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He recalled to me about a day while on patrol in France; As they were walking down a dirt road, he curiously noticed dust flying up around him. He couldn't make sense of it when he suddenly realized that they were being shot at from a distance. The shooter was so far away that they couldn't hear the gunfire. He yelled, "Hey, they're shooting at us." Everybody hit the ground. Pinned down by enemy fire, Nat could feel the bullets penetrating the ground beneath him. They guy in front of him yelled "Mother, I'm hit." Nat reached up and put his hand on the foot of the wailing soldier and said "You'll be okay." The boy never answered. This was the first of many soldiers Nat would see die.
Another time, Nat was in a trench and was again pinned down by enemy fire. He was waiting for support when suddenly a Panzer tank rolled over him and stopped. It began firing and he said it was both deafening and terrifying. Every time the tank fired, the ground shook, the ditch he was curled up in was crumbling around him. Nat thought that that was going to be the end of him. American tank support approached from the other side and the Panzer tank retreated. Nat would live to see another day.
Nat remembers it being very cold his first winter over there. Many boys had frost bite on their feet and were taken out on stretchers because they couldn't walk anymore. Some even had to have their feet amputated. Nat didn't smoke but took every opportunity to scavenge cigarettes which he would light and hold them cupped in his hands in an attempt to keep his fingers warm. He would sometimes tunnel in the snow at night in an effort to keep warm from the deep, still cold.
Nat and ten other men found themselves being shelled one day. A bomb exploded nearby and everyone was hit by shrapnel. Nat was hit in the heel of his foot. Everyone was lying on the ground either unconscious or unable to move. Nat, on his butt, grabbed each man by their armpits one at a time and on his butt, dragged them to safety and lifted them each over a nearby stone wall. One boy told Nat to save himself and leave him but Nat said no and saved everyone there. He later received a Purple Heart, Bronze Star, and Silver Star for saving the lives of his fellow soldiers that day.
Nat often spoke of killing many Germans but would never go into detail about what happened. He would pause, choke, stare off, and at times tears would well up in his eyes. He considered what he did to be murder. It has been sixty years and he still breaks down into tears when he talks about what happened. When Nat returned home, his dad was standing on the train platform waiting for him. As Nat got off the train, his dad ran up to him and hugged him. Nat said that that was the first time his dad ever hugged him. Again, Nat breaks into tears as he tells the story. He has asked me many times to drive him to the cemetery where he always weeps at the grave of his parents.
Nat was taken advantage of by some smooth talking, slow, methodical and unspectacular young man with some sort of a felony conviction in his past. He told Nat that he would take care of him for life if Nat signed his house over to him. Nat did. Nat didn't want to risk winding up in a nursing home but wanted to die in his own home. This young man was his salvation. Nat had almost a million dollars in savings and it was willed to his nieces and nephews, his only living relatives. The young man knew that the only way he could get the money was to spend it. He had an addition put on the house, new roof, new wiring, new appliances, AC and began purchasing antiques. The house is filled with so much antique furniture that there is only a narrow path through any one room. The garage has three brand new Cadillac cars in it. Nat told me that the latest purchases had been a $30,000 sofa and $20,000 tub. The young man just makes the purchases and expects Nat to sign the checks, which he does.
Family and friends have all contacted the police, social services or the department of the aging but technically no crime has been committed. When questioned by authorities, Nat says everything is okay. He did confess to me one day that he made a terrible, terrible mistake. Despite all of that, the man is taking care of Nat in his own home and Nat's dying wish will be completed. A promise is not to be despised, not even when its advocate is no gentleman.


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My eyes are constantly "Craving Beauty" and during one of my hunts to feed my hunger, Avery Nejam's graphic art came to rescue. Making hearts skip a beat with her interpretation of my favorite musical artist (and baby father) Pharell, tapping into my long lost childhood with Pee-Wee Herman and ET riding off into the sky, and having me consider rocking frames, Avery has my mind bursting at the seams. This incredible woman speaks to a generation through her art and beautiful approach to life.
Scroll down to find out more on Avery Nejam
What are some of the greatest influences in your career?
The greatest/tragic experience that influenced me to take hold of my career would have to be escaping death in Shanghai, China. In 2012 I had a series of pretty severe health problems caused from Crohn's Disease which included three blood transfusions, three major abdominal surgeries, and the removal of my entire colon. While traveling in Shanghai, China, I had a massive flare of Crohn's, causing me to become severely anemic. I was hospitalized in Shanghai for the remainder of the trip before making the long journey back to the U.S.
My road to recovery was far from easy and has been an entire two years coming, so when it's all taken away, you start to realize that we all live with a false sense of invincibility and that tomorrow really isn't promised. Whatever it is you want to say or do…say or do it now!
Coming out on the other end of things I've learned that, "Tragic events which cause change in our lives are often the root of emerging opportunities."
Where do you draw inspirations from?
Everywhere. I like to try and keep four eyes open at all times. (Do my red glasses count as an extra set of eyes?) I never know where that next piece of the inspiration puzzle might come from. Keeping my mindset open to anyone, anything, anywhere is a vital mantra to nurture my creativity. Someone that has been an unlikely yet consistent inspiration to me throughout my life is Tina Turner. My obsession started at a very young age and still to this day there are no words to describe the way she has changed the game for all creative women to not only overcome the many hardships life has to offer but to realize that there is truly no river too deep or mountain too high. And as a female in the art world like myself, I am forever grateful. She's 'Simply the Best.'(pun intented.)
When did you discover your passion in the arts? Was there a significant turning point that promoted you to pursue your passion professionally?
Skateboarding is where it all started. It's the root of everything I do. I started skateboarding when I was 5 years old, so you can say somewhere between then and now (I'm 22), a flame of creativity was lit and has no plans of going out anytime soon.
Where are your favorite places to skate?
Growing up in Jackson, MS I was one of the only female recreational skateboarders in town and there weren't any skate parks. But as a kid, I used to go to skateboard camp every summer in Oregon at a place called Windells. When I was 13 years old we built a 5ft half pipe with a 7ft extension in my parents backyard, so The Nejam household quickly became every bodies favorite place to skate in Jackson. Nowadays I enjoy skating bowls and learning the occasional old school trick here and there but for the most part I'm a cruiser.
What role does music play in your creative processes?
Being from Mississippi, music has always held a special place at the crossroad of Highway 49 and 61 within my soul. (Robert Johnson reference) From Robert Johnson to Muddy Waters to Bo Diddley, it's safe to say that if it wasn't for the Mississippi blues, there wouldn't be Rock n Roll.
I feel as though artists in any creative field, "create to relate" most prominently in music, but if I can create that experience visually…I've done my job. So to answer your question, music is and always will be the driving force in my workflow and encompasses the mood and feel of everything I create.
What's your favorite albums on your rotation?
Damn, that's too hard to answer…It's safe to say my taste in music is wide and far, crossing over many genres, which I think can be picked up on through my body of work as a whole especially through some of the music artists I've created work around.
I love your personal style! What are the go to items in your closet right now?
I'd say my fashion style would be described as tomboy chic. My red glasses will always be a staple and I'm a pretty big hat fanatic. My fedoras are made by Goorin Bros., and my 5panel cap collection is split pretty evenly between Supreme and Obey. As far as shoes go, my favorites would have to be my Adidas Basket Profis, all of my Dr. Martens(I've been collecting docs for years), and my latest obsession, which are platform Chuck Taylor Converses. For clothing…I love anything Commes Des Garcon and I'm heavily influenced by Japanese street styles.
I really love your "Iconify Me" piece (Shown above) . What personal message are you expressing with that piece?
'Iconify Me.' is my coined ideology that the characteristics that set us apart, often become our trademarks. What we're remembered by. 'What makes you, you.'(for me, it's my red glasses!) It was while in art school in both NYC and Boston (I attended Parsons New School for Design & The School of the Museum of Fine Arts Boston) my 'Iconify Me' series was born. It stemmed from the revelation that people started recognizing me solely by my red glasses. But to touch on your original question, the ongoing series is a study of iconography and the literal representation of the word 'ICON.'
A person or thing regarded as a representative symbol of something
"To me, a true creative spirit means to fight the good fight, always rejecting Con…and creating Icon." -George Lois-
Besides my personal commission work I am the head Creative Director and Designer for 'DREAMTEAM.'(The creative collective of rapper PELL(@PellYeah )
Check out Avery's great work and updates:
Instagram: @averynejam

subset: commoncrawl


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- Product Details
- Soda-lime glass.
- Dimensions: 3" dia x 8" H, Volume: 28.5oz.
- Made in Japan.
- Care Instructions: Dishwasher safe, not for hot drinks, not microwave safe, do not apply direct heat.
- By Toyo Sasaki.
- Shipping Information
- Items in stock ship within 1 to 2 business days.
- Exceptions may apply for items marked Oversized.
- 30 days return or exchange except on items that are made to order.


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James Herd and Nick Behrens contribute to a piece analyzing the future of Telltale Games and their Episodic Method of Video Game development.
N4G is a community of gamers posting and discussing the latest game news. It's part of NewsBoiler, a network of social news sites covering today's pop culture.


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Adam Lambert's "Trespassing" tops the charts, selling 77,000 units. Underwood was good for third with 54,000 units, down 55 percent.
Lionel Richie remained in the top 10 with "Tuskegee, which slipped from third to ninth. His disc sold 39,000 units, down 45 percent.
The charts will be officially out on Thursday.


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We report an approach to achieving continuous focus tracking and a depth-independent transverse resolution for real-time optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging. Continuous real-time focus tracking is permitted by use of a lateral-priority image acquisition sequence in which the depth-scanning rate is equivalent to the imaging frame rate. Real-time OCT imaging with continuous focus tracking is performed at by reciprocal translation of a rapid lateral-scanning miniature imaging probe (e.g., an endoscope). The optical path length in the reference arm is scanned synchronously to ensure that the coherence gate coincides with the imaging beam focus. The image quality improvement is experimentally demonstrated by imaging a tissue phantom embedded with polystyrene microspheres and rabbit esophageal tissues.
© 2005 Optical Society of AmericaFull Article | PDF Article
OSA Recommended Articles
Xiumei Liu, Michael J. Cobb, Yuchuan Chen, Michael B. Kimmey, and Xingde Li
Opt. Lett. 29(15) 1763-1765 (2004)
Tuqiang Xie, Shuguang Guo, Zhongping Chen, David Mukai, and Matthew Brenner
Opt. Express 14(8) 3238-3246 (2006)
P. R. Herz, Y. Chen, A. D. Aguirre, K. Schneider, P. Hsiung, J. G. Fujimoto, K. Madden, J. Schmitt, J. Goodnow, and C. Petersen
Opt. Lett. 29(19) 2261-2263 (2004)


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The Xiaomi Mi 5 rumors and leaks have been surfacing for months now. The company has already confirmed that the phone will be unveiled on February 24th both in Beijing and Barcelona, and they company's officials have also confirmed various aspects of this phone. The Mi 5 is confirmed to sport a 1080p (1920 x 1080) display, Snapdragon 820 64-bit quad-core processor, NFC and two SIM card slots. That being said, the phone's detailed specs leaked out recently, and we'll talk about that in a minute, let's first focus on the newest piece of info, shall we.
We've seen tons of Mi 5 leaked images thus far, some of those images were hard to believe, others look fairly believable. Well, a couple of new images leaked recently, though these images are not exactly leaked shots of the actual device, but more of a concept renders created by a third-party side based on various leaks. If you take a look at the gallery down below, you'll get to see six Xiaomi Mi 5 concept renders which show off a device similar to the Samsung Galaxy S6. The phone sports a metal chassis which is stuck between two sheets of glass. The speaker grills are placed on the bottom of the phone, and in-between them you'll notice the Type-C USB port. The power / lock and volume rocker physical buttons are placed on the right-hand side of the device, and a physical home button is located below the display. The 3.5mm headphone jack is available on the top of the device, and you also get a good look at the phone's camera, dual-LED flash, and the Xiaomi branding on the back. The side bezels on this phone are quite minimal, but they're still there it seems.
That being said, the Xiaomi Mi 5 is said to arrive in both 3GB and 4GB variants. The 3GB model will, allegedly, ship with 32GB of internal storage, while the 4GB variant is expected to sport 64GB of native storage on the inside. The microSD expansion slot will also be available here, if leaks are to be believed, and on the back of the phone you'll be able to find a 16-megapixel snapper. Android 6.0 Marshmallow will probably come pre-installed on the Mi 5, and the company's Android-based MIUI 7 OS will be available on top of it.


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Last year I did a review for a company that recommended you spend 2 to 2.5 times the child's age per subject per day. I thought this was a very reasonable number, and usually stay close to this guideline unless of course we are working on something they are so delighted with and into that we keep working.
Our school day starts at 9:30 every morning. The time in the morning before 9:30 is spent getting up and ready for the day and completing morning chores. When the "early birds" wake up, they are allowed to watch television until it is chore time. My 6 year old helps feed and water chickens for his morning chores in addition to getting himself ready and taking care of his breakfast dishes, and my 8 year old feeds and waters the cat.
At 9:30 we start our day with our Bible Lesson and Scripture memorization. This usually lasts 15-20 minutes. For Scripture memorization we are using My ABC of Bible Verses learning a new verse every week starting with a different letter of the alphabet. Our Bible Lesson is from Bible Study Guide For All Ages which includes timeline work, studying the different books of Bible and a coloring sheet with a different Bible story every day.
After Bible it is time for our read aloud. I read aloud to all the children daily from a chapter book for 15-20 minutes per day. The younger children are allowed to draw or play quietly while I read. The books we are reading are suggested by the American History curriculum I am using with the older boys.
|Christian drawing a picture
|Anthony playing a fishing game he made while I read
After I am finished reading, they are excused. Often they will go upstairs and build Legos or on nice days they head outside.
Unless of course it is a science day and we are doing some fun experiments. Then they stay and participate. We do science on Tuesdays and Thusdays.
After lunch they get plenty of time to run and play outside.
We have been watching an episode of Liberty's Kids everyday to help "bring to life" what we have been learning about in history. Those episodes are about 20 minutes long.
After that they still had a few minutes before afternoon school work.
Afternoon school work starts with Math. All of my children use Math U See. Christian is in Alpha and Anthony is in Beta. It usually takes 10-15 minutes for them to finish.
Next up is writing. They are doing copywork from IEW PAL. It only takes them a few minutes to do a page.
The boys do spelling and reading together. We are using All About Spelling/Reading. The spelling part takes about 15 minutes and then each of them reads a short story out of the reader.
We read a few articles together out of God's World News Early Edition. This takes about 10 minutes.
To finish out their school day, they practice handwriting on the Wet, Dry, Try app from Handwriting Without Tears.
So that's about it. A day in the homeschool life of my 6 and 8 year olds. Around 40 minutes in the morning and 1 1/2 in the afternoon at the most counting 20 minutes of educational TV.
This still leaves plenty of time for building forts, inside on rainy days.
*link to All About Spelling/Reading is my affiliate link. I only form affiliate relationships with companies whose products I actually use and can recommend.


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Audiophile Class A/B (Much better sound quality than Class D used by almost all competitors)
Bi-Amplifed in SPL Mode, Tri-Amplified in SQ mode! 12 separate amplifiers!
Total MAX amplifier output power is 1000 Watts
Total continuous sinewave output amplifier power is 660 Watts RMS
Optical analog audio limiters to prevent distortion at any volume level
Active 2nd order crossovers set to 2.5kHz for woofer low pass and tweeter high pass
Active 3rd order subsonic (infrasonic) filter at 32Hz
Designed to use very little power at low volumes for long battery life and conservation
The entire 190 mil aluminum front panel of the DiamondBoxx is the amplifier's heatsink so it will never overheat, even when playing full volume for hours.
Meter with 10 White LEDs displays battery level in 10% increments when DiamondBoxx is turned on, then becomes stereo VU peak meter with 6dB increments. Also used for True Wireless Stereo indication (TWS)
2 carat (8mm) CZ Diamond backlit with LED indicates battery level while DiamondBoxx is playing music. White Diamond = Good, Red Diamond = Charge soon
3.5mm AUX input on front panel to plug in audio from: iPhone/iPad/iPod (all generations), any other phone with a headphone jack, Tablet, TV,
XBOX, PlayStation, Wii, other gaming, laptop, PC, MAC, Projector, just about anything
2.1Amp (10 watt) USB charge port on front panel to charge mobile devices (any phone or tablet)
aptX HD Bluetooth 4.2 with True Wireless Stereo -- Range up to 50 feet line of sight
Six 5.5 inch (150mm) active woofers, aluminum cones, rubber surround, neodymium magnets, low 3 ohm impedance, steel integrated grilles
Eight 1 inch (25mm) high output titanium dome tweeters, liquid cooled voice coils, neodymium magnet with heatsink, low 3 ohm impedance, steel integrated grilles
Two 3 inch (76mm) Helmholtz resonators, tuned to 42 Hz
500 mil thick MDF enclosure with bracing for improved bass (MDF wood provides great sound quality, much better than plastic)
190 mil thick 6061 aircraft grade aluminum front panel, anodized and laser etched with aluminum bracing for improved bass
Leather pro audio handle, feels great, folds flat. Rated for 220 lbs
Sealed with and finished in DuraTex™
Finished Dimensions 28 x 19 x 11.2 inches (with feet and handle)
Total Weight approx 41 - 43 lbs depending on battery option (18 - 19 kg),
Shipping Dimensions 32 x 24 x 16 inches
Shipping Weight 48 - 50 lbs
125 mil thick 6061 aircraft grade aluminum rear panel, hard black anodized and laser etched. Jacks for battery charger and input/output loop for linking multiple DiamondBoxxes
231 Watt hour or 462 Watt hour latest generation lithium-ion power cell will power the DiamondBoxx up to 25 or 50 hours. 3 or 6 hours at MAX volume (too loud to stand next to for 3 or 6 hours) depending on mode, volume, and music genre.
7 Amp voltage and current regulated charger, charges a totally dead DiamondBoxx XL in 3 (231 battery) or 6 hours (462 battery)
Can be used while charger is plugged in
Battery can be fully charged and discharged well over 1000 times (6 years if fully discharged and charged every other day), still keeping 80% of its capacity after this
2 years against all defects in materials, electronics, battery, charger, and workmanship.


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Cave Crazy….
Every sport has it's blog, and the best cave diving site I've come across so far is called Speleonet. Not a very sexy name, but what really matters is what a little clickin' will find. And I found one pretty cool video (seemingly set to 1970s porn music…), a lot of great random pics, and plenty more. Cave diving. Sport of wingnuts…
"Damn, this place reminds me of Hef's grotto…"
(Entrance to Actun Tunichil Muknal, Belize. Photo by Alan Hunt)


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I just started this book and already I'm in love with it. It's confirming everything I've felt my whole life about gender relations on the domestic front when children are added to the equation and how this affects every aspect of a woman's life from self-care to career success. Continue reading
Category Archives: depression
Still Face Experiment
Humans are wired for connection. We develop emotional resilience and stress tolerance from our earliest experiences with our primary caregivers. These caregivers also help orient us to the world. Research now indicates that we carry our earliest attachment patterns from infancy into adulthood for better or for worse. Continue reading
The Nature of Grief and Loss
The Shift That Frees People From Perfectionism
"Perfectionism develops as a way to cope with that defective sense of self and a sense of not fitting in with others, not fitting in with the world, not having a place in the world,"
An article from Thrive Global about how dangerous perfectionism is to our health, happiness and connection with others.
About two decades ago, a woman knocked on the door of Paul Hewitt, a clinical psychologist based in Vancouver, Canada. Outwardly, Anita — the pseudonym given in Hewitt's new book — had everything meticulously together: she told her therapist of an idyllic childhood, the supportive family she came from, the daughter she felt close to, her broad network of friends. But the loss of her mom, who was her closest friend and confidant, was a big blow to her; it had happened ten years earlier, and it was a continued source of hurt and anger. More recently, she'd injured her shoulder, forcing her out of her career in food science. However successful she appeared, she was actually suicidal and depressed.
She had tried many treatments to deal with her depression and thoughts of suicide, but none worked; she used the "runner's high" from long distance swimming as a way to cope with her loss, though the shoulder injury ended that. Few people in her life knew the depth of her pain. She had come to Hewitt because he'd heard an interview with the University of British Columbia psychologist where he talked about the links between depression, suicide, and perfectionism.
"She was one of the most suicidal people I've ever worked with," he tells Thrive Global. Anita's transformation serves as the central case study in the new book Perfectionism: A Relational Approach to Conceptualization, Assessment, and Treatment, co-authored by Hewitt's frequent collaborator Gordon Flett, of York University, and the private clinical psychologist Samuel F. Mikail.
Over the past three decades, these researchers have found that far from being a quirk of high-achievers, an innocent humblebrag you give to job interviewers when they ask you what your greatest weakness is ("I'm sometimes a perfectionist")—this way of approaching life creates or amplifies all sorts of mental health issues. It also signals a problematic relationship with the self. "It's not a way of thinking," Hewitt says. "It's a way of being in the world." Continue reading
The Enemy Within- The Power of Self-Acceptance
I just finished re-watching the sixth episode of the first season of the original Star Trek (if you count the pilot.) It does a fair job of illustrating the basics regarding the dangers of non-acceptance and non-integration of the shadow-self with the persona. These are terms Carl Jung used largely to replace Freud's terms, "conscious" and "subconscious." (The persona being the self we tend to show the world- often our "best" attributes- while the shadow-self is largely unconscious and comprised of aspects of ourselves that society, culture or family have told us are "bad.") If explored, accepted and integrated the shadow-self provides us with much of our creative energy and power. In this particular episode, an alter ego of Kirk is sent back with the original Kirk to the SS Enterprise when the transporter malfunctions. Continue reading
Teaching Men to Be Emotionally Honest
For many years I have been speaking to the increasing shift in traditional gender roles and the ways in which this shift is altering the power differential between the sexes. In my practice, I see these changes manifest in a variety of new and interesting ways, both adaptive and maladaptive. My work is primarily with men and this latest New York Times article gives a comprehensive overview of the very real and immediate need to foster and accept emotional vulnerability in men for the sake of their health and success.
"Last semester, a student in the masculinity course I teach showed a video clip she had found online of a toddler getting what appeared to be his first vaccinations. Off camera, we hear his father's voice. "I'll hold your hand, O.K.?" Then, as his son becomes increasingly agitated: "Don't cry!… Aw, big boy! High five, high five! Say you're a man: "I'm a man!"
How Meditation, Placebos and Virtual Reality Help Power 'Mind Over Body'
From a recent episode of Fresh Air: "While researching the book Cure, science writer Jo Marchant wanted to understand how distraction could be used to nullify pain, so she participated in a virtual reality experiment." Continue reading
'Fake it 'til you make it' is psychologically damaging
Our lives and careers are filled with examples of inauthentic behavior. We feign interest in meetings or laugh at our boss's bad jokes in order to be positive team members, build relationships, and accomplish shared goals. This is how we get along—and it is how some of us get ahead.
The Strain of Being On-Call
"A recent study links extended work availability with decreased calmness, mood, and energy levels. By looking at industries from technical services to nursing, the study evaluated the effects of being on-call — that is, not at work, but being expected to remain available by phone for questions or customer requests. Continue reading
The Emotions Behind Procrastination
Procrastination is a topic that comes up often in my practice. Successful professionals well-versed in time management and theories of organization come in searching for answers and strategies to address delayed action in some key areas of their lives. Continue reading


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Data here. Protocol here. In a collaboration with Scott Michael and Sharon Isern from Florida Gulf Coast University and Florida Department of Health, we have recently received several travel-related cases detected across Florida. We have now managed to sequence Zika virus genomes from three of these case and the data and analyses can be accessed here.
Read More


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The aim of the book, a revised Göttingen-PhD, is to elucidate the arguments in Plotinus' work on the presence of being, one and the same, everywhere as a whole, which -- due to Porphyry's editing -- has come down to us in the form of two treatises. Tornau's comments concern both philological and philosophical issues. The text on which his discussion is based is the editio minor by Paul Henry and Hans-Rudolf Schwyzer; occasional dissensions are listed on p. 13. Towards the end (pp. 499-509) we find a summary of Plotinus' thoughts which allows us to surmise the author's own interpretation. The book ends up with an adequate bibliography but, unfortunately, does not contain indices.
As Porphyry tells us in his biography of Plotinus, "Once I, Porphyry, went on asking him for three days about the soul's connection with the body, and he kept on explaining to me" (VP 13.11-13, trans. by A.H. Armstrong). Many passages in his Sententiae witness that he was seriously engaged in explaining these problems: sections XXX-XXXI can be considered as a short commentary to Enn. VI 4-5. This was a central point, indeed, for Plotinus' metaphysics as well, all the more because the relationship of the soul with the body can be regarded as the special case of the link between the intelligible realm and the sensible world. This connection indicates the subject of Enneads VI 4-5: while remaining the same the idea informs each individual thing of the sensible world without taking over their dividedness and suffering any loss in this process.
Tornau's work is an analytical commentary of Plotinus' treatises and therefore it is difficult to summarize the moral he draws from the text. The commentary is meticulous and careful and sometimes contains short essays elucidating certain passages. In what follows, first I shall be talking about some of issues which, displayed in exemplary clarity, offer to my mind highly rewarding reading. Next I shall be discussing some points in which I dissent from his views; on occasions, my dissension is far from being substantial.
Right at the beginning (15-21) Tornau devotes two long paragraphs to Plotinus' analysis of the status of the soul. He develops Plato's notion of participation in a way that ideas are connected to the sensibles via the soul. As the ideas constitute the content of the Intellect and become λόγοι in the soul, we can say that the soul is nothing but the Intellect working in the corporeal world (cf. V 8,7,14-16). Here Plotinus faces the problem of how the soul can penetrate the body. He rejects both accounts we can decipher from the Timaeus: (1) as a necessary accompaniment the soul is extended all along the body (35A), (2) the World-Soul envelops the body of the world (36E) and thus, in its wholesale presence, the soul would depend on the body. In interpreting Timaeus 35A Plotinus displays great independence insofar as he takes νοῦς as indivisible and the bodies as divided (IV 2,1,11-29). While the soul remains essentially indivisible, it is divided incidentally through the contact with the body (IV 2,1,33-37, see also IV 3,19,7-11). Plotinus thus transformed the original problem: the emphasis is now on how the soul can get in touch with the body. But I cannot think that we are allowed to downgrade earlier interpretations as taking the passage at 37A1-3 for a dogmatic proposition. No doubt, arithmetical and geometrical approaches can rely on Plato's text, but the same holds true of Plotinus' interpretation as well. Furthermore, Platonists in the early imperial period were not uniform in preferring mathematical explanation: Proclus (in Tim. II 153.25-154.1) lists Plutarch and Atticus working out an explanation in "physical" terms. He also adds (154.1 ff.) that Plotinus and his followers adapted a more philosophical interpretation but the contrast with previous views is that they placed the soul between νοῦς and αἴσθησις. How, then, can the indivisible soul be present at the divided bodies? The sketch of Plotinus' answer is to be found in VI 2. Tornau traces (pp. 34-40) the sources and shows that, along with Timaeus 35A, Plotinus drew heavily on Parmenides 131A-E: his answer to the dilemmas exposed here is that the assumption of intelligible being makes sense only if we think of a unity which is not subject to multiplicity in space. The argument in Parmenides 131A-E leads to aporia because the nature of the ideas has not been clarified. For this reason the measure of all kinds of being will be the corporeal things. Thus the ideas are also taken to show features characteristic of bodies, such as being divisible and spatial (p. 48). It goes without question that for a Platonist the soul must be separable from the body (p. 87), but there were Platonists who denied the transcendence of the soul.1
It has been rightly emphasised (61) that bodies participate in the intelligible according to their ἐπιτηδειότης.2 Looking for the origin of the notion Tornau draws attention to Aristotle's De Anima I 3, 407b12-26 where soul is defined as the form of a physical body which is potentially alive. To my mind, however, in Plotinus difference in deficiency is a structural moment of the matter. But it is the form that must be responsible for that. At any rate, deficiency is not uniform but varying. Where does this variety come from? Talk of προυπογραφή or, in later Neoplatonist, ἔμφασις does not indicate a clear way-out of the difficulty either. The distinction between compelling and persuasive arguments at the juncture of VI 4,4 separates the first part of VI 4, where arguments are intended to be compulsive and irrefutable, from the second part in which the aim is to persuade (pp. 90-93). Usually, the distinction is taken to be between dialectical and rhetorical reasoning. Tornau shows that the division is due to the subject-matter itself: compelling arguments can only be given at the level of νοῦς; by contrast, at the level of ψυχή we can argue with plausibility only (see V 3.6). His inference, however, that to have indubitable insight we have to transcend the level of discursive thinking seems overstated. We must qualify what kind of truth we are talking about, e.g., our soul receives the notion of the good from the νοῦς in the way that it is endowed with the standard (κανών) whereby to call something or someone good. This is not a sheer perceptual knowledge. A type of certainty can thus be reached at the level of the soul as well (V 3,3,1-11). Secondly, if the soul is number (VI 4,4,19-21) then thinking discursively about numbers takes place at the level of soul again. How can we say that conclusions and mathematical theorems are not necessary?
Connected to a recent controversy, Tornau remarks (p. 111) that individual souls do not lose their individuality when getting free of bodily influences (VI 4,4,40-42, IV 3,5,8-14). As the soul is a kind of form, from this one can safely infer that Plotinus accepted the existence of ideas of the individuals.3 Not independently from this, one could ask why the soul extends only to parts which are added to the body through growth but not to other distinct bodies (pp. 129-135). In other words, why do two separate bodies never have identical consciousness? To respond to the question is all the more important because the transcendent unity of the individual soul is derived from the unity of sense-perception (συναίσθησις). But how is it possible that the sum of souls, the soul as hypostasis, does not possess συναίσθησις? Plotinus' answer is based on the distinction between αἴσθησις as πάθος and αἴσθησις as κρίσις (VI 4,6,7-20, see also III 6,1,1-4; IV 4,22,30-33; 23,37-43). Accordingly, as a result of receiving the form of the sensible object by the senses πάθος belongs to the living and sensing body while κρίσις -- sense-perception in the strict sense -- means discrimination of πάθη.4 If αἴσθησις is primarily a πάθος, the unity of αἴσθησις depends on the unity of the underlying body. But unity of the body involves its continuity which in turn enables the soul to be present at the whole body and make it sensing. But I do not see in what sense we can call perceptual judgement intuitive (p. 140). The distinction between κρίνειν and λέγειν may refer to a distinction between judgement and its utterance or formulation. But the text may say a little bit more. The relevant portion of VI 4 runs as follows (6, 16-17): ἐπεὶ οὐδὲ παρ' ἡμῖν ἡ ὄψις τῇ ἀκοῇ λέγει, καίτοι ἔκριναν ἄμφω, ἀλλὰ ὁ λογισμὸς ἐπ' ἀμφοῖν· τοῦτο δὲ ἕτερον ἀμφοῖν. Now, a λογισμός is set over all the particular senses which can nevertheless judge, the judgemental capacity of the senses is restricted to reflecting on the activity of the sense itself only.5 Connecting perceptions of different kinds is the task of λογισμός. Alternatively, we may be allowed to say that by being capable of κρίνειν sense-perception can be propositional. This also fits in with the meaning of λόγος Tornau reveals here (pp. 226-228); it can mean either the rational statement or the thing of which such statement can be made, that is the thing which is endowed with a rational structure. Furthermore, it has also been emphasised that besides that "horizontal" meaning λόγος can also refer to a "vertical" relation: e.g., soul can be called λόγος τοῦ νοῦ (see also IV 3, 5, 17-18; 9, 48-9).
To avoid infinite regress in the form of the "third man" argument, Plotinus criticizes one of the presuppositions underlying the argument (p.251). Thus, there are two mutually exclusive forms of being F: either something has F in virtue of participating in F or it is F itself. The latter rules out participation in F and therefore we cannot call for an F'. Self-participation which involves -- in this context -- denial of self-predication as well is thus denied. Participation is characteristic of incomplete entities. But it does not seem to be an obvious answer to the query of self-predication. Plotinus might have thought that exclusion of self-participation implies rejection of self-predication, but to make it clear more explanation may be needed on behalf of the commentator. Tornau seems to accept that Plotinus is far from being definitive on this point.6
On pp. 371-376 we find an excellent discussion of the circle-metaphor which serves to illustrate the way in which multiplicity comes about. On pp. 371-372 we find a complete list of the occurrences of the metaphor. It can pertain to a great variety of relations (e.g., sense-perception to soul, νοῦς to the multiplicity of forms, νοῦς to the One) because on Plotinus' view superior beings are related to inferior ones as the one refers to the many. The circle in the metaphor is not only a symbol but true bearer of the features intelligible entities are endowed with, even if it contains them discursively.
Some small points. I am not sure that for Plotinus ontological priority of the soul over the body involves temporal priority as well (p. 21). Tornau does not refer to passages to support the case. κρᾶσις δι' ὅλων is not used in the passage referred to (IV 7,82, see p. 22), for the term, see II 7,1,1. The Stoics illustrated it with a wine drop being extended through water, SVF II 479 (= D.L. VII 151), 480 (= Plutarch, De comm. not. 37, 1078E). Plotinus used Stoic categories for his own purposes as well, e.g., see ἐν σχέσει καὶ τῷ πρός τι κεῖσθαι (VI 3,11,9). This is not a reference to Aristotle (p. 43). The index fontium in HS2 (Phys. IV 4, 212a5-6) does not apply to this point. For Aristotle, place does not exist separately from the body of which it is the place (pace p. 44). It is the immanent motionless boundary of the container (Phys. 211b20 ff.). Again (p. 45), for Aristotle the cosmos can be in place in a way -- only accidentally of course (Phys. 212b11-22). As for the effort to clean the νοῦς from all kinds of links to the material world (p. 72), it seems to me that on discussing how the heavens are "closer" to νοῦς Plotinus could not eliminate every reference to place (VI 3,17,1-12). The same holds true of the description of bodies "striving" for soul (p. 105). This metaphorical speech hints at a psychic force within bodies not yet contacting the soul. Contrary to what we read on p. 90 the difference between World-Soul and individual soul may not necessarily be considered essential by all Platonists. Theodorus of Asine (test. 26 Deuse, ap. Proclus, in Tim. III 246.32-247.11) posited two mixing-bowls, just like Atticus (fr. 14 des Places, ap. Proclus, in Tim. III 247.12-15), and the latter thought that the difference is qualitative only. Thus the substantial unity of the realm of the soul remains unchallenged.7 The use of the label "dualism" to denote the relation between ἕν and ἀόριστος δυάς might be misleading in this Platonic context (pp. 99-100). Dualism in strict sense implies two active principles whose conflict produces our world. In Plato, however, the testimonies do not indicate that ἀόριστος δυάς would be equally active. It is a passive principle throughout, waiting to be informed by the One. I am not sure either (pace p.113) that in Sent. 15 Epicurus treats πέρας and ἄπειρον in such a way. In fact, I do not see any relevance in Epicurus' statement to the issue under discussion. The argument in Aristotle, De Anima I 5, 411b6-9 may not be directed against a Platonic tripartition of the soul where the different parts are assigned to different bodily organs (p. 147). Aristotle, too, has different locations, e.g., the thinking part in the heart, not in the brain as Plato did (PA II 2, 648a6-8; 4, 650b35-6). In itself, the use of συνέχον in Aristotle does not imply local unity; it may also well be that the part that holds the soul together is lodged in a distinct organ of the body from which it exerts influence over the other parts of the soul. We can take the Demiurge and the ideas as the same (p. 208); more exactly, we can consider the Demiurge as the active aspect of the ideas. But why should we think that the concept of Demiurge makes sense only in a temporal (that is, literal) interpetation of the Timaeus? Plotinus favored a non-literal interpretation.8 P. 209: causa formalis and causa efficiens are not quite the same in Aristotle. If we take the formula ἄνθρωπος γὰρ ἄνθρωπον γεννᾷ, then the formal cause -- either we accept the notion of particular form or not -- is the species which is given over in the act of begetting, while efficient cause is the man who begets. The two do not coincide simpliciter. The only thing to add to the definition of man (on p. 268) as συναμφότερον of soul and λόγος (VI 7, 5, 3-4) is that the λόγοι constituting man are not different from the soul: they are its ἐνέργεια (VI 7, 5, 8-9). Tornau is well aware of the second passage as well (p. 267) but seems to overstate the difficulty of relating this notion to one according to which ζῷον is συναμφότερον of soul and body. P. 408: to my mind, the passage at III 6, 7, 25 is a clear reference to φαντασία. The mirror-simile goes back to Timaeus 71B4 where liver is said to be composed by the god in a way to have bright and smooth surfaces which can mirror images. The difference between σύνεσις and συναίσθησισις described as if the former can mean all kinds of self-consciousness (including self-thinking of the νοῦς), while the latter in the strict sense refers to the perception of the percipient's body (pp. 453-454). But it has already been pointed out that the two terms have a very similar meaning in many cases; e.g., though it may refer to awareness of other objects as well, συναίσθησισις can signify an awareness by the νοῦς of the One as its source (V 1, 7, 10-13).9 The kind of grasp referred to by ἀθρόα ἐπιβολή may not only be unified (p. 489) but also instantaneous.
All in all, my impression is that Tornau's book is thorough and offers rewarding reading even if it is not free of occasional repetitions. But he gives us plenty to think about. I am sure that all of us turning to these difficult treatises will find the commentary very helpful and for that alone the reader will be in the commentator's debt.
1. Some Platonists say that ψυχὴ ἀεὶ τῷ σώματι, see Stob. I 378.1 ff. W. (drawing perhaps on Iamblichus). Strictly speaking this is not to say that the soul is mortal for one can assume that in the very moment someone dies the soul transmigrates ("leaps over") into another body. Transmigration is thus instantaneous. For a general discussion, see M.O. Young, 'Did some Middle-Platonists deny the immortality of the soul?', Harvard Theological Review 68 (1975), 58-60. On the Platonist Ptolemy, see A. Dihle, 'Der Platoniker Ptolemaios', Hermes 85 (1957), 314-325, who makes him contemporary to Iamblichus. Against this assumption, see P. Moraux, Der Aristotelismus bei den Griechen. Vol.1, Berlin-N.Y. 1973, 60, n.6 2. For the origin of the term, see R.B. Todd, 'EPITEDEIOTES in philosophical literature: Towards an analysis', Acta Classica 15 (1972), 25-35. 3. The status quaestionis has been described by P. Kalligas, 'Forms of Individuals in Plotinus: A Re-examination', Phronesis XLII (1997), 206-228, arguing that Plotinus endorsed the view that there are ideas of the individuals. 4. Up to this point, the solution echoes Aristotelian ideas; on κρίσις in Aristotle, see Th. Ebert, 'Aristotle on What is Done in Perceiving', Zeitschrift für philosophishe Forschung 37 (1983), 181-198. But Plotinus' terminology is not settled, as Tornau shows. 5. On the passage see also H.J. Blumenthal, Plotinus Psychology. The Hague 1971, 102; H. Benz, "Materie und Wahrnehmung in der Philosophie Plotins. Würzburg 1990, 187 n.22. 6. Another point, the direct participation by the participants in the idea, has been stressed by S.K. Strange, 'Plotinus' Account of Participation in Ennead VI 4-5', JHS 30 (1992), 479-497. 7. On the whole issue, see Proclus, in Tim. III 246.29-250.28 Diehl. Both Atticus (fr.7 = Eusebius, Praep. Ev. XV 9.1-4) and Theodorus (test. 35 = Proclus, in Tim. 246.23-27) stood for the essential unity of the World-Soul and the individual soul. Plotinus supposed that Plato had thought of two mixing bowls (IV 8,4,35-39). 8. See J. Dillon, 'The Riddle of the Timaeus', M. Joyal (ed.), Studies in Plato and the Platonic Tradition. Essays Presented to John Whittaker. Aldershot 1997, 25-43, and M. Baltes, Die Weltentstehung des platonischen Timaios nach den antiken Interpreten. Vol.1, Leiden 1976, 123-136. 9. See F. M. Schroeder, 'Synousia, Synaisthesis and Synesis: Presence and Dependence in the Plotinian Philosophy of Consciousness', ANRW II 36.1, 677-699.


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Heat waves and hold-ups at the University of East Anglia
Tue, 27 Nov 2012
Children will be invited to explore the history of dangerous highwaymen and climate changing effects of carbon dioxide at two University of East Anglia Christmas lectures next month.Environmental scientist Dr Nem Vaughan will begin the event on December 15 by exploring what happens to the 36 quadrillion grams of CO2 humans release into the atmosphere each year.
Through a dynamic and interactive presentation, the audience will discover how CO2 moves around the planet through the seas, sky and trees - and how it builds up in the atmosphere as the Earth gets warmer.
Dr Vaughn said: "Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is a good thing - without it our planet would be a lot, lot cooler and it wouldn't be a pleasant place to live. However, you can have too much of a good thing!
"The whole audience will take part in discovering what happens to the CO2 once we have put it in the atmosphere, how it is soaked up by the land and sea. We will need some volunteers on the day to help explore how the CO2 builds up in the atmosphere, and the effect this has on the planet's temperature."
Dr Thomas Ruys Smith, from the university's School of American Studies, will then delve into the mysterious and often perilous world of highwaymen and gamblers.
Travelling in the past was often a dangerous activity - whether people were riding along the roads of 18th century England or journeying on the steamboats of 19th century America, their trips would often be disrupted by a highwayman or professional gambler who was after "your money or your life!"
He will introduce some of the most infamous highway bandits and Mississippi River gamblers, demonstrate the ingenious ruses they would use to part their victims from their money, and what steps the public took to avoid them.
Dr Smith said: "I think it's fascinating that two different groups of criminals who preyed on innocent travellers in the past still have a place in contemporary popular culture, and are often talked about in very romantic ways.
"In my talk I want to take a closer look at these perennial scoundrels. We'll try to separate fact from fiction and think about how and why these villains frequently became heroes in story and song."
The 'Heat waves and Hold-ups' lectures take place on Saturday, December 15, from 10am-12pm in Lecture Theatre 1, UEA.
The event is free, but by ticket only, and all children must be accompanied by an adult. Tickets are available by calling 01603 592130 or emailing firstname.lastname@example.com.


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No matchup in the NFL is more highly anticipated entering the 2013 season than the two meetings between the San Francisco 49ers and Seattle Seahawks, making a battle between Colin Kaepernick and Russell Wilson the best place to start this year's "Be The GM."
Kaepernick and Wilson have combined for just 30 career starts, including their five postseason games last season, but their budding rivalry figures to be one of the best in the NFL.
Wilson finished 2013 with a 100.0 passer rating after a somewhat tepid start over his first eight games in which he had a 4-4 record. Wilson had a 128.6 passer rating in November and 115.2 in December while going 7-1.
Wilson completed 64.1 percent of his passes and threw an interception in just 2.5 percent of his attempts, showing remarkable poise for a rookie. Wilson also added 489 yards on 94 attempts and four touchdowns.
Wilson instantly took command of the Seahawks' locker room and his leadership abilities are remarkably advanced. Wilson would have been in the conversation with Andrew Luck and Robert Griffin III for the top overall pick in the 2012 NFL Draft if he were two inches taller and he proved in his rookie season that it doesn't even truly matter. Wilson may not have as much pure upside as Luck, Griffin or even Kaepernick, but he is one of the surest bets at quarterback. Wilson will undoubtedly get better at more than a year younger than Kaepernick and he may be the most durable of the four.
Kaepernick's body of work is even smaller than Wilson's, but the production has been even better. Kaepernick completed 62.4 percent of his 218 regular season attempts and threw an interception in just 1.4 percent of those. Kaepernick's decision-making and accuracy was far more advanced than expected and the strength of his arm puts the entire field in play vertically and horizontally.
Like Wilson, Kaepernick is gifted as a runner but is on another plane. Kaepernick ran for 415 yards on 62 attempts (6.6 yards per carry average). His 181 yards and two touchdowns on 16 attempts in the Divisional Round against the Green Bay Packers was one of the most dominant performances from a quarterback in history and even 25 percent of that production would make Kaepernick a future Hall of Famer.
These two teams have an entire collection of players that would have been the best nominee for a large handful of other teams with the likes of Aldon Smith, Patrick Willis, Mike Iupati, NaVorro Bowman, Earl Thomas, Bobby Wagner and Richard Sherman.
CLICK HERE to vote for Kaepernick or Wilson.


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A Muskathlon is an ultimate endurance event – like a marathon – set in the heart of places around the world suffering extreme injustice. Muskathlons trigger change.
The Muskathlon adventure offers an unforgettable sporting experience whilst giving impactful first hand exposure to the good work of local organisations fighting against injustice. In addition to the event, all participants raise significant funds which are given directly to specific charities so that the impact of this huge injection of funds can be observed whilst on the trip. A Muskathlon is a life-changing experience engaging the mind, body and soul like nothing else. A Muskathlon is unique.
Frequently Asked Questions
What immunisations do I need? We are not medical experts, therefore we strongly advise that you speak to your GP surgery or local travel clinic as they can advise if there is any other specific to yourself, or if the recommendations have changed.
Do I need Malaria tablets? In our experience, the places we travel to all advise us to have the Malaria tablets. We again, strongly advise you to seek advise from your GP. Please note that some tablets need to be taken several weeks before travel as well as afterward.
Do I need my own travel insurance? YES; We do not offer group travel insurance. You will not be covered on our insurance therefore we would recommend you get your own policy. Please make sure that you are covered for a race/event in your policy.
Can I extend my stay if I am in the group booking. Unfortunately there is no chance to extend your stay if you are part of the group booking. If you wish to do this, you will need to book your own flights and accommodation arrangements for the period outside our event.
How long do I need left on my passport. In accordance to the government guidelines (www.gov.uk), you will need a minimum of 6 clear months remaining on your passport from the date of entry and will also need 2 clear pages.
Do I need a VISA? Yes you need a VISA. This can be done either before you fly out, which is what we would advise. You can obtain this easily online. We will update you with a web link once you have signed up.
How do I take my bike? You will need to pack your bike in a BIKE BOX. You can either borrow one from a friend, buy one or hire one for £6 per day from somewhere like 'Bike Box Hire' http://www.bikebox-hire.co.uk/...
Will I need a mosquito net? The Hotels will all have mosquito nets. If you have one or would like your own please feel free to bring it with you.
How can my family and friends stay in touch with the trip? Your mobile phone should work If you wish to use it. Be aware that your carrier may charge you and It can get expensive so we do not advise this. Most hotels will have WIFI although in Africa It can be very 'unpredictable'. We recommend Skype, Face Time or WahtsApp which all work using WIFI.
Is there an emergency number I can give to my family? Yes we will give you 2 contact numbers and emails. These will be confirmed in a Travel Guide which will be sent to you as a PDF one month before the trip and also a printed copy which you will receive at the airport on departure.
What is the schedule? We have a basic schedule on the website. Full details will be included within the 'Travel Guide'.


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Located strategically in the exquisite region of Nahan, Nestling Meadows is an imposing accommodation option in the lap of the magnificent Himalayan Range and staggering backdrop. The conventional warm hospitality and custom-made services mixed together with first-class services make for an excellent accommodation experience.
The rooms of this thriving two-star accommodation option in Nahan are the archetype of soothe. The restaurant of this hotel serves an assortment of delightful dishes. The interiors of these airy rooms are exceedingly impressive and render a majestic stay to the guests. The dedicated hotel staff strives to make the accommodation of the guest congenial and memorable.
The comfortable two-star hotel includes spacious and tastefully designed rooms that are elegantly laid and planned with attention-grabbing interiors as well. The lavish facilities offered in the rooms make firm an unperturbed stay of the guests.
For cancellation of your hotel booking due to any reason/reasons, you need to update us with a written application and pay some cancellation charges. Find the booking cancellation slab given below.
Please note that these above mentioned cancellation charges will be applicable from the date we receive your written cancellation request.
Nearest Railway Station: Barog Junction Railway Station (50.1 Km)
Nearest Airport: Chandigarh Airport Jaipur (91.2 Km)
Nearest Bus Stand: Nahan Bus Stand (5.5 Km)


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The seventh annual IFLR India Capital Markets Forum took place in Mumbai on January 18 and explored the different trends and opportunities in the equity and debt markets, as well as touched upon opinions on government policy.Attracting over 400 delegates this year, the IFLR India Capital Markets Forum 2017 brought together key regulators with leading practitioners from banks, corporates and top international and local law firms to discuss and debate the vital issues for raising capital in a panel session format.Download the 2017 brochure hereDelegates were able to:
Who attended?
Environmental, social and governance concerns are no longer an afterthought – but opinions and standards still vary
Is consolidation a good thing for the EU financial sector?
IFLR's Wibl networking group provides a platform for inclusive debate around fostering female talent in the profession.
Visit its LinkedIn page to find out more, and IFLR's awards page for details on the annual ceremonies.
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The role of "extended reality" in sport & an overview of key global licensing considerations
Published 22 February 2018 By: Laura Jeffords Greenberg, Diana M. Martinez
The sports industry uses advances in technology to shape the fan experience, especially for fans not able to attend the live event, in a number of ways. Fans can access different types of sports content, such as the live game, highlights, and analyses because of online streaming services. Apps that offer league and team–generated content also help fans can also feel as though they are part of the game. For example, the Major League Baseball At Bat app offers customized home screens and icons, live updates on subscribers' favorite teams, highlights, and team schedules and rosters. Teams have also developed official apps to offer team–specific content, such as Football Club Barcelona's live updates on the club's matches, videos, statistics, and team schedules. In both of these examples, the services are to some extent limited by the rights licensed by the club and/or league to third parties including broadcasters.
Emerging technology adds another dimension to the fan experience. This technology is known as extended reality, and refers to virtual, augmented, and mixed reality. This article will:
provide a primer on extended reality and its current and potential future uses in the sports industry; and
explain the necessary licensing considerations required in the U.S., Germany, UK, Brazil, and Japan; and
detail best practices for industry players incorporating this technology to alter the fan experience.
Extended Reality (XR) and its uses in the Sports Industry
XR refers to both virtual and augmented reality. Virtual reality (VR) places the user in an immersive environment that the user can explore using a head–mounted display. A content creator can create VR either as a game, or a 360 degree video. In contrast, augmented reality (AR) superimposes a piece of digital content on to the real environment all while the user is viewing the environment on a device. For example, the IKEA Place app allows the user to test out a piece of furniture by digitally placing that piece in the user's desired living space.
Most recently, the sports industry has readily adopted XR to shape the fan experience, in both VR streaming and providing fans with AR content. We will look at each of these in turn.
VR Streaming
Streaming is a public service — which fans may or may not have to pay for — that provides pre–recorded content. Companies that provide these services include Netflix, Amazon, and Spotify. In the sports context, the NBC Olympics VR App will offer spotlights on athletes participating in the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang.i On the other hand, broadcasting is a private service that fans must pay for — think NBC, ABC, and Fox — that provides live content. Every game of the 2017-2018 NBA season will be broadcasted in VR.ii Also, EuroSport will offer sports fans in Europe with 50 hours of live coverage of the 2018 Winter Olympics.iii While the lines may blur between streaming and broadcasting, the distinction is important because each type of service may have its own set of rules and regulations.
Analysts have speculated as to the future uses of VR in the industry. Companies could enhance broadcasting by selling virtual tickets to fans.iv Because these tickets would overcome the physical constraints of a stadium, franchises could sell an unlimited number of tickets.v Take the Super Bowl as an example. The stadium only has so many "box seats", but if the NFL used virtual tickets, it could sell an unlimited number of box seats to virtual fans.
AR Content
The sports industry has slowly adopted AR to create league or team–generated content, including game statistics and analyses, face painting, and a giving the fans a chance to play the game. The MLB's At Bat app enables fans to view a batter's statistics by pointing the device at the field. Other franchises offer a face–painting app that features the team's logo, such as the NFL's Baltimore Ravens, and the MLS' Toronto FC. The NBA's Cleveland Cavaliers Pop A Shot game invited fans in the stadium to play the game during timeouts by pointing their smartphones at the scoreboard and swiping on the device to shoot basketballs into an AR hoop.
In terms of the future uses of AR in the industry, analysts have noted that AR can foster a sense of community among sports fans, especially on game day.vi For instance, Manchester City provided fans in the stadium with and interactive match day programs. Fans would scan a player's photo in the program, and unlock a video featuring that player. Analysts also note that the industry could use AR to drive engagement both during and after game day.vii For the latter, Zappar partnered with Manchester City to give Man City fans "fan mail" that unlocked additional content after game day.viii Finally, leagues and teams could use AR to track consumer and fan behavior, and use that information as a basis for future marketing plans.ix
Licensing Considerations
XR can shape the fan experience both inside and outside of the stadium. But actually implementing XR either through VR streaming or AR content may require a license. This is because the party who owns the content has certain rights in the content, and the owner may not be the same party who offers either VR or AR services. To use these services, the licensor (the league, team, or another entity who owns the content) must license or give permission to the licensee (party who offers the service) to use the content.
The resulting contract is a licensing agreement. While drafting this agreement, the parties should consider the rights that are involved, who owns those rights, whether the law requires and/or imposes restrictions on these types of agreements and take precautions to avoid infringing the rights of broadcasters that may offer similar services to consumers.
There are four key areas of law that parties should keep in mind: trademark, copyright, the right of publicity, and media. The sections below outline the key considerations for each of these areas in the US, Germany, UK, Brazil and Japan.
United States
Trademark: In the U.S., trademark law protects marks or logos that identify the source of a good or service. For example, trademark protects Manchester City's logo on a jersey because it signals to consumers that the Manchester City franchise produced that jersey. Once a licensee determines that a trademark is part of the content, the licensee must figure out who owns the trademark. Generally, leagues own the league logos, while individual teams own their respective team logos.
The parties should also consider licensing requirements and restrictions. There are no formal requirements for trademark licensing, nor are the parties required to register the license with the United States Patent and Trademark Office. The license agreement is governed by contract law, which varies from state to state.x In considering whether to license the trademark, a licensor should bear in mind that it is responsible for controlling the nature and quality over how the licensee uses the mark, otherwise the license may be invalid.xi
Copyright: Copyright protects an original work of authorship that is fixed in a tangible medium of expression. In the U.S., copyright protects a wide range of works, including movies, music, software, and certain sculptures. The copyright holder has a number of exclusive rights, including the right to make copies, distribute, create works based off of the original work, publicly perform and display the work.
Ownership can be complicated because the U.S. recognizes the concept of joint ownership, where authors own different parts of a copyrightable work. For example, the copyrightable parts of a movie include the music, the script, and the arrangement of creative elements, where X, Y, and Z own those parts, respectively.xii A licensee must consider whether joint authorship applies so that it obtains a license from the copyright holder(s).
In drafting the license agreement, parties should also be mindful of copyright license requirements and restrictions. There are two types of licenses: exclusive and non–exclusive.xiii Under an exclusive license, the licensor cannot license the content a party other than the licensee, whereas a non–exclusive license allows the licensor to license the content to other parties. Each type of license has its own set of requirements. If the parties opt for an exclusive license, the agreement must be in writing and signed by the copyright owner.xiv There are no requirements for a non–exclusive license.xv To further complicate matters, U.S. copyright law also recognizes the copyright owner's ability to terminate the license within a certain period of time, and the owner cannot waive this right contractually.xvi
Right of publicity: The right of publicity is a person's right to control how their name, likeness, and
personality is used for commercial purposes. Because law on right of publicity varies from state to state, it is important for a drafter to consider which state law applies.
Right of publicity ownership in the sports industry depends on the league because some leagues have established separate entities that own this right.xvii For instance, the NFL Licensing Form grants the NFLPA the exclusive right to use their name, likeness, signature and picture in licensing product programs involving five or more players."xviii Therefore, a licensee has to consider whether the league or a separate entity owns the right, and obtain a license from that entity.
Media: Online services, such as VR streaming and AR content, are also governed by media law. The governing administrative body that oversees broadcasting and telecommunications is the FCC, but currently, it does not regulate online streaming services.xix Therefore, the licensee does not have to worry about getting a license from the FCC. Still, however, the parties must comply with the FTC's rules and regulations that protect consumers from unfair business practices.xx A best practice is for the parties to contractually delegate one party to review the content and figure out whether it complies with the FTC.
Example: Let's take the Sacramento Kings' fan app as an example. Because the video includes the Kings' logo, trademark law is involved. Copyright also comes into play because the video is a short film that features creative elements. The video displays one of the Kings' players bouncing a basketball all while imposed on the real world, which triggers the right of publicity. Lastly, because the content is delivered over the internet, the FCC's rules do not apply, but the content must comply with the FTC's rules and regulations.
International Licensing: Because we live in a world where cross-border sporting events (think the Olympics and the World Cup) are commonplace, parties should also consider each country's set of laws while drafting the license agreement.
The countries we will briefly explore are Germany, the UK, Brazil, and Japan.
Trademark: In Germany, a trademark is protected once a party registers the mark with either the German Patent and Trademark Office, or with the European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) or the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).xxi This registration distinction is important for enforcing a license agreement. Even though parties do not need to register a trademark license, a license agreement that involves a mark registered with the EUIPO or WIPO is enforceable if the license registered with either office.xxii Therefore, parties should strongly consider registering the license with the appropriate office. There are also limitations on trademark license agreement that parties should keep in mind. The parties can contractually restrict the license in time and space, as the terms comply with Germany's unfair competition law.xxiii
Copyright: While Germany has a few established licensing organizations, parties do not have to register a copyright license.xxiv Parties can form a license agreement either orally or in writing, but if must be in writing if the license is for an unknown type of use.xxv Parties can freely restrict the license in time, space, and content, but they should be cautious of drafting broad terms because German courts tend to construe license terms narrowly.xxvi Also, Germany's copyright law protects an author's personal rights that is inherent in the work, and the owner cannot license these rights.xxvii
Right of publicity: Germany indirectly protects the right of publicity through cases that recognize the personality right.xxviii Similar to trademark and copyright, the licensor can license this right to third parties through a contract.xxix
Media: In Germany, broadcasting is regulated by the Federal State media authority, from which broadcasters must obtain a license.xxx It is unclear whether online streaming services companies have to obtain a similar broadcasting license because online streaming may not qualify as broadcasting.xxxi However, the Federal State media authority shut down PietSmiet TV's YouTube Channel because it did not apply for a broadcasting license.xxxii Therefore, the licensee should strongly consider applying for a broadcast license.
The UK
Trademark: Parties should keep in mind that the UK recognizes three types of trademark licenses: exclusive, sole, and non–exclusive.xxxiii Exclusive and non–exclusive licenses are defined the same way as under U.S. law. A sole license gives the licensor and the licensee the right to use the trademark.xxxiv For parties that opt for an exclusive license, the agreement is not enforceable unless it is in writing and signed by the trademark owner.xxxv Regardless of the type of license, trademark registration is not required unless a party is involved in a trademark infringement suit and wants to recover the costs.xxxvi
Copyright: Similar to trademarks, parties should consider the three types of licenses mentioned above, and the different requirements associated with each type of license.xxxvii Exclusive licenses must be in writing and signed by the licensor.xxxviii If parties do not meet these requirements, the licensee has the contractual right to use the work, but the agreement itself is not enforceable.xxxix Non–exclusive licenses, on the other hand, do not have any formalities.xl Regardless of the type of license, parties do not need to register the license.xli In figuring out ownership, the UK recognizes joint ownership, where authors own different parts of the work.xlii If the license involves joint ownership, the licensee might have to obtain a license from all of the copyright owners.xliii When drafting terms, parties should also consider limitations on personal rights, which the author can waive.xliv Other nuanced rights that parties should keep in mind are performers' rights — in which performers have certain rights to their performance — and publication rights — where a party who publishes a copyrightable work first after it has expired owns the copyright.xlv
Right of publicity: The UK indirectly recognizes the right of publicity, from copyright, passing–off, trademark, data protection, advertising law, misuse of private information, and confidential information.xlvi Whether the licensor can license this right depends on which law applies. A party cannot license this right if it falls under data protection, but may otherwise license the right under the other areas of law.xlvii A best practice is for the licensor to contractually specify which law governs the right of publicity.
Media: In the UK, Ofcom is the main administrative body that oversees digital content distribution by broadcasters. It is unclear if parties who offer pre–recorded content qualify as broadcaster, but if they do, they must comply with Ofcom's standards, and notify Ofcom of the online services it provides, but otherwise do not need to obtain a broadcasting license.xlviii Parties should contractually decide which party is responsible for ensuring that the content complies with Ofcom's standards, along with providing Ofcom with notice.
Trademark: Brazilian law does not specify different types of license agreements, nor are there any formal requirements. However, parties must record trademark license agreements with the Brazilian Patent and Trademark Office in order to enforce the agreement against third parties.xlix The parties should contractually delegate this task to make sure that the agreement is enforceable.
Copyright: In Brazil, a party can privately negotiate to license a copyrightable work.l The resulting license agreement is governed by Brazil's contract law.li Even though there are no formal requirements for a copyright license, parties should have the license agreement in writing.lii Because Brazil recognize joint ownership, a licensee might have to negotiate with all of the authors of a single work.liii Also, parties should bear mind that Brazil's copyright law protects moral rights, which cannot be licensed.liv
Right of publicity: Unlike the other countries discussed, Brazil recognizes a right that broader than the right of publicity known as image rights, which can be licensed.lv For broadcasting, Brazil's Pelé Law determines the amount of compensation a network must pay in order to obtain the right to the player's image right in broadcasting a sporting event, however, it is unclear whether online services qualify as broadcasting.lvi To err on the side of caution, parties can use Brazil's Pelé Law as a guide for determining compensation.
Media: While Brazil has recently developed broadcasting regulations, it is unclear whether Brazil's broadcasting regulations apply to online services, such as VR streaming and AR content.lvii
Trademark: Japan recognizes both exclusive and non–exclusive trademark licenses, and allows parties to opt for either type.lviii An exclusive license prevents the trademark holder from using the mark, unless the parties agree otherwise.lix Regardless of the type of license, parties must negotiate the terms and comply with Japan's contract law.lx There are no licensing requirements, however, parties should strongly consider registering the license with the Japanese Patent Office, otherwise the agreement will not be enforceable.lxi
Copyright: Japan's copyright licensing scheme is pretty lax compared to the other countries discussed because there are no formal license requirements and registration is not required.lxii There are no laws that impose restrictions on licensing, however, parties should consider having the agreement in writing.lxiii For ownership, parties should also keep in mind that Japan recognizes joint ownership.lxiv
Right of publicity: Japan recently recognized the right to publicity through its case law. This right has been inferred from Japan's Constitutionlxv and the Civil Code,lxvi but most recently, the Supreme Court expressly recognized this right.lxvii There have been no other developments since that court decision, however, parties would be best advised to include the right of publicity in the licensing terms.
Media: Currently, it is unclear whether parties that offer online services are considered broadcasters under Japanese law.lxviii Whether these parties qualify as broadcasters determines which licensing regulations and standards apply.lxix Because of this uncertainty, parties should err on the side of caution and register with the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communication, and also consider whether to allocate this responsibility contractually.
International treaties
Trademark: Along with each country's trademark nuances, parties must also consider whether international treaties, such as the Madrid Protocol System, the Paris Convention, and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), apply.
Copyright: Similar to trademark, international treaties that address copyright protection and infringement, such as the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, and TRIPS, may also come into play.
Best Practices for XR Content Creation
After dotting all of the i's and crossing all of the t's in the license agreement, the real fun begins: creating the XR experience. To create a truly immersive and engaging experience, there are a number of technical and commercial considerations for the content creator to keep in mind.
360 Degree Video
A 360 degree video, unsurprisingly, gives the user a 360 degree view of the environment. Because these videos form the basis of an XR experience, a content creator should implement best practices to ensure that, at its base, the experience is realistic, high quality, and keeps the user engaged. While shooting a video, the content creator should avoid excessive camera movement especially when shooting action scenes and level the horizon to prevent the user from experiencing motion sickness.lxx The content creator should also avoid panning and tilting, and use a slower pace than traditional videos.lxxi After shooting the video, the content creator has to stitch the footage together in order to create a 360 degree environment. This process requires investing in good quality stitching software.lxxii
Virtual Reality
If the content creator opts to add another dimension by creating a VR experience, there are a host of different factors to keep in mind to ensure that the user is engaged. The content creator should give allow the user to interact with the content in different ways, and guide the user by providing basic directional cues.lxxiii Google added to this list by conducting a study a couple of years ago, and found that giving the user an active role by allowing them to make decisions, enabling access to otherwise inaccessible spaces, and playing around with different camera angles can help ensure that the user is engaged.lxxiv
Augmented Reality
Alternatively, the content creator may opt for creating an AR experience. In designing the experience, the content creator should design and place the objects in a realistic manner, and think about the user's comfort, i.e. how long they have to hold the device.lxxv The content creator should also anticipate spatial challenges for users in less-than-optimal physical environments.lxxvi In order to fully immerse the user, the experience should take up the entire display of the device, and perhaps provide the user with audio and haptic (tactile) feedback.lxxvii
It's unsurprising that the sports industry has readily adopted XR through VR streaming and AR content. But in implementing XR, both content owners and service providers have to take a step back, and think about domestic and international licensing issues especially in the areas of trademark, copyright, right of publicity, and media law. After drafting a license agreement, a content creator must face logistical and creative decisions depending on the type of XR experience. Regardless of which experience the content creator opts for, XR has strong potential for the future by adding another dimension to the fan experience.
Copyright notice
This work was written for and first published on LawInSport.com (unless otherwise stated) and the copyright is owned by LawInSport Ltd. Permission is granted to make digital or hard copies of this work (or part, or abstracts, of it) for personal use provided copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage, and provided that all copies bear this notice and full citation on the first page (which should include the URL, company name (LawInSport), article title, author name, date of the publication and date of use) of any copies made. Copyright for components of this work owned by parties other than LawInSport must be honoured.
- Tags: Augmented Reality | Extended Reality | Media Rights | Virtual Reality
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Laura Jeffords Greenberg
Laura is the Senior VP of Business & Legal Affairs at Little Star Media, Inc. in New York City, where she oversees business development and all legal matters. Previously, Laura worked as in–house counsel for Red Bull Media House in Austria. She also worked at a few law firms in Los Angeles, where she explored employment, entertainment, and sports law after graduating from Loyola Law School, Los Angeles.
Diana M. Martinez
Diana is a third–year law student at Loyola Law School, Los Angeles, and a remote legal intern at Little Star Media, Inc. Born and raised in Toronto, she studied Psychology and specialized in Music Cognition at McMaster University. Her interest in extended reality piqued during the Pokémon Go phase, where her forthcoming law review article discusses data privacy issues in the AR context.


text: Artifact Details Title Keys Catalog Number 102668172 Type Physical object Place Manufactured La Grange, Illinois, U.S.A. Identifying Numbers Other number GH561 Stamped on one side of each key Dimensions overall: 1 3/4 in x 7/8 in x 1/8 in Description One (1) set of two identical brass keys, attached to a thin-wire, silver-tone key ring. Both sides of each key are marked "GRAYHILL LA GRANGE, ILL." Both edges of each key have been notched. A small white envelope from the Aachen Computer Museum, Germany, is included with this record, and is marked "Schlussel fur die Harris-Kousole." Category Component/other Collection Title SAP Collection Credit SAP Collection, Computer History Museum Lot Number X3709.2007


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Statement of Purpose
The Braddock Road Preservation Association is an advisory organization that seeks to research, develop, interpret and promote the French and Indian War history of Jumonville, Dunbar Camp, and the Braddock Road. A secondary purpose is to research, develop, interpret and promote the history of the Pennsylvania Soldiers' Orphans School. The Association functions in an advisory capacity to the Board of Directors of Jumonville, Inc.
Check out the Sutler's Shop, to see our newest item: a 30th anniversary commemorative coin designed by BRPA board member, Joan Mancuso, available with shipping or to be picked up at the November seminar. These were only produced in a limited quantity of 100. First come – first served. The size of the coins are 2 inches.


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by Tad Barton
School sports tend to slow down during summer break, but they don't come to a complete stop. Many teams attend camps and tournament to fine tune their skills, improve, and compete.
The San Juan High football team has been hard at work since about the middle of May, with a focus on getting stronger in the weight room and improving speed and agility through a variety of running and footwork drills.
The Broncos also had another chance to get better Saturday, June 9, when they hosted the first ever Blue Mountain Classic 7 on 7 passing tournament.
While days in the weight room and on the field working on footwork are important, it's always nice to get a break from competing with yourself and your teammates and compete against other teams.
Four teams from different Four Corners area high schools joined San Juan for a day of competition and the opportunity to improve their skills in the passing game. Those participating include San Juan, Monticello, Mancos, Monument Valley, and Monument Valley, AZ high schools.
The morning started off with three pool play games for each team. The results from the pool play were then used to seed a single-elimination tournament.
San Juan went undefeated in pool play and received a first round bye while Monument Valley, UT played Monument Valley, AZ and Monticello played Mancos in the first round of the tournament.
After winning in the first round, Mancos moved on to play San Juan, while Monument Valley, AZ advanced to the Championship game after defeating Monument Valley, UT.
The Broncos gave the San Juan fans who came out to watch a scare in the semi-finals against Mancos after the Blue Jays jumped to an early 9-3 lead.
The Broncos didn't panic and kept fighting but still found themselves trailing 9-6 with just over six minutes left in the game and a continuous running clock.
With Mancos driving, San Juan's defense stepped up and appeared to tie the game at 9-9 with an interception, which was later nullified after it was determined the Mancos quarterback had exceeded the allotted time to throw the ball, resulting in a sack and loss of down.
On their next possession, the Broncos made some adjustments and were able to finally find the endzone to take a 13-9 lead. Up by four and needing another stop to seal the win, the San Juan defense got an interception on the Blue Jay's next drive. This gave the Broncos a 16-9 lead and possession of the ball with just over a minute left in the game, sealing the win and advancing the Broncos to the finals.
In the championship game, the Broncos faced off against Monument Valley, AZ. It was a rematch of a tightly contested pool play game that resulted in Monument Valley's only loss in pool play.
Unlike the previous matchup between these squads, it was all San Juan in the championship. The Broncos scored early and often on their way to a 27-0 win, earning them the title of Blue Mountain Classic 7 on 7 Champions.
Coach Barkley Christensen expressed his gratitude for the teams who came and competed and was impressed by the caliber of coaching and play from the other teams.
He said, "We look forward to doing this again next year and have these teams come back and compete. It was a great tournament, and we hope to make it bigger and better next year."


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1st Wedding Anniversary ^^
A few days before the A-day, I received a text from Mom. She lamented about how time flies and that it was almost a year since I moved out of my home in PR. Upon reading her text, I realised… Poh and my wedding anniversary was coming in another few days' time! Though I was … Continue reading
Goodbye 2011, HELLO 2012!
On the New Year's Eve, what did you do? That was the question many answered and blogged about. I will be no exception. Haha! Poh and I were still in the festive mood as the 12 days of christmas ain't over. Though we did not indulge ourselves in being merry and silly, we were glad … Continue reading
Singapore's Secret Garden
This is a post with just the title inspired by my favourite Korean drama. Let me digress a little by doing a mini promotion for the Korean drama before I begin on what I want to blog about. Secret garden is a Korean Drama starring Hyun Bin (Isn't he cute? Hee hee!) and Ha Ji Won. The drama tells … Continue reading


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3 Comments
Brad Pitt Flashes a Wedding Ring — Is He Telling Angelina Jolie He's Ready to Get Hitched?
That suspiciously shiny silver band on Brad Pitt's left hand is making us wonder: Is the Moneyball star having altar envy?
Yes, Brad and Angelina Jolie have proclaimed they're not getting married until everyone — i.e., gays — can get married all across the U.S., but when we spot Brad with a wedding ring on, we gotta ask, Is Brad getting an itchy ring finger? (Just for the record, he was on the L.A. set of his new film Moneyball.)


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p365 – 91/365 relaxed, originally uploaded by pro_cabales.
Mar 22: at Home, watching Cale sleep 🙂
Mar 22: at Home, watching Cale sleep 🙂
Mar 08: at Home, Manila. A good morning with Cale 🙂
Mar 03: at home, Manila. Cale doesn't want to tuck his hands under the sheet.
Feb 28: at home, Manila. Spending time with Cale.
Feb 24: at home, Manila. Cale's furball 🙂
2011 Feb: at home, Manila
Feb 16: at home, Manila


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Toronto Maple Leafs forward Leo Komarov will miss Game 3 against the Boston Bruins because of a lower-body injury.
Maple Leafs coach Mike Babcock said at Monday morning's game-day skate that the 31-year-old Finn is day-to-day and that he hopes to have him back for Game 4 on Thursday.
READ MORE: Earth to Leafs, push the panic button now!
"He's going to skate tomorrow, and then will skate the following day and be a game-time decision (for Game 4)," said Babcock.
Centre Dominic Moore will take Komarov's spot in the lineup. Moore sat out the first two games of the series as a healthy scratch.
Boston leads the first-round series 2-0, having outscored Toronto 12-4 in two games at TD Garden.
Komarov was originally hurt in Saturday's Game 2 in Boston.
He started the game on Toronto's top unit with Auston Matthews and Kasperi Kapanen, but a 4-0 first-period deficit led to him being dropped down to the fourth to start the second. He played just 6:39 before leaving in the middle frame and not returning.
Nazem Kadri will serve the second of his three-game suspension for his hit on Bruins forward Tommy Wingels in Game 1 on Monday.


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On Jan 11 we saw on a national scale how untrue words, i.e. "Fake News" can hurt. No, president-elect Trump didn't reveal whether the story about him hurt him psychologically, but it did create a hostile attitude towards CNN, took time away from the important items of the press conference, and kept people still wondering about the truth.
We are all guilty of spreading "Fake News" in the form of gossip. And sometimes even "good news" or honest words, when revealed at the wrong time, can have a detrimental affect on the listener.
Yesterday morning I found it ironic that a story from the Gospel of St. Mark (Mark 1:40-45) dealt with this very topic. In the Catholic Church's Mass, readings go in a 3 year cycle and today's was selected long before the Trump incident occurred. In this reading we have Jesus, teacher and healer, healing a leper and asking him to tell no one about how he was cured. The leper, however, delighted that he has been cured tells EVERYONE he meets! Yes, good news but its affect on Jesus' ministry is that he now is mobbed everywhere he goes by people who want to be cured. Our priest used this as a teaching point in his homily: Whether good or fake news, our responsibility in using our gift of language is to take care in what we say and when we say it.
Words matter not only in their content but also in their timing and to whom we speak them.


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April 13, 1996, Section 1, Page 12Buy Reprints
A determined historian won a legal victory today that will lead to the slow but steady release of more than 3,000 hours of secretly recorded Nixon White House tapes.
In a deal struck with the estate of former President Richard M. Nixon and the National Archives, the first set of the tapes -- more than 200 hours chronicling the abuses of power known collectively as the Watergate scandals -- are to be released by November. The agreement came 21 years after Congress ordered that the tapes be made public.
The historian, Stanley I. Kutler; his lawyer, Alan Morrison of the advocacy group Public Citizen; and the National Archivist, John Carlin, said that the rest of the tapes, which cover almost everything of importance that Mr. Nixon and his aides said at the White House, at the Old Executive Office Building next door and at Camp David, Md., from February 1971 to July 1973, when their existence was disclosed, will gradually be released in the coming years.
"I am elated," said Mr. Kutler, a professor of history, law and American institutions at the University of Wisconsin, who sued to force the tapes' release in 1992. "We won. All of us who believe in open government and full disclosure of our history are the real winners today."
He said the tapes would reveal a history far different from what he called the "self-serving memoirs" of Mr. Nixon and his aides.
Jack Miller, a lawyer representing the former President's estate, called the agreement "a monumental breakthrough," and said the tapes would reveal "not only the tragedies of the Nixon Presidency, but the triumphs."
Both Mr. Miller and Mr. Kutler said the National Archives contributed to the long delay in the tapes' release. Mr. Kutler said the archives had engaged in a "cover-up" by refusing to acknowledge the existence of hundreds of hours of tapes.
Mr. Carlin, a former Governor of Kansas who has been National Archivist for 10 months, said he had vowed from the beginning of his tenure to settle the case, and expressed delight at the agreement.
Mr. Nixon litigated furiously to keep the tapes secret, or to have them released on his terms, at some long-distant future date. So far only 63 hours of the tapes, which he secretly recorded on systems he installed, have been made public.
Those tapes include conversations in which Mr. Nixon discussed how best to cover up his operatives' break-in at the Democratic Party's national headquarters in the Watergate office and apartment complex on June 17, 1972, and the possibility of raising $1 million in hush money for the burglars.
The tapes helped persuade the House Judiciary Committee to approve two articles of impeachment against Mr. Nixon on July 27, 1974. Less than two weeks later, on Aug. 9, he stepped down to avoid the likelihood of being impeached, the first President in the nation's history to resign the office.
In his memoirs, Mr. Nixon said he recorded the tapes so that his Administration would be "the best chronicled in history." No one knows why he held on to the tapes after a former deputy assistant, Alexander P. Butterfield, disclosed their existence to Senate investigators in July 1973.
The "abuse of power" tapes -- so defined by the National Archives -- should be available by Nov. 15. They are expected to detail, among other things, the wiretapping of aides and reporters, break-ins conducted for political gain, misuse of the Central Intelligence Agency and the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and evidence of other "high crimes and misdemeanors," in the words of the impeachment resolution.
Visitors to the National Archives's new building in College Park, Md., will be able to hear what no one but the participants -- and a handful of archivists who logged the tapes from 1978 to 1987 -- has ever heard before. No transcripts exist. Each release of tapes will be accompanied by sections of about 27,000 pages of logs detailing dates, places, participants and subjects.
A second release, 278 hours of tapes recorded in the White House Cabinet Room, are to be made public no later than April 1998. They are expected to contain a rich history of life on the higher planes of Mr. Nixon's Presidency -- for example, diplomatic openings to China and what was then the Soviet Union.
Though no firm schedule has been set, at least 2,338 more hours are to be released in five sections by the turn of the century. Negotiations remain to be conducted over deletions that may be made on the ground of national security and privacy.
Although no one except the few living participants and the archivists who listened to and logged the tapes knows with certainty what is in them, they are certain to constitute a rich vein of unmined history from one of the most eventful Presidencies of the 20th century.
Mr. Kutler said today that the legal settlement he signed with the archives and the estate guaranteed that the Government would "make available more than 3,000 hours of Nixon tapes, tapes whose release the former President forcefully resisted as long as he lived."
Though they have not yet disclosed their secrets, Mr. Kutler said, "Nixon never would have fought so tenaciously if these tapes had contained anything that might have exonerated him."


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