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Photo by Gary Gene Fuenfhausen
Built c. 1848-50s, Liberty, Missouri, the Dimmitt House slave quarters and kitchen has two-rooms, back to back, and a central chimney with fireplaces (or a flue for stoves) that serviced both rooms. The Dimmitt quarter, built in this saddlebag form, is the "second major building type used" for the big house kitchen. Usually, the two-room structure served as a quarter for a slave cook and her family sharing one room while the other was used for food preparation. The Dimmitt house's slave quarters and kitchen represents a better class of building, being built of bricks rather than common log construction.
Photo by Gary Gene Fuenfhausen
Dimmitt, Ringo, Dougherty House
242 West Franklin, Liberty, Missouri
c. 1848 to 1870s
The original portion of the house was built by Saint Clair Dimmitt, c. 1848 to 1856. Dimmitt was a local merchant, and by 1860 a major hemp planter in eastern Clay County. Dimmitt sold the house to Richard Ringo, brother of merchant Samuel Ringo, and is credited for updating the structure.
Several years after the Civil War, L. B. Dougherty, a Captain in the Confederate 1st Missouri Brigade, and son of local Multnomah plantation owner, Major John Dougherty, owned the house.
"A short history of the institution of slavery in Clay
County, Missouri"
By Gary Gene Fuenfhausen
African Americans share equally in the founding of Clay County, Missouri, and until recent times this honor was often ignored. From the early 1800s through to the Civil War, slave labor was used in the clearing of land and in the building of Clay's villages, towns, farms, and plantations. Slaves also contributed to Clay County's antebellum economic prosperity while working as bonded men, women, and children. Holding many different positions in the community, Clay's slaves worked as domestics, blacksmiths, cooks, farm hands, hunters, preachers, and in other more technical professions, like carpentry and in the hemp trade as breakers and rope makers.
Clay County was organized in 1822 in honor of Kentucky statesman and slave owner, Henry Clay, a namesake that became a symbol of its Southern and agrarian heritage. As early as 1819, settlers from the Upper South were living in the Far West of Clay County, and by 1824, it is estimated that 2,035 people were located within its borders. In that same year, 11% (231) of the settlers, Clay's founding forefathers, were African American slaves. Almost a decade later, Clay County's slave population had increased to 16.5%. By 1840, the percentage of enslaved African Americans had almost doubled. Ten years later, Federal Census takers reported over a quarter of the County's citizens were slaves, and by 1860, some townships in Clay County reported as much as 34% captive African American men, women, and children.
Because of its large slave population during the early decades of the nineteenth century, Clay County's whites were concerned with issues of slave control. In 1824, the County Court organized the first "slave patrols" for keeping order and dominance over the bonded population. In 1827, slave patrols were also organized in Liberty and in other County townships, such as Fishing River and Gallatin. Although slaves roamed freely on their Masters' farms and plantations and in Clay's towns and villages, so as to complete their daily chores, slaves found after curfew without a pass or permission from their masters were considered truant and punished by public officials.
Other early Clay County Court decisions dealt with issues of slavery. In 1828, the Court approved the first emancipation of Tom, belonging to Henry Estes, and Sylvia, owned by John Evans. Joseph Collett, a free "man of color", purchased his wife Hannah and her two children, America and Eliza, and freed them through the Court in May of 1828. A year later in 1829, the first slave was hung when the County Court sentenced Annice, owned by a Mr. Prior, for the murder of her two children and the attempted murder of a third child.
During the early decades of Clay County's organization and settlement, migrating Southerners found the local environment adaptable to the Blue Grass and Nashville Basin systems of agriculture. These methods of farming, as in Kentucky and Tennessee, were dependent on slave labor, diversified farming, the raising of cash crops and traditional Southern livestock, and the selling of its agricultural goods in the Deep South.
Many of Clay's farmers grew cotton, tobacco, and hemp, and raised pigs, horses, and mules for commercial profit. As early as 1823, reports had reached St. Louis that 25,000 pounds of cotton was successfully cultivated in central and western Missouri. Just three years later, in 1826, the first hemp crop was planted in Clay County. By 1858, Clay's borders were included in the "region of the hemp culture" which was also the seat of Missouri's tobacco district. In 1850, Clay County produced 20,050 pounds of the "brown gold" (tobacco). Inspired by their success, Clay's farmers and planters believed that "great prosperity could be gained" from tobacco's extensive planting. Other slave owning Clay Countians found that marketing their Missouri pork, horses, and mules in the Deep South was a lucrative trade. For example, in 1859 James S. Lightner shipped 270 tons of pork by steamboat from Clay's Missouri River shore to the Deep South. Darwin Adkins, also of Clay County, found large profits in the trade of horses and mules in Louisiana and Mississippi. While livestock and cash crops were important to most Clay County agrarians, large quantities of corn were also necessary for the feeding of both people and animals. As in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia, corn was a staple in Clay County and a commercial crop. Clay County planters J. V. Thompson, John D. Hall, Abijah Withers, and Michael Arthur were among the County's largest corn growers and raised between 5,000 and 15,000 bushels of corn (each) in 1860. Thompson, Hall, Withers, and Arthur were also some of Clay's largest plantation owners, having 1,000 or more acres and between 20 and 40 slaves (each). Other Clay County plantation owners included William Stark, Colonel John Thornton, Major John Dougherty, and mule and horse trader Darwin Adkins.
Merchants also benefited from Clay County's agricultural success and slave dependency. For example, businessmen Robert G. Gilmer and John D. Holt housed and shipped tens of thousands of dollars of Clay's cash crops from their Richfield (Missouri City) "mammoth" sized warehouses. Both men were slave owners; Gilmer owned 6 slaves in 1860 and Holt 5. Other Southerners in Clay County entered into a business trade manufacturing cotton and hemp products. Jonathan Atkins owned a cotton gin and Waltus Watkins a cotton carding and spinning mill. Clay's important hemp manufacturers were Lightburne, Wymore, Burris and Arthur; Michael Arthur was also the County's most important slave dealer. Arthur and other Clay Countians enjoyed a lucrative business in slave trading in Clay County. For instance, in just one day on January 1, 1859, $20,000 worth of slaves were sold in Liberty.
By 1860, Clay County was a model of a great commercial agricultural economy, a vision promoted by Southern slave owners and Presidents Jefferson and Jackson. By the outbreak of the Civil War, Clay's population had swelled to 13,023 with 26.5% (3,455) of its inhabitants African American slaves. In 1860, the Federal Census reported that Clay County ranked 7th among Missouri's 113 counties (Footnote 1) for the highest "Cash value of farms," 8th among the counties with the most plantation owners (Footnote 2), 9th in hemp production, 10th for the largest slave population, 10th in corn production, and 12th for the most slaveholders in the State.
During the Civil War, Clay County's African American slaves suffered. Slaves in Clay County received the brunt of the brutalities of the Civil War, as the County's strong Southern sympathies and culture brought a plague of unwanted Union occupations and guerrilla warfare. Some whites, whether local or from other areas, viewed slaves as the cause of the war. An example of this belief is exemplified by the senseless murder of a slave owned by Abijah Withers. In the summer of 1864, unknown assailants shot a male slave owned by Withers just "for fun" as he was returning from a delivery trip to Liberty. Other slaves were also murdered in Clay County from 1862-65, such as a male slave owned by Mrs. Richard Price who suffered inhumanely when he was assassinated in August 1863. By the end of the year 1863, an unknown number of slaves were killed at the hands of both Northern and Southern patriots.
Not only did slaves live in daily fear of being murdered during the Civil War in Clay County, they also did not know if they would be captured by guerrillas, sold off, or moved further south for safe keeping. Jayhawkers from Kansas pillaged the Clay County countryside and made off with at least a hundred slaves with the idea of holding them for ransom, trading them for goods in Kansas, or selling them. Some of Clay's masters also sold their slaves as they realized their investment in human flesh was quickly shrinking; an example is when John W. Rolling sold 22 slaves in February 1864 for the unbelievable price of $2,080. Some of Clay County's slaves did escape to freedom, only to be returned back into bondage with the assistance of Union officials.
By 1864, the County's population had dropped to 11,235 people. In that same year, only 15.6% of the residents were slave. The majority of the slaves in 1864 were women, so it can be assumed that many of Clay's African American men either joined the Union army or escaped. For example, during January 1864 a "considerable numbers" of Clay's slaves crossed the river into Kansas. By 1864, many of Clay's slaves knew all to well that once a slave had successfully escaped into Kansas and established residency, in the ex-slave towns and villages like Quinderro, Kansas, "he was practically as free as if he had his deed of emancipation in his pockets."
With the close of the Civil War, African Americans began a new chapter in the struggle for racial equality in Clay County and Missouri. Freedom finally arrived for Clay County's slaves when the Missouri legislature passed the State's slave emancipation act on January 11, 1865. Known as "Manumission Day," slavery ended all across the state. Five years later on January 1, 1870, Clay County and Missouri's African Americans received the right to vote.
1. In the 1860 Federal Census, Missouri reported 113 counties. Missouri has 114 counties, the missing county being the "City of St. Louis." The City of St. Louis was included in St. Louis County for the 1860 Federal Census.
2. The accepted definition of what constitutes a "plantation" is a slave owner who owns 20 slaves or more. Some historians and academics have also required that a plantation be made up of 500 acres or more, the number of acres required for self-sufficiency.
The following is a list of slave owners I discuss in my book "A Guide To Historic Clay County, Missouri, Architectural Resources and Other Historic Sites of the Civil War." The people that I mention have been associated at one time or another with these historic sites and buildings still found throughout the County. Most of the buildings I mention are standing today, some open to the public. In my book, I provide more details on the Civil War in Clay County and on the people who built or owned the historic sites mentioned.
The format that I have used is simple: slave owner's name; building and location; business pursuits; and number of slaves owned. The first item is the slave owner's name followed by the year that the individual migrated to Missouri and the state they migrated from. The next is the name of the house, building, or plantation, and the year the structure was built with its location. The following information is the person's cash crop(s) and/or (Southern) livestock raised, and/or business venture(s). In some instances, I have indicated that the person was a "diversified" farmer or planter, that is, one who grew many different commercial crops and goods for personal (home use) consumption, or a "general" farmer, who usually grew crops and raised livestock for mostly home use. The next item that follows is the number of slaves owned by that individual as reported in the 1850 and 1860 Federal Census for Missouri and Clay County. The average number of slaves per Clay County owner in 1860 was 5.3. In some instances, I have indicated how many slave houses (quarters) the slave master owned. In 1860, the average number of slave houses per Clay County owner was 1.2 with 4.3 slaves per house. Both the number of slaves per owner and slave house data for Clay County are below that for other major Missouri hemp producing counties, like Saline. In Saline County for 1860, the average number of slaves per owner was 7, average number of slave houses 7, and the number of slaves per house was 5.7. For Saline County, their numbers of slaves per owner and slave-housing practices were more in keeping with other areas of the Deep South, as compared with Clay County. Following this data I have added additional details, such as any known slave names or other important documented facts about the slave(s) or master(s).
Adkins, Darwin (1835 from Scott Co., Kentucky)
Adkins House, built 1859, Liberty, Missouri
Hemp planter, horses, mules, swine, corn, and general farming
20 slaves (1860) living in 6 slave houses
Antioch Christian Church, built 1858-59, Kansas City, Missouri
Organized by Rev. Moses E. Lard, see Lard
In 1859, Rev. R. C. Morton was pastor, see Morton Family
Arnold, Eldridge (c. 1838 from Virginia) and Finetta Ann
Woodneath, built 1855-56, near Liberty and in Kansas City (North), Missouri
7 slaves (1850)
5 slaves (1855)
2 slaves (1860)
Slaves owned in 1855 were: Anna, Mary Jane, Lucy, Henry, and David
Arthur, Michael (1825 from Lexington, Fayette Co., Kentucky)
The "Mansion", Estes/Arthur House, built c. 1859, Liberty, Missouri
Slave dealer, hemp manufacturer, hemp planter, mules and horses, corn, and general farming
34 slaves (1850)
30 slaves (1860) living in 4 slave houses
Atkins, Jonathan Q. (c. 1830 from Kentucky) and Mary S.
Atkins House, begun c. 1826, Kansas City (North), Missouri
Diversified farming
5 slaves (1860) living in 1 slave house
Bell, Daniel (Bell family from Kentucky, 1837)
Bell House, built c. 1840's, rural east Clay County, Missouri
4 slaves (1860)
Claybrook, George E. and Mary Frances Holton (both 1845 from Mason Co., Kentucky, and George c. 1825 from Amelia Co., Virginia)
Claybrook, built 1858, rural Clay County, near Kearney, Missouri
Horses, mules, swine, corn, and diversified farming
4 slaves (1850)
8 slaves (1860) living in 2 slave houses
Claybrook slave histories:
Adeline and Allen are gifts from George's father to Mary in 1841. The slave Allen is 14 in 1844. In 1845, the Claybrook family and slaves arrive in Clay County, Missouri. In 1850, census reports indicate Claybrook's owned a male mulatto slave age 19 (Allen) and 3 females ages 25, 15, and 10.
Claybrook purchases slaves from the estate of James L. Hickman in January 1859, and their names are Cooper and Sam.
In April 1860, George purchases a boy, Sandy, age 14
From 1862 to 1863, George and Mary's farm, Claybrook, is liquidated because of unpaid loans. It is known that George's Southern sympathies most likely are the cause of the loans defaulting since the Union minority gained control of the local government and local institutions beginning in 1862 with the invasion of the Union Armies that same year. In 1862, a County Court's list of Claybrook's assets include slaves: Sam age 39; a man named Cooper age 75; a woman named Ann age 24, Lydia Ellen age 2, and a boy about 1 named Jack. In 1863, George and Mary's estate including its slaves are sold. (Source: 1850 and 60 Federal Census; and Claybrook, A House Of Dreams, by Carolyn M. Bartels. Shawnee: Two Trails Publication.)
Clay County Courthouse, Liberty, Missouri
During the antebellum period, slaves were sold on the old courthouse steps because of court ordered estate liquidations. For Missouri as a whole, as in Clay County, January was the month that Courts cleared the books and sold slaves.
The present building was built in 1935 and replaced the 1857 Greek Revival structure, which also replaced an earlier building.
Cockrell, John William and Elizabeth Mitchell (1846 from Virginia)
Cockrell/Garth House, completed 1857, Liberty, Missouri
8 slaves (1850)
8 slaves (1860)
John William Cockrell of Liberty was the cousin of Missouri political figure, slave owner, and Confederate General Francis Marion Cockrell. Francis Cockrell's family left old Virginia at an earlier date.
John William Cockrell and his sons were builders and constructed many of the brick homes in the area, both before and after the Civil War. The Cockrell's fine brick house in Liberty was sold c. 1860, after William's death in 1859. (See next owner William G. Garth) It is possible that some of the slaves owned by John William Cockrell were trained as carpenters in Cockrell's construction trade.
Compton, Dr. James T (c. late 1830's from Prince William Co., Virginia) and Mary Anne Wirt
Oak Ridge Manor, begun 1829, Kansas City (North), Missouri
Built by David Hale, bought by James and Mary Anne Compton in 1844.
General farming
2 slaves (1850)
2 slaves (1860)
Dougherty, Confederate Captain Lewis B. (Born in Indian Territory, today Kansas, and lived at Multnomah)
Dimmitt, Ringo, Dougherty House, built c 1848-70s, Liberty, Missouri. The House has a slave cabin, brick servants' quarters, in the rear.
5 slaves (1860) living in 1 slave house at Multnomah
Dougherty was the son of Major John Dougherty who built the great plantation estate Multnomah. (See Dougherty, Colonel John.) Saint Clair Dimmitt built the house and sold it after a fire in 1856 to Richard Ringo, brother of Samuel Ringo. (See Samuel Ringo.) Following the Civil War, Dougherty moved from Multnomah and bought the Dimmitt-Ringo house in Liberty.
Dougherty, Colonel John (c. 1808 From Kentucky and moved to Clay County c. 1837) and Mary Hertzog
Multnomah Plantation was built in 1854 and burned in 1963. The house was one of the most elaborate and largest Greek Revival mansions in Missouri and was 3 stories tall. Location was in Kansas City (North), Missouri.
24 slaves (1850)
56 slaves (1860) living in 11 slave houses
27 slaves owned by Dougherty family (1850)
69 slaves owned by Dougherty family (1860) living in 14 slave houses
Estes, William W. (family from Virginia, born in Saline Co., Missouri) and Catherine Lincoln
The "Mansion", Estes/Arthur House, built c. 1859, Liberty, Missouri
Diversified farming
9 slaves (1860)
Garth, William G. (c. 1830's from Georgetown, Kentucky, raised near Columbia, Missouri) and Katharine Berry
Cockrell/Garth House, completed 1857, Liberty, Missouri
4 slaves in 1860 living in 1 slave house
Garth was a Union supporter and captain in the Enrolled Missouri Militia.
Hughes, Daniel and Elizabeth (1824 from Bourbon Co., Kentucky)
Hughes Log House, c. 1820s to 30s, rural Clay County, and relocated to Shoal Creek late 1900's, Kansas City, Missouri
Reported as owning slaves
Hughes, Graham L.
Riverview, Hughes House, built 1848-49, Liberty, Missouri
Legend states that near here Clay County's first emancipated slaves lived. (See introduction)
James Family (1841 from Kentucky)
Jesse James Farm House, begun c. 1822, near Kearney, Missouri
Diversified farming
6 slaves (1850)
7 slaves (1860) living in 1 slave house
Robert and Zerelda Cole-James were the parents of the famous outlaws Frank and Jesse James. Robert died in 1850, and Zerelda married Benjamin Simms. Mr. Simms died and Zerelda married Dr. Rueben Samuel in 1855.
Lard, Moses E. (from Tennessee)
Lard House, built 1853, Liberty, Missouri
1 slave (1850)
Lard was a preacher in the Christian Church and for a while taught at the Camden Point Female (Christian Church) Academy, Camden Point, Platte County. (See Antioch Christian Church.)
Lightburne, Major Alvan (1836 from Scott Co., Kentucky)
Lightburne Mansion, Hall, built 1852, Liberty, Missouri
Hemp planter and manufacturer, general farming
18 slaves (1850)
12 slaves (1860) living in 2 slave houses
The "rope walk" was located not far from the house, as were the original slave houses. During the Civil War, a slave, owned by Mr. Rees, burned the ropewalk and was convicted.
Major Family (1850 from Franklin Co., Kentucky, and 1799 from Culpepper Co., Virginia)
Major House, c. 1850's, Kearney, Missouri
Livestock, corn, hemp, and general farming
12 slaves (1850)
12 slaves (1860) living in 2 slave houses
20 slaves owned by family (1860) living in 5 slave houses
Reverend John Sleet and Lucinda (Smith-Slaughter) Major moved their entire family, 5 sons and 5 daughters, and slaves from Kentucky in 1850.
Marsh, James and Martha Patsy (1824 from Kentucky)
Marsh House, built c. 1827, near Kearney, Missouri
7 slaves (1850)
Brother Alfred Marsh grew the first hemp crop in Clay County in 1826.
McKee Family
McKee House, built 1864, near Excelsior Springs
Melvin and Phoebe Gromes-McKee
Diversified farming
3 slaves (1860) living in 1 slave house
Melvin's father, David McKee (1832 from Clay Co., Kentucky), owned 13 slaves in 1850 and 4 slaves in 1860.
McQuiddy, David
McQuiddy Home, built 1846, rural Clay County near Liberty, Missouri
8 slaves (1850)
8 slaves (1860)
Miller, Madison (1836 from Berkley Co., Virginia) and Ann (Kentucky)
Miller House, built c. 1840, Liberty, Missouri
4 slaves (1850)
7 slaves (1860) living in 2 slave houses
Miller was the first Mayor of Liberty and married slave dealer Michael Arthur's daughter, Ann Arthur.
Morton Family, see Thornton and Antioch Church
Thomas Morton came from Kentucky in 1842, sons Robert, Henry, William
Morton House, c. 1840s, Kansas City (North), Missouri
General farming
17 slaves (1850)
25 slaves owned by the Morton family in 1860 and living in 5 slave houses
Nall, William (1832 from Scott Co., Kentucky, parents from Culpeper Co., Virginia) and Morning Harrison (Kentucky)
Nall House, c. 1832, Kansas City (North), near Claycomo, Missouri
9 slaves (1860) living in 2 slave houses
Ringo, Samuel (Kentucky) and Elizabeth Wirt
Ringo House, or The Pines, or White Horse Inn, c. 1837-40s, Liberty, Missouri
The Ringo's were merchants owning stores in Liberty, Richmond, and Gallatin
8 slaves (1850)
8 slaves (1860)
Routt Houses, both in Liberty, Missouri
Spring Avenue, built c. 1856
Franklin, built c. 1860's
Colonel Henry L. and Katherine Routt
2 slaves (1850)
4 slaves (1860)
Colonel Routt was a prominent local attorney in Liberty, and with his Southern sympathizers he captured the Liberty Arsenal, 1861. The taking of the Arsenal and its supplies was the first military action taken against the United States in Missouri.
Smithey House, built 1857, Liberty, Missouri
James Smithey
1 slave (1850)
Price, Richard
see Price Plantation
Thornton Family
Western Farms Plantation
Thornton, Colonel John (1820 from Howard Co, Missouri, and 1817 from Kentucky) and Elizabeth Trigg (1818 from Estill Co., Kentucky)
Thornton Mansion, built in 1829 rural Clay County, near Liberty, relocated in the 1980s to Shoal Creek Missouri, Kansas City (North), Missouri
Thornton served in the military and was a judge in the State Legislator, a hemp planter, miller, owned a ferry on the Missouri, and diversified farmer.
21 slaves (1847)
18 slaves (1850)
19 slaves (1860)
In the 1820s, Colonel John Thornton's "man" Black John was known in the area for his great hunting skills. Black John would simply go out with his gun at "odd times" and fill both tables of the Thornton and Allen families with wild game.
In 1847, when John died, the names of Thornton's slaves were: "old" (Black) John, "old" Ivory, George, Henry, Harrison, William, Frederick (Fred), Angeline, Mary (Molly), Pelina, Little Ivory (small boy), Clemons (Clem), Narcissa, Nancy (child of Narcissa), "old" Judy, Tom, Tabitha, "old" Sam, Ailse, Emily, and child of Emily. The Thornton slaves were divided among Mrs. Thornton and her children.
The Thornton's daughters all married prominent people in the area as did their son, whose namesake was secessionist John C. Calhoun of South Carolina. The children are:
Eliza Jane, to Alexander Doniphan (from Kentucky), who owned 5 slaves in 1860 living in 1 slave house.
Caroline, who married William Jewell Trustee, Oliver P. Moss; their home was Lindenwood and they owned 7 slaves in 1850 and 10 slaves in 1860 living in 2 slave houses.
Susan M. to Doctor James D. McCurdy, St. Joseph, Missouri.
Adeliza to William Morton, owning 5 slaves (1850), and 7 slaves (1860) in 1 slave house. (See Morton Family)
Mary to Robert W. Donnell (North Carolina), wealthy entrepreneur in St Joseph, Missouri, she owning 5 slaves in 1860.
Frances (Fannie) to Colonel John Doniphan (Kentucky), Weston, Platte County, owned 20 slaves in 1860. John Doniphan was a Union supporter in the war and served in its local militia.
Theodosia to Leonidas M. Lawson
John C. Calhoun "Coon Thornton, Confederate Colonel, to Louisa Sue Archer of Platte County, the Archers owned 1 slave in 1860.
Dinah Allen, sister of Elizabeth Thornton, married noted Clay County pioneer Colonel Shubael Allen. The Allens owned Liberty Landing, and near there was their log house in which they lived in for many years. In 1822, after their marriage, The Allens and Dinah's "black waiting girl" rode from Howard County, Missouri, to Clay County and settled near the Landing and Western Farms Plantation. Although, Mr. Allen died in 1841, Dinah continued farming and owned 6 slaves in 1850.
A famous incident in the history of Clay County is the attack on Dinah Allen by her slave. On April 1, 1850, Mrs. Allen's slave, Anice, with a white accomplice, Mr. McClintock, struck her in the head with an ax in an attempt to kill her. Mr. McClintock believed that Mrs. Allen kept a "good deal of money" in the house and wanted to steal it. After securing the affections of the slave Anice, McClintock promised her marriage after their escape to California. Prior to the attack on Mrs. Allen, a slave woman had been accused of the attempted poison of the Wade Moseby family of Clay County. The event that took place only a few weeks before left many whites in the County on edge. Several days had passed, perhaps a week, when both Anice and McClintock were accused and jailed based upon the slave girl's confession. On May 9th a crowd appeared at the courthouse and demanded that an example be made of the slave girl. After Anice sought penance from the Reverend Moses E. Lard, she and her accomplice was brought before a mock trial. The assemblage of men and spectators accepted the slave woman's testimony and sentenced her and her white accomplice to death. The hanging took place that same day near Liberty, with McClintock maintaining his innocence and Anice reasserting her confession as being true.
Watkins, Waltus S. (1830 from Woodford Co., Kentucky)
Watkins Mill, or Bethany Plantation, begun c. 1839, near Lawson, Missouri
Cotton milling business, Liberty in 1830s, Bethany plantation and Woolen Mill, 1840s to 1884, and diversified farming
House built 1850-54 and Mill in 1860
3 slaves (1850)
3 slaves (1860)
Although Watkins owned slaves, he preferred free workers in his mill and in other trades on his plantation, thus explaining the small number of bonded persons. Waltus's brother, James Watkins, owned a large estate and mansion and in 1850 and 1860 he had 8 slaves living in 1 slave house. The large brick home owned by James caught fire and burned in the 1980's.
Withers, Abijah (1834-36 from Woodford Co, Kentucky, and 1807 from Fauquier Co. Virginia) and Prudence Blackburn White
Withers Plantation, founded 1834, house built 1842, and moved in 1960's to Missouri Town 1855, Jackson County, Missouri
9 slaves (1850)
20 slaves (1860) living in 3 slave houses
In 1834, Abijah and Merit, an African American slave, built a log house and slave houses on the Withers' new Clay County estate. While Mr. Withers returned to Kentucky, to fetch his family and slaves, Merit remained on the plantation and was in charge. Merit must have stayed on after the Civil War, for family legend states that only one slave returned at War's end. Robert Steele Withers, who inherited the plantation in 1906, states when he was a boy Uncle Merit and Aunt Anisty lived in one of the two slave cabins that were still "inhabitable". Aunt Anisty was the cook. A middle-aged man named George worked with the "Negro field help" and was known to have "seen the last day's of the War Between the States." Robert Withers remembered the following slave songs that the African American servants and field hands sung while living on the Withers' Plantation after the Civil War:
Anisty's Song
Oh! Hits a long way
To de furwell lane,
Oh! Ma honey, ma honey, ma sweet.
You kin ast brother mink and
You kin ast brother crane,
Oh! Ma honey, ma honey, ma sweet.
Dey'll both look wise and
Dey'll tell you de same,
Oh! Ma honey, ma honey, ma sweet.
Oh! Ma honey, ma honey
Ma heart's delight!
Oh! Ma honey, ma honey, ma sweet
Merit's Song
An' he gave up de ghost
George's Songs
Oh! Jeff Davis, don't you know
I'se got a house in Baltimo?
Street cyahs runnin' right by de do.
An Oh! Ma little gal Dinah. Oh!
Yass Oh! Ma little gal Dinah, Oh!
I eats when I'm hungry
I drinks when I'm dry
If whiskey don't kill me
I'll live till I die!
Wymore, William (Kentucky)
Hughes/Wymore House, built c. 1840-50s, Liberty, Missouri
Hemp manufacturer, hemp planter, horses
8 slaves (1850)
13 slaves (1860) living in 3 slave houses
Young, William
Sundown Farm, begun in 1824, west of Kearney, Missouri
Purchased in 1835 by Colonel William Young, who died in 1835. The house passed on to Young's wife and children.
Original Slave house and other outbuildings survive
13 slaves (1850)
Colonel Young did own many slaves, for in his will it stated "a third of my slaves shall stay with my wife and the other two-thirds will be divided among my children." Legend states that a family slave, the "washwoman", stayed on and continued living in the "wash" house.
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Copyright 2009
Research and Photographs by Gary Gene
Fuenfhausen . All published materials on this site are fully
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During our apple study, my kindergarten students made the cutest apple window decorations with clear contact paper, tissue paper squares and a little construction paper. I make many of these "stained glass" decorations throughout the year and I love how festive they make my … [Read more...]
Apple Number Writing Book Freebie
Last week we wrapped up our apple unit in my classroom. In addition to all of the usual apple activities, I took the opportunity to work the apple theme in to my math and handwriting lessons. In math, my students are working on counting and number recognition. Most of my students … [Read more...]
Paper Plate Apples
It's that time of year...apple season! I have the PERFECT activity for teachers with busy schedules that want to fit a quick apple-themed craft into their day. Make paper plate apples! Materials needed: small paper plates (dessert size) red tempra paint paint brushes red … [Read more...]


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Do you know you can refine a search by telling Yahoo to search for certain sorts of content material? Browse our information to healthy meals, from quick weeknight recipes, entertaining menus and our editors' favourite healthy recipes. Follow us to maintain up with all issues Meals Network, from cooks and shows to recipes and events. Recipes from your favorite reveals on the Meals Network EMEA TELEVISION channel.
N alimento(s), comida; child — alimento(s) infantil(es), alimento(s) or comida para bebés; canned — alimento(s) enlatado(s), comida enlatada; quick — comida rápida; health — natural — alimento(s) pure(es); junk — comida basura or chatarra; processed — alimento(s) procesado(s); Notice: comida is a mass noun on this context, but alimento shouldn't be and subsequently requires a plural type when referring to multiple sort of meals.
Supply – Choose to search your favorite recipe web site's content. Nota: food, como la palabra comida, es un nombre no contable y por eso meals puede referirse a un alimento varios alimentos, según el contexto. You possibly can search Yahoo websites like Sports activities, Finance, Shopping, Autos, and more, for Yahoo originals and content material and outcomes we have curated from across the Web.
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Find soulful Southern recipes, fast and simple dinner recipes, occasion menu ideas, and baking tips from the experts in the Southern Living test kitchens. The meals pyramid was designed to supply an easy-to-perceive have a look at wholesome eating, but for the typical person it's too simplistic, vague, and generally means off.


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TOGS TO TILT BY: If you had to describe the perfect pinball outfit, where would you begin? Most people might start by suggesting that the clothing be a little loose fitting, though not too loose. The player at the machine does not want to be constricted, and yet one does not to dress too freely, lest a pocket or belt loop gets caught on the plunger in a fit of heated play. Also, dare we say it? Pinballers should wear a get-up that can take a bit of sweat, because if you're going to beat your personal best, you're going to perspire a little (if you're playing right). Most of all, something vintage and waybacky feels right. Think of all of those photos from the 1970s, where dudes in flared jeans and no shoes -- and sometimes no shirt -- hovered over pinball machines intent on scoring their 100th jackpot of the day. It turns out pinball traditions do have sartorial back story, clothing connections that played out in both the players and the illustrated people depicted on the machines. Pacific Pinball in Alameda shall celebrate retro fashions that go well in the pinball hall, with some music and open pinball play, on Saturday, Nov. 22.
VINTAGE PINBALL STYLE: A retro clothing sale'll go down -- "See pinball fashions come to life!" -- in conjunction with the Pinball Style exhibit now on display. There shall be entertainment, such as comedy stylings and DJ-helmed music, and attendees are welcome to play, sans quarters, any of the 100 machines in the house. Yep, they're free, but the event is ticketed, at $15. So if you need some retro old-schooling and funny ha-ha-ing and some time besting various kickholes ahead of the holidays, the time is nigh. Well, the time is Nov. 22, 1 to 5 p.m.
NO, REALLY... don't early '70s flared jeans make the perfect pinball-adjacent wearable? Few pants are as full of attitude, which one needs some of to master the small ball.


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How Serious is Transition in Triathlon?
As an endurance sports coach I have had many Triathletes over many years asking about what they should do in transition? How important is transition?
Now this ranges from Ironman to Super Sprint athletes, the theme is the same across all the distances, so I will start by giving my own personal experience.
My first Ironman, (I did not have a coach and there were no Facebook groups to help) I had raced many endurance events but this was my first Ironman and Triathlon.
At most Ironman events the bags for your transition are different colours for swim to bike and bike to run, these are big bags. I used mine to their maximum capacity. I loaded my bags up with every bit of kit I could possibly think of, and for all weather conditions, oh yes I was not going to get caught out. Luckily these bags are strong, and as an athlete I was able to carry them and hang them onto the peg with my race number, which I also had to stick on my bag.
Off we go ready to compete with my entire bike wardrobe in one bag and then same again in the run bag.
Key point here, psychologically this gave me peace of mind. There are no rules about how much you can put in the bag or even what (within reason), if its your first event then keeping your head straight is the most important aspect of Transition.
Before I progress, yes, you guessed it, I did not use all the kit in my bags, in fact no where near.
Fast forward one year to South Africa IM, and now looking at racing for Kona slots, my two bags were a little different. Swim to Bike bag had Helmet and sunglasses, Bike to Run had trainers and Sun visor.
Over the year I had learned and built confidence with what I really needed in Transition, and so looking for a speedy Transition I had removed nearly all the extra kit.
How do you apply this to your race, if it's your first Super Sprint and you just want to survive, then have what will make you comfortable and mentally happy in your transition (most likely in a box by your bike for shorter Tri's)
If you are looking for National qualification in an Olympic distance, then you need to go with minimalist in transition, your shoes attached to your bike, gels taped to top tube and then fly through.
Transition is transition. Be it Ironman or Sprint, approach it with your goal in mind, and then apply this so you can feel confident. I have had a good friend take 20mins in T1 having a cup of tea from her flask to help warm up after the swim, she was a sub 13hr triathlete even with this, so do what works for you.
Research your event. There will be videos of major events so you can see how the transition works. Just as you practise swimming, cycling and running, practise transition. Get it sorted before the event, again helping your mental state by removing a worry.
My penultimate piece of advice, is when you get to your race, no matter if Ironman or Sprint, walk through Transition over and over. You need to know where your bike is from swim exit, walk it through, you need to know where bike in and run out is, walk these from your racked bike. Do it until you are happy. Then chill and focus on your swim.
Last piece of advice is to ask people who have done the same event, making sure you ask athletes of your level, otherwise you will have lots of varied answers which will just cause you more stress.
Remember there are no silly questions!
For more advice or information on Transition practise


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Tootle Turtle Bubble Set
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The solution to "There's nothing to do!"...Pour some of the superior-quality bubble solution into the bubble tray, dip the 7" turtle-shaped wand into the solution and, with a flick of the wrist, fill the air with long-lasting bubbles. Set includes 8oz bottle of bubble solution.
- Eye-catching character design
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- Also includes traditional bubble wand
- Encourages oral motor skills and outdoor play
- Adult supervision required.
- Product: 17.5" x 11" x 2.5" Packaged 1.2 lbs
- Package: 17.5" H x 11" W x 2.3" L
Looking for information on a product not currently on our site? Visit our product information library.


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FTTx Solutions
The Fiber to the X (including FTTB/ FTTC/ FTTH/ FTTN/ FTTP - fiber running all the way to the building/curb, cabinet, home, node, or premises) is a broadband network architecture using optical fiber to provide all or part of the local loop used for last mile telecommunications. The major benefit is to carry massive amount of data, including video, voice, and big data, at high speeds over long distances. Copper cables used in traditional telephone lines and DSL cannot meet such a requirement.
According current market research, the global fiber optics market is expected to grow between 2014 and 2019 to reach a value of $3.0 billion at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.1%. Asia-Pacific is projected to be the biggest market for fiber optics on account of the growing demands from the end-user industries. Progress in FTTx applications is one of the main reasons for the rapid growth of fiber optics market in this region.
With our global customer experiences, Pactech proudly offers telecom carriers and system integrators a comprehensive portfolio of products for their FTTx deployments and installations:
- Outdoor fibers: ribbon cables, loose cables, armored cables
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- Fiber optic adapters
- Fiber optic splitters
- EPON/GPON Optical line terminals (OLTs)
- EPON/GPON Optical network terminals (ONTs)
- EPON/GPON Optical network units (ONUs)
- Ethernet over Coax (EOC)
- Fiber-to-Ethernet media converters
- Managed and unmanaged power over ethernet (POE) switches
- Copper cables: twisted pairs, coaxial cables


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ClekClekBoom was born in 2007, created by Jonathan Chaoul aka Ministre X and Adrien Creuse aka The Boo. The first purpose was to spread the music of the one and only DJ Sandrinho from Rio de Janeiro, king of Baile Funk.
Since 2007 ClekClekBoom has developed a lot to and in 2011 re-structured as a record label owned in part by its artists and bringing on board Steve Paton aka "4th Wave" formerly on Carl Craig's Planet E label, to grow further and is now selling vinyl and digital downloads as well as promoting deejays and producers all over the world.
The ClekClekBoom artist roster now comprises French Fries, The Town, Ministre X, The Boo, Sandrinho DJ (who are associates of the label), plus Coni and vocal talent Sana. They represent UK Bass/Funky, House, B-More/Jersey Club, Rap Music and many more bouncy styles.
The label has already released 3 EPs on vinyl and digital. They are selling via Juno, Beatport, Boomkat and other outlets for quality music. The first EP was French Fries "Champagne/Hugz feat. Bambounou", it sold out in just a couple of weeks on vinyl. The success was major and the EP was applauded by the best DJs in the bass club music scene. The second release came from Coni, "Luz in Pool/Suma/Crush" a house and UK Bass number, wich also appeared in the best charts on Beatport. The 3rd EP is Ministre X "Subtitle of Life" featuring the soul voices of Sana and Romy, release due in February 2012 but has already great feedback.
The label also records a podcast called "The Boomcast" at their studio every two weeks. It's a 90 mn mix, with special international guests from the House & Bass scene such as Toddla T, Scratcha DVA, Marcus Nasty, Ill Blu, Claude Von Stroke or MikeQ, just to name a few. Several podcasts were also made recently for French national radios like Radio Nova and Le Mouv'.
Due to that success, ClekClekBoom has a residency at the number one electronic music venue in Paris, the Social Club. On since summer 2011 the whole ClekClekBoom crew has played alongside Pearson Sound (aka Ramadanman), Oneman, Addison Groove, BokBok, Jam City, MikeQ and FunkyStepz.
ClekClekBoom is expanding more and more, 2012 should be a big year. Within the coming months, the label will start selling their releases via www.clekclekboom.com to cement their independence and their "savoir faire". Forthcoming EP's are already lined up to be dropped throughout the year with diverse range of artists and material, from underground minimalistic ghetto beats to melodic soulful songs.
Stay tuned, because with quality and forward thinking mentality, this label will grows fast and strong... and you don't want to miss that.


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BA In Early Childhood Education DegreeJan 09
Literacy is a basic tool that students must have in order to further their academic accomplishment. On this basis, future researchers are suggested to undertake research related to the rewards and challenges of a mixture of ICT and other student-centred approaches such as collaborative learning across ICT in Education all understanding areas. In assistance of lifelong finding out, the Plan graduates will be ready to further their education in the fields of Nursing or Wellness Care.
By way of our partnership with Bright Horizons Household Solutions, you may possibly be able to be placed in a Vibrant Horizons center close to you for the externship portion of the program. In many instances you wont have any scheduled classes but only coursework and your instructors email address to get further help if you need to have it. Rasmussen College is not a partner of NAEYC and our applications are not sponsored or endorsed by NAEYC. Very first is Ministry of Education Preschools which is preschools are set up by MOE to boost accessibility to preschool education for families with really low income in sub-urban, rural and remote places. The salary was listed as Children's Solutions Award" which was vague but I assume the position is subsidized. This position demands a Bachelor's Degree or larger in Education or a associated field.
Through its programs and initiatives, Intelligent Start off performs to enhance school readiness, with the aim of getting every single youngster prepared to succeed in college by the time they enter kindergarten". This implies all varieties of on the internet schools , schooling on the web and house college applications need to take benefit of the totally free down loads availability of this custom coloring book and the coloring pages it consists of. We, the members of the National Education Association of the United States, are the voice of education pros. You can also get hired with a master's Degree if your distinct degree kind is considered terminal in your field. The Vital Part of Early Childhood Teachers in Children's Literacy and Language Development.
Educators make a distinction in the lifelong learning expertise of their students, as nicely as, the good quality and requirements of the programs they teach. But this post is not about those problems – it is about helping you land a job teaching online. In really special scenarios, a very certified individual with a master's Degree can get hired teaching on the internet classes but you truly want to be super particular in order to get previous the electronic gatekeepers (we will talk about this more later). If you obtain tuition assistance from FAFSA, you might apply it towards your ECE On the internet education.
Describe the philosophies of different kinds of early childhood education applications. A lot of unhappy parents find they are unable to afford private education and with no the teaching workplace capabilities or time to be the teacher for property schooling in their personal residence. I currently use some of them in my current position and I hope to use the sources additional in future positions in which I can influence early childhood educators.


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Mises Daily Articles
The "Untouchables" Mystique
As an adolescent, I read and reread a well-worn copy of Eliot Ness's The Untouchables, always captivated by the story of the incorruptible government agent. Ness and his 12 Prohibition agents took on Al Capone, the most recognizable gangster and bootlegger of the age, risking life and limb to protect the city streets of Chicago. Whether facing down Al Capone's tommy-gun-toting henchman or prosecuting police corruption, Ness always appeared to be the last bastion of moral probity in an era of open violence and licentiousness.
In my boyhood imagination, Ness and his 12-man crew were the Untouchables — the perfect federal regulators. They protected the populace from social disorder and chaos in the streets.
Looking back on this fairytale version of Ness's exploits with a little more wisdom and experience, one can easily see that nothing could be further from the truth.
What Crony Capitalists Can Learn from Organized Crime
Ness and his crew were termed "untouchable" because they would neither accept a bribe nor compromise their loyalty to the government. Therefore, the "Untouchables" moniker is something of a misnomer. Ness and his crew were infinitely corruptible; that is, they were corrupt enough to uphold an incredibly unjust federal law that pleased only teetotalers, puritans, Mafiosi, and social reformers, and that drove millions of people out of peaceful work at the behest of a government monopoly over the individual conscience. The moral bankruptcy of the Untouchables is not in the least lessened by the fact that they intended to suppress the crime that their own actions had stimulated by criminalizing a popular American "vice."
The criminalization of the alcohol industry in 1919 put an end to the traditional federal tax on alcohol by transitioning into complete market suppression. Prohibition only ended the under-the-table extortion through which government agents of the Treasury were once paid with federal sanction. Prohibition agents were notoriously corruptible (and also agents of the Treasury), and they often took bribes from the bootleggers and gangsters who co-opted the industry after the government shut down the nation's peaceful stills and breweries. When Prohibition agents and municipal police began negotiating the terms of their extortions with the bootleggers directly, the federal government mistakenly saw in this municipal and federal corruption something different than its own erstwhile extortions in the form of the alcohol excise. The only difference between the two graft systems lay in the fact that under 18th Amendment the State couldn't leverage those municipal bribes against the national debt quite so easily when the legal plunder was "criminalized" by federal statute and shifted entirely to the enforcement of alcohol bans.
As breweries shut their doors, they sold their criminalized capital to the highest bidders in order to save themselves from complete financial ruin. In Chicago, the loan shark Johnny Torrio bought up unused stills and nurtured a "protected" underground market for alcohol consumption and distribution. In order to fend off the Prohibition agents who threatened the peaceful breweries, Torrio simply brought guns and graft into the equation, applying his loan-sharking business model to the alcohol market. After Torrio was gunned down in 1925, his enterprising protégé Al Capone took the reins of the bootlegging empire. During the Prohibition era, once-peaceful consumers and distributors of alcohol were caught between the split personalities of reciprocal states — the puritanical saints and the scar-faced devils.
Prohibition caused the price of alcohol to jump, because bootleggers had to offset the opportunity costs of running a criminal enterprise. Prohibition not only stifled domestic production, but also shut down the legal exportation and importation of alcohol. Many smugglers did manage to circumvent the laws and the customs houses, and they did not always deal their goods through Mafia networks or the customary state syndicate. For the most part, smugglers and bootleggers merely bribed local lawmen or delivered their goods under the radar, and did so peacefully. Alcohol distribution went on much as it had before Prohibition, just through more inventive (and cost-ineffective) means. Some smugglers took to the rails and stocked coal cars with hidden liquor; others combined trades and floated their booze downriver from Canada into the states, the barrels tucked safely into timber supplies. The Vancouver and San Juan islands applied their smuggling expertise, since what various states deemed "illegal trafficking" they had always seen as "good business." While some of the volume buyers that the smugglers found on the mainland were Mafiosi who engaged in the new "protection" racket, there were plenty of buyers in the West who had no connection with any criminal racket whatsoever.
What we see in Mafia violence is not an organized market resistance to state tyranny, as many apologists for Mafia racketeering have argued. By 1926, Capone was making something on the order of $100 million per year, but he was spending more than a quarter of his profits on his municipal and federal graft. He was purchasing the cooperation of the rival government syndicate in order to stave off full federal intervention with the alcohol market's Mafia-led "protection." By purchasing the cooperation of the state, he propped up the unproductive state monopoly of law enforcement, leaving the market at the mercy of two violent monopolies. He also leveraged aggressive bribes against his competitors in order to use the state as his greatest ally. By snitching on rivals, Capone hoped to shut out competition by force.
What the state should have seen forming in the Mafia-controlled black market was a clear reflection of itself as a regulator of the alcohol industry, albeit with a couple of more scars and bruises.
In the November 2011 issue of The Harvard Business Review, counterterrorist law enforcer Marc Goodman argues that crime syndicates are "especially adept at expropriating legitimate business tactics to create highly efficient global teams and set new best practices in adaptive strategy, supply chain management, the use of incentives, global collaboration, and other disciplines."1 One can only hope that the article's title (a blatant non sequitur), "What Businesses Can Learn from Organized Crime," was intended only to catch the reader's eye during a cursory perusal of HBR headlines. For someone seems to have missed the point if he thinks that legitimate businesses can learn "legitimate business tactics" from what violent extortionists had first expropriated from the marketplace's legitimate business tactics. Why relearn from criminals what one originally taught to the political interlocutors, and then call the product innovation?
The monopoly of goons with guns was never required.
The only thing legitimate competitors in the market can learn from the Mafia is how a state can supply the same services with a smile and an aura of "untouchability." The mafia is a fascist corporation that intimidates its customers through a monopoly on force, supported by graft, and rivaled only by the State. As long as a market of protection services is suppressed so that the State's own public safety squadrons remain the only legal racket, citizens have no recourse to private defense if the State's racket turns sour and breeds violent doppelgangers. If the mafia is more violent than the State, then it is only because the mafia is outgunned by the federal armory and does not have a reciprocal monopoly of mafia-controlled prisons for captured State goons.
Fecit Qui Profuit
Murray N. Rothbard assures us that, other things being equal, a corrupt government is still better than an incorruptible government, although neither is actually justifiable in principle. An active government that takes bribes is still better than one that is staffed with untouchable inquisitors, but it would be better yet to have no state apparatus at all. "A 'defensive bribe,'" Rothbard writes, "is a perfectly legitimate response to an unfortunate situation."2 Thus, if a producer of a prohibited good (e.g., marijuana, salvia divinorum, moonshine) bribes local law officials to allow him to produce his goods, then no harm is committed by the briber according to libertarian standards, even though the law officials are clearly engaged in Mafia-style "protection." The relatively peaceful history of smuggling and bootlegging in the West bears testimony to this fact, even during the Prohibition era.
An aggressive bribe, on the other hand, does much harm by initiating force. During Prohibition, the Anti-Saloon League, for instance, influenced public "servants" to initiate governmental aggression against the alcohol market in order to rid city blocks of saloons, pool halls, and cigar shops, thus attacking the quintessential American vices. Al Capone paid both aggressive and defensive bribes, winning corrupt police to his side in order to shut down rival bootleggers. Ness and his Untouchables, too, were part of the aggressive-bribe racket, because they were merely the business end of the Anti-Saloon League's political maneuverings.
Defenders of Prohibition paid little heed to libertarian attacks on central planning. As bootleggers defied the Treasury's corrupt agents and Mafiosi spread violence through urban streets, teetotalers scoffed when libertarians griped about the long-run effects of arbitrary state violence. One motor-engine-company CEO was flabbergasted in 1922 that anyone could even entertain the possibility that the repeal of the 18th Amendment would solve the problem of Mafia violence. He targeted what he saw as libertines in libertarian guise — the "loud advocate of personal liberty who persistantly [sic] talks about something having been unfairly put over on the country and who point[s] to violations as evidence that Prohibition is and must be a failure."3 He saw opposition to Prohibition as the advocacy of chaos and crime resulting from the 18th Amendment:
The poison of their arguments is reflected in the lawless spirit seen so wide spread. To my mind, these men are dangerous breeders of lawlessness and the brood is the bootleggers rightly despised by all good people.
Although black-market violence is often the whipping boy of libertarian protests against state prohibitions, we should not assume that prohibition always and everywhere breeds chaos and mafia violence throughout the United States. The prohibition of marijuana has not led to uniform outbreaks of violence and chaos either, because many teenagers get their pot through local growers who do not conduct business at the barrel-end of an AK-47. Much moonshining and bootlegging was accomplished under the radar without violence during the Prohibition era. The level of violence one sees in an industry is directly correlated to the threats of state violence leveraged against it. Where enforcement of prohibitions is slack or corrupt, retaliatory violence tends to be low.
A popular argument of the early 1900s asserted that if Prohibition were passed into law, workers would become more efficient and could transfer their services to more profitable outlets than drinking and gaming — say, toward shipbuilding.4 The sound economic argument concerning the benefits of increased worker productivity were perverted into normative judgments against alcohol's social utility. "Hence," concluded one fascist defense of social productivity to the exclusion of individual satisfaction, "let's put the saloon out of business, and increase the general prosperity of the working-man, the boss and the public."5
The slave-driving state saw drinking as a dead-end outlet for the worker's paycheck when that paycheck could serve "socially" beneficial ends. Herbert Hoover, the "do-nothing" head of the Food Administration under Woodrow Wilson, found this to be a rather winning argument, and he used it to pressure the administration into passing Prohibition in the first place. This facile argument of course ignored that every efficient saloon owner, brewer, cooper, and distiller would also have to transfer his services to another outlet — say, shipbuilding.
As preparations for World War I were underway, logical fallacies (i.e., "correlation equals causation") were also on the rise, and they seemed to accrue around the subject of, well, shipbuilding:
When one realizes that previous to the war it required from a year to eighteen months to build the kind of a vessel the Skinner & Eddy Company has just turned over to the Government in one hundred and nine days, and the company's contract with the Government did not call for delivery of the ship until the fourth of next July, one must believe that Prohibition does have something to do with speeding up war work. Let us have the benefits of it for all shipyards and for all war industries.6
According to this questionable logic, Americans might have been spared the monumental casualties of World War I (and thus World War II) if they had simply stayed at home and had a drink — and kept away from the naval shipyards, of course.
Lucrative federal contracts and the revolving door in Washington are, of course, more believable causal agents of shipbuilding booms during World War I than the putative benefits of Prohibition. If the state raises taxes and then channels money to dead-end arms races, then of course there will be a boom in production. By 1921, the Skinner & Eddy shipyard had closed its doors due to a postwar depression in shipbuilding. In Austrian economics, we point to such events as evidence of malinvestment. Skinner & Eddy shipyards would never have experienced such cataclysmic booms and busts without artificial stimulation caused by state intervention for destructive ends. According to the Prohibitionist's logic, however, we would have to assume that the demise of Skinner & Eddy was linked to a spike in drunkenness (or "animal spirits") amongst those rascally shipbuilders.
In the Carolinas, the forerunners to Prohibition had set up a system of alcohol dispensaries in order to shift the demand from saloons to socialist warehousing units. These state-run monopoly cartels succeeded in establishing a complete government takeover between the 1890s and the early 1900s, using the proceeds of monopoly to fund public works at the discretion of state caretakers. Individuals could purchase their alcohol from the dispensaries, but they were not allowed to drink on the premises. Naturally, the state monopoly favored local brewers over larger distilleries when stocking the dispensaries, thereby cutting out price negotiations with those who provided cheaper alternatives through interstate trade. In other words, the Carolinian dispensaries set up a fascist "protection" racket — a socialist union monopoly — that reaped massive rewards for brewers who supported the cause for that very purpose, as well as for the state authorities. Citizens who were alarmed by the widespread corruption that resulted — and the immense profits to be had by the monopolists — advocated for the dismissal of the dispensary system. Prohibition merely nationalized the problem.
The Volstead Act (1919), which was the enabling agent of the 18th Amendment, ensured that ample supplies of liquor would be set aside for alternative fuel research, as well as religious ceremonies. In a move typical of puritans, that which was denied the public was granted the holy clique of social reformers and researchers for approved purposes. As long as teetotalers imbibed wine under the pretense of transubstantiation, whether literal or symbolic, and as long as the end of such endeavors was not drunkenness but instead the mystical communion between man and God, then the act was deemed harmless. When anti-Prohibition groups like the Molly Pitchers Club advocated for the repeal of the 18th Amendment and a return to state regulation during the 1924 Democratic Convention, the liberal reformers and social conservatives treated the club's watered-down market agenda as reactionary treason and its members as ideological "nullificationists."7 Insofar as this charge might have been true, history proves that the nullification of interventionist constitutional revisions is a boon to the economy, as well as to public safety.
The "Blessings" of Prohibition
Prohibition in the early 20th century was not so much a ban on alcohol as a kind of monopoly restructuring — shifting the excise to municipal graft, fostering the conditions for a new armed banditti to take up the "protection" racket, and stepping up enforcement of bans — and it was not always unpopular with businessmen. Instances of workers "calling out" for "sickness" were on the decline. Prohibition laws made liquor and alcohol more expensive on the black market, in some cases driving the price up from $5 to $10 per quart. Many employers looked beyond the widespread costs to the costs that they, as employers, cut by obtaining a sober workforce.8
When the cost of policing the labor force was passed onto the state under Prohibition, businessmen rejoiced much as they always do when passing administrative costs onto taxpayers. One treasurer of the Alexander Manufacturing Co. even went so far as to declare the suppression of alcohol as an achievement on par with the advent of the motor vehicle and the spread of electric power: "I consider Prohibition one of the greatest blessings to the human race that has come about within a generation."9 If the workers were more inclined to be sober, some businesses would see increases in production and fewer lost-time accidents without having to step up pay incentives.
The "Untouchables" mystique is a rather perplexing phenomenon to explain, since "untouchable" federal regulators remain the ideal paladins of democratic interventionists. While children who read Ness's book might be thrilled by car chases, police raids, assassination conspiracies, and gunfights in the streets, it is difficult to see why Ness and his crew should have ever earned respect. Ness refused to take a bribe from anyone except the federal government, and even then from its most disreputable department — the Treasury. His employment was part of a corrupt state regime that increased crime, put thousands out of work, penned thousands more in prison, and consigned unlucky souls to the grave for exercising a natural market right — the pursuit of happiness. He was a part of the war on peaceful commerce — not "'a politico-criminal alliance formed between a civil administration and a gun-covered underworld for the exploitation of the citizenry'" — and he considered it one of the failures of his efforts against Capone that the gangster was finally sentenced to prison for income tax evasion rather than Prohibition offenses.10 In reality, however, there was no difference between the two charges.
Capone's income was the target all along. While "untouchable" federal employees often brag about the fact that they do not personally benefit from their labors on the public's behalf, Capone flaunted the fact that he was profiting from his labors as the premiere regulator of the alcohol market. Of the two American treasurers who achieved their means by force rather than compromise, Capone was perhaps only guilty of being more honest about his intentions.
- 1. Goodman, Marc. "What Businesses Can Learn From Organized Crime." The Harvard Business Review. November 2011. My italics.
- 2. Rothbard, Murray N.
. New York: New York University Press, 1998. p. 185.
- 3. Heil, A.L. "Great Good Has Been Accomplished Despite the Fact that Some Rich Lawbreakers Are Debauching Their Friends." In The Prohibition Question Viewed From the Economic and Moral Standpoint. Baltimore: Manufacturers' Record Publishing Co., 1922. p. 27.
- 4. Stelzle, Charles. Why Prohibition! New York: George H. Duran Company, 1918. p. 116.
- 5. Ibid., p. 115.
- 6. Anon. "Prohibition as a Boomer of Ship-building." In Temperance: A Monthly Journal of the Church Temperance Society 9.20 (May 1918): p. 9.
- 7. Rose, Kenneth D. American Women and the Repeal of Prohibition. New York: New York University Press, 1996. 68.
- 8. Modern corporations have simply done away with the need for Prohibition on this front. Since drug and alcohol screenings provide a means of discriminating against irresponsible employees who would otherwise come to work drunk or high (especially in jobs where negligence can entail high costs in the form of ruined machinery and insurance payouts), employees take responsibility for their own decisions. Those who wish to exercise bad decisions, drink to excess, smoke occasional joints, call out for "sickness," and show up to work with hangovers may just as well seek employment in unskilled jobs under less discriminating employers (perhaps also losing insurance coverage in the meanwhile). The market tends to self-regulate and establish its own work ethic independent of state oversight. Prohibition — of any market phenomenon — only tends to exacerbate the so-called "problem."
- 9. Moore, J.R. "Prohibition One of the Greatest Blessings to Human Race." In The Prohibition Question Viewed From the Economic and Moral Standpoint. Baltimore: Manufacturers' Record Publishing Co., 1922. p. 26.
- 10. Cf. Ness, Eliot and Oscar Fraley. The Untouchables: The Real Story. New York: Pocket Books, 1987. p. 13.


text: When you bring a sick child to your house and start treating him without thinking twice, just to find out that the kid with the cute fuzzy hat is the target of a big fish, Donquixote himself, and Monkey D. Luffy as your roommate is no help either. You are a devil fruit eater btw. And the Devil Fruit is mine. I made it up. Please don't steal ideas. Ask first and credit me <3 Au! Child! Law, Doctor!Reader, Overprotective! Luffy. The future sure is gray. I don't own anything, just this story.


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text:
ROME (Reuters) - An Italian judge ruled on Tuesday that a convicted mobster and son of late boss Salvatore "Toto" Riina be detained for a year in a secure labor unit, a judicial source said, less than two weeks after his father died, leaving the Sicilian mafia's future uncertain.
Convicted of mafia membership in 2004 and sentenced to nearly nine years in prison before being released on parole, Giuseppe Salvatore Riina, 40, has been under police surveillance in the northern town of Padua.
Criminals who are deemed dangerous to society or likely to re-offend can be sent to a secure unit, known as a "workhouse" in Italy, with the aim of rehabilitating them into society through manual labor.
In Riina's case, investigators in Rome found that he had contact with drug dealers, prompting a prosecutor in Padua to ask for him to be held under tighter security, the source said.
Riina declined to comment through his lawyer.
A decision has not yet been taken on which of Italy's five workhouses Riina will be sent to, the source said. The judge handed down a one-year term, rather than the three years the Padua prosecutor had requested.
On state television last year, Riina said he had been happy during his childhood, when his fugitive father lived under an assumed name.
Toto Riina died on Nov. 17 in a hospital in Parma, the Italian city where he had been serving 26 life sentences for murders committed between 1969 and 1992.
Nicknamed the "boss of bosses", Toto Riina changed the structure of the Sicilian mafia, concentrating power in his own hands. His savagery prompted hundreds of mobsters to testify against him, allowing magistrates to uncover the secrets of Cosa Nostra and prosecute its leaders.
Reporting by Valentina Accardo; Writing by Isla Binnie


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It was a black bodycon inside, with a long black duster jacket, belted at the waist.
And the very talented make up artist at the JCB Salon convinced me to go for an off beat pinkish purple eyes and I was up for it.
Just look at them, they were love at first sight. I loved how they paired so well with my outfit.


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Let's you show up first with proper optimization and maintenance of the page. One of the most trusted platforms to gain information with all the truth.
We help companies to setup their online presence in a much better way with an authentic Wikipedia page. A strong Wikipedia page with relevant content is our key motive for every client. We have successfully completed and made the pages live. It is extremely important for known companies and individuals to have a WIKIPEDIA page to build that trust in the digital world.


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We use EMS for Free Worldwide shipping on clothing.
It takes about 7-10 days for your order to be delivered.
Jewellery and organizers are shipped seperately by airmail and take normally 15-20 business days to arrive. Some countries may take up to 30 business days to arrive. A tracking number is not provided for these.These items do not qualify for DHL shipping upgrade.
For just $10 per order you can upgrade to DHL shipping on clothing.
DHL take about 3-5 days to deliver.
If you need an item for a specific date we suggest to choose DHL shipping.
Sometimes orders may be shipped in different packages. In this case more than one tracking number will be provided.
Some countries such as South America may take a bit longer for your order to arrive.
Returns Policy
Before you send back your return please ensure the following:
Faulty Item / I received the wrong item
If the item you received is faulty or wrong, please email email@example.com quoting your order number, your name and address, details of the product and the reason for return, and whether you require a refund or a replacement.


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I found the woman who I was meant to spend my life with: well, the one I was meant to … More
Tag: pride
Explanation to the Small-Minded on What Makes an Oreo
And The Crab Mentality Thickens Anyone seeing a trend here? If you have no idea what I'm talking about, click … More
Slam Sundays: F*** I look like??
This being the last Slam Sunday in our Black History Month saga, I really wanted to end things off with … More
Slam Sundays: Regression to the Mean
Hey y'all, So, I think I've come up with a MAJOR way to help race relations in North America. In … More
Disagree With Black History Month? Want a White History Month, You Say?
I was born and raised in Canada. When I was a child growing up, there was no such thing as … More


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Dry Herb Vape Twisty Glass Blunt New Smoke Pipe
Description of New Pipe Twisty Glass Blunt Dry Herb
Marvel at the ease of using the Twisty Glass Blunt New Pipe! Easily pack up to 1.5 grams of anything you want in the quartz tube and twist the screw counter-clockwise into the tube. After that, all you need to do is light the end and puff, puff, pass. To ash your contents, simply twist the screw clockwise and the ash will get pushed out the glass for your next party!
Feature of New Pipe Dry Herb Vape
1. Pack twist the screw, your blunt is ready to go.
2. Twist the screw out the ash,leaves the glass cleanly.
3. Light it once enjoy infini-cherry technology.
4. Carry you anywhere in themicrofiber bag.
Specification of New Pipe Twisty Glass Blunt
Detail of New Pipe Twisty Glass Blunt Dry Herb Vape
After-sales Service:
1.No matter big order or small order, we will provide all the best quality and service.
2.We offer 100% Guarantee on our product and agree 1:1 replacement or refund for defective goods in the next order.
Company Information
Q1: How do we place an order?
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If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to leave us a message in the form below! Pay attention to your mailbox and we will reply you within 24 hours.
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31 Days of Jet Travel, 12 Hours between Flights, 2 Friends, 1 Incredible Adventure
Howard Stern voices his opinion about Twelve Hours in a City! MP3 (1.6 MB)
Thanks for your continued support and contributions to the project!
Please get involved in one of the following ways:
September 18th, 2009 at 7:11 pm
when did howard get so negative and bitter…well, atleast about fun stuff like this…stop delaying adulthood!


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- মূল পাতা
- পরিচিতি
- বিনিয়োগকারী সম্পর্ক
- কর্পোরেট ফ্যাক্টশীট
- Management Profile
Management Profile
Mr. Michael Patrick Foley was appointed as Chief Executive Officer (CEO) effective from 26 May 2017. Before joining Grameenphone he was CEO of Telenor Bulgaria. A Canadian by birth, he joined Telenor in 2014 as CEO of Telenor Pakistan. He has more than 30 years of sales, marketing and operational experience in the telecom, retail and gaming sectors from both advanced and growth markets. He is a Graduate of McGill University in Montreal with BA in Organisational Psychology.
Mr. Yasir Azman was appointed as Deputy Chief Executive Officer (DCEO) effective from 26 May 2017. He also serves as Chief Marketing Officer (CMO) from 15 June 2015. Mr. Azman is an experienced professional with vast international experience in multiple countries and cultures. Before joining as CMO Grameenphone, Mr. Azman served as Telenor Group's Head of Distribution & eBusiness and worked across all Telenor Operations. He has also worked in Telenor India operations as EVP & Circle Business Head for Orisssa and Karnataka circles during 2010-2012. In his previous tenure in Grameenphone, Mr. Azman played a leading role to set up Grameenphone sales and distribution organisation and to transform Grameenphone distribution structure. Throughout his career, Mr. Azman has a proven track record as a leader of transformation, change management and business development. He has an MBA from Institute of Business Administration, Dhaka University, and also attended several executive educational programs in the London Business School and INSEAD France.
Mr. Syed Tanvir Husain was appointed as Chief Human Resources Officer effective from 12 June 2018. His journey with Grameenphone started as the Head of Leadership in mid-2013. He later went on to lead the Center of Expertise and then Shared Services organizations within People & Organization Division. A pioneer in the Digitalization of HR, he is notable for building stronger stakeholder relationships and driving agility across the organization. Prior to Grameenphone he held roles of the Head of HR in Citibank N.A, and the CHRO in Airtel Bangladesh, where he led the acquisition and merger with regard to employees with Warid Telecom. He has also worked in the USA for KBR and Aramark. An MBA graduate from IBA, University of Dhaka, Mr. Tanvir began his career as a management trainee in BAT Bangladesh , where he created his legacy by initiating the gender diversity drive, strengthening talent pipeline and by signing two Long Term Agreements with the CBA in his 7.5 years tenure.
Mr. Ole Bjorn Sjulstad was appointed as Chief Corporate Affairs Officer (CCAO) effective from 02 December 2018. He joined Telenor Asia Pte Ltd. Singapore, as Vice President in 2000 and served as its Managing Director from 2002 till 2004. After, relocation to Norway he served as Senior Vice President of Telenor, Asia region, until April 2007. In 2007, he joined the Telenor CEE regional unit. He led the representative office in Moscow for six years, followed by a two-year posting as Chief Corporate Development Officer in Telenor Hungary. Before Joining Grameenphone he was CEO of Telenor Bulgaria. In his more than 18 years of experience with Telenor Group he has served as a member in the Board of Directors in Grameenphone (Bangladesh), Digi (Malaysia), UCOM (Thailand), Telenor Bulgaria (Bulgaria) and Vimpelcom (now VEON). Prior to joining Telenor Group, Mr. Sjulstad held various leadership and project management positions within the Information and Telecommunications sector, as well as Subsea Engineering & Production business relating to the oil and gas industry. He has earned his Business Administration and Mechanical Engineering degree from Kongsberg Ingeniorhogskole, Norway in 1983. In addition, he has completed the Executive Development Program at IMD, Switzerland, in 2008.
মিঃ জেনস বেকার গ্রামীণফোন-এর চিফ ফিন্যান্সিয়াল অফিসার (সিএফও) হিসাবে নিযুক্ত হয়েছেন ২০১৯ সালের ১৫ আগস্ট। গ্রামীণফোন-এ যোগদানের আগে তিনি ২০০৭ থেকে ২০১৬ সাল পর্যন্ত টি-মোবাইল পোল্যান্ডের (পূর্বের পোলস্কা টেলিফোনিয়া সাইফ্রোয়া) সিএফও হিসাবে দায়িত্ব পালন করেছিলেন এবং তখন থেকেই কনসালট্যান্ট ও উদ্যোক্তা হিসেবে কাজ করছেন। ২০১৫ এর প্রথমার্ধে তিনি জিটিএস পোল্যান্ডের অন্তর্বর্তী সিইও হিসাবেও দায়িত্ব পালন করেছেন। এর আগে ২০০৪ থেকে ২০০৭ সাল পর্যন্ত তিনি টি-অনলাইন ইন্টারন্যাশনাল এজি-তে সিএফও ছিলেন। ডয়চে টেলিকম গ্রুপে ২০ বছরের চাকরিজীবনে তিনি জার্মানি ও পোল্যান্ডে লিডারশিপ পজিশনে ছিলেন এবং ফ্রান্সে ও স্পেনে টি-অনলাইনের সহায়ক সংস্থাগুলো নিয়ন্ত্রণের দায়িত্বও পালন করেছিলেন। মিঃ জেনস ফ্রি ইউনিভার্সিটি অফ বার্লিন থেকে ভূগোল, অর্থনীতি ও ব্যবসায় প্রশাসনে স্নাতকোত্তর ডিগ্রি অর্জন করেছেন এবং লন্ডন বিজনেস স্কুলের ডয়চে টেলিকম জেনারেল ম্যানেজমেন্ট প্রোগ্রামে অংশ নিয়েছেন।
Mr. Rade Kovacevic was appointed as Chief Technology Officer (CTO) effective from 30 January 2018. Earlier, he was serving as the Interim CTO in Grameenphone from 18 June 2017. Prior to joining Grameenphone, Mr. Rade was working as Head of IT Asia (acting), Technology & Services of Telenor Group. Prior to that, he also worked as Head of Sourcing at Telenor India. He has over 17 years of experience in telecom industry working in different senior positions. Mr. Rade has an MSc in Electronics and Computer Science from University of Montenegro.
Mr. Mahmud Hossain was appointed Chief Business Officer effective from 24th October 2018. He previously served Grameenphone as Chief Corporate Affairs Officer (CCAO) from 08 March 2010. He started his career in 1990 when he joined the technical team of the erstwhile Hutchison BD Telecom Ltd. He worked for Grameenphone, at his first spell with the Company, as Additional General Manager at Technology Operations during 2000-2001. In his credibly long career, he also worked for few other telecom operators before rejoining Grameenphone in August 2009. Mahmud Hossain obtained his B.Sc. in Electrical & Electronic Engineering from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET). He obtained his MBA from the Institute of Business Administration (IBA), Bangladesh. He also holds a Master's (Telecom) degree from Concordia University, Canada.
Mr. Kazi Mahboob Hassan was appointed as Chief Strategy and Transformation Officer effective from 01 April 2018. Previously he had been serving as Head of Transformation for the company since February 2016. Prior to Grameenphone, he was a Senior Management Consultant at Deloitte UK responsible for leading business transformation programs for clients across a variety of sectors including Telecom, Oil & Gas, Consumer Business and Financial Services. Prior to Deloitte, he held senior positions in Finance and Marketing with IBM UK and BAT Bangladesh. He is an MBA degree from University of Oxford, a Fellow Chartered Certified Accountant (FCCA) with professional accountancy body ACCA, UK and a BBA from University of Dhaka (IBA).


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I will post some pics as well as my immediate impressions of the 'Hoyt' double monk strap from Beckett Simonons preorders sometime ago
Start off by saying the sole is really good. Feels sturdy, probably the best construction of the shoe. The leather is pretty good, given the price.
The fit, I wear a 12 and usually they're too narrow, but this fit really feels great.
My only gripe was the pictures on the website show a little bit more of a marbling on the leather, and the leather is kind of a flat tan. Nothing some black polish couldn't fix
the burnishing is also too "exact"
Oh and ps the straps aren't elastic, like I've come to get used to from my neumoras from AE Ii hope they don't rip out over time. .


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All you dog moms and dog dads out there know that one of the best parts of owning a pooch is that they're portable! We love them so much we want to bring them everywhere with us! And since it's officially "Pumpkin Spice Season," you may be looking for some fall themed dog-friendly Sunday Funday trips. We've put together a few ideas, check 'em out!
Head to the pumpkin patch.
Wear matching sweaters.
Go for a hike.
Play in a pile of crunchy autumn leaves.
Enjoy some tasty pumpkin treats.
Take a camping trip.
Play a friendly game of football.
Have a snuggle and a snooze!


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The James
Client: Street Lights Residential and Stonelake Capital Partners
Project Cost: $72 Million
Service: Hydrology & Hydraulics, Staking/GPS/Platting, Civil Utilities and Paving, Drainage, Site Plan, Traffic Analysis, ROQ Abandonment, Duct Bank Design
Practice: Transportation, Hydrology & Hydraulics, Site Development, Surveying
Location: Houston, Texas
The proposed multi-phase apartment development required multiple City of Houston right-of-way and utility easement abandonments and extensive phasing to keep the sewer system and power intact during construction. Additionally, potential impacts to the schedule due to items such as traffic mitigation and installation of private street lights in the public right of way were items that required proactive accommodation to resolve.
JC navigated our client, Street Lights Residential, through the Joint Referral Committee (JRC) process facilitating the abandonment of Bettis Road and the relocation of a storm sewer system that outfalls into an adjacent Harris County Flood Control right-of-way. We developed a phasing plan to allow the existing storm sewer to remain in service during the construction of The James while simultaneously completing the abandonment of the easement to give way for the next residential tower, The Ivy.
The building footprints of both properties required relocation of CenterPoint Energy overhead power lines. In addition to these utility-related items, JC provided emergency access planning for the project's phasing during construction and assisted in getting timely approval from Houston's Performance Standards process without impacting the schedule. JC also provided traffic mitigation measures to offset the development's impact at the intersection of Westheimer and Mid Lane and was instrumental in coordinating the installation of private street lights in the public right of way.
Phase I of Street Light Residential's development at Mid Lane and Westheimer, The James, a luxury apartment complex, is now complete. The eight-story midrise has 344 high end residential units and features a courtyard with a resort-style pool, fitness center and a clubhouse with a resident lounge and full service bar.
The $90 M Phase II project called The Ivy, has broken ground and sits adjacent to The James. This tower boasts 207 units in 20 stories and is slated for completion in late 2016.


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Rick Cobbold
Hey I'm Rick Cobbold.
I recently completed my final year of Computer Games Art at Teesside University. I enjoy many other areas of art, however, my main interest is designing monsters and creatures for games and comics, and I feel like my style fits this area snugly. The chances are, if my drawing doesn't have grotesque features, then i'm probably drawing a commission for a less creepy audience.
Although, this is pretty obvious, my main passion is art, I also enjoy games, graphic novels (No series in particular), Juggling (To which I've attended several conventions and i'm still fairly mediocre), Watching Films, and deciding which genre of music I enjoy at that point in time. It's not a very long list, but I enjoy the things I do, and get great enjoyment from being around people as well as finding something interesting to do on my own. I hope eventually I find a career in art, whether that's in illustration or computer games I know i'll be happy as long as I get to do something I love for a living.
So that's me in a nutshell. I live a normal life, but the experiences I encounter are something that I wouldn't change for the world. I'm a down to earth guy so don't hesitate to email me if you have a question or query. And if you enjoyed looking at my work maybe you'd like to see my 3D work too: RickCobbold.Carbonmade.com
Thanks for Reading
Contact Me, I'd love a chat!
Email at:
- Illustration
- Story Boards
- Comics
- Graphic Novels
- Concepts