text:
USMLE Forum
Step 1
Step 2 CK
Step 2 CS
Matching & Residency
Step 3
* Step 1 *
* medical ethics
pcr - 12/05/06 01:45
MEDICAL ETHICS 137 cases:
1. A 25- year old mother refused immunization for her 2-month old son. The social worker spoke to the mother. (Important for Board examination)
Next step in management: immunization should be given for the benefit of the child.
2. A 30-year old mother refused surgery for suspected appendicitis for her 6-year old daughter. The social worker spoke to the mother. (Important for Board examination)
Next step in management: surgical removal of the appendix should be preformed for the benefit of the child.
3. A 16-year old boy was diagnosed with osteosarcoma of the right thigh. The surgeon recommended amputation. The boy refuses amputation. He is doing very well otherwise. He is aware that death is certain without surgery. (Important)
Next step in management: amputation should NOT be preformed.
Adolescent patients or adults who are competent in making decisions have an absolute right to determine what shall be done with their own bodies. However, most pediatric patients are not competent to make their own decisions. Please remember, children (15 years or older) are usually able to give a genuinely informed consent. Therefore physicians may respond to their request, except in a case of irreversible sterilization.
4. A 17-year old girl is a Jehovah's Witness. She refuses a lifesaving blood transfusion. She is aware of the consequences. She spoke to the social worker. (Important)
Next step in management: blood transfusion should NOT be given because she is competent to make the decision.
5. A 5-year old girl is a Jehovah's Witness. She requires emergency blood transfusion. Her mother refuses blood transfusion. A social worker along with two physicians spoke to the mother. (Important)
Next step in management: blood transfusion should be given because the patient is not competent. Mother cannot refuse her daughter's treatment.
6. A 2-year old boy was brought to the ER by his parents for an injury. Physicians made the diagnosis of child abuse. There are three other children living in the same household. Both parents confess to child abuse but request the physician to keep it confidential. Social worker was involved. (Important)
Next step in management: the case should be reported to Child Welfare Agency (CWA). All children should be removed from the parents.
7. A 15-year old boy with STD (sexually transmitted disease) came to see a physician. He asked the physician not to tell his parents. (VERY IMPORTANT)
Next step in management: the physician should treat the patient and notify the appropriate health authority, but should not tell his parents.
8. A 16-year old boy wants to use a condom. He comes to the clinic for free samples. He requested the physician, however, not to tell his parents. (Important)
Next step in management: condom should be given and physician should not tell his parents.
9. A 30-year old male patient is recently diagnosed with HIV. He lives with his wife and two other children but is promiscuous. He requested the physician not to tell his wife. He lost his job recently. Social worker spoke to the patient. (Very Important)
Next step in management: physician should notify the appropriate authority (e.g. department of health) for the safety of other specific persons who are engaged in unsafe sexual practices. The physician however, should ask the patient to divulge the diagnosis to his wife and other sexual partners.
10. A very small premature infant was born in the delivery room by NSVD (normal spontaneous vaginal delivery). The attending physician decided not to resuscitate the newborn. Physician spoke to the mother. Mother started to cry. Newborn expired after 30 minutes. Is the physician liable for the newborn's death?
Answer: NO. Please remember, no physician in the USA has ever been found liable for withholding or withdrawing any life sustaining treatment from any patient for any reason.
11. A physician picked up a car accident victim from the street and brought him to the ER in his car. He did not want to wait for an ambulance because the patient's condition was critical. Physical examination in the ER reveals quadriplegia. Is the physician liable for this consequence? (Very Important)
Answer: YES, because the physician did not protect the neck of the patient resulting in quadriplegia.
12. A policeman brought an alcoholic patient to the ER. The policeman asked the physician to give him a sample of gastric contents by putting a nasogastric tube for laboratory study. The patient refused insertion of a nasogastric tube. (Very Important)
Next step in management: nasogastric tube should not be placed. Blood alcohol level however should be preformed. The policeman should not give orders to a physician.
13. A 60-year old man with a history of myocardial infarction (MI) suddenly develops ventricular tachycardia. A physician from another department was present. The patient needs resuscitation. (Very Important)
Next step in management: the physician must resuscitate that patient. Physician should not refuse treatment because he belongs to another department.
14. A 15-year old homosexual boy wanted to change his sexual orientation. He was not successful. He needed help. He requested the physician not to tell his parents. (Important)
Next step in management: physician should help him avoid homosexual activities. Physician should not tell his parents about his homosexual activities.
15. A 15-year old homosexual boy is brought by his parents to a physician. His parents do not accept their son's sexual orientation. The boy refuses to change. (Important)
Next step in management: physician should tell his parent that homosexual activity is considered as an alternative life style. Parents should talk to his son but should not force him to change his homosexual activities.
16. A 16-year old girl becomes pregnant. Her mother wanted her to abort this pregnancy. The girl wanted to continue her pregnancy despite difficulties. Her boyfriend is a high school drop out. (Important)
Next step in management: physician should advise to continue this pregnancy because the girl is competent to make this decision.
17. A 15-year old girl recently becomes pregnant. She went to a doctor for abortion. She told the doctor not to tell her parents about this pregnancy. (Important)
Next step in management: abortion should be done and parents should not be notified. Please remember, strict requirements for parental consent may deter many adolescents from seeking health care.
18. Can a physician provide sterile needles for intravenous drug abusers? (Important)
Answer: YES. It reduces the risk of acquiring HIV or hepatitis. The patients should be referred to appropriate health facilities.
19. A 26-year old pregnant woman went for antenatal check up. Sonogram revealed a 27-week old fetus with erythroblastosis fetalis. Doctor recommended intrauterine fetal blood transfusion. She refused the procedure. Social worker discussed the case with the mother. (Important)
Next step in management: doctor should receive a court to do the procedure which will help the fetal condition.
20. A 20-year old man tells his doctor that he is going to kill girlfriend. She lives in the university dormitory. Doctor called the university and alerted them about the threat. However, university security people did not protect her. She was killed by her boyfriend. Who should be responsible for this killing? (Important)
Answer: the 20-year old man is responsible. Doctor did the right thing by notifying the university or the police. The university is also responsible because they did not take any preventive measures.
21. A 20-year old pregnant woman refuses cesarean section for complete placenta previa. Fetus is full-term and healthy. Social worker spoke to mother. (Important)
Next step in management: doctor can go to court to get permission for cesarean section for the benefit of the fetus.
22. A 30-year old pregnant woman ingested alcohol and illicit drugs (e.g., cocaine, crack) which are harmful to the fetus. What should a physician do? (Important)
Answer: the physician should be careful in reporting this case because the pregnant woman may not come back for prenatal care, which is important for both the mother and the fetus. However, if the baby's urine toxicology test is positive for illicit drugs, case should be reported to CWA (child welfare agency). CWA suggests separate custody for the child.
23. A physician wants to study a group of children aging from 10-12 year old. Physician already got the consent from the parents. However, he didn't discuss the study with the children. A child refused to participate. Should the physician force the child to participate? (Important)
Answer: no, because a child can refuse to participate in a research study.
24. A 40-year old schizophrenic patient needs hernia repair. Surgeon discussed the procedure with the patient who understood the procedure. Can the patient give consent? (Important)
Answer: yes. If a psychiatric patient understands the procedure, he or she can give the consent.
25. A 65-year old schizophrenic patient needs coronary angiography because of suspected myocardial infarction. Cardiologists explained the procedure to the patient who did not understand the procedure. Who can give the consent on behalf of the patient? (Important)
Answer: the patient's relative can give the consent. If nobody is available to give the consent, court order should be obtained. If a psychiatric patient does not understand the procedure, he or she cannot give the consent.
26. A 25-year old woman developed postpartum psychosis. The newborn developed cyanosis due to congenital heart disease. The newborn needs cardiac surgery. Surgeon discussed the procedure with the mother. She understood the procedure. Can she give the consent? (Important)
Answer: yes, because she understood the procedure.
27. A newborn is diagnosed with either trisomy 18 or 13 with TE (tracheoesophageal) fistula which requires suregery. Mother request surgeon to repair the TE-fistula. What should a surgeon do? (Important)
Answer: surgeon should refuse to do the reparative surgery because these conditions (trisomy 18 or 13) are nonviable. If the patient survives, surgeon can put a gastrostomy feeding tube for nutrition. However, please remember that a patient with trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) with TE fistula should be operated on.
28. A 45-year old terminally ill patient wanted to die. He has pancreatic cancer and has been suffering from constant pain. He asked the physician to give him some medication which can expedite his death. What should a physician do? (Very Important)
Answer: physician cannot give any medication which will expedite the death. However, physician can prescribe medication to minimize the pain. The dose should be appropriate. Physician-assisted suicide is illegal everywhere (except in the state of Oregon).
29. A 47-year old man came to a doctor for chronic low back pain and dysuria. The diagnosis of metastatic prostate cancer was made after appropriate investigation. Should the doctor tell the bad news to the patient? (Important)
Answer: yes physician must tell the truth to the patient.
30. A surgeon wanted to perform cholecystectomy on a patient. The surgeon is not sure whether the patient has decision-making capacity. What is the next appropriate step? (Important)
Answer: consultation with a psychiatrist or neurologist may be helpful. Sometimes it is necessary to discuss the case with hospital attorneys, ethic committees, or ethic consultants. In a difficult case, the ultimate judge of a patient's competency is a court.
31. A 45-year old widow was admitted to an ICU (intensive care unit) with ruptured intracranial aneurysm. She is comatose and is placed on a mechanical ventilator. She has a 20-year old son who did not keep any relation with his mother. However, he came to see his mother. His mother made a written proxy advance directive which indicates that her 50-year old female neighbor should make the substitute decision. Who is the right person to make the substitute decision in this situation? (Important)
Answer: 50-year old neighbor should make the substitute decision. Please remember, the most appropriate person to make the substitute decision is someone designated by the patient while still competent, either orally or through a written proxy advance directive. Other substitute decision makers, in their usual order of priority, include a spouse, adult child, parent, brother or sister, relative, or concerned friend. For a patient who has no other decision maker available, a phblic official may serve as a decision maker.
32. The right of patients to refuse medical intervention: patients can refuse dialysis, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, mechanical ventilation, and artificial nutrition and hydration, even if such a decision results in the patient's death. A patient's decision to withdraw (discontinue) or to withheld (not to initiate) life-sustaining treatment is not considered suicide and physician participation is not considered physician-assisted suicide. Physicians do not have any legal risk.
33. Can a medical student introduce himself or herself as a 'doctor' to the patient? (Important)
Answer: no. a patient can refuse a medical student from performing any procedure. However, medical students are allowed to perform a procedure under appropriate supervision If the patient agrees to that.
34. Should a bus driver hide history of epilepsy from his employer? (Important)
Answer: no. He has requested his physician not to mention his epilepsy to the employer because this would result in the loss of his job. The physician is obligated not only to his patient but to the community. The patient should notify his employer and try to find a non-driving job in the company. If the patient disagrees, physician may notify the appropriate authority for the safety of the patient and the community.
35. A 50-year old make is diagnosed with stomach cancer. He requested the physician not to tell his wife. The following day, the wife calls to inquire about her husband's diagnosis. (Important)
Answer: the physician should not divulge the husband's diagnosis. However, the physician should encourage the patient to reveal his diagnosis to his wife.
36. A 29-year old man is diagnosed with presymptomatic Huntington's disease. This disease is an autosomal dominant (50% chance of having the disease in each pregnancy). He requested his physician not to tell the diagnosis to his wife. The wife wants to have children. (Important)
Answer: physician should ask the patient to seek genetic counseling and to urge him to discuss the matter with his wife. Since there is a risk of harm to the future children, physician can divulge the diagnosis to protect the future children.
37. A 18-year old man is diagnosed to have suspected bacterial meningitis. He refuses therapy and returns to the college dormitory. What should a physician do in this situation? (Very Important)
Answer: physician should report to the college authority and recommend that the suspected individual should be isolated during the course of his illness.
38. A 39-year old nurse is diagnosed with hepatitis B antigen-positive. She is working in a dialysis unit. She told her doctor. However, she did not tell the hospital authority because she is afraid to lose her job. (Very Important)
Answer: physician should ask the nurse to divulge her medical condition to the hospital authority. If she refuses, physician should notify the hospital authority for the protection of patients.
39. A 20-year old man with severe head injury was admitted to a small hospital. The patient needs neurosurgical intervention which is available in a nearby university hospital. Hospital refused to accept a patient who has no medical insurance.
Answer: university hospital must accept the patient.
40. A 30-year old man needs a second prosthetic valve. He is a drug addict. Surgeon does not want to perform surgery because the patient does not take care of himself. Is this the right decision? (Important)
Answer: no. Surgery should be performed if it is medically indicated.
41. A newborn male is diagnosed with anencephaly. His 1-year old sibling needs a kidney. His parents requested the physician to remove the kidney from the anencephalic child and to transplant that kidney in the 1-year old sibling. What should a physician do?
Answer: surgeon should perform the kidney transplant.
42. A 50-year old man is in a persistent vegetative state. Physician decided to discontinue nutrition and hydration for that patient. Is this the right decision?
Answer: yes. This is an acceptable practice in most states. Few states require clear evidence that the patient would have chosen this course.
43. A medical student requested his attending to perform a pelvic examination on a patient who is anaesthetized for appendectomy. Is this ethically acceptable?
Answer: no. The patient did not give consent to perform a pelvic examination.
44. A 20-year old woman slashed her wrists and wanted to die. She was unconscious and was brought to the ER. What should a physician do? (Important)
Answer: physician should take care of the patient. Psychiatric consultation and social worker evaluation are indicated. A suicide attempt is very often a 'cry for help'.
45. A 90-year old man was diagnosed with having Alzheimer's disease 10 years ago. It is difficult to feed him. He cannot recognize his family members. He developed recurrent aspiration pneumonia. What should a physician do?
Answer: physician should discuss this with the family and should respect their decision.
46. A 1-day-old infant was diagnosed with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. The patient is stabilized with the use of prostaglandin. Physician discussed this case in detail with the parents. What should the parents decide in this situation?
Answer: the parents can choose a staged surgical repair of the heart, a final heart transplantation if the organ is available, or allow the infant to die.
47. A 55-year old woman with severe developmental disability recently is diagnosed with breast cancer. Her mental age is estimated at a 2-year old level. Her family members do not want any more intervention. What should physician do?
Answer: physician should discuss this case with the hospital ethics committee members. The usual consensus is 'not to do anything' because of her severe mental disability.
48. A 49-year old woman with cervical cancer has a history of noncompliance. She had surgery a month ago. She missed several appointments. Can a physician force her for chemotherapy? (Important)
Answer: no. Physician can talk to her regarding the importance of chemotherapy. However, the patient must make the final decision.
49. An internist has been managing a diabetic patient for the last 10 years. The patient's condition is progressively getting worse. The patient is also not happy with the physician's management. What should a physician do in this situation?
Answer: physician should find another physician (e.g., endocrinologist) who might be more successful with the patient in this particular circumstance.
50. An internist recently refused to see a patient who he has been seeing for the last 5 years. Internist stated that the patient was rude to him. The patient went to see another physician who requested the patient's medical record. What should the internist do in this situation?
Answer: internist should provide the medical records of the patient to the new physician.
51. An internist refused to see a complicated hypertensive patient who he has seen for the last 10 years. Internist did not give any notice to that patient. The patient was angry with the physician. The patient was recently admitted to a hospital with the diagnosis of stroke. Is the internist responsible for the patient's condition?
Answer: yes. The legal charge of abandonment can arise when the physician without giving timely notice, ceases to provide care for a patient who is still in need of medical attention. Internist is not obligated to find him another physician. However, patient should have sufficient time to arrange for another physician.
52. A physician went to vacation for 2 weeks. He did not find another physician to cover him. He is very sincere. One of his patients with hypertension developed severe headache. The patient has an appointment with the doctor as soon as he comes back from vacation. The patient did not look for another physician and decided to wait. The patient suddenly collapses and was diagnosed to have intracranial hemorrhage. Is the physician responsible for this patient? (Important)
Answer: yes. The physician has a legal obligation to arrange for coverage by another physician.
53. An ophthalmologist performed a cataract surgery on a patient who went home after the operation. In the evening, the patient started vomiting and complained of severe headache. The ophthalmologist refused to accept that the symptoms were due to postoperative complications. The patient wanted to see the doctor immediately but he refused to see that patient. The patient went to the nearest ER and was diagnosed to have dislocation of the lens and partial retinal detachment. Is the physician responsible for the patient's condition?
Answer: yes ophthalmologist failed to judge the patient's condition seriously enough to warrant attention.
54. A 70-year old Chinese man is diagnosed to have severe osteoarthritis. He told his doctor that he is using Chinese herbal medicine. He is feeling better. However, he had two episodes of dizzy spells since he started that herbal product. What should a doctor suggest to this patient? (Important)
Answer: the doctor should suggest to discontinue the herbal product which may be causing the dizzy spells.
55. A 35-year old woman is diagnosed to have chronic throat infection. She is frustrated with the conventional medicine. She told her doctor that she is using an alternative homeopathic medicine. She is feeling much better and she has no other complications. What should a doctor suggest to this patient?
Answer: the patient can continue an alternative homeopathic medicine. Alternative medicine therapy is accepted in the society and is also used along with conventional therapy.
56. A 45 year old woman is diagnosed to have UTI (urinary tract infection). She told her doctor that she could not afford to purchase antibiotics. However, she is using herbal medicine that is cheaper. She is complaining of fever and dysuria. What should a doctor suggest to this patient? (Important)
Answer: the patient should discontinue the herbal medicine immediately and should start antibiotics as soon as possible.
57. A 13-year old boy with suspected meningitis refuses therapy. His parents also support that decision because they are supposed to go on vacation the following day. What should a physician do in this situation? (Important)
Answer: the patient should be admitted and treated in the hospital. If they refuse, legal action should be taken.
58. A 2-year old girl is admitted with the diagnosis of intestinal obstruction. Her mother has a psychiatric problem. Her mother is not capable of giving the consent. Her father died one uear ago. What should a surgeon do in this situation?
Answer: legal steps may be taken to provide a surrogate decision-maker.
59. A 67-year old widow has been using hypnotics for the last 5 years. She is addicted. Her doctor wants to withdraw her from her present medication by trial on placebos. Is the physician making a right decision? (Important)
Answer: no. The physician cannot use placebos because his decision is deceptive. The problem of addiction should be discussed directly with the patient. The use of deceptive placebo is indicated in the following conditions:
(a) the patient insists on a prescription;
(b) the patient wishes to be treated;
(c) the alternative to placebo is either continue illness or the use of a drug with know toxicity;
(d) high response rates to placebo (e.g., postoperative pain, mild mental depression).
60. A 50-year old man is diagnosed to have multiple sclerosis. In the morning, the surgeon asked the man his opinion on the surgical procedure and he agreed. In the evening, the man refused to give consent for the same surgical procedure. He is also disoriented to place and time. Is the patient capable of making the decision?
Answer: no the patient has impaired capacity.
61. A 55-year old woman with diabetes is diagnosed to have gangrene on both feet. She was brought to the hospital. She told the doctor the she is feeling fine and she has no medical problems. Can she give consent for the amputation of both legs?
Answer: no. The appointment of a surrogate should be sought to get the consent for the surgery.
62. A 17-year old boy came to a surgeon for bilateral vasectomy. He is the father of one child and does not want to have any more children. He does not want to tell his girlfriend and parents. He lives with his parents. What should a surgeon do in this situation? (Important)
Answer: surgeon should not perform bilateral vasectomy and should offer him less radical alternatives. Please remember, a mature minor may not comprehend the implications of this procedure.
63. A 16-year old girl came to a doctor for bilateral tubal ligations. She is a mother of one child and does not want to have any more children. She does not want to tell her boyfriend and parents. She lives with her parents. What should a doctor do in this situation? (Important)
Answer: obgyn doctor should not perform bilateral tubal ligation and should offer her less radical alternatives.
64. A 16-year old boy wants to donate one of his kidneys to his friend who is suffering from ESRD (end stage renal disease). The boy's parents did not agree with his decision. What should a physician do in this situation? (Important)
Answer: the physician cannot accept his kidney. However, he can donate one of his kidneys if his parents agree.
65. A 15-year old boy wants to participate in a research study. He told his parents who did not agree. He lives with his parents. Can this boy participate in the research study?
Answer: no the boy needs consent from his parents to participate in a research study.
66. A 17-year old boy lives independently. He is married and has one child. He wants to participate in a research study. Does he need his parents permission? (Important)
Answer: no. He is an emancipated minor who lives independently from his parents physically and financially.
67. A 70-year old man is diagnosed with terminal esophageal cancer and requires an insertion of a gastrostomy tube. He has signed a DNR (Do Not Resuscitate) order about a month ago. Should the preexisting DNR order stand or be suspended during the surgical procedure? (Very Important)
Answer: attending physician, surgeons, and the patient or surrogate should discuss the matter and either affirm or suspend the order in anticipation of surgery. If a patient is competent and wishes a preexisting DNR order to stand, resuscitation should not be performed in the event of an intrasurgical arrest.
68. An infant, born at 30 weeks gestation, appears to be SGA (small for gestational age) with multiple malformations. Amniocentesis study was not performed. Infant needs resuscitation at birth. What should a physician do in this situation? (Important)
Answer: physician must resuscitate the patient in the delivery room because the diagnosis is uncertain.
69. A 60-year old man is diagnosed with terminally ill colon cancer and needs resuscitation. He did not sign a DNR order. The physician has decided to perform a 'slow code' on his own. Is this the right decision? (Important)
Answer: no. Please remember, a performance of 'slow code' or 'show code' is not acceptable to the patient. This decision by the doctor represents the failure to come to a timely and clear decision about the patient's resuscitation status.
70. A 20-year old man is diagnosed with suspected bacteremia and meningitis. He refuses antibiotic therapy. He collapses and requires resuscitation. What should a physician do in this situation?
Answer: the physician should resuscitate the patient despite the patient's refusal to antibiotic therapy.
71. A 50-year old woman is diagnosed with severe aortic stenosis. She collapsed in a doctor's office and is required resuscitation. She is waiting for valve replacement surgery. What should a physician so in this situation?
Answer: this condition is called 'physiological futility'. In severe aortic stenosis, vigorous resuscitation is highly unlikely to restore adequate cardiac output. Therefore, the physician might reasonably refrain from resuscitation.
72. A 14-year old boy is diagnosed with terminally ill cancer. He is not responding to chemotherapy. His parents want to continue the treatment. However, the boy does not want to continue his suffering. The physician told the parents that chemotherapy will not be helpful. What is the appropriate decision at this point? (Important)
Answer: the boy's decision should be respected because the treatment is futile.
73. A surrogate pregnant mother made a surrogacy contract with a couple in which she will give the baby to the couple. She developed complications in the first trimester and wanted to abort. Is she allowed to do that? (Important)
Answer: yes. If her life or health becomes threatened from continuing the pregnancy, she should retain her right to abortion.
74. A physician became sexually involved with a current patient who initiated or consented to the contact. Is it ethical for a physician to become sexually involved?
Answer: no. Sexual involvement between physicians and former patients raises concern. The physician should discuss with a college or other professional before becoming sexually involved with a former patient. The physician should terminate the physician-patient relationship before initiating a romantic or sexual relationship with a patient.
75. A physician decided to take care of his own family members and relatives. He is a very smart physician. Is this a right decision?
Answer: no. The physician should encourage all friends and family members to have their own personal physician.
76. A male patient wants to have a copy of his medical records. What should a physician do in this situation?
Answer: the physician should retain the original of the chart. Information should only be released with the written permission of the patient or the patient's legally authorized representative (e.g., attorney).
77. A 30-year old female wants to have an abortion. Her physician objects to abortion on moral, religious, or ethical grounds. What should a physician do in this situation? (Important)
Answer: physician should not offer advice to the patient.
78. A physician sees patients at a reduced fee. He spends very little time with each patient. Is the physician doing the right thing?
Answer: no. The physician is not providing optimal care.
79. A surrogate pregnant mother signed a surrogacy contract with a couple. Male partner gave sperms which were artificially inseminated to the surrogate mother. Surrogate mother has a genetic relation to the child. She wants to void the contract after the baby is born. Is she allowed to breach the contract? (Important)
Answer: yes. Surrogate contracts, while permissible, should grant the birth mother the right to void the contract within a reasonable period of time after the birth of the child.
80. A surrogate pregnant mother signed a surrogacy contract with a couple. Both male and female parents gave sperm and ovums respectively. The surrogate mother wants to void the contract and she has no genetic relation. Is she allowed to breach the contract? (Important)
Answer: no. Genetic parents have exclusive custody and parental rights.
81. A surrogate pregnant mother signed a surrogacy contract with a couple. The couple got divorced. Male partner gave sperms and the female partner gave ovums. They do not want to continue the surrogate pregnancy. What should be the decision at this point? (Important)
Answer: the couple is genetically related to the fetus. They have the right not to continue with this pregnancy.
82. A surrogate pregnant mother signed a surrogacy contract with a couple. The couple got divorced. Male partner gave sperms but the female partner could not give ovums. They do not want to continue the surrogate pregnancy. What should be the decision at this point? (Important)
Answer: female partner has no right to terminate this pregnancy because she has no genetic relation. Surrogate mother has genetic relation and she has the right to continue this pregnancy even if the male partner disagrees.
83. A 3-year old girl is diagnosed with blood cancer. She has been waiting for an umbilical cord transfusion. Her mother delivered a newborn baby girl. Umbilical cord blood was obtained and was transfused to the 3-year old sibling. What is the duty of the physician?
Answer: physician should obtain an informed consent of the risks of donation and he or she should follow the normal umbilical cord clamping protocol. Physician should protect both the children.
84. A 31-year old man has decided to donate one of his kidneys for a large amount of money. Is this the right decision?
Answer: no. However, the donor can receive some payment to cover his medical expenses. Only the potential donor not the donor's family or another third party may accept financial incentive. Payment should occur only after the organs have been retrieved and judge medically suitable for transplantation.
85. A couple has decided to have a child through artificial insemination. They asked the physician for sex selection of the child. What should a physician advise in this situation? (Important)
Answer: physician should not participate for sex selection for reasons of gender preference. However, sex selection of sperm for the purpose of avoiding a sex-linked inheritable disease is appropriate.
86. A 30-year old man has donated his sperms which were kept frozen. He died in a car accident. He did not leave any specific instructions regarding sperm donations. His wife wants to make use of them. A woman requested her to donate his sperms. What is the appropriate decision? (Important)
Answer: the donor's wife can use the semen for artificial insemination but not to donate it to someone else. The donor should give clear instructions at the time of donation. The donor has the power to override any decision.
87. The donor and recipient of sperms are not married. Who would be considered the sole parent of the child? (Important)
Answer: the recipient. Except in cases where both donor and recipient agree to recognize a paternity right.
88. The residents and medical students were asked by an attending to follow certain orders for a patient. The residents and medical students believe the orders reflect serious errors in clinical or ethical judgment. What is the appropriate way to handle the situation? (Important)
Answer: The residents and medical students should not follow those orders. They should discuss with the attending issuing those orders. They should also discuss the situation with a senior attending physician, a chief of staff, or a chief resident.
89. A physician used a newly prescribed drug to his patient. The patient got sick after the drug was ingested and required hospitalization. Should the physician report this drug's side effect to FDA (Food and Drug Administration)? (Important)
Answer: yes. FDA should be notified only if the drug causes serious adverse events such as those resulting in death, hospitalization, or medical or surgical intervention.
90. A 39-year old female has been suffering from chronic cholecystitis. The surgeon advised cholecystectomy. The patient wants a second opinion. The surgeon agreed. The patient went to another surgeon and has decided to be operated by the second surgeon. What should the second surgeon do in this situation? (Important)
Answer: the second surgeon should accept the patient because the patient has the right to choose the surgeon. First surgeon should accept the patient's decision.
91. A 45-year old male was admitted to the hospital with mild chest pain. He wants to leave the hospital before completion of therapy. How do you manage the patient? (Important)
Answer: The patient is asked to sign a statement that he is leaving against medical advice (AMA). The patient may however leave without signing that statement. This document is a legal evidence that the patient was warned by the physician about the risk of leaving. Please remember, discharge AMA does not apply to children.
92. A 55-year old man requested his physician to misrepresent his medical condition to receive disability or insurance payment. What is the appropriate response of the physician in this situation?
Answer: The physician must refuse that request.
93. What is the responsibility of a fellow physician who is aware of drug abuse, alcohol abuse, or psychiatric illness of his colleagues or of a medical condition that is harmful to patients? (Very Important)
Answer: the physician should protect the patients. The fellow physician should report to the appropriate authority (i.e., report to the hospital authority; report to the Dean for a medical student's problem).
94. A 60-year old male has been suffering from severe pain due to terminal prostate cancer. The patient is receiving lower doses of narcotics and sedatives. How can a physician relieve his suffering? (Important)
Answer: The physician should increase the dosage of narcotics and sedatives up to the maximum recommended amount. The suffering can be reduced by listening, spending more time with him, and reducing psychological distress.
95. A 25-year old female medical student or resident noticed a mistake made by a junior attending physician during rounds. She is afraid of that attending physician. What is the appropriate way to handle the situation? (Important)
Answer: She should discuss the situation with a more senior attending physician for appropriate interpretation, advice, and assistance.
96. A 26-year old male medical student or resident made a mistake during patient care. He is afraid of what might result. What is the appropriate way to handle the situation?
Answer: He should disclose the mistake to the attending physician and try to learn from that mistake. The patient should be notified as well.
97. A 63-year old female health care worker is concerned about taking care of patients with HIV infection or multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. What is the appropriate way to handle the situation? (Important)
Answer: The physician should provide appropriate care to patients despite personal risk. Institutions should reduce the risk of infection by appropriate equipment, supervision, and training. Her concern should be taken seriously.
98. A 30-year old male physician has an opportunity for financial incentive if he sees more patients and refers them unnecessarily. What is you opinion about this?
Answer: The physician should provide only care that is in the patient's best interest.
99. Two physicians are discussing a case inside the elevator of a hospital. What is your opinion about this?
Answer: They should not do that because they have to maintain the patient's confidentiality.
100. The patient's confidentiality should be maintained except in the following situations:
Physicians should override third parties in case of domestic violence, child abuse, elderly abuse, gunshot wounds, syphilis, and tuberculosis. They should report these cases to appropriate governmental authorities.
101. A physician is experiencing a very difficult ethical issue regarding a complicated case. He is confused. What should be the next step?
Answer: he should discuss the matter with other faculty members in his health care team, colleagues, or hospital ethics committee.
102. What is the final plan of action in an ethical issue?
Answer: Both patient and physician should agree regarding final management. The patient should be well-informed about the medical condition. The physician should be sympathetic and knowledgeable regarding the relevant medical condition.
103. DNR (do not resuscitate) order. This is appropriate if the patient or surrogate signed that order or if CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) would be futile. Physicians should write DNR orders and the reason for them in the chart. Please remember, "slow" or "show" codes are not acceptable. Foods and fluids are considered therapies that should be stopped. (Important)
104. (A)Brain death (adult): (Important)
(i) Definition by the President's Committee:
Death is an irreversible cessation of circulation and respiratory functions or irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain and brain stem.
(ii) The criteria of brain death by the staff of Massachusetts General Hospital and the Harvard Committee:
Death occurs when there is absence of all signs of receptivity, responsivity, and all brainstem reflexes, and the EEG is isoelectric. Sometimes metabolic disorders and intoxications may mimic the above findings.
(iii) The guidelines of brain death:
(a) The diagnosis should be made also by another physician and confirmed by clinical findings and EEG.
(b) The family should be notified. They should not make the decision about discontinuing medical treatment except in a situation where the patient has directed the family to make the decision.
(c) The physician should discuss with another physician before removing supportive measures (e.g., ventilators).
(d) Family members may request organ donation, and in many states physicians may request the family to make an organ donation.
(B) Brain death (children):
(i) Definition: same as in adults.
(ii) Criteria: similar in children and adults, but the period of observation is longer in children.
Children 1wk-2mo of age: two separate examinations 48 hours apart
Children 2mo-1yr of age: two separate examinations 24 hours apart
Children more than 1 yr of age: two separate examinations 12 hours apart
Spontaneous movements must be absent, with the exception of spinal cord reflex withdrawal and myocolnus.
Generalized flaccidity should be present. The presence of clinical criteria for 2 days in term and 3 days in preterm infants indicates brain death in majority of asphyxiated newborns. The absence of cerebral blood flow on radionuclide scan and silence of electrical activity on EEG are not always observed in brain-dead newborns. There is no universal consensus about the definition of neonatal brain death. The decision is made after discussion with the family and health care team. If there is difference of opinion, the ethics committee should be consulted. The decision is made on the basis of what is in the best interest of the infants and children.
105. Practice guidelines for physicians:
(i) The best way to practice medicine is to select useful diagnostic techniques and therapeutic measures which are most appropriate to a particular patient and clinical condition.
(ii) Practice guidelines can reduce the health care costs, which improves health care to patients who even do not have adequate health care benefits.
(iii) Please remember, guidelines do not and should not be the only way of managing an individual patient.
106. Some important points about patients:
(i) For a patient with an incurable disease, the major goal of therapy should be the enhancement of the quality of life.
(ii) The patient care begins with a personal relationship between the patient and the physician. If a patient has confidence on the physician, reassurance may be the best therapy. The patient must understand that the physician is giving the best possible care available.
107. Patients who do not have decision-making capacity about their medical care:
The patients who do not have decision-making capacity usually arrange for surrogates who make decisions for them. Their choices depend on their values. Psychiatrists are helpful in mentally impaired patients. Family members are usually the surrogates, because they know the patients very well
Advanced directives: statements made in advance in case patients lose their decision-making capacity in the future. These directives indicate the names of surrogates and which interventions are acceptable or not acceptable to them. These are achieved by oral conversation (most common form), living will, health care power of attorney, or physicians can ask the patient in advance.
Absence of advance directives and surrogates: physicians can make the decision using all information and should respect the patient's values. Physicians must know the laws of the state in which they practice.
Patient preferences are known:
The decision is made with the patient's best interest in mind.
Disagreements between potential surrogates or between the physician and surrogate: Physicians can consult with the hospital ethics committee or with other physicians. The courts should be only the last resort.
108. Down syndrome with different medical conditions: (Very Important)
(a) Duodenal atresia at birth: surgical repair is recommended as it is done regularly.
(b) VSD (ventricular septal defect) in newborn period: initial conservative medicals management is followed by surgical repair as it is done regularly.
(c) Cyanotic heart disease at birth: immediate medical management, which is followed by surgical repair as it is required routinely.
(d) Cosmetic surgical condition (e.g., rhinophyma or big nose): there is no urgency to repair the underlying condition, but it can be done as it is performed regularly.
(e) Neural tube defects (e.g., meningomyelocele): surgical repair is recommended as it is done regularly.
Please remember, a patient's management should be discussed with his/her parents and the decision made with the best interest of the patient in mind.
109. A healthy male patient with Down Syndrome lives independently. He went to a doctor for facial cosmetic surgery. Can he make his own decision? (Important)
Answer: yes. The patient can make his decision if he understands the procedure and the consequences. He lives independently which indicates that he is capable of making his own decision.
110. A patient went to the doctor due to throat pain. The doctor asked the patient what her problem was. The patient said that she woke up at six o'clock in the morning, went to the bathroom, ate breakfast, and went to drop her children at school. She then came back home, stared cooking and continues to talk about irrelevant things. What should the doctor do to stop the patient from rambling? (Important)
Answer: the doctor should ask the patient to tell him what problems she has related only to her throat.
111. A patient went to a doctor for abdominal pain but remained quiet throughout the visit. He did not tell the doctor enough about his symptoms. What should the doctor do? (Important)
Answer: the doctor must ask the patient detailed questions about his abdominal pain. It is the doctor's obligation to find out as much as he can about the patient. Without enough information, the doctor will not be able to make an accurate diagnosis.
112. A patient walked into his doctor's office with acute abdominal pain. He has been suffering from ulcerative colitis. The patient is noncompliant and did not visit for the past six months. What should the doctor do in this situation? (Very Important)
Answer: The doctor should find out more about the patient's abdominal pain before making any other decision. The doctor should always be responsible with the patients.
113. A terminally ill pancreatic cancer patient with multiple metastasis is admitted to the hospital. He is in critical condition. The patient wants to know his prognosis. What should the doctor say?
Answer: the doctor should tell the patient politely that he will discuss his condition with him and his family. The doctor should never specify the longevity of the patient. The doctor should tell the truth even when the patient is a child. The doctor should not hide any medical information from the patient.
114. A patient is recently diagnosed with cancer. He is nervous but is eager to know about his medical diagnosis. What should the doctor's reply be? (Important)
Answer: the doctor should gently tell the patient his condition.
115. A patient is recently diagnosed with cancer. Previously, he had an episode of a nervous breakdown after hearing a family death and had to be admitted to a hospital. He loves his family members and tends to be very open with them on all issues. How should the doctor tell the patient about his current state? (Important)
Answer: the doctor should call his family members and discuss the patient's medical condition openly and politely.
116. A male patient was admitted with severe myocardial infarction. He was admitted to the ICU and his condition is very critical. He does not know the reason for his admission. The patient is unstable. What should the doctor tell the patient? (Important)
Answer: the doctor should wait until the patient is stabilized and then gently tell him his medical condition.
117. A mother gave birth to a premature baby who was admitted to the NICU (neonatal intensive care unit). The baby is on a mechanical ventilator. The mother wants to hold the baby. What should the doctor do in this situation? (Important)
Answer: the mother should be allowed to hold the baby.
118. A male patient is recently diagnosed with HIV. Should the doctor ask about his sexual orientation (i.e., male, female, or both)? (Important)
Answer: yes, the doctor should ask the patient directly but politely about his sexual orientation.
119. A homosexual male patient went to a doctor. The patient's partner was recently diagnosed with HIV. Should the doctor ask the patient whether he is being penetrated by his partner or he penetrates his partner?
Answer: yes, because the person who is being penetrated has a higher incidence of HIV due to trauma in perianal area.
120. A 6-year old boy comes to the ER after drowning. He expired in the ER despite appropriate resuscitations. The family members became angry which is a reflection of a sense if guilt and helplessness. What is the appropriate way of giving information to the family members?
Answer: the physician should give the information clearly and compassionately when there is no hope for survival. Parents need to know that everything was done to save the child.
121. A pregnant woman who is Rh(-)ve became sensitized. She had H/O induced abortions. Her husband is not aware of his wife's previous abortions. He wants to know from the physician how she became sensitized. (Very Important)
Answer: the physician should tell the man to ask his wife. The physician should not mention anything about the patient's H/O abortions.
122. A mother brought her infant to the ER. The radiologist test reveals old fractures of the ribs. She did not know anything about that. (Very Important)
Answer: this is a case of child abuse. This case should be reported to child welfare agency.
123. A physician is examining a child with respiratory distress. The child's mother became anxious during the physical examination. Please remember, a patient's management should be discussed with his/her parents and the decision made with the best interest of the patient in mind. (Important)
Answer: child abuse.
124. A mentally retarded patient became pregnant. The patient does not want an abortion. Her mother and husband want an abortion. What should a physician do in this situation? (Important)
Answer: abortion should not be performed.
125. A male physician is examining an adolescent or adult female patient. What should a physician do in this situation? (Important)
Answer: a chaperone should be present during the physical examination. The same rules apply when a physician is examining a patient who appears to be seductive. (Important)
126. A female physician is examining an adolescent or adult male patient. What should a physician do in this situation? (Important)
Answer: a chaperone should not be present during the physical exam.
127. A suspected HIV patient expired in a car accident. He signed for organ donations. What should a physician do in this situation?
Answer: his HIV status is not certain. The organs can be preserved until the HIV status is confirmed. If the test for HIV is positive, organs should be discarded.
128. A patient who expired in a car accident signed in his license foe organ donations. His license has expired. He always wanted to donate his organs. What should a physician do in this situation? (Important)
Answer: physican cannot accept organs because the signed consent has expired.
129. A male physician sexually harassed a female patient during the physical examination. The patient complained to a nurse. What should the nurse do in this situation?
Answer: the nurse should tell the patient to make an official report to the hospital authority or to an appropriate agency.
130. A chronic male smoker comes to the physician for his heart problems. The physician wanted his patient to quit smoking. What should the physician advise in this situation?
Answer: the physician should ask the patient to quit smoking immediately because patients are usually more responsive when they are ill. The physician should assist the smoker to move one step closer to quitting.
131. A terminally ill patient did not sign a DNR (do not resuscitate) order, however, he signed a DNI (do not intubate) order. What should the physician do in this situation?
Answer: the physician should follow his orders i.e., the patient should be resuscitated but should not be intubated, despite severe hypoxic condition of the patient.
132. A terminally ill patient signed a DNR order, however, he did not sign a DNI (do not intubate) order. He wants to be intubated but not resuscitated. What should a physician do in this situation?
Answer: the physician should follow his orders i.e., the patient should be intubated but should not be resuscitated.
133. An adolescent car accident victim was brought to the ER in an unconscious state. The patient needs immediate surgical interventions. The surgeon was unable to contact any family member to obtain consent. What should a surgeon do in this situation? (Important)
Answer: the surgeon should do the procedure without waiting to obtain a consent for the benefit of the patient.
134. An obgyn doctor is recently diagnosed with HIV infection. He is receiving medication for HIV. His physical and mental conditions are normal. Should he tell his patients or fellow physicians about his HIV status?
Answer: no, however, the doctor should take appropriate precautions for infection control. He does not have to tell his fellow physicians about his HIV status including the physicians who are referring patients to him. The doctor is allowed to see patients if he takes appropriate precautions. However, he should notify the hospital authority.
135. A physician is scared of seeing an HIV patient with an open wound. Can a physician refuse to see a patient?
Answer: yes, however, a physician's refusal to see a patient is unethical but is legal.
136. An elderly semicomatose patient may require surgical intervention. His family members are confused about the surgery. They asked the surgeon for his opinion. What should the surgeon's response be?
Answer: the surgeon can give his opinion and act as a moral surrogate for the benefit of the patient. (Very Important)
137. A 12-year old boy is diagnosed with a terminal illness (e.g., malignancy). He asked the doctor about his prognosis. His parents requested the doctor not to tell him the bad news. What should the doctor do in this situation? (Very Important)
Answer: the doctor should tell the truth politely and compassionately to the patient.
138. A 55-year old woman is recently diagnosed with right breast cancer. The doctor told the patient that she will require surgery for removal of the right breast. She started to cry. What should a doctor do in this situation?
Answer: first, the doctor should give her some tissue paper for wiping her tears. Then, the doctor should be sympathetic to her and console her. He might tell her that similar reactions are usually expected from other patients with breast cancer. Please do not mention that she will be fine with a breast implant or without a right breast because she is already 55-years old.
139. A mother is carrying a 500 gram premature fetus which develops acute fetal distress. The physician wanted to perform a cesarean section. Mother refused cesarean section. What should the doctor do in this situation?
Answer: the physician should arrange a bedside conference
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* Re:medical ethics
iced - 12/05/06 03:16
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* Re:medical ethics
roentgen - 12/05/06 03:23
great post
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* Re:medical ethics
raidenxp2005 - 12/05/06 07:52
sweeet post
thanks alot
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* Re:medical ethics
vijired - 12/05/06 08:43
Thanks PCR. Cool post!
may i know the source of these Q
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text:
If you are thinking about becoming a professional OTR or CDL truck driver, you should probably make an informed decision before simply leaving your career behind and getting started. Knowing what you let yourself in for is one of many steps before you can join the rest of the road heroes and start enjoying your new career as a professional truck driver. There are a lot of steps involved before you can start earning money, so make sure you have enough saved up to survive while you are qualifying.
In this article, we will guide you through the whole process, from start to finish. So, for those of you who want to become truck drivers, but not sure where to start or what to expect, this one is for you.
Do some research
Before you want to quit your job, you need to ascertain whether changing career paths is actually what you want to do. Find out as much as you possibly can from whatever reliable source you can find – whether it is a truck driver friend or sources on the internet, try to find out what the hard facts of the matter are. Things to pay attention to is what is expected from truck drivers, what the salary would look like when you start out, and of course how to get qualified. On average, a professional and experienced truck driver makes about $50,000 per annum. Knowing all the facts will allow you to weigh up the pros and cons and getting to an answer on whether this would be a good career choice for you.
Specific things to take into consideration are:
Expected salary
Depending on the type of truck and cargo you drive, you will earn anything starting at $25,000 per annum as an inexperienced truck driver. If you have more experience, you could earn some more.
Some freight transportation companies offer handsome employee benefits such as dental and health insurance or even life insurance. Shop around and make sure you choose a package that suits you and your family's needs.
Long hours
Truck drivers drive approximately 500 miles per day, which means you might end up behind the wheel of a big rig for anything up to 12 hours. You will also have very little time to spend at home with your family, depending on whether you have a regional or local job.
One of the pros of becoming a CDL truck driver is the fact that it doesn't take too long to complete training and receive your license, and a lot of freight transportation companies also offer in-house training to help you on your way.
Once you have made your decision to become a professional truck driver, you should start working on getting your qualification and papers in order.
Get a CDL Manual and Study
Before getting your license, you will be required to write a general learner's test. In order for you to be able to pass this test, you need to study up a bit on general rules and need-to-know facts on driving big rigs. In the CDL manual, you will learn everything about getting your CDL license, what it would cost, and where you can go for training. Remember, every state has its own rules with regards to CDL licensing, even though they do correlate, there are minor differences.
Getting your Qualification
Firstly, after you have studied the CDL manual, you will have to ensure that you meet the minimum requirements. As mentioned earlier, this can differ from one state to the next, but a general guideline is:
- You have to be 21 or older
- You need to pass a drug screening test
- You must have a clean driving record (that means no speeding fines or prior accidents)
Once you have ticked off all these boxes, you need to get qualified, certified, and licensed in order for you to drive a big rig legally.
As far as truck driving training schools go, there are more than enough to choose from. Keep in mind that this will cost a bit of money, but totally worth it at the end. If you find a freight transportation company that has bursaries,however, you are able to do your training through them and be employed right after you are qualified.
Some truck driving schools offer an added service of job placement, which is a plus. Make sure to shop around to find the best option for you before enrolling only to find out there were much better options elsewhere. While training you will be taught theory as well as engage in practical lessons where you will be required to start driving a big rig. All with the assistance of your trainer, of course.
Once you have completed the training, you are required to complete three tests, a written exam, a practical exam out on the road, as well as the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulation exam. Once you have passed these, you are ready to apply for a job. If you fail, you are able to re-write after a while, at an extra cost to you, of course.
Joining a Freight Transportation Company
Now that you are qualified, you are ready to start. If you completed training at a company, you should not have a problem but those who have to start job hunting don't have to worry either. As there is a very high demand for truck drivers, there are loads of positions posted and advertised frequently. Be sure to sign up fora lot of truck driving forums or job listing sites like this one to be notified of new job openings.
In a nutshell, it takes little effort to get started, the hard work begins when you start driving OTR or CDL trucks. We wish you all the best in your new career as a professional truck driver.

subset: commoncrawl


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Orphic Egg
The Orphic Egg in the Ancient Greek Orphic tradition is the cosmic egg from which hatched the primordial hermaphroditic deity Phanes/Protogonus (variously equated also with Zeus, Pan, Metis, Eros, Erikepaios and Bromius) who in turn created the other gods.[1] The egg is often depicted with a serpent wound about it.
This section does not cite any sources. (July 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In Greek myth, particularly Orphic thought, Phanes is the golden winged primordial being who was hatched from the shining cosmic egg that was the source of the universe. Called Protogonos (First-Born) and Eros (Love) — being the seed of gods and men — Phanes means "Manifestor" or "Revealer," and is related to the Greek words "light" and "to shine forth" as well as the Latin "Lucifer".
An ancient Orphic hymn addresses him thus:
Ineffable, hidden, brilliant scion, whose motion is whirring, you scattered the dark mist that lay before your eyes and, flapping your wings, you whirled about, and through this world you brought pure light.[citation needed]
Notes and references[edit]
- ^ West, M. L. (1983) The Orphic Poems. Oxford:Oxford University Press. p. 205


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MD105 Youth Exchange Program
The Youth Camp and Exchange Program brings the ideal of global citizenship to life. Each year this program gives thousands of young people the opportunity to experience life in other cultures and gain new understanding of the world through travel abroad. Unlike some youth exchange programs, YCE does not involve academic study or employment. Instead, participants are encouraged to use this travel opportunity to represent their home countries and share their own culture while learning about and embracing a new one, forging the way to becoming young ambassadors for peace and international understanding.
Appended to this page is a club guide, Young Persons application form, Host family application form, Guide to running a Successful Youth Centre, and the generic Camp Handbook for participants. Please download these documents to assist your club, zone or district to take part. Any further information can be obtained from the either of the following:-
MD Youth Exchange Officer – firstname.lastname@example.com
Facebook – UK Youth Exchange Youth Centre Information Page
Twitter – https://twitter.com/Md105E
Lion Keith Mates
MD105 British Isles Youth Exchange Officer


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Reading and Writing in the Digital Age
Catalog Description:
This course is designed to strengthen participants' understanding of how literacy has evolved in the 21st century and explore in depth the definition of digital literacy. The NCTE definition of 21st Century Literacies states- "As society and technology change, so does literacy. Because technology has increased the intensity and complexity of literate environments, the 21st century demands that a literate person possess a wide range of abilities and competencies, many literacies." In addition, the ELA CCSS state that students should use digital media strategically and capably- "students must be familiar with the strengths and limitations of various technological tools and mediums and can select and use those best suited to their communication goals."
This course will delve specifically into the demands, abilities, and competencies required for digital literacy, focusing on digital reading and writing and the technology tools that enhance student digital reading and writing experiences. 21st century digital literacy skills of evaluating information and ethical use will also be explored. This course will share strategies for publishing work with authentic audiences in ways that support connected, meaningful learning. Participants will showcase what they have learned by compiling a portfolio of resources and reflections.
Allow 5 - 7 hours per session for completion of all requirements.
This is an introductory course for teachers, technology specialists, curriculum specialists, professional development specialists, or other school personnel. Participants are expected to have regular access to computers. In addition, participants should be proficient with using email, browsing the Internet, and navigating to computer files.
During this course, participants will learn skills and strategies to:
- Understand and explore the various definitions of digital literacy and how literacy demands have changed to meet the needs of the 21st century.
- Understand the skill set and demands for reading in a digital environment and learn digital strategies to support deep learning and comprehension.
- Explore various digital tools that can support and enhance reading experiences.
- Learn teaching strategies for finding, evaluating, and analyzing digital information.
- Explore challenges, benefits and various tools and strategies to support digital writing.
- Explore ways that digital tools can support publishing and connecting with authentic audience.
Required Readings, Activities and Assignments:
Each session includes readings, an activity and a discussion assignment, which participants are required to complete within each week.
Course Outline:
Orientation: (1-2 hours)
Participants will prepare for the course with an introductory reading and ice breaker activity. Participants will read tip sheets for participating in online discussions, credit information, and complete an orientation survey.
Session One: Digital Literacy in the 21st Century (5-7 hours)
This initial session will introduce participants to various definitions of digital literacy and allow opportunities to reflect on how literacy has evolved to meet the demands of the 21st century.
Session Two: Reading in the Digital Age (5-7 hours)
Reading digital materials requires a different skill set than would be utilized with traditional print resources. The non-linear, interactive nature of digital material is responsible for increased cognitive demands required for deeper learning and understanding of multimodal texts. In this session, participants will read literature that explores opposing viewpoints- both the concerns and benefits of digital text, strategies for successfully reading and interacting with online text, and ideas for implementing digital reading into the classroom.
Session Three: Digital Tools for Reading (5-7 hours)
According to NCTE, "Active, successful participants in this 21st century global society must be able to develop proficiency and fluency with the tools of technology". In addition, the Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts state that students must use digital tools strategically and capably- "they [students] are familiar with the strengths and limitations of various technological tools and mediums and can select and use those best suited to their communication goals." In this session, participants will explore various digital tools that can enhance reading experiences.
Session Four: Researching, Evaluating, and Ethical Use of Digital Information (5-7 hours)
It is crucial that we teach students how to engage responsibly with digital content- this includes teaching skills for critiquing, analyzing, and evaluating digital information. In addition, students are engaging with digital material in ways beyond just consuming- they are producing content. This remixing and creating digital products allows our students to express their understanding in new ways. With increasing digital production, students must demonstrate ethical practices. This session will explore instructional strategies for these skills.
Session Five: Writing, Producing, and Publishing in the Digital Age (5-7 hours)
The ubiquitous nature of digital environments- including social networking, cell phones, and other informal technology tools have turned our students into daily publishers of writing. However, for academic writing tasks, it is important that we teach students how to leverage these digital tools in ways that enhance their writing and communicate effectively to an authentic, target audience. Like reading, digital writing also requires specific skills for effective multimodal communication. In this session, we will explore challenges, strategies, and benefits of digital writing.
Session Six: Publishing and Connecting with Authentic Audiences (5-7 hours)
Students that write with a purpose in mind and particular audience show greater investment of effort and time. Teachers can support students in this process by designing activities and tasks that have real world purpose. In this session we explore how publishing and connecting with authentic audiences motivates students.


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Mock Trial
Mock Trial
After a day of carefully-practiced arguing, emotionally-moving witness testimonies and off-the-cuff surprises at the Washington County Courthouse, two district high school mock trial teams will move on to regional competition as part of the Ohio Center for Law-Related Education's 31st Annual Ohio Mock Trial Competition.
Of the 3,000 high school students that spent the day in courtrooms across the state Friday for district competition, a team of nine Federal Hocking High School students and a team of eight Warren High School students advanced past the district contest. They each won two of the mock trials they had prepared for over several months.
Judged by local volunteer attorneys and judges, students played the roles of plaintiff and defense attorneys as well as witnesses in a pre-determined fictitious case created by attorneys that was uniform throughout the state.
District Coordinator John Halliday said it's always quite the display of students' ability to learn and practice the legal process.
"They put hours and hours into it," said Halliday, who has been a part of the program for 15 years. "The level of preparation and amount of work that goes into preparing is always impressive."
Warren High School and Federal Hocking High School were this year's two participating schools, with Warren bringing three separate teams and Federal Hocking bringing two. Students were given an 168-page book detailing a fictitious case that they had to prepare witness and attorney procedure for, both on the defense and the plaintiff side.
"They read it, take it, move it, put their own spin on it. They see things that we never see and we've been at it a long time," said Robin Bozian, a Southeastern Ohio Legal Services attorney who advises the Warren teams.
Students spent the day questioning witnesses, making rebuttals and objecting over the provided case, which Warren coach Ray Smith, also a local attorney, said is a thrill, especially when his teams make it to state competition. Smith and Bozian said the loss of practice because of the recent winter weather hurt, but everyone rose above it.
In this year's case, fictitious Philips High School agrees to license naming rights of its field to a large corporation. Students protest this action and the school district responds by installing security cameras and searching the students' lockers. The students claim the school district has violated their rights under the First and Fourth amendments.
"There are always points that you forget something, but there are always other attorneys to help you out," said Warren student Kaleb Deem, a witness for the plaintiff. "It's always good competition."
Alexis Hupp, a Warren student who played a plaintiff attorney, said that though nerves always set in, it's important to be able to think quickly.
"It's fun to see the attorneys have to re-word things on the spot and still get what they need out of the witness, and they get completely blindsided," she said.
Warren's Team Athos advanced after winning two sections of the competition. The team also boasted two outstanding attorney awards in Trent White and Amanda Davis, as well as two outstanding witness awards in Logan Reynolds and Katie Johnson.
This was one of the few times two teams instead of one advanced to regionals, as a team must win at least two of the day's competitions to qualify.
Federal Hocking's Team Gold made sure Warren was not the only area to school to move on.
"Being an attorney can be stressful, and dealing with the kids makes it incredible," said Douglas Francis, a Federal Hocking coach and public defender in Athens County.
Eli Kasler, a Federal Hocking senior who advanced with Team Gold, portrayed the vice president of the fictitious soft drink company involved in the case. Kasler, along with several of his classmates, are taking a practical law class that helps feed into the mock trial teams, which he has been doing since his freshman year.
"It's kind of like a play, but you're using law and actual cases, and it's pretty fun because you get to pick out what you do," he said.
Several students expressed that they did not necessarily want to become lawyers after high school, but were still interested in law. Others competed in the mock trial just did it for the fun and the competition.
"They may not become lawyers, but this teaches them how to speak in front of a group and learn how to be persuasive in their speeches and their speaking," Smith said.
"And think on their feet," Bozian added. "You have to react to everything."
Many area schools, like Belpre and Fort Frye, have put their own hats in district competitions before. Smith said in the spirit of good local competition, he hopes that Marietta High School, who has yet to enter a team, will do so in the future.
Regional competitions will be held at to-be-determined locations across the state on Feb. 21. Teams that advance from will compete in state competition March 6-8.
The state winner will advance to the National High School Mock Trial Championship May 8-10 in Madison, Wis.
Ohio District Mock Trial Competition District Winners:
Sponsored by the Washington County Bar Association
-Warren High School: Team Athos-Trent White, Amanda Davis, Logan Reynolds, Katie Johnson, Gillian Amrine, Meghan Rice, Lara Eksi, Brogan Davis.
-Federal Hocking High School: Team Gold-Raj Lyons, Colleen Byron, Ben Conrad, Evan Bradford, Austen Burns, Kayla Honesty, Luke Fredricks, Eli Kasler, Mallory McIntyre, Brad Collins.
-Regional Competition: Feb. 21, State Competition: March 6-8 in Columbus, National Competition: May 8-10 in Madison, Wis.


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The Nav Bharat Democratic Party bears true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established and to the principles of socialism, secularism and democracy and would uphold the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.
The Nav Bharat Democratic Party is striving towards a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch. Republic is a government formed by people elected by the population, in the best democratic way.
The Nav Bharat Democratic Party believes in the concept that the state is governed, not by the ruler or the nominated representatives of the people but by the law. The Constitution of India intended for India to be a country governed by the rule of law.
The Nav Bharat Democratic Party's definition of good governance is a administration where even the weakest and the most vulnerable sections of society have an equal stake in charting the country's growth. Everything starts and progresses from this single idea. In governance, the Nav Bharat Democratic Party is committed to the ideals of transparency, efficiency and responsiveness. The party believes that Good governance is to promote and sustain holistic and integrated human development. The central focus is to see how the government enables, simplifies and authorises its people, regardless of differences of caste, creed, class, and political ideology and social origin to think, and take certain decisions which will be in their best interest, and which will enable them to lead a clean, decent, happy, and autonomous existence.
The Nav Bharat Democratic Party's object is the well-being and advancement of the people of India and the establishment in India, by peaceful and constitutional means, of a Socialist State based on Parliamentary Democracy in which there is equality of opportunity and of political, economic and social rights and which aims at world peace and fellowship.
The Nav Bharat Democratic Party strongly stays in agreement to the principle of government that defines the relationship between the central government at the national level and its constituent units at the regional, state, or local levels. Under Federalism, power and authority is allocated between the national and local governmental units, such that each unit is delegated a sphere of power and authority only it can exercise, while other powers must be shared.
The Nav Bharat Democratic Party affirms that Solidarity is unity which produces or is based on unities of interests, objectives, standards, and sympathies. It refers to the ties in a society that bind people together as one.


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Yesterday marked 8 months since I met my beautiful little daughter. I love motherhood and how easily it fits and feels like the life I have been leading forever. I love how motherhood makes all the stressful things in life that never go away (money, school, work, sickness, etc...) seem so unimportant in comparison.
There are days when I feel like I have gotten absolutely nothing done, I haven't talked to a single person that understands what I am saying and can talk back, I never even got around to brushing my teeth (gross, I know), it feels like I have been cleaning all day but there are still dishes the blasted sink, and in the moment it can feel incredibly mundane and little. When those days happen, and they are not even close to everyday, I let my thoughts and my gross breath get to me and it sometimes feels like my life has no point. Every time I get down in the dumps thinking those inaccurate thoughts I look at my daughter and suddenly remember my life has incredible meaning. I am raising a daughter of God. I have been given and blessed with this huge and wonderful responsibility. This is the most important thing I will ever do. I look at her and hold her close, smell her heavenly scent, and I feel this love for her that makes my chest want to explode. I loved her the second I found out I was pregnant and second I laid my eyes on her tiny little body. She is starting to get a personality and I realize I don't just love her as my daughter, I lover her for her. If that makes sense. Its amazing. This motherhood thing.
These last 8 months have been so much fun (it got much more fun once she started sleeping through the night, I will admit that). Avery now has 4 teeth, lots of hair growing in, and absolutely no desire to crawl or even roll around on the ground for that matter. I feel like she is going to walk before she crawls. She talks her own language of baby babble A LOT, and very loudly (especially while the sacrament is being passed). Tantrums anyone? Yes she throws tantrums, which totally took me by surprise, by the way. I had no idea a little 6 month old baby cold throw a temper tantrum. She loves attention but I am convinced her most favorite thing to do in whole world his pull my hair out by the handfuls. I understand the "mommy haircut" now and may be sporting it soon.
In honor of her 8 month birthday yesterday, I took some pictures of her in the front yard. Surprise, surprise....I know.


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I think its a temporary one till January. The next court date is January. I am not sure if he will do a full 2 year order. I met him through mutual friends. We spend 5 days in September together and he lived with me. Then 7 days in December. He lived in my apartment. Then, in February for his birthday i flew down there and was with him for 3 days. we called and face timed multiple times of the day. Again, we had plans for future and he wanted me to move down to florida for med school while we were in the relationship.
I was lurking till 3 weeks ago. I had to stop because it was making me depressed. I blocked them again. I am barely living now. i don't enjoy life at all. I do things to barely surviving. Half of my memory before him is gone. My memory before him is blurry. My brain can't grasp it. i guess this is due to the 3 month depressive episode i had to go through.
Sometimes i have false hope (if you want to call it)that he will come back, i pray for God to even bring him back. I still look forward to apply to med schools down in florida.
Why do you mean it has gone way too far off the rails to ever be repaired? I really wish i never met him. He did mess me up. I don't deserve this for loving him. I fight against suicidal thoughts every day. its like a war between my head and heart. I wouldn't even wish this on my worst enemy.


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Sri Lanka opens work on US$3.85B refinery near strategic port
Hambantota, Sri Lanka (AFP) — Sri Lanka began construction Sunday of a nearly US$4 billion oil refinery it hopes will revive foreign interest in its shipping facilities after Beijing's takeover of a nearby port spooked international investors.
Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe said Hambantota, a district in Sri Lanka's south which lies on one of the world's busiest shipping lanes, would become a global investment hub with the addition of the oil refinery and storage complex.
The US$3.85 billion project is the single largest foreign investment in Sri Lanka's history. It is jointly funded by Oman and Singapore-registered Silver Park International, a company owned by an Indian business family.
The oil facility is near the port of Hambantota, which was controversially leased to a Chinese state-owned firm in 2017 for 99 years after Sri Lanka failed to service a loan from Beijing.
The circumstances surrounding China's acquisition of the port generated concern in neighbouring India and beyond over Beijing's expanding presence in the Indian Ocean.
But the government pointed to this new line of cash pouring into the region as proof foreign investors were not deterred by that experience.
"The interest shown by the Oman government, the interest shown by many other investors from other parts of the world shows that Hambantota will become a truly international investment zone," Wickremesinghe said Sunday.
Wickremesinghe also said he hoped to strike a deal within three months with Indian airport authorities to revive a US$210 million airport in Hambantota dubbed the "world's emptiest" international terminal for its lack of flights.
The oil storage tanks are expected to be completed within two years while the refinery is due to be up and running by 2023.
Once fully operational the refinery — the second in Sri Lanka — is to export nine million tonnes of petroleum products annually.
The Indian Ocean island nation does not have oil of its own. It refines imported crude, but the existing refinery is unable to meet demand.
The Hambantota port was built by former president Mahinda Rajapakse, but like many of his ambitious infrastructure projects it ended up a white elephant.
Unable to service the loan, the Wickremesinghe government in 2017 leased the Chinese-built port to a Beijing company for US$1.12 billion.
This stoked controversy, with Beijing rejecting suggestions it ensnared Sri Lanka in a "debt trap" to acquire the port.
Several major foreign-backed projects were put on hold last year amid a constitutional crisis after President Maithripala Sirisena's aborted bid to remove Wickremesinghe.
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STEVENSON, Md. – Stevenson scored six runs over its final two at bats to defeat McDaniel 10-6 in non-conference baseball action on Friday.
Ricky LaSota (Burtonsville, Md./Paint Branch) led the Green Terror (1-3) as one of three players with three-hit outings, rapping out three hits in four at bats with two runs scored. Patrick Christopher (Union Beach, N.J./St. John Vianney) and James Chiorello (East Windsor, N.J./Lawrenceville Prep) added 3-for-5 outings.
Justin Anderson, Scott Merkel and Brad Blum led the Mustangs (5-3) with two hits each.
Trailing 5-4, Blum notched a one-out single to left field in the bottom of the seventh before stealing second and advancing to third on a passed ball.
Jordan Wright followed with a walk to put runners at the corners before a Josh Morris sacrifice fly scored Blum to knot the game at 5-all.
An error and wild pitch allowed pinch-runner Heath Johnson for a 6-5 lead.
In the home eighth, Matt Bratter reached on a one-out error to spark a frame in which the Mustangs scored four unearned runs, proving to be the difference in the final score.
Back-to-back singles from Merkel and Brian Poppleton plated Bratter before a stolen base and fielder's choice put runners at first and second with two outs.
Johnson followed with a two-run double to center field before scoring on a second error in the frame for a 10-5 lead.
Marshall Betts (Berlin, Md./Stephen Decatur) and Jimmy Najera (Fort Washington, Md./DeMatha) drew back-to-back walks off reliever Tyler Anzmann to lead off the top of the night
After a strikeout, Mike Freeman (Lititz, Pa./Warwick) reached on a fielder's choice to score Betts but Anzmann got another ground ball to end the game.
A Chiorello single, wild pitch and two consecutive errors staked McDaniel to a 1-0 lead in the top of the second.
Back-to-back sacrifice flies by Joe Fiore (Point Pleasant, N.J./Point Beach and Brandon Hayward (Salisbury, Md./J.M. Bennett) stretched the lead to 3-0.
A Merkel single, sacrifice bunt, stolen base and Blum RBI groundout trimmed the deficit to 3-1 in the third before an Anderson one-out single and Zac Stavish home run knotted the game in the bottom of the fourth.
Singles from Betts and Najera coupled with an error put the Green Terror back in front one-half inning later.
In the bottom of the fourth, Blum singled with two outs in the second before stealing second and scoring on an error to once again tie the game.
A LaSota double in the fifth chased starter Joe Walinksi. Reliever Tim Pyle got a ground ball and fielder's choice before a Hayward double plated LaSota for a 5-4 lead.
Danny Snight (Silver Spring, Md./St. John's College) struck out four batters in 4 2/3 innings but finished with a no-decision.
The Green Terror returns to action at the RussMatt Central Florida Invitational. McDaniel opens the eight-game Florida trip with a doubleheader against Lesley on Saturday, Mar. 10. The first game begins at 12 p.m.


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Call for Applications for Global Engagement Grants. Deadline: Mon, Nov. 1, 2016
The Center for Global & Local Engagement is expanding its travel grant program this year in support of the strategic plan, St. Thomas 2020: Living Our Mission, Expanding Our Horizon and its Globalization Theme:
The University of St. Thomas will actively promote global engagement in teaching, learning, research and service in an ethical and socially responsible manner. We will accomplish this goal by developing global and intercultural awareness across the university; integrating global knowledge, skills and perspectives into the curriculum; enhancing study-abroad and off-campus learning opportunities; attracting international and ethnically diverse domestic students; and supporting a globally engaged faculty and staff.
For the first time, applications are invited for participation in a Study Abroad Partner Site Visits. St. Thomas partners with nationally-recognized organizations who facilitate undergraduate study abroad experiences. Site visits are designed to offer home campus faculty and staff first-hand on-site knowledge about students' experiences and the diverse academic and cultural landscapes in which they study abroad.
Four grants are available to cover registration or program fees for one site visit:
Grants may require nomination or application; GALE staff will provide the necessary documentation.
A completed grant proposal consists of the following:
Deadline for complete applications is Monday, November 1, 2016, 4.30 PM.
Post-Grant Reporting: No later than one semester after completing travel, awardees agree to submit a brief written report to GALE, summarizing the on-site experience, providing a plan for meeting the outcomes listed in the proposal and next steps. Grant recipients should also plan to participate in an on-campus event, such as a dinner discussion, workshop or presentation.
the academic programs offered including program structure and content and host institution/CIEE Study Center facilities and faculty.
the physical location and attributes of the CIEE Study Center, host institution, and student housing.
the health, safety and security procedures.
the student housing and meal options.
the overall experiences of students currently participating in the site program(s) including academics, program excursions, co-curricular activities and daily life.
the roles and responsibilities of on-site CIEE resident staff and faculty.
Past participants have included Study Abroad Advisors and Directors, faculty with an active interest in promoting international education and college/university administrative staff who have a direct role in promoting Study Abroad within their institution.
Each Study Center site visit is designed for participants to gain first-hand knowledge about the on-site facilities, meet with faculty, resident staff, and students, and acquire a better understanding of the culture and local environment in which the programs operate.
DIS welcomes education abroad professionals, faculty, administrators, academic advisors, and student affairs staff to an International Educators Workshop (IEW):
Monday, March 13- Friday, March 17. 2017 (with optional visit to DIS Copenhagen on Thursday, March 16).
The week will include opportunities to:
Workshop Fees:
Registration (covered by GALE), $400
Homestay (up to six nights) $400
Optional daytrip to DIS Copenhagen (covered by GALE) - $100
The registration fee includes:
pre-departure and on-site materials & support,opening reception, two lunches, mysig middag (small group dinners with staff & faculty), concluding dinner, transportation and entrance fees for field studies, refreshments throughout the week, and a 24-hour emergency contact
The homestay fee includes:
accommodations, transportation between DIS and your homestay, as well as breakfast and some dinners throughout the week
The optional daytrip fee includes:
roundtrip flight, local transportation, and lunch
Please note: for those not joining the daytrip to Copenhagen, there will be full IEW programming in Stockholm on that day


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Chiropractic for a Healthier and Happier Pregnancy
Pregnancy Chiropractor in Ogden, Utah: Dr. Burke Larsen offers chiropractic care for expecting mothers. When your body goes through the various stages and trials of pregnancy and labor, your spine is subjected to extreme amounts of stress. After all, it has to constantly adjust itself to bear the growing weight of another person over a short time frame of just nine months. The center of gravity shifts forward and weight gain adds stress to the spine of the expecting mother. This stress frequently causes lower back pain, headaches and migraines, nausea, insomnia, and other symptoms that can wreak havoc on your quality of life.
Did you know that regular chiropractic care throughout pregnancy can help Mom and Baby be healthier? Did you know that it can shorten labor times and lessen pain? Research has shown all of this to be true. While pregnant, Mom releases a hormone called 'Relaxin' that loosens her joints and ligaments to make room for the little one growing inside. Chiropractic care can help make sure everything is in the right position to allow maximum room and proper positioning for Baby and reduce Mom's chance of injury – because Baby's positioning affects not only Mom's comfort, but also her labor and birth.
Webster Technique for a Happier Pregnancy
Dr. Burke uses a gentle technique called Webster that helps ease Mom's discomfort and ensure proper positioning of Baby. This technique can turn babies in-utero and help avoid birth trauma associated with breech births and cesarean births.
Over 50% of pregnant women complain of lower back pain during pregnancy, caused primarily by the weight that must be balanced by an overworked spine and support system. Furthermore, how smooth and uncomplicated your delivery is has a lot to do with the state of your body. A body that is stressed, misaligned and worn out can result in complications during delivery – resulting in anything from a painful delivery to problems with positioning the baby correctly.
Because significant spinal trauma can occur during the birth process, many parents elect to have their newborn's spine checked right after birth. Mom's comfort and health is of utmost importance during this delicate time, so Dr. Burke takes special care to come to you at home if desired or to the hospital or birth center if permitted.
A study performed by the American Medical Association Board of Trustees concluded that women who received chiropractic care during their third trimester of pregnancy were able to carry and deliver with far more comfort. Plus, the need for painkillers was also reduced by half in several patients in another well-known study.
Schedule Your Appointment for Pregnancy Chiropractic
Call (801) 479-3200 or Click the Button Below to Request an Appointment Online:
Schedule Appointment
the button to schedule your appointment! Schedule Appointment