to race, creed, color, marital status, gender, sexual orientation, religion, age, national origin, political affiliation, honorably discharged veteran or military status, or the presence of any real or perceived sensory, mental, or physical disability.
Persons requiring accommodation in the application process or for an alternative format may contact the Human Resources Director, Ben McDonald at (360) 352-7603 or email@example.com. Persons of disability or those who are deaf or hard of hearing can call the Washington Relay Service by dialing 7-1-1 or 1-800-833-6388. The WFSE complies with the employment eligibility verification requirements of the Federal Form I-9. The selected candidate must be able to provide proof of identity and eligibility to work in the United States consistent with the requirements of that form on the first day of employment.
WHEN APPLYING: Be sure to indicate that you saw this information at UNIONJOBS.COM.


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TegraTite installation system
Ph: 800/877-9482
The TegraTite vinyl window installation system from Jeld-Wen includes a one-piece sill drain mat that installs under the window on the rough opening, directing any incidental water away from the wall. The drain mat is made from flexible, non-woven material with a sloped, closed-cell foam back dam to block water. The mat is backed with butyl-based adhesive, and fits over the rough opening and directs any water away from the wall, keeping it dry. The adhesive flashing tape provides tighter, more energy efficient installation. The one-piece system replaces the flashing at the sill, the continuous shim and the drain screen.
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