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From Parameters, Winter 2000-01, pp. 40-52. Go to Winter issue Table of Contents. Go to Cumulative Article Index. Dateline Belgrade, 30 March 1999: At 0400, Greenwich Mean Time, NATO bombs began falling on this capital city of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY). War has not been declared, and in fact, neither the FRY nor Serbia[1] has attacked or even threatened to attack any NATO country or ally. So why has NATO unleashed the dogs of war on Serbia? his article does not attempt to assess right or wrong in the NATO attack on the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. It does, however, examine the factual background and legal arguments for and against that action. And it raises questions which the international community should address in resolving the appropriateness of the use of force in humanitarian crises. Finally, it proposes guidelines which NATO and the United States, if they are to be the moral leaders of the free world, can take to formalize a doctrine of humanitarian intervention. Each NATO member and the FRY are signatories to the United Nations Charter. Article 2(4) of the Charter prohibits member states from "the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity . . . of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations."[2] The only recognized exception to this prohibition is contained in Article 51, which recognizes the "inherent right" of a member state to use force in self defense if "an armed attack occurs" against it, until the Security Council acts.[3] As a matter of international law, a treaty between states is a contract, and in most cases specifically becomes the law of the contracting states. Even if a treaty is not the supreme law of the land, as it is in the United States, a treaty is recognized in international relations as a binding obligation on the parties to the treaty,[4] and the United Nations Charter itself specifically states that "in the event of a conflict between the obligations of the Members of the United Nations under the present Charter and their obligations under any other international agreement, their obligations under the present Charter shall prevail."[5] As a treaty binding its members, including nearly every state in the world, the Charter is, then, supreme international law. The other exception under the United Nations Charter to the use of armed force is when it is authorized by the United Nations in the pursuit of maintaining or restoring peace. This exception, contained in Chapter VII of the Charter dealing with peace enforcement, is limited to those situations in which the UN Security Council has declared that a situation is a "threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression."[6] Under those circumstances the Security Council may take such action by air, sea, or land forces as may be necessary to restore international peace and security. The NATO attack on Serbia was not in response to an armed attack, nor was it authorized by the Security Council. Instead, NATO conducted its attack in support of the "aims of the international community" and to resolve a "humanitarian emergency,"[7] arguing that it simply could not stand by and do nothing.[8] Apologists argue that NATO's actions were either authorized because they supported the purposes of the UN Charter, or that they were authorized under an emerging doctrine of "humanitarian necessity." It is, however, generally acknowledged that the attack was "illegal"; that is, it was not in accordance with the established procedures under the Charter to launch such an act. The deeper question remains: Was this
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simply an anomalous event which must be expected from time to time in international relations, or is there a new doctrine of international law which will permit such actions in the future?[9] Subsidiary questions arise: If there is a new doctrine of "humanitarian necessity," what are its limits, and is it a positive obligation on the international community, or merely a defense to be exercised selectively when the parties feel like it? Finally, does NATO's vigilante action taken in contradiction to the UN Charter portend the decline of the UN and a return to the power politics of the 19th century? These questions have profound implications for the rule of international law. Background The factual background of the Kosovo situation is important in order to examine NATO's claim that it was acting to prevent a humanitarian tragedy. Conflict in the Balkans is centuries old. Without reopening the conflicting claims of moral superiority, suffice it to say that the uneasy peace forged by Tito during his reign of Yugoslavia died with him. Ethnic Serbs and ethnic Albanians reverted to the internecine struggle that has characterized their relationship since at least 1389.[10] In 1989 Serbian leader Slobodan (meaning "peace") Milosevic revoked the autonomy of the Serbian province of Kosovo, populated about 90 percent by ethnic Albanian Muslims. Serbia began removing ethnic Albanian Kosovars from provincial government, and Kosovars reacted by setting up a shadow government, economy, and schools, which encouraged Serbs to become more repressive in their dealings with Muslims of the province. These actions finally resulted in a low-grade civil war, with FRY forces and Serbian paramilitaries on one side and the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) on the other. Repression continued, with many Kosovars being forced from their homes and out of the province, and by early 1998 the Kosovo civil war was being viewed by the Western press as evidence of "ethnic cleansing." As Kosovo began to occupy the main attention of the news media, the United Nations issued stern warnings to Serbia to cease its hostilities against its province. In March 1998 the Security Council adopted Resolution 1160, in which the UN condemned "the use of excessive force by Serbian police against civilians and peaceful demonstrators in Kosovo, as well as all acts of terrorism by the Kosovo Liberation Army." Further, the UN called on Serbia and the Kosovar Albanian community "urgently to enter . . . a meaningful dialogue on political status issues," and called for an international boycott on the transport of military items to the FRY and Kosovo. The resolution further stated that the Security Council was acting under Chapter VII of the Charter.[11] Nowhere in the resolution did the Security Council call for armed intervention, nor did it mention NATO. In subsequent Resolutions 1199 (1998), adopted on 23 September 1998, and 1203 (1998), adopted on 24 October 1998,[12] the Security Council, still acting under Chapter VII of the Charter, did determine that the "deterioration of the situation in Kosovo, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, constitutes a threat to peace and security in the region," but again stopped short of calling for the use of force to end the threat. By the end of 1998, the actions of the Serbian army and Serbian paramilitaries were creating large numbers of refugees and displaced persons. During the same period, NATO troops, acting under United Nations mandate, were already involved in the Balkan conflicts, occupying the former Yugoslav province of Bosnia-Herzegovina to separate warring Serbs, Croats, and Muslims. NATO began issuing its own warnings to Serbia to cease actions which NATO believed were causing a flood of refugees in the region, and on 13 October 1998 the NATO Council issued activation orders for air strikes.[13] Continued reports of "atrocities," some documented, some not, came out of Kosovo, and the Contact Group on the Former Yugoslavia[14] brought the parties together in January and March 1999 for negotiations, first at Rambouillet, France, and then in Paris. At first, Milosevic appeared to give in to NATO and UN demands and permitted military observers in Kosovo and Serbia, but ultimately Milosevic did not agree to the negotiated conditions and refused to call off his forces. As the movements of the observers became more restricted and their safety threatened, they were withdrawn on 20 March 1999, and thereafter the UN Secretary General admitted that the UN had no reliable source of information on conditions in Kosovo.[15] The "atrocities," which Serbia stated were legitimate military actions taken in response to KLA terrorist activities, continued to create floods of refugees into the neighboring areas of Macedonia, Montenegro, and Albania. Certainly the flow of refugees was destabilizing to peace in the region, but it was not an armed attack on any neighboring state.[16] Finally, on 23 March 1999, NATO Secretary General Solana announced that the order had been
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issued to NATO air forces to attack Serbian forces in Kosovo. After the air attacks began, refugee movements multiplied exponentially, amounting ultimately to more than half the population of the province, with another third listed as internally displaced from their homes. Initially, NATO directed its air attacks against Serbian ground forces in the province, but on 30 March 1999 the NATO Secretary General announced that he had directed NATO forces to initiate a "broader scope of operations,"[17] which amounted to an attack on the civil infrastructure of Serbia. Although air damage to Serbian military forces appears to have been light, it was apparently the continued attacks on civil infrastructure targets that caused Milosevic to sue for peace. On 9 June 1999, Serbia and NATO signed a Military Technical Agreement to end the bombing, in exchange for which Serbian forces would withdraw from Kosovo.[18] The withdrawal took place as planned, and on 10 June 1999 the United Nations Security Council, in Resolution 1244 (1999), finally mandated NATO to establish an international security force, or KFOR, of up to 50,000 troops, which still occupies the province. The Legal Basis The United Nations Charter prohibits the use of force in international relations except when authorized by the Security Council. In Resolution 1160, the Security Council called on the parties to achieve a peaceful solution, and in the following three resolutions the Security Council continued its call, while recognizing that a threat to peace and stability in the region existed. At no time, however, did the Security Council authorize the use of armed force against the FRY. The political reason appeared to be that Russia, a historical ally of Serbia, would use its veto to prohibit any such action. So NATO decided that it was easier to seek forgiveness than to act in the face of a certain denial of permission. It attacked, framing its statements continually on the "intent" of the United Nations. But why didn't it seek General Assembly permission as had been done before when the Security Council was deadlocked and couldn't take action?[19] Perhaps because with more than 13 million refugees in the world,[20] the General Assembly might well have asked "why Kosovo?" Analysts have posed many possible answers for NATO's actions, ranging from the security of NATO in southwestern Europe to the need for NATO to demonstrate its will to win after trapping itself in a seeming no-win occupation of Bosnia. Whatever the real reason, NATO attempted to justify its attack on the basis of the doctrine of "humanitarian necessity."[21] In a statement issued by the North Atlantic Council of NATO on 12 April 1999, the ministers stated: The crisis in Kosovo represents a fundamental challenge to the values of democracy, human rights, and the rule of law, for which NATO has stood since its foundation. . . . The FRY has repeatedly violated United Nations Security Council resolutions . . . [which] has created a massive humanitarian catastrophe which also threatens to destabilize the surrounding region. . . . These extreme and criminally irresponsible policies . . . justify the military action by NATO.[22] Is NATO correct that there is a new norm of humanitarian necessity that justifies the attack under international law? Clearly there is no treaty provision that supports the concept of humanitarian necessity, although sections of the United Nations Charter hint at the concept. So if such a doctrine is emerging, it must come either from "natural law" or "customary law" (jus cogens). It is hard to argue that one act creates customary law when the classical concept of custom comes from long usage and recognized scholarly comment.[23] But, of course, custom must start somewhere. Likewise, the corollary to a new doctrine of humanitarian necessity would be an obligation erga omnes on Serbia not to violate the human rights of its citizens. But no side in this conflict is arguing that such a doctrine justifies the use of force, probably because it would open the Pandora's Box of the international conscience. While states are expected to respect the rights of individuals,[24] the inherent tension between this obligation and the concept of state sovereignty has caused statesmen and scholars alike to back away from enforcement of the concept in any manner but on the peaceful field of battle in courts of law. The world is not prepared for the specter of the international community meddling in the internal matters of its member states in any but the most egregious situations. Therefore, the UN Charter gave rise to no formal international response
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to Soviet invasions of its protectorates of Hungary and Czechoslovakia; the international community did not attack South Africa, although it generally condemned apartheid; and the United States was attacked in the press, not in battle on its sovereign territory, over racial discrimination. Another approach to this dilemma is perhaps to recognize that there are some "soft" laws that are quoted but not always enforced.[25] Ignoring the delicate questions of interference in a sovereign state's internal affairs, if there is a new customary norm to prevent renegade acts of humanitarian brutality, it must have definable boundaries. What would be the limits of the customary sanction of the use of force in the case of humanitarian necessity? British Prime Minister Tony Blair outlined "the new doctrine of the international community" in a speech to the Council on Foreign Relations in Chicago on 22 April 1999: The civilized world must intervene to protect human rights when (1) it is sure of its case, (2) it has exhausted all diplomatic options, (3) there are military operations which can be sensibly and prudently undertaken, (4) it is prepared for the long term, and (5) national interests are involved. If this is a new customary doctrine of international law, there are serious doubts that the five elements were met in the case of Kosovo. Was NATO sure of its case? It appears in the aftermath that the number of killings alleged to have been perpetrated by the Serbians was multiples of the true figure. Had NATO exhausted all diplomatic means? We may never know what negotiations were carried on in private, but certainly there was hardly time given for the UN sanctions to take effect, and perhaps if NATO really wanted to stop Milosevic, it could have offered him rewards instead of punishment. Were the military operations sensible and prudent? Battle damage assessments after the air war indicate that perhaps five percent of Serbian tanks, artillery, and fighting vehicles were destroyed. And the military operation quickly turned to deliberate attacks on Serbian civilian infrastructure. The operation was a success in terms of NATO casualties, but did it really accomplish its intended goal? Was NATO prepared for the long run? Probably not. Other than getting sucked into providing an occupation army to KFOR (which NATO members are trying even now to exit), no member other than Britain was in favor of sending in ground forces. That would have been long term. And finally, were national interests at stake? It is hard to discern what national interests were involved for either Britain or the United States. So as the leader of one of NATO's founding states defined the emerging doctrine, it is doubtful that the Kosovo air war met any of the criteria. And, of course, each of the criteria is determined from the point of view of Western civilization, not necessarily that of the people who are its victims.[26] The bottom-line defense of the action by the British government is that "as an exceptional measure to halt an overwhelming humanitarian catastrophe, military intervention is legally justifiable under international law, when all other possibilities have been exhausted."[27] This position is a volte-face for Great Britain. In 1986, the United Kingdom Foreign Office stated: The overwhelming majority of contemporary legal opinion comes down against the existence of a right of humanitarian intervention for three main reasons: first, the UN Charter and the corpus of modern international law do not seem to specifically incorporate such a right; secondly, State practice in the past two centuries . . . at best provides only a handful of genuine cases of humanitarian intervention, and on most assessments, not at all; and finally, on prudential grounds, that the scope for abusing such a right argues strongly against its creation.[28] In addition to policy statements by the parties, this defense also has been held to be legally insufficient by the International Court of Justice in The Nicaragua Case: The protection of human rights, a strictly humanitarian objective, cannot be compatible with the mining of ports, the destruction of oil installations, or again with the training and arming of Contras. The Court concludes that the argument derived from the preservation of human rights in Nicaragua cannot afford a legal justification for the conduct of the United States.[29] Were NATO's deliberate attacks on Serbia's infrastructure any more defensible?
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But even if Blair's definition of the doctrine is correct, when should this authority be exercised? A lead newspaper article reported that a tyrannical leader of a despotic predominantly Christian state was conducting war on its Muslim populace, depopulating and destroying one of its provinces and flattening the provincial capital city. And, asked the reporter, what is being done to stop this humanitarian crisis? The answer was nothing. NATO did not bomb Moscow to stop the military action in Chechnya and the destruction of Grozny. NATO took no action to stop that "ethnic cleansing" and imposed no economic sanctions against the Putin government. So is this doctrine mandatory or convenient? Serbia is not an ally of any NATO country; it is small, backward, and out of the way. Perhaps, then, another element of the doctrine is that it is only exercised when those exercising it know that they can win. International Courts have held that international law does not require nations to act, but instead is based on the agreement of states and places limits on how and when they act.[30] This is very convenient for NATO: It doesn't have to address the other 12 million refugees in the world. But it leaves uncomfortable gaps in the enforcement process of international law. When will the doctrine of humanitarian necessity be raised? When does a nation step over the line of creating a humanitarian emergency? And when can a nation expect that the international community will enforce the doctrine? In such circumstances, is the doctrine anything more than a convenient excuse for a more powerful state or states to enforce their wills on their weaker neighbors? These are troubling questions that are not answered by the concept of an emerging doctrine. Perhaps the real answer is that because the system of international law is horizontal--i.e., there is no hierarchy of authority to enforce it--a nation always has the right to resort to force to protect its national interests.[31] But were the actions of Serbia a threat to the national interests of any of the NATO countries or their allies? Certainly the forced movement of a million refugees into neighboring territory creates disruption and suffering, but it is perhaps more common than not in human history. Three million ethnic Germans were expelled from Czechoslovakia after the Second World War. The mere fact that there are currently 13 million refugees in the world certainly argues that refugee status by itself is hardly unique. So what national interest may have been at stake to justify the NATO attack on Serbia? If there were national interests, they were at a deeper political level. Perhaps the possibility of Russia building an oil pipeline through the region to sell its oil to Europe? Perhaps the recognized criminal activity in FRY, especially drug dealing, the products of which are generally aimed at Western Europe? But none of these was mentioned in the rationale to attack, and cannot, therefore, be asserted by NATO now to justify taking aggressive action ex post facto. Moreover, a well established corollary to the inherent right to use force is that it must be proportional to the threat addressed, and must avoid damage to people other than combatants.[32] Modern warfare has seen the use of "total warfare" to defeat the enemy. But there are few apologists for this concept. Here, NATO deliberately attacked nonmilitary targets such as oil refineries, power stations, bridges, and even civilian television broadcasting facilities.[33] The argument is made with some force that these attacks were not proportional to the somewhat vague "national interests" of the attacking states. There are even good arguments that the attacks on Serbia did nothing to relieve the flow of refugees, but may only have served to force Serbia to surrender to avoid being destroyed as a society. This is hardly a badge of honor for an alliance that is upholding the rights of the free world. In fact, the flow of refugees increased after the bombing began--perhaps because the Kosovars were fleeing the falling bombs as much as the repressive Serbs? So it is doubtful that NATO can successfully maintain that the bombing was proportional to the wrong that it sought to right. The customary Law of Treaties, as codified in the Vienna Convention, states "every treaty in force is binding on the parties to it and must be performed by them in good faith."[34] NATO is clearly sensitive to charges that it acted illegally and bypassed the UN Security Council. In his report "Kosovo One Year On," Lord Robertson, the new Secretary General of NATO, recites a litany of factors that NATO took into account--the FRY had failed to comply with UN Security Council resolutions, the UN Secretary General had warned of a humanitarian disaster, the risks of a catastrophe in light of the FRY failure to seek a peaceful resolution of the crisis, the unlikelihood that the Security Council would approve any further action, the threat to peace and security in the region--and he concludes that, therefore, "a sufficient legal basis existed for the Alliance to threaten, and if necessary, use force against the FRY" and "left NATO no option but to use force."[35] These "considerations," however, do not amount to a legal
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basis to ignore UN Charter prohibitions against the use of force. Even if NATO can maintain that it was merely exercising the emerging right of nations to use force to prevent humanitarian disasters, was the situation in Kosovo a humanitarian disaster? President Clinton and the US State Department continually accused Milosevic of ethnic cleansing, claiming that as many as 100,000 Kosovars had been murdered by Serbian forces. British Prime Minister Tony Blair followed suit in the accusations of ethnic cleansing. So what is ethnic cleansing? There is no definition in international law, and none discernible in municipal law. The traditional concept of this type of action is genocide. So why not call it genocide? Perhaps because the facts didn't support the charge. While Serbia was hardly supporting the rights of its ethnic Albanian citizens, was it out to exterminate them? Subsequent UN investigations of killings in Kosovo have turned up 2,108 dead.[36] This is a large number, but not the 100,000 used to justify the attacks, and not a number to justify a charge of genocide. True, many Kosovars are missing and we will never know the actual number killed, and true, there were other atrocities such as rape and destruction of homes, but do these facts justify this attack as opposed to any other attack to end a humanitarian emergency? Probably not.[37] The legal basis for the NATO attack is weak at best. NATO is probably on stronger grounds to simply state that the attack suited its political aims, and since it won, who will take action against NATO anyway?[38] This raises the issue of "vigilantism," that is, the self-authorization by NATO of action to enforce international law. US Deputy Secretary of State Strobe Talbott stated at the NATO 50th anniversary celebration in Washington in April 1999: "We must be careful not to subordinate NATO to any other international body or compromise the integrity of its command structure. But the Alliance must reserve the right and the freedom to act when its members, by consensus, deem it necessary."[39] Has NATO implied that when the United Nations doesn't act to suit its goals, it reserves the right to enforce those goals by force? If so, we have truly returned to the power politics of the Bismarck era. Implications for International Relations Even though the United Nations Charter forbids the use of force except in limited circumstances, that has not stopped attacks by one state against another in the past 50 years.[40] Consequently, the NATO attack on Serbia can be viewed as simply another anomaly in international relations--one which may or may not be repeated from time to time, but one which does not erode the basic rule of law, because the international community still believes that norms of international right behavior should govern the acts of states. The more pessimistic may take the view that the attack portends the end of international law and order. They would argue that since NATO chose to ignore the Security Council, the UN is being marginalized and subordinated to international power politics, and that the powerful nations will continue to act as they see fit, in derogation of the rule of law. History has proved that there is some validity to this Hobbesian view of the world. But, as in municipal law, it is the exception that proves the rule: it is the criminal who is apprehended and punished who proves that we live in a society of law. The danger is, to quote the International Court of Justice reciting the law in another context, that: Such events cannot fail to undermine the edifice of law carefully constructed by mankind over a period of centuries, the maintenance of which is vital for the security and well-being of the complex international community of the present day, to which it is more essential than ever that the rules developed to ensure the ordered progress of relations between its members should be constantly and scrupulously respected.[41] But the jury is still out on this particular chapter of international relations. NATO's attack may also be viewed as the beginning of a new doctrine of international relations in which the world community agrees to take action to protect human rights by force. NATO and the United States now have an opportunity to take the lead in defining a new doctrine of humanitarian intervention. NATO states that it has stood for the rule of law since its founding, and it should not avoid the responsibility of following the rule of law whenever possible. Instead of apologizing for the attack, NATO can posit the6 of 11
outlines of a doctrine that will sanction such actions in the future. Such a doctrine should be based on the traditional just war doctrine, long recognized as customary law by international society. The just war doctrine in Western tradition stems from Greek and Roman concepts, but the father of the modern just war doctrine is Hugo Grotius,[42] who wrote in the early 17th century. Borrowing from Grotius, the following concepts can form the basis of debate before any nation intervenes in the internal affairs of another state for matters of humanitarian necessity. First, the intervention must be based on a just cause--that is, there is an actual humanitarian crisis in process, or so close to taking place that it cannot be avoided without intervention. This may take significant intelligence collection to determine what is really going on inside the "victim" state. Mere supposition or press reports should not be the basis for military intervention. Second, the intervention must have a reasonable chance of success. The nation undertaking the intervention is invading the sovereignty of another nation, and the nature of the intervention must be such that it is not merely an adventure, but a reasoned approach to relieving human suffering. This also requires the intervening state to be willing to commit the troops and supplies necessary to achieve success, which in democratic societies means that it has public support for the duration of the action. Third, the goals of the intervention must be proportional to the injury expected to be caused by military operations. This requires a reasoned calculation by the political leaders of the costs, in lives and dollars, both to the intervening and "victim" state, to determine if the cost is worth the venture. It also requires the political leaders to publicly state an end goal, both short- and long-term, to be achieved by the intervention, and then to stick with that goal or, if changing it, to reopen the public debate. Finally, proportionality means that the intervention will end as soon as the humanitarian crisis is over. Fourth, there must be a public declaration of the national intent. Public declaration is important to give the "victim" state an opportunity to take corrective action to alleviate the humanitarian crisis before intervention is necessary. Fifth, the declaration must be made by a legitimate state authority. In the concept of a just war, the requirement is that only a state may go to war, because only a state is an actor on the international scene. With respect to a humanitarian intervention, a similar requirement will assure that the military action is taken by a lawfully constituted authority, and is not just a cover for a private intervention in the affairs of another country. Sixth, the intervention must be a last resort. Other recourses to stop the crisis--and the urgings implicit in the previous five steps--must have failed, so that there is no alternative to a resort to force. In the modern context, this would also require a request by the intervening state to the United Nations Security Council, or to the General Assembly if the Security Council fails to act. In addition to these traditional just war concepts, to the maximum extent possible, any humanitarian intervention should be taken by a regional organization or coalition of concerned states. Several states acting in concert reduces the possibility that the military intervention is merely land or power aggrandizement by an aggressor. These concepts can lay a goundwork for future humanitarian interventions. Many more issues must be addressed before the world community is clear on when and how such actions should take place, and by whom, but by asserting a positive approach to a doctrine of humanitarian action, NATO will be responsibly exercising its leadership role. Even if a doctrine is formulated, only time will tell if the international community is willing to commit the resources to intervene collectively in situations where a nation is mistreating its citizens. But a recognized doctrine may alleviate the fear that the international community will simply override municipal law by telling states how to act internally. Also, by advancing7 of 11
this type of doctrine, NATO and the United States can assure the world that the attack on Serbia does not portend the destruction of the ideal of the international rule of law so carefully crafted in the United Nations Charter, and that history will look back at this as, rather, the first application of a new doctrine on the use of force in cases of humanitarian necessity.[43] NOTES 1. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) was formed in 1992 of the republics of Serbia and Montenegro. Four other former Yugoslavian republics (Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Macedonia) declared independence in 1991. Kosovo is a province of Serbia. The largest ethnic population of the federation is Serbian, and the capital, Belgrade, is located in Serbia. For convenience, since this is a conflict between ethnic Serbs and ethnic Albanians, the FRY is often referred to as Serbia. 2. United Nations Charter, Chapter I, Article 2(4). 3. Ibid., Chapter VII, Article 51. 4. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Articles 26 and 27. Although Article 4 provides that the Convention is not retroactive, and therefore it wouldn't apply to the United Nations Charter, it is arguable that it has entered customary International Law, 23 May 1969, 115 U.N.T.S. 331, 8 International Law Materials 679 (1969). 5. United Nations Charter, Chapter XVI, Article 103. 6. Ibid., Chapter VII, Articles 39 to 51. 7. Statement on Kosovo, Issued by the Heads of State and Government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Washington, D.C., on 23-24 April 1999, internet, http://www.nato.int/docu/pr /1999/p99-62e.htm. 8. Edmund Burke said that for evil to triumph it is only necessary for good men to do nothing. 9. It may be difficult for apologists to maintain the concept of an emerging doctrine when Secretary of State Madeline Albright stated in a 28 June 2000 address to the Council on Foreign Relations that NATO's airstrikes should not be used as a precedent for intervention in other conflicts: "Every circumstance is unique." Quoted in "Stratfor Special Report," internet, http://www.stratfor.com/cis/specialreports. Also, German Foreign Minister Kinkel stated in a speech before the Bundestag that "the decision of NATO must not become a precedent." Deutscher Bundestag, Plenarprotokoll 12/248, 16 October 1998, p. 23129. 10. The year of the Battle of Kosovo, when Serbs, in defense of European Christianity, won a moral victory, while suffering a physical defeat, at the hands of the Muslims of the Ottoman Empire. 11. UN Resolution 1160 (1998), adopted by the Security Council at its 3868th meeting, 31 March 1998, internet, http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/1998/sres.1160.htm. 12. United Nations resolutions can be viewed on the internet at http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/. 13. NATO website, "NATO's Role in Relation to the Conflict in Kosovo," internet, http://www.nato.int /kosovo/history.htm, accessed 25 September 2000. 14. France, Germany, Italy, the Russian Federation, United Kingdom, and United States. 15. UN Resolution 1203 endorsed the establishment by the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) of a Kosovo Verification Mission. That mission was withdrawn on 20 March 1999, after which no firsthand verification of the situation within Kosovo was available.
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16. Serbian forces were attacking the KLA, and some confused reports of cross-border shelling and possible troop incursions into Albania were alleged, but none appeared to amount to an attack by Serbian forces on Albania. Of course, Serbian troop movements into Montenegro were issues internal to the FRY. 17. Letter dated 30 March 1999 from the Secretary-General to the President of the Security Council, internet, http://www.un.org/Docs/. 18. It is instructive that the agreement, which refers to the International Security Force (KFOR) later mandated by UN Resolution 1244(1999), was not signed by or on behalf of the UN, but noted that "the UN Security Council is prepared to adopt a resolution, which has been introduced, regarding these presences." NATO website, "Military Technical Agreement," internet, http://www.nato.int/kosovo /docu/a990609a.htm, accessed 25 September 2000. 19. In 1956, following the Suez crisis, Britain and France, who were on opposite sides, would not agree to any UN action. The matter was referred to the General Assembly, which authorized creation of the UN Emergency Force. Although not a Security Council deadlock situation, in 1962 Secretary-General U Thant took the matter of UN supervision of elections in West New Guinea to the General Assembly for approval on the ground that it was a matter of decolonization, and therefore of broad concern to member states. 20. The US Committee for Refugees estimated the number of "refugees and asylum seekers" at the end of 1998 as 13,500,000. US Committee for Refugees, "Worldwide Refugee Information," internet, http://www.refugees.org/world/statistics/wrs99_table3.htm, accessed 25 September 2000. 21. The United Nations appears to first have called the Kosovo situation a "humanitarian tragedy" in a statement by the Secretary General on 9 April 1999, and later a "humanitarian catastrophe" in Security Council Resolution 1239(1999) adopted on 14 May 1999 (internet, http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/1999), both well after the bombing commenced and therefore unavailable to justify NATO's actions in March. 22. "The Situation in and around Kosovo," Statement issued at the Extraordinary Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council held at NATO Headquarters, Brussels, on 12 April 1999, internet, http://www.nato.int/docu/pr/1999/p99-051e.htm. 23. Compare The Paquete Habana, 173 U.S. 677 (1900). 24. Charter of the International Military Tribunal, Annex to Agreement for the Prosecution and Punishment of the Major War Criminals of the European Axis, August 8, 1945, 59 Stat. 1544 (1945); The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, G.A. Resolution 217A (III), U.N. Doc. A/810, at 71 (1948). 25. B. Simma, "NATO, the UN and the Use of Force: Legal Aspects," European Journal of International Law, internet, http://www.ejil.org/journal/Vol10/No1/ab1-1.html. 26. Robert Skidelsky, "The End of National Sovereignty?" Prospect Magazine, internet, http:// www.prospect-magazine.co.uk. 27. Written answer, House of Commons, Hansard, 26 April 1999, vol. 330, col. 35w. 28. UK Foreign Office Policy Document No. 148, reprinted in 57 BybIL (1986) 614, cited in Simma. 29. Nicaragua v. United States, 1986 I.C.J. 14, 1986 WL 522 (Merits). 30. The Lotus Case, 1927 P.C.I.J., Ser.A. No. 10. 31. Compare, "It always lies within the power of a State to endeavor to obtain redress for wrongs, or to gain political or other advantages over another, not merely by the employment of force, but also by direct recourse to war," from Charles Cheney Hyde, International Law Chiefly as Interpreted and Applied by the United States (1922), para. 597, p. 189. Contrast this, however, with the provisions of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Articles 51 and 52, which provide that any treaty or consent to a9 of 11
treaty procured by force is void. Article 53 of the Vienna Convention also provides that a treaty is void if, at the time of its conclusion, it conflicts with a peremptory norm of general international law. Thus the Military Technical Agreement ending the bombing could be claimed by Serbia to be void. 32. Compare the Hague Conventions on the protection of non-belligerents; The Nicaragua Case. 33. The attack on Serbian television building in Belgrade has caused calls to the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia to examine whether NATO or any of its pilots should be tried as war criminals. It is unlikely that this will occur, but it points out that the attack on civilian targets is not condoned in international law. "War Crime Tables Turned on NATO," The Irish Times, 6 January 2000. 34. Article 26, Vienna Convention of the Law of Treaties, 23 May 1969, 1155 U.T.S., 8 International Legal Materials 679 (1969). 35. Lord Robertson, "Kosovo One Year On," internet, http://www.nato.int/kosovo/repo2000/index.htm, accessed 25 September 2000. 36. OSCE report, As Seen, As Told (1999), internet, http://www.osce.org/kosovo/reports/hr, accessed 2 October 2000. NATO maintains that 225,000 Kosovar men are missing and "at least 5,000 Kosovars had been executed" (http://www.nato.int/ kosovo/history.htm), and the US State Department claims that extrapolating the 2,108 confirmed war dead means that 6,000 were killed (http://www.state.gov /www/global/human_rights/kosovarii/homepage.html). Out of a population of 1.8 million, 2,000 to 6,000 deaths would not be too unusual in a one-year period. 37. Several German courts, primarily considering the status of applications for asylum, concluded that "ethnic Albanians in Kosovo have neither been nor are now exposed to regional or countrywide group persecution in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" and: "Events since February and March 1998 do not evidence a persecution program based on Albanian ethnicity. The measures taken by the armed Serbian forces are in the first instance directed toward combating the KLA and its supposed adherents and supporters." International Association of Lawyers Against Nuclear Arms, 9 May 1999, internet, http://www.infoshop.org/news4/german_kosovo.html. 38. Or, as John Harington said: "Treason doth never prosper, what's the reason? Why, if it prosper, none dare call it treason!" Epigrams, Book iv, Of Treason (1618), Ep. 5, in Bartlett's Familiar Quotations, also MS Bookshelf 98. 39. Quoted in Simma. 40. For example, Syria and Egypt attacks against Israel (1963, 1967); US troops in Lebanon (1958); Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968); Soviet invasion of Hungary (1956); Tanzania invasion of Uganda (1979); Vietnam invasion of Cambodia (1979); Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979); Iran-Iraq war (1976); Iraq invasion of Kuwait (1990). 41. The Diplomatic and Consular Staff Case, United States v. Iran, 1980 I.C.J. 3. 42. Hugo Grotius, The Law of War and Peace (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1962). 43. On 29 April 1999, Yugoslavia filed suit in the International Court of Justice against ten NATO states, seeking an interim provisional measure of an order against the NATO countries to cease bombing Serbia. On 2 June 1999, the ICJ dismissed the request for provisional measures and indicated that, while not necessarily dispositive of the actions, the Court's jurisdiction only extended to cases that arose between the parties after they had acceded to the Court's jurisdiction. Yugoslavia acceded to ICJ jurisdiction only on 26 April 1999, after the bombing commenced. In addition, the cases against the United States and Spain were dismissed because of specific reservations by those two countries in their acceptance of ICJ jurisdiction. The remaining cases continued on the jurisdictional issue, but no further decisions were rendered as of June 2000.
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Brigadier General Ronald S. Mangum is Commanding General, Special Operations Command Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea. His previous assignment was Commander 1st Brigade (BCST) and Deputy Division Commander, 85th Division (Training Support), Arlington Heights, Illinois. He is a graduate of the US Army War College and the US Army Command and General Staff College. His articles have appeared in Parameters, Army Trainer, Army Reserve, and Army Research and Development Journal. Go to Winter issue Table of Contents. Go to Cumulative Article Index. Go to Parameters home page. Reviewed 17 November 2000. Please send comments or corrections to email@example.com
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text:
Create Your Own Wallpaper for Your BlackBerry PlayBook
Although you can select one of your own images to serve as your home page background on your BlackBerry PlayBook, the image might get cropped or squeezed or otherwise changed. That's because the OS is designed to handle both landscape (wider than tall) and portrait (taller than wide) views.
If you want to make your own image appear properly on the home page, edit it on your computer so that it's centered in a 1024 x 1024 box; for most pictures that means expanding the canvas that surrounds an image. Make the canvas black for the best effect.
What if you'd like to either remove all wallpaper, or prefer a minimalist black screen behind your home page? In the original version of the operating system for the PlayBook, there was no official way to do this. However, not to worry: you can create the equivalent of the little black dress for a BlackBerry PlayBook.
From the home page, tap the camera icon.
Take a picture of a black surface (or take a picture in a completely dark room).
Go to the Camera Pictures folder and select the black screen.
Swipe down from the top bezel and tap Select as Wallpaper.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Berg Engineering also offers a variety of products that can be had for a low price for a limited time. Please browse our categories to see which products are apart of our specials and feel free to call at 1-847-577-3980 or send an email to email@example.com with any questions you have about our specials. Our knowledgeable staff is there to help and assist you.


text: Tell your darling that the best thing to hold onto in life is each other. Express your love for them, and send them a combo from the exclusive MyFlowerApp's 'Anniversary Flowers n Chocolates' range, online. Choose from their favorite exquisite flowers and delicious chocolates to send and make the surprise memorable with our express and midnight delivery services.


text:
3pm ET, live in the US on espn2
Last four head-to-head:
2-1 Liverpool (a; League Cup) 09.26.12
0-3 West Brom (a) 08.18.12
0-1 West Brom (h) 04.22.12
2-0 Liverpool (a) 10.29.11
Last three matches:
Liverpool: 2-2 City (a); 2-2 Arsenal (a); 2-3 Oldham (a)
WBA: 0-1 Spurs (h); 1-2 Everton (a); 2-2 Villa (h)
Goalscorers (league):
Liverpool: Suarez 17; Gerrard 6; Sturridge 3; Agger, Henderson, Skrtel, Sterling 2; Cole, Downing, Enrique, Johnson, Şahin 1
WBA: Lukaku 9; Long 6; Odemwingie 5; Gera 4; Morrison 3; Brunt 2; Fortune, McAuley, Mulumbu 1
Referee: Jon Moss
Guess at a line-up:
Johnson Carragher Agger Enrique
Gerrard Lucas
Downing Suarez Henderson
For once, it might not be a bad thing to have a match on Monday. This is Liverpool's first Monday match of the season, but they failed to win all three last season: home draws against Blackburn and Spurs, an away loss at Fulham. Admittedly, they make me nervous. However, this week, it's extra rest after an unnecessary international break, which Gerrard, Agger, Johnson, and Suarez will need, and allows the likes of Sturridge and Sterling more time to overcome recent knocks.
Maybe I'm just pessimistic, but Rodgers' assessment of Sturridge makes me think he's doubtful, while Sterling should be available. Coutinho is almost assuredly not ready to start, if he even makes the squad. If Sturridge isn't fit, will Rodgers replace him with Borini in a straight swap, keeping the same formation used against Manchester City and Norwich, or use Borini or Sterling on the flanks with Henderson as the most advanced central midfielder? How important is it to keep Suarez as the #10?
Maybe I'm just curious to see if it'd work, but I think I'd prefer if Borini was an out-and-out replacement for Sturridge, if need be. Rodgers got the best out of Borini as a central striker for Swansea, and this formation has worked well in recent matches, despite the horrific stutter at Oldham, especially compared to Liverpool's attacking fluency at Arsenal. Neither Steven Reid nor Billy Jones – whoever starts for West Brom at right-back – are likely to get forward often, which would require Henderson to spend much more time defending on the left, while Graham Dorrans, who'll play as West Brom's right midfielder, often likes to come inside. This formation should again give Henderson free reign, continuing in his excellent form, and Enrique should have acres of space to bomb up and down the left. Borini's finishing has been nowhere near Sturridge's so far this season, but his clever movement should similarly open up space for Suarez. But, it goes without saying, it'd be even better if Sturridge were available.
Otherwise, the rest of the positions pretty much pick themselves. Gerrard and Lucas will be the deeper midfielders, Johnson and Enrique will be the fullbacks, and Carragher's likely to keep his starting place ahead of Skrtel.
West Brom currently have the worst form in the league. They're winless in eight, last beating QPR on Boxing Day. But Aston Villa were also amidst a terrible run before beating Liverpool at Anfield. As were Oldham. All too often, form doesn't mean very much against Liverpool.
West Brom were excellent on the counter-attack in the last meeting, primarily through Shane Long then Romelu Lukaku, holding Liverpool at bay then scoring through Gera against the run of play, then forcing a red card and two penalties through lightning breaks. And then there was Lukaku against Carragher, albeit with Liverpool already down to ten men and behind by two, easily eluding the veteran to head in the third.
Both Long and Lukaku started in West Brom's last match, a 0-1 loss to Tottenham, but that's been the exception rather than the rule. Still, I doubt that Liverpool's deficiencies against two counter-attacking strikers – again, see the 1-3 loss to Aston Villa, as well as the 1-3 loss at Stoke – have eluded Steve Clarke's notice.
If that's the case, James Morrison will probably start on the left rather than his usual position behind a lone striker. If not, West Brom's line-up will probably be Foster; Jones, McAuley, Olsson, Ridgewell; Brunt, Yacob; Dorrans, Morrison, Thomas; Long/Lukaku. Popov is suspended after stupidly spitting at Kyle Walker against Tottenham, while Thorne and Gera are both out with long-term knee injuries. Youssouf Mulumbu is also doubtful with a knee problem. Odemwingie's back in training after his punishment for deadline day shenanigans, but I'd be surprised if Clarke brought him back into the fold so soon. Which is fine by me, as he's scored in West Brom's last two wins over Liverpool, and won both penalties in West Brom's 2-1 win in April 2011.
Having made it over the hump with draws at Arsenal and Manchester City, Liverpool's schedule eases for the final 13 matches. There are only five fixtures against the current top 10, all at Anfield, including this one. Still, Liverpool will have to be on their guard to prevent a post-internationals Monday hangover, and both the previous league meeting and last year's match at Anfield readily demonstrate the threat West Brom can pose.
09 February 2013
Liverpool v West Brom 02.11.13
Posted by nate at 9:40 AM
Labels: Liverpool , Match Preview , Premiership , West Brom
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text:
While most big UK football clubs are looking to Asia and the US to build on their brands, Chelsea chief executive Peter Kenyon has surprised the soccer industry by saying that Russia is the club's second biggest potential market outside England.
Speaking at this week's Soccerex football finance seminar in London, Mr Kenyon said the vast nation came before China and the US in the club's future marketing and branding plans.
Chelsea was bought by Russian magnate Roman Abramovich for £140m in 2003, and since then he has pumped millions into the club to buy players.
Mr Kenyon said Chelsea would focus on four key markets, "London, Russia, where we feel we have a competitive advantage, China - not Asia - and north America.
"There is a lot of money in Asia, and we are going back to the US, but merely doing three games in a 10-day flying visit will never build a brand in an overseas country."
Mr Kenyon insisted that going beyond that would be both time consuming and costly.
"It is a long-term overseas plan involving investment partnerships, games, and media initiatives; in fact all the things that you have to do in a home market you also have to do in other markets in order to support your brand."
Chelsea should build a successful domestic brand before thinking about making major inroads into other markets, he insisted.
'A winning heritage'
The former Manchester United chief executive also believes that off-field commercial success is pointless unless it is accompanied by success on the playing field.
This season's Chelsea team has lifted the Carling Cup, is poised to clinch their first league championship in 50 years, and is in the Champions League semi-finals.
"It is critical for us to have playing success," says Mr Kenyon.
"The first priority at Chelsea is to build a sustainable, successful football team - one that can provide a winning heritage.
"Then we want to become self-sufficient off the pitch, without relying on a single benefactor. That is possible."
Despite this desire, Mr Kenyon insisted Roman Abramovich has been "good for Chelsea" since he did not just buy the club, but also wanted it to succeed.
'Match experience'
Mr Kenyon said the plan for the Blue will hopefully mean the business becomes profitable within the next five years.
In his opinion, all the clubs in the Premier League, including Chelsea, benefit from being part of a successful domestic competition that is closely followed at home and abroad.
Keeping the game attractive to broadcasters would therefore be key, he observed.
"Televised football is paramount to keeping fans going to football matches" since it helps Premier League to "showcase [the] product", he says.
"It also allows a vast amount of money to come into the game, which clubs require.
"As long as the product continues to be best available, I don't think we are seeing television impacting on the game to the extent that fans are not coming to games any more. You can't beat the match experience.
"But we can't become complacent, we have to keep the league the key league in the world."
Playing objectives
Mr Kenyon rejected suggestions that a new world club championship was something the world's biggest clubs would need as a means of increasing their revenues.
"A World Cup for clubs is not something that attracts me. I think we have got enough football already. We don't need to develop another football tournament that takes up three to four weeks each season. It is just impractical.
"I have talked about monitoring the quality of the Premier League.
"Our priority is the Premier League, then the Champions League or another European competition."
What are these?
Most Popular Now | 56,514 people are reading stories on the site right now.";


text:
Welcome to the Anthropology Research Guide. The aim of this Guide is to provide suggestions of where to start and how to search for resources related to Anthropology. I've also included links to streaming video content, citation tools such as Zotero and Easy Bib, and how you can chat with a librarian any hour of the day! Browse the various tabs to the left. Please feel free to contact me with any questions or suggestions to make this guide more useful!
The Information Literacy Commons is a collection of Digital Learning Objects built by academic librarians for the teaching and assessment of information literacy standards set by the Middle States Commission of Higher Education. It is also intended to be an interactive learning community designed to promote collaborative resource sharing, teaching and assessment across the curriculum with an emphasis on "best practices" and effective uses of educational media.


text:
Huckabee Tells RNC to Stop RINOing Each Other
Huckabee has criticized Tea Party activists and other conservative groups for attacking other Republicans as RINOs to suggest they are not committed to conservative principles.
He said the differences between Republicans are "minute" compared to those they have with Democrats.
"If you are with me 90, 80, even 70 percent of the time, you're still 70 percent closer to me than I am to Nancy Pelosi, Harry Reid, and Barack Obama," he said.
Before delivering his speech, Huckabee spoke to reporters about his possible campaign for the Republican presidential nomination in 2016.
Huckabee, the runner-up in the 2008 GOP presidential primary, said he has received more calls to run in 2016 than he received in 2012 when he decided not to run because of personal reasons.
"The encouragement has been much stronger than I would have anticipated," he said.


text:
1. the rendered fat from a pig, especially from the abdomen, used in cooking
2. (informal) excess fat on a person's body
-verb (trans.)
3. to prepare (lean meat, poultry, etc.) by inserting small strips of bacon or fat before cooking
4. to cover or smear (foods) with lard
5. to add extra material to (speech or writing); embellish
Not lard as per the English sense
Yet perfectly suitable for larding


text:
Just bought this game and so thought I'll host a dedicated server as well 😀
You can find this server at 22.214.171.124:27015
Yes this server will only accept original copies 😀 Hope to see you sometime over the weekend!
Comic from Halolz.
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text: So it's safe to say that the second consumer tragedy has struck our home this past week with the loss of my cell phone in a snowbank on the side of the road, though rumors of its death are greatly exaggerated. There are times in your life where you wish you would have taken advantage of the extended warranty or insurance or "protection plan" or whatever, and this, dear friends, is one of those times. While I was clairvoyant enough to realize that I needed a super-protective case for my smartphone (phone=smart, me=not-so-much) I did not ever anticipate losing my phone inside of a slush puddle for hours.


text:
Jeffrey Hobgood has over 18 years of real estate experience exclusive to the Southern California market. He joined Sotheby's International Realty in 2001 and specializes in single-family residences, luxury condo buildings, new developments, and residential income properties throughout the Los Angeles area including West Hollywood, Century City, West LA, Beverly Hills, Sunset Strip, Hollywood, and Los Feliz.
Jeffrey has helped residential developers throughout the Los Angeles area with pricing and has actively sold and been an exclusive representative of some of the finest new developments in Los Angeles including Beverly West, developed by EMAAR (pricing from $2-23 million), Legendary Century City (pricing from $500,000-$1.3 million), and The Hollywood (pricing from $500,000-$1.3 million). He has sold most of the recent sold units and set record prices in the coveted full-service building in West Hollywood right across the street from Beverly Hills, Doheny Plaza at 818 Doheny Drive (pricing from $900,000-$2.5 million) and has sold in The Broadway at Hollywood and Vine (pricing from $500,000-$1+ million), Sierra Towers (pricing from mid-$1-$9 million), Empire West (pricing from just under $1-4 million), Fountainview (pricing from $500,000-$1 million), and many more condo buildings throughout Los Angeles.
Jeffrey knows how to use marketing to hit just the right demographic buyer for each property he represents and has specifically partnered with Sotheby's International Realty for its reputation and the incredible exposure it offers to clients' properties. Besides having some of his listings published and also mentioned in The Los Angeles Times "Hot Properties" column, People Magazine and other media outlets, he has also been featured on VH1's Fabulous Life Series, "Real Rich Real Estate." He has been quoted in numerous articles on market conditions and actively participates in annual updates on housing conditions conducted by publications such as The Wall Street Journal and by financial institutions such as Credit Suisse.
A native and lifelong resident of Los Angeles, Jeffrey earned his bachelor's degree from UCLA with course concentrations in area history and architectural design, which have proven a decided benefit to his clients. He combines his personal knowledge and professional expertise to help his clients find the right properties to suit their specific needs, which has proven to be a very solid and profitable investment for buyers. Please feel free to contact him via email or directly on his mobile number for information regarding any property in Los Angeles. References are available.


text:
Glue Removers
Removing false lashes can be a delicate process, and you want to make sure you have a good eyelash glue remover that doesn't cause irritation or damage your natural lashes in the removal process. iLashstore has chosen several glue removers that are effective at removing lashes without any residual damage. With the gel and cream glue removers, you dont have to worry about the remover running back in to the clients eyes while removing the lashes.


text:
Join us at The Resort at Paws Up for our second WildFlavor event, featuring the cream-of-the-crop in culinary talent. This foodie weekend will feature four Top Chef stars, including Sam Talbot (finalist, Season 2) Casey Thompson (finalist, Season 3) and the 2017 champion, Brooke Williamson (winner, Season 14). Guests will be able to whet their appetites throughout the weekend and watch these chefs "fork it out" during a live cook-off challenge. Of course, expertly crafted meals will be served throughout this delicious four-day event.
Don't forget to toast with exquisitely paired fine vino, compliments of Melville Winery. Or wet your whistle with something from Harumph Wines or Montgomery Distillery. Along with plenty of available wilderness activities to burn off those calories, WildFlavor is the perfect blend of food and fun this spring at The Resort at Paws Up.


text:
"Advise TX" Adviser Position - Information Session
Tue, February 26, 2013
2/26 - "Advise TX" Advisor Position, Information Session, BMC 4.212, 5:00 - 6:00pm
Advise TX seeks to hire 20+ recent UT Austin graduates to serve as College Advisers in selected low-income high schools throughout the state. Advisers will help Texas high school students in underserved communities realize their dream of attending college. As full-time UT employees, advisers work alongside high school staff, to assist students with college admissions, financial aid, and scholarship applications. Advisers are expected to serve the entire school year, with a possibility to extend term of service for an additional year.
Interested applicants are encouraged to attend an information session to learn more about the program. Current and former advisers will be on hand to discuss their experience in the Corps and to answer your questions!


text:
If you are looking to find some wild Tranny clubs in Ohio then you've definitely come to the right website. The best Tranny clubs in Ohio are all frequented by beautiful Trannys right here. You're sure to find some of those clubs in your town. The best Tranny clubs are the places where you'll be able to live your sexiest Tranny fantasies, so search for a Tranny on our web site to bring to a Tranny club by you.
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Check how many Trannys live in Ohio.
Check how many Trannys live in Ohio.


text:
Hi guys
Sorry I haven´t written for a while, have I…
It´s because I have ended up running for election!
Local council, election date 21.of November.
Together with three other citizens, I´ve formed a list for the party Alternativet (The Alternative).
Very short: Alternativet thinks that climate issues and social needs, is as valuable as increasing profits. That there are three values to consider when one speaks of growth; economical, social strengthening and climate protection.
So in other words, we can increase the red and the green growth, and not always just look at the financial income / cost. There is such a thing as investing, too. In increased wellfare for example. Which the latest decades has lost a lot of meaning in Danish politics. The main aim seems to be to make money for the upper class.
Aaaaanyways. I said I would make this party presentation short!
The Alternative is based on 6 values, which really makes me feel good:
4.Trans…lucidity? No, parancy, transparancy!
(That political processes and decisions can be observed by the people, not made in hidden forums out of sight of the public).
5.Humbleness (We don´t know all the answers. We listen to our "opponents", we ask experts for advice, and we admit it if we make mistakes)
The Alternative want basically a NEW POLITICAL CULTURE.
Where we listen to eachother and work together, instead of seeing the political arena as a "battlefield" where everyone "fights to conquer" "opponents".
Our group of four, makes me very happy as well. The communication between all of us is remarkably harmonious and inspiring.
Sofie Valbjørn is our primary candidate. She is a true local islander, she grew up here, has local family and friends, and has a background from another local political "party group". So she knows a lot of important local information and political history. She has a university education in anthropology and sociology, and works in the Esbjerg council administration, so she knows a lot about this field of work. She is the mother of three sons, and married to a nature conservation consultant (? I don´t know his formal title) from Belgium.
Her main political focus is to strengthen the local democracy, increase cooperation between the council employees and the civilians.
Julie Frey is our candidate no.2. She is a singer songwriter, mother of two, she´s from Copenhagen and married to a local "boy", who is a surgeon. She is active in a good handful cultural ngos, has a BA in English, studies sociology, and has a company that does translation of texts Danish/ English… She is my good friend, and we have a lot of great ideas that we are in the process of exploring if we can turn into a source of income together. She is very outspoken, and not afraid of saying what she thinks, even if her opinion is not shared by the listener. She is also very funny, and paints amazing pictures, and she can sew as well… Her main political focus is school politics, to create contact between the generations, and ecological, green, sustainable lifestyle change.
Simon Voigt is our candidate no.3, and he is also a good friend of mine. As well as an ngo colleague of both Julie and myself. He is in his late 20s, has a BA in folkmusic from Esbjerg Music Conservatory, and is active in running our cinema, he is a folk dancer, helps out in "Fanø music Club", and sits with me in the Cultural Advice Board, (Kulturelt Samråd), where we receive applications for local citizens´cultural projects and give them financial support, from a budget trusted us by the council.
Simon is from east Germany and has lived on Fanø for 3 years. He is good at graphics, homepage building and stuff like that. He is very funny, and warm hearted, and helpful and. Yeah. Haha. You can probably read how crazy I am about both him and Julie.
And Sofie as well. It´s lovely to get to know her.
We have sons who will be in the same school class next year. And we have both studied social anthropology and worked with integration of refugees. A lot of common interests.
Simon is politically focused on maintaining the variety and quality of cultural ngo activity, as he sees it as a cornerstone to be able to be part of meaningful communities. It´s a question of good health and general life enhancement, for the individual.
Me, I am our candidate no.4. I have insisted on being the last on the list. As I don´t really have time to be in the council. I am a vocal sound therapist and want to prioritize this work. And be of support in the background, for the candidate or candidates we get seats for.
I have 5 years of university education from the University of Bergen, Norway. An extended cand.mag degree. Social anthropology, comparative politics, media science and organizational psychology.
I have worked in the film industry for 8 years, making f.x. a documentary for cinema called "Welcome Home" for Piraya Film in 2000, about how refugees and immigrants from Africa and Asia feel about living in Norway.
I think maybe you know the rest about me? 3 kids, married to a musician / music teacher… active in Kulturelt Samråd, Fanø Music Club, The Incredibles (that make an annual children culture event for participation of all local ngos), actively helping the Red Cross with the integration of our "new" Syrian citizens, and I´m also a board member in the national board of Kulturelle Samråd Danmark.
(I´ve also self published a book of poems in English, and made a video installation for a local art exhibition in 2011, called Linking, you can see it on the Youtube channel in my name). I have previously done volunteer work for Tv Fanø, Fanø Kindergarten, Fanø AppTeam, Fanø Cinema… yeah. Ngos. I love them, always have. I have lived on Fanø for 10 years now, and I originally come from Norway.
Politically I´m focused on …. yeah ….. well. I agree with all the other three, ofcourse. School, cultural ngos, and strengthening the democracy and the nature…
In my work as a therapist I help my clients with stress symptoms. A lot of other ailments and imbalances as well, of course. But. Stress relief is in high demand.
So I´m interested in decreasing weekly work hours for everybody, like the Swedes have done. And in health tools like "culture on perscription" which many Danish councils have adopted now thanks to initiative from The Alternative nationally. (It means you can get expenses covered for cultural input, as a part of treatment of f.x. depression). I think we should have this option on Fanø.
This has become rather heavy on the written text side, huh?
I could insert some of the photos we took on the beach Saturday 27/9, the day we started our election campaign with a splash! (The top photo of this blogpost is also taken that day, by Mille Borregaard). But I don´t have those photos accessible here & now…
Let me just finish this post up. I have to move on, to the editing of our election video for the local tv station. Lots to do, when one wants to run for election, I can tell you. All very new to me, and interesting.
You can read our election programme and join the local debate on Facebook, if you please. (Especially if you live on Fanø, otherwise it´s maybe not that relevant for you).
Our group is open for anyone to post issues or questions. it´s called "Alternativet Fanø, politisk laboratorium".
Our logo, isn't is brilliant?! I think it is. (It´s created by The Alternative on national level, not by our local party group).


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Every time I see this, I want to scream and run for the feminist hills. How is telling a healthy skinny woman, or even an unhealthy skinny woman, that she's not as attractive as a curvy woman going to make things better for all women? And how is the idea that men should dictate what kind of women are beautiful helping either? It's time that all women are seen as beautiful, not just thin ones and not just thick ones, and not because a man told them they are, but because they believe they are.
The solution to the widespread low self-esteem among women is not to dictate what anyone's body should be like, including a thin person's. That doesn't mean encourage anorexia, it does mean stop telling a 15-year-old girl who has an extremely high metabolism that she is "too skinny" and accuse her of anorexia or throwing up her food between classes even though she eats 1500 calories a day. There are millions of very healthy women who wear between a size 0 and 4. For those of us who are shorter than 5'4", don't have a lot of muscle, but also eat a lot of vegetables and little to no high-fat foods like meat, our weight is perfectly healthy and normal between 100 and 120 pounds and gaining weight would be more stress on our bodies than it would ever help us.
I understand that women who are larger are insulted much more often than skinny women, and I recognize the term fat oppression. However, this is pure sexism. It is still placing demands on women to be what society says men want, and that's not okay. Telling me to be skinny because potential partners will like me more is just as bad as telling me to gain weight because people don't like women as skinny as me.
I want to shift now to the opposite of bulimia, anorexia and other weight-loss centered eating disorders. There are people who binge-eat junk food to gain weight. If we shift to hating on skinny bodies, we might put a hold on the weight-loss craze, but we're going to start a new pressure on women similar to men's reaction to patriarchal ideas of their bodies—to bulk up. "You're too skinny" is just as insulting as "you're too fat." I'm incredibly offended when someone says I'm too skinny, just as much as I was offended when I was chubbier in 7th grade and was insulted for that. No matter what we do, women are always doing something wrong. When will we just be told that any size, small, medium, large, or extra-large are all acceptable?
People who post these pictures and tell their curvy girlfriends that they're more beautiful than the skinny girl next door mean well, and they probably don't intentionally disrespect the women in their lives, and this is not an attack on those individuals, but enough is enough. If you are trying to make larger women feel better about their bodies by attacking skinny women, you are not helping. You might make one woman feel better, but you are hindering all women's liberation from those same beauty standards.


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personalised fathers day cards uk
Find the best Father s Day gifts here at Prezzybox! From Dear Dad Me to you Books through to Personalised Golf Balls there s a splendid gift for every Dad! Bradfords food hampers are an ideal gift for sending to the United States of America and Canada created by you, made by personalised gifts shop! personalised gifts to suit any taste and budget - discover now! personalised cakes through your letterbox. Due to export restrictions on selected items, Bradfords have chosen a the bakerdays website makes it simple to fully personalise any of our designs to create a special cake for every occasion. When will I receive my personalised Golf Balls? This depends on which printing lead times and delivery option you choose e buy a unique personalized gift for her this mothers day. g personalised gifts for mum,mom,sister,wife,girlfriend,grandma or even a new baby girl. Standard lead times + Royal Mail 2-3 Day netflorist is south africa s largest sameday gift & flower delivery service. © 2015 Harvey Norman Online | Harvey Norman Online is operated by The eComm Store Pty Ltd, an independent franchisee order fathers day - gifts and hampers online today. Harvey Norman Stores are operated by - page 1 of 8 amazing and unique gift ideas! fast delivery, great prices for useful and personalised products for return gifts, birthdays, anniversary, weddings in india! personalised valentines gifts are perfect for showing your loved one how much you care this valentines day from prezzybox. Amazing and unique personalised gifts and stationery for all occasions for father s day treat your dad to something special with a present from find me a gift. Cards, notebooks, mugs, cushions, prints, art & stationery we have hundreds of products to choose from - visit today. Made in GB we provide you with the largest range of personalised teddy bears for all occasions and every celebration. Why should I order Spotty Spoon Custom Personalised Wine Labels? 1 we have personalised wedding teddies and teddies for. You get to see exactly what your label will look like before ordering - a completely original and give a bottle of personalised wine. With Father's Day right around the corner, I've been thinking about easy-to-make gifts for Dads easily add your message or photo to wine labels and see it instantly. This one is really funny and can be personalized with photos of birthday presents, birthday gifts, wedding presents. Send a personalised Mother s Day card & choose from a range of special designs for your mum send personalised father's day cards from £1. Why not add a photo & custom text 79. 1st class delivery – unique cards make dad smile this father's day with a personalised card to remember from funky pigeon. Want Personalised Plates? Choose from a range of over 200 Personalised Plates colours & themes online you'll find hundreds. Create A Plate & buy or LayBy your plates today Created by You, Made by Personalised Gifts Shop! Personalised Gifts to suit any taste and budget - Discover Now! personalised cakes through your letterbox


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Blackerz Crop
$20.00 Was $80.00
This variant is currently sold out.
- Scoop neck
- Suitable for medium to high impact workouts
- Elasticated under bust
- Mesh back for ventilation
- Fully lined
- Moisture wicking fabric
- Model is wearing a size SMALL
Fabric: 73% Polyester 27% Elastane
Care: Cold gentle machine wash with like colours. Line dry. Do not iron.


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The film is called "German Shlong" and the words are a mash up of English, German and Hebrew as the film is aimed at Israeli teenagers. To maximize your viewing pleasure, here's a little language coaching:
"German is the game ba-tinder" = German is the game in Tinder "Tze li meaframe ya kinder" = Get out of my frame, kid "Betach motek it's more keif!" = Sure, sweety, it's more fun!
With the message being that by using "...R3 there's no tinok (baby)…"
Tal says:
"Two weeks ago, I was approached by Great Digital Partners, an Israeli digital commercial agency, to create a cult video for R3 condoms. R3 is the underdog in the Israeli condom market, so they asked to create something that will make people take notice, featuring the Israeli trash stars - Malul Twins. The deadline for the project was the Pride Parade in Tel Aviv (9/6/2017) – which was only two weeks away - and I was given a free-hand and a sack full of condoms. The budget was minimal, so I realized that the best way to pull off something boisterous would be through trashy styling and creative use of condoms. I created a storyboard of funny images, and collaborated with Yael Weiser, an art director whose stylish work I love, and we started rolling.
The client and agency were very supportive, and there was a great appetite for making something really outrageous. Everyone gave their all to their handiwork, quite literally...Alon Lutsky, the DOP, is the hand that puts the needle on the condom; Rachel Boxnboim, The producer, is the hand with the rubber jonny hotdog; and mine is the hand with the prophylactic barbells. In the editing room, Shahar Beeri the editor and I couldn't stop laughing from the self-aware-ridiculous-footage, we pushed the style for maximum stupidty. Wondering if we'd gone too far - but after the screening to client when they started to applaud I realized that mission was accomplished: we made a really really outrageous ad!!
The video was released today and has already made an impact in the Israeli media. It was the first time I've directed something 'trashy' and I must say that it was a big guilty pleasure.
Joining Great Guns is a dream come true for me. I'm a huge fan of GG's directors and feel very privileged to join such a remarkable group of artists. I intend to bring a fresh and eccentric approach to filmmaking, and to push the creative boundaries to their limit. I'm grateful to GG for their faith in my art, and have a strong feeling that it's gonna be a hell of a ride. Damn, let the briefs begin!"
You can download German Shlong here
Tal's recent awards for his Music Videos and Short "Vows" include: -6th "LA Indie Film Fest", Winner of Best Music Video, LA 2014 -19th "Avanca Film Festival", Winner of Best Music Video, Avanca, Portugal 2015 -2nd "International Independent Film Awards", Winner of Best Music Video, California 2015 -9th "The European Independent Film Festival", Winner of Best Dramatic Short, Paris 2014 Selected at: -3rd and 5th "Berlin Music Video Awards" Berlin, 2015 and 2017 -67th "Festival de Cannes", Cannes 2014 -52nd "New York Film Festival" NY 2014
You can find a link to his awarded work here
He is represented by Great Guns globally, Great Guns' music video reps, OB Management and Laure Scott, cover UK and USA respectively.
For More information contact Laura Gregory email@example.com Thom Fennessy, firstname.lastname@example.com
Director: Tal Zagreba – Represented Globally by Great Guns
Cast: "Malul Twins", Bobby Lax
Art Director: Yael Weiser
DOP: Alon Lutsky
Editor: Shahar Beeri
Graphic Design: Yael Weiser, Asaf Mendelovich, Tomer Mor
After FX and Animation: Yael Weiser
Color Grading: Itay Oz Ari
Producer: Rachel Boxnboim
Line Producer: Iris Yisraeli
Music & Musical Production: Amir Sade & Ben Maor
Agency: Great Digital Partners
VP Creative: Raz Messing
VP Clients: Michal Naim
VP Strategy: Itamar Bar
Creative Managers: Tom Zakai, Ilan Yeruham
Art Director: Rachel Schneider
Copywriter: Lior Shoham
Client Manager: Carmel Ram
Senior Account Executive: Adi Moshe
Producer: Rachel Boxnboim
Planner: Ran Shalhavi
Social Media Manager: Lee Malach
"Malul Twins" Representation: Rotem Mitchell
Client: R3, Neopharm Group


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An annual meeting of the International Radioactive Waste Technical Committee (WATEC) has commenced at the IAEA Headquarters in Vienna. The meeting from 1 to 4 April 2014 covers a range of important issues and methods relating to the safe and secure disposal of radioactive waste. It also provides a platform to foster information exchange on current issues in the area of radioactive waste management (RWM) and on the advances made in science and technology in this field.
Radioactive waste is an expected residue from the use of radioactive materials in industry, research and medicine, as well as from the use of nuclear power to generate electricity. The management and disposal of such waste is an issue relevant to almost all countries. In this context, the strategies and techniques for the safe management of the various types of waste arising from the different applications are important for the whole international community.
Welcoming the participants on behalf of the IAEA, Chairperson of the annual WATEC meeting, Mr. Enrique Biurrun from Germany, noted the significance of the safe and secure management of radioactive waste, which, if not handled carefully, could have far reaching global implications.
Juan Carlos Lentijo, Director of the Division of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology in the IAEA Department of Nuclear Energy, drew attention to the importance of this meeting for the work of the IAEA in providing enhanced services to Member States to improve the safe and secure management of radioactive waste. Mr. Lentijo also mentioned that the Scientific Forum to be held during the IAEA's 58th General Conference in September 2014 would focus on waste management.
The Director of the Division of Radiation, Transport and Waste Safety in the IAEA Department of Nuclear Safety and Security, Pil-Soo Hahn, said that issues to be covered at the meeting will also include an overview of the IAEA's RWM programme, as well as the issues and trends in waste management, decommissioning and environmental remediation in WATEC Member States. Mr. Hahn stressed that the various technologies used for the disposal of radioactive waste must stringently adhere to safety and security considerations and that the meeting would also provide an opportunity to assess such aspects of technology.
The topical sessions scheduled for this event are concentrating on:
- Inventories of radioactive waste and spent fuel
- Embarking Nuclear Power Countries/Nuclear "Newcomers"
- Management of large amounts of waste
In addition, two panel discussions are scheduled:
A panel discussion on the Waste Technology Section (WTS) Networks is aimed at raising a wider awareness on the work being done in relation to RWM. This will provide an opportunity to discuss evolving concepts on RWM, lessons learnt as well as disseminating proven technologies and information on training activities.
The second panel discussion will focus on the IAEA's decommissioning and remediation missions to Japan in 2013. This will feature a summary of the issues, findings and the advice that have been provided by the IAEA to the Government of Japan.
The International Radioactive Waste Technical Committee (WATEC) is a working group of senior international experts that provide advice to the IAEA on radioactive waste management programme activities and directions, and support its implementation.
The 20 members of WATEC are appointed by the Deputy Director General and Head of the IAEA Department of Nuclear Energy for a period of four years.
WATEC Members are recognized experts from various fields of radioactive waste management, decommissioning, and environmental remediation. The membership is not only geographically diverse but also contains members from both countries with nuclear programmes and countries with non-power nuclear applications.
To facilitate international coordination, representatives of the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, the European Commission, International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and World Nuclear Association (WNA) are invited to attend WATEC meetings as observers.


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...has been absolutely insane for the last few weeks. I deeply apologize for my lack of posts, but I promise - PROMISE! - that I will take photos this weekend. :)
The weather is finally getting nice here. I am so excited. Also, I'm going to Zambia in a month and 3 days.
This photo is from last summer - I can't believe that almost a year has passed since I started this blog. So much has changed since then, and so much will change in the next year. I'm excited. :)


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Bayliner Element CC7: First Look Video
With room for up to 10 people, the newest centre console boat in the Bayliner Element range is worth a closer look.
Many people rejoiced when Bayliner brought out the new entry level Element range. Many rejoiced even more when they brought out the first Centre Console model because it addressed several dynamic issues with the original models (see Bayliner Element CC6 review: classic centre console). At the Cannes Boat how Alex Smith got a closer look at the latest offering in the range, the larger Bayliner Element CC7.
One of the key differences between the Bayliner Element CC7 and the earlier CC6 is obviously the bigger waterline length. However, Bayliner have gone further than that by modifying the hull, which ought to generate a softer more forgiving ride when the seas get rough. While the CC5 can carry five people and the CC6 six, this CC7 is an altogether more serious family proposition, as it can accommodate no fewer than 10 people. You get plenty of sunpad space for them all, with a sunpad forward in the forepeak and a convertible one very cleverly arranged in the aft section. This boat has all the hallmarks of being the best boat so far to emerge from Bayliner's Element range.


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from attorney dennis kennedy comes his list of best legal blogs (blawgs) of 2006:
Best Overall Law-Related Blog: The Trademark Blog
Best Overall Practice Management Blog: More Partner Income
Best Practice-Specific Blog: The Illinois Trial Lawyer Weblog
Best Legal Blog Category: Law Librarian Blogs/Canadian Law-related Blogs (Tie)
Best Legal Blog Digest: Stark County Law Library Blog/Law.com Inside Opinions (Tie)
Best Blawg About Blawgging: Real Lawyers Have Blogs
Best Legal Podcast: – Coast to Coast Podcast
Best Writing on a Legal Blog: That Lawyer Dude
Best Law Professor Blog:The Yin Blog
Best New Law-related Blog: WSJ.com Law Blog/I Heart Tech (Tie)
Best Legal Technology Blog: Dennis Kennedy.Blog
see the rest of dennis' analysis here.
ed. note: hats off to dennis for being a credit to the profession and die-hard blogger. i don't agree with every entry, but it's a great start.
from attorney dennis kennedy comes his list of best legal blogs (blawgs) of 2006:


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Madonna and Child Acorn Locket
I'm like a squirrel with a nut when it comes to oak- and acorn-themed jewellery. One of my favourites is this lil' locket. Slide it open and it depicts the Virgin Mary and Baby Jesus. I am not a religious person, so I do feel a little uncomfortable wearing it sometimes. But than I convince myself that no one will know if I don't open it.
I come across a lot of devotional items in bags of broken jewellery. I have never come across one like this before or since. I haven't even found traces on the internets. So I think my secret is pretty safe (or it was until now).


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Playing with your baby is not only important for bonding, but is also an educational experience for your child. We are providing a special time and place for you to come to the public library and spend one-on-one time playing with your child. This five-week program involves children birth through age 3 and their parents or caregivers. The library will have age appropriate toys, books, and art activities just for you and your child. Also, we have invited special guests from the community to join us each week to answer your questions about parenting.
1-2-3 Play with Me emphasizes the role of parents as the first teachers of their children, facilitates early intervention, and teaches strategies for healthy child development and early literacy.
1-2-3 Play with Me Schedule
Avondale Library – September 6-October 4, 2017 – every Wednesday at 10:00 a.m.
West End Library – September 12-October 10, 2017 – every Tuesday at 10:00 a.m.
Springville Road Library – September 14-October 12, 2017 – every Thursday at 10:00 a.m.Five Points West Library – October 17-November 14, 2017 – every Tuesday at 10:00 a.m.
1-2-3 Play with Me is the signature event for Family Place Libraries and is a community project grant recipient of the Junior League of Birmingham.


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I hope your week is going very well.
Often I have been asked if I lead yoga retreats. I love teaching where I live so that I can offer students opportunities to practice consistently. However, for a while I have wanted to offer a Yoga retreat to help students deepen their practice in a beautiful location. Finally, everything has come together and I am really excited to share this opportunity with you. The idea is to set the tone for the new year with a week in a sustainable retreat in the Costa Rican rain forest, practicing yoga in the morning, enjoying the surrounding area during the day, and coming together again for a gentle yoga practice and deep relaxation yoga nidra session before dinner. In this way you can let go of the previous year and start the year balanced, truly refreshed and focused. I am attaching a flyer with more information.
Please notice that there is a reduced price if you pay in full by September 21st.
We are organizing the retreat through St Petersburg Yoga and there is lots more information about the trip on the website: www.StPeteYoga.com/retreats
I know this trip will be a joyful and fun experience.


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A Christmas message from Birkalla's Chairman.
On behalf of West Torrens Birkalla Soccer Club,
I would like to wish you all a very Happy Christmas and a prosperous New Year.
Thank you for your fantastic support throughout 2017 by showing your passion and loyalty to us, this is what makes it special which makes me very proud to be the Chairman.
Our thanks also go to our staff and volunteers, who have continued to work tirelessly during a very busy period, and give their time so willingly. It is greatly appreciated by myself, the Board of Directors and the Club.
We are grateful to our sponsors and community partners, who have helped establish Birks and keep going strong as a community, we as Club are also extremely proud and honoured.
Please enjoy a fantastic Christmas and cherish the time spent with loved ones. We hope to welcome you back to Jack Smith Park in the new year and we look forward to 2018 and hope that it brings everything you wish for, on and off the pitch.
Amin Ayoubi


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Listen to 30 Second Song Samples
Colin Lawson – C clarinet Claire Thirion – cello
Recorded for the first time on original instruments, this CD is a major addition to the recording catalogue, performed by International period performance specialist, the clarinettist Colin Lawson with cellist Claire Thirion.
Heard in accordance with historical principles, these famous sonatas are illustrative of post-revolutionary clarinet tuition at the Paris Conservatoire.
First performances using original instrumentation (C clarinet and cello)
Core repertoire (included on Associated Board and many other exam syllabi).
Important set of early Clarinet Sonatas from a celebrated pedagogue
Volume I (sonatas 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11) of a two-volume set
Following on from Lawson's other highly successful CDs for Clarinet Classics, this CD will inspire players and listeners alike and fill vital gap in the recorded catalogue. Includes performance notes by Colin Lawson. Both these notes, and peformance versions of the actual music are available from our 'How To…' series page!
'Colin Lawson – doyen of period clarinettists'
Running Time approx: 71 mins.


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"I'm no prince," said the Fool to Cinderella.
"I've had it with princes. Land's not the only thing they have a habit of grabbing, you know."
But the prince and his men-at-arms came out of the castle, and saw the Fool pursing his lips to kiss Cinderella. While there are many ills that can be cured by a kiss from one's true love, a crossbow bolt through the lungs is not one of them. The Fool died in Cinderella's arms, coughing blood on the front of her silver gown.
"Your dress!" cried the prince.
Cinderella knew what to do—what had always been done by generations of fair maidens before her. She knew…and didn't do it. She slipped off the dainty glass slippers, tossed them in the air, and raced away.
"Try to find me now," she called. The glass slippers broke into a thousand pieces at the bottom.


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Winter Whale Watching, The Tubes, Natural History of the Anza-Borrego Region
Events December 19-December 25, 2019
Various Authors noon, Dec. 14
It's been a whirlwind of emotions coming back to Chiang Mai. I can't believe I lived here for so long and made this place my home only 3 years ago.
We immediately rented a motorbike (Jase and I made a deal: I drive in the city, he drives outside) and tried to remember where all my favorite spots were. Felt really weird. Driving here is absolutely insane – the traffic is unbelievable – like L.A. traffic going 50 mph and no lanes, no rules, no blinkers, u-turns everywhere from 0 mph or you can just drive on the wrong side. So dangerous...I'm lucky that despite a few accidents when I lived here, I was never seriously injured.
The city looks the same with a lot more Starbucks and hotels that are being redone. This is not the best season (April) to be here because even though we're surrounded by mountains, the pollution just hangs. We need a huge rain! You can see the oil and pollution on the streets, they look wet ALL the time and you can feel the back end of the bike fishtail slightly when you turn. It's like a hair dryer blowing on your body all day and night.
Our guesthouse is awesome, Gap's House in the Old City...we have this huge Thai-style room with old décor and a lounge area. It's set behind bamboo trees in this beautiful garden for a whopping $10 a night.
My boyfriend is in the process of getting a suit made – cashmere/Thai silk – and had his first fitting last night. He'll get another few fittings when we come back to the city in a few days. $100 for 3 ties, fitted shirts, and the suit!
Last night we went to my old favorite Thai restaurant right down the street from where I used to live, near all the Thai college students which is always a trip. Then we went to a bar/restaurant on the river...one of my old favs. They have live music with the coolest girl vocalists and if you can believe it, the girl I use to love was still playing there! Complete with Red Hot Chili Peppers, Beyonce, Shakira, Guns and Roses, Cranberries, Killers and many other cover songs in perfect English. Pretty impressive.
Interesting observation: Thai people (and most Asians I think) have this thing about being by themselves...they never do it. You will never see a Thai person driving a car, walking somewhere, definitely not eating, or even just hanging out by themselves. We decided that with all the stimuli around here, peace, quiet and solitude would be too weird for them. They're always in huge groups of people, even on dates, and are always talking or touching.
Today we did a Thai cooking course complete with a trip to a Thai market that falang (foreigners) would never see. I couldn't handle the butcher shop section, but other than that it was a beautiful array of colors and aromas. We made a curry paste (massaman and green), then a curry soup, a stir fry (ginger chix), and a noodle dish (kho soi and pad see ew). It was great and we all got to try each others, so a definite feast!
Tomorrow we're heading up to Doi Suthep, the "temple in the clouds," at the top of the mountain overlooking the city. There's great waterfalls on the way up and obvious views from the top. Looking forward to it!
Now we're off by bus to Chiang Rai...as far north as you can go near the border. We're going to help out a friend from college who is working for an NGO up there for her grad school thesis. Sabaii dee kha!!!


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The great indicator — the 10-year Treasury note — for the second week in a row held all of its straight-line gains since early April, from 3.6 percent to 3.15 percent.
Despite the Fed mumbling about reversing extraordinary ease (some decade ahead), despite all sorts of positive media spin, despite LinkedIn's post-initial public offering value of $10 billion (649 times earnings), global investors are buying U.S. Treasurys for safety.
Low-fee mortgages touched 4.625 percent for the first time in six months, refinancing applications up, purchase applications sinking 3 percent last week. April housing starts fell 10.6 percent and permits 4 percent, both versus expectations for gains.
Sales of existing homes fell 0.8 percent from March, as reported by the National Association of Realtors' highly questionable, seasonally adjusted "lipstick factory."
Industrial production was flat in April, but distorted by parts-supply interruption in Japan. Although the Philadelphia Fed index crumped from 18.5 in April to near-breakeven 3.9 in May, manufacturing is still a bright spot.