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Gathering Existing Information for Use After TEOTWAWKI
By Anonymous 411
This article is about how to gather existing knowledge and information for use after TEOTWAWKI. Basically, search Wikipedia.org for the basic articles on the six categories listed below, download the PDF of each related page, and check the footnotes for industry standard reference books that can be purchased or found online. Textbooks, workbooks, and lab manuals will also be needed on each subject.
It is far beyond my resources (and probably that of most of us) to purchase hundreds, if not thousands, of such books, therefore, a non-profit entity should be created to buy and store these books, and much more, in such a way as to survive TEOTWAWKI (Doomsday).
I like Wikipedia.org, despite the fact that their history, political, and controversial pages are biased, but because their science, engineering, and other hard subjects pages are filled with facts that are free and easy to find.
How to save the information from Wikipedia
Saving the information is very easy.
On the left-hand menu under the section labeled "Print/Export", then click on "Download as PDF". This will take you to a download page where you will click on the blue "Download" button.
The PDF will be automatically put in your "Download" folder, which on my machine is under Favorites. From there you can move it to the folder you want.
This is easiest if you open two Windows Explorer windows – one on the Download folder and one on the folder you want the PDF in. Then, just drag the PDF file across to where you want it.
What information to store
At first, I wanted information on the U.S. military, bases, weapons, aircraft, and ships, everything I could find. Not because I need that information today but because someday I might need it and wish I had it. I downloaded some 2,100 Wikipedia page PDFs on the military. I started at the top links and drilled down every link that seemed relevant and downloaded the PDF of every page.
This showed me that Wikipedia really is an extensive encyclopedia. Then I realized there was a vast amount of current knowledge that could be saved from Wiki, so I made a longish list of those subjects. That list with links to the top Wikipedia articles on the subjects, incomplete as it is, is below. I say incomplete because no list of knowledge can ever be complete, just as no list of skills can ever be complete.
Yes, there may be some duplication of material from the books in Part 6, but the PDFs gathered here can be stored on USB drives (as discussed in Part 2) and carried everywhere you go in your pocket or purse.
Preservation of Existing Knowledge
The modern knowledge that must be preserved breaks down into six broad categories:
- The Basics – Reading, writing, history, etc. A complete set of homeschooling books will be needed here. Our children as yet unborn must learn the basics, from elementary school through high school, or they won't understand the advanced material below.
- Science – Particularly the physical sciences such as chemistry, physics and many more.
- Mathematics – All types of mathematics, not just the basics.
- Engineering – There are many fields of engineering including chemical, civil, electrical, industrial, mechanical, mining and more.
- Medicine – Yes, the advanced diagnostics machines of today will be gone, but humankind will still need medical professionals and medicines.
- Machines – Generating electricity, petroleum refining, communications, transportation, etc. All of these machines must be rebuilt unless we want to live in the dark ages.
While there is a heavy emphasis on the subjects listed above, there are also links to other important subjects listed below.
Please tell me in the comments what I have left out. Clearly, on many topics you will want to add much more information, so do that as you see fit.
- Courier
- Flag Semaphore
- Heliograph
- Internet
- Maritime Signal Flags
- Radio
- Semaphore Line
- Signal Lamp
- Telegraph
- Telephone
- Television
- World Wide Web
Electrical Power
- Conservation
- Cogeneration
- Efficient Energy Use
- Green Building
- Heat Pump
- Low-carbon Power
- Microgeneration
- Geothermal Heat Pump
- Micro Combined Heat and Power
- Micro Hydro
- Photovoltaic System
- Chemical energy
- Elastic energy
- Electrical energy
- Electricity generation
- Electric Power Transmission
- Gravitational energy
- Ionization energy
- Kinetic energy
- Magnetic energy
- Mechanical energy
- Mechanical wave
- Nuclear energy
- Potential energy
- Quantum chromodynamics binding energy
- Radiant energy
- Rest energy
- Sound Energy
- Thermal energy
Primary energy
Mineral Fuels
Renewable Energy
Use and supply of energy
Passive Solar Building Design
- Glossary of engineering
- Outline of Engineering
- List of Engineering Branches
- Aerospace
- Agricultural
- Biological
- Biomedical
- Chemical
- Civil
- Computer Science / Engineering
- Electrical
- Fire Protection
- Genetic
- Industrial
- Mechanical
- Military
- Mining
- Nuclear
- Operations Research
- Robotics
- Software
- Web
Federal government of the United States
United States Intelligence Community
First Aid
- Agriculture
- Aquaponics
- Farm animals
- Food Preservation
- Gardening
- Greenhouses
- Restricted Spaces
- Vegetable Farming
- Hydroponics
Industrial Revolutions
- First Industrial Revolution
- Second Industrial Revolution
- Third Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution)
- Fourth Industrial Revolution
- Steam Power
- Internal Combustion Engine
- Analysis
- Calculus
- Chaos theory
- Differential equations
- Dynamical systems
- Vector calculus
- Discrete mathematics
- Foundations and philosophy
- Mathematical logic
- Mathematical notation
- Arithmetic
- Complex numbers
- Hypercomplex numbers
- Infinity
- Integers
- Natural number
- Rational numbers
- Real numbers
- Ammunition
- List of Handgun Cartridges
- List of Rifle Cartridges
- US Air Force
- US Army
- US Coast Guard
- US Marine Corps
- US Navy
Natural resources
- Mining
- Ore
- Petroleum
- Diesel Fuel
- Gasoline
- Oil Refinery
- Oil Well
- Pipeline Transport
- Rare-earth Elements
- Wood Processing
Precious Metals
- Applied science
- Earth science
- Formal science
- Glossaries of science and engineering
- Interdisciplinarity
- Natural science
- Life sciences
- Physical science
- Astronomy
- Chemistry
- List of commonly available chemicals
- Classical Mechanics
- Earth science
- Physics
- Social science
Ship and Boat Building
Space Program
State, Tribal, and Local Governments
Tools (you'll need a page on all individual tools)
- Agricultural Machinery
- Carpentry Tools
- Machine tools
- Mechanics tools
Simple Machines
Motor Vehicles
Railed Vehicles
Ancient Weapons
Melee Weapon
Ranged Weapon
Grand Strategy
Water Power
Water Wheel
The Information Specialist Series
Part 1: https://www.theorganicprepper.com/why-every-prepper-group-needs-an-information-specialist/
Part 2: https://www.theorganicprepper.com/where-can-preppers-store-all-that-information/
Part 3: https://www.theorganicprepper.com/preppers-essential-maps/
Part 4: https://www.theorganicprepper.com/find-essential-resources/
Part 5: https://www.theorganicprepper.com/emergency-communications/
Part 6: https://www.theorganicprepper.com/books-rebuild-civilization/


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Canarc Resource Corp (CVE:CCM, OTCMKTS:CRCUF) has unveiled a possible major breakthrough in the development of its New Polaris project in BC - its most advanced gold mine project.
It has hired engineer Hatch Ltd to look at the possibility of installing and operating what's called a small concentrate autoclave as part of a plant that would produce gold dore bars on site.
READ - Canarc Resource eyeing new resource model for Fondaway Canyon this year
Up to now, a major hurdle to economic development has been the cost and challenge of shipping refractory gold concentrates to Juneau Alaska, which is 60km to the southwest and then either south to the USA for sale to existing autoclave facilities or overseas for sale to smelters.
Canarc said Hatch was a world leader in the design and installation of such autoclaves, which are successfully used at various mines around the world for producing gold dore bars from refractory sulfide mineralisation such as at New Polaris.
If the Hatch results are positive, Canarc plans to incorporate a concentrate autoclave in an updated preliminary economic assessment (PEA) to be completed by the end of this year (2018).
Canarc can then turn its attention to financing or partnering the New Polaris gold mine project to feasibility, it said.
Over the last 28 years, Canarc has invested over $30mln on surface and underground exploration, mine access and development, resource estimation and economic studies at New Polaris, it noted.
READ - Canarc continues to hit high grade gold with Fondaway drill program
Elsewhere, in Nevada, Canarc has hired SRK to develop a comprehensive 3D resource model for Fondaway Canyon to include all the historic data as well as the results of the 2017 exploration program.
The new model will help identify the most prospective areas in and around the current resources as well as evaluate the current mining potential.
The evaluation of the firm's nine other Nevada projects has been completed and Canarc is now seeking interested parties for possible sales or joint venture opportunities on these projects.
Meanwhile, at Windfall Hills in Canada, the firm is planning to complete further exploration in the summer/fall of 2018 with a budget of C$400,000, funded from the proceeds of an equity financing closed in March last year.
An exploration permit from the BC Ministry of Mines is expected in May 2018.

subset: commoncrawl


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MILLENNIUM LINE-X Truck Accessories Store & Install Center
Parts Lookup
Truck Accessories by MILLENNIUM (LINE-X) Linings is a Top 100 LINE-X Platinum Dealer for the USA specializing not only in LINE-X, but TRUCK GEAR Truck Accessories as well. It is the original LINE-X Dealer for Indiana and Indianapolis.
Don't be fooled by other's claims. Millennium has over two decades of experience in the industry, all under the same ownership and management, and unlike most of our competitors has stuck to its roots, staying a Coatings company and Truck / Vehicle accessory company first. Millennium's facilities include a special built state-of- the-art hydraulic spray system, along with its electric high pressure spray systems.
Additionally, we have the largest polyuria spray booth in central Indiana, which is large enough to hold a full Semi-Trailer and more. We have the most complete line of protective coatings around including brands like VALUGARD and RUST CHECK. We spray more protective coatings in a week than most of our competitors spray in a month or longer.
Millennium has been a pioneer in the industry, spraying color Polyuria, complete vehicles, specialty, industrial, and commercial projects when the rest of the industry was only focused on a bedliner. We are a leader in the vehicle accessory market. Our west store location has over 3000 sq.ft. of showroom to display vehicle accessories of all types, including over 30 bed covers on display.
Experienced Staff
Millennium's professional staff is one of the best trained and most experienced staff around, specializing in Contractor Truck and Van Builds, Custom Truck Builds, Leveling Kits, Lift Kits, Vehicle Lighting, Remote Starts, Hitches, Step Bars, Running Boards, Tonneau Covers, Caps, Shells, Lids, Ladder Racks, Tool Boxes, Window Tint, and generally most any accessory available today.
Click here to build your dream vehicle.
Click here to search our Truck accessories.
Click here to view our Deal of the Month.


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One of the oil industry's most trusted advisors says that the "greatest risk to the global economy today" is not Brexit, the slowdown in China, or terrorism, but the potential collapse of the fossil fuels industry.
Speaking at the Financial Times' Energy Transformation Strategies conference in London on Wednesday, Phillip Lambert of boutique advisory firm Lambert Energy, said that he believes that moving towards renewable energy sources while ignoring the fossil fuels sector could be disastrous for the world.
Here's what he told the gathering of oil industry professionals, sustainable energy gurus and a handful of journalists earlier today:
The greatest risk to the global economy today is that the fossil fuel industry — if you want to lump it all together, which in itself is dangerous — becomes so battered that it doesn't invest enough to keep the system going.
I think the world today, especially the young among the populace thinks that the renewable industry is taking over and that's fine, it's all going to be hunky dory. Paris met, two degrees, fossil fuel dies, renewable takes over. What we've tried to do at Lambert Energy is just point out the unbelievable risk of that position unless we're very careful.
Today, June 1, we will consume the equivalent of 270 million of oil, and most people imagine that you can replace that pretty quickly and seamlessly with wind, solar, electric cars whatever. But of that 270 million, 75 million is coal, 65 million is gas, and 95 million is oil. Nine million of that is wind and solar, and biofuels. So before we delude the world that it is going to be easy to replace it we've got to have a realistic debate about the cost.
Lambert's basic point is that simply turning off the taps on fossil fuels and moving all production of energy to renewables would be completely unaffordable, especially in developing nations, that in turn would stunt economic growth, and cause serious financial issues worldwide. Instead, he believes that slowly transitioning to renewables while using technology to make fossil fuels cleaner is the best way to proceed.
"Clearly there is nothing wrong with a renewable future. We passionately believe in the UK in a gas and offshore wind future," Lambert said.
As its stands, the large majority of debate around the oil industry in particularly is where prices are going to settle. The cost of oil slumped from more than $100 per barrel in mid-2014, to less than $30 in January, as a huge supply and demand imbalance prices to crash downwards. It has since recovered to around $50 as markets begin to rebalance, thanks in part to a series of massive outages in key production areas.
However, Lambert argues that the price crash isn't the biggest issue surrounding oil, and the wider fossil fuels industry, but is simply "another punch to an already battered body" adding that the industry has to be "very, very careful" or it could face collapse.
"There's an underlying, much greater drumbeat [than the oil price crash], which is the talk of the end of our industry as a whole. In a way, I've never seen so little confidence in our industry as today. I think the confidence, both in investment terms and support has been draining away."
Energy industry defaults are already at their highest levels of all-time, and in the past year, several huge coal companies have gone bankrupt as a result of crashing commodity prices thanks to international efforts to ditch coal — traditionally the most polluting fossil fuel.
While he may not be a household name — Lambert Energy Advisory runs from an office on a single floor in Mayfair and the firm doesn't have a website — Lambert is hugely well respected in the energy industry, and is probably best known for his instrumental role in driving the early stages of a collapsed $10 billion deal between Rosneft and BP in 2011, which fell through after BP missed a last minute deadline.
Get the latest Oil WTI price here.


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Villa Lulito is a tropical oasis secreted away at the edge of stylish Seminyak. The villa is within walking distance of fabulous cafes, world-class fine dining, uber-chic nightlife and the beautiful Petitenget Beach with its important beachfront temple and spectacular sunsets. Great shopping is available in all directions, while some of Bali's best surfing breaks are only a few kilometres away. Those interested in Balinese culture can easily pop up to Ubud on a day trip, and golf lovers can chose from the nearby New Kuta Golf Club and the well-laid out Bali Beach Golf Course.
- Petitenget Beach
- 1 km
- Kuta
- 8 km
- Ngurah Rai Airport (DPS)
- 12 km
- Jimbaran Bay
- 13 km
- Ubud
- 33 km
- Elephant Safari Park
- 45 km


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Reviewby Carlo Santos,
Rumiko Takahashi Anthology
DVD 1: Primal Needs
Rumiko Takahashi's "Rumic Theater" manga gets the anime treatment in this collection of short-story episodes. In "The Tragedy of P," a harried housewife must keep a pet penguin hidden from the fussy, by-the-book manager of her apartment complex. "Merchant of Romance" is about the owner of a wedding hall whose financial situation forces her to close down the business, and as the last wedding is about to take place, she reconsiders her relationship with her ex-husband. As the final ceremony closes out, she learns a few things about true love. Finally, "Middle-Aged Teen" tells the story of a stressed-out salaryman who loses his memory right before a job transfer. Now he thinks he's 13 years old, he's got some unexplained photo booth pictures with a high school girl, and only his wife and son can bring him back to reality.
Overall (dub) : C+
Overall (sub) : B
Story : A
Animation : B-
Art : B
Music : C+
+ A unique, non-serialized showcase of Takahashi's limitless creativity.
|discuss this in the forum (5 posts) |
|Production Info:
Full encyclopedia details about
Release information about


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You can condense a fraction of your bloodline's power into a powerful elixir.
Prerequisites: Cha 15, Brew Potion, Craft (alchemy) 12 ranks, sorcerer level 3rd.
Benefit: Once per day, when you clear your mind to regain spell slots, you can create a sanguine elixir. When you do, pick one of your bloodline powers. You transfer that power into a small potion that any creature can drink to temporarily gain the benefit of your bloodline power. Creating a sanguine elixir takes 1 hour, and requires special oils and distillates worth 100 gp, and when you make the sanguine elixir, you lose access to the bloodline power until the next time you clear your mind to regain spell slots. When a creature drinks a sanguine elixir, it can activate the bloodline power anytime before the end of its next turn, as if it had access to that bloodline power. A creature that drinks the elixir cannot gain the benefit if its character level does not equal or exceed the minimum level of the bloodline power. Any level-dependent effects use the character level of the creature that drinks the sanguine elixir, or your sorcerer level, whichever is lower. Drinking a sanguine elixir is just like drinking a potion. A sanguine elixir is treated as a magic item with your caster level.
Sanguine elixirs are extremely unstable. They lose their potency 1 day after they are created.
Pathfinder Roleplaying Game: Ultimate Magic. © 2011, Paizo Publishing, LLC; Authors: Jason Bulmahn, Tim Hitchcock, Colin McComb, Rob McCreary, Jason Nelson, Stephen Radney-MacFarland, Sean K Reynolds, Owen K.C. Stephens, and Russ Taylor.


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Kyle Jensen
Lakeview High Columbus, NE Class of 2001
Memories of Kyle Jensen
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The Mission of the Catholic people of Northcentral Indiana is to proclaim the Kingdom of God, to praise the name of Jesus and follow Him by
God and our neighbor, especially those in need;
God as a faith community in word and sacrament;
to ongoing personal conversion;
of the Gospel message in the Catholic tradition; and
in renewal, outreach, evangelization and ecumenical cooperation.
We, the people of the Local Church, gathered by the power of the Holy Spirit, are committed to responsible stewardship of our human and financial resources.
The Diocese of Lafayette-in-Indiana is dedicated to ensuring a culture that is safe, open,
welcoming and protective of all people and especially our children.
We cooperate with parents, civil authorities, educators, and community organizations
to provide education and training for children, youth, parents, ministers, educators,
volunteers and others about ways to make and maintain a safe environment for children and vulnerable adults.
The St. Charles Borromeo parish contact person for Protocol Training and Safe Environment is Katie Slonina.
Reporting an Incident
Who should make a report?


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Event detail
A Journey of Pain, Purpose, and Perseverance: A special seminar in memory of Shakir Cannon, sickle cell patient advocate and leading voice in discussions on CRISPR Genome Editing, Precision Medicine, and Social Justice.
Seminar | February 27 | 4-5 p.m. | 115 Energy Biosciences Building
Michael Friend, Co-founder, Minority Coalition for Precision Medicine, Health Ministries Network
Despite being the first molecular disease ever discovered, and despite being the most common genetic disease in the US, sickle cell disease (SCD), a disease that predominantly affects people from African descent, is still a truly devastating disease with no universal cure. Long under- and unequally-served by the medical and research communities, SCD is getting renewed attention as CRISPR researchers set their sights on finally curing this disease with gene editing.
In this special seminar, Michael Friend discusses this forgotten disease, his relationship with SCD advocate, Shakir Cannon, and how the scientific and minority communities can move forward. The work of Michael and Shakir has helped bridge minority communities with medical researchers to create a dialog surrounding the promise of precision medicine and gene editing.
Faculty, Staff, Students - Graduate
All Audiences
Appetizers and drinks
Coming Soon, available February 27, 2018: Michael Friend: A Journey of Pain, Purpose, and Perseverance in YouTube stream


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This is High School Rodeo Week
Published on June 10 2013 10:04 am
Written by Greg Sapp
A gallery of images from the rodeo parade can be found here.
The Illinois High School Rodeo Association State Finals return to Effingham County this weekend.
The County Fairgrounds at Altamont will be the scene of four rodeo competitions; Thursday at 7pm, Friday at 7pm and Saturday at noon and 7pm.
The competition will be preceded Wednesday night by a kickoff event in downtown Effingham. A parade will line up at 6:15pm with area service personnel serving as Parade Marshals. The procession will form along Maple Street between Temple and Evergreen Avenues, with horse entries lining up at Effingham Equity. This year's parade theme is "Red, White and Blue Support Our Troops." The parade will travel south along Maple Street past the front of the hospital to Jefferson Avenue and will then head east on Jefferson into the downtown area, dispersing at the old Courthouse. Prizes will be awarded in these categories: business (three awards), horses, theme winner, uniqueness, youth group, and best overall.
Mail parade entries to Rodeo Parade, Post Office Box 42, Altamont, IL 62411, or fax them to 618-483-5177. Late entries will be accepted the day of the parade. Forms are available at the office of the Altamont News. The parade is sponsored again this year by the Altamont Chamber Rodeo Committee.
In addition to the parade, Wednesday evening activities will include a barbecue cookout on the lawn of the old Courthouse from 5-8pm sponsored by Martin's IGA+ with proceeds going to the High School Rodeo Association Scholarship Fund. Featured entertainers will be "Big Spike Hammer", local country and bluegrass musicians. The concert will begin at 7pm.
On Thursday, the scene will shift to Altamont for the start of rodeo competition. A "Special Kids Rodeo", however, is set for 12:30pm Thursday for kids with special needs.
Kevin Crain and C-Bar Rodeo Company has been hired as this year's State Finals stock contractors. C-Bar is celebrating its 20th year in the rodeo business.
The first rodeo competition will begin at 7pm Thursday. A highlight will be kids events for those ages five to seven about 8pm.
Another rodeo competition will take place at 7pm Friday with another time for kids events.
Saturday events will begin early with the Annual Scholarship Breakfast at the Fairgrounds hosted by S&W Supermarket of Altamont and Altamont Mayor Larry Taylor. All proceeds will again go to the rodeo scholarship fund.
Area residents will have the chance to see the Rodeo Association queen contestants up close when the Queen competition begins at 9am.
Another round of rodeo competition will begin at noon Saturday with events for kids ages 6 to 10 during the event.
The final round of rodeo competition will begin at 7pm Saturday with the Grand Entry Parade. The crowning of the new rodeo queen will begin the competition.
Ticket prices in advance are $8 for adults for a single event and $25 for an adult weekend pass. Tickets at the gate will be $10 for adults for a single event and $30 for an adult weekend pass. Children's tickets are free if they are accompanying a paying adult.
Tickets are available by phoning 618-483-6176 or at The Altamont News, Peoples Bank and Trust in Altamont, Cowden Medical Clinic, Martin's IGA+ in Effingham, and Rural King in Effingham.
A special weekend event will be a championship bull ride. A 10-man championship bull ride event is planned both Friday and Saturday nights. At the conclusion of each night's rodeo competitions, bullriding contestants will compete for cash and a buckle for the weekend winner. Contact Kevin Crain at C-Bar Rodeo to enter at 618-349-8756.


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We look forward to seeing what Rebecca Minkoff has prepared for New York Fashion Week fall 2013. Until then, let's have a look back at the designer's past hits.
The New York Fashion Week is around the corner and there are
many designers whose creations we look forward to and Rebecca
Minkoff is definitely one of them. Why? Because ever since it was
first launched in 2001, the label has consistently brought a
variety of covetable creations and we expect similar options for
New York Fashion Week 2013.
For Rebecca Minkoff, the choice of designing wasn't too difficult to make. Why? Because she grew up designing and sewing clothing and went on to pursue a career in the industry right after her high-school graduation. Still, her real taste of success came in 2005 when the Morning Morning After Bag line was born and she was a regular New York fashion Week presence ever since. Needless to say, since Rebecca Minkoff discovered her niche and started focusing on accessories, her popularity skyrocketed and her creations quickly drew the attention of several A-list celebs who were conquered by the classiness of the new offerings.
There were several Rebecca Minkoff creations that have struck a cord with over the years. The spring 2011 shoes were a great option for those looking for the perfect balance between visual trendy vibes and classiness. Last year also proved a good one for the designer. Both her spring 2012 handbags and her the fall 2012 handbag collection showed a clear understanding of the contemporary designs need in order to be perfect for the today's increasing demands. It's no wonder Rebecca Minkoff as become a regular New York Fashion Week presence.
Though we've come to be familiar with the options the designer puts forward it's impossible to predict what the new Rebecca Minkoff offerings will be at New York Fashion Week 2013. The designer's show is scheduled on February 8 starting with 3 PM at Theatre. If you're interested in the label's hottest creations up to date you can always check the brand's official website http://www.rebeccaminkoff.com.
Be sure to tune in for the latest updates!
Update! Have a look at the entire Rebecca Minkoff fall 2013 colleciton!
Photos via style.com


text: 09/28/2013 (08:00PM - 09:00PM) (Saturday) : AN ARSONIST TAKES NOTICE OF SEVERIDE AS NEW RED TAPE CAUSES BIG CHANGES IN THE DEPARTMENT IN THE SEASON TWO PREMIERE � Evidence recovered at a series of fires indicates that Lt. Severide (Taylor Kinney) is being targeted by an arsonist. Meanwhile, Battalion Chief Boden (Eamonn Walker) clashes with Gail McLeod (guest star Michelle Forbes), a high ranking consultant with the State Marshal's office who keeps a sharp eye on budgets and performance at the city's firehouses -- and has 51 under her microscope as one that could face the prospect of being closed. Elsewhere, Lt. Casey (Jesse Spencer) reflects on the year anniversary of Andy's death, Shay (Lauren German) has suspicions about Severide's paternity and Mouch (Christian Stolte) enjoys a visit from Mari (guest star Cindy Chang), his Japanese girlfriend. Monica Raymund, Charlie Barnett, David Eigenberg, Yuri Sardarov and Joe Minoso also star. Jon Seda, and Jesse Lee Soffer also guest star.


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Artistic images portray Jesus as a pale, long-haired man. Yet this image contradicts biblical clues about His appearance. What is the origin of this image?
It is the face known around the world. Though it sometimes appears with different shades of skin, the general characteristics are consistent: long hair, a beard, and a slender and somber face. This face is portrayed through paintings, sculptures, crucifixes and movies.
It is the face immediately recognized as Jesus Christ.
But, as we show in our article "What Did and Didn't Jesus Look Like?" the Bible reveals very little about the physical appearance of Jesus. And what it does reveal contradicts the popular image you may have in your mind—an image that has been planted there by artists and filmmakers. Instead of having long hair, Jesus would have had short hair. Instead of having pale skin, He would have had a tanned complexion. Instead of being thin and fragile, He would have been masculine and strong.
But if the popular image was not derived from Scripture, where did it come from? Why do artists, sculptors and film producers consistently portray Jesus with these features?
What history shows may surprise you!
No images in the early Church
The people closest to Jesus left no artistic descriptions of His appearance. This wasn't just an oversight because they were busy. The New Testament is very deliberate in recording the most vital details about Jesus' life—but notably there are few about His appearance. Nowhere do we find an artistic image of Him drawn by one of His contemporaries.
Why is this?
Simply put, the early Christians understood that while Jesus was ordinary in appearance (Isaiah 53:2), He wasn't an ordinary man—He was God in the flesh (John 1:1, 14; 20:28). Since they faithfully obeyed the 10 Commandments, they applied the Second Commandment to Jesus. Jesus Christ was God and should not be represented through images.
The apostle Paul expounded on this when he said, "We ought not to think that the Divine Nature is like gold or silver or stone, something shaped by art and man's devising" (Acts 17:29). In other words, God is so great that reducing Him to an image is like putting Him in a box. Paul relegated attempts to portray God through images to "times of ignorance" (verse 30). Paul was trying to combat idolatry—a major element of the Greco-Roman world he lived in.
Historian Jesse Lyman Hurlbut wrote of the first century: "Idol worship was interwoven with life in every department. Images stood in every house to receive adoration; libations were poured out to the gods at every festival; with every civic or provincial ceremony the images were worshiped. In such forms the [early] Christians would take no part" (The Story of the Christian Church, 1970, p. 41).
Secular history records, "The early Church had always been strict in forbidding the adoration of images and therefore did not want Christ's face to be memorable" (Claudine Chavannes-Mazel, "Popular Belief and the Image of the Beardless Christ," Visual Resources, Vol. 19, No. 1, p. 29).
It is clear from scriptural and historical evidence that the early Church had no images of Christ. So how did images and icons make their way into mainstream Christianity?
How images crept into Christianity
Many changes occurred to Christianity after the end of the New Testament era. After the death of the original apostles, a small group of faithful Christians continued, but much of Christianity gradually began to evolve into a religion that bore little resemblance to the Church described in the book of Acts. You can read more about the transformation in our article "Was Christianity Designed to Evolve?"
The earliest images that have been uncovered supposedly portraying Jesus have been dated to around A.D. 240-256. Obviously, these artists, who lived 200 years after Christ's ascension to heaven, had never seen Him or known any of His contemporaries.
Instead of trying to directly portray Him, these early images represented Christ symbolically. The most common was Christ portrayed as the "Good Shepherd," holding a lamb. In these images, He is portrayed as young, physically fit and beardless. Most of these images were found in catacombs in Rome—not in Judea or Asia Minor, where the majority of early Christians lived.
The problem historians have in positively identifying these images as Christ is that they parallel Greco-Roman pagan art that used a shepherd image as a symbol of philanthropy (André Grabar, Origins of Christian Iconography, pp. 218-219). We will see that borrowing from pagan art is a common theme of many of the familiar icons of Christianity.
It wasn't until after Constantine (272-337) that detailed artistic representations of Jesus began to be found in churches. Historian Paul Johnson wrote that "after the conversion of Constantine all the barriers [to the use of images] were broken down" (A History of Christianity, pp. 102-103).
In other words, before this time there was resistance to artistic portrayals of Jesus—but after Constantine accepted Christianity and started remaking it in the Roman image, the Greco-Roman customs of worshipping deities through statues and images became syncretized into Christianity.
"Towards the end of the fourth century, the use of images in the churches became general. People began to prostrate themselves before them, and many of the more ignorant to worship them. The defenders of this practice said that they were merely showing their reverence for the precious symbols of an absent Lord and his saints" (George Fisher, History of the Christian Church, 1915, p. 117).
Though there continued to be resistance, the use of icons and images won out and became entrenched in the Christianity that emanated from Rome and Byzantium. But the artwork of this emerging form of Christianity did not come out of nowhere. These images emerged from previous pagan imagery and traditions.
The origins of the face of "Jesus"
After A.D. 400, images of Jesus began to be found all over churches, catacombs and even on the vestments of priests. Since the artists had no knowledge of Jesus' real appearance, they developed their own images of Jesus with features that continue to influence art to this day.
Artists took the most notable characteristics of divinity from the Greco-Roman world and combined them into an image of a roughly 30-year-old man—devising the image recognizable as Jesus today: the slender, pale, bearded, long-haired Jesus.The early images of Jesus portrayed Him slightly differently from how He is usually depicted today. Instead of being slender with a beard, early art depicts Him as a youthful, physically fit, clean-shaven, though somewhat effeminate, long-haired man.
Choosing to depict Jesus with long hair was not a random decision on the part of these early artists. They choose to portray Christ this way because the male gods of the Greco-Roman pantheon almost always were depicted with long hair. "In Greek and Roman art loose, long hair was a mark of divinity … in letting his hair down Christ took on an aura of divinity that set him apart from the disciples and onlookers who are represented with him" (Thomas Mathews, The Clash of Gods, 1993, pp. 126-127).
Many historians recognize that the early images of Jesus were directly based on the common features given to the sun god Apollo. Notice these enlightening quotes:
"When Christ is given a youthful, beardless face and loose, long locks it assimilates him into the company of Apollo and Dionysus. … Insofar as he copied the look of Apollo or Dionysus, he assumed something of their feminine aspect as well" (ibid., pp. 126-128).
"The clean-shaven visage more resembles the representations of Apollo or the youthful Dionysus, Mithras, and such semi-divines or human heroes as Orpheus, Meleager, and even Hercules. A youthful appearance recalls the divine attributes most associated with personal savior gods" (Robin Jensen, Understanding Early Christian Art, 2000, p. 119).
"Jesus' representation as a version of Apollo/Helios in the Vatican necropolis demonstrates the way the Roman gods were directly challenged; Jesus usurps their place, often with iconographic attributes that make him quite similar in appearance to various pagan deities" (ibid., p. 120).
Look at these images of Apollo and note the similarities to many of the early artistic portrayals of the youthful Jesus:
Later artists wanted to capture the wisdom and power of Jesus as the "heavenly judge." These artists turned for inspiration to the more powerful and authoritative gods in the Roman pantheon, such as Jupiter (the Roman version of Zeus), Neptune and Serapis. These gods, like Apollo, wore long hair to distinguish them from mortals, but were also distinguished by beards (which symbolized their wisdom and authority).
These characteristics found their way into artistic portrayals of Jesus. Notice these quotes from historians:
"The representation of Christ as the Almighty Lord on his judgement throne owed something to pictures of Zeus" (Henry Chadwick, The Penguin History of the Early Church, 1967, p. 283).
"A full-bearded face suggests authority, majesty, and power and may be seen in the portraits of the senior male deities of the Roman pantheon—Jupiter and Neptune, or even the Egyptian import, Serapis. … The mature and bearded figure perhaps emphasizes Jesus' sovereignty over the cosmos. Here Christ takes Jupiter's place in the pagan pantheon, and the iconography makes that displacement explicit" (Jensen, pp. 119-120).
"It was only after Constantine, about the time of Damasus, that the picture of Jesus was changed from the youthful wonder-worker to the royal or majestic Lord. At that time, Jesus shifted more to a bearded, elderly, dominant figure" (Graydon F. Snyder, Ante Pacem: Archaeological Evidence of Church Life Before Constantine, p. 298).
Notice the images of Jupiter, Neptune and Serapis:
Artists took the most notable characteristics of divinity from the Greco-Roman world and combined them into an image of a roughly 30-year-old man—devising the image recognizable as Jesus today: the slender, pale, bearded, long-haired Jesus.
The danger of idolatry
A consistent biblical theme is God's abhorrence of pagan idolatry. God strictly commanded His people not to make images of Him (or any made-up god) or to use those images in worship. Ancient Israel went into captivity because they embraced idolatry (2 Kings 17:15-18; Hosea 8:4). The New Testament is filled with admonitions to "flee from idolatry" (1 Corinthians 10:14) and to "keep yourselves from idols" (1 John 5:21).
Would a God who inspired these statements want to be worshipped and imagined through images inspired by pagan idolatry?
Did the God who declares Himself "the same yesterday, today, and forever" (Hebrews 13:8) suddenly change His mind about images in the fourth century?
View Christ in truth
When we try to portray God through a physical image, we lose sight of the full extent of His power and grandeur, which can never be captured in stone or on canvas. Instead of viewing Him with the lens He gives us in His Word, we view Him through the lens of the human imagination. In a sense, we remake Him in our image.
Not only do the depictions of Jesus mischaracterize what He looked like, but they are images based on false gods of ancient paganism.
The best way to replace these images with the truth about Jesus is to diligently study your Bible and fill your mind with the knowledge of His teachings—while avoiding man-made images of Him.
Jesus Christ made a powerful statement recorded in John 4:23-24: "But the hour is coming, and now is, when the true worshipers will worship the Father in spirit and truth; for the Father is seeking such to worship Him. God is Spirit, and those who worship Him must worship in spirit and truth."
Worship of Jesus Christ should be fully based on truth, not false artistic renderings of His appearance.


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2016 Gradam Awards
34 Pioneer centres, from all over Ireland, receiving their pennants for excellence at the Gradam Awards Ceremony that was held on Saturday 20th May 2017 in St. Francis Xavier Church, Gardiner Street, Dublin 1. Congratulations to all for the fantastic work that is been done at the local level in many parishes throughout the country.
Gradam Na Réadóirí for 2016 - Recipients
Ardfield/Rathbarry, Burren, Carrickmacross, Carrigaline, Crosserlough, Donoughmore, Duleek, Dunshaughlin, Fedamore, Glencorrib, Glinsk, Goresbridge, Holy Family Drogheda, Killucan, Kiltoghert, Knock, Kiltoom, Loup, Marino, Mervue/Ballybane, Mitchelstown, Muintirvara, Newtownshandrum, Portlaoise, Rathmolyon/Enfield, Roslea/Smithboro, Rostrevor, Scoil Muire agus Padraig, St. Joseph's Boys' High School Newry, Sessiaghoneill, Togher.
15 Years
Cong/Neale, Kilmaine, Leighlinbridge, Mountmellick
10 Years
Leitrim/Kilcooley, Islandeady


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The human experience in the future of work
June 16, 2017
The world of work is changing and the landscape of real estate has evolved. What was once about acquiring and managing buildings has become a strategic lever for transformation, enabling organizations to achieve broader business agendas. Relationships between organizations and the people they serve, employ and partner with are evolving, and technology innovations are reshaping how and where work gets done.
The human experience is one of the central dimensions of the future workplace. It is both a channel for disruption and an opportunity for transformation.
The war for talent is increasingly competitive. Millennials and post-millennials are changing expectations for what happens in the workplace, which makes it a challenge to create space that accommodates several generations. On the flip side, the opportunity exists to reshape the workplace to attract this new mix of talent.
With people at the heart of every enterprise, the value organizations put on their people is stretching into real estate. It is not enough to give people a job and a place to work – you need to create a place they want to be.
Today's office is already competing with off-site workplaces. Recent JLL research showed that 54 percent of people work at home more than five days a month, and 33.6 percent work regularly from other places such as cafes or co-working spaces.
By 2030, 30 percent of corporate portfolios will comprise flexible space, including co-working, incubator and accelerator space, according to JLL research.
The future workplace must be one that is highly flexible, mobile, provides work-life balance and promotes wellness. To achieve a compelling human experience, the imperative is to prioritize people through engagement, empowerment and fulfillment at work.
As keen observers and active participants in the effort to understand the future of work, here are three elements we believe will be the gold standard for human experience within real estate in the next five years:
Integrated resources as a common model for all resources.
HR, IT and real estate are already starting to collaborate to offer a unified service model to employees. Tomorrow, organizations will be seamless and transparent to their employees as they navigate the work environment.
Predictive technologies to anticipate and refine needs based on information collected.
Imagine: A parking garage recognizes your car and sends an elevator to the floor you parked. The elevator automatically goes to the floor you work. Once there, you receive notice on your phone your workspace is ready, with the lighting and temperature set to your preferences. These are the types of experiences that will engage and retain employees in the future.
High-touch experiences for pervasive, hyper-personalized and totally flexible services.
Creating personalized experiences within real estate is a key differentiator for how people engage with an organization.
For instance, one company installed lockers to receive deliveries for employees. When a delivery arrives, the employee receives a text or email providing the locker number and temporary combination.
For those that claim to put people first, actively factoring the human experience into the workplace is essential.
To find out more about what the Future of Work holds, visit www.futureofwork.jll


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The Department of Art Education in accordance with the Virginia Department of Education requires students to pass certain tests required for initial teaching licensure. Students must have passing test scores in order to progress in a timely manner through the program. See the timeline below to determine when to take the Praxis I, VCLA and Praxis II.
Suggested timeline for required tests:
During ARTE 310, you will need to
– pass the VCLA
– pass the Praxis I Core Academic Skills for Educators (Math) – or bring proof of exemption through SAT/ACT scores to the department
During ARTE 311, you will need to
– have your official Praxis I and VCLA score reports to apply to the Teacher Prep program
During ARTE 401, you will need to
– pass the Praxis II: Art Content Knowledge
During ARTE 402, you will need to
– have your official Praxis I, VCLA, and Praxis II score reports to apply to Clinical Internship


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As County Executive, I am proud to welcome you to the Will County, Illinois web site. Our site provides an open dynamic information highway to Will County government and the great services we provide. Our goal is to fully present the vast variety of services, programs and initiatives available to every resident.
As part of the commitment to keeping our government openly visible, as well as responsible and accessible, our user friendly website contains additional resources and a better visual design. By working together in the spirit of cooperation, we continually work to plan and provide vision for the county's future and collaborate as a team to insure our diverse county remains a wonderful place to call home.
Workforce Services Division of Will County has announced the Mobile Workforce Center's April schedule, with stops in six communities.
The Workforce Center of Will County April schedule, which includes workshops offered by the Workforce Services Division of Will County, Illinois Department of Employment Security and Joliet Junior College, has been released.
View Employment Opportunities
WC Land Use & Development Committee - Agenda - Dec 10, 2019 10:30 AM
View Web Agenda
Downloads: Public Agenda | Full Agenda
Forest Preserve District Operations Committee - Agenda - Dec 12, 2019 9:30 AM
Forest Preserve District Finance Committee - Agenda - Dec 12, 2019 9:35 AM
Forest Preserve District Board of Commissioners - Agenda - Dec 12, 2019 9:45 AM
Forest Preserve District Ad Hoc Rules Committee - Agenda - Dec 12, 2019 9:40 AM
WC Planning and Zoning Commission - Agenda - Dec 17, 2019 6:30 PM
10th Distribution
Tenth Distribution of 2018 Levy Real Estate Taxes to Taxing Bodies.
Office Closed – Christmas Day
Our office will be closed on December 25th, 2019 to observe Christmas Day.
View Full Calendar


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1. A man is 20 years old in 1980, but only 15 years old in 1985. How is this possible?
2. What has roots that nobody sees, and is taller than trees. Up, up it goes, and yet it never grows.
3. What's black when you get it, Red when you use it, And white when you're all through with it?
4. Two convicts are locked in a cell. There is an unbarred window high up in the cell. No matter if they stand on the bed or one on top of the other they can't reach the window to escape. They then decide to tunnel out. However, they give up with the tunneling because it will take too long. Finally one of the convicts figures out how to escape from the cell. What is his plan?
5.Name an eight letter word that has kst in the middle, in the beginning, and at the end.


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Everything You Need To Know To Begin An Elimination Diet
Do you struggle with unexplained symptoms such as bloating, brain fog, weight gain, headaches, or fatigue? Here's a super simple way to determine if food sensitivities might be the culprit.
The idea behind an elimination diet is to help people identify subtle, gradual reactions to common food groups such as gluten, dairy, egg, soy, corn, peanuts, sugar and alcohol. By completely avoiding those foods for at least four weeks, a person is able to clear out any antibodies and will usually notice an improvement in symptoms.
After four weeks, foods are added back one-by-one to test the body's response. When you go on an elimination diet, it's like hitting the "reset" button and most people feel dramatically better and may even lose some weight!
Here's what you should ditch:
- Gluten (wheat, rye, and barley)
- Eggs
- Dairy
- Soy
- Corn
- Peanut
- Sugar
- All artificial preservatives, additive, dyes, sweeteners
Unless you eliminate all foods 100%, you may not notice a difference in how you feel. In addition, many people have strong sensitivities to more than one food. If you only go off one thing at a time, you won't feel partially better and you may feel not better at all.
Failing to plan is planning to fail.
Plan ahead by shopping for foods that you CAN eat.
Make a grocery list:
Organic protein sources
- Fish
- Chicken
- Bison
- Beef
Healthy fats
- Avocado
- Coconut oil
- Coconut butter
- Olive oil
- Grapeseed oil
- Organic ghee
Milk alternatives
- Coconut milk
- Almond milk
- Coconut yogurt
Snack foods
- Hummus
- Chia pudding
- Guacamole
- Cashew spread
- Raw nuts, seeds, and nut butters.
Mod importantly, make sure to get a variety fresh fruits and colorful vegetables and vow to try something new each week!
Make sure to read all labels carefully to find hidden allergens. Eat a wide variety of foods and do not restrict your calorie intake. If you don't notice an improvement during the four weeks, you either don't have any food sensitivities or you may need further testing.
But I'm still hungry…
If you find yourself hungry during the elimination diet, first ask yourself, "Am I really hungry?" Other reasons we eat are out of boredom, loneliness, fatigue or anger. If you are not experiencing any of these emotions and really find yourself hungry, you're probably not eating enough fat. Increase your intake of healthy fats. Add avocado to your smoothies or on top of burgers. Use organic ghee or coconut oil on top of roasted veggies and salads. Snack on nut butters or coconut butter.
The first few days will be the hardest as your body goes through withdrawal from sugar and your cravings will become more intense. Symptoms you may experience in the first week or so can include changes in sleep patterns, lightheadedness, headaches, joint or muscle stiffness and changes in gastrointestinal function. Such symptoms rarely last for more than a few days.
You may find yourself walking around looking for something to eat and nothing sounds good. This is usually because we have trained ourselves to snack on processed sugary foods, especially when we are bored or tired! Starting your day with healthy protein will help stave off fatigue.
What do I do after the elimination diet?
The goal of the elimination diet is to reconnect with how food makes you feel. There is no typical or normal response and each person may differ in how they feel. The key is that you reestablish your connection with food and begin to understand how food affects the way you feel.
After the four weeks, you may begin to reintroduce the foods you've eliminated but it is important to do so one by one, with only one new food introduced every 2-3 days. That way you can monitor your body for a return of symptoms, such as brain fog, water retention, or bloating. If you notice symptoms with a certain food, take that food back our and try something else.
At the end of your elimination diet you should come away with a sense of what foods you do well with and which ones make you feel terrible. Hopefully, you will feel improvement during the elimination diet and continue avoiding the foods that make you feel the worst.
I know changing habits, especially involving food, can be difficult. I promise you, the health reward will be well worth it. And soon you'll be feeling so much better that you won't even miss the foods you've given up!
Ready to learn more about how to unlock the power of food to heal your body, prevent disease & achieve optimal health? Register now for our FREE web class with nutrition expert Kelly LeVeque.


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The BTEC structure has changed now and there is a requirement for students to complete a mixture of internally assessed assignments and externally assessed examinations. The aim of the course is to allow students to develop their interest in and enthusiasm for biology and chemistry. Students on the course will be able to appreciate how society makes decisions about scientific issues and how the sciences contribute to the success of the economy and society. Students will work through practical exercises and the study of past key experiments, to develop and demonstrate a deeper appreciation of the skills, knowledge and understanding of how science works.
A minimum of five GCSEs at grade 4 including maths, English and 2x Science.
Desired G-Score 5.0.
Applied Science is a versatile subject that develops many important skills which are valued and recognised by both potential employers and universities. Links are made between the theory covered and real situations. There are a range of apprenticeships within the science field that are promoted.
We have students that have secured placements with local care homes and St John's Ambulance to help support their application to university.
Components of Course
Module 1: Principle & Application of Science
Module 2: Practical Scientific Techniques
To complete the award, we will be selecting from the Optional units. Two optional modules are needed for the Diploma. The optional modules have to come from specific groups. It is highly likely we will be offering the specific Biomedical Pathway with modules such as these:
Module 3: Scientific Investigation Skills
Module 4: Laboratory Techniques and their Application in Industry
Module 5: Principle & Application of Science 2
Module 6: Vocational Research Project
Module 8: Physiology of Human Body Systems
Module 9: Human Regulation and Reproduction
Module 10: Biological Molecules and Metabolic Pathways
Module 11: Genetics and Genetic Engineering
Module 12: Diseases and Infections
A range of assessments will take place including examinations and the completion of coursework in the form of set assignments.
Exam Board


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Posted: Oct 14, 2015
MACON, Ga. - LaGrange swept Wesleyan 3-0 in a non-conference match Wednesday in Porter Gym. The Panthers improved to 9-14 on the season with the win.
The Panthers took the match by scores of 25-11, 25-8, and 25-8. They had 22 service aces in the match.
Freshman Mimi Loftus led the Panthers with seven kills and service aces each. Lexi Hall and Ali Hudgins had five kills each, as the Panthers finished with a .311 attack percentage.
The Panthers host a USA South Quad Match on Sunday in Richter Gym. The Panthers play Meredith at 10 a.m. and Methodist at 4 p.m.


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Grower: Siloam Springs, AR
Price: $10.00 ( 1)
%> Available (Estimated): 100
Give the gift of locally grown foods, baked goods, honey, sharpening services, personal and home care products, and knitted and crocheted items. This gift certificate can be used towards the purchase of any products sold on the market both online and during the outdoor market season. Gift certificates will be valid through December 2018.


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You are here
Found 74 results
Filters: Keyword is physics and Author is S. L. Bud'ko [Clear All Filters]
"Effect of pressure on the physical properties of the superconductor NiBi3", Journal of Physics-Condensed Matter, vol. 31, p. 035701, 2019.,
"Antiferromagnetic order in CaK(Fe1-xNix)(4)As-4 and its interplay with superconductivity", Physical Review B, vol. 97, p. 224521, 2018.,
"As-75 NMR and XRD Study of Structural and Electronic Inhomogeneities in Ba(Fe1-xNix)(2)As-2", Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism, vol. 31, pp. 3289-3295, 2018.,
"Ce3-xMgxCo9: Transformation of a Pauli Paramagnet into a Strong Permanent Magnet", Physical Review Applied, vol. 9, p. 024023, 2018.,
"Direct visualization of phase separation between superconducting and nematic domains in Co-doped CaFe2As2 close to a first-order phase transition", Physical Review B, vol. 97, p. 014505, 2018.,
"Doping evolution of spin fluctuations and their peculiar suppression at low temperatures in Ca(Fe1-xCox)(2)As-2", Physical Review B, vol. 97, p. 174519, 2018.,
"Electronic structure of the topological superconductor candidate Au2Pb", Physical Review B, vol. 98, p. 161107, 2018.,
"Features of thermal and magnetic properties of nonstoichiometric DyB50 boride: The influence of the magnetic phase transition and crystal electric field", Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, vol. 449, pp. 257-262, 2018.,
"Ferromagnetic quantum criticality: New aspects from the phase diagram of LaCrGe3", Physica B-Condensed Matter, vol. 536, pp. 483-487, 2018.,
"Hedgehog Spin-Vortex Crystal Antiferromagnetic Quantum Criticality in CaK(Fe1-xNix)(4)As-4 Revealed by NMR", Physical Review Letters, vol. 121, p. 137204, 2018.,
"Influence of multiband sign-changing superconductivity on vortex cores and vortex pinning in stoichiometric high-T-c CaKFe4As4", Physical Review B, vol. 97, p. 134501, 2018.,
"In-plane magnetic penetration depth of superconducting CaKFe4As4", Physical Review B, vol. 97, p. 140503, 2018.,
"An inverse Ruddlesden-Popper nitride Ca-7( Li1-xFe(x)under-bar)Te2N2 grown from Ca flux", Philosophical Magazine Letters, vol. 98, pp. 118-125, 2018.,
"ITCu2Ge2", Physical Review B, vol. 97, p. 165121, 2018.,
"Multi-band effects in in-plane resistivity anisotropy of strain-detwinned disordered Ba(Fe1-xRux)(2)As-2", Journal of Physics-Condensed Matter, vol. 30, p. 8, 2018.,
"Nodeless superconductivity in the type-II Dirac semimetal PdTe2: London penetration depth and pairing-symmetry analysis", Physical Review B, vol. 98, p. 024508, 2018.,
"Persistent correlation between superconductivity and antiferromagnetic fluctuations near a nematic quantum critical point in FeSe1-xSx", Physical Review B, vol. 98, p. 020507, 2018.,
"Pressure dependence of coherence-incoherence crossover behavior in KFe2As2 observed by resistivity and As-75-NMR/NQR", Physical Review B, vol. 97, p. 064509, 2018.,
"Pressure-induced multiple phase transformations of the BaBi3 superconductor", Physical Review B, vol. 98, p. 214509, 2018.,
"Pressure-temperature phase diagrams of CaK(Fe1-xNix)(4)As-4 superconductors", Physical Review B, vol. 97, p. 174517, 2018.,
"Pressure-tuned superconductivity and normal-state behavior in Ba(Fe0.943Co0.057)(2)As-2 near the antiferromagnetic boundary", Physical Review B, vol. 97, p. 144515, 2018.,
"Quantum tricritical point in the temperature-pressure-magnetic field phase diagram of CeTiGe3", Physical Review B, vol. 97, p. 045139, 2018.,
"Robust s(+/-) pairing in CaK(Fe1-xNix)(4)As-4 (x=0 and 0.05) from the response to electron irradiation", Physical Review B, vol. 97, p. 140508, 2018.,
"Spatially-resolved study of the Meissner effect in superconductors using NV-centers-in-diamond optical magnetometry", New Journal of Physics, vol. 20, p. 043010, 2018.,
"Universal doping evolution of the superconducting gap anisotropy in single crystals of electron-doped Ba(Fe1-xRhx)(2)As-2 from London penetration depth measurements", Journal of Physics-Condensed Matter, vol. 30, p. 225602, 2018.,


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A refreshing and unique treat that can be made for for both children and adults! Simply add 1 cup of chardonnay wine with the sweetener into the juice before freezing. Yum!
Juicepresso Green Grape Popsicle
1 1⁄4 cup green seedless grapes
1 lemon
1⁄2 cup sweetener (agave, sugar, sugar substitute such as Stevia in the Raw)
1. Wash green grapes and remove stems. Peel and cut lemon into 4 segments. Press both. (Leave a few grapes whole to put into the bars.)
2. Stir sugar or sugar substitute into juice until it dissolves. ("Mom" uses Stevia in the Raw)
3. Add the whole grapes into mixture, pour into Popsicle molds and freeze.
4. Serve once completely frozen.
Makes 4 servings.
*Recipe and image courtesy of Juicepresso.*


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Product and Architecture Overview
This Installation, Operation, and Service Manual describes both the Sun StorEdge 3510 FC array and the Sun StorEdge 3511 SATA array.
The Sun StorEdge 3510 FC array and the Sun StorEdge 3511 SATA array are rack-mountable, Network Equipment Building System (NEBS) Level 3-compliant, Fibre Channel mass storage subsystems. NEBS Level 3 is the highest level of NEBS criteria used to assure maximum operability of networking equipment in mission-critical environments such as telecommunications central offices.
Sun StorEdge 3510 FC Array. The Sun StorEdge 3510 FC array is a Fibre Channel (FC) array designed for high availability, high performance, and high capacity.
Sun StorEdge 3511 SATA Array. The Sun StorEdge 3511 SATA array is designed for high availability, and employs Serial ATA (SATA) technology for high-density storage, with a Fibre Channel front end. This array is ideal for content management archiving applications.
This chapter provides a brief overview of Sun StorEdge 3510 FC arrays and Sun StorEdge 3511 SATA arrays. Topics covered in this chapter are:
Note - Unless otherwise indicated, all features and procedures apply to both the Sun StorEdge 3510 FC array and the Sun StorEdge 3511 SATA array.
The Sun StorEdge 3510 FC array is a next-generation Fibre Channel storage system designed to provide direct attached storage (DAS) to entry-level, mid-range, and enterprise servers, or to serve as the disk storage within a storage area network (SAN). This solution features powerful performance and reliability, availability, and serviceability (RAS) features using modern FC technology. As a result, the Sun StorEdge 3510 FC array is ideal for performance-sensitive applications and for environments with many entry-level, mid-range, and enterprise servers, such as:
The Sun StorEdge 3511 SATA array is best suited for inexpensive secondary storage applications that are not mission-critical where higher-capacity drives are needed, and where lower performance and less than 7/24 availability is an option. These include near-line applications such as:
It is possible, though not always desirable, to combine both Sun StorEdge 3510 FC expansion units and Sun StorEdge 3511 SATA expansion units connected to a Sun StorEdge 3510 FC RAID array. For instance, you might want to use two Sun StorEdge 3511 SATA expansion units for near-line backup and archival storage while the Fibre Channel drives in your RAID array and other expansion units are used for real-time, mission-critical information processing and input/output (I/O) operations.
For an example of such a configuration, refer to the Sun StorEdge 3000 Family Best Practices Manual for your array.
The Sun StorEdge 3510 FC array and Sun StorEdge 3511 SATA array share many architectural elements. This section discusses those elements, making note of the few ways in which the architecture is implemented differently in the two arrays.
Sun StorEdge 3510 FC array and Sun StorEdge 3511 SATA array RAID controllers have six FC channels. RAID controller channels 0, 1, 4, and 5 are normally designated for connection to hosts or Fibre Channel switches. RAID controller channels 2 and 3 are dedicated drive channels that connect to disks. Each channel has a single port connection, except the Sun StorEdge 3511 SATA array which has two extra ports (two connections for channels 0 and 1).
In a dual RAID controller configuration, the architecture of the loops within the chassis provides both RAID controllers the same host channel designators. Each host channel of the top RAID controller shares a loop with the matching host channel on the bottom RAID controller. For example, channel 0 of the top RAID controller shares the same loop as channel 0 of the bottom RAID controller. This provides four distinct loops for connectivity. The individual loops provide logical unit number (LUN) failover without causing host bus adapter (HBA) path failover in the event of a controller failure.
In a single RAID controller configuration, the lower I/O board has drive channels but does not have host channels. Overall, the same number of loops are available, but with only half as many host channel ports. All six fibre channels in a Sun StorEdge 3510 FC array's I/O controller module support 1-Gbit or 2-Gbit data transfer speeds.
On the Sun StorEdge 3510 FC array, RAID controller channels 0, 1, 4, and 5 are normally designated host channels. Any host channel can be configured as a drive channel. In a dual-controller configuration, each host loop includes two ports per loop, one port on the top controller and one port on the bottom controller.
Sun StorEdge 3510 FC RAID controller channels 2 and 3 are dedicated drive channels that connect to expansion units. Each I/O board has two ports designated as disk drive loops. These ports connect to the internal dual-ported FC disk drives and are used to add expansion units to the configuration.
The two drive loop ports on the upper I/O board form FC loop 2 (channel 2) while the two drive ports on the lower I/O board form FC loop 3 (channel 3). FC loop 2 provides a data path from both RAID controllers to the A loop of the internal disk drives, while FC loop 3 provides a data path from both RAID controllers to the B loop of the internal disk drives.
On the Sun StorEdge 3511 SATA array, RAID controller channels 0 and 1 are dedicated host channels. Channels 4 and 5 are host channels by default but can be configured as drive channels. RAID controller channels 2 and 3 are dedicated drive channels that connect to expansion units.
Unlike the Sun StorEdge 3510 FC array, on the Sun StorEdge 3511 SATA RAID controller host channels 0 and 1 include four ports per loop (two ports on the upper controller, and two ports on the lower controller). Channels 0 and 1 support 1-Gbit or 2-Gbit data transfer rates.
Sun StorEdge 3511 SATA RAID controller channels 4 and 5 provide two ports per loop (one port on each controller). Channels 4 and 5 support only a 2-Gbit data transfer rate.
Each Sun StorEdge 3511 SATA RAID controller has two ports designated as disk drive loops. The drive ports support only a 2-Gbit data transfer rate. These ports connect to the internal SATA disk drives using internal FC-SATA routing technology. These drive ports are also used to add expansion units to the configuration.
Like the host channels, each drive channel of the top RAID controller shares a loop with the matching drive channel on the bottom RAID controller. For example, drive channel 2 of the top RAID controller shares the same loop as channel 2 of the bottom RAID controller.
Sun StorEdge 3510 FC arrays use Fibre Channel (FC) disk drives and are supported by Sun Microsystems in primary online applications as well as secondary and near-line applications. Sun StorEdge 3511 SATA arrays use serial ATA (SATA) disk drives and are supported by Sun in either near-line applications such as backup and restore, or in secondary applications such as static storage. Sun StorEdge 3511 SATA arrays can be used in multipath and multi-host configurations. They are not designed to be used in primary online applications.
Sun StorEdge 3511 SATA expansion units can be connected to Sun StorEdge 3510 FC arrays, either alone or in combination with Sun StorEdge 3510 FC expansion units. Up to five expansion units can be used in this configuration.
Before installing and configuring your array, please review the key differences between the Sun StorEdge 3510 FC array and the Sun StorEdge 3511 SATA array in TABLE 1-1.
Note - Although the two products are very similar in appearance and setup, the configurations have very important differences. While the Sun StorEdge 3510 FC array can be used for all applications, the Sun StorEdge 3511 SATA array cannot. Inappropriate use of the Sun StorEdge 3511 SATA array in applications for which the Sun StorEdge 3510 FC array was designed might result in loss of data or loss of data access.
Best suited for production applications where the superior features of FC technical characteristics and performance are required. This includes online applications such as:
Best suited for inexpensive secondary storage applications that are not mission critical where higher capacity drives are needed, and where lower performance and less than 7/24 availability is an option. This includes near-line applications such as:
8 (5 if Sun StorEdge 3511 SATA expansion units are used, either alone or in combination with Sun StorEdge 3510 FC expansion units)
Note - In FC and SATA configurations with large drive capacities, the size of the logical drive might exceed the device capacity limitation of your operating system. Be sure to check the device capacity limitation of your operating system before creating the logical drive. If the logical drive size exceeds the capacity limitation, you must partition the logical drive.
Note - All device capacity is displayed in powers of 1024.
Sun StorEdge 3510 FC arrays and Sun StorEdge 3511 SATA arrays can be used in the following configurations:
See Appendix B for detailed information about using Sun StorEdge 3510 FC JBOD arrays.
TABLE 1-2 shows the configuration options for Sun StorEdge 3510 FC arrays and Sun StorEdge 3511 SATA arrays.
2-Gbit/sec Fibre Channel disks (Sun StorEdge 3510 FC array)[1]
1.5-Gbit/sec serial ATA disks (Sun StorEdge 3511 SATA array)
Up to 12 per array or per expansion unit, with a minimum of 4 plus 1 spare
FC expansion units[2]
Up to 8 for a Sun StorEdge 3510 FC array. Up to 5 for a Sun StorEdge 3511 SATA array
FC JBOD arrays[3] (Sun StorEdge 3510 FC array only)
Configuration management and enclosure event reporting options[4]
A label on the bottom lip of an array chassis, underneath the front bezel, indicates whether the array is a JBOD array or a RAID array. For instance, "3510 AC JBOD" refers to an alternating-current version of a 3510 JBOD array, "3510 DC JBOD" refers to a direct-current version of a JBOD array, and "3510 AC RAID" refers to an alternating-current version of a RAID array. Similarly, using a OBP command such as probe-scsi-all provides similar information, using an "A" designator for RAID arrays and a "D" designator for disks in a JBOD array. For example, "StorEdge 3510F D1000" identifies a JBOD array with SES firmware version 1000 and "StorEdge 3510F A1000" identifies a Sun StorEdge 3510 FC RAID array with firmware version 1000.
For a list of supported racks and cabinets, refer to the release notes for the model of array that you are installing. You can find these release notes at on the websites identified in the section .
Reliability, availability, and serviceability (RAS) are supported by:
For information about specifications and agency approvals, see Appendix A.
This section describes the field replaceable units (FRUs) contained in Sun StorEdge 3510 FC arrays and Sun StorEdge 3511 SATA arrays.
A dual-controller configuration offers increased reliability and availability because it eliminates a single point of failure, the controller. In a dual-controller configuration, if the primary controller fails, the array automatically fails over to the second controller without an interruption of data flow.
Sun StorEdge 3510 FC array I/O controller modules and Sun StorEdge 3511 SATA array I/O controller modules are hot-swappable, assuming that RAID controller firmware version 4.11 or later is installed. Hot-swappable means that a live upgrade can be performed. In the event that it is impossible or impractical to halt I/O from hosts to the array, a controller can be replaced while the surviving controller is active and servicing I/O. Sun StorEdge 3510 FC array RAID controller modules provide six Fibre Channel ports. Sun StorEdge 3511 SATA array I/O controller modules provide eight Fibre Channel ports. Single- and dual-controller models are available, with the dual-controller version supporting active/passive and active/active configurations. Each RAID controller is configured with 1 Gbyte of cache.
In the unlikely event of an I/O Controller Module failure, the redundant RAID controller immediately begins servicing all I/O requests. The failure does not affect application programs.
Each RAID I/O controller module can support up to 1 Gbyte of Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM) with Error Control Check (ECC) memory. In addition, each controller supports 64 Mbyte of on-board memory. Two Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) controller chips handle the interconnection between the controller bus, DRAM memory, and Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) internal buses. They also handle the interface between the on-board 2-Mbyte flash memory, 32-Kbyte nonvolatile random access memory (NVRAM), RS-232 port chip, and 10/100 BASE-T Ethernet chip.
The RAID I/O controller module is a multifunction board. I/O controller modules include Small Form-Factor Pluggable (SFP) ports, SCSI Enclosure Services (SES) logic, and the RAID controller. The SES logic monitors various temperature thresholds, fan speed from each fan, voltage status from each power supply, and the FRU ID.
Each RAID I/O controller module incorporates SES direct-attached Fibre Channel capability to monitor and maintain enclosure environmental information. The SES controller chip monitors all internal +12 and +5 voltages, various temperature sensors located throughout the chassis, and each fan. The SES also controls the front and back panel LEDs and the audible alarm. Both the RAID chassis and the expansion chassis support dual SES failover capabilities for fully redundant event monitoring.
The I/O expansion modules provide four (Sun StorEdge 3510 FC array) or eight (Sun StorEdge 3511 SATA array) SFP ports but do not have battery modules or controllers. I/O expansion modules are used with I/O Controller Modules in non-redundant Sun StorEdge 3510 FC arrays and Sun StorEdge 3511 SATA arrays, and in expansion units and JBODs.
You can connect Sun StorEdge 3511 SATA expansion units to Sun StorEdge 3510 FC arrays. However, certain restrictions and limitations apply to mixed Fibre Channel and SATA environments.
Each disk drive is mounted in its own sled assembly. Each sled assembly has electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, an insertion and locking mechanism, and a compression spring for maximum shock and vibration protection.
Each disk drive is slot independent, meaning that once a logical drive has been initialized, the system can be shut down and the drives can be removed and replaced in any order. In addition, disk drives are field upgradeable to larger drives without interruption of service to user applications. The drive firmware is also field upgradeable, but the firmware upgrade procedure requires interruption of service.
Caution - You can mix disk drive capacity in the same chassis, but not spindle speed (RPM). For instance, you can use 36-Gbyte and 73-Gbyte drives with no performance problems if both are 10K RPM drives. Violating this configuration guideline leads to poor performance.
In the event of a single disk drive failure, with the exception of RAID 0, the system continues to service all I/O requests. Either mirrored data or parity data is used to rebuild data from the failed drive to a spare drive, assuming one is assigned. If a spare is not assigned, you must manually rebuild the array.
In the unlikely event that multiple drive failures occur within the same logical drive, data that has not been replicated or backed up might be lost. This is an inherent limitation of all RAID subsystems and could affect application programs.
An air management sled FRU is available for use when you remove a disk drive and do not replace it. Insert an air management sled into the empty slot to maintain optimum airflow through the chassis.
The drives can be ordered in 36-Gbyte, 73-Gbyte, and 146-Gbyte sizes. 36-Gbyte drives have a rotation speed of 15,000 RPM, 146-Gbyte drives have a rotation speed of 10,000 RPM, and 73-Gbyte drives are available with rotation speeds of 10,000 RPM and 15,000 RPM.
The disk drives incorporate Serial ATA (SATA) technology. They are optimized for capacity, but have performance levels approaching Fibre Channel performance levels. The drives can be ordered in 250-Gbyte, 400-Gbyte, and 500-Gbyte sizes. The drives have a rotation speed of 7200 RPM.
The battery module is designed to provide power to system cache for 72 hours in the event of a power failure. When power is reapplied, the cache is purged to disk. The battery module is hot-swappable. The FRU can be removed and replaced while the RAID array is powered on and operational. The battery module is mounted on the I/O board with guide rails and a transition board. It also contains the EIA-232 and DB9 serial interface (COM) ports.
Note - The Sun StorEdge 3511 SATA array can only be ordered in an AC configuration. However, DC power supplies can be ordered in an x-option kit, and the Sun StorEdge 3511 SATA arrays can be reconfigured using the DC power supplies. Refer to the Sun StorEdge 3000 Family FRU Installation Guide.
Each array contains two redundant power and fan modules. Each module contains a 420-watt power supply and two radial 52-cubic-feet-per-minute (CFM) fans. Power module autoranging capabilities range from 90 volts alternating current (VAC) to 264 VAC for AC power supplies, and from -36 volts direct current (VDC) to -72 VDC for DC power supplies.
A single power and fan module can sustain an array.
The array is designed for heterogeneous operation and supports multiple host operating systems. Refer to the release notes for your array to see the current list of supported hosts, operating systems, and application software.
The array does not require any host-based software for configuration, management, and monitoring, which can be handled through the built-in firmware application. The console window can be accessed via the DB9 communications (COM) port using the Solaris tip command or equivalent means for other operating systems, or via the Ethernet port using the telnet command. Management and monitoring software is available and shipped with the array. See Section 1.6, Additional Software Tools for more information.
As a device protocol capable of high data transfer rates, Fibre Channel simplifies data bus sharing and supports not only greater speed than SCSI, but also more devices on the same bus. Fibre Channel can be used over both copper wire and optical cable. It can be used for concurrent communications among multiple workstations, servers, storage systems, and other peripherals using SCSI and IP protocols. When a Fibre Channel hub or fabric switch is employed, it provides flexible topologies for interconnections.
Two common protocols are used to connect Fibre Channel (FC) nodes together:
The point-to-point protocol is straightforward, doing little more than establishing a permanent communication link between two ports.
The arbitrated loop protocol creates a simple network featuring distributed (arbitrated) management between two or more ports, using a circular (loop) data path. Arbitrated loops can support more nodes than point-to-point connections can.
The Sun StorEdge 3510 FC array and Sun StorEdge 3511 SATA array support both point-to-point and arbitrated loop protocols. Select the protocol you prefer by setting the desired Fibre Channel Connection Option in the Configuration parameters of the firmware application (see Section 5.1, Summary of Array Configuration).
The presence or lack of switches establishes the topology of an FC environment. In a direct attached storage (DAS) topology, servers connect directly to arrays without switches. In a storage area network (SAN) topology, servers and arrays connect to an FC network created and managed by switches.
Refer to the Sun StorEdge 3000 Family Best Practices Manual for your array to see information about optimal configurations for site requirements.
A storage network built on a Fibre Channel architecture might employ several of the following components: Fibre Channel host adapters, hubs, fabric switches, and fibre-to-SCSI bridges.
An arbitrated loop hub is a wiring concentrator. "Arbitrated" means that all nodes communicating over this fibre loop share a 100-megabits-per-second (Mbps) segment. Whenever more devices are added to a single segment, the bandwidth available to each node is further reduced.
A loop configuration allows different devices in the loop to be configured in a token ring style. With a fibre hub, a fibre loop can be rearranged in a star-like configuration because the hub itself contains port bypass circuitry that forms an internal loop inside. Bypass circuits can automatically reconfigure the loop once a device is removed or added without disrupting the physical connection to other devices.
A fabric switch functions as a routing engine, which actively directs data transfers from source to destination and arbitrates every connection. Bandwidth per node via a fabric switch remains constant when more nodes are added, and a node on a switch port uses a data path with speed up to 100 Mbps to send or receive data.
Data availability is one of the major requirements for today's mission-critical applications. Highest availability can be accomplished with the following functionality:
With proper hardware and software configuration in dual-controller mode, a failed controller can be replaced online while the existing controller is actively serving I/O.
Dual loop provides path redundancy and greater throughput.
This option is selectable either through dedicated loops or all drive loops. It allows a more flexible configuration of redundant controllers.
The Fibre Channel architecture brings scalability and easier upgrades to storage. Storage expansion can be as easy as cascading another expansion unit to a configured RAID array without powering down the running system, as long as the expansion unit has not been previously configured with logical drives or logical volumes.
The maximum number of expansion units supported by a single Sun StorEdge 3510 FC array or Sun StorEdge 3511 SATA array is:
Up to 125 devices can be configured in a single FC loop. By default, the array provides two drive loops and four host loops, and operates in Fibre Channel-Arbitrated Loop (FC-AL) and fabric topologies.
Each RAID array has six Fibre Channels with the following defaults:
The Sun StorEdge 3510 FC expansion unit has a total of four FC-AL ports. The Sun StorEdge 3511 SATA expansion unit has a total of eight FC-AL ports.
Note - Throughout this manual, Fibre Channel-Arbitrated Loops are referred to simply as loops.
This section provides information about setting up redundant configurations for increased reliability. For more detailed information about configuration requirements, refer to the Sun StorEdge 3000 Family RAID Firmware User's Guide.
Fibre Channel is widely applied to storage configurations with topologies that aim to avoid loss of data due to component failure. As a rule, the connections between source and target should be configured in redundant pairs.
The recommended host-side connection consists of two or more host bus adapters (HBAs). Each HBA is used to configure a Fibre Channel loop between the host computer and the array.
In active-to-active redundant controller mode, the primary loop serves the I/O traffic directed to the primary controller, and its pair loop serves the I/O traffic to the secondary controller. The host-side management software directs I/O traffic to the pair loop if one of the redundant loops fails.
Since each fibre interface supports only a single loop ID, two HBAs are necessary for active-to-active redundant controller operation. Using two HBAs in each server ensures continued operation even when one data path fails.
In active-to-active mode, the connection to each host adapter should be considered a data path connecting the host to either the primary or the secondary controller. One adapter should be configured to serve the primary controller and the other adapter to serve the secondary controller. Each target ID on the host channels should be assigned either a primary ID or a secondary ID. If one controller fails, the remaining controller can inherit the ID from its counterpart and activate the standby channel to serve host I/O.
The controller passively supports redundant fibre loops on the host side, provided that the host has implemented software support for this feature.
In the unlikely event of controller failure, the standby channels on the remaining controller become an I/O route serving the host I/O originally directed to the failed channel on its pair of controllers. Application failover software should be running on the host computer to control the transfer of I/O from one HBA to another in case either data path fails.
Note - The Sun StorEdge 3510 FC redundant controller configuration utilizes industry standard Port Bypass Circuits (PBC) to connect the disk channels of the primary and secondary controllers. There is no hardware related isolation available in the event of an FC node failure on a disk channel. In rare cases, an FC node (i.e. an FC port chip, bypass circuit, SES, or disk drive) can be faulty and directly impact the operation of the array, including loss of access. This is an architectural limitation of the Sun StorEdge 3510 FC array that requires troubleshooting of the array to determine the faulty component, usually a controller FRU or disk drive. Once the faulty component is identified and removed, the array returns to normal operation.
The following additional software tools are available on the Sun Download Center and on the Sun StorEdge 3000 Family Software and Documentation CD available for your array:
Refer to the Sun StorEdge 3000 Family Software Installation Guide for information about installing these tools.
User guides with configuration procedures for these tools are also provided on the CD.
Copyright © 2004, Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.


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One of the pleasures of Tokyo is discovering small gems that are unexpected. Arriving a few minutes early to a meeting in Akihabara last month, I stumbled upon this small shrine that faces the south side of the Kanda River near Akihabara, best known for electronics, manga, and geeks. The surrounding streetscape is a crowded jumble of 80s buildings with a few pre-war relics.
It was great to duck into the shrine, and enjoy the shade, the running water in the stone basin for ritual hand washing, the wood structures, and the quiet of a place with few visitors. Enjoying this mini oasis, I realized that all the statues involve animals with huge balls.
I recognize tanuki, but I think there are other animals, too. On second viewing, the husband pointed out that all of the figures, despite looking quite different, are tanuki. Although many shrines feature foxes (kitsune, or oinarisama), it is rare to see a shrine focused on tanuki. A placard explains that "tanuki" is a pun on words that also means "passing the other" and refers to Edo women who competed with each other to produce male heirs.


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The product has unique physical and mechanical properties and has many applications in packaging, glue making, medicine and electronic industries.
These nanofibers have simpler, faster and more cost-effective production method in comparison with other production methods. The size of the produced cellulose nanofiber has been reported about 39±13 nm while tension resistant of the nanocomposite produced from the nanofibers has been reported about 140 MPa. The produced nanocomposite has higher strength in comparison with the majority of biodegradable and non-biodegradable films. It seems that the produced nanocomposite can be considered an appropriate option for the elimination of artificial polymers and oil derivatives from packaging materials.
In order to produce the product, cellulose fibers were produced through mechanical milling method after separation and purification of cellulose from sugarcane bagasse, and then nanopapers were produced. Next, full cellulose nanocomposite was produced through partial dissolving method, and its characteristics were evaluated.
Results showed that as the time of partial dissolving increases, the diffusivity of the nanocomposite into vapor decreases due to the increase in glassy part (amorphous) to crystalline part. However, thermal resistant decreases as the time of partial dissolving increases because a decrease is observed in the crystalline part.
In addition, when cellulose microfibers turn into nanofibers, resistance against the tension of the produced films increases. The researchers believe that the reason for the increase is the reduction in fault points (points that lead to the fracture in cellulose fibers), increase in specific area, and integrity of nanofibers. Transparency of samples significantly increases as the size of particles decreases to nanometric scale.
Results of the research have been published in Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 104, issue 1, January 2014, pp. 59-65.


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Back in the days, businesses succeeded in monitoring their small line of fleet and drivers with ease. With a growing market, assessing the performance of the drivers became quite a challenge. Most fleet managers, who are responsible for effective operations, find it increasingly difficult to monitor poor driving behaviour for large fleets that can negatively impact the business. Today, the introduction of advanced fleet management solutions has allowed businesses to access crucial real-time information that aids in maintaining a standard for driving behaviour.
Before we delve into how businesses can improve their driving behaviour, let's look at the influence of driving style on fleet operations.
Risky driving behaviour and its consequences
Driving behaviour takes into account factors including overspeeding, harsh braking, hard acceleration, tailgating and sharp cornering patterns. In-vehicle behaviour such as phone usage and other distractions are also a major cause for concern.
These factors lead to accidents which cost a fortune for the companies, depending upon the extent of damages of both the vehicle and the driver. In fact, according to a recent report, companies shell out $99 billion to meet medical care and productivity loss expenditure.
These staggering numbers reinforce the importance of strict driving standards and safety measures both for the drivers and the fleet.
Poor driving conditions also affect the two major areas of fleet operations:
- Increased fuel wastage and expenditure
- Deteriorating fleet condition
Overspeeding can increase fuel consumption by 25%, while one hour of idling can lead up to 3.7 litres of fuel wastage. Fleet managers already feel the struggle of maintaining fuel expenses and with such driving behaviour, it can be quite impossible to bring down costs.
Aggressive driving behaviour and excessive speeding are known to reduce the engine life and increase the chances of tire and brake wear. These patterns can be detrimental to your vehicle-life and lead to expensive maintenance and repair expenditure.
Steps towards improving driving behaviour
To start your own driving safety program, it is crucial to evaluate the current situation of your organisation. Recognise the needs of your fleet, the safety programs already in place and the driver concerns. Are your drivers overspeeding to meet excessive job expectations? Is vehicle idling caused due to unplanned activities? Consider all these factors before you begin.
Next, adopt a fleet management solution that tracks real-time driving patterns and scores drivers based on their behaviour. Allow fleet managers to monitor every driver's driving behaviour and also send alerts to the drivers letting them self-correct their practices.
Instilling such competitiveness within the organisation can urge them to score better. You can also consider offering incentives and rewards for better-performing drivers.
Adopt an advanced driver behaviour and fleet management solution to make a difference in your operations. With a continuous and conscious effort, monitor driver behaviour and performance to reduce expenditure, improve safety standards and increase productivity.


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Google host new 'teach your parents to use a computer' website
Google have put up a website where you can send 'care packages' to an email address, showing them how to do things like copy & paste, resize pictures, attach files to emails and so on - pretty handy in this holiday season!
Lego RC "MetalSlug" tank
An awesome Lego RC tank...
Improving Reality, AR style…
Software isolates and removes objects from live video footage - impressive tech demo!
Transitioning to the Cloud with Microsoft
Read Kris' thoughts on the recent Microsoft partner event in London...
Sony Ericsson LiveView puts a baby phone screen on your wrist
Translucent touch-screens, hoverboards and wristwatch computers; probably the three indicators I need to see to make me feel I'm actually in the future! Sony aim to appease one of my criteria with their new LiveView device, a wrist based device that links via Bluetooth to your Android based phone...
Preparing for Sundown 2010
Sundown is a UK Demoparty held in Budleigh Salterton, Devon. Ruairi's the main man behind it, so we've been preparing ourselves for this year's setup.
Every year, we transform the hall with projectors, lighting, sound, wireless and wired networking with internet access and power facilities for the attendants.
Pete Molyneux demos Milo, using Xbox 360 Kinect
The latest public showing of Milo, the virtual boy and environment where you interact via Kinect. Less impressive than the previous 'Clare' demo, but at least this appears to be based on actual code...
Bing Maps – augmented reality
Check out what microsoft are planning for the new bing maps platform:


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1/21/2015 0 Comments
Luxe Baby Feet
Sweet four-month-old Nicoya and her mama Brandi made the prettiest pair in this natural light shoot at their home. We had a lot of fun experimenting with some glitter on the tootsies, and getting lots of smiles out of Nicoya (except when we put clothes on her-LOL!). It's enough to make me want another one...almost.:)
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Kelcey Boyce
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