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Topic Page: United States Senate
The framers of the U.S. Constitution viewed the Senate as a check on the more passionate whims of the House of Representatives. Known as the "greatest deliberative body," the Senate has traditionally valued procedure over expediency, thereby frustrating action-oriented House members and presidents. Despite its staid reputation, however, the Senate has produced many of American history's most stirring speeches and influential policy makers. Indeed, the upper chamber of Congress has both reflected and instigated changes that have transformed the United States from a small, agrarian-based country to a world power.
In its formative years, the Senate focused on foreign policy and establishing precedents on treaty, nomination, and impeachment proceedings. Prior to the Civil War, "golden era" senators attempted to keep the Union intact while they defended their own political ideologies. The Senate moved to its current chamber in 1859, where visitors soon witnessed fervent Reconstruction debates and the first presidential impeachment trial. Twentieth-century senators battled the executive branch over government reform, international relations, civil rights, and economic programs as they led investigations into presidential administrations. While the modern Senate seems steeped in political rancor, welcome developments include a more diverse membership and bipartisan efforts to improve national security.
Drafted during the 1787 Constitutional Convention, the Constitution's Senate-related measures followed precedents established by colonial and state legislatures, as well as Great Britain's parliamentary system. The delegates to the convention, however, originated the institution's most controversial clause: "The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof…." Although delegates from large states supported James Madison's Virginia Plan, which based Senate representation on state population, small-state delegates wanted equal representation in both the House and the Senate. Roger Sherman sought a third option: proportional representation in the House and equal representation in the Senate. Adopted by the delegates on July 16, Sherman's Connecticut Compromise enabled the formation of a federal, bicameral legislature responsive to the needs of citizens from both large and small states.
Compared to the representation issue, the measure granting state legislatures the right to choose senators proved less divisive to convention delegates. Madison dismissed concerns that indirect elections would lead to a "tyrannical aristocracy," and only James Wilson argued that senators chosen in this manner would be swayed by local interests and prejudices. By the late nineteenth century, however, corruption regarding the selection of senators triggered demands for electoral reform. Ratified in 1913, the Seventeenth Amendment established direct election, allowing individual voters to select their senators.
As outlined in Article I of the Constitution, the Senate's primary role is to pass bills in concurrence with the House of Representatives. In the event that a civil officer committed "high crimes and misdemeanors," the Constitution also gives the Senate the responsibility to try cases of impeachment brought forth by the House. And, under the Constitution's advice and consent clause, the upper chamber received the power to confirm or deny presidential nominations, including appointments to the cabinet and the federal courts, and the power to approve or reject treaties. The Senate's penchant for stalling nominations and treaties in committee, though, has defeated more executive actions than straight up-or-down votes.
Within a year after the Constitutional Convention concluded, the central government began its transition from a loose confederation to a federal system. In September 1788, Pennsylvania became the first state to elect senators: William Maclay and Robert Morris. Other legislatures soon followed Pennsylvania's lead, selecting senators who came, in general, from the nations wealthiest and most prominent families.
The first session of Congress opened in the spring of 1789 in New York City's Federal Hall. After meeting its quorum in April, the Senate originated one of the most important bills of the era: the Judiciary Act of 1789. Created under the direction of Senator Oliver Ellsworth, the legislation provided the structure of the Supreme Court, as well as the federal district and circuit courts. Although advocates of a strong, federal judiciary system prevailed, the bill's outspoken critics indicated the beginning of the states' rights movement in the Senate, a source of significant division in the nineteenth century.
Between 1790 and 1800, Congress sat in Philadelphia as the permanent Capitol underwent construction in Washington, D.C. During these years, the first political parties emerged: the Federalists, who favored a strong union of states, and the anti-Federalists, later known as Republicans, who were sympathetic to states' rights. The parties aired their disputes on the Senate floor, especially in debates about the controversial Jay Treaty (1794) and the Alien and Sedition Acts (1798).
Negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay, the Jay Treaty sought to resolve financial and territorial conflicts with Great Britain arising from the Revolutionary War. In the Senate, the pro-British Federalists viewed the treaty as a mechanism to prevent another war, while the Republicans, and much of the public, considered the treaty's provisions humiliating and unfair to American merchants. By an exact two-thirds majority, the treaty won Senate approval, inciting anti-Jay mobs to burn and hang senators in effigy.
Partisan battles erupted again in 1798, when the Federalist-controlled Congress passed four bills known as the Alien and Sedition Acts. Meant to curtail Republican popularity, the legislation, in defiance of the First Amendment, made it unlawful to criticize the government. Ironically, the acts unified the Republican Party, leading to Thomas Jefferson's presidential election and a quarter-century rule by Senate Republicans.
The Federalist-Republican power struggle continued in the new Capitol in Washington. In 1804 the Senate, meeting as a court of impeachment, found the Federalist U.S. district court judge John Pickering guilty of drunkenness and profanity and removed him from the bench. The following year, the Senate tried the Federalist Supreme Court justice Samuel Chase for allegedly exhibiting an anti-Republican bias. Chase avoided a guilty verdict by one vote, which restricted further efforts to control the judiciary through the threat of impeachment.
Prior to the War of 1812, foreign policy dominated the Senate agenda. Responding to British interference in American shipping, the Senate passed several trade embargoes against Great Britain before declaring war. In 1814 British troops entered Washington and set fire to the Capitol, the White House, and other public buildings. The Senate chamber was destroyed, forcing senators to meet in temporary accommodations until 1819. In the intervening years, the Senate formed its first permanent committees, which encouraged senators to become experts on such issues as national defense and finance.
When the war concluded in 1815 without a clear victor, the Senate turned its attention to the problems and opportunities resulting from territorial expansion. As lands acquired from France, Spain, and Indian tribes were organized into territories and states, senators debated the future of slavery in America, the nation's most divisive issue for years to come.
In 1820 the 46 senators were split evenly between slave states and free states. The Senate considered numerous bills designed to either protect or destroy this delicate balance. Legislation regulating statehood produced the Missouri Compromise (1820–21), the Compromise of 1850, and the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854). While the compromises attempted to sustain the Union, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, with its controversial "popular sovereignty" clause, escalated the conflict between slave owners and abolitionists.
Senate historians consider the antebellum period to be the institution's golden era. The Senate chamber, a vaulted room on the Capitol's second floor, hosted passionate floor speeches enthralling both the public and the press. At the center of debate stood the Senate's "Great Triumvirate": Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and John C. Calhoun.
As Speaker of the House, Clay had overseen the formation of the Missouri Compromise, which stipulated that Missouri would have no slavery restrictions, while all territories to the north would become free states. Later, as senator, Clay led the opposition against President Andrew Jackson's emerging Democratic Party. In 1834 he sponsored a resolution condemning Jackson for refusing to provide a document to Congress. Although the first (and only) presidential censure was expunged in 1837, it sparked the rise of the Whig Party in the late 1830s.
Webster, one of the greatest American orators, defended the importance of national power over regional self-interest, declaring in a rousing 1830 speech, "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!" His views challenged Vice President Calhoun's theory of nullification, which proposed that states could disregard laws they found unconstitutional. By the time Calhoun became a senator in 1832, the Senate had divided between those who promoted states' rights and those with a nationalist view.
The Mexican-American War inflamed the issue of slavery. Led by Calhoun, the Senate blocked adoption of the House-sponsored Wilmot Proviso (1846) that would have banned slavery in the territories won from Mexico. Fearing a national crisis, Clay drafted new slavery regulations. When Calhoun, now gravely ill, threatened to block any restrictions, Webster responded with a famous address upholding the Missouri Compromise and the integrity of the Union.
After Calhoun's death in March 1850, the atmosphere in the Senate chamber grew so tense that Henry S. Foote drew a pistol during an argument with antislavery senator Thomas Hart Benton. After months of such heated debates, however, Congress passed Clay's legislation. As negotiated by Senator Stephen A. Douglas, the Compromise of 1850 admitted California as a free state, allowed New Mexico and Utah to determine their own slavery policies (later known as popular sovereignty), outlawed the slave trade in Washington, D.C., and strengthened the controversial fugitive slave law.
Webster and Clay died in 1852, leaving Douglas, as chairman of the Senate Committee on Territories, to manage statehood legislation. Catering to southern senators, Douglas proposed a bill creating two territories under popular sovereignty: Nebraska, which was expected to become a free state, and Kansas, whose future was uncertain. Despite the staunch opposition of abolitionists, the bill became law, prompting pro- and antislavery advocates to flood into "Bleeding Kansas," where more than 50 settlers died in the resulting conflicts.
Opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act formed the modern Republican Party, drawing its membership from abolitionist Whigs, Democrats, and Senator Charles Sumner's Free Soil Party. In 1856 Sumner gave a scathing "crime against Kansas" speech that referred to slavery as the wicked mistress of South Carolina senator Andrew P. Butler. Three days after the speech, Butler's relative, Representative Preston S. Brooks, took revenge in the Senate chamber. Without warning, he battered Sumner's head with blows from his gold-tipped cane. The incident made Brooks a hero of the South, while Sumner, who slowly recovered his health, would become a leader of the Radical Republicans.
In the late 1850s, to accommodate the growing membership of Congress, the Capitol doubled in size with the addition of two wings. The new Senate chamber featured an iron and glass ceiling, multiple galleries, and a spacious floor. It was in this setting that conflicts with the Republican-majority House led to legislative gridlock, blocking a series of Senate resolutions meant to appease the South. In December 1860, South Carolina announced its withdrawal from the Union. One month later, in one of the Senate's most dramatic moments, the Confederacy's future president, Jefferson Davis, and four other southern senators resigned their seats, foretelling the resignation of every senator from a seceding state except Andrew Johnson, who remained until 1862.
Following the fall of Fort Sumter in April 1861, Washington, D.C., was poised to become a battle zone. A Massachusetts regiment briefly occupied the Senate wing, transforming it into a military hospital, kitchen, and sleeping quarters. Eventually, thousands of troops passed through the chamber and adjacent rooms. One soldier gouged Davis's desk with a bayonet, while others stained the ornate carpets with bacon grease and tobacco residue.
Now outnumbering the remaining Democrats, congressional Republicans accused southern lawmakers of committing treason. For the first time since Senator William Blount was dismissed for conspiracy in 1797, Senate expulsion resolutions received the required two-thirds vote. In total, the Senate expelled 14 senators from the South, Missouri, and Indiana for swearing allegiance to the Confederacy.
Within the Republican majority, the Senate's Radical Republican contingent grew more powerful during the war. Staunch abolitionists formed the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War to protest President Abraham Lincoln's management of the army. Radicals demanded an end to slavery and investigated allegations of government corruption and inefficiency. They also passed significant domestic policy laws, such as the Homestead Act (1862) and the Land Grant College Act (1862).
When a northern victory seemed imminent, Lincoln and the congressional Republicans developed different plans for reconstructing the Union. In December 1863, the president declared that states would be readmitted when 10 percent of their previously qualified voters took a loyalty oath. Radicals countered with the Wade-Davis Bill requiring states to administer a harsher, 50 percent oath. Lincoln vetoed the legislation, outraging Senator Benjamin R. Wade and Representative Henry W. Davis.
In the closing days of the war, the Senate passed the Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery. After Lincoln's assassination in April 1865, the new president, former senator Andrew Johnson, infuriated congressional Republicans when he enabled Confederate politicians to return to power and vetoed a bill expanding the Freedmen's Bureau, which assisted former slaves. Republicans, in turn, enacted the Fourteenth Amendment, providing blacks with citizenship, due process of law, and equal protection by laws.
Chaired by Senator William P. Fessenden, the Joint Committee on Reconstruction declared that the restoration of states was a legislative, not an executive, function. Accordingly, Congress passed the Reconstruction Acts of 1867, which divided the South into military districts, permitted black suffrage, and made the adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment a condition of state readmittance. To protect pro-Radical civil officials, Republicans proposed the Tenure of Office Act, requiring Senate approval before the president could dismiss a cabinet member.
Johnson violated the act by firing Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, and the House of Representatives impeached him on February 24, 1868. A week later, the Senate convened as a court of impeachment, and on May 16, 35 senators voted to convict Johnson, 1 vote short of the two-thirds majority needed for removal. The case centered on executive rights and the constitutional separation of powers, with 7 moderate Republicans joining the 12 Democrats in voting to acquit.
While Johnson retained his office, he was soon replaced by Ulysses S. Grant, the Civil War general. Marked by corruption, the Grant years (1869–77) split the congressional Republicans into pro- and antiadministration wings. The party was weakened further when representatives and senators were caught accepting bribes to assist the bankrupt Union Pacific Railroad. And after two senators apparently bought their seats from the Kansas legislature, much of the press began calling for popular Senate elections to replace the indirect election method outlined by the Constitution.
Meanwhile, Republicans still dominated southern state legislatures, as most Democrats were unable to vote under Radical Reconstruction. In 1870 Mississippi's Republican legislature elected the first black U.S. senator, Hiram R. Revels, to serve the last year of an unexpired term. Another black Mississippian, Blanche K. Bruce, served from 1875 to 1881. (Elected in 1966, Edward W. Brooke was the first African American to enter the Senate after Reconstruction.)
The 1876 presidential election ended Radical Reconstruction. Although the Democrat, Samuel J. Tilden, won the popular vote, ballots from Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina were in dispute. To avert a constitutional crisis, Congress formed an electoral commission composed of five senators, five representatives, and five Supreme Court justices, who chose Republican Rutherford B. Hayes by a one-vote margin. As part of the Compromise of 1877, Republicans agreed to end military rule in the South in exchange for Democratic support of the Hayes presidency.
During the late nineteenth century, corruption permeated the public and private sectors. While the two major parties traded control of the Senate, the Republicans divided between those who wanted institutional reform and those in favor of retaining political patronage, the practice of dispensing government jobs in order to reward or secure campaign support.
New York senator Roscoe Conkling epitomized the problem of patronage. In the 1870s, he filled the New York Custom House with crooked friends and financial backers. Moderates from both parties called for a new method to select government workers. In 1881 a disturbed patronage seeker assassinated President James A. Garfield. The act motivated Democratic senator George H. Pendleton to sponsor legislation creating the merit-based civil service category of federal jobs.
In 1901 William McKinley's assassination elevated progressive Republican Theodore Roosevelt to the White House, while Republicans once again dominated the Senate. As chairman of the Republican Steering Committee, as well as the Appropriations Committee, William B. Allison dominated the chamber along with other committee chairmen. In a showdown between two factions of Republicans, Allison's conservative Old Guard blocked progressives' efforts to revise tariffs. Despite the continued opposition of conservatives, however, Roosevelt achieved his goal of regulating railroad rates and large companies by enforcing Senator John Sherman's Antitrust Act of 1890.
Prior to World War I, Progressive Era reformers attempted to eradicate government corruption and increase the political influence of the middle class. The campaign for popular Senate elections hoped to achieve both goals. In 1906 David Graham Phillips wrote several muckraking magazine articles exposing fraudulent relationships between senators, state legislators, and businessmen. His "Treason of the Senate" series sparked new interest in enabling voters, rather than state legislatures, to elect senators. But although the Seventeenth Amendment (1913) standardized direct elections, the institution remained a forum for wealthy elites.
In 1913 reform-minded Democrats took over the Senate, as well as the presidency under Woodrow Wilson, resulting in a flurry of progressive legislation. Wilson's Senate allies, John Worth Kern and James Hamilton Lewis, ushered through the Federal Reserve Act (1913), the Federal Trade Commission Act (1914), and the Clayton Antitrust Act (1914). As chairman of the Democratic Conference, Kern acted as majority leader several years before the position was officially recognized, while Lewis served as the Senate's first party whip. As such, he counted votes and enforced attendance prior to the consideration of important bills.
Following Europe's descent into war in 1914, domestic concerns gave way to foreign policy, and Wilson battled both progressive and conservative Republicans in Congress. On January 22, 1917, Wilson addressed the Senate with his famous "peace without victory" speech. Shortly thereafter, a German submarine sank an unarmed U.S. merchant ship, and the president urged Congress to pass legislation allowing trade vessels to carry weapons. Non-interventionist senators, including progressive Republicans Robert M. La Follette and George W. Norris, staged a lengthy filibuster in opposition to Wilson's bill, preventing its passage. Furious, Wilson declared that a "little group of willful men" had rendered the government "helpless and contemptible." Calling a special Senate session, he prompted the passage of Rule 22, known as the cloture rule, which limited debate when two-thirds (later changed to three-fifths) of the senators present agreed to end a filibuster.
The 1918 elections brought Republican majorities to both houses of Congress. As the Senate's senior Republican, Massachusetts senator Henry Cabot Lodge chaired the Foreign Relations Committee and his party's conference. Angered by the lack of senators at the Paris Peace Conference (1919), the de facto floor leader attached 14 reservations to the war-ending Treaty of Versailles, altering the legal effect of selected terms, including the provision outlining Wilson's League of Nations (the precursor to the United Nations), which Lodge opposed. The Senate split into three groups: reservationists, irreconcilables, and pro-treaty Democrats, who were instructed by Wilson not to accept changes to the document. Unable to reach a compromise, the Senate rejected the treaty in two separate votes. Consequently, the United States never entered the League of Nations and had little influence over the enactment of the peace treaty.
In the 1920s, the Republicans controlled both the White House and Congress. Fearing the rising numbers of eastern Europeans and East Asians in America, congressional isolationists curtailed immigration with the National Origins Act of 1924. Senators investigated corruption within the Harding administration, sparking the famous Teapot Dome oil scandal.
Two years after the Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote, Rebecca Latimer Felton, an 87-year-old former suffragist, served as the first woman senator for just 24 hours between November 21 and 22, 1922. Felton considered the symbolic appointment proof that women could now obtain any office. The second female senator, Hattie Wyatt Caraway, was appointed to fill Thaddeus Caraway's seat upon his death in 1931. She became the first elected female senator, however, when she won the special election to finish her husband's term in 1932. Caraway won two additional elections and spent more than 13 years in the Senate.
In 1925 the Republicans elected Charles Curtis as the first official majority leader, a political position that evolved from the leadership duties of committee and conference chairmen. Curtis had the added distinction of being the first known Native American member of Congress (he was part Kaw Indian) and was later Herbert Hoover's vice president.
The 1929 stock market crash signaled the onset of the Great Depression and the end of Republican rule. Democrats swept the elections of 1932, taking back Congress and the White House under Franklin Roosevelt, who promised a "new deal" to address the nations economic woes. The first Democratic majority leader, Joseph T. Robinson, ushered through the presidents emergency relief program, while other senators crafted legislation producing the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Social Security Administration, and the National Labor Relations Board.
In 1937 the Senate majority leader worked furiously to enlist support for Roosevelt's controversial Court reorganization act, designed to expand the Supreme Court's membership with liberal justices. Prior to the Senate vote, though, Robinson succumbed to a heart attack, and the president's "Court-packing" plan died with him. The debate over the bill drove a deep wedge between liberal and conservative Democrats.
In the late 1930s, another war loomed in Europe. Led by Republican senators William E. Borah and Gerald P. Nye, Congress passed four Neutrality Acts. After Germany invaded France in 1940, however, Roosevelt's handpicked Senate majority leader, Alben W. Barkley, sponsored the Lend-Lease Act (1941), enabling the United States to send Great Britain and its allies billions of dollars in military equipment, food, and services. The monumental aid plan invigorated the economy, ending the Depression, as well as American neutrality.
During the war, little-known senator Harry Truman headed the Senate's Special Committee to Investigate the National Defense Program. Elected as Roosevelt's third vice president in 1944, Truman assumed the presidency when Roosevelt died three months into his fourth term. The new president relied heavily on Senate support as he steered the nation through the conclusion of World War II and into the cold war.
The Senate assumed a primary role in shaping the mid-century's social and economic culture. In 1944 Senator Ernest W. McFarland sponsored the Servicemen's Readjustment Act. Better known as the GI Bill, the legislation provided veterans with tuition assistance and low-cost loans for homes and businesses. In 1947 the Republicans regained Congress and passed the antilabor Taft-Hartley Act (1947) over Truman's veto. The act restricted the power of unions to organize and made conservative senator Robert A. Taft a national figure. Responding to the Soviet Union's increasing power, the Foreign Relations Committee approved the Truman Doctrine (1947) and the Marshall Plan (1948), which sent billion of dollars of aid and materials to war-torn countries vulnerable to communism.
The Senate itself was transformed by the Legislative Reorganization Act (1946), which streamlined the committee system, increased the number of professional staff, and opened committee sessions to the public. In 1947 television began broadcasting selected Senate hearings. Young, ambitious senators capitalized on the new medium, including C. Estes Kefauver, who led televised hearings on organized crime, and junior senator Joseph R. McCarthy from Wisconsin, whose name became synonymous with the anti-Communist crusade.
In February 1950 Republican senator McCarthy made his first charges against Communists working within the federal government. After announcing an "all-out battle between communistic atheism and Christianity," he gave an eight-hour Senate speech outlining "81 loyalty risks." Democrats examined McCarthy's evidence and concluded that he had committed a "fraud and a hoax" on the public. Meanwhile, Republican senator Margaret Chase Smith, the first woman to serve in both houses of Congress, gave a daring speech, entitled "A Declaration of Conscience," in which she decried the Senate's decline into "a forum of hate and character assassination."
Nevertheless, McCarthy continued to make charges against government officials, and as chairman of the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, he initiated more than 500 inquiries and investigations into suspicious behavior, destroying numerous careers along the way. In 1954 McCarthy charged security breaches within the military. During the televised Army-McCarthy hearings, the army's head attorney, Joseph N. Welch, uttered the famous line that helped bring about the senator's downfall: "Have you no sense of decency?" On December 2, 1954, senators passed a censure resolution condemning McCarthy's conduct, thus ending one of the Senate's darker chapters.
A new era in Senate history commenced in 1955, when the Democrats, now holding a slight majority, elected Lyndon B. Johnson, a former congressman from Texas, to be majority leader. Johnson reformed the committee membership system but was better known for applying the "Johnson technique," a personalized form of intimidation used to sway reluctant senators to vote his way. The method proved so effective that he managed to get a 1957 civil rights bill passed despite Senator Strom Thurmond's record-breaking filibuster, lasting 24 hours and 18 minutes. In the 1958 elections, the Senate Democrats picked up an impressive 17 seats. Johnson leveraged the 62–34 ratio to challenge President Dwight D. Eisenhower at every turn, altering the legislative-executive balance of power.
Johnson sought the presidency for himself in 1960 but settled for the vice presidency under former senator John F. Kennedy. Although popular with his colleagues, the new majority leader, Mike Mansfield, faced difficulties uniting liberal and conservative Democrats, and bills affecting minority groups stalled at the committee level. Following Kennedy's assassination in November 1963, Democrat Hubert H. Humphrey and Republican Everett M. Dirksen engineered the passage of Johnson's Civil Rights Act of 1964. They did so by first securing a historic cloture vote that halted a filibuster led by southern Democrats Robert C. Byrd and Richard B. Russell. Johnson and Mansfield then won additional domestic policy victories, including the Voting Rights Act (1965) and the Medicare/Medicaid health care programs (1965).
The president's foreign policy decisions, however, would come to haunt him and the 88 senators who voted for the 1964 Tonkin Gulf Resolution. Drafted by the Johnson administration, the measure drew the nation into war by authorizing the president to take any military action necessary to protect the United States and its allies in Southeast Asia. As the Vietnam War escalated, Senator John Sherman Cooper and Senator Frank F. Church led efforts to reassert the constitutional power of Congress to declare war, culminating in the War Powers Resolution of 1973, which required congressional approval for prolonged military engagements.
Although the Democrats lost the presidency to Richard M. Nixon in 1968, they controlled the Senate until 1981. In 1973 the Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities investigated Nixon's involvement in the cover-up of the 1972 break-in at the Democratic Party's National Committee office in the Watergate complex. Chaired by Senator Samuel J. Ervin, the select committee's findings led to the initiation of impeachment proceedings in the House of Representatives. In early August 1974, prominent Republicans, including Senate Minority Leader Hugh Scott, Senator Barry Goldwater, and House Minority Leader John Rhodes, informed Nixon that he did not have the party support in either house of Congress to remain in office. Rather than face a trial in the Senate, Nixon resigned prior to an impeachment vote in the House.
From 1981 to 1987, the Republicans controlled the Senate and supported White House policy under President Ronald Reagan. During this period, the Senate began televising floor debates. Televised hearings, however, continued to captivate followers of politics, especially after the Democrats regained the Senate in 1987 and conducted hearings on the Reagan and George H. W. Bush administrations.
In 1987 the House and Senate held joint hearings to investigate the Iran-Contra affair. Later that year, senators grilled conservative Supreme Court nominee Robert Bork, before defeating his appointment. Nominated for defense secretary in 1989, retired Republican senator John G. Tower suffered a humiliating rejection from his former Senate colleagues, and in 1991 Clarence Thomas survived the Judiciary Committee's scrutiny of his Supreme Court nomination despite allegations of sexual harassment by his former staff member Anita Hill.
In 1992, the "Year of the Woman," female candidates won elections nationwide, including five seats in the Senate, with Carol Moseley Braun serving as the first African American woman senator. President Bill Clinton's early domestic policy initiatives, such as the Family and Medical Leave Act (1993), reflected the influence of mothers serving in Congress. In 1994, however, the "Republican revolution" brought the Senate under conservative rule, and Republicans thwarted Clinton's legislative agenda while they investigated his public and personal activities.
In December 1998, the House of Representatives passed two articles of impeachment against Clinton: lying under oath and obstruction of justice regarding a 1994 sexual harassment case and an affair with the White House intern Monica Lewinsky. With Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist presiding, the Senate convened as a court of impeachment in January 1999. Although several Democratic senators voiced objections to Clinton's behavior, on February 12 every Democrat, as well as a few moderate Republicans, voted for his acquittal.
The 1990s closed with a divided Senate, bruised from in-fighting and media reports criticizing the influence of lobbyists in Washington. While it did not reduce candidate spending, the 2002 McCain-Feingold Campaign Finance Bill limited "soft money" contributions and regulated the broadcast of issue ads. The bipartisan effort demonstrated that Republican and Democratic senators could work together to achieve common goals, although they rarely chose to do so.
The September n, 2001, terrorist attacks provided an opportunity to unite the Senate in support of national security policies. Shortly after 9/11, Congress adopted the controversial USA Patriot Act, increasing federal law-enforcement and intelligence-gathering capabilities to the possible detriment of civil liberties. The October 2001 anthrax attack on the Hart Senate Office Building prompted senators and staffers to work together to eliminate vulnerabilities in the Capitol complex. But soon tensions escalated, as senators sparred over the ongoing war in Iraq.
Despite instances of acrimony throughout its history, the Senate has maintained a more cordial environment than the much larger House of Representatives. Institutional rules keep tempers in check, although lapses in demeanor occur. However strained, friendships "across the aisle" do exist and are helpful in forging compromises prior to important votes. In the years ahead, the Senate will continue to shape American society as long as thoughtful deliberation remains the institutions most distinguishing feature.
See also House of Representatives; presidency; Supreme Court.
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The Senate is the legislative chamber that provides for state representation in Congress. In a federal system, there is usually provision to safegua


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Valencia Choirs
"I have never actually given a score of 100 percent but I gave them 100 percent. I rarely have an opportunity to hear a group that is such a pleasurable experience." "It was like reading a high school essay and, while reading it, finding yourself pouring over an article found in the New Yorker." – Deke Sharon on Valencia High School Women's Choir.
The Valencia High School Choir program consists of 200 students in six separate touring choirs. Christine Tavares-Mocha has been the choral director at Valencia High School for 13 years. Under her direction, the VHS Choirs have traveled to Florida, Hawaii, Carnegie Hall and Lincoln Center, New York, Austria, Vienna, Prague, Italy (where they performed mass at St. Peter's Basilica), St. Patrick's Cathedral in Ireland, Westminster Abbey in London, and the London Olympics. The Concert Choir and Women's Chamber Ensembles have repeatedly achieved the ratings of "Gold Choir" and "Choir of the Festival" and have been invited to the highly prestigious Festival of Gold numerous times. They have also been fortunate to have outstanding student accompanists whom have repeatedly won the honored Maestro Awards (Heritage Festival). The Dona Bellas Women's Choir also received a score of 100 out of 100 from Deke Sharon, given the highest rating in the nine year history of the San Francisco Music in the Parks. founder and current vice-president of the Contemporary A Cappella Society. The VHS Vocal Jazz program is one of the strongest in California. Each year for the last four years, Valencia has had multiple students accepted into the California All-State Honor Choir. In 2014, four students from the VHS Choir program comprised the 12 total Californians chosen to participate in the California All-State Jazz Choir. Again, in this year, after winning a spot at the prestigious Monterey Jazz Festival, students performed in September along side jazz greats Herbie Hancock, DeeDee Bridgewater and Christian McBride. Only two schools out of the nation were given this honor. Valencia Vocal Jazz is one of the top schools in the nation. Notable awards in 2015 are winning two of Downbeat Magazine's Outstanding High School Ensemble Awards, a Outstanding Downbeat Vocalist Award and winning 1st place and Sweepstakes at the international 2015 Reno Jazz Festival. Valencia choir students have performed at past CMEA state conventions and SCVA conferences. In 2012 VHS Choir Students had an amazing opportunity to perform at St. Peter's Cathedral in Ireland, Westminster Abbey in London, and the London Olympic Games followed by a return of the choir in 2014 to Europe as they performed throughout Austria and Budapest. In 2016, the choir toured France.
For Choir Forms - Please visit our Forms page

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Caring for your martial arts weapon properly can improve its longevity and help you get the most for your money. After all, a weapon is an investment. You will spend hours every week practicing (hopefully) so weapon maintenance is equally important. In the same ways you perform routine car care like oil changes and car washes, here are some ways you can care for your kamas, nunchakus, swords and bo-staffs.
- Cases: a protective case is always a great idea! Both soft cases and hard cases are available and prevent your weapon from getting scratched and dinged. A soft case is perfectly fine for everyday use; like transporting your weapon to and from your karate school. For tournament travel, we recommend a harder more durable case to prevent breaking and other damage. Soft cases are available on our website here.
- Storage: it may not seem like a big deal, but where you keep your weapon and how you store it can be important. Never leave your weapon in your car or outside. Extreme temperatures, both hot and cold, can affect the film covering your weapon as well as the wood itself. If you're storing a bo-staff, it's best to leave it standing straight up (vertically) as opposed to lying flat on the ground (horizontally). Wood expands and contracts and sometimes this can cause it to warp. Storing your bo-staff the right way can help prevent this.
- Cleaning: karate mats can get dirty, and sometimes so can your hands. Unfortunately, that can make your weapon dirty. To clean it, just lightly spray a dry cloth with a glass cleaner like Windex and use that wipe down your weapon and blade. Never spray the cleaner directly on the weapon or run your weapon under water. Too much moisture will hurt both the film and wood.
Properly storing and caring for your weapon is important. Follow these tips to ensure yours is always at its best. Don't forget to leave a comment below if you have any other tips!


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This week the boys endured their last week of the school year. One of their highlights was on this past wednesday when their whole school participated in something called "Field Day". This is a day that the boys look forward to all year, even though their teams have never won. (Poor boys)
On Tuesday night, although it was raining, they all decided to practice for this important event. While I was helping my mom make dinner, we saw something run by the window. I stepped outside and captured some pictures of what I found. (So sweet)
They told me they needed to get to bed early…
The next morning, they rubbed out each others legs and shoulder muscles.
They WON first place in mommy's eyes!


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Perth Glory FC has walked away with a point after a frustrating day out against Newcastle Jets at Hunter Stadium on Sunday.
Glory opened the scoring in the seventh minute after a defensive mistake from the Jets. Striker Adam Taggart pounced on the loose ball and scored against his former club with a tidy finish, sliding the ball past Newcastle keeper Jack Duncan.
It was Taggart's sixth goal of the season from seven starts
Glory continued the pressure and two minutes later Andy Keogh almost doubled Perth's lead with a curling left foot shot which went just wide of the post.
Glory had registered five shots in only eight minutes of play and were playing in front of 100 Glory Shed fans who were on their annual Tour Of Duty.
Winger Chris Harold should have made it 2-0 when he headed Joe Mills' cross straight into the crossbar- it was one of three strikes on goal which hit the woodwork, to save Newcastle's skin.
The Jets were visibly stunned by Glory's sharp start but eased their way back into the contest with Morten Nordstrand and Andrew Nabbout causing some headaches for Kenny Lowe's troops.
Mateo Poljak levelled the ledger after the Jets were awarded a dubious penalty at the 35-minute mark when Shane Lowry was judged to have fouled Nordstrand in the area.
Newcastle, buoyed by the equaliser, hit the lead on the stroke of half-time as Nabbout's shot inside the box found the back of the net.
Despite the deflating end to the opening period, Glory responded positively with another string of great chances, as Castro struck the crossbar twice.
Keogh then made it 2-2 with 55 minutes gone, with his outstretched leg connecting with Harold's sublime cross to restore parity. It was the winger's 8th assist of the season as he continues his fine form.
There was controversy at the end of the match when skipper Rostyn Griffiths accumulated his second yellow of the match and was then shown a red card for dissent.
Glory were desperately unlucky to not gain the lead for a second time through Taggart, with his shot from point blank following Keogh's ball across the box heroicly saved by Jack Duncan.
Perth, who were reduced to 10-men following Rostyn Griffiths dismissal late in proceedings, closed out a 2-2 draw in a fiery and thrilling encounter at McDonald Jones Stadium.
Glory remains unbeaten in its last four games and continues its five-year run without a loss away at Hunter Valley following another end-to-end encounter with former Jets hero Adam Taggart opening the scoring.
Key Moments:
First Half
7' A mistake from Lachlan Jackson leads to a simple finish for former Jet Taggart, who slots home from well inside the area into the bottom left-corner.
14' Taggart almost doubled his side's lead with his header from Joseph Mills's perfect cross from the left thumping against the crossbar.
16' Andrew Nabbout tricky run from the left leads to the home side's first shot, but it is blocked and cleared for a corner.
23' Morten Nordstrand's well-timed run into the box leads to a great chance, but his cutback is cleared by Shane Lowry.
25' Nick Cowburn's miss-hit cross almost found its way into Liam Reddy's net, but the veteran was equal to the task and tipped over for another corner.
32' Castro's smart ball into the box finds Keogh, who then passes to Taggart unmarked inside the box, but the Socceroo's shot is straight into the hands of Duncan.
36' An innocuous challenge from Lowry on Nordstrand is judged a penalty by referee Stephen Lucas, and Mateo Poljak converts.
45+1' Nabbout puts the Jest in front with almost the last action of the first half, Nordstrand with the assist.
Second Half
47' Harold's cross evades everyone and Castro hits it with his left onto the frame of the goal.
49' The Spanish midfielder again hits the crossbar just moments later, with his long range effort glancing over.
55' Keogh pokes home the equaliser from Harold's aboslutely perfect cross to the back stick.
66' Nordstrand's volley following Ma Leilei's free-kick is blocked by Alex Grant.
69' A brilliant counter attack from Glory results in Keogh finding Taggart, but the striker's shot from point blank is saved by Duncan.
Perth Glory: 33. Liam REDDY (GK), 2. Alex GRANT, 4. Shane LOWRY, 8. Rostyn GRIFFITHS (C), 9. Andy KEOGH, 14. Chris HAROLD (7. Joel CHIANESE 75'), 16. Joseph MILLS, 17. Diego CASTRO, 19. Josh RISDON, 22. Adam TAGGART, 24. Milan SMILJANIC (15. Brandon WILSON 75')
Yellow Cards: 8. Rostyn GRIFFITHS 20', 4. Shane LOWRY 36', 2. Alex GRANT 65',
Red Cards: 8. Rostyn GRIFFITSH 87'
Subs not used : 13. Nicholas FEELY (GK), 11. Richard GARCIA,
Newcastle Jets: 22. Jack DUNCAN (GK), 3. Jason HOFFMAN, 4. Nigel BOOGARD (C), 6. Steven UGARKOVIC, 7. Andrew HOOLE, 8. Mateo POLJAK (28. John KOUTROUMBIS 74'), 15. Andrew NABBOUT, 16. Nick COWBURN, 18. Ma LEILEI (9. Aleksandr KOKKO 82') 19. Morten NORDSTRAND (23. Devante CLUT 86'), 22. Lachlan JACKSON
Subs not used: 50. Tomislav Arčaba, 2. Daniel MULLEN
Yellow Cards: 7. Andrew HOOLE 45', 19. Morten NORDSTRAND 53', 18. Ma LEILEI 74', 28. John KOUTROUMBIS 88'


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This year's Undergraduate Council election was a marked departure from elections of years past, which were often characterized by much student cynicism. With over 3,600 ballots cast compared to last year's 2,730, Harvard undergraduates not only chose their new UC leaders, but also made bold statements by passing three referenda on important campus issues. We congratulate Tara Raghuveer '14 and Jen Q. Y. Zhu '14 for their victory in this year's election, and we hope that they follow up on the student body's wishes expressed by the successful referenda.
Raghuveer and Zhu won their election by a landslide, receiving 533 more votes than Michael C. George '14 and Nicole E. Granath '15, who finished in second place and were endorsed by The Crimson. This wide margin demonstrates the large amount of faith placed by students in their new president and vice president to represent them and the issues they deem important. The successful running mates should also be credited for successfully using social media and a large campaign staff to draw over 10 percent more students out to vote, a welcome change from the disappointing turnout of the previous election.
Raghuveer and Zhu were not the only Harvard students who scored a major victory in this election. We applaud the efforts of Harvard students who coordinated their efforts in organizing the placement of the referenda featured on the ballot, as well as their subsequent campaigns to have them passed. The student body has demonstrated that issues concerning responsible investment, fossil fuel divestment, and Harvard's sexual assault policy are important to them: All three measures received over 70 percent of the student body's support, and the referendum on Harvard's sexual assault policy passed with a staggering 85 percent of students voting affirmatively. We hope that Raghuveer and Zhu will incorporate these issues into their agenda and prioritize them as the new leaders of the UC and representatives of Harvard undergraduates.
Although Dean of the College Evelynn M. Hammonds has stated that our school's sexual assault policy is unlikely to change in the near future, this should not deter Raghuveer and Zhu from taking up the banner of reforming our school's policy. Indeed, the Harvard administration's reluctance to take action on an issue which is clearly important to students is an instance in which student leadership is particularly important.
Raghuveer and Zhu ran a successful campaign demanding that the UC become more relevant in the lives of the students. Their election promises include making the UC more welcoming to women, pushing for the creation of a women, gender, and sexuality department, and the implementation of online student feedback systems and discussion forums. These proposals have merit, although some may be difficult to implement. Nevertheless, we sincerely hope, in light of the significance and highly contested nature of this election, that the new elects are able to translate their campaign promises from paper to action.
We have in the past expressed our disappointment and dissatisfaction with the UC. Although we remain skeptical of the role and potential of the UC, we hope that Raghuveer and Zhu will prove us and other skeptics wrong.
Read more in OpinionStill Broken


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Steve Albert REBOOTs at Poway's All Faith Center
How you get from point A to point B in a healthy manner without spending a lot of time complaining
Joseph O'Brien 9 a.m., Dec. 6
My day got off to a bad start. As a volunteer for the Make-A-Wish Foundation, I was asked to help set up a play set for a child in Santee. I'm useless at things like that but was told there'd be another guy there to do the setup. "We just need you for the heavy lifting. And afterwards, you can stay for the party." When I arrived I was handed a sheet of directions to put together a canopy for the back yard. Though the pictures made it look easy, I found the instructions difficult to figure out. A woman named Autumn came to my rescue, and we were able to get the job done.
When we finished, I asked the guy if I could try his trampoline. It was huge. He said, "We got that for the kids, but adults seem to have more fun on it."
I took off my shoes, climbed on, and started jumping. A little girl told me to jump higher, so I did. I had never been on a trampoline before. I wasn't about to do flips, per the girl's next request. I started flying too far off the trampoline and got nervous. I decided the best way to stop flying so high was to stop jumping. When I landed on the trampoline the next time, I stopped myself. My body collapsed, my knees hit my stomach and knocked the wind out of me, I pulled a muscle in my leg, and I somehow hurt my big toe. As I lay on the trampoline trying to catch my breath, nobody could figure out what I had done to injure myself.
I grabbed a piece of Costco pizza and a ginger ale and left.
* * * I was still in pain when I arrived at the next party. Mark Schindler told me it would start at 7:01 p.m. and go until 9:01. He told me that he always has a theme. One time it was belly dancers, another a massage therapist. This party was a tasting -- a few bottles of absinthe that he brought back from Canada.
I showed up at Schindler's La Jolla house around 7:30. On his back patio he had set out chips, appetizers, and duck. In his kitchen, Schindler had a margarita machine. He said, "To rent these, it's $150. And you have to buy the ingredients. I bought this on eBay for $800, and it's already paid for itself."
Whenever someone went inside to make a margarita, Schindler would grab what appeared to be a Windex bottle, and he would spray it into the drink. He told me it was tequila that he makes. He showed me the barrels of tequila he had aging in his house and garage. He told me that since it isn't made in Mexico, it can't technically be called tequila. He said he pours it into test tubes after three to six months to taste it.
I asked Schindler about the party ending after only a few hours. "People will still have time to go out and do other things. It's perfect. And I don't want to entertain all night!"
Schindler showed me his business card: "Dr. Mark -- Dating coach for lesbians." On the back it had a space for your name, e-mail, and "real phone number." And there were boxes to check that read, "lesbian," "bisexual," "liar." And below that, "single," "not single," "looking to trade up."
Schindler shared his philosophy on how to talk to women, and he called a group of women over to prove his theory. He told this story about a woman who thought her man was cheating on her because she found a pair of female underwear at his house. The story got everyone talking and adding in her two cents. Then one woman said, "I heard you tell that story before." She had an accent. I think she said she was from Croatia. Her friend called her chicken because she wouldn't try the absinthe. She said, "I told you, I'm the designated driver. I can't."
I met a woman named Matilda who was from Greece. Two men were arguing about politics, and Matilda was stuck in the middle. I thought about going over to rescue her. When I ran into her later, she said, "I'm used to people yelling about politics. Back in Greece, that's what everyone does." She told me she travels a lot for her job and goes back to Greece once a year. Her family is still there.
The crowd was older (aside from Matilda). A few had gray or white hair. Our age difference made for interesting conversations. One guy was a professor at SDSU, and he talked about books, movies, and reading the Reader in the mid-'70s. He told me he had a book out called Face to Face to Face. He talked about his partying days, and told me he once was at a party with Peter Fonda. He said, "When [Fonda] hands you a joint, you take it. If you didn't smoke, they'd probably throw you out." Another guy said he hadn't gotten drunk since his college days, which looked to me to have been about 30 years ago.
Schindler had an extensive collection of sports memorabilia, including a baseball jersey that showed all the Negro League teams. I told him I thought Satchel Paige was the greatest pitcher in baseball history.
When it came up that I had gone to the Sundance Film Festival a few times, Schindler told me that he goes every year, and he asked if I wanted to go to the next one with him.
There was a Jacuzzi in the back yard with nobody in it and a kids' pool that was being used as a cooler, filled with bottles of soda for nondrinkers.
Most of the crowd was buzzed from the margaritas and beer by the time Schindler brought out the absinthe. He made a drink called a "green fairy" by pouring the absinthe into a glass and adding sugar cubes, which were then lit on fire. The absinthe changed color from blue to green.
Schindler talked about Ken Kesey's acid Kool-Aid tests of the '60s. He told us the drink was 140 proof. Someone said they thought it had a mint flavor. I thought it tasted more like black licorice.
Before the green fairy, I had had several margaritas and a few glasses of red wine, so when everyone left, I stayed and talked to the SDSU professor for a few hours. It was an interesting conversation. I wondered why they never were when I went to San Diego State.
Crash your party? Call 619-235-3000 x421 and leave an invitation for Josh Board.


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Sportspace was the place to be on Saturday night as Hemel Storm won a titanic game of basketball against perennial title challengers Reading Rockets in front of a noisy, pulsating crowd.
Both sides committed early errors and the score limped along to 10-15 in Rockets' favour halfway through the first quarter.
Triples by co-captains Simon Kearney and Walid Mumuni kept Hemel in the game as Reading attempted to stamp their authority on proceedings.
With three minutes to go the scores were tied at 15 apiece before further threes by Kenroy Wood and Mumuni gave Hemel a five-point lead at the first interval at 27-22.
Wood opened the second quarter with a huge slam dunk before a three by Nic Rhodes and a 7-0 run saw them in front at 41-30 with four minutes to go until half-time.
A little pre-Christmas magic by Rhodes and Bode Adeluola helped Storm to a 17-point lead with three minutes left, but Reading fought back to trail 55-46 at the interval.
A blistering start to the third period by the Rockets, only interrupted by a Michael Darlow three-pointer, pulled the lead right back and the scores were level at 64-64 after five minutes.
A third triple by Mumuni gave Hemel the lead back and the score stayed remarkably tight as Storm finished the quarter with their noses slightly in front at 79-77.
It was all set for a barnstorming fourth quarter and the crowd was not to be disappointed.
An early 8-2 run gave Storm the advantage but back came Reading once again.
However hard they tried, though, they just could not sneak the lead and a six-point Storm advantage after five minutes stayed more or less the same until the final 30 seconds when Reading got it back to just two at 94-92.
A tremendous two-pointer by Rhodes was again negated by the away team and, with just 16.5 seconds, left it could have gone either way.
Darlow hit one from two free-throws to eke the Hemel lead out to 98-95 and, with Reading now three points down and the seconds running out, a hopeful long shot bounced off the Hemel rim with the final hooter sounding to scenes of great joy inside the arena.
A delighted Hemel co-coach Dave Allin said: "We knew we'd have to play exceptionally well against such a talented and deep Reading team.
"We don't match-up against them very well, especially inside, but we played with such great heart and commitment that it pulled us through."
Storm now move up to third place in the table and their next home game is at Sportspace on Saturday, January 9 at 7pm against London Lituanica in a National League Division One game.
Tickets and information can be found at www.stormbasketball.net


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Until this week, I had never used a bidet. I wasn't even really quite sure exactly what one was or how to use it prior to this week. All I knew is they some how sprayed your genitals off, and French people used them in the place of toilet paper. This week, I took an overnight trip and found out before I left that the place where I was staying had a bidet. I decided to do a little research to make sure I didn't make a fool out of myself or cause injury when I tried to use it. I was kind of excited because I'm always looking for better, more efficient ways of cleaning down there. Through research I discovered not everyone uses them in the place of toilet paper. Many people use them in addition to toilet paper. Some people use the bathroom, use the bidet, then use toilet paper and also use it for daily cleaning of the genitals. Some people use the bathroom, use toilet paper, and then use the bidet, and also use it for daily cleaning, and others just use it for daily cleaning of the genitals and use toilet paper regularly. It sounds confusing, but once you've used one, you'll understand.
There are several different styles/types of bidets. Some bidets are free standing. To someone who isn't familiar with a bidet, they may mistaken it for a toilet or urinal (I most certainly did when I first saw a picture). Most people straddle the free standing bidet facing the water controls. Usually there is a hot and cold water control and also a knob/control that adjusts the pressure of the water spout. Depending on the bidet, there may be a spout that shoots water up or there may be a spout like a there is on a sink.
The bidet I used was free standing with a spout that shoots the water up. I straddled the bidet, making sure my genital area was on top of the spout, so I wouldn't get shot in the face with water. Then I turned on the water and adjusted the water to a comfortable temperature. Once I was satisfied with the temperature, I very slowly turned the knob to adjusts the pressure of the water spout until I felt the water spraying me down there. Once I felt like my vagina was clean, I slid up slightly to clean my rear. It was great! Much easier than trying to clean in the shower. Even with my detachable shower head, I usually still have to prop my leg up on something, which can be tricky to do. Once I was done, I blow dried her off (as I usually do after rinsing down there). I felt so clean. I read about some bidets that actually have a blow drying mechanism build into them! That would be great to have one of those.
Bidets can help prevent Urinary Tract Infections and Yeast Infections by more effectively cleaning the genital area. (Many sites discussing bidets, list this as one of the benefits of a bidet.) Being clean down there, as I mentioned in a previous blog post, can help keep bacteria away from the vagina. With the bidet, it's so much easier to clean up before and after sex, and it's also great if you don't shower every single day. I know that sounds dirty, but lets face it, there are some days when we're sick or just lazy and don't feel like taking a shower. I always rinse off down there after sex, but I rarely do it before. I think if I had a bidet in my own home I would do it before as well, and my husband would probably use it too. Rinsing off before helps get rid of bacteria the penis may push into the vagina. Right now, it's just too much work to get in the shower before sex, take the shower head down, squat/prop leg up, and then get out and dry half your body off because your legs and feet are wet too. A bidet would make things simpler, and I would use less water!
Unfortunately, there is absolutely no room in my bathroom for a free standing bidet. There are however some that can be attached to the toilet seat. I'm planning on doing a little more research and may possibly get one of those. I'll let you know how that turns out, if I decide to get one.


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All Type Electric has been established for over 30 years and is primarily involved in electrical instrumentation and electronic controls for the oil & gas and aggregate sector.
The owners were interested in slowing down and preparing for their retirement, but they were aware of all the potential for growth in the business. The financials have recovered from the recent recession and profits were back to normal levels again, indicating that the business was not ready to slow down.
All Type generated a total of 65 inquiries, with 6 offers to purchase. Although there were many interested buyers, the ideal buyer turned out to be an investment banker from New York who was looking to acquire a business in Western Canada.
Due diligence on the business took some additional time due to the distance of the buyer but was completed in approximately 3 months and the deal proceeded to closing. One of the major challenges this business experienced was a lack of financing available to the buyer from Canadian banks. The Sellers were not prepared for any earned outs, but agreed to a bridge financing that will allow the buyer to close the transaction and then to obtain financing from the banks once he enters in Canada. This method successful and within a few weeks after the deal was closed, ATB offered the buyer a term sheet based on their new "Goodwill Financing" program. This is a brand new financing program by ATB, and VR facilitated ATB's first term sheet on this program.
Part of the transition included the Seller's staying on with the business for up to a year with full compensation and benefits package.
VR facilitated all aspects of the transactions – from the initial valuation through closing.
Business Name:
All Type Electric
No. of Inquiries:
No. of Offers:
Sold Date:
April 2013
Electrical Contractor Services
No. of Qualified Buyers:
Deal Duration:
692 days
VR Associate:
Jey Arul, MBA, CBI


text:
Our office focuses on the
delivery of the highest quality of care to
our patients by our personalized involvement in the entire treatment
process from beginning to end. We utilize state of-the-art techniques
and facilities to ensure that our patients receive the most effective
treatments available. There are no hidden agendas or incentives other
than having the patient's interests first. We are dedicated to remain
on the forefront of pain medicine education and treatment and will
continue to lead the way well into the future. The philosophy that you
have to learn to live with pain is one we will never understand or
The goal at our office is to educate the patient, his or her health care providers, and insurance companies to access these positive, state of the art, diagnostic, therapeutic, medical options and make them available to patients in need.
There is no room for guesswork when it comes to effective pain management. An accurate diagnosis must precede precise treatment. Our patients receive the most up-to-date options pain diagnosis and treatment, customized to their unique condition. In addition, when appropriate, most procedures are performed under fluoroscopic or x-ray guidance. This enables us to avoid the pitfalls and poor outcomes common to other approaches in pain diagnosis and treatment.
This Notice of Privacy Practices describes how we may use and disclose your protected health information (PHI) to carry out treatment, payment or health care operations (TPO) and for other purposes that are permitted or required by law. It also describes your rights to access and control your protected health information. "Protected health information" is information about you, including demographic information, that may identify you and that relates to your past, present or future physical or mental health or condition and related health care services.
We understand and respect your privacy.
HIPAA - Aviso de Procedimientos En Asuntos Confidenciales de Salud
Neck and Arm
Upper Back
Low Back and Legs
600 S. Tonopah Dr., Suite 240
Las Vegas, NV 89106
Office : 702.870.0011
Fax : 702.870.1144
Click Here for a Map to Our Office


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This article is the third in our series of in-depth discussions regarding free paid surveys.
We have also begun highlighting the different legitimate survey companies. The first panel discussed is Synovate. You can learn more by checking out the post: Free Paid Surveys – Synovate Global Opinion Panels
- Search Engines
In general, if you type "Free Paid Surveys" into a search engine the first few thousand pages are filled with sites that will lie and mislead you. It is very difficult and time consuming to wade through all the thousands of sites to find the legitimate ones, especially when you don't have to because others have done it for you.
- Companies that promise you easy access to their database for a fee
We've discussed this before. Never pay to join a free paid survey panel or for access to a database of survey companies. They have the same companies in their list that we give you for free.
- Companies that offer you free access to a database simply by providing your email address
The good sites will not require an email address in order to access the list of paid survey companies. They may request it, like we do by suggesting you sign up for site updates, but I wouldn't trust any that require it. Unless you like spam. We're going to get more into disposable email addresses later in the series, but if you know how to get one, and want to try one of these sites out just to see what they have, I would definitely use a separate disposable email address so when you get the spam they will send, you can simply remove the email address from existence.
- Shopping, paid email or offer completion sites that claim to have paid surveys
While many of the paid email sites are legitimate and can earn you some extra money they are not true paid survey sites and there are many out there that will send you spam. I actually participate in a few of these types of sites and slowly earn a little bit of money but do not confuse ads that say "take survey, read emails, complete offers" as free paid surveys companies. In generally they are companies that are very organized affiliate marketers and hand some of the earnings down to you. Again, not bad necessarily, but not the same thing. I'll discuss them more in another article.
- This site (What's That Smell?)
We have long term experience with over 90% of the survey companies we list, and we don't list ones that do not pay or that send spam. I cannot guarantee any results, but I can tell you my experiences and as we progress in the series, I will be outlining the companies and giving you a better idea exactly what to expect from each one.
- Survey Police.com
Survey Police.com provides ranking and reviews from people who have actually had experiences with these survey companies. You will see many more sites on Survey Police than we mention here are What's That Smell? but that is because we generally only list those that we have actually seen surveys and earnings through. I am probably signed up with all the sites they list, it's just that I have not been sent surveys from them. Your experience may differ if you are in a different demographic area than me. Again, though, read the reviews so you can make informed decisions on which companies to join.
- FreePaidSurveys.net
FreePaidSurveys.net has been around for as long as I have been participating in paid research studies, probably longer. It is similar in scope to Survey Police, although not as fancy in looks, but rest assured it has been around for awhile and they know what they are talking about.
- Slickdeals.net
Slickdeals.net is an online forum where people discuss sales, shopping deals, freebies and more including free paid surveys. I recommend checking their Freebie forum CONSTANTLY for one-time surveys, online focus group recruitment and new or exclusive survey companies. This is a great place to find information and reviews of survey companies as well.
There are numerous places on the web, in addition to the ones I've already mentioned, where you can find legitimate free paid survey information. The hard part is discerning fact from fiction and the good from the spam. A lot of this work will be done for you if you stick with us through this series.
In upcoming weeks we will be discussing the following topics:
- Free Paid Surveys – what are the types of surveys?
- Free Paid Surveys – optimizing your earnings.
- Free Paid Surveys – some other options.
- Free Paid Surveys – tips and hints for easier participation.
- Free Paid Surveys – sum it all up.
In between we will continue to highlight the specific companies and give you an in-depth analysis of each one.
Make sure you subscribe to our email updates so you don't miss anything. We will not sell or use your email address for anything other than this subscription.


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Location: Keene, New Hampshire, United States
Member Since: January 2012
Open for read requests: Yes
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This is my writing page, so if you don't like it, get the fuck off.
Two rules:
1. Don't judge.
2. Don't try to 'fix' my writing. Unless it's a typo or something, I think it's just how I want it to be. So don't go fixing something that isn't broken.
I'm from Keene, New Hampshire.
My stories are basically omgdramaomgtheykissomgaction repeat. Personally, I think that a life like that would be fantastic.
Some of my writing is dark- I admit, I'm a fucked up kid, so if you're fainthearted... don't read the majority of my short stories or poems.
Some of my writing is intimate- I admit, I'm one curious little teenager, so if you're not into that....don't read any of my books.
I love hearing from you Anons. You make my day.
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Until next time.
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Women's Volleyball fights past Menlo; clinches first Postseason berth in school history
SANTA CRUZ-- The Women's Volleybal team earned its first postseason berth in school history on Friday, defeating Menlo College in four grueling games, 30-26, 33-31, 33-35 and 30-24.
The win, combined with Bethany College's loss to the College of Notre Dame the same night, the Slugs clinch one of the two postseason berths in the Southern region of the NAIA Cal Pac conference. The team may also have won consideration for a highly-coveted NCAA berth.
Senior Outside Hitter Leigh O'Neill, the team's only senior, was honored before the match in a Senior's Night ceremony. O'Neill, the teams leader in kills, then took the court, playing perhaps the best match of her career. She led the team with 20 kills, 3 service aces and an outstanding .447 hitting percentage.
Junior Setter Lily Hallock had 45 assists on the night and Sophomore Middle Jennifer Lewis had 12 kills in the win.
Women's Volleyball closes its regular season at Bethany College Saturday. Game time is at 7:30 PM.


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Measure "CC" is submitted to the voters by the Governing Board of the San Bernardino Community College District ("District"). A "yes" vote by at least fifty-five percent (55%) of the voters voting on this measure will authorize the District to issue bonds to benefit the District in the amount of four hundred seventy million dollars ($470,000,000). If less than fifty five percent (55%) of the voters voting on this measure vote yes, the District will not be authorized to issue and sell the $470,000,000 in bonds set forth in the measure.
The bond proceeds may only be used to upgrade classrooms, labs, the Veterans' Center, career counseling and job training facilities for science, engineering, nursing and industrial careers; to improve student safety and access to affordable, high quality education; to repair, construct or acquire classrooms, facilities, sites and equipment. The proceeds may not be used for any other purpose, including faculty administrator salaries and other college operating expenses.
The District will conduct financial and performance audits annually and will appoint a citizens' oversight committee to ensure that bond proceeds are spent only on the school facility projects listed in the measure.
The bonded debt will be a general obligation of the District and will be financed by property taxes levied annually on taxable property located within the District in an amount necessary to pay the annual debt obligation.
The above statement is an impartial analysis of Measure "CC". If you desire a copy of Measure "CC ", please call Stradling Yocca Carlson & Rauth at (415) 283-2241 and a copy will be mailed at no cost to you.
County Counsel
Supervising Deputy County Counsel


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Jaén Cathedral
Contact details
Plaza Santa María, s/n
23002 Jaén (Andalusia)
Tel.:+34 953241448
Tel.:+34 953234233
Example of the Andalusian Renaissance
The cathedral is home the Holy Veil, which according to tradition was used by Saint Veronica to wash Christ's face.
The cathedral is dedicated to the Assumption of the Virgin, and was built between the 16th and 18th centuries on the site of the old Aljama mosque and the subsequent Gothic cathedral raised to house the Holy Veil. The initial Renaissance project was the work of Andrés de Vandelvira, and was built in different stages, without its successors changing more than the ornamental aspects or subsidiary features of the basic design. Artistic highlights inside the cathedral include the sacristy, the chapter room, the choir, and the main chapel which houses the famous relic of the Holy Veil; and on the exterior, the monumental façade by Eufrasio López Rojas, and the Gothic frieze at the back.
- Construction: Cathedral
- Artistic period: Renaissance
- Historic period: 18th century, 16th century
- Setting: Fuente Nueva, Condestable Palace, parish church of San Bartolomé.
Practical information
From Monday to FridayFrom 10:00 AM to 2:00 PM From 4:00 PM to 8:00 PM
SaturdayFrom 10:00 AM to 2:00 PM From 4:00 PM to 7:00 PM
Public holidays and SundayFrom 10:00 AM to 12:00 PM From 4:00 PM to 7:00 PM
- General: €5
- Retired persons: €2
- Children: €1,50
- Groups: €3


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VIEWERS can now learn how Bexhill became the birthplace of British motorsport thanks to a motor heritage trail of five full-colour display boards.
A cavalcade of historic vehicles headed by Bexhill Museum's replica of the Serpollet steam car which won the 1902 Bexhill Motor Trials turned the heads of Diamond Jubilee weekend crowds on Saturday, June 2nd. Supporters were conveyed by an old London double-decker bus.
The heritage trail project has been led by Bexhill Chamber of Commerce and Tourism in association with the Society of Bexhill Museums. The leading sponsors are Alastair Hazell and his mother Irene.
Brian Storkey, the "voice" of the Bexhill 100 Festival of Motoring which for 13 years from 1992 marked the Motor Trials' historic significance by drawing 60,000-plus crowds annually to De La Warr Parade, gave a potted history at each of the launch day's stopping points. The first illustrated board is near the Galley Hill start-line for the trials.
Having seen motor racing on the seafront at Nice, the 8th Earl De La Warr sought to publicise newly-emergent Bexhill-on-Sea by hosting a similar event. Britain was then subject to a blanket 12mph speed limit. But De Le Warr Parade was the Earl's private cycle track.
M. Leon Serpollet had just taken the world land speed record at Nice and hoped to better it at Bexhill. He was thwarted by track conditions, but still won the event and took the British speed title. The event attracted 200 pioneer motorists and a 30,000 crowd.
The second display board is sited opposite The Sackville apartments, which house a photo gallery dedicated to the series of Motor Trials held between 1902 and 1906. A cycle chalet which formerly stood on the lawns was used to time the Edwardian motor trials. Irene Hazell's late husband, Brian, was a leading organiser of the Bexhill 100 Festival of Motoring. Alastair owns the Discover Bexhill website which publicises the town. On behalf of the Chamber of Commerce, executive committee member Ainsley Gill made a presentation to mother and son.
The third display board is by the Sailing Club. From there the cavalcade made its way to Bexhill Museum. The accredited, voluntarily-run independent museum was enlarged in 2009 by the addition of a costume and social history gallery and a motor heritage gallery which houses the Serpollet replica.
Unveiling the fourth heritage display board, which is on the museum wall, Society of Bexhill Museums chairman John Betts thanked everyone involved with the heritage trail project and dedicated the board to the museum's volunteers.
The fifth display board is sited at the Cooden Beach Hotel, which houses a Motor Trials photo-gallery. Sackville and Cooden Beach Hotel owner James Kimber unveiled the board.


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HTC One, released in February this year is HTC's flagship device. It has a quad-core 1.7 GHz Qualcomm Snapdragon 600 processor, 2 GB of RAM, 32 or 64 GB of storage, a 4.7″ 1080p Super LCD 3 display with 468 ppi, a 4 MP "Ultrapixel" camera and a 2300mAh battery. It also has Blinkfeed, Zoe and Boomsound features which gave it an added punch.
HTC promised a better phone call sound quality but this was not seen in the device. If the phone is moved at certain angles while on call, the person on other side of call wont be able to hear the sound clearly. This is because the noise suppression is enabled by default. XDA developer grgsiocl has created a mod that will disable the noise suppression. Follow the instructions given below to disable noise suppression.


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Purchase Links: Amazon | Amazon UK
***I was gifted a copy of this book by the author in exchange for an honest review***
The book cover for 'Chronicles: The Library of Illumination' is certainly designed to catch your eye and the colours actually work quite well together.
Although I do like prologues as they can be necessary to some stories, the prologue for 'Chronicles' was, in my opinion, very much like a chapter rather than a prologue. Don't get me wrong, it was needed to show info so that readers would know what was what. I just think it was a little too long, in my opinion.
For a YA fiction book, I do think this book will entertain its target audience. It's written in a way that YA fans will quite easily follow. The storyline is quite straight forward and reminded me, in a way, of the film "Night At The Museum".
The main character, Johanna, is the curator of The Library of Illumination and she has hired teenager Jackson to help out with maintaining the library. The book follows some of the adventures they have as they run the library on a day to day basis.
I have to admit, the first couple of chapters didn't really drag me in, and I did wonder whether I would actually enjoy the book. By the last chapter, although not quite hooked, I did like the book. I would read more of this series because as a teen, books like this were what made reading enjoyable for me.1 Comment


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|CCTV & Security Products > Video Recorders > Elite Recorders
With the new 4 channel Elite Series mini Pentabrid DVR, there are so many ways you can use this DVR for your home or business security needs. This works with the five most common video formats used in the security industry today. You can keep your older Analog cameras or you can use HD-CVI, HD-TVI, AHD, and even IP cameras using network cable and a PoE switch. If you're using HD-CVI or IP cameras, you can go as high as 8MP while HD-TVI and AHD will let you go up to 5MP and traditional Analog comes in at 960H. This DVR has 4 connections for coaxial and an additional 2 for IP so that this is actually a 6 channel recorder! One of the best reasons to use this recorder is the fact that all of the technologies work using a standard coaxial cable and a 12v DC power supply. If you already have cable in place from a previous security system, there's a very good chance that you have the necessary cable in place and that . . . will save you time and money.
This 4 channel Pentabrid DVR is a little workhouse with a dual core processor, an embedded Linux Operating System and an easy to use GUI Interface so you can configure all of the settings that are specific to your situation. This DVR is packed with features including IVS or Intelligent Video System which is a set of video analytics that cause the DVR to record, send email, or video push based on your choice of triggers like Tripwire, Motion Detect, and tampering. After your cameras are installed and setup is complete, you'll be able to view your cameras remotely using a PC, laptop, smart phone, etc. from anywhere that you have an internet connection.
Thanks to the use of the H.265+ codec, the NVR is capable of bit rate use and storage requirements that are 90% less than previous H.264 compression codecs. There's room for 1 hard drive up to 8TB and you can easily add one to your order by using the dropdown up above. Add it to your cart and before we ship your order, we will install, configure and test your recorder to make sure everything is working properly! If you ever find that you need just a few minutes of recorded footage, you can plug a flash drive into one of the USB ports and copy that footage so that you can easily share it with whomever you need.
Rest assured knowing that you will have protection in the event there should be an issue with your recorder and help if you need it during and after your installation. We stand behind this recorder with a 1 year warranty, FREE US based tech support and FREE remote monitoring software.
|PENDVR-EL4ME4KX Specifications
|Recording Speed:
|8MP / 5MP / 4MP / 3MP / 1080P / 720P | Max 200Mbps
|Drive Capacity:
|Video Inputs:
|Ethernet Ports:
|Video Outputs:
|Audio Inputs:
|Audio Outputs:
|Internal DVD Burner Support:
|Smart Phone Access/Push Notification:
|Motion Activated Recording:
|PTZ Control:
|Max Amount of Users:
|PENDVR-EL4ME4KX Document Downloads
|Product Specifications
|Detailed Feature List and Product Specifications
|Product Manual
|Original Product Manuals
|Elite & Techpro Brand | DVR / NVR / IP Camera Remote Viewing Downloads
|Smart PSS-v1.0 - PC Surveillance
Downloads: Software & Manual
|Windows XP / Vista / Windows 7,8,10 / Windows Server 2003 & 2008
|Smart PSS-v2.01
Downloads: Software & Manual
|Windows XP / Vista / Windows 7,8,10 / Windows Server 2003 & 2008
|PSS - PC Surveillance
Downloads: Software & Manual
|Windows XP / Vista / Windows 7,8,10 / Windows Server 2003 & 2008
| Elite Series Smart Player
Downloads: Software & Manual
|Windows XP / Vista / Windows 7,8,10 / Windows Server 2003 & 2008
|Smart PSS MAC Surveillance
Downloads: Software & Manual
|SMART PSS FOR MAC (All MACs)
|Smart PSS-V2 - MAC Surveillance
Downloads: Software & Manual
|SMART V2 PSS FOR MAC (All MACs)
|Smart Player Elite Series Mac
Downloads: Software & Manual
|PSS MAC Surveillance
Downloads: Software & Manual
|MacOSX (All Mac Versions)
|PSS MAC Surveillance
Downloads: Software & Manual
|MacOSX 10.6.8 (Snow Leopard only)
|Elite Mac Safari Plugin
Downloads: Software
|MacOS (All Mac Versions)
|iPhone / iPad Mobile Viewing Software
|iPhone / iPad App from the Apple App Store
|Android Mobile Phone Viewing Software
|Android Phone App from the Google Play Store
|Android HD Tablet Viewing Software
|Android Tablet App from the Google Play Store
|Elite & Techpro Brand | DVR / NVR / IP Camera Tools & Utilities
|Configuration Tool
Downloads: Software & Manual
|Configuration Tool Mac
Downloads: Software & Manual
|Smart Player
Downloads: Software & Manual
|Video Converter
Downloads: Software & Manual
|HDD Download-Tool
Downloads: Software & Manual
|POS Instructions
Downloads: Manual
|Safari Reset Tool
Downloads: Software
|MacOSX (All Mac Versions)
4ch DVR
AS with all the equipment I've bought from here, this DVR has also been trouble free. Can't say enough about the customer service. This is why I buy only from here.
always happy
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One stop shop for your business or home
We looked at several other companies and couldn't find in their bundles what we wanted di or business. When we found SecurityCameraKing.com we were able to select the exact quality of cameras and receiver we needed. By purchasing the components here, we saved quite a bit from the bundles other companies offered and got better quality at the same time. We called their help line and the man we spoke with was friendly and knowledgeable. He made sure we had everything in the cart we needed. We received the shipment in 2 or 3 days and it was simple to install ourselves (I'm 55). The phone apps integrated seamlessly both on my iPhone and my wife's Android. Now she can creep on us while we're at work!
|Write Your Own Review | Read All Reviews...
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Artist description:
Wow,tired much?
Flash Draw Created Dec 14, 2008 470 x 338px Unless noted Copyright 2008 furubaluver101.
We encourage you to submit a comment and let the artist know what you think of this drawing. Please log in or join to post a comment.
Post a comment
LugiaMaster Jun 08, 2009
I knda feel like that too! hehe
itachi-sama94 Jun 07, 2009
lol. this is also me when i wake up.
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Contact Us - lit
Contact Us Header Banner
Nested Applications
Contact Side Information
How to Contact Us
For claims, billing or general customer service inquiries call 1-800-235-6943.
Customer Service Hours
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For information about a particular product or a question about your plan's coverage, a change of address, or to submit a claim, call us Monday through Friday between the hours 8AM and 7PM, Eastern Time at 1-800-235-6943.
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Mail claim forms to:
AGIA Affinity Services
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You fell in love with our very first interview with Bree Despain. You were very excited to listen to us chat with Ilyana Kadushin. Today we will rock your world with this exclusive interview with narrator, actor and writer Jenna Lamia. Well maybe that's a little exaggerated but we do think you'll enjoy this extra podcast. Listen in as Jenna tells us what it's like to work with, on and for some special projects. Namely for being our Grace from the Wolves of Mercy Falls series.
Links {*Jenna on Facebook*}{*Jenna on Audible*}


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I collected baseball cards from the late '80s through 2002. Then I went to college and when I came out, I was lost. There were too many brands, sets, choices, relics, autos, parallels, variations. It was a turn off. However, I slowly made my way back. So here is my attempt to venture back into the hobby. I'll buy a few packs of cards here and there, comment on some cards I have, send out some TTMs, and follow the progress of my Topps Yankees Project.
Saturday, April 30, 2011
Topps Opening Day Mascot Addition!!!
I don't think I tricked anyone. However, after reading Matt F's post about why he likes 2011 Opening Day, I realized that I may not like the Mascot cards because my team isn't represented. I know, I know, the Yanks are overly represented in nearly every other set and you're all surprised that a mascot of Mantle wasn't put into the set. Anyhow, I wanted to add card #26. Thanks to Topps Online Store for the template, and to Google Images for the lack of pictures of Dandy. Mostly, thanks to George Steinbrenner for doing away with this creepy mascot before I was even born.
2 comments:
The odd thing is I love the mascots set, but hate the Rockies mascot (damn dino).ReplyDelete
Mascots just have a way of making you feel like a kid again.
I remember Dandy. Not a fan at all.ReplyDelete
I read once the Yankees had an Uncle Sam type mascot back in the 40's and 50's. I always wished they could have kept him. I see older pennants and yearbooks with an Uncle Sam on them. I would have loved a Yankees Uncle Sam bobblehead.
Oh well, I'll be content with Scooter, the Staten Island Yankees mascot.


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The Transmongolian Railway runs through three countries, meaning there are two border crossings. When taking the railway from Russia to China, the first border crossing is from Russia to Mongolia.
Check out this video at the Russia to Mongolia border crossing:
We were told the wait was only two hours but we ended up being at the border for five hours! It was long but we got to see the sunset while crossing the border.
Thanks for watching! Subscribe to my YouTube channel for more videos as I travel the world: https://www.youtube.com/user/bethanylooi


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The rugged power of a Ram truck meets the comfort of a luxury interior. We designed the Ram 2500 with the comfort of our passengers in mind, giving every surface the utmost attention to detail.
Multiple Storage Solutions
- Luxury Interior Touches
- Versatile Seating Options for Optimum Passenger Comfort
The Ram 2500 is engineered to deliver outstanding performance in the toughest of conditions.
Class-Exclusive Five-Link Coil Rear Coil Suspension
- Best-In-Class Max Gas Towing of 16,320 Pounds and a Max Gas Payload of 3,990 Pounds1
- Available Class-Exclusive Rear Auto-Level Air Suspension


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Definition of Mid-Market: There is no generally accepted definition of what constitutes a Mid-Market transaction. For major international Investment Banks and Private Equity firms, Mid Market companies have Enterprise Values between €50M and €500M. For Boutique Investment Banks and Venture Capital firms, the range is more like €10M to €50M. At DealMasters, we have our own definition which is in line with the characteristics of our region, primarily the small domestic markets in which most companies operate.
For our purposes, Mid-Market transactions satisfy at least one of the following criteria:
Mid-Market transactions require much more than just a match-making service. Whether we are engaged by the sell-side or the buy-side, our mission is to provide the customized support needed by our clients to achieve their objectives - before, during or after a transaction.
In order to provide this support effectively, a full understanding of our clients objectives is essential. Our preliminary needs and objectives analysis is free of charge and often reveals alternative strategies and solutions that had never been considered by our clients.
Therefore, it pays to get us involved at an as early stage as possible.
Note that, for confidentiality reasons, most of our Mid-Market clients are not listed on this page.
Contacts us to discuss your acquisition objectives in strict confidence, as we may have a non-listed vendor that fits your requirements.
Our Corporate Brochure, which can be downloaded here, outlines the full scope of our services.