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Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
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Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
Komunistická strana Československa
|General Secretary
|Václav Šturc (first)
Ladislav Adamec (last)
|16 May 1921
|April 1992
|Split from
|Czechoslovak Social Democratic Workers' Party
|Succeeded by
|Prague, Czechoslovakia
|Rudé právo
|Youth wing
|Young Communist League of Czechoslovakia (1921–1936),
Czechoslovak Union of Youth (1949–1968),
Socialist Youth Union (1970–1989)
|Paramilitary wing
|People's Militias
|Political position
|International affiliation
|Comintern (1921–1943)
Cominform (1947–1956)
|Party flag
The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (Czech and Slovak: Komunistická strana Československa, KSČ) was a Communist and Marxist–Leninist political party in Czechoslovakia that existed between 1921 and 1992. It was a member of the Comintern. Between 1929 and 1953 it was led by Klement Gottwald. After its election victory in 1946 it seized power in the 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état and established a one-party state allied with the Soviet Union. Nationalization of virtually all private enterprises followed.
In 1968, party leader Alexander Dubček proposed reforms that included a democratic process and initiated the Prague Spring; this led to the invasion of Czechoslovakia by the Soviet Union. Under pressure from the Kremlin, all reforms were repealed, party leadership became taken over by its more authoritarian wing and a massive non-bloody purge of party members was conducted.
In 1989 the party leadership bowed to popular pressure during the Velvet revolution and agreed to call the first contested election since 1946. In 1990, the centre-based Civic Forum won the election and the Communist Party stood down.
In November 1990, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia became a federation of the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia and the Communist Party of Slovakia.
The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia was declared to be a criminal organisation in the Czech Republic by the 1993 Act on Illegality of the Communist Regime and on Resistance Against It.
- 1 History
- 2 Organisation
- 3 Membership
- 4 Leaders
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 Further reading
- 8 External links
The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia was founded at the congress of the Czechoslovak Social-Democratic Party (Left), held in Prague May 14–16, 1921.[1] Rudé právo, previously the organ of the Left Social-Democrats, became the main organ of the new party; as a first chairman was elected Václav Šturc, first vice-chairman was Bohumír Šmeral and second vice-chairman was Vaclav Bolen. The party was one of some twenty political parties that competed within the democratic framework of the First Czechoslovak Republic, but it was never in government. In 1925 parliamentary election party gained 934,223 votes (13.2%, 2nd place) and 41 seats.
The party was the Czechoslovak section of the Communist International; as of 1928 the party was the second-largest section of the International, with an estimated membership of around 138,000,[2] more than twice the membership of the French Communist Party and nearly five times the membership of the Communist Party of China at the time.[3]
In 1929 Klement Gottwald became the Secretary General of the party after the purging from it of various oppositional elements some of whom allied themselves to Leon Trotsky and the International Left Opposition. In 1929 parliamentary election party gained 753,220 votes (10.2%, 4th place) and 30 seats. In 1935 parliamentary election party held its 30 seats with 849,495 votes (10.32%, 4th place)
The party was banned in October 1938,[4][5][6] but continued to exist as an underground organisation.[7] Following the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, anti-German protests broke out in Prague in October 1939. In response, the Comintern ordered the party to oppose the protests, which they blamed on "chauvinist elements".[7]
During World War II many KSČ leaders sought refuge in the Soviet Union, where they prepared to broaden the party's power base once the war ended. In the early postwar period the Soviet-supported Czechoslovak communists launched a sustained drive that culminated in their seizure of power in 1948. Once in control, the KSČ developed an organizational structure and mode of rule patterned closely after those of the CPSU.
The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia was in a coalition government from 1945 to 1948. After the war the Party grew rapidly, reaching one million members by the time of the 1946 elections:[3] at these elections it became the largest party in Parliament, and party chairman Klement Gottwald became prime minister in a free election.
Following the Communist coup d'état of 1948, when free elections and other political freedoms were effectively abolished, power was formally held by the National Front, a coalition in which the KSČ held two-thirds of the seats while the remaining one-third were shared among five other political parties. However, the KSČ held a de facto absolute monopoly on political power, and the other parties within the National Front were little more than auxiliaries. Even the governmental structure of Czechoslovakia existed primarily to implement policy decisions made within the KSČ.
A dispute broke out between Gottwald and the second most-powerful man in the country, party General Secretary Rudolf Slánský, over the extent to which Czechoslovakia should conform with the Soviet model. In 1951, Slánský and several other senior Communists were arrested and charged with participating in a "Trotskyite-Titoite-Zionist conspiracy", they were subjected to a show trial in 1952 (the Prague Trials) and Slánský and 10 other defendants were executed.[citation needed]
In the early 1960s, Czechoslovakia underwent an economic downturn, and in 1968, the KSČ was taken over by reformers led by Alexander Dubček,[8] he started a period of liberalization known as the Prague Spring in which he attempted to implement "socialism with a human face".
This liberalization alarmed the Soviet Union and on 21 August 1968, the Soviets invoked the Brezhnev Doctrine and invaded Czechoslovakia.
In April 1969, Dubček lost the General Secretaryship (replaced by Gustáv Husák) and was expelled in 1970. During the following Normalization period, the party was dominated by two major factions—the moderates and the hardliners.
Moderates and pragmatists[edit]
The moderates and pragmatists were represented by Gustáv Husák who led the neostalinist wing of the KSČ leadership; as a moderate or pragmatic, he was pressed by hardliners (Vasil Biľak). An important Slovak Communist Party functionary from 1943 to 1950, Husák was arrested in 1951 and sentenced to three years — later increased to life imprisonment — for "bourgeois nationalism" during the Stalinist purges of the era. Released in 1960 and rehabilitated in 1963, Husák refused any political position in Antonín Novotný's régime but after Novotný's fall he became deputy prime minister during the Prague Spring. After Dubček's resignation Husák was named KSČ First Secretary in April 1969 and president of the republic in July 1975. Above all, Husák was a survivor who learned to accommodate the powerful political forces surrounding him and he denounced Dubček after 1969.
Other prominent moderates/pragmatics who were still in power by 1987 included:
- Lubomír Štrougal, Premier of Czechoslovakia;
- Peter Colotka, Premier of the Slovak Socialist Republic;
- Jozef Lenárt, First Secretary of the KSS; and
- Josef Kempný, Chairman of the Czech National Council.
These leaders generally supported the reforms instituted under Dubček during the late 1960s but successfully made the transition to orthodox party rule following the invasion and Dubček's decline from power. Subsequently, they adopted a more flexible stance regarding economic reform and dissident activity.
Opposed to the moderates were the so-called hardliners:
- Vasil Biľak was their leader and a Ukrainian from Slovakia who had been a member of the Presidium since 1968 and was Chairman of the party's Ideological Commission
- Karel Hoffman, a Central Committee Secretary and Presidium member;
- Antonín Kapek, Presidium member;
- Jan Fojtík, Secretary;
- Alois Indra, Presidium member and Chairman of the Federal Assembly (replaced the National Assembly under 1968 federation law); and
- Miloš Jakeš, Chairman of the Central Supervisory and Auditing Commission and Presidium member (replaced Gustáv Husák as general secretary of the KSČ in 1987).
These hardliners opposed economic and political reforms and took a harsh stand on dissent.
The party's hegemony ended with the Velvet Revolution in 1989. In November, Jakeš and the entire Presidum resigned. Jakeš was succeeded by Karel Urbanek, who only held power for about a month before the party formally abandoned power in December. Later that month, Husák, who retained the presidency after standing down as general secretary, was forced to swear in the country's first non-Communist government in 41 years.
Federal party and dissolution[edit]
At the 18th party congress held November 3–4, 1990, the party was rebaptized as KSČS and became a federation of two parties: the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia (KSČM) and the Communist Party of Slovakia (KSS).[9][10] Pavol Kanis served as the chairman of the Federal Council of KSČS.[11] However, the two constituent organizations of the federal party were moving in different directions politically and there was great tension between them;[10] the Slovak constituent party of KSČS, the KSS, was renamed as the Party of the Democratic Left (SDL) on January 26, 1991. Whilst no longer a communist party per se, SDL formally remained as the Slovak constituent party of KSČS.[9]
In August 1991, upon the request of SDL, the party mutated into the Federation of the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia and the Party of the Democratic Left (Federácie KSČM a SDĽ).[12] KSČM unsuccessfully appealed to two Slovak communist splinter parties, the Communist Party of Slovakia – 91 (KSS '91) and the Union of Communists of Slovakia (ZKS), to join the Federation.[13] At the first SDL congress in December 1991, SDL formally withdrew from the Federation with the KSČM;[9] the Federation was formally declared dissolved in April 1992.[14]
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KSČ organization was based on the Leninist concept of democratic centralism, which provided for the election of party leaders at all levels but required that each level be fully subject to the control of the next higher unit. Accordingly, party programs and policies were directed from the top, and resolutions of higher organs were unconditionally binding on all lower organs and individual party members. In theory, policy matters were freely and openly discussed at congresses, conferences and membership meetings and in the party press. In practice, however, these discussions merely reflected decisions made by a small contingent of top party officials.[citation needed]
The supreme KSČ organ was the party congress, which normally convened every five years for a session lasting less than one week. An exception was made with respect to the Fourteenth Party Congress, which was held in August 1968 under Dubček's leadership. Held in semi-secrecy in a tractor factory in the opening days of the Soviet occupation, this congress denounced the invasion; this congress was subsequently declared illegal, its proceedings were stricken from party records, and a second, "legal" Fourteenth Party Congress was held in May 1971. The Fifteenth Party Congress was held in April 1976; the sixteenth, in April 1981; and the seventeenth, in March 1986; the party congress theoretically was responsible for making basic policy decisions; in practice, however, it was the Presidium of the Central Committee that held the decision-making and policy-making responsibilities. The congress merely endorsed the reports and directives of the top party leadership; the statutory duties assigned the party congress included determination of the party's domestic and foreign policies; approval of the party program and statutes; and election of the Central Committee and the Central Supervisory and Auditing Commission, as well as discussion and approval of their reports.
Between congresses the Central Committee of the KSČ was responsible for directing party activities and implementing general policy decisions. Party statutes also provided that the Central Committee functioned as the primary arm of KSČ control over the organs of the federal government and the republics, the National Front, and all cultural and professional organizations. Party members who held leading positions in these bodies were responsible directly to the Central Committee for the implementation of KSČ policies. In addition, the Central Committee screened nominations for all important government and party positions and selected the editor-in-chief of Rudé právo, the principal party newspaper; the Central Committee generally met in full session at least twice a year. In 1976 (1986), the Central Committee had 115 (135) members and 45 (62) candidates, respectively. In terms of composition, the Central Committee normally included leading party and government officials, military officials, and a cross section of outstanding citizens.
The Central Committee, like the party congress, rarely acted as more than a rubber stamp of policy decisions made by the party Presidium of the Central Committee of the KSČ; as an exception to this rule, when factional infighting developed within the Presidium in 1968, the Central Committee assumed crucial importance in resolving the dispute and ousted First Secretary Novotný in favour of Alexander Dubček. Generally, decisions on which the Central Committee voted were reached beforehand so that votes taken at the sessions were unanimous; the Presidium, which conducted the work of the party between full committee sessions, formally was elected by the Central Committee; in reality, the top party leaders determined its composition. In 1986, there were 11 full members and 6 candidate members.
The Secretariat of the Central Committee acted as the party's highest administrative authority and as the nerve centre of the party's extensive control mechanism; the Secretariat supervised the implementation of decisions made in the Presidium, controlled the movement up and down the party ladder, and directed the work within the party and government apparatus. Under Gustáv Husák, the composition of the Secretariat, like that of the Presidium, remained rather constant. Many secretaries were also members of the Presidium.
The Central Supervisory and Auditing Commission played a dual role, overseeing party discipline and supervising party finances, but it did not control anything; as an organ for the enforcement of party standards, the Central Supervisory and Auditing Commission frequently wielded its power to suspend or expel "deviant" party members. It was this commission that directed the massive purges in party membership during the early and late 1970s. Members were elected at each party congress (45 members in 1986); these members then elected from among themselves a chairman, deputy chairmen, and a small presidium. Sub-units of the commission existed at the republic, regional and district levels of the party structure.
Other KSČ commissions in 1987 included the People's Supervisory Commission, Agriculture and Food Commission, the Economic Commission, the Ideological Commission and the Youth Commission.
In 1987 the party also had 18 departments (agitation and propaganda; agriculture, food industry, forestry and water management; Comecon cooperation; culture; economic administration; economics; education and science; elected state organs; external economic relations; fuels and energy; industry; transport and communications; international affairs; mass media; political organisation; science and technology; social organisations and national committees; state administration; and a general department). In most instances the party departments paralleled agencies and ministries of the government and supervised their activities to ensure conformity with KSČ norms and programmes.
Also under the supervision of the Central Committee were two party training centres—the Advanced School of Politics and the Institute of Marxism-Leninism (see below).
Republic level[edit]
At the republic level the party structure deviated from the government organisation in that a separate communist party unit existed in the Slovak Socialist Republic (see Communist Party of Slovakia) but not in the Czech Socialist Republic; the KSS emerged from the Second World War as a party distinct from the KSČ, but the two were united after the communist takeover in 1948. The reform movement of the 1960s advocated a return to a system of autonomous parties for the two republics; the Bureau for the Conduct of Party Work in the Czech Lands was created as a counterpart to the KSS, but it was suppressed after the 1968 invasion and by 1971 had been stricken from party records.
Regional level[edit]
The KSČ had ten regional subdivisions[when?] (seven in the Czech lands, three in Slovakia) identical to the kraje, the ten major governmental administrative divisions. In addition, however, the Prague and Bratislava municipal party organs, because of their size, were given regional status within the KSČ. Regional conferences selected regional committees, which in turn selected a leading secretary, a number of secretaries and a regional Supervisory and Auditing Commission.
Regional units were broken down into a total of 114 district-level (Czech: okresní) organisations. District conferences were held simultaneously every two to three years, at which time each conference selected a district committee that subsequently selected a secretariat to be headed by a district secretary.
Local level[edit]
At the local level the KSČ was structured according to what it called the "territorial and production principle"; the basic party units were organised in work sites and residences where there are at least five KSČ members. In enterprises or communities where party membership was more numerous, the smaller units functioned under larger city, village or factorywide committees; the highest authority of the local organisation was, theoretically, the monthly membership meeting, attendance at which was a basic duty of every member. Each group selected its own leadership, consisting of a chairman and one or more secretaries, it also named delegates to the conference of the next higher unit, be it at the municipal (in the case of larger cities) or district level.
Since assuming power in 1948, the KSČ had one of the largest per capita membership rolls in the communist world (11 percent of the population); the membership roll was often alleged by party ideologues to contain a large component of inactive, opportunistic, and "counterrevolutionary" elements. These charges were used on two occasions—between 1948 and 1950 and again between 1969 and 1971—as a pretext to conduct massive purges of the membership. In the first case, the great Stalinist purges, nearly 1 million members were removed; in the wake of the Prague Spring and subsequent invasion, about half that number either resigned or were purged from the KSČ.
The purges after the 1968 invasion hit especially the Czechs, youth, blue-collar workers, and the intelligentsia within the party membership. By the end of 1970, the party had lost approximately 27.8% of its membership compared to January 1968 figures as a result of forced removal or voluntary resignation.[15] Despite this attrition, a membership of "almost 1,200,000" was claimed in the spring of 1971 for a country with an estimated population of approximately 14.5 million—still one of the highest Communist party membership rates in the world on a percentage basis at that time.[15] Owing to this membership decline, accelerated recruitment efforts targeted at youth and factory workers were made for the duration of the 1970s.
The party's membership efforts in the 1980s focused on recruiting politically and professionally well-qualified people willing to exercise greater activism in implementing the party's program. Party leaders at the Seventeenth Party Congress in 1986 urged the recruitment of more workers, young people, and women. In 1981 it had 1,538,179 members (10% of the population)[16]
Membership in the KSČ was contingent upon completion of an oneyear period as a candidate member. Candidate members could not vote or be elected to party committees. In addition to candidates for party membership, there were also candidates for party leadership groups from the local levels to the Presidium; these candidates, already party members, were considered interns training for the future assumption of particular leadership responsibilities.
Training of members[edit]
The indoctrination and training of party members was one of the basic responsibilities of the regional and district organizations, and most of the party training was conducted on these levels; the regional and district units worked with the local party organizations in setting up training programs and in determining which members would be enrolled in particular courses of study. On the whole, the system of party schooling changed little since it was established in 1949; the district or city organization provided weekly classes in the fundamentals of Marxism-Leninism, the history of communism, socialist economics, and the current party position on domestic and international affairs.
Members training for positions as party functionaries attended seminars at the schools for Marxism-Leninism set up in local areas or at the more advanced institutes for Marxism-Leninism found in Prague, Brno, and Bratislava; the highest level of party training was offered at the Advanced School of Politics in Prague. Designed to train the top echelon of the party leadership, the three-year curriculum had the official status of a university program and was said to be one of the best programs in political science in Eastern Europe; these institutions were under the direction of the KSČ Central Committee.
Membership demographics[edit]
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Because of the KSČ's mandate to be the workers' party, questions about the social background of party members took on a particular salience; the KSČ was often reticent with precise details about its members, and the question of how many in the party actually belonged to the revolutionary proletariat became a delicate one. Official statements appeared to overstate the percentage of workers within the party's ranks. Nonetheless, a number of trends were clear; the proportion of workers in the KSČ was at its highest (approximately 60 percent of the total membership) after World War II but before the party took power in 1948. After that time, the percentage of workers in the party fell steadily to a low of an estimated one-quarter of the membership in 1970.
In the early 1970s, the official media decried the "grave imbalance," noting that "the present class and social structure of the party membership is not in conformity with the party's role as the vanguard of the working class." In highly industrialized central Bohemia, to cite one example, only one in every thirty-five workers was a party member, while one in every five administrators was. In 1976, after intensive efforts to recruit workers, the number of workers rose to one-third of the KSČ membership, i.e., approximately its 1962 level. In the 1980s, driven by the need for "intensive" economic development, the party relaxed its rigid rule about young workers' priority in admissions and allowed district and regional committees to be flexible in their recruitment policy, as long as the overall proportion of workers did not decrease.
The average age of party members showed a comparable trend. In the late 1960s, fewer than 30 percent of party members were under thirty-five years of age, nearly 20 percent were over sixty, and roughly half were forty-six or older; the quip in 1971, a half-century after the party's founding in Czechoslovakia, was "After fifty years, a party of fifty-year-olds." There was a determined effort to attract younger members to the party in the middle to late 1970s; one strategy was to recruit children of parents who were KSČ members. The party sent letters to the youngsters' schools and their parents' employers, encouraging the children to join. By early 1980 approximately one-third of KSČ members were thirty-five years of age or younger. In 1983 the average age of the "leading cadre" was still estimated at fifty.
Lack of party loyalty in the 1970s and 1980s[edit]
Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the official media denounced party members' lack of devotion to the pursuit of KSČ policies and goals. Complaints ranged from members' refusal to display flags from their apartment windows on festive occasions to their failure to show up for party work brigades, attend meetings, or pay dues; a significant minority of members tended to underreport their incomes (the basis for assessing dues). In 1970, after a purge of approximately one-third of the membership, an average of less than one-half the remaining members attended meetings. Perhaps one-third of the members were consistently recalcitrant in participating in KSČ activities. In 1983 one primary party branch in the Prague-West district was so unmoved by admonishments that it had to be disbanded and its members dispersed among other organizations. In part, this was a measure of disaffection with Czechoslovakia's thoroughgoing subservience to Soviet hegemony, a Švejkian response to the lack of political and economic autonomy, it was also a reflection of the purge's targets. Those expelled were often the ideologically motivated, the ones for whom developing socialism with a human face represented a significant goal; those who were simply opportunistic survived the purges more easily.
Note: The KSČ leader was called Chairman (Předseda) 1945–1953, First Secretary (První tajemník) 1953–1971, and General Secretary (Generální tajemník) 1921–1945 and again 1971–1989.
- Václav Šturc (1921–1922)
- Alois Muna (1922–1924)
- Josef Haken (1924–1925)
- Bohumil Jílek (1925–1929)
- Klement Gottwald (1929–1953)
- Antonín Novotny (1953–1968)
- Alexander Dubček (1968–1969)
- Gustáv Husák (1969–1987)
- Miloš Jakeš (1987 – November 24, 1989)
- Karel Urbánek (November 24 – December 20, 1989)
- Ladislav Adamec (1989–1990) Chairman, Vasil Mohorita (1989–1990), First Secretary
See also[edit]
- Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia
- Communist Party of Slovakia
- Communist Party of Slovakia (1939)
- Left Front (Czechoslovakia)
- Eastern Bloc politics
- History of Czechoslovakia
- ^ "Lenin: 254. Assignment to Secretary". www.marxists.org.
- ^ "Soviet Russia Chpt. 11". www.marxists.org.
- ^ a b Feinberg, Joseph Grim (13 March 2018). "Czechoslovakia 1948". Jacobin. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
- ^ "Zastavení a zákaz činnosti KSČ v roce 1938". Archived from the original on 2012-03-21. Retrieved 2011-03-19.
- ^ Antonín NOVOTNÝ, československý komunistický politik a prezident. totalita.cz
- ^ Nakl. Libri: "Kdo byl kdo v našich dějinách 20. století": Antonín Novotný
- ^ a b Cohen, Yohanon, Small Nations in Times of Crisis and Confrontation, SUNY Press, 1989, ISBN 0791400182, page 110.
- ^ "Milestones: 1961–1968 - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov.
- ^ a b c András Bozóki; John T. Ishiyama (2002). The Communist Successor Parties of Central and Eastern Europe. M.E. Sharpe. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-7656-0986-1.
- ^ a b Bureš Jan; Charvát Jakub; Just Petr; Štefek Martin (15 January 2013). Česká demokracie po roce 1989: Institucionální základy českého politického systému. Grada Publishing a.s. p. 254. ISBN 978-80-247-8270-6.
- ^ Report on Eastern Europe. RFE/RL, Incorporated. 1991. p. 39.
- ^ Gonda, R. Politická levice na Slovensku. Brno: Katedra politologie FSS MU
- ^ Report on Eastern Europe. RFE/RL, Incorporated. July 1991. p. 12.
- ^ Jan Pešek; Róbert Letz (2004). Štruktúry moci na Slovensku 1948:1989. M. Vašek. p. 59.
- ^ a b Zdeněk L. Suda, "Czechoslovakia," in Richard F. Staar (ed.), Yearbook on International Communist Affairs, 1972. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1972; pg. 21.
- ^ Staar, Richard Felix (1982). Communist regimes in Eastern Europe (4th ed.). Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press. p. 77. ISBN 0817976922. OCLC 8232658.
Further reading[edit]
- H. Gordon Skilling, "Gottwald and the Bolshevization of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (1929–1939)," Slavic Review, vol. 20, no. 4 (Dec. 1961), pp. 641–655. In JSTOR.
- An Outline of the History of the CPCz, an official account published in 1985.
External links[edit]
- RFE/RL Czechoslovak Unit Open Society Archives, Budapest
- H. Gordon Skilling, "The Formation of a Communist Party in Czechoslovakia", American Slavic and East European Review, Vol. 14, No. 3 (Oct., 1955), pp. 346–358 doi:10.2307/3000944
- H. Gordon Skilling, "The Comintern and Czechoslovak Communism: 1921–1929", American Slavic and East European Review, Vol. 19, No. 2 (Apr., 1960), pp. 234–247 doi:10.2307/3004193
- Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
- Prague Spring
- Velvet Revolution
- Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
- Parties of one-party systems
- Political parties established in 1921
- Political parties disestablished in 1992
- Former ruling Communist parties
- Eastern Bloc
- 1921 establishments in Czechoslovakia
- 1992 disestablishments in Czechoslovakia
- Czech resistance groups


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Washington, D.C. (PRWEB) February 28, 2017
Applied Predictive Technologies (APT) announced today that it has entered into a Service Agreement with the Center for Education Policy Research (CEPR) at Harvard University in order to provide the Center's Proving Ground project with software and associated services for the project's work on evidence-based school improvement and redesign.
Proving Ground will utilize the software and associated services to analyze the impact of initiatives across its national network of district and charter schools in areas such as curricula, intervention, operations, and capital expenditures. Proving Ground is currently using the software to analyze the impact of online mathematics instructional software on student performance.
APT Vice President Matt Lindsay said, "We are excited to support Proving Ground in its mission of data-driven program evaluation and informed decision-making across its national community of school districts."
About APT
APT, a Mastercard Company, is a leading cloud-based analytics software company that enables organizations to rapidly and precisely measure cause-and-effect relationships between business initiatives and outcomes to generate economic value. Our intuitive and proprietary Test & Learn® software utilizes sophisticated algorithms to analyze large amounts of data, enabling business leaders to conduct experiments and allowing them to make optimal decisions and implement business initiatives at scale. APT also offers products that support decision-making for specific business needs including transaction analysis, space planning, promotion design, category management and location selection. APT has offices in Washington, D.C., San Francisco, London, Bentonville, Taipei, Tokyo, Sydney, Chicago, and New York. Visit http://www.predictivetechnologies.com to learn more.


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(Reuters) - DreamWorks Animation SKG, the studio behind the "Shrek" films and this summer's "Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted," is contemplating creating its own DreamWorks cable channel after agreeing to buy Classic Media, adding characters such as "Casper the Friendly Ghost," "Rocky and Bullwinkle," and "Lassie" to its franchise business.
DreamWorks said it will pay $155 million in cash for the rights-holding company, owned by Boomerang Media Holdings I LLC, a portfolio company of private-equity firm GTCR LLC.
"A channel is one of the many opportunities we see for combining the DreamWorks brand with this extraordinary library of characters," said Chief Executive Jeffrey Katzenberg in a phone interview. "It could be a domestic cable channel, international, even an Internet channel."
For DreamWorks, which is discussing a new distribution agreement with studios to replace its expiring agreement with Paramount Pictures, "the opportunity for a deal has just gone up significantly with the value this adds," said Katzenberg, who would not discuss any talks he is having.
When the deal closes, DreamWorks would get rights to over 450 titles and more than 6,500 animated and live action episodes that have been distributed in over 170 international markets, the company said in a press release.
Among the characters are "Richie Rich," "The Lone Ranger," "Lassie" as well as the Christmas classics "Frosty the Snowman" and "Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer."
DreamWorks does not intend to use the characters to start a business to make live-action movies, Katzenberg said, and would license those rights to other studios as it continues to make animated films.
The DreamWorks CEO likened the expanded list of characters under his company's control of Marvel, a unit of Walt Disney, that has aggressively mined its characters for films and TV shows and recently made the blockbuster movie "The Avengers."
Classic Media and Jay Ward Productions — a television cartoon producer founded by American animator Jay Ward — jointly manage the rights to Ward's catalog, which also includes "Veggie Tales" and Mr. Peabody & Sherman".
DreamWorks Animation's 3D feature film Mr. Peabody & Sherman is scheduled for release in December 2013.
"Classic Media brings a large and diverse collection of characters and branded assets that is extremely complementary to DreamWorks Animation's franchise business," DreamWorks' CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg said in the press release.
"We plan to leverage it across our motion picture, television, home entertainment, consumer products, digital, theme park and live entertainment channels."
Classic Media reported net revenue of $82.2 million and an operating profit of $19.2 million for the 12 months ended February 29.
DreamWorks will finance the deal through a combination of cash and credit, and said it expects it to add to earnings in the first full year after the acquisition is completed.
Reporting by Ronald Grover in Los Angeles and Sayantani Ghosh in Bangalore; Editing by Sreejiraj Eluvangal, Bernard Orr


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The Gowanus Canal Flushing Tunnel is operating again after four years and $177 million worth of repairs. At full capacity, the tunnel will pull 252 million gallons of fresh water from Buttermilk Channel (the sliver of harbor that separates Brooklyn from Governors Island) into the head of the Gowanus Canal every day.
Officials say this infusion of oxygenated water will dramatically improve the aesthetics (including the smell) of the canal, and provide more suitable habitat for aquatic and other wildlife. Will it work? Residents and canal advocates say they aren't holding their breath.
History of a Troubled Tunnel
The brick-lined tunnel was originally constructed in 1911 as a seemingly simple solution to a complex problem: using a giant propeller, pump the dirty, toxic sludge filling the Gowanus Canal into the Buttermilk Channel. Out of sight, out of mind.
Almost immediately after opening in the mid-1800s, the Gowanus Canal had become a dumping ground for the tanneries, gas plants, and cement works that lined the bulkheaded banks. Coal tar, mercury, lead, and other toxic metals were regularly discharged into the water—along with the neighborhood's raw sewage, a common practice at the time. As early as 1910, the Gowanus was described as "almost solid" with with the stuff.
The flushing tunnel was the city's attempt to deal with the noxious smell and appearance, but it was plagued by mechanical problems and never particularly effective. Despite that, it continued running until the 1960s, when the pump system was damaged and the city opted not to repair it.
For nearly forty years after, the waters of the canal remained stagnant—even as the landscape of the area changed dramatically. Today trucking has replaced shipping and residential developments are replacing factories, yet the industrial legacy of the Gowanus remains. Coal tar continues to leach from abandoned, below-ground storage tanks, and the bottom of the channel is coated in a 10-foot-thick layer of sludge, vividly described as "black mayonnaise."
The raw sewage hasn't gone away either. With any significant amount of rainfall, the city's combined sewer overflow system sends millions of gallons of untreated waste into the canal — a situation dubbed by residents as the "poo-nami." Today the canal is a federally-designated Superfund site and recognized as one of the most polluted bodies of water in the United States.
A Fresh(er) Start
For the last four years, the New York City DEP has focused on what they call The Gowanus Facilities Upgrade in order to "improve the capacity, function, efficiency, and reliability of the Gowanus Canal flushing tunnel system … with the aim of improving the water quality in the Gowanus Canal over the long term."
The project, which is being conducted in tandem (though separately) from the federal Superfund cleanup plan, has consisted primarily of reconstructing the motor pit and replacing the century-old propeller with three vertical turbines.
As of May 2014, the tunnel is running at full capacity and the water flow has been reversed, pumping some 250 million gallons of fresh water from Buttermilk Channel daily into the stagnant canal.
This time, the focus of the flushing is not necessarily to move pollution out of the canal, but to bring oxygenated water into it. Water quality studies have found the concentration of oxygen in the canal to be just 1.5 parts per million, well below the minimum 4 parts per million needed to sustain life. DEP officials say that bringing in cleaner water with more dissolved oxygen should reduce smells and make the canal more hospitable to fish, plants, and mollusks.
In June, the DEP will also reactivate a pump station which will allow it to send up to 30 million gallons of wastewater to the Red Hook Wastewater Treatment plant each day. The City claims this will reduce the amount of raw sewage overflows during rain storms by 34 percent.
A Post-Flush Plan?
It's clear that the City believes these dual upgrades are a significant milestone in improving the condition of the canal. But residents and local officials caution that while these improvements are necessary and welcome, they are also just the first step in a much larger Superfund cleanup plan.
"This needs to be effective," Gowanus Alliance president Paul Basile told The Brooklyn Paper. "This is the first key element of the clean canal. It will never been sustainable without this."


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Tigeropolis - Beyond the Deep Forest
Tigeropolis - Beyond the Deep Forest
A fun imaginative tale about a family of vegetarian tigers that live in the forested foothills of the Himalays. Tiger cubs Bittu and Matti, their mother Tala and old Uncle Raj discover the forest is under threat and have to act fast to find ways to save their forest home from the bulldozer.
In a world that suddenly seems full of untrustworthy narrators spreading fake news, it is always a joy to come across books that are written from an unusual narrative perspective. Tigeropolis tells this lively and engaging tale of tigers from the tiger's point of view, allowing the reader to fully empathise with the tiger's situation and to understand man's role in it's creation.
I happily wandered through this charmingly written and illustrated book with great enjoyment. It is great fun, really informative and I am already looking forward to reading the second book in the series.
Tigeropolis has also leapt on to the shelves at Tales on Moon Lane!
Richard was born in Glasgow but works in London. He worked in cable television, visual effects and in video games. A keen traveller - visited over 40 countries and all 7 continents - he helped set up a travel company that also raised funds for conservation - raising over £1.5 m. Tigeropolis is based on his experiences travelling through India with an organisation encouraging best practice in eco tourism.
Check out Richard's other titles on CPID!


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A Note from Staff Council President Catherine Symans
October 2012
- 09-28-2012
- By Staff Council
Greetings! The fall semester is in full swing. We recognized and celebrated the contributions of UVM staff through several well attended Staff Appreciation Week Events in September including the highly successful Second Annual UVM Staff Art Exhibit and Reception sponsored by the Staff Council and the Davis Center Arts Team.
In the past, staff awaited for the Social on the Green to find out if the President would again be granting additional days off between Christmas and New Year's. However, last year, Interim President Bramley made these Winter Break days permanent. You can find these dates listed on the Administrative Holiday Schedule as December 26, 27 and 28.
The four Staff Council Standing Committees along with the Staff Council Executive Board have all had their first meetings for this year, elected their chairs and vice chairs, and have identified their priorities for 2012-2013.
Some of the issues which we will be focusing on this year include continued discussions with Vice President for Finance and Administration Richard Cate on the University budget and salary concerns for staff. We will continue to meet with Associate Vice President for Human Resource Services Barbara Johnson on benefit issues; we have been looking specifically at the needs of nursing mothers at UVM in response to concerns raised by staff.
In addition, issues from last year have been carried over to this year and include mandatory performance appraisals, supervisory training, a new Staff Council survey for 2013, as well as ways to collaborate, provide feedback, and support the comprehensive diversity professional development initiative led by Chief Diversity Officer Wanda Heading-Grant and the ongoing work of the University Benefits Advisory Council (UBAC).
As we all look forward to the October 5th installation of Tom Sullivan, the 26th President of the University of Vermont, we are reminded that fall is a time of change and with that change comes opportunities for the entire UVM community.
Catherine E. Symans
Staff Council President
Click below to learn more about how Staff Council's Leadership has served UVM staff over the last month.
Got a question, concern, idea, or suggestion? Staff Council wants to hear them form you! Send us an email at email@example.com. Don't forget to follow us on Facebook and Twitter.


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There is a truism in Washington that was confirmed last week in Congress: Even less popular than government regulation is a regulator suspected of not doing its job.
Not for the first time, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration — or N.H.T.S.A. (pronounced NITZ-ah) — was forced to answer for failing to protect consumers. In this case, the failure involved a defective General Motors ignition switch implicated in 13 deaths. While G.M.'s new chief executive, Mary T. Barra, took most of the heat in two days of House and Senate hearings last week, she shared the grill with the safety agency's acting administrator, David J. Friedman.
Critics, and not just in Congress, have noted that it was not the N.H.T.S.A. that exposed G.M.'s safety lapse and forced the automaker's recent recalls of nearly 2.6 million vehicles. The defect was discovered by a lawyer and engineer involved in a lawsuit filed against G.M. by the parents of a Georgia woman killed in 2010. Subsequent press reports spurred the recall. Further stoking concerns, the agency twice considered and decided against opening a formal investigation of the suspected defect.
Given that backdrop, Mr. Friedman's testimony that his agency would have acted differently had G.M. not withheld information about the flawed part won little sympathy from Congress.
"He basically told us that if only General Motors told them there was a problem, then N.H.T.S.A. could have told G.M. there was a problem," said Representative Tim Murphy, Republican of Pennsylvania who presided over the House hearing, in an interview. "It's almost dismissive of their role and I'm not satisfied with that."
"So what we want to know," Mr. Murphy continued, "is what is all the information that N.H.T.S.A. had, and how did they handle it each step of the way?"
Yet Congress, too, faces questions. The N.H.T.S.A. budget for operations and research has fallen relative to inflation since 2002, when the G.M. saga began, though no one has suggested that more money and a larger staff might have prevented it. The agency's unit for investigating defects gets about $10 million a year — less than Ms. Barra's compensation, noted Joan Claybrook, a consumer advocate who led the N.H.T.S.A. in the Carter administration.
Aggressive regulation is typically not rewarded, especially in the Republican-controlled House. And the G.M. case is reviving calls for Congress to strengthen a law enacted in 2000 after the safety scandal involving defective Firestone tires on Ford Explorers. That law was supposed to give the N.H.T.S.A. greater regulatory muscle by requiring manufacturers to file quarterly early-warning reports on any potential problems or defects. But rules written during the George W. Bush administration give companies a loophole to withhold information they define as business secrets.
The law also limits fines that the N.H.T.S.A. can assess for noncompliance, and allows civil but not criminal penalties. Legislative attempts to address the loopholes and limits in 2010 were blocked by the auto lobby and allies in Congress, though Democrats are now trying again.
As for the N.H.T.S.A.'s role or lack thereof in the G.M. recall, timelines of events compiled by congressional staff investigators so far provide only partial answers.
The controversy goes back to February 2002, when G.M. approved an ignition switch that in tests had performed below the carmaker's specifications. By November 2004, G.M. had begun an engineering investigation after the first complaints that the new Chevrolet Cobalt could be turned off if the ignition was bumped by a knee — potentially causing a driver to lose control, and disabling air bags in a crash. Through early 2005, the company considered changes to the ignition switch and, as an alternative, the key slot, but decided against them for reasons that included "tooling cost and piece price," according to documents from G.M. engineers.
Then came a report that July that a Maryland driver had died in a 2005 Cobalt, and the N.H.T.S.A. entered the picture.
It hired a special crash investigator, which found that the car's air bags did not deploy and its ignition had switched from power to the accessory mode. In March 2006, the agency began seeking information from G.M., and received some. But it did not learn until this year that in April 2006, a G.M. engineer authorized modification of the ignition switch.
The engineer gave the modified switch the same parts number as the defective one, which allowed the company to avoid reporting to regulators a change that might have raised flags — a circumstance that has prompted several lawmakers to suggest the possibility of a cover-up.
In October 2006, two passengers in a 2005 Cobalt were killed in Wisconsin. Again, the N.H.T.S.A. hired a crash investigator, which again identified problems with power loss and air bags. Even before the report was complete, agency and company officials met in March 2007, which apparently prompted G.M. to look for similar Cobalt crashes. Within months, it would identify a total of 10 to regulators.
That September, an official in the N.H.T.S.A.'s Office of Defects Investigation recommended that the agency open a formal investigation of air bags in 2003-to-2006 Cobalts and Saturn Ions. The agency official cited complaints from owners, the crash investigations and G.M.'s quarterly early-warning reports, required by the post-Firestone 2000 law for incidents involving injuries or death.
But a panel of engineers at the N.H.T.S.A. decided against an investigation because it could not identify a clear trend related to air bags or ignition switches amid other factors in the crashes. The issue was revisited in 2010 after a Pennsylvania accident that killed two people in a 2005 Cobalt; the decision was the same.
"We dug into that data. We analyzed it. We tried to see if there was a defect trend that stood out," Mr. Friedman testified. "The data didn't support that." He does not have firsthand knowledge, however, as a scientist who has been acting administrator less than three months, and at the agency less than a year.
Ray LaHood, who was secretary of the Transportation Department, which includes N.H.T.S.A., from 2009 through mid-2013, said the G.M. issue never reached his attention.
"When I look at the whole situation it's pretty apparent that G.M. screwed up; there's no question about it. It's clear that they should have reported more things to N.H.T.S.A.," Mr. LaHood said. "But I think N.H.T.S.A. always took seriously all of the complaints that came in."
In 2010, both Mr. LaHood and the N.H.T.S.A. had to address a separate safety scandal, involving Toyota. In a forewarning, perhaps, for G.M., the government last month levied a record $1.2 billion criminal fine on Toyota for concealing information on safety problems linked to at least five deaths.
But it was the Justice Department that exacted the penalty. The N.H.T.S.A., by contrast, was limited by law to assessing a maximum $66 million civil fine for Toyota's reporting failures. For a large automaker, a fine that size can be regarded as a cost of doing business rather than as a motivation to address safety hazards, critics say.
Whether Congress will change the 2000 law in response to the latest tragedies is unclear. But at the House hearing last week, Representative Fred Upton, the Michigan Republican who sponsored the law, and Representative Henry A. Waxman, the California Democrat again seeking to strengthen the law's reporting and penalty provisions, each lamented a sense of "déjà vu."
This, after all, was the third time in recent years that an agency official testified alongside an auto executive to answer for Americans' deaths.
Ms. Claybrook, the former N.H.T.S.A. chief, said in an interview: "General Motors made the part, they designed the part, they sold the part that was defective and they knew about the problem fairly early on. And I believe that General Motors has the greatest culpability."
"But," she added, "there is a really important story about N.H.T.S.A.'s failure to handle this properly."


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Main menu:
Events Gallery
Annual School Walk.
We all set off on our annual walk on Wednesday 5th October. 1st to 6th class walked to Corkagh Park and took in the beautiful views. We even had time to stop in the playground on our way back. The infants trekked down around the convent.
Thanks to everyone who sent in sponsorship. Every little helps!
Below are some pictures from the infants trek around the convent. More pictures to follow!


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Wealth Tax of One Percent on Those Whose Net Worth is More Than $10 Million
Those who have grown super-rich in our financialized economy often have ways to shelter income and avoid paying their fair share of taxes. A wealth tax, currently used by Spain, France, Switzerland and Norway, has proven an excellent way to ensure that we all contribute a fair amount.
From Runaway Inequality: An Activist's Guide to Economic Justice
Progressive taxes mean that the rich pay a higher percentage of their income in taxes than the poor. That was American tax policy from the New Deal until about 1980. A regressive tax means that the poor pay a higher percentage than the rich.
So what kind of tax system do we actually have today at the state and local level?
According to a January 2015 report by the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy, the poor pay approximately double the tax rate as the super rich (see Chart 7.4). This means that state and local tax policies actually are accelerating runaway inequality. It's not surprising, given the influence the super-rich exert over the political process.
Leopold, Les. Runaway Inequality: An Activist's Guide to Economic Justice (p. 103). Labor Institute Press. Kindle Edition.


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Chair of Library and Information Science at the University of Lodz is Poland's first institution dedicated to the library and information science as an academic discipline. First lectures took place in 1945, three years later first LIS graduates left walls of the University.
During the last 20 years the Chair has significantly improved housing conditions and equipment. Since 2014 all the lectures are held in a modern building, which houses all Faculty of Philology studies.
In 2013, Professor Jan Muszkowski's daughter, Joanna Muszkowska-Penson, revealed the commemorative plaque dedicated to her father, the founder of Chair of Library and Information Science.


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Train Your K9 with
Have A Question? 866.336.4946 email@example.com
Stuff 'N Sniff® can be used as a dog training aid to discourage puppies from chewing on shoes, furniture or other items. Dog separation anxiety or stress can lead to unfavorable, destructive behaviors that include urinating, chewing, whining and howling. The cavity allows you to insert a sock or other scented item for a recognizable scent.
Makes Dog
Training Easier
Also, Great gift idea for new parents - use insertable pouch to put baby's scented item into before introducing baby to pooch!
the nosz knowz:
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Tuesday, January 29, 2013
Conversation Heart Cone and Wreath
6 comments:
So adorable!! I love conversation hearts. Not to eat though LOL. So this is the perfect thing to do with them! I'm your newest follower ;)ReplyDelete
Jamie ~ Better With Age
PS: love your name ;)
Those turned out great!ReplyDelete
These are so cute and it's such a good idea! Thanks for sharing it!ReplyDelete
Super cute! I did the same thing...http://mysocalifornialife.blogspot.com/2013/01/valentine-candy-tree.htmlReplyDelete
How do u keep these from going bad?ReplyDelete
Hi Jeune,ReplyDelete
You know, I don't think conversation hearts do go bad! At least to look at...I wouldn't eat them or anything once they get that old. I could be wrong though. And admittedly, they got rather buggered up because I didn't pack them away well after last season, so I ended up just trashing mine anyway.
It is always fun to hear from our readers. Thanks for stopping by!
Note: Only a member of this blog may post a comment.


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Jackson critiques Michael Jordan's gun violence statement.
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Tide® Honors Uniforms and the People Who Wear Them This Labor Day
Tide® Honors Workers Across the Nation and the Uniforms they Wear in a Short Video
Public Company Information:
CINCINNATI--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Labor Day has become more associated with the end of summer, rather than a celebration of hard working Americans.1 Tide® wants to remind people of the true meaning of Labor Day by honoring workers and the uniforms they wear each day, in pursuit of making the nation a better place.
Tide has created a short video #HonorUniforms highlighting the amazing contributions people make each day while wearing their uniforms. The workers depicted are not actors, but real people with real jobs, who work to protect and create the things that we love most. By watching this video you get a sense of who they are and the pride they feel in wearing their uniform. For decades, Tide has been proud to help care for uniforms, understanding the benefits of maintaining their integrity so that each person can also maintain theirs. So, on this Labor Day, Tides asks everyone to join us to #HonorUniforms.
To learn more about Tide's new video and how Tide is honoring uniforms, visit www.YouTube.com/TideLaundry and follow @Tide and the #HonorUniforms hashtag on Twitter.
About Tide
For over 65 years, Tide® has been caring for the clothes of American families and helping to provide the everyday miracle of clean clothing. To meet consumers' diverse laundry needs, Tide offers a portfolio of laundry detergents and additives including Original Ultra Tide Liquid, Tide Pods®, Tide Plus Collection (Tide Ultra Stain Release, Tide Plus Febreze Freshness, Tide Coldwater Clean, Tide Plus a Touch of Downy, Tide Plus Bleach Alternative, Tide Plus Febreze Sport), Tide Boost, Tide Washing Machine Cleaner, Tide Oxi and Tide To Go. Tide offers formulas in liquid, powder and single-use Tide Pods® which provide a clean you can trust. Visit www.tide.com for product information, practical laundry tips, special offers and become a fan of Tide on Facebook (www.facebook.com/Tide) to see our latest offerings.
About Procter & Gamble
P&G serves nearly five billion people around the world with its brands. The Company has one of the strongest portfolios of trusted, quality, leadership brands, including Always®, Ambi Pur®, Ariel®, Bounty®, Charmin®, Crest®, Dawn®, Downy®, Duracell®, Fairy®, Febreze®, Gain®, Gillette®, Head & Shoulders®, Lenor®, Olay®, Oral-B®, Pampers®, Pantene®, SK-II®, Tide®, Vicks®, Wella® and Whisper®. The P&G community includes operations in approximately 70 countries worldwide. Please visit http://www.pg.com for the latest news and in-depth information about P&G and its brands.
1 http://www.forbes.com/sites/ronashkenas/2014/08/27/rethinking-the-meaning-of-labor-day/
Photos/Multimedia Gallery Available: http://www.businesswire.com/multimedia/home/20140829005357/en/
DeVries Public Relations
Crystal Steadman, 212-546-8598
Anne Candido, 513-807-2407


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GoGoRunning.com Joins "Bring Back the Mile"
GoGoRunning officially joined the"Bring Back the Mile" movement by hosting the Redmond Road Mile. A semi-reliable source confirmed that GoGoRunning Headquarters received notification via phone call this afternoon that drug testing of all adult participants will be required at next years race. The official statement was "El G's records might fall…you better test them next year!"
May 19th was a record setting day. Daniel Glick set the course record in the inaugural event that will stand for at least 364 days until next years event when he will have the opportunity to take down his own record. Daniel's time of 4:39 dips him under the 4:40 barrier. He came in to the event with a seed time of 4:45. Maybe we can get Daniel to send in his splits.
Karmen Stephenson (Employee #1 at GoGoRunning Headquarters) set the women's mark by running a time of 5:57. Her splits were 1:21 (1/4 mile), 1:30 (1/2 mile), 1:30 (3/4 mile), 1:36 (1 mile).
Paul Deaton set the masters mark by running a solid time of 5:16. Check out a video of Paul here talking about training young kids.
Ruth Ference continued her excellent spring of running and triathlon racing and training (she got on the bike for additional training immediately after the race). Ruth ran a Redmond Road Mile masters record of 7:37. Check out Ruth here talking about her training and racing.
Providence Preparatory Academy won the Miles for Middle School competition and was awarded a plaque to display at their school.
Age Group Winners Included:
Females (39 and Under)
Karmen Stephenson 5:57 ,32,F,
Jessica Vihon 6:07 ,31,F,
Alexis Headrick 6:32 ,34,F,
Andy Stevens 5:42 ,34,M,
Clay Milford 5:25 ,12,M
Girls High School (14-18 years old)
Elizabeth Bressette 6:33 ,14,F,
Daniel Glick 4:39 ,16,M,
Zack Jordan 4:52 ,18,M,
Elijah Glick 5:14 ,14,M,


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« 檜瞪啗樓 »
"Their manoeuvres," he wrote, "indicated a wish to avoid battle," and he therefore was careful to counteract them. At daylight of April 17th, they were seen forming line of battle, on the port tack, four or five leagues to leeward, — that is, to the westward. The wind being east, or east by north, the French would be heading south-south-east (Fig. 1, aa). The British order now was rectified by signal from the irregularities of darkness, the ships being directed to keep two cables'1 lengths apart, and steering as before to the northward and westward. At 7 A.m., considering this line too extended, the Admiral closed the intervals to one cable (aa). The two fleets thus were passing on nearly parallel lines, but in opposite directions, which tended to bring the whole force of Rodney, whose line was better and more compact than the enemy's, abreast the latter's rear, upon which he intended to concentrate. At 8 A.m. he made general signal that this was his purpose; and at 8.30, to execute it, he signalled for the ships to form line abreast, bearing from each other south by east and north by west, and stood down at once upon the enemy (Fig. 1, bb). The object of the British being evident, de Guichen made his fleet wear together to the starboard tack (bb). The French rear thus became the van, and their former van, which was stretched too far for prompt assistance to the threatened rear, now headed to support it.
Rodney, baulked in his first spring, hauled at once to the wind on the port tack (Fig. 1, cc), again contrary to the French, standing thus once more along their line, for their new rear. The intervals were opened out again to two cables. The fleets thus were passing once more on parallel lines, each having reversed its order; but the British still retained the advantage, on whatever course and interval,
1 A cable was then assumed to have a length of 120 fathoms, — 720 feet.
that they were much more compact than the French, whose line, by Rodney's estimate, extended four leagues in length.1 The wariness of the two combatants, both trained in the school of the eighteenth century with its reverence for the line of battle, will appear to the careful reader. Rodney, although struggling through this chrysalis stage to the later vigor, and seriously bent on a deadly blow, still was constrained by the traditions of watchful fencing. Nor was his caution extravagant; conditions did not justify yet the apparent recklessness of Nelson's tactics. "The different movements of the enemy," he wrote, "obliged me to be very attentive, and watch every opportunity that offered of attacking them to advantage."
The two fleets continued to stand on opposite parallel courses — the French north by west, the British south by east — until the flagship Sandwich, 90, (Fig. 2, S') was abreast the Couronne, 80, (C), the flagship of de Guichen. Then, at 10.10 A.m., the signal was made to wear together, forming on the same tack as the enemy. There being some delay in execution, this had to be repeated, and further enforced by the pennant of the Stirling Castle, which, as the rear ship, should begin the evolution. At half-past ten, apparently, the fleet was about (Fig. 2, aa), for an order was then given for rectifying the line, still at two cables. At 11 A.m. the Admiral made the signal to prepare for battle, "to convince the whole fleet I was determined to bring the enemy to an engagement," 2 and to this succeeded shortly the order to alter the course to port (bb), towards the enemy.3 Why he
1 A properly formed line of twenty ships, at two cables' interval, would be about five miles long. Rodney seems to have been satisfied that this was about the condition of his fleet at this moment.
2 Rodney's Report.
3 Testimony of the signal officer at the court-martial on Captain Bateman.
thought that any of the fleet should have required such assurance cannot certainly be said. Possibly, although he had so recently joined, he had already detected the ill-will, or the slackness, of which he afterwards complained; possibly he feared that the wariness of his tactics might lead men to believe that he did not mean to exceed the lukewarm and indecisive action of days scarce yet passed away, which had led Suffren to stigmatize tactics as a mere veil, behind which timidity thinks to hide its nakedness.
At 11.50 A.m. the decisive signal was made "for every ship to bear down, and steer for her opposite in the enemy's line, agreeable to the 21st article of the Additional Fighting Instructions." Five minutes later, when the ships, presumably, had altered their course for the enemy, the signal for battle was made, followed by the message that the Admiral's intention was to engage closely; he expecting, naturally, that every ship would follow the example he purposed to set. The captain of the ship which in the formation (aa) had been the leader, upon whose action depended that of those near her, unfortunately understood Rodney's signal to mean that he was to attack the enemy's leader, not the ship opposite to him at the moment of bearing away. This ship, therefore, diverged markedly from the Admiral's course, drawing after her many of the van. A few minutes before 1 P.m., one of the headmost ships began to engage at long range; but it was not till some time after 1 P.m. that the Sandwich, having received several broadsides, came into close action (S2) with the second vessel astern from the French Admiral, the Actiomuiire, 04. The latter was soon beat out of the line by the superiority of the Sandwich's battery, and the same lot befell the ship astern of her, — probably the Intrepide, 74, — which came up to close the gap. Towards 2.30 P.m., the Sandwich, either by her own efforts to close, or by her immediate opponents' keeping


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Spent 3-4 hours this week fighting with my new computer, Windows 10 and technology. Aaarrggh! I now realize nothing is compatible with Windows 10. Previously purchased (expensive) software programs (Corel, Excel, WinZip) need to be upgraded ('at a discount' … MY ARSE!),… Read More
I continue to wrap up projects/start new ideas as we get closer to the show – while I can. I have a finite amount of free time before we roll into pup watch … THIS weekend! [Puppy breath for my birthday!!!]
OH!!! It is SOO DH's fault … He sent a de-funk Craig's List item that promised a new storage rack/work station in my COE-90 designated work area. HE emailed the no-good listing to me. Now I WANT one! Shelves for my frits,… Read More
It's been forever, I know. Busy mixed with a little funk, I guess. Not so much going on in the kilns, but I did get all of my beading supplies moved from my 'office' to the studio. This meant a lot of… Read More
DH signed us up to participate in Brighton's Harvest Fest (market/art and craft show) … umm – this SATURDAY. (8am-3pm 9/27/14) So, it's a good thing I'm not stressing out, experiencing any sort of insomnia spike while I systematically search the internet… Read More
While I feel like I'm barely moving, I am producing. I've been taking pictures and working on listings (not my favorite) in between playing in the studio. Here are some photos from today: And, while we wait to hear about… Read More
Let me just take a moment to say ~ regardless of how shameless it is … I love how varied my Etsy shop listings are looking right now. And – public awareness moment: We have only 55 days until Christmas … Just… Read More
Oh my! Busy week in the studio, as I work on and wrap up some projects and special requests. Angels, dichroic badge reels, pendants, and a special ornament (… here come the pictures): I still have more dichro cabs to run,… Read More
So, I've had 3 kilns running for the last few days. My experiments were … interesting and frustrating, but have potential … maybe. I also have a few other ideas to try. And, I have some sweet dichro (jewelry) pieces almost… Read More


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DIY Belize Guide has everything you need to book your own trip to Belize!
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- Savor a day that will make you feel like Robinson Crusoe – lobster and conch diving trip and a beach BBQ with our hidden gem, Roberto!
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Thu, 4 February 2016
The Philadelphia 76ers made it a game, one that required a Harrison Barnes shot in the final seconds. How big was that for Harrison? We talk about that and the ever-growing rumors surrounding Kevin Durant and his possible future with the Warriors.
Direct download: WW_020415.mp3
Category:general -- posted at: 9:38pm EST


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Recreation and Leisure Focus Area
Desired Future
The town promotes and supports a healthy and active population and this is reinforced by a community that embraces a balance between work and play. Rossland is a unique destination for year-round outdoor alpine recreation. Residents and visitors of all ages and abilities engage in high quality, diverse recreational opportunities while respecting and protecting the surrounding natural environment. The conservation and sustainable use of green spaces and development and maintenance of an extensive network of multi-use trails connects both people and the community with nature. Accessible, well-maintained playing fields and indoor recreation facilities complement the range of outdoor experiences. The community hosts a number of arts and culture events.
End-State Goals
End-state Goal 1: A healthy and active population is engaged in year-round recreation and leisure.
End-state Goal 2: A world-class network of designated, connected, accessible, and well-maintained trails exists throughout the community.
End-state Goal 3: Publicly accessible green spaces are well-distributed within the community, and allow residents and visitors of all ages to interact with nature and to experience the splendour of the mountain environment in different seasons.
End-state Goal 4: Red Mountain Resort, Redstone Alpine Golf Resort and other developments, provide opportunities for people to live, work, and play.
End-state Goal 5: Indoor and outdoor recreation and leisure facilities are located within the community, are well-maintained, family-friendly, and meet the needs of residents and visitors alike.
What is New in Recreation and Leisure?
There is no active Task Force for this Focus Area at this time. The City is actively working to develop a City-wide trail system and preserve a wide variety of green spaces. Three new trails were developed in 2009/2010 - the Centre Star Gulch Trail, the Museum Trail and the Trail Creek Trail. The City also aquired funding to replace the roof on the Rossland Arena in 2009.
Red Mountain Resort and Redstone Alpine Golf Resort remain active and key components of the Rossland lifestyle.


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Railways to change century-old signalling system: Piyush Goyal
New Delhi: Railway Minister Piyush Goyal on Tuesday said that railways is planning to change the century-old signalling system with a modern network.
"Few days ago we had a meeting to discuss the century old signalling system which is currently in use. And in the coming years we will change the entire signalling system on our entire network," Goyal told reporters here.
He said the railways will bring "most modern signalling system" for its rail network which will be more safer.
"The new advanced signalling system would allow trains to operate at higher frequency even on busy routes," he said.
Goyal said track renewal work is going on at war footing and this year it has planned to replace 3,500 km of tracks.
"Earlier 233 km of tracks was changed every month, which has increased to 399 km in a month," he said. Railways will invite global tenders for the procurement of rails, he said.
Indian Railways replaces about 2,500 km of old tracks on an average every year. In the current financial year, it's renewing almost 3,500 km. It has a total route network of 64,000 km.
Emphasising on the safety of passengers and punctuality of trains during the winter season when dense fog engulfs northern India, he said that fog-safe devices have been given to all trains plying in the region.
The Minister said: "During winters a maximum speed limit of 60 kmph is permissible. But however, it is up to the driver to decide the speed for the safe passage of the train. And for safety purpose during winter we have given fog safe devices to all trains plying in northern India region."
Asked about the issue of wait-listed train tickets, the Minister said that once the dedicated freight corridor work is completed the stress from the passenger lines would be reduced and more passenger trains can be brought on the same tracks.
"We are studying the means to attach 22 coaches on all the express trains as a standard procedure that would also increase the number of berths in every train," he said.
"For this the engineering department of railways has taken up the work to increase the length of platforms at stations," he said.
Asserting on safety and comfort of passengers, Goyal said: "The safety and comfort will come through two things – one by bringing modern technology in railways, and second, by providing good services in the train.
"And keeping in mind the safety and comfort of the passenger, in future we plan to build a network of about 10,000-11,000 km of Bullet train in the country, which would cover around two third of the entire rail network," he said.
He said that railways wants to increase its income through freight.
"We want to capture 50 per cent of the freight business. We are also planning to bring more dedicated freight corridors," he said.
The Minister said that railways shall give priority to agricultural products. "We want to achieve the target of three billion in the coming years," he said.
On complaints of poor quality food, the Minister said that railways is going to give all its base kitchens to the Indian Rail Catering and Tourism Corporation.
He also said that railways plans to complete the entire recruitment process in a time-based manner.
"The entire recruitment process will be completed in nine months," he added.


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Waste Management
The global problem of environmental resource management leads to difficult choices. However, when you want to improve your organization's waste and energy efficiency, your choice is simple: just turn to National Disposal. Our specialists develop comprehensive waste, recycling, and energy solutions for clients nationwide.
Anyone can benefit from our services, regardless of the industry or the size of the operation. Learn more about how we improve efficiency through our four-phase methodology.
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Contact us to make your facility more efficient. Based in Virginia Beach, Virginia, we proudly serve our clients nationwide.


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Almost 2 months have passed since my last post... so much for me getting back to blogging. Anyhows, lets give it another go.
May saw the first birthday of the twins & a lovely day was had by all. The sun was shining & the garden was filled with family & close friends.
June we've been busy as hell, loads to do as we have only 8 days until the wedding... Oh... did I mention... we're getting married next Saturday, at Hever Castle :-)
Babies are sleeping at the moment & it won't be long before they're up, I don't think I'll head into town again today, maybe down to the park for a play on the swings.


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About the Asian Games
The Asian Games is the largest multi-sporting event after the Olympics where athletes from all over Asia pit themselves against one another. This event is held once every four years, and the 2018 Asian Games will be the 18th edition of the Games.
A Long History of Sporting Success
Sailing is Singapore's best performing sport at the Asian Games, with over 50% of gold meals won by Team Singapore since 1994. With 37 medals in hand, Sailing has won more medals that Bowling or Swimming combined.
Visit our Champions Gallery where we showcase our Sailing history and our illustrious legacy of medallists.
Follow this year's hopefuls
Who will make it to the 2018 Asian Games? We have athletes in the 470, 49er, 49erFX, Laser 4.7, Laser Radial, Laser Men, RS:X and RS:One categories fighting for a chance to represent Singapore.


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We Were Featured on WNYC 93.9FM Discussing Insurance Remediation
As a general contractor who specializes in insurance repairs, Larry Steimel with Pequannock, NJ-based LA Design and Construction has had a front row seat to some of the problems people have had rebuilding their homes. The biggest hurdle after Sandy, he says, has been the inflexibility of insurance adjusters when it comes to paying people's claims.
Take the case of Judy Hickerson, one of his clients who lives in the Waretown section of Ocean Township in Ocean County. An adjuster from a firm called Colonial Claims — which was hired by Hickerson's insurance company — calculated that it would cost $73,000 to repair the flooded home. But when Steimel did his own inspection, using a similar software program and tabulating the damage using industry-set rates, his figure totaled nearly twice that amount.
Looking at a line-by-line comparison of the estimates, he said Colonial appeared to have come up with its numbers by cutting corners wherever it could. What's more, he said Hickerson's case is hardly unique. Of the 25 or 30 Sandy victims he's worked with, nearly everyone had similar problems.
Click here to read the whole interview, and to hear the audio that aired live on 93.9FM.


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I would like to thank each and everyone at Brockinton-Herring motors, once again, for treating me like family during my vist. This makes the THIRD vehicle that my family has purchased here. So if anybody is looking to buy a vehicle, you need to come to Brockinton -Herring motors on 107 in Jacksonville, where you will feel like you're part of the family when it comes to buying a newer vehicle.
JIM and WANDA HARRIS
I want to thank you guys so much for making me feel like part of the family when I look/buy cars from you. I have so far bought 3 cars from you guys (one just recently) and I have never been so happy, Brockinton Herring Mtrs knows how to make you feel comfortable buying cars first time buyers or just regular buyers. I can't imagine going to anyone else. I can't explain how much I appreciate each and everyone of you guys. Thanks so much. BTW I love my car and though I've only had it for awhile I get alot of complements! Thank you so much again!!
This is the only car dealer I will deal with nice vehicles and nice people low interest rates even with bad credit or no credit. I recommend them all the time I bought a vehicle from them but before I bought it they let me bring it all the way to Cabot to have my mechanic look at it before buying it.
One of the best customer service experiences I have had from start to finish and after the sale! Great group of guys!
great place to go and get a ride they will treat you like family THANKS GUYS
Such Nice and humble guys.
Great and comfortable ride. You do business with class, we have told lots of people about you already!
Awesome vehicle... Recommend you to anybody who needs a vehicle. These guys are the real deal.
We love our new SUV and sparky!!!
they are good folks they go out of there way to please you guys are to cool , I drive from lake Ouachita every time I need a car. love these guys
Thank you guys so much for helping me get my new car!!!!! You guys are the best!!
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In situ observations of open ocean (and in particular Southern Ocean) turbulent mixing are sparse, and remain one of the 'holy grails' of Oceanography. Ocean fronts and eddies are hotspots for raised turbulent mixing, however it is extremely intermittent and thus difficult to observe. The passage of strong atmospheric storms are thought to further enhance mixing Continue Reading
A SOCCO led research team recently completed the first leg of a unique circumnavigation expedition around Antarctica, ACE (Antarctic Circumnavigation Expedition). The team set sail from Cape Town on the 20th December 2016 before arriving in Hobart, Tasmania on the 19th January 2017. This expedition is unique because of the 22 research projects onboard, spanning Continue Reading
The Southern Ocean has a powerful influence on Earth's climate, as it stores more anthropogenic CO2 and heat than any other latitude band on Earth. This massive body of water also plays a pivotal ecosystem role in regulating the supply of nutrients to lower latitudes which supports about 80% of ocean production. Its ability to Continue Reading
By Sarah Gille, Simon Josey, and Seb Swart: EOS article 13 May 2016 https://eos.org/meeting-reports/new-approaches-for-air-sea-fluxes-in-the-southern-ocean Air-sea exchanges in the Southern Ocean of momentum, heat, freshwater, carbon dioxide, and other gases are not well documented because fluxes are sparsely sampled (see Figure 1) and because high winds, high sea state, and lack of calibration for bulk formulas make Continue Reading
Eddies — circular currents of water — move deep water nutrients to the surface, but their overall effect on the Southern Ocean and the earth's changing climate is barely understood. The Southern Ocean, also called the Antarctic Ocean or the Austral Ocean, has high species abundance and diversity, making common and highly specialised species thrive. Sailing the seas Continue Reading
Abstracts can be submitted via the Conference website (http://clivar.us4.list-manage1.com/track/click?u=e95bd74f92719b8560b3cbed6&id=11ca606090&e=3e8d045d68) until 15 March 2016. Abstracts must be submitted to one of the OSC sessions; for an overview, check the http://clivar.us4.list-manage.com/track/click?u=e95bd74f92719b8560b3cbed6&id=d2b1bf193e&e=3e8d045d68 programme and session descriptions. Selected contributions will be invited for oral presentation, all others as posters. Contributors may submit up to 3 abstracts. All abstracts must Continue Reading
The global oceans are estimated to contribute an impressive 50-85% of the oxygen (O2) present in the earth's atmosphere. It is often assumed the Amazon and other reputable rainforests are responsible for atmospheric O2, however rainforests only cover 2% of the earth's total surface area; the oceans cover a remarkable 71%. From the Blue Planet Continue Reading
BY TAMAR KAHN, Business Day, 25 AUGUST 2015 THEY can withstand severe storms, freezing temperatures and waves 10m tall. SA's intrepid sea robots have since last month been hard at work in the Southern Ocean collecting and relaying data to scientists snug and warm in their offices on land. The sea robots are part of Continue Reading


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What to Watch If You Love Rick and Morty
List Rules Vote up the best TV shows and movies that are similar to Rick and Morty.
Wondering what to watch after Rick and Morty? The innovative animated series, considered one of the smartest shows out there, has both fans and critics captivated. After binging on some Rick and Morty, it's only natural to be on the lookout for some Rick and Morty similar movies and TV shows to fill the void. Luckily, there's plenty to choose from to satisfy your cravings for innovate, funny, and quirky comedy.
What movies and TV shows will you find on this list? The Simpsons is a staple when it comes to witty, adult-oriented animation, but there are also more recent cartoons with a Rick and Morty-vibe. The bizarre world of Bojack Horseman, with its many blink-and-you-miss-it background gags eagle eyed viewers find intellectually challenging, make the Netflix series a great substitute for Rick and Morty. Archer's dry humor and intricate plot also makes it perfect for Rick and Morty fans. When it comes to movies like Rick and Morty, it doesn't get much better than Back to the Future. Other good projects featured on this Rick and Morty recommendations list include South Park, The Rocky Horror Picture Show, and Galaxy Quest.
How will we ever determine which option is the best? Help us decide by giving your favorite Rick and Morty suggestions a thumbs up and please add any good projects we may have missed.
Regular Show is an American animated television series created by J. G. Quintel for Cartoon Network that premiered on September 6, 2010. The series revolves around the lives of two friends, a blue jay named Mordecai and a raccoon named Rigby—both employed as groundskeepers at a local park. Their regular attempts to slack off usually lead to surreal, extreme, and often supernatural misadventures. During these misadventures, they interact with the show's other main characters: Benson, Pops, Muscle Man, Hi-Five Ghost, Skips, Thomas, Margaret, Eileen, and CJ. Many of Regulars Show 's characters are loosely based on those developed for Quintel's student films at California Institute of the Arts: ...more on Wikipediasee more on Regular Show
The Eric Andre Show (Adult Swim, 2012) is an American surreal comedy television series created by Eric Andre. Hosted by Eric Andre with Hannibal Buress, the late night talk show features celebrity guests with an alternate reality. ...more on Wikipediasee more on The Eric Andre Show
Back to the Future is a 1985 American science fiction film directed by Robert Zemeckis. Marty McFly (Michael J. Fox), a 17-year-old high school student, is accidentally sent thirty years into the past in a time-traveling DeLorean invented by his close friend, the maverick scientist Doc Brown (Christopher Lloyd). ...more on Wikipediasee more on Back to the Future
The Amazing World of Gumball is a British–American animated television series created by Ben Bocquelet for Cartoon Network. Produced primarily by Cartoon Network Development Studio Europe, it first aired on May 3, 2011. The series revolves around the life of Gumball Watterson, a 12-year-old cat who attends middle school in the fictional city of Elmore. Accompanied by his adoptive goldfish brother and best friend Darwin, he frequently finds himself involved in various shenanigans around the city, during which he interacts with his other family members—sister Anais and parents Nicole and Richard—and an extended supporting cast of characters. Bocquelet based several of the series' characters on ...more on Wikipediasee more on The Amazing World of Gumball