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Here Lies ArthurBook - 2008
When her village is attacked and burned, Gwyna seeks protection from the bard Myrddin, who uses Gwyna in his plan to transform young Arthur into the heroic King Arthur
Publisher: New York [N.Y.] : Scholastic Press, 2008
Edition: 1st American ed
Characteristics: 339 p. ; 22 cm
From the critics
Community Activity
CommentAdd a Comment
The relationships between the characters were extremely well-done and realistic. Everyone was human, so I couldn't hate those I disliked nor love those I liked. So well written that I cried at the end. I definitely recommend it.
JewelMcLatchy Jun 22, 2012
An interesting addition to the Arthur myths. There were several times when I actually forgot the narrator was a girl, Myrddin had done such a good job at disguising her as a boy.
AgeAdd Age Suitability
QuotesAdd a Quote
SummaryAdd a Summary
There are no summaries for this title yet.
NoticesAdd Notices
There are no notices for this title yet.


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A long time client of ours is re-doing their web site after 5 years and we've been in discussion with them about the need for a SEO migration plan. The developer wants to use a new platform for the site, meaning urls are going to be different. This is an ecommerce site with thousands of product and category URLs so the move to the new platform needs to be executed correctly or it could go very badly as far as search engine visibility.
Shortly after explaining this to our client I was reading a prominent PR web site that listed various resources to "digital PR" articles. I clicked on one and came upon this from Entrepreneur.com:
The text is small, so I'll put it here:
"We've recently made significant changes to our web site. This means some of the pages you might have bookmarked now have a different URL. To find the page you're looking for, try these methods:"
Then it shows Google search as a way to find the "lost" page. Ouch!
I don't know about you, but if I was FedEx, I wouldn't be too happy about my ads running on pages with that kind of message.
This is the kind of thing that happens when web site owners rely on web development teams to transition sites to new content management systems, development platforms and designs without taking into consideration that search engines are an audience for the site as well.
Whoever worked on the Entrepreneur site would have done well to read Thomas' "10 things to keep in mind when changing a site design", especially tip #1: "Consider keeping the same file naming structure so that it will be easier for spiders to re-crawl the new site and peoples bookmarks don't return 404 error pages" and the last tip, "Tell your SEO before you make the new site live so they can help prevent any issues."

subset: commoncrawl


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Today, August 24, 2016, was scheduled to be the day of Jeff Wood's unjust execution in Texas. Many people were outraged that Texas sentenced him to death even though he did not kill anyone. His execution has been stayed, but he remains under a sentence of death. His case has been sent back to the trial court for further action. Right now, he remains on death row in the Polunsky Unit. Thank you to everyone who spoke out to stop his execution. Please sign the petition if you have not already done so.
We will continue to visit with members of the Texas Legislature to build support for passing a bill in 2017 to prohibit death sentences in law of parties cases. We hope you will join us on Lobby Day in the spring at the Texas Capitol.


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Artikelnummer: 250607
This item is in stock in one or more stores and can be dispatched within a few days.
Store inventory
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- Frankreich
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Roland GO:MIXER
Super-Easy Audio Capture
With the great video quality of today's smartphones, capturing music performances and other types of video content has never been easier. However, recording a high-quality audio soundtrack along with a video has typically required complicated external gear and time-consuming editing in post-production. GO:MIXER's plug-and-play convenience enables you to capture outstanding audio in your videos in real time, letting you focus on performing instead of fussy technical details.
Connect and Mix Multiple Sound Sources
GO:MIXER allows you to combine five sources at once via inputs for a vocal mic, guitar, stereo keyboard, and two stereo line-level devices (such as music players, drum machines, etc.). Just set up your best live mix while monitoring the sound. With GO:MIXER, all your audio mixing needs are covered in one tiny box.
Ultra-Mobile Audio Companion
Measuring just 95 mm/3.75 inches square and 28 mm/1.1 inches deep, GO:MIXER is perfect for mobile use, and won't clutter your desktop space at home. It's powered by the connection to your smartphone, so no batteries are required. And no special drivers need to be installed on your phone either—just open the box, plug in, and go.
Better Sound Makes Your Music Shine
Music is all about sound, and having great audio quality in your music videos shows off your talents and helps you get noticed. GO:MIXER delivers ultra-clean stereo digital audio with no background noise to disturb your performances. If you've only been using your phone's built-in audio for your music videos, you'll notice a difference immediately when using GO:MIXER!
Sing Along With Your Favorite Tunes
If you're a vocalist who wants to sing along with your music collection, GO:MIXER has you covered. Simply connect a music player to GO:MIXER, and then enable the convenient Center Cancel function to reduce the volume of the main vocal in any song you play.
Take Vlogs and Other Web Videos to the Next Level
Even if your videos aren't focused on music, GO:MIXER will help you create better productions. Vlogs, reviews, tutorials, and other content also benefit from quality sound, bringing professional credibility to your presentations. With the ability to mix narration, bumper music, and other sources live with pristine audio, GO:MIXER lets you produce great-sounding videos quickly and efficiently.
Roland GO:MIXER
• Palm-sized audio mixer for smartphones
• Ideal for both desktop and mobile use
• Multiple inputs—connect a mic, musical instruments, and media players
• Plug and play—ready for immediate use right out of the box
• Connection cables for iOS and Android devices included
• Powered from the smartphone connection; no batteries or AC adapter required
• Center Cancel function for karaoke-style singing


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About Us
Paul Middleton helped form the Christian Coalition of Washington in1993. He has been politically active for many years, serving on both state and national convention rules committees for the Republican Party. Paul is retired from the Department of Licensing and attends Sunbreak Baptist Church in Lacey. Paul and his wife, Judy, have been married 50 years and have two children and three grandchildren. Judy is Nurse Manager at CareNet.
Paul can be reached at: email@example.com
Executive Director
Rick Forcier assumed his current duties with the Christian Coalition in 1998. He also chairs the Thurston County Jail Ministry Advisory Board, and is a founding board member of the Daniels' Prayer Ministry in Olympia. Previously, Rick served as Chairman of the Rainier Education Foundation, and enjoyed three terms as Chairman of the Thurston County Republican Party. He and his wife Jill have been married 48 years, have three children, six grandchildren and are longtime members of True Grace Church in Lacey, where Rick teaches an adult Bible class called "Understanding the Times."
Rick can be reached at: email@example.com
Data Administrator
George Gauntlett, a onetime educator and longtime member of Bellevue Presbyterian Church retired from The Boeing Company in 2007 with 23 years of service. George and his wife Marilyn, a retired music teacher, currently reside in Olympia where they are both active in the First Baptist Church of Olympia. The Gauntletts have been married 47 years and enjoy the frequent company of their two children (and their husbands) and five grandchildren.
George can be reached at: firstname.lastname@example.com


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Ashley Tisdale & Italia Ricci Are Super Chic for Ted Baker London
Ashley Tisdale wows in a chic jumpsuit as she arrives for Ted Baker London's SS15 launch event held at Avalon Hotel on Wednesday afternoon (March 4) in Beverly Hills, Calif.
The 29-year-old actress joined hubby Christopher French as well as Italia Ricci and Robbie Amell, plus Laura Vandervoort, Ryan Guzman, and Young & Hungry's Jonathan Sadowski.
PHOTOS: Check out the latest pics of Robbie Amell
In case you missed the news, it was just announced that Laura had split and ended her engagement with Oliver Trevena.
FYI: Laura is wearing a Tacori ring.
10+ pics inside of Ashley Tisdale, Italia Ricci and more…


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Pocket book (laptop) is a very environment friendly and necessary software of many individuals right this moment. Lenovo IdeaPad 120s 14″ Celeron Laptop This Lenovo IdeaPad 120s Laptop has a stylish, modern design which is compact and straightforward to take on the go. It comes with the Windows 10 Dwelling working system, an Intel Celeron dual-core processor and four GB of RAM to offer dependable operation so you can get your work performed.
And do these prices run excessive—whereas an entry-stage gaming laptop typically starts at about $799, you can expect to pay $3,000 or extra for a system with a powerful processor, a lot of memory, and a number of high-finish GPUs with the horsepower wanted to play games with all the graphical particulars maxed out.
It has a compact design which you can easily carry with you, an eighth Gen Intel Core i5 processor and 8 GB of RAM for seamless, lag free operation, the Windows 10 House operating system so you can entry your typical apps, and a long-lasting battery that may go for up to 7 hours between expenses so you possibly can work on the go. HP 15.6″ Core i7 Laptop 15-bs159TU This HP 15-bs159TU Laptop is a reliable option for everyday work and examine.
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These power-efficient systems are made primarily to surf the Web using Chrome OS. Small in stature, tall in power, narrow of purpose, and huge of vision, Chrome OS is essentially the Google Chrome browser running on hardware specs that would be considered "tight" for a Home windows COMPUTER. System memory is usually a lean 2GB to 4GB, and native storage is commonly restricted to 16GB of flash reminiscence (though you will notice programs with 32GB to 64GB).


text:
Let's work together!
I really love what I'm doing with my blog and I'd love to help you, too. I am available for custom recipe and photo work as well as product reviews, as long as the product fits with my focus on better health through a whole foods diet. Photos from this site are available as prints — price is dependent on size and paper finish. Advertising space on this blog is also available for companies and products that are aligned with my blog's focus and content.
Want to work with me? Please fill out the following form and let's talk!


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Today the CAA continues to manage, sponsor and support many events year-round because, even now, some visitors to the Central Adirondack region still enjoy being tempted.
The CAA service area extends from Forestport, along the Rt 28 corridor through Old Forge, Inlet, Raquette Lake, Blue Mountain Lake to Indian Lake and along Rt. 30 corridor to Long Lake. We encompass three counties (Onedia, Herkimer and Hamilton) and five townships (Forestport, Webb, Inlet, Indian Lake and Long Lake).
Though we are an events-driven organization, the Central Adirondack Association also has the distinction of being at the core of the Central Adirondack Trail Scenic (CAT) Byway. Why is this so advantageous? There is enormous potential for the CAA to use the Central Adirondack Trail Byway label to better appeal to and connect with travelers, Partnering with other CAT Byway communities, we are in a position to benefit from regional collaboration, branding, marketing techniques, and resource interpretation. The goal of the Byway promotion is to help increase the number of visitors and amount of visitor spending in villages, towns, and cities that rely on tourism dollars which certainly mirrors the goal of the CAA!
The CAT Byway is an east-west travel corridor which stretches 153 miles from the western gateway in Rome, east along Routes 365 and 365/12 to Alder Creek where it continues through communities along Route 28 north to Blue Mountain Lake.
There, Route 28 begins its southern and westward direction to Warrensburg, where the Trail changes to move south along Route 9 to its eastern gateway in Glens Falls.
President - Gary Staab
1st Vice President - Dale Heroux
2nd Vice President - Mark Hannah
Treasurer - Chip Kiefer
Secretary - Nick Bankert
Board of Directors
Dick Bird
Sandy Booton
Scott Budgin
Barbara Criss
David Etsen
Kurt Gardner
Zoe Goslin
Don Haehl
Mark Hannah
Devlin Hennesey
Dale Heroux
Robin Hill
Chip Kiefer
Chuck Robinson
Mike Ross
Justin Staskiewicz
Linda Weal


text:
Room rentals
Via Modenese, 675/679 - Spilamberto (MO)
All year long
All year long
For any information about prices call the phone number
- Air conditioning
- Minibar in the room
- Internet point
- Parking
- Private park and garden
- Heating
Additional services
Parabolic aerial, laundry service, private Tv lounge.
How to get there
By car: from Modena take the bypass in the direction Vignola, then take the S.S. 623, named Vignolese, to Spilamberto. By bus: extra-urban bus in the direction Spilamberto/Vignola.
Credit Carts Bancomat


text:
Saturday Club
Child protection Policy - junior Page - Youth Squad
Email contact firstname.lastname@example.com
This is where it all starts - Saturday Club originated some years ago from an idea by a couple of club members wanting to engage their children in fun way, it has grown over the years into an important club facility for our younger members. The idea is to develop basic sailing skills along with learning about water safety and gaining confidence. This is not an RYA course, these are available seperatly and aim to bring children through the RYA stages.
Saturday club is run by volunteers and open to members, the volunteers generally have participating children, there is beach master, coordinator and Oppie & Topper leaders, we expect parents to help out in any way they can with rigging, carrying, driving safety boats and coaching. This is not a child minding service, parents must stay down at the club with their children. Saturday Club offers a safe and fun way to introduce youngsters into our sport. Generally the ages range from 5 – 12. The Club and use of boats is only available to club members, there is a limit on available boats so on busy days children have to share, but that can be an advantage as the more experienced can mentor the less experienced. Skill is not age dependant and often younger children share experience and knowledge with older ones, and of course many participants make friends at the club (including parents).
This year Saturday Club starts 3rd May 2019 and runs throughout the summer months to September. The club provides a mixture of boat orientated games and adventures to give the youngsters confidence on the water. They then progress to more structured sailing with an element of competitiveness introduced.
The club has a fleet of Optimists and Toppers useable for the club and Junior training (not available at other times). There is currently no charge for this facility but parents are requested to be proactive in maintaining the fleet
Last updated 15:07 on 11 October 2019


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Below, we outline what's changed and provide an overall grade for the teams that will rock a significantly new look to start the cheap nike nfl jerseys 2018 2017-18 season.
The 33-year-old Steen was hurt against Dallas on Tuesday night and will be re-evaluated in three weeks. He is entering his 10th season with the Blues and coming off a year in which he had 16 goals and 35 assists in 76 regular-season games.
The move makes sense for Minnesota. Head coach Bruce Boudreau always enjoys icing four balanced lines and adding Winnik certainly gives nfl jersey china cheap them another capable veteran forward that can kill penalties Sidney Crosby limited jersey and play well in his own end.
It might not matter much in the cheap nhl jerseys end given Nashvilles strength on defense and well-rounded forward group, but it would be unprecedented to win a championship in the modern era with?such little firepower?down the middle.
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The Knights play their preseason game Sunday cheap nhl jersey china Pittsburgh Penguins jersey elite paypal wholesale stores in Vancouver, leaving Gallant stitched nfl jerseys for cheap little time to build chemistry with the NHL's first expansion team since 2000. He'll rely on veterans like Marc-Andre Fleury and cheap jerseys China Deryk Engelland to lend leadership.
While the Leafs' netminders have been great, it hasn't come easy. 2018 cheap nhl jerseys Without Matthews in the lineup, the Maple Leafs have given up a lot more chances per game, a trend head nfl jerseys china free shipping coach Mike Babcock has noticed.
Columbus Blue Jackets: Have to imagine Joonas Korpisalo was basically just like, Yeah I'm never gonna start for this team but he also had no options since he's only 23.
The board of directors approved pay ranging from $2,000 to $10,000 per player, the league said Friday. The salaries will cheap jersey be determined by years of service. The plan was devised in consultation with league officials, general managers, the board and the CWHL Players Association.
It was never about headlines, it was never about letting the papers know he's going to be at Children's Hospital, Tinlin added. It was just more about silently,
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The skill of Philadelphia Flyers game jersey Kane, and the skill Shayne Gostisbehere jersey and grit of Toews … they can hurt you in two ways, an Eastern Conference coach said. What makes all of these players hard to play against is not only the fact that that they are superstar players and dangerous individually Claude Giroux limited jersey when separate, but also lethal when they are together.
5. (5) Washington CapitalsGranted, there are teams below the Capitals in these rankings that have actually won games in the second round, which Washington has not done heading into Game 3 on Monday night in Pittsburgh. But the Capitals have played so well at nhl jerseys size chart times during stretches against the Penguins that you can't rule them out of the series, especially cheap nfl jersey china paypal if goalie Braden Holtby gets going.
Goalie Jaroslav Halak recorded cheap nhl jerseys from china paypal wholesale 14 saves after replacing Thomas Greiss, who gave up five goals on 20 shots.
Del Zotto and Stewart among tops on fantasy waiver wireLooking for a boost in fantasy hockey? Victoria Matiash lists the best players still available in the majority china cheap nfl jersey wholesale of ESPN leagues to add from waivers.


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Archive for November 2014
Mail a Letter to Santa at Hitch Design Studio!
On December 4th, 2014, stop into Hitch Design Studio with your favorite kids (or kids at heart) and mail a letter to Santa in our vintage mailbox! We'll have cookies and cider all day as well. Starting at 4 p.m., enjoy a horse drawn trolley ride through the Brookings Central Residential Historic District and afterwards,…Read More
A Day in the Life: Renee Halgerson at Hitch Design Studio
Learn more about Renee Halgerson, a co-owner at Hitch Design Studio. (What she does on a daily basis, what she values, a Q&A, and what the "extras" bring to her life.) A Day in the Life of Carrie Kuhl coming soon! Thursday, November 20, 2014: 6:20 a.m. The alarm goes off. 6:38 a.m. I…Read More
Wedding Ceremony Program Wording (and Samples)
Wedding programs are an important part of your ceremony. Oftentimes, planning the ceremony and writing the program happen at the same time. As a bride, these may be some of the questions on your mind: Which song should I walk down the aisle to? Which song will play while we light the unity candle? Do the…Read More
Hitch Design Studio: Do What You Love, Love What You Do
If you pick up the November issue of 605 Magazine, you'll find these two entrepreneurs smiling back at you. 605 interviewed us on why we started a business in Brookings and how business is going. Read the full article here! We also answered five tough Midwest wedding etiquette questions for Dainty Obsessions Magazine recently, so…Read More
Choosing Unique Wedding Invitations: Online, DIY or Custom?
Your wedding invitation sets the tone for your big day. Every element of your invitation – the paper, colors, fonts, wording and images – express how your wedding day will look and feel. At Hitch Design Studio in Brookings, South Dakota, we design custom wedding invitations. With a custom invitation by Hitch, we envision any of…Read More


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Twitter GeoVisualisation
July 8, 2008
Walter Rafelsberger from MODUL/University Vienna/Department of New Media Technology is using GeoNames for some interesting and beautyful geo visualisation projects.
Twitter Conversations
The twitter conversation map shows where people talking to each other are located.
Twitter Weather Map
For the Twitter Weather Map the location and weather information twitter users are posting is parsed and visualised:
GeoNames cities over 1000/5mio
GeoNames cities over 1000
2 Responses to "Twitter GeoVisualisation"
July 11, 2008 at 6:32 pm
[…] you heard of a Twitter conversation map? Well Walter Rafelsberger from MODUL/University Vienna/Department of New Media created just that. […]
October 30, 2008 at 2:34 pm
[…] of New Media Technology is working with wonderful tools for Twitter GeoVisualisation (few examples here), his geosketches encouraged me to think about it more. We think globally, but we also live […]


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Free Bead Embroidery Project: Agate Slice Pins
A few weeks ago, my husband and my 6 year old son went off on an "adventure" while I was attending a training workshop, and when I arrived home, my son presented me with a few beautiful agate slices that he had chosen for me from a museum gift shop. I was so touched by the beautiful gift, and my son immediately asked me how I planned on making them into jewelry so that I could keep them forever! The obvious answer, for me, was to use bead embroidery to turn them into wearable bead art!
Being the rock hound that I am, I've got lots of gemstone slices in my collection. I love how easy it is to use bead embroidery with these beautiful natural gemstones to make handmade beaded jewelry. If you've got a couple of these gemstone slices in your bead stash, try this easy, free bead embroidery project to turn them into beautiful beaded brooches! These bead embroidered agate slice pins are also a great way to make the leap from using calibrated cabochons to using unusually-shaped found objects in your bead embroidery projects. Give 'em a go!
Agate Slice Bead Embroidery Pins
By Samantha McNesby
These pins are fast and easy to make and a great way to use leftover beads. Agate slices are available in bead shops, rock and gem stores, and some craft stores. They come in a variety of shapes and colorations. Look for interesting color combinations and pretty crystal centers.
- 1 1/8″ thick agate slice
- Size 10 seed beads
- Size E seed beads
- Mixture of 3-5 styles and colors of beads, about the same size as seed beads
- Accent beads (4mm round beads, teardrops, crystal bicones or rounds)
- Size B nylon beading thread, or 6 lb. test beading thread
- Heavy interfacing 1″ larger all around than the agate
- Small scrap of leather or imitation suede to match size of agate slice
- 1″ pin back
- E6000 glue
- Size 12 beading needle
- Scissors or thread cutter
- Embroidery scissors
Step 1:
Check both sides of your agate and glue the least desirable side to the center of the interfacing. Let it dry.
Step 2: Round 1: Tie a knot at one end of 1 yard of thread. Use a single color of seed beads to back stitch by passing the needle up through the interfacing at the edge of the agate. *String 5 beads. Lay the beads flat against the agate and pass the needle through the interfacing at the edge of the fifth bead. Pass the needle back up between the third and fourth beads, and pass through the fourth and fifth beads. The beads should be secure and rest flat against the interfacing and the agate. Repeat from * around the agate. When you near the beginning of the round, string enough beads to fill the gap, and pass the needle through the first five beads and into the interfacing.
Round 2: Use a single color of E beads to back stitch, attaching a second round of beads close to the first round without overlapping.
Round 3: Use a mixture of beads that complement the agate and the first two rounds of beads to create a looped round. Do so by *passing the needle up between the two rounds of beads. String 6 beads and pass through the interfacing two E beads down and on the outside of the E beads (Figure 1). Repeat from * around the agate. You may need fewer than 6 beads for the last loop.
Step 3: Make fringes using a mixture of bead sizes and colors with matching accent beads. Decide which side of the pin will be the top, and pass the needle up through the interfacing 1/2″ from the center top of the pin. String a fringe row of beads, enough to reach across the agate and allow the accent beads to dangle at the center. The number of beads needed will vary according to the size and shape of the agate. Repeat, adding a second loop of fringe above the first. Knot the thread securely on the back of the interfacing.
Step 4: Use scissors to carefully trim away the excess interfacing around the edge of the pin. Glue a piece of leather to the back and let dry. Carefully trim the leather. Sew or glue the pin back to the leather. Let dry several hours before wearing.
|Aurora Borealis bead embroidered collar, Beadwork magazine, April/May 2013, designed by Sharon Lester
Stay on top of new ideas and new techniques for bead embroidery when you subscribe to Beadwork magazine. Each issue is full of innovative, inspiring beading projects that use all of your favorite off-loom beading techniques: peyote stitch, right-angle weave, herringbone stitch, netting, and of course, bead embroidery! Subscribe to Beadwork magazine and indulge your passion for off-loom beading techniques.
Bead Happy,


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|Archived February 20, 2019
USGS Scientist Inspires Students at a High-School Career Day in California
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientist Carol Reiss participated in Prospect High School's career day in Saratoga, CA, on February 26. Instead of the usual presentations in front of an assembled audience, this career day was run more like a career fair, where participants set up displays on tables and students visited the displays. This arrangement allowed students to interact with the people whose displays particularly interested them. Teachers had to sign up in advance, and four classes per hour were allowed to circulate through the exhibits, which were open to all students during break and lunch. Many visitors were attracted to Carol's display of a computerized seismic program created by Alan Jones (Binghamton University), which shows historical earthquakes and volcanic eruptions around the margins of the Pacific Plate (the Ring of Fire) set to music. (To download this free software program, visit the Alan Jones Web page and click on "Seismic-Eruptions.") One teacher overheard students talking about Carol's exhibit and reported their comment: "When she talked about science, it didn't seem boring at all!" After the session, the exhibitors were treated to a catered lunch.
in this issue: Microbial Life in Antarctic Lakes
cover story:
USGS Assists in JASON Expedition
USGS Participates in Career Day
Geographic Information Systems Workshop
Bob Stewart Named Professional Conservationist of the Year
USGS Paper Chosen as AGU Journal Highlight
Comprehensive Study of Florida Keys Coral Reefs
|Archived February 20, 2019


text:
# faq.org -*- coding: utf-8; -*-
#+STARTUP: overview
#+OPTIONS: H:2 num:t toc:t \n:nil @:t ::t |:t ^:t *:t TeX:t
#+EMAIL: email@example.com
#+AUTHOR: GnuPG users
#+LANGUAGE: en
#+TITLE: GnuPG Frequently Asked Questions
#+OPTIONS: H:3 num:nil toc:t \n:nil @:t ::t |:t ^:{} -:t f:t *:t TeX:t LaTeX:t skip:nil d:(HIDE) tags:not-in-toc
#+LINK: gnupgweb http://www.gnupg.org/
#+LINK: roundup https://bugs.g10code.com/gnupg/issue
# FIXME: This FAQ needs a heavy cleanup. For now I only switched to
# org-mode format for easier maintenance.
*WARNING: This FAQ is heavily outdated*. Mentioned versions of GnuPG
have reached end of life many years ago. Almost all bugs and problems
have been fixed in the now current versions of GnuPG. We will try to
update this FAQ in the next month. See the section "Changes" for recent updates.
* Welcome
:CUSTOM_ID: welcome
Welcome to the GnuPG FAQ. The latest HTML version is available at\\
[[http://www.gnupg.org/faq/GnuPG-FAQ.html]]; \\
a plain text Gversion at \\
See the end of this file for the release date.
The index is generated automatically, so there may be errors. Not
all questions may be in the section they belong to. Suggestions
about how to improve the structure of this FAQ are welcome.
Please send additions and corrections to the gnupg-users mailing
list. It would be most convenient if you could provide the answer to
be included here as well. Your help is very much appreciated!
Please, don't send message like "This should be a FAQ - what's the
answer?". If it hasn't been asked before, it isn't a FAQ. In that
case you could search in the mailing list archive.
** What conventions are used in this FAQ?
:CUSTOM_ID: what-conventions-are-used-in-this-faq
Although GnuPG is being developed for several operating systems
(often in parallel), the conventions used in this FAQ reflect a
UNIX shell environment. For Win32 users, references to a shell
prompt (=$=) should be interpreted as a command prompt (=>=),
directory names separated by a forward slash (=/=) may need to be
converted to a back slash (=\=), and a tilde (=~=) represents a
user's "home" directory (reference question [[id:how-do-i-put-my-keyring-in-a-different-directory][How do I put my keyring in a different directory?]] for an example).
Some command-lines presented in this FAQ are too long to properly
display in some browsers for the web page version of this file, and
have been split into two or more lines. For these commands please
remember to enter the entire command-string on one line or the
command will error, or at minimum not give the desired results.
Please keep in mind that this FAQ contains information that may not
apply to your particular version, as new features and bug fixes are
added on a continuing basis (reference the NEWS file included with
the source or package for noteworthy changes between versions). One
item to note is that starting with GnuPG version 1.1.92 the file
containing user options and settings has been renamed from "options"
to "gpg.conf". Information in the FAQ that relates to the options
file may be interchangeable with the newer gpg.conf file in many
instances. See question
[[#gnupg-no-longer-installs-a-options-file-is-it-missing][GnuPG no longer installs a ~/.gnupg/options file. Is it missing?]]
for details.
* General Questions
** What is GnuPG?
:CUSTOM_ID: what-is-gnupg
[[gnupgweb][GnuPG]] stands for GNU Privacy Guard and is GNU's tool for secure
communication and data storage. It can be used to encrypt data and
to create digital signatures. It includes an advanced key
management facility and is compliant with the proposed OpenPGP
Internet standard as described in [[http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4880.txt][RFC-4880]]. As such, it is aimed
to be compatible with PGP from PGP Corp. and other OpenPGP tools
** Is GnuPG compatible with PGP?
:CUSTOM_ID: is-gnupg-compatible-with-pgp
In general, yes. GnuPG and newer PGP releases should be implementing
the OpenPGP standard. But there are some interoperability problems.
See question
[[#how-can-i-encrypt-a-message-so-that-pgp-is-able-to-decrypt-it][How can I encrypt a message with GnuPG so that PGP is able to decrypt it?]]
for details.
** Is GnuPG free to use for personal or commercial use?
:CUSTOM_ID: is-gnupg-free-to-use
Yes. GnuPG is part of the GNU family of tools and applications built
and provided in accordance with the Free Software Foundation (FSF)
General Public License (GPL). Therefore the software is free to copy,
use, modify and distribute in accordance with that license. Please
read the file titled COPYING that accompanies the application for
more information.
* Sources of Information
** Where can I find more information on GnuPG?
:CUSTOM_ID: more-information-on-gnupg
On-line resources:
- The documentation page is located at [[gnupgweb:documentation/]].
Also, have a look at the HOWTOs and the GNU Privacy Handbook
(GPH, available in English, Spanish and Russian). The latter
provides a detailed user's guide to GnuPG. You'll also find a
document about how to convert from PGP 2.x to GnuPG.
- At [[gnupgweb:documentation/mailing-lists.html]] you'll find an
online archive of the GnuPG mailing lists. Most interesting
should be gnupg-users for all user-related issues and gnupg-devel
if you want to get in touch with the developers.
In addition, searchable archives can be found on MARC, e.g.:\\
For gnupg-users : [[http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=gnupg-users&r=1&w=2]]\\
For gnupg-devel : [[http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=gnupg-devel&r=1&w=2]]
*Please:* Before posting to a list, read this FAQ and the
available documentation. In addition, search the list archive
--- maybe your question has already been discussed. This way you
help people focus on topics that have not yet been resolved.
- The GnuPG source distribution contains a subdirectory:
: ./doc
where some additional documentation is located (mainly
interesting for hackers, not the casual user).
** Where do I get GnuPG?
:CUSTOM_ID: where-do-i-get-gnupg
You can download the GNU Privacy Guard from its primary FTP server
[[ftp://ftp.gnupg.org/gcrypt/gnupg/][ftp.gnupg.org]] or from one of its [[gnupgweb:download/mirrors.html][mirrors]].
The current stable version is FIXME. Please upgrade to this
version as it includes additional features, functions and security
fixes that may not have existed in prior versions.
* Installation
** Which OSes does GnuPG run on?
:CUSTOM_ID: which-oses-does-gnupg-run-on
It should run on most Unices as well as Windows versions
(including Windows NT/2000) and Macintosh OS/X. A list of OSes
reported to be OK is presented at:
** Which random data gatherer should I use?
:CUSTOM_ID: which-random-data-gatherer-should-i-use
"Good" random numbers are crucial for the security of your encryption.
Different operating systems provide a variety of more or less quality
random data. Linux and *BSD provide kernel generated random data
through /dev/random - this should be the preferred choice on these
systems. Also Solaris users with the SUNWski package installed have
a /dev/random. In these cases, use the configure option:
: --enable-static-rnd=linux
In addition, there's also the kernel random device by Andi Maier
[[http://www.cosy.sbg.ac.at/~andi/SUNrand/]], but it's still beta. Use
at your own risk!
On other systems, the Entropy Gathering Daemon (EGD) is a good choice.
It is a perl-daemon that monitors system activity and hashes it into
random data. See the download page [[gnupgweb:download/]]
to obtain EGD. Use:
: --enable-static-rnd=egd
If the above options do not work, you can use the random number
generator "unix". This is *very slow* and should be avoided. The
random quality isn't very good so don't use it on sensitive data.
** How do I include support for RSA and IDEA?
:CUSTOM_ID: how-do-i-include-support-for-rsa-and-idea
RSA is included as of GnuPG version 1.0.3.
The official GnuPG distribution does not contain IDEA due to a patent
restriction. The patent does not expire before 2007 so don't expect
official support before then.
However, there is an unofficial module to include it even in earlier
versions of GnuPG. It's available from
[[ftp://ftp.gnupg.dk/pub/contrib-dk/]]. Look for:
: idea.c.gz (c module)
: idea.c.gz.sig (signature file)
: ideadll.zip (c module and win32 dll)
: ideadll.zip.sig (signature file)
Compilation directives are in the headers of these files. You will
then need to add the following line to your =~/.gnupg/gpg.conf= or
=~/.gnupg/options= file:
: load-extension idea
* Usage
** What is the recommended key size?
:CUSTOM_ID: what-is-the-recommended-key-size
1024 bit for DSA signatures; even for plain Elgamal signatures.
This is sufficient as the size of the hash is probably the weakest
link if the key size is larger than 1024 bits. Encryption keys may
have greater sizes, but you should then check the fingerprint of
this key:
: $ gpg --fingerprint
As for the key algorithms, you should stick with the default (i.e.,
DSA signature and Elgamal encryption). An Elgamal signing key has
the following disadvantages: the signature is larger, it is hard
to create such a key useful for signatures which can withstand some
real world attacks, you don't get any extra security compared to
DSA, and there might be compatibility problems with certain PGP
versions. It has only been introduced because at the time it was
not clear whether there was a patent on DSA.
** Why does it sometimes take so long to create keys?
:CUSTOM_ID: why-does-it-sometimes-take-so-long-to-create-keys
The problem here is that we need a lot of random bytes and for that
we (on Linux the /dev/random device) must collect some random data.
It is really not easy to fill the Linux internal entropy buffer; I
talked to Ted Ts'o and he commented that the best way to fill the
buffer is to play with your keyboard. Good security has its price.
What I do is to hit several times on the shift, control, alternate,
and caps lock keys, because these keys do not produce output to the
screen. This way you get your keys really fast (it's the same thing
PGP2 does).
Another problem might be another program which eats up your random
bytes (a program (look at your daemons) that reads from /dev/random).
** And it really takes long when I work on a remote system. Why?
:CUSTOM_ID: it-really-takes-long-when-i-work-on-a-remote-system
Don't do this at all! You should never create keys or even use GnuPG
on a remote system because you normally have no physical control
over your secret key ring (which is in most cases vulnerable to
advanced dictionary attacks) - I strongly encourage everyone to only
create keys on a local computer (a disconnected laptop is probably
the best choice) and if you need it on your connected box (I know,
we all do this) be sure to have a strong password for both your
account and for your secret key, and that you can trust your system
When I check GnuPG on a remote system via ssh (I have no Alpha here)
;-) I have the same problem. It takes a *very* long time to create
the keys, so I use a special option, --quick-random, to generate
insecure keys which are only good for some tests.
** What is the difference between options and commands?
:CUSTOM_ID: difference-between-options-and-commands
If you do a 'gpg --help', you will get two separate lists. The first
is a list of commands. The second is a list of options. Whenever you
run GPG, you *must* pick exactly one command (with one exception,
see below). You *may* pick one or more options. The command should,
just by convention, come at the end of the argument list, after all
the options. If the command takes a file (all the basic ones do),
the filename comes at the very end. So the basic way to run gpg is:
: $ gpg [--option something] [--option2] [--option3 something] --command file
Some options take arguments. For example, the --output option (which
can be abbreviated as -o) is an option that takes a filename. The
option's argument must follow immediately after the option itself,
otherwise gpg doesn't know which option the argument is supposed to
paired with. As an option, --output and its filename must come before
the command. The --recipient (-r) option takes a name or keyID to
encrypt the message to, which must come right after the -r option.
The --encrypt (or -e) command comes after all the options and is
followed by the file you wish to encrypt. Therefore in this example
the command-line issued would be:
: $ gpg -r alice -o secret.txt -e test.txt
If you write the options out in full, it is easier to read:
: $ gpg --recipient alice --output secret.txt --encrypt test.txt
If you're encrypting to a file with the extension ".txt", then you'd
probably expect to see ASCII-armored text in the file (not binary),
so you need to add the --armor (-a) option, which doesn't take any
: $ gpg --armor --recipient alice --output secret.txt --encrypt test.txt
If you imagine square brackets around the optional parts, it becomes
a bit clearer:
: $ gpg [--armor] [--recipient alice] [--output secret.txt] --encrypt test.txt
The optional parts can be rearranged any way you want:
: $ gpg --output secret.txt --recipient alice --armor --encrypt test.txt
If your filename begins with a hyphen (e.g. "-a.txt"), GnuPG assumes
this is an option and may complain. To avoid this you have to either
use =./-a.txt=, or stop the option and command processing with two
hyphens: =-- -a.txt=.
*The exception to using only one command*: signing and encrypting
at the same time. For this you can combine both commands, such as in:
: $ gpg [--options] --sign --encrypt foo.txt
** I can't delete a user ID on my secret keyring because it has already been deleted on my public keyring. What can I do?
:CUSTOM_ID: delete-user-id-from-secring-if-already-deleted-from-pubring
Because you can only select from the public key ring, there is no
direct way to do this. However it is not very complicated to do
anyway. Create a new user ID with exactly the same name and you
will see that there are now two identical user IDs on the secret
ring. Now select this user ID and delete it. Both user IDs will be
removed from the secret ring.
** I can't delete my secret key because the public key disappeared. What can I do?
:CUSTOM_ID: delete-my-secret-key-because-the-public-key-disappeared
To select a key a search is always done on the public keyring,
therefore it is not possible to select a secret key without
having the public key. Normally it should never happen that the
public key got lost but the secret key is still available. The
reality is different, so GnuPG implements a special way to deal
with it: Simply use the long keyID to specify the key to delete,
which can be obtained by using the --with-colons options (it is
the fifth field in the lines beginning with "sec").
If you've lost your public key and need to recreate it instead
for continued use with your secret key, you may be able to use
gpgsplit as detailed in question
[[#i-still-have-my-secret-key-but-lost-my-public-key][I still have my secret key, but lost my public key. What can I do?]].
** What are trust, validity and ownertrust?
:CUSTOM_ID: what-are-trust-validity-and-ownertrust
With GnuPG, the term "ownertrust" is used instead of "trust" to
help clarify that this is the value you have assigned to a key
to express how much you trust the owner of this key to correctly
sign (and thereby introduce) other keys. The "validity", or
calculated trust, is a value which indicates how much GnuPG
considers a key as being valid (that it really belongs to the
one who claims to be the owner of the key). For more information
on trust values see the chapter "The Web of Trust" in The GNU
Privacy Handbook.
** How do I sign a patch file?
:CUSTOM_ID: how-do-i-sign-a-patch-file
Use "gpg --clearsign --not-dash-escaped ...". The problem with
--clearsign is that all lines starting with a dash are quoted with
"- "; obviously diff produces many lines starting with a dash and
these are then quoted and that is not good for a patch ;-). To use
a patch file without removing the cleartext signature, the special
option --not-dash-escaped may be used to suppress generation of
these escape sequences. You should not mail such a patch because
spaces and line endings are also subject to the signature and a
mailer may not preserve these. If you want to mail a file you can
simply sign it using your MUA (Mail User Agent).
** Where is the "encrypt-to-self" option?
:CUSTOM_ID: where-is-the-encrypt-to-self-option
Use "--encrypt-to your_keyID". You can use more than one of these
options. To temporarily override the use of this additional key,
you can use the option "--no-encrypt-to".
** How can I get rid of the Version and Comment headers in armored messages?
:CUSTOM_ID: get-rid-of-the-version-and-comment-headers-in-armored-messages
: --no-version --comment ''
Note that the left over blank line
is required by the protocol.
** What does the "You are using the xxxx character set." mean?
:CUSTOM_ID: what-does-the-you-are-using-the-xxx-character-set-mean
This note is printed when UTF-8 mapping has to be done. Make sure
that the displayed character set is the one you have activated on
your system. Since "iso-8859-1" is the character set most used,
this is the default. You can change the charset with the option
=--charset=. It is important that your active character set matches
the one displayed --- if not, restrict yourself to plain 7 bit
ASCII and no mapping has to be done.
** How can I get list of key IDs used to encrypt a message?
:CUSTOM_ID: how-can-i-get-list-of-key-ids-used-to-encrypt-a-message
: $ gpg --batch --decrypt --list-only --status-fd 1 2>/dev/null | \
: awk '/^\[GNUPG:\] ENC_TO / { print $3 }'
** Why can't I decrypt files encrypted as symmetrical-only (-c) with a version of GnuPG prior to 1.0.1.
:CUSTOM_ID: why-cant-i-decrypt-symmetrical-only-with-gnupg-prior-to-1.0.1
There was a bug in GnuPG versions prior to 1.0.1 which affected files
only if 3DES or Twofish was used for symmetric-only encryption (this has
never been the default). The bug has been fixed, but to enable decryption
of old files you should run gpg with the option =--emulate-3des-s2k-bug=,
decrypt the file and encrypt it again without this option.
NOTE: This option was removed in GnuPG development version 1.1.0 and later
updates, so you will need to use a version between 1.0.1 and 1.0.7 to
re-encrypt any affected files.
** How can I use GnuPG in an automated environment?
:CUSTOM_ID: how-can-i-use-gnupg-in-an-automated-environment
You should use the option =--batch= and don't use passphrases as
there is usually no way to store it more securely than on the
secret keyring itself. The suggested way to create keys for an
automated environment is:
On a secure machine:
1. If you want to do automatic signing, create a signing subkey for
your key. Use the interactive key editing menu by issuing the
: gpg --edit-key keyID
enter "addkey" and select the DSA key type).
1. Make sure that you use a passphrase (needed by the current
: gpg --export-secret-subkeys --no-comment foo >secring.auto
1. Copy secring.auto and the public keyring to a test directory.
1. Change to this directory.
1. Run the command
: gpg --homedir . --edit foo
and use the sub-command =passwd= to remove the passphrase from the
subkeys. You may also want to remove all unused subkeys.
1. Copy secring.auto to a floppy and carry it to the target box.
On the target machine:
1. Install secring.auto as the secret keyring.
1. Now you can start your new service. It's also a good idea to
install an intrusion detection system so that you hopefully get
a notice of an successful intrusion, so that you in turn can
revoke all the subkeys installed on that machine and install new
** Which email-client can I use with GnuPG?
:CUSTOM_ID: which-email-client-can-i-use-with-gnupg
Using GnuPG to encrypt email is one of the most popular uses.
Several mail clients or mail user agents (MUAs) support GnuPG to
varying degrees. Simplifying a bit, there are two ways mail can be
encrypted with GnuPG: the "old style" ASCII armor (i.e. cleartext
encryption), and RFC 2015 style (previously PGP/MIME, now OpenPGP).
The latter has full MIME support. Some MUAs support only one of
them, so whichever you actually use depends on your needs as well
as the capabilities of your addressee. As well, support may be
native to the MUA, or provided via "plug-ins" or external tools.
The following list is not exhaustive:
| MUA | OpenPGP | ASCII | How? (N,P,T) |
| Calypso | N | Y | P (Unixmail) |
| Elm | N | Y | T (mailpgp,morepgp) |
| Elm ME+ | N | Y | N |
| Emacs/Gnus | Y | Y | T (Mailcrypt,gpg.el) |
| Emacs/Mew | Y | Y | N |
| Emacs/VM | N | Y | T (Mailcrypt) |
| Evolution | Y | Y | N |
| Exmh | Y | Y | N |
| GNUMail.app | Y | Y | P (PGPBundle) |
| GPGMail | Y | Y | N |
| KMail (<=1.4.x) | N | Y | N |
| KMail (1.5.x) | Y(P) | Y(N) | P/N |
| Mozilla | Y | Y | P (Enigmail) |
| Mulberry | Y | Y | P |
| Mutt | Y | Y | N |
| Sylpheed | Y | Y | N |
| Claws-mail | Y | Y | N |
| TkRat | Y | Y | N |
| XEmacs/Gnus | Y | Y | T (Mailcrypt) |
| XEmacs/Mew | Y | Y | N |
| XEmacs/VM | N | Y | T (Mailcrypt) |
| XFmail | Y | Y | N |
( N - Native, P - Plug-in, T - External Tool)
The following table lists proprietary MUAs. The GNU Project
suggests against the use of these programs, but they are listed
for interoperability reasons for your convenience.
| MUA | OpenPGP | ASCII | How? (N,P,T) |
| Apple Mail | Y | Y | P (GPGMail) |
| Becky2 | Y | Y | P (BkGnuPG) |
| Eudora | Y | Y | P (EuroraGPG) |
| Eudora Pro | Y | Y | P (EudoraGPG) |
| Lotus Notes | N | Y | P |
| Netscape 4.x | N | Y | P |
| Netscape 7.x | Y | Y | P (Enigmail) |
| Novell Groupwise | N | Y | P |
| Outlook | N | Y | P (G-Data) |
| Outlook Express | N | Y | P (GPGOE) |
| Pegasus | N | Y | P (QDPGP,PM-PGP) |
| Pine | N | Y | T (pgpenvelope,gpg4pine) |
| Postme | N | Y | P (GPGPPL) |
| The Bat! | N | Y | P (Ritlabs) |
Good overviews of OpenPGP-support can be found at:\\
[[http://www.openpgp.fr.st/courrier_en.html]] \\
Users of Win32 MUAs that lack OpenPGP support may look into using
GPGrelay http://gpgrelay.sourceforge.net, a small email-relaying
server that uses GnuPG to enable many email clients to send and
receive emails that conform to PGP-MIME (RFC 2015).
** Can't we have a gpg library?
:CUSTOM_ID: cant-we-have-a-gpg-library
This has been frequently requested. However, the current viewpoint
of the GnuPG maintainers is that this would lead to several security
issues and will therefore not be implemented in the foreseeable
future. However, for some areas of application gpgme could do the
trick. You'll find it at [[gnupgweb:related_software/gpgme]].
** I have successfully generated a revocation certificate, but I don't understand how to send it to the key servers.
:CUSTOM_ID: how-to-send-a-revocation-to-the-keyservers
Most keyservers don't accept a 'bare' revocation certificate. You
have to import the certificate into gpg first:
: $ gpg --import my-revocation.asc
then send the revoked key to the keyservers:
: $ gpg --keyserver certserver.pgp.com --send-keys mykeyid
(or use a keyserver web interface for this).
** How do I put my keyring in a different directory?
:CUSTOM_ID: how-do-i-put-my-keyring-in-a-different-directory
GnuPG keeps several files in a special homedir directory. These
include the options file, pubring.gpg, secring.gpg, trustdb.gpg,
and others. GnuPG will always create and use these files. On
unices, the homedir is usually ~/.gnupg; on Windows it is name
"gnupg" and found below the user's application directory. Run the
gpg and pass the option --version to see the name of that
If you want to put your keyrings somewhere else, use the option:
: --homedir /my/path/
to make GnuPG create all its files in that directory. Your keyring
will be "/my/path/pubring.gpg". This way you can store your secrets
on a floppy disk. Don't use "--keyring" as its purpose is to specify
additional keyring files.
** How do I verify signed packages?
:CUSTOM_ID: how-do-i-verify-signed-packages
must first have the vendor, organisation, or issuing person's key
Before you can verify the signature that accompanies a package, you
imported into your public keyring. To prevent GnuPG warning
messages the key should also be validated (or locally signed).
You will also need to download the detached signature file along
with the package. These files will usually have the same name as
the package, with either a binary (.sig) or ASCII armor (.asc)
Once their key has been imported, and the package and accompanying
signature files have been downloaded, use:
: $ gpg --verify sigfile signed-file
If the signature file has the same base name as the package file,
the package can also be verified by specifying just the signature
file, as GnuPG will derive the package's file name from the name
given (less the .sig or .asc extension). For example, to verify a
package named foobar.tar.gz against its detached binary signature
file, use:
: $ gpg --verify foobar.tar.gz.sig
** How do I export a keyring with only selected signatures (keys)?
:CUSTOM_ID: how-do-i-export-a-keyring-with-only-selected-signatures
If you're wanting to create a keyring with only a subset of keys
selected from a master keyring (for a club, user group, or company
department for example), simply specify the keys you want to export:
: $ gpg --armor --export key1 key2 key3 key4 > keys1-4.asc
** I still have my secret key, but lost my public key. What can I do?
:CUSTOM_ID: i-still-have-my-secret-key-but-lost-my-public-key
All OpenPGP secret keys have a copy of the public key inside them,
and in a worst-case scenario, you can create yourself a new public
key using the secret key.
A tool to convert a secret key into a public one has been included
(it's actually a new option for gpgsplit) and is available with GnuPG
versions 1.2.1 or later (or can be found in CVS). It works like this:
: $ gpgsplit --no-split --secret-to-public secret.gpg >publickey.gpg
One should first try to export the secret key and convert just this
one. Using the entire secret keyring should work too. After this has
been done, the publickey.gpg file can be imported into GnuPG as usual.
** Clearsigned messages sent from my web-mail account have an invalid signature. Why?
:CUSTOM_ID: clearsig-sent-from-webmail-have-an-invalid-signature
Check to make sure the settings for your web-based email account
do not use HTML formatting for the pasted clearsigned message. This can
alter the message with embedded HTML markup tags or spaces, resulting
in an invalid signature. The recipient may be able to copy the signed
message block to a text file for verification, or the web email
service may allow you to attach the clearsigned message as a file
if plaintext messages are not an option.
* Compatibility Issues
** How can I encrypt a message with GnuPG so that PGP is able to decrypt it?
:CUSTOM_ID: how-can-i-encrypt-a-message-so-that-pgp-is-able-to-decrypt-it
It depends on the PGP version.
- PGP 2.x ::
You can't do that because PGP 2.x normally uses IDEA which is
not supported by GnuPG as it is patented (see [[#how-do-i-include-support-for-rsa-and-idea][How do I include
support for RSA and IDEA?]]), but if you have a modified version
of PGP you can try this:
: $ gpg --rfc1991 --cipher-algo 3des ...
Please don't pipe the data to encrypt to gpg but provide it
using a filename; otherwise, PGP 2 will not be able to handle
As for conventional encryption, you can't do this for PGP 2.
- PGP 5.x and higher ::
You need to provide two additional options:
: --compress-algo 1 --cipher-algo cast5
You may also use "3des" instead of "cast5", and "blowfish" does
not work with all versions of PGP 5. You may also want to put:
: compress-algo 1
into your =~/.gnupg/options= file --- this does not affect
normal GnuPG operation.
This applies to conventional encryption as well.
** How do I migrate from PGP 2.x to GnuPG?
:CUSTOM_ID: how-do-i-migrate-from-pgp2-to-gnupg
PGP 2 uses the RSA and IDEA encryption algorithms. Whereas the RSA
patent has expired and RSA is included as of GnuPG 1.0.3, the IDEA
algorithm is still patented until 2007. Under certain conditions you
may use IDEA even today. In that case, you may refer to Question
[[*How%20do%20I%20include%20support%20for%20RSA%20and%20IDEA][How do I include support for RSA and IDEA?]] about how to add
IDEA support to GnuPG and read
[[gnupgweb:gph/en/pgp2x.html]] to perform the migration.
** Why is PGP 5.x not able to encrypt messages with some keys?
:CUSTOM_ID: why-is-pgp5-not-able-to-encrypt-messages-with-some-keys
PGP, Inc. refuses to accept Elgamal keys of type 20 even for
encryption. They only support type 16 (which is identical at least
for decryption). To be more inter-operable, GnuPG (starting with
version 0.3.3) now also uses type 16 for the Elgamal subkey which is
created if the default key algorithm is chosen. You may add a type
16 Elgamal key to your public key, which is easy as your key
signatures are still valid.
** Why is PGP 5.x not able to verify my messages?
:CUSTOM_ID: why-is-pgp5-not-able-to-verify-my-messages
PGP 5.x does not accept v4 signatures for data material but OpenPGP
requests generation of v4 signatures for all kind of data, that's why
GnuPG defaults to them. Use the option "--force-v3-sigs" to generate
v3 signatures for data.
** How do I transfer owner trust values from PGP to GnuPG?
:CUSTOM_ID: how-do-i-transfer-owner-trust-values-from-pgp-to-gnupg
There is a script in the tools directory to help you. After you have
imported the PGP keyring you can give this command:
: $ lspgpot pgpkeyring | gpg --import-ownertrust
where pgpkeyring is the original keyring and not the GnuPG keyring
you might have created in the first step.
** PGP does not like my secret key.
:CUSTOM_ID: pgp-does-not-like-my-secret-key
Older PGPs probably bail out on some private comment packets used by
GnuPG. These packets are fully in compliance with OpenPGP; however
PGP is not really OpenPGP aware. A workaround is to export the
secret keys with this command:
: $ gpg --export-secret-keys --no-comment -a your-KeyID
Another possibility is this: by default, GnuPG encrypts your secret
key using the Blowfish symmetric algorithm. Older PGPs will only
understand 3DES, CAST5, or IDEA symmetric algorithms. Using the
following method you can re-encrypt your secret gpg key with a
different algo:
: $ gpg --s2k-cipher-algo=CAST5 --s2k-digest-algo=SHA1 \
: --compress-algo=1 --edit-key
Then use passwd to change the password (just change it to the same
thing, but it will encrypt the key with CAST5 this time).
Now you can export it and PGP should be able to handle it.
For PGP 6.x the following options work to export a key:
: $ gpg --s2k-cipher-algo 3des --compress-algo 1 --rfc1991 \
: --export-secret-keys
** GnuPG no longer installs a ~/.gnupg/options file. Is it missing?
:CUSTOM_ID: gnupg-no-longer-installs-a-options-file-is-it-missing
No. The ~/.gnupg/options file has been renamed to
~/.gnupg/gpg.conf for new installs as of version 1.1.92. If an
existing ~/.gnupg/options file is found during an upgrade it will
still be used, but this change was required to have a more
consistent naming scheme with forthcoming tools. An existing
options file can be renamed to gpg.conf for users upgrading, or
receiving the message that the "old default options file" is
ignored (occurs if both a gpg.conf and an options file are found).
** How do you export GnuPG keys for use with PGP?
:CUSTOM_ID: how-do-you-export-gnupg-keys-for-use-with-pgp
This has come up fairly often, so here's the HOWTO:
PGP can (for most key types) use secret keys generated by GnuPG. The
problems that come up occasionally are generally because GnuPG
supports a few more features from the OpenPGP standard than PGP does.
If your secret key has any of those features in use, then PGP will
reject the key or you will have problems communicating later. Note
that PGP doesn't do Elgamal signing keys at all, so they are not
usable with any version.
These instructions should work for GnuPG 1.0.7 and later, and PGP
7.0.3 and later.
Start by editing the key. Most of this line is not really necessary
as the default values are correct, but it does not hurt to repeat the
values, as this will override them in case you have something else set
in your options file.
: $ gpg --s2k-cipher-algo cast5 --s2k-digest-algo sha1 --s2k-mode 3 \
: --simple-sk-checksum --edit KeyID
Turn off some features. Set the list of preferred ciphers, hashes,
and compression algorithms to things that PGP can handle. (Yes, I
know this is an odd list of ciphers, but this is what PGP itself uses,
minus IDEA).
: > setpref S9 S8 S7 S3 S2 S10 H2 H3 Z1 Z0
Now put the list of preferences onto the key.
: > updpref
Finally we must decrypt and re-encrypt the key, making sure that we
encrypt with a cipher that PGP likes. We set this up in the --edit
line above, so now we just need to change the passphrase to make it
take effect. You can use the same passphrase if you like, or take
this opportunity to actually change it.
: > passwd
Save our work.
: > save
Now we can do the usual export:
: $ gpg --export KeyID > mypublickey.pgp[H br]
: $ gpg --export-secret-key KeyID > mysecretkey.pgp
Thanks to David Shaw for this information!
** What are DH/DSS keys?
:CUSTOM_ID: what-are-dh-dss-keys
PGP uses a different name for the former default encryption
algorithm Elgamal: They name it DH, which usually stands for the
Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm. It has been said that this
had historic patent and business reasons. It is however exactly
the same thing as the Elgamal algorithm.
They also use the acronym DSS (Digital Signature Standard) instead
of the DSA (Digital Signature Algorithm). The difference is that
DSS requires the use of certain hash algorithms; however OpenPGP
allows the use of more than those hash algorithms, thus GPG usually
uses the term DSA.
* Problems and Error Messages
** Why do I get "gpg: Warning: using insecure memory!"
:CUSTOM_ID: why-do-i-get-gpg_warning_using_insecure_memory
You see this warning if GPG is not able to lock pages against being
swapped out to disk.
However, on most modern system you should not see this message
anymore because these systems allow any process to prevent a small
number of memory pages from being swapped out to disk (using the
mlock system call). Other (mostly older) systems don't allow this
unless you install GPG as setuid(root).
Locking pages against being swapped out is not necessary if your
system uses an encrypted swap partition. In fact that is the best
way to protect sensitive data from ending up on a disk. If your
system allows for encrypted swap partitions, please make use of
that feature. Note that GPG does not know about encrypted swap
partitions and might print the warning; thus you should disabled
the warning if your swap partition is encrypted. You may also want
to disable this warning if you can't or don't want to install GnuPG
setuid(root). To disable the warning you put a line
: no-secmem-warning
into your ~/.gnupg/gpg.conf file.
What follows is a short description on how to install GPG
setuid(root); for those who need this.
On some systems this program should be installed as setuid(root).
This is necessary to lock memory pages. Locking memory pages
prevents the operating system from writing them to disk and thereby
keeping your secret keys really secret. If you get no warning
message about insecure memory your operating system supports
locking without being root. The program drops root privileges as
soon as locked memory is allocated.
To setuid(root) permissions on the gpg binary you can either use:
: $ chmod u+s /path/to/gpg
: $ chmod 4755 /path/to/gpg
Some refrain from using setuid(root) unless absolutely required for
security reasons. Please check with your system administrator if
you are not able to make these determinations yourself.
On UnixWare 2.x and 7.x you should install GnuPG with the 'plock'
privilege to get the same effect:
: $ filepriv -f plock /path/to/gpg
On some systems (e.g., Windows) GnuPG does not lock memory pages
and older GnuPG versions (<=1.0.4) issue the warning:
: gpg: Please note that you don't have secure memory
This warning can't be switched off by the above option because it
was thought to be too serious an issue. However, it confused users
too much, so the warning was eventually removed.
** Large File Support doesn't work
:CUSTOM_ID: large-file-support-does-not-work
LFS works correctly in post-1.0.4 versions. If configure doesn't
detect it, try a different (i.e., better) compiler. egcs 1.1.2
works fine, other gccs sometimes don't. BTW, several compilation
problems of GnuPG 1.0.3 and 1.0.4 on HP-UX and Solaris were due to
broken LFS support.
** In the edit menu the trust values are not displayed correctly after signing uids. Why?
:CUSTOM_ID: edit-menu-trust-not-show-correctly-after-signing-uids
This happens because some information is stored immediately in
the trustdb, but the actual trust calculation can be done after the
save command. This is a "not easy to fix" design bug which will be
addressed in some future release.
** What does "skipping pubkey 1: already loaded" mean?
:CUSTOM_ID: what-does-skipping_pubkey_1_already_loaded-mean
As of GnuPG 1.0.3, the RSA algorithm is included. If you still have
a "load-extension rsa" in your options file, the above message
occurs. Just remove the load command from the options file.
** GnuPG 1.0.4 doesn't create ~/.gnupg ...
:CUSTOM_ID: gnupg-1.0.4-does-not-create-.gnupg
That's a known bug, already fixed in newer versions.
** An Elgamal signature does not verify anymore since version 1.0.2
:CUSTOM_ID: an-elgamal-signature-does-not-verify-anymore-since-version-1.0.2
Use the option --emulate-md-encode-bug.
** Old versions of GnuPG can't verify Elgamal signatures
:CUSTOM_ID: old-versions-of-gnupg-cant-verify-elgamal-signatures
Update to GnuPG 1.0.2 or newer.
** When I use --clearsign, the plain text has sometimes extra dashes in it - why?
:CUSTOM_ID: extra-dashes-in-clearsign-messages
This is called dash-escaped text and is required by OpenPGP.
It always happens when a line starts with a dash ("-") and is
needed to make the lines that structure signature and text
(i.e., "-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----") to be the only lines
that start with two dashes.
If you use GnuPG to process those messages, the extra dashes
are removed. Good mail clients remove those extra dashes when
displaying such a message.
** What is the thing with "can't handle multiple signatures"?
:CUSTOM_ID: what-is-the-thing-with-cant_handle_multiple_signatures
Due to different message formats GnuPG is not always able to split
a file with multiple signatures unambiguously into its parts. This
error message informs you that there is something wrong with the input.
The only way to have multiple signatures in a file is by using the
OpenPGP format with one-pass-signature packets (which is GnuPG's
default) or the cleartext signed format.
** If I submit a key to a keyserver, nothing happens
:CUSTOM_ID: if-i-submit-a-key-to-a-keyserver-nothing-happens
You are most likely using GnuPG 1.0.2 or older on Windows. That's
feature isn't yet implemented, but it's a bug not to say it. Newer
versions issue a warning. Upgrade to 1.4.5 or newer.
** I get "gpg: waiting for lock ..."
:CUSTOM_ID: i-get-gpg_waiting_for_lock
A previous instance of gpg has most likely exited abnormally and left
a lock file. Go to ~/.gnupg and look for .*.lock files and remove them.
** Older gpg binaries (e.g., 1.0) have problems with keys from newer gpg binaries
:CUSTOM_ID: gpg-1.0-has-problems-with-keys-from-newer-gpg-versions
As of 1.0.3, keys generated with gpg are created with preferences to
TWOFISH (and AES since 1.0.4) and that also means that they have the
capability to use the new MDC encryption method. This will go into
OpenPGP soon, and is also suppoted by PGP 7. This new method avoids
a (not so new) attack on all email encryption systems.
This in turn means that pre-1.0.3 gpg binaries have problems with
newer keys. Because of security and bug fixes, you should keep your
GnuPG installation in a recent state anyway. As a workaround, you can
force gpg to use a previous default cipher algo by putting:
: cipher-algo cast5
into your options file.
** With 1.0.4, I get "this cipher algorithm is deprecated ..."
:CUSTOM_ID: with-1.0.4-i-get-this_cipher_algorithm_is_deprecated
If you just generated a new key and get this message while
encrypting, you've witnessed a bug in 1.0.4. It uses the new AES
cipher Rijndael that is incorrectly being referred as "deprecated".
Ignore this warning, more recent versions of gpg are corrected.
** Some dates are displayed as ????-??-??. Why?
:CUSTOM_ID: some-dates-are-displayed-as-question-marks
Due to constraints in most libc implementations, dates beyond
2038-01-19 can't be displayed correctly. 64-bit OSes are not
affected by this problem. To avoid printing wrong dates, GnuPG
instead prints some question marks. To see the correct value, you
can use the options --with-colons and --fixed-list-mode.
** I still have a problem. How do I report a bug?
:CUSTOM_ID: i-still-have-a-problem-how-do-i-report-a-bug
Are you sure that it's not been mentioned somewhere on the mailing
lists? Did you have a look at the bug list (you'll find a link to
the list of reported bugs on the documentation page). If you're
not sure about it being a bug, you can send mail to the
gnupg-devel list. Otherwise, use the bug tracking system
** Why doesn't GnuPG support X.509 certificates?
:CUSTOM_ID: why-doesnt-gnupg-support-x509-certificates
That is only the case for GnuPG version 1.x. GnuPG 2.x fully
supports X.509 and S/MIME using the gpgsm tool.
** Why do national characters in my user ID look funny?
:CUSTOM_ID: why-do-national-characters-in-my-user-id-look-funny
According to OpenPGP, GnuPG encodes user ID strings (and other
things) using UTF-8. In this encoding of Unicode, most national
characters get encoded as two- or three-byte sequences. For
example, å (0xE5 in ISO-8859-1) becomes Ã¥ (0xC3,
0xA5). This might also be the reason why keyservers can't find
your key.
** I get 'sed' errors when running ./configure on Mac OS X ...
:CUSTOM_ID: i-get-sed-errors-when-running-configure-on-mac-os-x
This problem has been fixed for all modern GnuPG versions.
(By using an autoconf 2.50 generated configure script).
** Why does GnuPG 1.0.6 bail out on keyrings used with 1.0.7?
:CUSTOM_ID: why-does-gnupg-1.0.6-bail-out-on-keyrings-used-with-1.0.7
There is a small bug in 1.0.6 which didn't parse trust packets
correctly. You may want to apply this patch if you can't upgrade:
** I upgraded to GnuPG version 1.0.7 and now it takes longer to load my keyrings. What can I do?
:CUSTOM_ID: with-gpg-1.0.7-it-takes-longer-to-load-my-keyrings
The way signature states are stored has changed so that v3 signatures
can be supported. You can use the new --rebuild-keydb-caches migration
command, which was built into this release and increases the speed of
many operations for existing keyrings.
** Doesn't a fully trusted user ID on a key prevent warning messages when encrypting to other IDs on the key?
:CUSTOM_ID: key-validation-bug-in-gpg-1.2.1
No. That was actually a key validity bug in GnuPG 1.2.1 and earlier
versions. As part of the development of GnuPG 1.2.2, a bug was
discovered in the key validation code. This bug causes keys with
more than one user ID to give all user IDs on the key the amount of
validity given to the most-valid key. The bug has been fixed in GnuPG
release 1.2.2, and upgrading is the recommended fix for this problem.
More information and a patch for a some pre-1.2.2 versions of GnuPG
can be found at:
** I just compiled GnuPG from source on my GNU/Linux RPM-based system and it's not working. Why?
:CUSTOM_ID: compiled-on-gnu-linux-rpm-based-system-and-not-working
Many GNU/Linux distributions that are RPM-based will install a
version of GnuPG as part of its standard installation, placing the
binaries in the /usr/bin directory. Later, compiling and installing
GnuPG from source other than from a source RPM won't normally
overwrite these files, as the default location for placement of
GnuPG binaries is in /usr/local/bin unless the '--prefix' switch
is used during compile to specify an alternate location. Since the
/usr/bin directory more than likely appears in your path before
/usr/local/bin, the older RPM-version binaries will continue to
be used when called since they were not replaced.
To resolve this, uninstall the RPM-based version with 'rpm -e gnupg'
before installing the binaries compiled from source. If dependency
errors are displayed when attempting to uninstall the RPM (such as
when Red Hat's up2date is also installed, which uses GnuPG), uninstall
the RPM with 'rpm -e gnupg --nodeps' to force the uninstall. Any
dependent files should be automatically replaced during the install
of the compiled version. If the default /usr/local/bin directory is
used, some packages such as SuSE's Yast Online Update may need to be
configured to look for GnuPG binaries in the /usr/local/bin directory,
or symlinks can be created in /usr/bin that point to the binaries
located in /usr/local/bin.
* Advanced Topics
** How does this whole thing work?
:CUSTOM_ID: how-does-this-whole-thing-work
To generate a secret/public keypair, run:
: $ gpg --gen-key
and choose the default values.
Data that is encrypted with a public key can only be decrypted by
the matching secret key. The secret key is protected by a password,
the public key is not.
So to send your friend a message, you would encrypt your message
with his public key, and he would only be able to decrypt it by
having the secret key and putting in the password to use his secret
GnuPG is also useful for signing things. Files that are encrypted
with the secret key can be decrypted with the public key. To sign
something, a hash is taken of the data, and then the hash is in some
form encoded with the secret key. If someone has your public key, they
can verify that it is from you and that it hasn't changed by checking
the encoded form of the hash with the public key.
A keyring is just a large file that stores keys. You have a public
keyring where you store yours and your friend's public keys. You have
a secret keyring that you keep your secret key on, and should be very
careful with. Never ever give anyone else access to it and use a *good*
passphrase to protect the data in it.
You can 'conventionally' encrypt something by using the option 'gpg -c'.
It is encrypted using a passphrase, and does not use public and secret
keys. If the person you send the data to knows that passphrase, they
can decrypt it. This is usually most useful for encrypting things to
yourself, although you can encrypt things to your own public key in the
same way. It should be used for communication with partners you know
and where it is easy to exchange the passphrases (e.g. with your boy
friend or your wife). The advantage is that you can change the
passphrase from time to time and decrease the risk, that many old
messages may be decrypted by people who accidentally got your passphrase.
You can add and copy keys to and from your keyring with the 'gpg
--import' and 'gpg --export' command. 'gpg --export-secret-keys' will
export secret keys. This is normally not useful, but you can generate
the key on one machine then move it to another machine.
Keys can be signed under the 'gpg --edit-key' option. When you sign a
key, you are saying that you are certain that the key belongs to the
person it says it comes from. You should be very sure that is really
that person: You should verify the key fingerprint with:
: $ gpg --fingerprint KeyID
over the phone (if you really know the voice of the other person), at
a key signing party (which are often held at computer conferences),
or at a meeting of your local GNU/Linux User Group.
Hmm, what else. You may use the option '-o filename' to force output
to this filename (use '-' to force output to stdout). '-r' just lets
you specify the recipient (which public key you encrypt with) on the
command line instead of typing it interactively.
Oh yeah, this is important. By default all data is encrypted in some
weird binary format. If you want to have things appear in ASCII text
that is readable, just add the '-a' option. But the preferred method
is to use a MIME aware mail reader (Mutt, Pine and many more).
There is a small security glitch in the OpenPGP (and therefore GnuPG)
system; to avoid this you should always sign and encrypt a message
instead of only encrypting it.
** Why are some signatures with an ELG-E key valid?
:CUSTOM_ID: why-are-some-signatures-with-an-elg-e-key-valid
These are Elgamal keys generated by GnuPG in v3 (RFC 1991) packets.
The OpenPGP draft later changed the algorithm identifier for Elgamal
keys which are usable for signatures and encryption from 16 to 20.
GnuPG now uses 20 when it generates new Elgamal keys but still
accepts 16 (which is according to OpenPGP "encryption only") if this
key is in a v3 packet. GnuPG is the only program which had used
these v3 Elgamal keys - so this assumption is quite safe.
** How does the whole trust thing work?
:CUSTOM_ID: how-does-the-whole-trust-thing-work
It works more or less like PGP. The difference is that the trust is
computed at the time it is needed. This is one of the reasons for
the trustdb which holds a list of valid key signatures. If you are
not running in batch mode you will be asked to assign a trust
parameter (ownertrust) to a key.
You can see the validity (calculated trust value) using this
: $ gpg --list-keys --with-colons
If the first field is "pub" or "uid", the second field shows you the
: o = Unknown (this key is new to the system)
: e = The key has expired
: q = Undefined (no value assigned)
: n = Don't trust this key at all
: m = There is marginal trust in this key
: f = The key is full trusted
: u = The key is ultimately trusted; this is only used
: for keys for which the secret key is also available.
: r = The key has been revoked
: d = The key has been disabled
The value in the "pub" record is the best one of all "uid" records.
You can get a list of the assigned trust values (how much you trust
the owner to correctly sign another person's key) with:
: $ gpg --export-ownertrust
The first field is the fingerprint of the primary key, the second
field is the assigned value:
: - = No ownertrust value yet assigned or calculated.
: n = Never trust this keyholder to correctly verify others signatures.
: m = Have marginal trust in the keyholders capability to sign other
: keys.
: f = Assume that the key holder really knows how to sign keys.
: u = No need to trust ourself because we have the secret key.
Keep these values confidential because they express your opinions
about others. PGP stores this information with the keyring thus it
is not a good idea to publish a PGP keyring instead of exporting
the keyring. GnuPG stores the trust in the trustdb.gpg file so it
is okay to give a gpg keyring away (but we have a --export command
** What kind of output is this: "key C26EE891.298, uid 09FB: ...."?
:CUSTOM_ID: trustb-diagnostics-output-key-uid
This is the internal representation of a user ID in the trustdb.
"C26EE891" is the keyid, "298" is the local ID (a record number in
the trustdb) and "09FB" is the last two bytes of a ripe-md-160 hash
of the user ID for this key.
** How do I interpret some of the informational outputs?
:CUSTOM_ID: how-do-i-interpret-some-of-the-informational-outputs
While checking the validity of a key, GnuPG sometimes prints some
information which is prefixed with information about the checked
: "key 12345678.3456"
This is about the key with key ID 12345678 and the internal number
3456, which is the record number of the so called directory record
in the trustdb.
: "uid 12345678.3456/ACDE"
This is about the user ID for the same key. To identify the user ID
the last two bytes of a ripe-md-160 over the user ID ring is printed.
: "sig 12345678.3456/ACDE/9A8B7C6D"
This is about the signature with key ID 9A8B7C6D for the above key
and user ID, if it is a signature which is direct on a key, the user
ID part is empty (..//..).
** Are the header lines of a cleartext signature part of the signed material?
:CUSTOM_ID: are-header-lines-of-cleartext-sigs-part-of-the-signed-material
No. For example you can add or remove "Comment:" lines. They have
a purpose like the mail header lines. However a "Hash:" line is
needed for OpenPGP signatures to tell the parser which hash
algorithm to use.
** What is the list of preferred algorithms?
:CUSTOM_ID: what-is-the-list-of-preferred-algorithms
The list of preferred algorithms is a list of cipher, hash and
compression algorithms stored in the self-signature of a key during
key generation. When you encrypt a document, GnuPG uses this list
(which is then part of a public key) to determine which algorithms
to use. Basically it tells other people what algorithms the
recipient is able to handle and provides an order of preference.
** How do I change the list of preferred algorithms?
:CUSTOM_ID: how-do-i-change-the-list-of-preferred-algorithms
In version 1.0.7 or later, you can use the edit menu and set the
new list of preference using the command "setpref"; the format of
this command resembles the output of the command "pref". The
preference is not changed immediately but the set preference will
be used when a new user ID is created. If you want to update the
preferences for existing user IDs, select those user IDs (or select
none to update all) and enter the command "updpref". Note that the
timestamp of the self-signature is increased by one second when
running this command.
** How can I import all the missing signer keys?
:CUSTOM_ID: how-can-i-import-all-the-missing-signer-keys
If you imported a key and you want to also import all the signer's
keys, you can do this with this command:
: gpg --check-sigs --with-colon KEYID \
: | awk -F: '$1 == "sig" && $2 == "?" { print $5 }' \
: | sort | uniq | xargs echo gpg --recv-keys
Note that the invocation of sort is also required to wait for the
of the listing before before starting the import.
* Bug reporting and hacking
:CUSTOM_ID: bugreports-et-al
** Copyright assignments
:CUSTOM_ID: copyright-assignments
Like most core GNU projects, GnuPG requires the signing of a copyright
assignment to the FSF. Without such an assignment we may only accept
trivial patches. As a rule of thumb the sum of all changed lines by
one contributor may not exceed about 15 lines. Exceptions are typo
corrections and translations. See
http://www.gnu.org/prep/maintain/html_node/Copyright-Papers.html for
** U.S. export restrictions
:CUSTOM_ID: us-export-restrictions
GnuPG has originally been developed in Germany because we have been
able to do that without being affected by the US export restrictions.
We had to reject any contributions from US citizens or from people
living the the US. That changed by end of 2000 when the export
restrictions were basically dropped for all kind of freely available
software. However there are still some requirements in the US.
Quoting David Shaw: mail
For each release of GPG that I contributed to, I sent an email
containing a pointer to the new source code to the Commerce
Department. The rules changed slightly in 2004, so that you could
send a single email and then be done until the information in that
email changed, so I just sent "www.gnupg.org" and haven't bothered
with the email since.
The rules: http://www.bis.doc.gov/encryption/pubavailencsourcecodenofify.html
The 2004 rule change: http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2004/04-26992.htm
* Acknowledgements
:CUSTOM_ID: acknowledgements
Many thanks to Nils Ellmenreich for maintaining this FAQ file for
such a long time, David D. Scribner for continuing maintenance,
Werner Koch for the original FAQ file, and to all posters to
gnupg-users and gnupg-devel. They all provided most of the answers.
Converted to org-mode and removed from the tarballs in October 2010.
Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2010 Free Software Foundation,
Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02111, USA
This file is free software; as a special exception the author gives
unlimited permission to copy and/or distribute it, with or without
modifications, as long as this notice is preserved.
* Changes
- 2010-11-14: Update "gpg: Warning: using insecure memory!"
* COMMENT HTML style specifications
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(defun org-faq-make-target ()
"Make hard target for current headline."
(if (not (org-on-heading-p))
(error "Not on a headline"))
(let ((h (org-trim (org-get-heading 'no-tags))))
(if (string-match "[ \t]*\\?\\'" h)
(setq h (replace-match "" t t h)))
(while (string-match "[ \t]+" h)
(setq h (replace-match "-" t t h)))
(setq h (downcase h))
(org-entry-put nil "CUSTOM_ID" h)))
# Local Variables:
# org-export-html-style-include-default: nil
# org-export-html-style-include-scripts: nil
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The absolute most important consideration to remember for women when it has to do with hair and haircuts is the shape of the face. Shoulder length is really adorable! When it comes to hair length ideal for almost all ages, most hairdressers agree that shoulder length hair is just one of the best choices. Medium layered hairstyles will be the current trend. If you are looking for a bolder haircut, you can choose a wavy hairstyle. There are many trendy hairstyles that you can choose from. Pointy hairstyles are very popular.
Long shoulder haircuts can show better and fashionable for women compared to different hairstyles. If you are used to wearing bangs for a long time then it is better and never think of giving up on bangs. If a boring bob is not only yours, then this hairstyle is something you will definitely like.


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Denver Grace UMC
Monday, December 09, 2019
Loaves & Fishes
A Coalition of Habitat for Humanity of Metro Denver
Habitat for Humanity of Metro Denver believes that everyone can and should have a simple, decent place to live and grow into all that they can be. Habitat for Humanity is a home ownership program that instills pride and encourages hope by offering a constructive means for families to break the cycle of poverty.
Our mission is to sponsor as many houses as we can by raising the funds and providing the volunteers to build those houses. By following the theology of the hammer, we pledge to work together in this effort.
Loaves & Fishes - A Coalition of Churches


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Things to Do at the Bridgewater Mill and Waterwheel
Adelaide is full of historic spots, including the Bridgewater Mill and Waterwheel. Set in the charming town of Bridgewater in the rambling scenery of the Adelaide Hills, this old mill dates back to 1860 when it was built by John Dunn, a mill engineer from Devonshire. He built a number of flour mills throughout Australia, but the Bridgewater Mill is by far his most famous.
Situated on Mount Barker Road, the mill boasts an impressive working waterwheel which was built back in the mid 1800s. Dunn chose this particular spot for the mill because it was a prime hotspot for catching traffic that passed through the area.
In 1986, the mill was bought by a consortium that renovated it and integrated an award-winning winery into the building: Petaluma wines. Today, it is both a popular restaurant and a wine cellar, drawing in crowds looking for cultural pursuits in the Adelaide area.
Back in 2014, the mill was bought by Warren Randall, a keen wine and restaurant entrepreneur who saw the potential with the building. He wanted to expand the property and turn it into one of the most iconic attractions in the pretty Adelaide Hills. He kept staff on from the previous restaurant that was set there, and it soon became known as one of the best fine-dining spots in the region.
The outdoorsy nature of the Adelaide Hills means there is plenty to do in the area. As well as visiting Bridgewater Mill and trying some of the delicious wines and foods, visitors have access to numerous other activities based close by. Here are some of the best.
Explore the Park
Next to the Mill, there is a sprawling green park filled with lush trees and plants. Throughout it, there are plenty of lawns to explore and several spots to kick back, relax, and have a picnic. In the on-site creek, there are stepping stones and pretty scenery, while the children's playground offers fun for younger members of the family.
Discover Bridgewater
The towns and villages of the Adelaide Hills are renowned for their eclectic selection of things to do, from tasty wineries and restaurants, to artisan stores and local galleries. In the town of Bridgewater, where the mill is set, there is plenty to keep visitors entertained: sit back and watch the world go by in one of the quaint cafes, dip in and out of local stores, and wander the tree-lined streets before venturing to the mill itself and diving into its rich history and unique surroundings.
Discover the Bridgewater Mill on our Adelaide City and Hahndorf Tour today.


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A federal appeals court refused Thursday to reinstate President Donald Trump's ban on travelers from seven predominantly Muslim nations, dealing another legal setback to the new administration's immigration policy. In a unanimous decision , the panel of three judges from the San Francisco-based 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals declined to block a lower-court ruling that suspended the ban and allowed previously barred travelers to enter the U.S.This was reasonably foreseeable. Trump tried to bully the judges by running his mouth. They apparently weren't having any of it.
Lawyers pretty much always advise clients to keep quiet about their cases. With the number of times that Trump and his companies have been in court, one would think that he should have known better.
Apparently not. By the time he finishes running his Twitter-mouth, he'd be lucky to successfully fight a parking ticket.


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November 30th, 2016
Copyright Infringement: Get Ready for New DMCA Agent Designation Rules
Out with the old, in with the new. That's the latest slogan of the Copyright Office which, on December 1, 2016, finally brings its nearly 20-year old system for designating Digital Millennium Copyright Act ("DMCA") agents online. The Copyright Office spells out these changes in a final rule that provides important new filing requirements and places increased emphasis on maintaining current and accurate designations. How will the modernization of the system affect your business? Read on to find out.
The DMCA provides companies that meet certain eligibility requirements with a safe harbor from liability for copyright infringement. For example, a company that hosts user-generated content on its website may not be liable for copyrighted content uploaded by its users. To receive DMCA protection, a company must, among other things, designate an agent with the Copyright Office to receive complaints of claimed copyright infringement, and maintain current and accurate contact information for that agent both with the Copyright Office and on the company's website. Since the DMCA's enactment in 1998, companies could designate agents only by submitting paper forms to the Copyright Office. The Copyright Office then scanned the forms and posted them to a directory on the Copyright Office's website. According to the new rule, this antiquated system enters the 21st Century on December 1, 2016, with the paper-based system going the way of the dodo bird.
A new online filing regime
As of the date of this alert, the new system is not yet active, so we have not had a chance to review it. But the new rule suggests a straightforward process. The rule requires a company to register an account with the Copyright Office. The company then selects which entities (e.g., affiliates) it wants the designation to cover. The Copyright Office considers each entity a separate designation and charges a flat fee of $6 per designation or amendment --- a significant reduction from the prior fee of $105. The company then lists all names and website URLs that the public would likely use to search for the company's designated agent. Finally, the company pays the fee and submits the agent contact information. The contact information may cover: an individual; a specific position or title held by an individual; a specific department within the company or a third-party entity; or a third-party entity generally. The contact information will appear on the Copyright Office's online directory and be accessible to the public.
Key dates and other takeaways
1) Under the old system agent designations did not expire so long as the information was current and accurate. Under the new rule, agent designations now expire three years from the date of submission. Any amendment to an agent designation extends the expiration date to three years from the date of that amendment.
2) All paper-filed agent designations expire on December 31, 2017. Thus, all companies wishing to take advantage of the DMCA safe harbor must submit new designations within the next year.
3) The online directory will now list agent designation history. As a result, the public can view whether a company is "active" or "terminated" and any gaps in time between expiration and reactivation.
These changes significantly increase the importance of keeping agent designation information up to date with the Copyright Office, making compliance all the more critical. Under the DMCA, a company may lose its safe harbor if it fails to maintain current and accurate contact information both with the Copyright Office and on the company's website. Failure to comply may provide opportunities for aggrieved copyright holders to challenge your DMCA safe harbor defense and potentially expose your company to liability. Companies should take extra care to monitor their agent designations for accuracy and set reminders well in advance of renewal deadlines.
If you have any questions about this new rule, or about other copyright law issues, please contact Jeremy S. Goldman at (310) 579 9611 or firstname.lastname@example.com, Daniel M. Goldberg at (310) 579 9616 or email@example.com, or any other member of the Frankfurt Kurnit Litigation or Advertising Groups.
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How to Comply With New York's New Harassment Rules That Are Taking Effect Now
Dramatic changes in New York's sexual harassment laws are effective now, or will go into effect shortly. New York employers will have to adapt and take some important steps to comply. Here's a summary of what all New York employers need to know. Read more.
November 12 2019
Frankfurt Kurnit's Second Annual Litigation Ethics Summit - FKKS Ethics Game Show
To cap off the Second Annual Litigation Ethics Summit our panel challenged some brave audience members to participate in a contest of ethical wits. Read more.
October 30 2019
Frankfurt Kurnit's Second Annual Litigation Ethics Summit - Aggressive Bargaining: The Legal and Ethical Boundaries of "Me Too"-era Settlements
On Thursday, October 24th Frankfurt Kurnit hosted its Second Annual Litigation Ethics Summit. The second panel of the day focused on the ethical and legal limits of aggressive bargaining in the settlement context, with a special focus on settlements of harassment and discrimination cases in the "Me Too"-era. Read more.
October 30 2019


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The Many Faces of Collaboration with Laura Monaco Torelli
Please join us for a day filled with collaboration. Laura Monaco Torelli (KPA CTP/Faculty, CPDT-KA, TAGteach Level 2) is the owner and founder of Animal Behavior Training Concept based in Chicago (www.abtconcepts.com). Laura began her professional animal training career in 1991 at the Shedd Aquarium in Chicago where she trained beluga whales, dolphins, sea otters, seals, river otters, and penguins. In 2000, she joined the San Diego Zoo and then later the Brookfield Zoo as a supervisory keeper. Working within the zoological community, Laura has trained a wide variety of species, including primates, large cats, birds of prey, horses, parrots, tree kangaroos, red pandas, and dogs.Don't miss this opportunity to hear Laura Monaco Torelli present this one-day seminar in Milwaukee, WI!
Ready... Set... for Groomer and Vet! How Trainers Make a Difference (3 hours with break)
Necessity made fun: There is no way around it. Puppies and dogs need to visit the veterinarian. And, for certain pups, visit the groomer as well. The process can be quite stressful—on both ends of the leash! Training is not just about obedience or single, discrete goals. There is a broader scope to most training goals. It is helpful, however, to teach owners how to split goals into small steps. Most owners see the value of this strategy when small successes lead to larger progress over time, in this case at each subsequent vet and grooming visit. Being involved with day-to-day training progress is quite reinforcing. Teachers have such amazing roles! Providing tips, suggestions, and resources that help our veterinary and grooming colleagues also creates relaxed clients and dogs that reap their own benefits
Working Together: Exploring the Benefits of Professional Collaborations (1 hour)
This topic focuses on the important role of trainer collaboration with fellow trainers and veterinary professionals to help support our clients and their dogs.
A Common Language Among Various Species (45 min)
At first glance, the strict conditions exotic animal trainers work under seem restricted and unnecessary for our canine companions. However, on closer inspection, we can learn a lot about the benefits of these programs such as; trainer consistency, set training schedules and sessions, a closely monitored and healthy diet, detailed record-keeping that lends itself to spectacular planning. How do professional trainers help the average dog, cat, bird, or horse owner who simply wants less stressful health care and grooming? Surprise—a little planning goes a long way!
Learn how to set the stage for the caregiver and animal, while providing a common language that is easy-to-follow. The science of learning is fun!
Final Q&A 3:30pm-4:30pm
Bring your own lunch.
◦ CPDT-KA - (7 credits)
◦ IAABC - (7 credits)
◦ Karen Pryor Academy - (7 credits)