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Although hierarchies and markets (i.e., autonomy) have been subject to extensive study, heterarchies represent different modalities of organizing that have been little researched. Drawing on complexity theory and the main features of complex evolving systems (CES), this paper sets out to remedy this imbalance by showing that heterarchies feature highly decentralized and relatively stable interactions which are coordinated through an emergent process of parametric adaptation. Implications in terms of learning are discussed casting a new light on the delicate issue of motivation in Open Source software development.
Complex evolving systems
Linux case study
Heterarchies and coordination processes
Complexity theory may be thought of as a conceptual framework that helps us understand the nature of the world and the organizations we live in (MitletonKelly, 2003). It encompasses several theories emerging from the natural and social sciences such as biology, chemistry, mathematics, economics, and sociology, to name but a few.
Although the number of theories falling under the complexity umbrella is quite large, complexity theory can be divided into five main areas, namely: a) complex adaptive systems as studied at SFI and Europe; b) dissipative structures as studied by Ilya Prigogine and his coauthors; c) autopoiesis based on the work of Maturana in biology and its applications to social systems by Luhmann; d) chaos theory; and, e) increasing returns or path dependence as studied by Brian Arthur and other economists (MitletonKelly, 2003).
Despite the large number of theories and publications in the field, the issues pertaining to heterarchies (i.e., nested hierarchies) are still poorly understood to the point that very little research has been done in terms of quality of interactions let alone coordination within heterarchies. To remedy this imbalance, this paper makes use of key descriptive devices borrowed from complexity theory to show that heterarchies feature highly decentralized and yet relatively stable interactions which are coordinated through an emergent process of parametric adaptation.
To better spell out this logic, the remainder of this paper unfolds in the following fashion: section two introduces the concept of complex evolving systems (CES) and their main characteristics; section three conducts an indepth qualitative analysis of Linux to depict its social structure and introduce the concepts of loose coupling and heterarchy; section four discusses the issue of coordination within heterarchies by arguing that coordination is the byproduct of ordinary decisions undertaken in the pursuit of local interests; finally, section five summarizes the main implications deriving from our argument. Comparisons with firms and markets run in the background of the paper.
Complex evolving systems
Broadly speaking, complex evolving systems (CES) are systems that coevolve with their environment so that the evolution of one system is partially dependent on the evolution of other related systems within the larger ecosystem. Although the environment does not determine change, it does trigger change which is filtered by the system itself in accordance with the degree of connectivity or interdependence between its parts or elements (Maturana and Varela, 1992). The system itself influences its social ecosystem, thus engendering a situation of mutual influence or coevolution. Coevolution operates at different scales and, in a social context, it applies to individuals and groups within the organization, as well as to organizations coevolving with their broader social ecosystem. Besides coevolution, CES exhibit the following characteristics:
a) Connectivity or interdependence:
Connectivity applies to the interrelatedness of elements within a system, as well as to the relatedness between systems. Connectivity is inextricably bound up with interdependence considering that the higher the degree of connectivity between elements or subsystems, the larger their interdependence. Complexity theory explicitly addresses the question of how much interconnection is desirable by analyzing the properties of systems with a large number of interdependent or interconnected parts (Carroll and Burton, 2000; Kuwabara, 2000). One of its most intriguing findings is that the most adaptive systems exist at a poised state between too little and too much interconnection that, broadly speaking, is referred to as the "edge of chaos" (Carroll and Burton, 2000). Accordingly, systems that feature a low degree of interconnectedness are too static, while systems that are overly connected are inherently unstable. Such systems have also been modeled in socalled NK models where N stands for the number of elements in the system and K for their degree of interdependence (Kauffman, 1993). It has been shown that when the degree of interdependence between the elements in the system is too high (as K → N), the system is too disordered since minor changes or perturbations stemming from the environment rapidly diffuse through the entire system, thus leading to constant instability, as well as interaction catastrophe. Conversely, when the elements exhibit too little interconnection (as K → 0), they tend to be relatively isolated so that any change or perturbation in a single element will affect few, if any, other elements. This state, therefore, leads to too much stability because the system is locked into one or very few patterns of behavior. Loose coupling is similar to a relatively low K condition, where there is functional semiautonomy between subsystems which are less richly interconnected than fully joined systems [1];
b) Selforganization or emergence:
Another key characteristic of all CES is represented by selforganization or emergence. External constraints or perturbations trigger changes that, depending on the degree of internal connectivity, are likely to create a higherlevel system with new order and structure emerging spontaneously from the interaction of individual elements. Put differently, CES exhibit selforganizing behavior whereby, starting from a random state created by any perturbations, they usually evolve toward order rather than disorder (Anderson, 1999). This very same evolutionary process is also labeled emergence to underscore the process whereby new order happens. While in systems theory emergence is related to the concept of "whole" — i.e., that a system needs to be seen as an interacting whole rather than as an assembly of distinct and separate parts some biologists see emergence as the transition from local rules or principles of interaction between individual components or agents to global principles encompassing the entire collection of agents [2]. Ilya Prigogine, who was awarded the 1977 Nobel Prize for chemistry, has reinterpreted the Second Law of Thermodynamics claiming that "under certain conditions, entropy itself becomes the progenitor of order" [3];
c) Exploration of the space of possibilities:Whenever external constraints or perturbations trigger change, the homogeneity of a current order is broken so that the system is pushed to search its space of possibilities for new order. It is worth stressing that this process of exploration is a major source of innovation and diversification because it represents a move away from established patterns of work and behavior. Far from being a costless process, searching the space of possibilities often leads to new solutions which might be antithetical to established ways of organizing, thus propelling a trade off between exploitation of past routines and exploration of alternative sources of future viability (March, 1991; Levinthal, 1997). March [4], for instance, maintains that"[a] central concern of studies of adaptive processes is the relation between the exploration of new possibilities and the exploitation of old certainties ... Exploration includes things captured by terms such as search, variation, risk taking, experimentation, play, flexibility, discovery, innovation. Exploitation includes such things as refinement, choice, production, efficiency, selection, implementation, execution. Adaptive systems that engage in exploration to the exclusion of exploitation are likely to find that they suffer the costs of experimentation without gaining many of its benefits. They exhibit too many undeveloped new ideas and too little distinctive competence. Conversely, systems that engage in exploitation to the exclusion of exploration are likely to find themselves trapped in suboptimal stable equilibria. As a result, maintaining an appropriate balance between exploration and exploitation is a primary factor in system survival and prosperity";
Feedback processes:
CES feature complex feedback processes between their parts. In human systems, the degree of connectivity (dependency or epistatic interaction i.e., the extent to which the fitness contribution made by one individual depends on related individuals) often determines the strength of feedback. When applied to human interactions, feedback means influence that changes potential action and behavior. Furthermore, in human interaction feedback is rarely a straightforward inputprocessoutput procedure with perfectly predictable and determined outputs. Actions and behaviors may vary according to their degree of connectivity between different individuals, as well as with time and context (MitletonKelly, 2003). Despite the serious possibility that multilevel, multiprocess, nonlinear influences should be acknowledged, complexity scholars mostly contemplate only two typologies of feedback, namely positive or deviationamplifying and negative or deviationcounteracting feedback. The former is also labeled as selfreinforcing feedback, while the latter as selfstabilizing feedback. Selfreinforcing feedback is path dependent and locked into previous states or paths considering that the specific paths that a system may follow depend on its past history [5], although there may be several possible evolutionary paths in the space of possibilities.
Ultimately, this brief and by no means comprehensive analysis of the main characteristics of CES shows that complexity theory provides scholars with a general framework that can be used to understand different organizational forms, as well as modalities of organizing. By drawing on the pivotal concepts of connectivity and emergence, this paper takes heterarchy as a paradigmatic example to be contrasted to and compared with other modalities of organizing, namely autonomy (i.e., market) and hierarchy (i.e., firm) so as to cast a new light on the quality of interactions and the various coordination processes that are ubiquitous to different organizational forms.
Linux case study
Linux is a Unixlike operating system started by Linus Torvalds in 1991 as a private research project. In the early history of the project Torvalds wrote most of the code himself. After a few months of work he managed to create a reasonably useful and stable version of the program and, therefore, decided to post it on a Usenet newsgroup to get a great number of individuals to contribute to the project [6]. Between 1991 and 1994 the project size burgeoned to the point that in 1994 Linux was officially released as version 1.0. It is now available for free; it is constantly being revised and improved in parallel by an increasing number of volunteers (Kollock, 1999).
Although the Linux development process is not random (Axelrod and Cohen, 1999; Tuomi, 2002; Muffatto and Faldani, 2003), practitioners ascribe the chaotic nature of the project to its early release cycles, its independent peer review process and its parallel development (Raymond, 1999). This logic, in turn, triggers a challenging question: if the Linux development process seems to emerge out of a "succession of miracles" [7], how do programmers go about organizing their activities so as to act collectively?
Based on an indepth qualitative investigation of Linux mailing lists, we submit that a heterarchy has spontaneously emerged from the developers' interactions featuring hierarchies nested within larger hierarchies [8]. To exemplify this point, consider the following comment posted on the Linux kernel mailing list (LKML) by Linus Torvalds, the chief maintainer, in response to Rob Landley's suggestion to create a "patch penguin" to filter incoming software features to Torvalds himself:"Some thinking, for one thing. One 'patch penguin' scales no better than I do. In fact, I will claim that most of them scale a whole lot worse. The fact is, we've had 'patch penguins' pretty much forever, and they are called subsystem maintainers. They maintain their own subsystem, i.e., people like David Miller (networking), Kai Germaschewski (ISDN), Greg KH (USB), Ben Collins (firewire), Al Viro (VFS), Andrew Morton (ext3), Ingo Molnar (scheduler), Jeff Garzik (network drivers) etc., etc. ... A word of warning: good maintainers are hard to find. Getting more of them helps, but at some point it can actually be more useful to help the _existing_ ones. I've got about tentwenty people I really trust, and quite frankly, the way people work is hardcoded in our DNA. Nobody 'really trusts' hundreds of people. The way to make these things scale out more is to increase the network of trust not by trying to push it on me, but by making it more of a _network_, not a startopology around me. In short: don't try to come up with a 'patch penguin'. Instead try to help existing maintainers, or maybe help grow new ones. THAT is the way to scalability" [9].
Although Landley was pushing for an artificial design intervention aimed at institutionalizing a new figure in the Linux development process, namely the "Patch Penguin," Torvalds' remarks eloquently stress that the only way to make the network scale is to work with a limited number of individuals who, in turn, work with their own trusted circles. The upshot of this process is a different way of organizing activities that resembles a heterarchy rather than a hierarchy, as illustrated below:
Figure 1: Linux social structure.
Legend: T=Torvalds; TL=Trusted Lieutenant; CM=Credited Maintainer; D/U= Developer/User.
What are heterarchies? Heterarchies are nested hierarchies (Jen, 2002) where the concept of hierarchy does not mean official channels or chains of command from the top down [10]; "[i]nstead, in this context, hierarchy means only that subsystems can differentiate into further subsystems and that a transitive relation of containment within containment emerges" [11]. Put differently, heterarchies can be conceptualized as loosely coupled systems considering that, since each system is a part of the whole, as well as being a whole in its own right [12], we can envisage an ensemble of systems where the coupling between systems is weak or loose because the interactions between systems are less direct and less frequent (i.e., lower K) than those within systems [13].
Another way to grasp this idea is to think of loosely coupled systems as less richly connected networks where perturbations are slow to spread and/or weak while spreading (Weick, 1976). As Figure 2 shows, they exhibit weak ties between their subsystems and strong ties within them [14]:
Figure 2: Heterarchies as loosely coupled systems.
Legend: T=Torvalds; TL=Trusted Lieutenant; CM=Credited Maintainer; D/U= Developer/User.
Despite the trade off between exploration and exploitation (March, 1991; Levinthal, 1997), loosely coupled systems are viable alternatives to such a trade off because they are able to search the space of possibilities through localized adaptations while maintaining local stabilities which ignore limited perturbations elsewhere in the system (Glassman, 1973). Loosely coupled systems like heterarchies feature a relatively low degree of interdependence or connectivity between their subsystems (i.e., relatively low K). Interdependence or connectivity, in addition, is a variable rather than a constant in these systems because the degree of coupling between their parts tends to change over time. Compared with hierarchies, heterarchies feature more decentralized interactions where the various actors adapt to each other in a parametric fashion [15]. Contrasted to markets (i.e., autonomy), heterarchies feature relatively more stable interactions considering that, normally, individuals interact with the same number of interactants (i.e., developers belonging to their subsystem) rather than any buyers or sellers. This, in turn, implies that interactions within networks, as well as firms, are more frequent, more consistent (i.e., less substitutable) and more predictable than those characterizing spot markets.
Table 1 below summarizes these ideas while highlighting the coordination processes (March and Simon, 1958; Thompson, 1967) typical of each organizational form:
Table 1: A comparison of organizational forms and modalities of organizing.
Organizational form Firm Network Market Modality of organizing Hierarchy Heterarchy Autonomy Quality of interactions Stable and centralized Relatively stable and decentralized Transient and decentralized Coordination processes Coordination by plan/authority Coordination by parametric/mutual adjustment Coordination by standardization/price mechanism
Notice that we have purposely placed networks in the center of the table because we want to convey the idea that networks are either metaforms or organizational forms lying between markets and firms. Having clarified these preliminary ideas, we need to ask: how does coordination take place within heterarchies? The following section takes up this challenging question.
Heterarchies and coordination processes
If heterarchy is a different modality of organizing as opposed to hierarchy and autonomy, how do people go about coordinating their activities within it? Social theorists have clearly identified two coordination patterns characterizing firms and markets, namely authority and the price mechanism [16]. What about networks?
We submit that heterarchies operate in accordance with the principle of emergence or selforganization insofar as coordination is the byproduct of ordinary decisions undertaken in the pursuit of local interests (Lindblom, 1965; Warglien and Masuch, 1996). Put differently, networks feature a large number of interdependent decision makers where each decision maker adapts to prior decisions in a parametric fashion. Each decision maker considers prior decisions to which it is worth adapting if, and only if, by so doing, the decision maker is better off.
To exemplify, consider a situation where subordinates comply with a set of decisions defined by their supervisors. Compare this scenario with a situation where the same individuals adapt their decisions to each other in a spontaneous fashion. Diagrammatically, these two situations are illustrated as follows:
Figure 3: Centrally regulated complex decision making.
Adapted from Lindblom (1965).
Figure 4: Complex decision making through mutual adjustment.
Adapted from Lindblom (1965).
(1) Each letter indicates a decision maker.
(2) means that decisions by y are adjusted to decisions by x.
Notice that in Figure 4, decision making through mutual adjustment, the relations can be either symmetric such as a, b d, e t, l or asymmetric such as a, f b, c d, b t, a t, n the former qualifying mutual reciprocity, the latter lack of reciprocity or symmetry. According to our definition, both states of affairs feature coordination. In the former we witness a centralized form of coordination characterized by tightly coupled ends and means where individuals acknowledge the supervisory role of their managers and adapt to their decisions (i.e., goals). In the latter we observe a decentralized coordination process where adaptation is triggered by the pursuit of localized or partisan interests. The crucial point of this logic is that,"[f]or centrally coordinated decisions one can distinguish between decisions to be coordinated, on the one hand, and the coordinating decisions, on the other; hence one might study coordination processes as distinct from decision processes taken generally. For partisan mutual adjustments, however, every decision is itself part of the coordinating process; there exists no separate set of coordinating decisions" [17].
But how does this logic apply to coordination in the Open Source setting?
Consider, for instance, the release of new versions of the source code in the Linux development process. Developers, regardless of their role, adapt to Torvalds' releases in the pursuit of their own interests, given that only a small group of developers are interested in the latest kernel features and are going to download the latest releases. This, in turn, implies that coordination is the byproduct of ordinary decisions rather than centralized coordinating decisions. Thus, coordination is a process of parametric adaptation (Lindblom, 1965; Warglien and Masuch, 1996) which is bound to emerge spontaneously from the pursuit of local interests. Torvalds' own comments help clarify the highly decentralized nature of coordination within heterarchies:
"... You see that as a sorry statement, but I don't think it's a failure. Why _should_ one tree have to try to make everybody happy? We want to try to make it easier to keep the couplings in place by striving for portable infrastructure etc, but we would only be hampered by a philosophy that says 'everything has to work in tree X', since that just means that you can"t afford to break things.
I'd much rather keep the freedom to break stuff, and have many separate trees that break _different_ things, and let them all coexist in a friendly rivalry.
And my tree is just one tree in that forest.
So it's not a bug it's a FEATURE!" [18].
Not only can developers download Torvalds' latest releases in accordance with their own interests and skills; they can even start their own release cycles which coevolve with Torvalds' releases in a "friendly rivalry" [19]. Axelrod and Cohen (1999) argue, at this purpose, that"[f]rom a Complex Adaptive Systems point of view, the possibility for volunteers to create working variants increases massively the variety of the population of operating systems. In successful open source cases such as Linux, that variety has been harnessed to yield a very effective result, although many observers expected chaos to result from the rapid injection of many potentially incompatible variants" [20].
This host of software variants, additionally, spurs longterm adaptability through better search of the space of possibilities (Stark, 2001; Iannacci, 2003). Moreover, multiple, nonlinear feedback processes seem to operate simultaneously considering that "every contributor of a proposed variant can make a completely functional new version that can be tested locally" [21] and made available globally by means of mailing lists functioning as feedback channels.
The logic of parametric adaptive adjustments is further corroborated by the "network of people" approach modality of organizing. McVoy of BitMover the business producing the versioning tool BitKeeper (BK) has aptly described the interaction flows characterizing the Linux development process by arguing that this process is a:"... kind of a star [shape], with Linus in the center, surrounded by a ring of lieutenants, and these lieutenants surrounded by a ring of flunkies, may be the flunkies surrounded by a ring of flunkies' flunkies, but the flow of the information is through this star, and there are filters. So that you end up with Linus getting stuff that most of the time he doesn't have to work on very hard, because somebody he trusts has already filtered it" [22].
In other words, when developers intend to implant new features in forthcoming releases, they do not send their patches to Torvalds directly. Instead, they interact with their credited maintainers who, in turn, forward their patches to trusted lieutenants who eventually send them to Torvalds. Once again a process of parametric adaptation spontaneously emerges without any need to resort to centralized decisions. Individuals adjust to prior decisions in pursuit of local interests. Put differently, not only is it in the interest of local developers to see their patches in forthcoming releases; credited maintainers, trusted lieutenants, as well as the project leader himself, are interested in adapting to decisions made by lowerlevel developers to preserve their network of trust. Moreover, heterarchy itself seems to be a systemlevel property which is the byproduct of these structured interactions between and among developers. Far from being a property of single elements or components, we contend that heterarchy is an emergent structure of the social system fabric.
Consider, finally, what happens when developers post new features or bugs on the mailing lists: a mutual equivalence structure (Weick, 1979) emerges based on the norm of generalized reciprocity (Iannacci, 2003; Lanzara and Morner, 2003; Weber, 2004) due to the "expectation of future benefit but just what the benefit will be and whether it will actually ever be forthcoming are uncertain" [23]. Mutual equivalence structures, in other words, are based on mutual prediction rather than mutual sharing because people are willing to contribute their time and skills in the expectation of future benefit. Contributions will take place in those areas where contributors have specialized knowledge and/or a vested interest so as to nurture their knowledge and/or interests. Heterarchies, therefore, are much more learningoriented than hierarchies because people can make decentralized decisions in the pursuit of their own interests and skills. These individsual decisions cannot be made within a hierarchical structure where subordinates are constrained by decisions of leaders [24].
This paper examined the quality of interactions, as well as the coordination processes, characterizing different organizational forms. By taking heterarchy as a paradigmatic example, it argues that connectivity features different traits within three stereotypical organizational forms, namely stability and centralization (firms), relative stability and decentralization (networks) and transience and decentralization (spot markets).
Considering literature on firms and markets, the paper subsequently focuses on studying the coordination processes typical of networks. Coordination is an emergent process of parametric adaptation whereby highly decentralized decision makers adjust to prior decisions by undertaking actions in the pursuit of localized interests.
More research needs to be done along these lines. For instance, the process of parametric adaptive adjustment can, to a certain extent, take place within markets other than networks. Yet, while in markets people adapt to numerical parameters, networks feature nonnumerical parameters. A host of issues lie behind this simple observation considering that numbers are highly standardized symbol systems (Kallinikos, 2001) that allow for more transient interactions than alternative symbol systems. Networks rely on alternative signaling mechanisms (Lerner and Tirole, 2000; Iannacci, 2002) to convey information and these mechanisms need to be accurately pinpointed in their various configurations. Additionally, the very institutional environment where networks operate is fundamentally different from the institutional setting of alternative organizational forms, the former pivoting around the right to distribute, the latter around the right to exclude (Moody, 2001; Weber, 2004). What are the implications of different institutional settings? How does it change across various configurations of networks?
Weber (2004) noted the ways in which some scholars use the term "selforganization" as a "placeholder for an unspecified mechanism" [25]. By acknowledging that selforganization is a useful contrast to "overarching authority and governance," Weber (2004) asked for an explanation of the processes whereby local interactions add up to "global" order. This paper may be thought of as an answer to Weber's concerns. We have shown that "global" order ensues from local interactions by means of a process of parametric adaptations. Organizing requires common means rather than common ends because "people don't have to agree on goals to act collectively" [26], their convergence on common goals coming much later, if ever at all.
Of course, there are alternative explanations. Networks might just be sets of social practices rather than meta or new organizational forms (Kallinikos, forthcoming). There are obvious limitations to patterns of interaction in the absence of systems (Weick, 1974). Open Source projects do not feature consistent communication structures, especially related to bug fixing (Crowston and Howison, 2005). Our findings hint that heterarchies are more learningoriented than hierarchies, thus suggesting that, among the cluster of motives inspiring Open Source developers, learning should be given a high ranking.
Within Open Source development, the social dynamics of coordination processes are fragmented, disjointed and incremental. If one agrees that developers opt for a modular structure before the Open Source process gets under way (Feller and Fitzgerald, 2002), then the only coordination pattern that fits into this modular structure is fragmented, disjointed and incremental. In line with Lindblom (1965) and Warglien and Masuch (1996), we have labeled this pattern as parametric adaptive adjustment. No wonder little light has so far been cast on the social dynamics of the Open Source process. Practitioners seem too intent to emphasize the chaotic nature of this phenomenon often forgetting that, "given that decision making is incremental and disjointed, more rather than fewer decision makers can facilitate coordination" [27]. As the number of developers grows, the possibilities for coordination are even greater. More rather than fewer developers bring more skills, interests, energies and intelligences to the issue of coordination, thus attacking problems from multiple vantage points and selecting the best emergent solutions. To reiterate, from a complexity perspective, the same process may also be seen as one of selforganization and exploration of the space of possibilities by the multiple developers as well as of emergent structures, based on both positive and negative feedback processes. The entire ensemble demonstrates weak and strong coupling, connectivity, interdependence and networking, with different patterns of connectivity and networking emerging as required. Finally, the Linux case shows both shortterm adaptation to changes in the social and technical ecosystem, as well as longer term coevolution, where mutual influence creates new behaviors and new technical developments.
About the authors
Federico Iannacci is a scholar at the London School of Economics who is about to complete his PhD in the Department of Information Systems. He holds a Laurea in Economics and Finance from the University of Siena and a Master's in Human Resource Management from the New Jersey Institute of Technology, where he represented the University of Siena throughout the 1999/2000 academic year. He is the author of "The Linux managing model," published in First Monday in 2003 (see http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue8_12/iannacci/), and "The economics of OpenSource networks," published in Communications and Strategies in 2002 (see http://opensource.mit.edu/papers/iannacci.pdf). He is currently involved with TWIST, a nonprofit organization aimed at setting nonproprietary, Open Source standards in the banking industry. His areas of research include the management of innovation and the organizational design of new electronic work environments.
Web: http://personal.lse.ac.uk/iannacci/
Email: F [dot] Iannacci [at] lse [dot] ac [dot] uk.
Eve MitletonKelly is the Director and founder of the Complexity Research Program at the London School of Economics; Visiting Professor at the Open University; Coordinator of Links with Industry & Government in the European Network of Excellence, "Exystence" (see http://www.complexityscience.org/index.php); and, Executive Director of Society for Organizational Learning London (SOLUK). Her recent work has concentrated on the implications of theories of complexity for IT legacy systems as well as organizational learning and the emergence of organizational forms. She is the editor of Complex systems and evolutionary perspectives on organisations: The application of complexity theory to organisations (Amsterdam: Pergamon, 2003).
Web: http://email@example.com/
Email: E [dot] MitletonKelly [at] lse [dot] ac [dot] uk.
The authors are grateful for the assistance of Jannis Kallinikos and the comments of Giovan Francesco Lanzara, Prodromos Tsiavos and Edgar Whitley.
1. Carroll and Burton, 2000, p. 322.
2. MitletonKelly, 2003, p. 19.
3. MitletonKelly, 2003, p. 11.
5. MitletonKelly, 2003, p. 17.
6. At a later stage, Linux code was posted under GNU/GPL.
8. Our methodology can be defined as a longitudinal case study. We have analyzed the decisionmaking patterns characterizing the Linux development process from its very inception. We have taken a set of two contingent responses between and among perceived others interacting over the Internet (i.e., the double interact) as our unit of analysis to investigate the unfolding of the decisionmaking processes punctuating the everyday life of this largescale system with the purpose of shedding some light on the apparent chaotic nature of successful Open Source projects.
9. Source: http://www.ussg.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0201.3/1070.html, last accessed 23 April 2005.
10. Jen (2002, p. 4) maintains that heterarchies are "interconnected, overlapping, often hierarchical networks with individual components simultaneously belonging to and acting in multiple networks, and with the overall dynamics of the system both emerging and governing the interactions of these networks."
12. MitletonKelly, 2003, p. 23.
13. Orton and Weick, 1990; Beekun and Glick, 2001. It is worth stressing that, by definition, the degree of connectivity in loosely coupled systems changes over time. This, in turn, implies that parts that were loosely coupled might become more tightly coupled and vice versa. The crucial point, however, is that these parts always belong to greater wholes which, in turn, are only weakly interconnected with most other parts of their even larger wholes. On the former point see Weick, 1974.
14. Simon, 1962; Luhmann, 1995. Simon (1962) has given this possibility the stature of a hypothesis that he calls the "empty world" hypothesis. Simon explains that we should witness higher frequency of interaction within subsystems (i.e., strong ties) than between subsystems (i.e., weak ties).
15. Parametric adaptation is a process whereby individual agents take the behavior of others as a parameter to which they are willing to adapt if, and only if, it is in their interest to do so. On this point see Warglien and Masuch (1996) who argue that parametric adaptations are typical of organized anarchies.
16. It is worth stressing that while modalities of organizing refer to the structural features of organizing, coordination patterns look at this very same phenomenon from a process perspective.
17. Lindblom, 1965, p. 32; original emphasis.
18. Emphasis in original message, Source: http://www.ussg.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0307.1/0920.html, last accessed 24 April 2005.
19. Noteworthy among these cycles are the stable versions released by other trusted lieutenants. Additionally, it is worth stressing that, although Torvalds is in charge of the kernel, which is architecture independent, as well as of the Intel x86 platform, several corporations have started releasing architecturedependent branches suitable for PPC, Sparc, Sparc64, etc., thus spurring a situation where the kernel and its subsystems have been growing at a superlinear rate over time. On this point, see http://plg.uwaterloo.ca/~migod/papers/icsm00.pdf.
20. Axelrod and Cohen, 1999, p. 54.
22. McVoy as quoted by Moody, 2001, p. 179. It is worth noticing that in early April 2005, Torvalds has replaced BK with Git, a tool that like BK does not rely on a single, centralized database and maintains a similar workflow for incorporating new patches. For further details see http://www.linux.org/news/2005/04/21/0012.html, last accessed 24 April 2005.
23. Lindblom, 1965, p. 75. Kollock (1999) draws on Yamagishi and Cook (1993) to explain this concept: "if I help a stranded motorist in my community, I do not expect that motorist to return the favor, but I may hope and expect someone else in the community to offer me aid should I be in a similar situation." It is worth stressing that in this example a network generalized exchange takes place without the use of technology. This logic, in turn, raises the interesting issue of how much coordination can be ascribed to technology and how much to such social artifacts as norms (i.e., shared ways to attain outcomes). Considering the burgeoning number of coordinating tools and associated papers emerging in the Open Source literature (see for instance the 4th Workshop on Open Source Software Engineering, at http://opensource.ucc.ie/icse2004/, accessed 24 April 2005), this article may be read as an attempt to shed light on the latter artifacts.
24. In complexity theory terms, therefore, developers may be thought of as coevolving agents where the process of coevolution is triggered by reciprocal influence and learning.
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S.A. Kauffman, 1993. The origins of order: Selforganization and selection in evolution. New York: Oxford University Press.
P. Kollock, 1999. "The economies of online cooperation: Gifts and public goods in cyberspace," In: M. Smith and P. Kollock (editors). Communities in cyberspace. London: Routledge; draft at http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/soc/faculty/kollock/papers/economies.htm, accessed 24 April 2005.
K. Kuwabara, 2000. "Linux: A bazaar at the edge of chaos," First Monday, volume 5, number 3 (March), at http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue5_3/kuwabara/, accessed 22 February 2002.
G.F. Lanzara and M. Morner, 2003. "The knowledge ecology of Open-Source software projects," 19th EGOS Colloquium (35 July 2003, Copenhagen), at http://opensource.mit.edu/papers/lanzaramorner.pdf, accessed 7 July 2003.
J. Lerner and J. Tirole, 2000. "The simple economics of Open Source," National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Working Paper, number 7600, at http://papers.nber.org/papers/w7600, accessed 24 April 2005.
D.A. Levinthal, 1997. "Adaptation on rugged landscapes," Management Science, volume 43, number 7, pp. 934950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.43.7.934
C.E. Lindblom, 1965. The intelligence of democracy: Decision making through mutual adjustment. New York: Free Press.
N. Luhmann, 1995. Social systems. Translated by J. Bednarz, Jr., with D. Baecker. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
J.G. March, 1991. "Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning," Organization Science, volume 2, number 1, pp. 7187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327000em0503_8
J.G. March and H.A. Simon, 1958. Organizations. New York: Wiley.
H.R. Maturana and F.J. Varela, 1992. The tree of knowledge: The biological roots of human understanding. Translated by R. Paolucci. Boston: Shambhala.
E. MitletonKelly, 2003. "Ten principles of complexity and enabling infrastructures," In: E. MitletonKelly (editor). Complex systems and evolutionary perspectives on organisations: The application of complexity theory to organisations. Amsterdam: Pergamon, 2003.
G. Moody, 2001. Rebel code: Linux and the Open Source revolution. London: Allen Lane.
M. Muffatto and A. Faldani, 2003. "Open Source as a complex adaptive system," Emergence, volume 5, number 3, pp. 83100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327000em0503_8
J.D. Orton and K.E. Weick, 1990. "Loosely coupled systems: A reconceptualization," Academy of Management Review, volume 15, number 2, pp. 203223.
E.S. Raymond, 1999. The cathedral and the bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an accidental revolutionary. Cambridge, Mass.: O'Reilly.
H. Simon, 1962. "The architecture of complexity," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, volume 106, pp. 467482.
D. Stark, 2001. "Ambiguous assets for uncertain environments: Heterarchy in postsocialist firms," In: P. DiMaggio (editor). The twentyfirstcentury firm: Changing economic organization in international perspective. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
J.D. Thompson, 1967. Organizations in action: Social science bases of administrative theory. New York: McGrawHill.
I. Tuomi, 2002. Networks of innovation: Change and meaning in the age of the Internet. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
M. Warglien and M. Masuch, 1996. "Introduction," In: M. Warglien and M. Masuch (editors). The logic of organizational disorder. Berlin: W. de Gruyter. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110871814
S. Weber, 2004. The success of Open Source. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
K.E. Weick, 1979. The social psychology of organizing. Second edition. Reading, Mass.: AddisonWesley.
K.E. Weick, 1976. "Educational organizations as loosely coupled systems," Administrative Science Quarterly, volume 21, number 1, pp. 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2391875
K.E. Weick, 1974. "Middle range theories of social systems," Behavioral Science, volume 19, number 6, pp. 357367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bs.3830190602
Editorial history
Paper received 3 April 2005; accepted 22 April 2005.
Copyright ©2005, Federico Iannacci and Eve MitletonKelly.
Beyond markets and firms: The emergence of Open Source networks by Federico Iannacci and Eve MitletonKelly
First Monday, Volume 10, Number 5 - 2 May 2005
A Great Cities Initiative of the University of Illinois at Chicago University Library.
© First Monday, 1995-2019. ISSN 1396-0466.


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I am represented by Pierogi Gallery, located in Manhattan's Lower East Side, New York.
Pierogi Gallery
155 Suffolk Street
New York, New York 10002
(646) 423-9073
My page:
Copyright 2010 Mark Reynolds
No reuse or unauthorized
use is permitted without the express
written permission of Mark
A. Reynolds, the artist represented at markareynolds.com.
Website Designed by Tyler Hansen

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Who I am
My name is Luke Alford, I'm a web developer & Web Designer hybrid. skilled in HTML, CSS, JS & PHP I'm ready to deliver on time, budget and bug free for any idea or website you have.
The Short version? I'm..
- A results focused web developer / web designer who knows what it takes to deliver a bug free and on time project
- A freelancer that runs his company like a business – not a creative diva. I strive for deadlines, well written briefs and clear communication.
- A Developer / Designer hybrid, I entered the Web industry as a designer, now I'm a web developer and web designer.
The full story.
I started playing with computers at around the age of 6, I remember putting a 5.56 inch floppy disc in my fathers 386 IBM to play NBA, it was awesome. Skip forward to around, 12 I was still playing bucket loads of video games on the computer. But also loved the web, I didn't get a decent internet connection till I was 14, until then it was 56k and was relativity usable on text based sites.
Around 14 I started focusing on creation, this meant I learnt to use Photoshop and started making all sorts in it, I loved mocking up websites and idea's I had, I got my first design job for a website when I was 16, it was a small little gaming website(what's the luck, my first job was relativity close to my favourite past time). The site is long gone, and I'm sad I can't show you some screenshots(Always back up!). From that day onwards I knew I wanted to make a career out of web development and web design.
Moving forward a year I was having much trouble getting my freshly made web designs & prototypes to be functional, web developers were hard to find and highly out of my budget and lacked the creative & UX skills. This is were I taught myself HTML, CSS, JS and PHP, and this is what I've been focusing on ever since and have grown in to highly talented web developer and web designer hybrid combo(they are a rare!).
When I left secondary college, I went to South West Tafe and got my Diploma of Interactive Digital Media & Certificate IV of Design. After Tafe, I continued networking and growing my skills.
Now 24 in the last 10 year, I've worked for lots of different clients ranging from Agency's, Political, Corporate, Events, Start ups & Small Business. Working with such a vast amount of clients has given me the diversity and skills to deliver any project on time and on budget.


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Tag: book reviews
Updated on January 25, 2016
Love You Forever, a Book Review
Book reviews are subjective because our feelings about a book are very personal. Two people can read the exact same book. One will love it. The other totally dislike it. Will a book review influence either to change …


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CHARLESTON, S.C. — As the month of February continues to move along, the Big South regular season title could go to any one of seven teams.
With six games left on the slate before Wednesday night's action, seven teams are within three games of first place in the league. Three teams, including the Liberty Flames, find themselves at 6-6 in league play, and are still within striking distance of the league-leading UNC Asheville Bulldogs (9-3).
From here on out, each win is important. The Flames will put their three game winning streak on the line on Wednesday night against the Charleston Southern Buccaneers. It marks the second of two regular season meetings between the two programs this season, and Liberty will look for another win to continue to move up the standings, while the Buccaneers will look to bounce back after a loss in their last outing.
Here's what you need to know in advance of Wednesday night's Big South battle in Charleston, SC between Liberty and Charleston Southern. Continue reading Liberty Looks to Extend Winning Streak With a Road Contest at Charleston Southern


text: The Accounting X Factor for Bookkeeping Financial Reporting Accounting combined with Bookkeeping Financial Reporting, not the reality TV show with aspiring singers. However it does share something in common. Both require a good deal of courage, and there's still a good deal of judgement and consequences when things go wrong. Many entrepreneurs throw their hands in the air and give up on controlling or wrangling with their financial affairs. Often they give this over to their accountant who takes complete control of the budget. Although this often means that they give up valuable learning opportunities. When speaking with your accounting services specialist, do you ask lots of questions? As the old saying goes, the only silly question is the one that's not asked. These questions are never easy, but when you start asking them you will find a whole wealth of information about bookkeeping, accounting, and financial reporting with City Tax Accountants….


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The cookie settings on this website are set to 'allow all cookies' to give you the very best experience. Please click Accept Cookies to continue to use the site.
Why not treat a friend to one of our great online gift certificates You choose the amount you want to give from £1 to £1000 . Why not add one to your cart today ?


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Ferrvor Men are the epitome of great style. They exude pure confidence in every aspect of their lives. Ferrvor's way to style is simple: great style makes a man radiate bold tenacity and poise.
Story By: Tony Madrid
Images By: Ferrvor Staff
Style is the essence of a man, it can change his demeanor and the way he is regarded. Our Ferrvor Man Michael Malarkey is an excellent example of a man with classic style. He presents himself with the confidence of a Ferrvor Man. Simple and classic style dress Michael in an effortless way.
Here is an ideal illustration of how to dress for the season. Those sunny Los Angeles days can leave you in a delicate situation. Try a light blazer and matching trousers paired with a simple cotton tee. Don't be afraid to try bold colors. Go with a monochromatic suit and simple accessories like sunglasses and a silver ring.
The definition of a man is simple and personal. The same applies to your style. So go forth and conquer!


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So what are the biggest style trends as we head into the season finale? They are not all that different from the fashion trends – retro-inspired looks and lots of details are in.
Here are some tips that will help you achieve the looks that the stars are bringing to the red carpet!
Braided/Boho Look
1. Bumble and Bumble PrepSpray
2. Bumble and Bumble thickening spray
3. L'Oreal volumizing mousse
4. Comb through dry hair completely.
5. To prevent flyaways when you braid I used Supremo's Magic Move helps control hair while you braid.
6. Sprayed with L'Oreal Elnet
30's Vintage/Modern
1. Sally Hershberger product-ShapeUp Volumizer for volume (found online or at salon)
2. L'Oreal volumizing mousse.
3. Pin curled whole head with 3/4″curling iron.
4. To add control to dry hair I used Supremo's Magic move after I took pins out. Defines curls without weigh it down.
5. Sprayed with Sally Hershberger Body Works to add more body.
60's Bridget Bardot-Inspired Look
1. Bumble&Bumble Thickening spray.
2. L'Oreal vol. mousse. Rough dry
3. Set in hot rollers
4. Spray with Sally Hershberger Body Works Spray
5. Part in middle.
6. Tease the top.
7. Bring to a side ponytail keeping sides clean and tight.
8. Brush pony to keep it smooth and polished.
Suzanne's Updo
1. Bumble and Bumble thickening spray
2. L'Oreal vol. mousse
3. Rough dry.
4. Bring hair into a smooth high ponytail.
5. Curl, tease for texture…mold accordingly and add head bands.
Related Links:
Please see the facebook——–innovations by srilankans
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CORVA LEARNS THAT GOVERNOR BROWN JUST SIGNED SB 249 bill package.
Sacramento, Calif. –In 1982, Governor Brown signed Assembly Bill 2397 that created the Off Highway Motorized Vehicle Recreation Program within the Department of Parks and Recreation. This afternoon his office notified CORVA that the Governor just signed Senate Bill 249 into law. This means that after 35 years, the OHMVR Program is now a permanent part of the California Department of Parks and Recreation dedicated to providing safe and sustainable off-road opportunities in the state.
Prior to the introduction of Senate Bill 249, the California Off-Highway Vehicle Recreation Program was set to expire at the end of this year. When Senate Bill 249 was first introduced to reauthorize the Off Highway Motorized Vehicle Recreation program at the start of this legislative session, the California Off Road Vehicle Association and virtually all of our allied off-road enthusiast and business allies objected to a majority of the bill's content. The same coalition of allied off road organizations introduced our own bill in the Assembly that would have made the OHV program permanent and made no other changes, but that bill was quickly tied up in a legislative "suspense file" that effectively killed it for the year. That action left us only one remaining way to keep the OHV Program from expiring on December 31. We HAD to fix SB 249 and then work to get it passed.
Due in large part to the hard work and actions of CORVA officers working closely with our allied off-road organizations and lobbyists for the off-road community, key legislative leaders listened and instructed the bill's author and its' sponsors to engage in a collaborative negotiation process and don't come back without a workable solution.
CORVA and our many allied off road advocacy groups worked closely with one other to demonstrate the solidarity of our community as we insisted on taking out the mean-spirited and punitive language that would have resulted in destroying California's off highway recreation program that has been held out as a national model in the rest of the country. It took months of negotiating but thanks to our solidarity in resisting any language that would harm the beneficial aspects of this model OHV program we were able to present our arguments in a logical manner and provide factual information to demonstrate that many of the new proposals in the earliest versions of the bill were only inserted to give certain anti-OHV groups the upper hand in their lawsuits against the state's OHV program. In the end we convinced the legislature that our program was a positive one for the state, for the users, and for the environment, and it deserves to be made permanent.
The final version of the bill that was sent to the governor on September 15th permanently establishes the OHV Program in California and removes virtually all of the objectionable new studies and burdensome regulations that caused us to object so strenuously to the original versions of the bill.
Thanks to CORVA, our allies, and their lobbyists from the AMA and its' districts; the ASA; CA 4 Wheel Drive Association; San Diego Off Road Coalition; BRC; our industry allies; the motorcycle dealers and off-road businesses; and numerous other national and regional allies we are now able to celebrate a PERMANENT OHV Program in California going forward. Special thanks are also due to State Parks Director Lisa Mangat and her exceptional staff who worked so hard to help make this happen.
WE APPLAUD THE GOVERNOR'S ACTION TODAY OF SIGNING SB 249 and its' companion bill SB 159 into law.
* * * *


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Richard Wagner: Siegfried Idyll
Sergei Rachmaninoff: Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini, Op. 43 *
Piotr Ilyitch Tchaikovsky: Fantasy Overture "Romeo & Juliet"
Serge Prokofieff: Romeo & Juliet, Op. 64bis & ter (fragments)
* Khatia Buniatishvili, piano
Munich Philharmonic Orchestra/Gustavo Gimeno
Gasteig, Munich, 15 May 2014
Cancellations always carry their bit of disappointment. 84-year-old Lorin Maazel had to sit out all concerts with his Munich Philharmonic Orchestra in May due to illness; he was already replaced on the orchestra's New York tour in April, but we are told the maestro is recovering. Enter Gustavo Gimeno, totally unknown as a conductor in the international arena. The 37-year-old Spanish-born principal percussionist of the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra stepped in for his music director Mariss Jansons earlier this year and made a favorable impression in Amsterdam. Needless to say he has conducting experience and previously worked assisting old masters like Claudio Abbado and Bernard Haitink besides Jansons. Amsterdam clearly meant a huge break which put him on the map. Gimeno will soon quit playing percussion and devote himself full-time to conducting.
Read the full review on Classical Net


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IGN: First of all, David, we know that the first completed project for you and Eat, Sleep, Play is Extra Twisted. So for the readers who aren't familiar with it do you think you could just spend a few minutes talking about it and talking about the development process for it?
David Jaffe: Well, you know, Sony came to us about nine months ago -- we were in the process of getting the contract and stuff to split off from Sony and start Eat, Sleep, Play. They knew we were interested in doing original titles on PlayStation 3 but they said "hey, you know, would you guys be interested in doing a port of the PSP version of Head-on." So we were at first a little apprehensive, but there were two reasons we ultimately decided to do it: one was we were getting a company started, even though Sony has and continues to be very supportive of our company and is helping us get set up for the PlayStation 3 titles, it's always good to have some other titles coming out to sort of get you on your feet and get your infrastructure going. That was a real good jumping off point for us to start the company with.
The other reason was when we realized that there was so much content left over from Black, there was content the guys that started on the PSP game that they weren't able to finish...
IGN: Right.
Jaffe: We wanted to do the whole retrospective documentary and all that... it seemed like a really good opportunity to create a big blow-out for the PlayStation 2 for fans of the Twisted Metal series. When we started envisioning it that way as really a -- it's cheesy but as I've said to the press before -- as a love letter for the fans of Twisted Metal, we got really excited about it. Then we put all that content in and Sony came out I think last week and we heard they were going to sell it for twenty bucks. We were really excited.
IGN: So you're moving forward by looking back at the good stuff.
Jaffe: Well, it's interesting because when I started I remember going out to Utah and sitting down with it and my first job as an employee of Eat, Sleep, Play was that they gave me all the maps that had been built already for Twisted Metal: Black 2. I took the Lost Levels under my wing and Scott Campell, my business partner, because he was the Director on Head-on, he was really more the focused guy on getting that game shaped up for the PlayStation 2.
So I sat down with all the levels that the previous designers had done for Twisted Metal: Black 2 and it was really my job to go through and pretty much chop them up. The way it was explained to me was that the artists did those levels and they really hadn't taken design into account -- it was just the artists being let loose and building really cool levels. I had to go in and start putting up barriers and adding roads and working with the artists to actually bring the gameplay out. Once I started doing that, I realized I had forgotten how much fun I had working on and playing the Twisted Metal series. So when you say "looking forward by looking back," it was really interesting because I had thought I was done with Twisted Metal.


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Conduct RK Nagar bypoll by Dec 31: Madras HC directs EC
Chennai, Sep 18: The Madras High Court today directed the election commission to conduct by-election to RK Nagar assembly constituency in Chennai by December 31. The constituency seat has been lying vacant following the demise of former Tamil Nadu chief minister J Jayalalithaa.
The first bench of Chief Justice Indira Banerjee and Justice M Sundar gave the direction to the EC after taking up a PIL by K K Ramesh.
The PIL petition sought a court direction to the Chief Election Commissioner to conduct the by-poll.
Disposing of the PIL, the bench in its order said, "It is expected that the Election Commission of India will announce the election date at the earliest and conduct the elections preferably by December 31, 2017."
The by-election scheduled for April 12 in RK Nagar was canceled by the poll body following allegations of distribution of cash to voters. The PIL petitioner had submitted that not conducting elections in the constituency was not good for democracy and the society. He said that as per the Representation of the People Act, 1951, if any legislator died, a by-election should be conducted within six months, whereas the date of polls had not been announced for the RK Nagar constituency so far.
The petitioner said he had made a representation on July 3 in this regard to the EC which had not evoked any response, and hence he filed the current plea.
He further alleged that two major parties in the state had indulged in bribing of voters in the assembly elections held in May 2016, adding that the EC, which received several complaints from various constituencies, only cancelled the election to two constituencies (Aravakurichi and Thanjavur). The by-election to RK Nagar constituency was necessitated following the death of Jayalalithaa on December 5, 2016.


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Chapter X.
Hermas 2386 2387 whom the apostle Paul mentions in writing to the Romans "Salute 2388 Phlegon, Hermes, Patrobas, Hermas 2389 and the brethren that are with them" 2390 is reputed to be the author of the book which is called Pastor and which is also read publicly in some churches of Greece. It is in fact a useful book and many of the ancient writers quote from it as authority, but among the Latins it is almost unknown.
The date of Hermas depends on what Hermas is supposed to be the author. He is supposed to be 1 the Hermas of the New Testament, or 2 the brother of Pius I (139–54) or 3 a still later Hermas. All these views have distinguished advocates, but this view of Jerome taken from Origen through Eusebius is not much accepted.365:2387
HermasA T 25 30 e; Herman Her. Val. a 31; Hermam H Cypr.365:2388
Salute(omitting Asyncritus) A H T 25 30 31 a e etc. Cypr.; add Asyncritus Val. Her. Greek from the New Testament.365:2389
Hermes Patrobas Hermas A H T 25 30 a e Val. Gr. etc.; omit Hermes. A Her.365:2390
Salute…them Rom. 15. 14


text:
We work as expedition medics and deliver bespoke expedition skills and medicine courses worldwide.
We are a friendly and highly experienced team of expedition medics. Between us we have provided medical cover on multiple remote expeditions globally from Papua New Guinea to the Arctic, Central America to Sub-Saharan Africa, and from the Himalayas to the Southern Oceans. We have worked extensively with the BBC Natural History Unit and other production companies and we have provided direct cover for Sir David Attenborough in the field.
We also provide tailor-made medical training courses, including advanced invasive skills, for non-medically trained people working on expedition or in remote environments in the UK and worldwide.


text:
The Gnome Village Magic and Game Shoppe would like to announce the arrival of its newest product:
Brought to you by
Now - you can own The
British Guiana!
54 of the rarest, most valuable stamps in the
The 1851 13 cent "Missionary" - From Hawaii
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The 1855 3 Skilling-banco "error of color" - From Sweden
The 1851 2 reales "True Blue Error" - From Spain
The 1843 90 reis "Bulls Eye" - From Brazil
The 1882 5 candarin "Wide Setting" - From China
And 41 MORE Rare & Classic Stamps of the World!!
|Learn more about this card deck, including How To Order it!
|Preview the Cards in this Deck!
|Special pricing for Gnome Stamp Club members. Volume discounts also available. Dealer inquires invited.
, , ,
This web site is best viewed with a resolution of at least 800x600.


text:
Wing of Desire Blackened Gold Ring
Set with a central 2.42 carat old mine-cut diamond in Georgian cut-down setting and 0.72 carat of brilliant cut diamonds, the Wing of Desire Blackened Gold Ring is handcrafted in 18k white gold and 18k yellow gold. With a total diamond weight of 3.14 carats.
The Messenger of the Gods collection is inspired by Greek Mythology – in particular, Hermes with his winged hat and sandals which he used when delivering dreams from the mortals to the Gods. The beginning element of this collection was the Wing of Desire Earring, a jewel which has become and iconic part of Jessica's work.
Beautiful styled alone as a statement piece or stacked alongside our other rings. Also available in sapphire.
Unsure of your size? View our Ring Sizing Guide here. Please contact us on +44 (0) 207 491 9999 or [email protected] for more information.
Please allow a maximum of 3 working days for UK deliveries. Alternatively, contact us on +44 (0) 207 491 9999 or [email protected] if you require an express service. International deliveries are sent via Fedex and delivery times are subject to local destination formalities.
Find full details on shipping information.


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Its very easy to think of the Android Software Development Kit (SDK) as being purely for developers. But you don't need to have a head full of java to make good use of it. There are plenty of neat things we mere mortals can do with it too, like trying out Froyo before we get it on our phones or taking screenshots without having to root our handsets.
If you haven't already, pop over to the developer site and download a version for your system. The site has instructions for unpacking and you won't need to install Eclipse for this, although you will need the JDK if you don't have it or only have the RTE.
Plug your phone into you PC and run the ddms.bat file inside the unpacked tools folder and use the device menu to select screen capture, or ctrl+s on some machines, and there you have it!
The SDK Setup.exe file in the main SDK folder is fun too. It will let you play with emulators and have a look at up and coming features and if you want to bee a real Android geek – and we don't blame you if you do – UNetbootin will let you create a bootable CD or thumb-drive so that you can install Android on your laptop – you can get the ISO image here.


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We offer you a whole array of totally new and original sensations in tasting Extra Virgin Olive Oil. Our Evoo pearls are a healthy modern idea of cooking and nourishing your palate.
By the culinary technique of encapsulation, and using 100% natural gelling agents made of high fibre seaweeds, we produce delicate small spherical pearls which intense flavor pops up inside your mouth; you will astonish!
Astonish and delight yourself with our Natural Pearls Delicate Experience!
Available in 115g/4,06oz
INGREDIENTS: Extra virgin olive oil, water, gelling agent: sodium alginate, stabilizer: calcium chloride.
HOW TO INDULGE IN THEM: Before opening the jar we suggest you to gently turn it over, in order to allow the pearls to release all their fragrance and aroma. As the membranes resist up to temperatures of 100ºC, you can add them to any dish in which you use raw olive oil (salads, sauces, creams, cold and hot soups…), our advice is however to enjoy them in dishes with smooth textures, so tha their taste will be enhanced. We do not suggest you use them for cooking, as the membranes covering the pearls might easily break during the heating process.
HOW TO STORE THEM: Keep them in a cool and dry place, away from sources of light, heat and odors. Once you open a jar, we recommend you to keep the pearls covered by their own olive oil.


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Hello. I am happy to be here again. It has been rather busy on my return from some lovely holidays.
I understand how important it is for you to be recognized as a provider of first-class products and/or services, to build up and maintain a solid reputation and a loyal customer base, and to become the first choice for your customers.
So whenever you need any help with branding with a view to operating in Spanish-speaking countries... do get in touch with me.


text:
Select from the following complimentary email newsletters from the editors of Cadalyst:
➤ Cadalyst Video Picks featuring Lynn Allen
Hand-picked videos for design and engineering professionals! Every issue of Cadalyst Video Picks brings you a new, easy-to-follow video tip from AutoCAD guru Lynn Allen, plus software tips and tutorials, information, and advice for all varieties of CAD software and hardware from sources around the CAD community. Two issues per month.
➤ CAD Manager's Newsletter featuring Robert Green
CAD management advice you can't afford to miss! Robert Green has been helping CAD managers do their jobs better for more than two decades. His CAD Manager's Newsletter delivers practical advice about communicating with IT, management, and users; managing CAD software and hardware; career advancement; CAD standards; user training; budgeting; and much more. Two issues per month.
➤ CAD Tech News
Keep up with CAD trends and technologies! CAD Tech News delivers feature articles, news, and tutorials -- exclusively from Cadalyst -- to help you understand the latest trends and products, improve projects and workflows, and make the most of your CAD technology investments. Two issues per month.


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Ruh-Roh… Hunter Family Wants One Trick Pony to Take Paternity Test
This Scandal Isn't Going Away Any Time Too Soon…
The family of Rielle Hunter want John Edwards to take a paternity test.
ABC News reported:
The family of John Edwards' former mistress, Rielle Hunter, is challenging the former senator to take a DNA paternity test after his claim that he did not father Hunter's 6-months-old child.
In the first reaction from Hunter's family, her younger sister Melissa told ABC News that Edwards should immediately follow through on his pledge to take a paternity test.
"I would challenge him to do so," the sister said.
"Somebody must stand up and defend my sister," she said. "I wish that those involved would refrain from bad-mouthing my sister."
In his interview with ABC News correspondent Bob Woodruff acknowledging the affair, Edwards said he knew the child was not his because of "the timing" of the pregnancy and the affair.
"I would welcome participating in a paternity test," Edwards said. "I'm only one side of the test, but I'm happy to participate in one."
Hunter left her Santa Barbara home earlier this week in advance of Edwards' ABC News interview.
It shouldn't matter.
After all, he told us the baby was not his.
HotAir calls this "major blowback" for blowing his interview last night. Edwards attempted to salvage some shred of personal reputation at the expense of Rielle Hunter.
It didn't go over too well with Hunter's family.
Dem VP Candidate Edwards Caught With Mistress & Love Child
Uh-Oh… Hotel Guard Tells All on John Edwards' Mistress Meet-Up
National Enquirer Scoops MSM- Edwards' Baby Named "Frances Quinn Hunter"
John Edwards Dodges Media– Keeps Mum on Love-Child
Birth Certificate of Love Child Linked to Edwards Lists No Father
National Enquirer Releases Photo of John Edwards & Love Child
BUSTED!!… One Trick Pony Admits to Romp in Hay! (Denial Video Added)
UPDATE: Surprise! Edwards met with his lover at the same hotel in June, too.
UPDATE 2: Hunter says she will not demand paternity test.
Strange. Don't you think she'd want to know who the daddy is?
UPDATE 3: Edwards is furious with ABC.


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Visiting Chicaco IL
Talk about topics that don't fit into other board categories
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Visiting Chicaco IL
Hi everybody. I'm looking forward to visit Chicago IL from June 2 to June 18th. Please shoot me a line if you feel like meeting for a cub of coffee or two. I'll be visiting the Blues Fest and more.
Best regards
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Yellow stains on toilet seats can be caused by urine, rust or hard water or they might be caused by the use of bleach. If the stains have developed from bleach, you may be unable to clean them completely but they could possibly be lightened.
Wear rubber gloves. Fill a bucket with water and set it aside.
Carefully pour a small amount of the hydrochloric-acid-based cleaner on a nylon-bristled brush, holding it over the open toilet bowl.
Scrub the brush into the stains on the toilet seat slowly and carefully. Clean up any spatters on the floor or your skin or clothing immediately with a wet cloth. Use the bucket of water to wet the cloth. Reapply cleaning solution as needed.
Rinse the toilet seat by running a wet cloth over the surface.
Dry the toilet seat completely with a clean cloth.
Most recent
- A hydrochloric-acid-based cleaner may list diluted hydrochloric acid, hydrogen chloride, HCI or muriatic acid in its ingredients.
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Christmas Cake
I've made a few changes to the classic family recipe this year.
1) Soak the fruit for a week, stirring daily:
500g mixed fruit and peel
1 small pot of glacier cherries
200g mixed nuts
70cl (minus two shot glasses worth to taste...) cherry brandy
2) Mix 4oz butter and 4oz brown sugar
3) Add 2 eggs alternately with 6oz plain flour
4) Add this to the fruit mixture with 1tsp allspice, 7ml liquid glycerol, 7ml black treacle and bicarbonate of soda.
5) Cook in a cool oven (150 C) for two hours then cool.
6) Feed with amaretto weekly.
It was a pretty delicious cake that went down very well with the DH's father- always good! The nuts definitely added something to it and the amaretto and cherry brandy made it very sweet so it didn't really taste of fruit cake, so not a recipe for the traditionalist.
Next year I will put in less amaretto- it was incredibly gooey!
Apparently Sew
You rip what you sew!
April 2018


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Even the most blessed of brows can use a little enhancement on your wedding day. "Eyebrows frame the entire face and should never be neglected on a wedding day," says makeup artist Erin Guth. Besides the necessary prep work (i.e. waxing, threading, or tweezing), investing in a product made to fill-in, define, and perfect your eyebrows is essential, and between classic eyebrow pencils, pomades, powders, and combination formulas, there are endless options on the market.
Guth warns against overly bold "Insta brows," and recommends going for a product that delivers buildable color. For brides worried about keeping their look intact all day long, artist Ashlee Glazer recommends prepping the brows with translucent powder first to absorb oil and prevent sweat from breaking down brow products. She also suggests finishing your look with a gel (like Milk Makeup's Kush Fiber Brow Gel) to keep everything in place.
We talked to these makeup artists and more industry experts to find out exactly which brow products brides should turn to on their wedding day—and the results are in! Shop the best pro recommended eyebrow pencils and products, below.
MAC Veluxe Brow Liner
Makeup artist Jessica Shakir recommends MAC Veluxe Brow Liner to achieve soft, full brows. She first uses the double-ended pencil to shape and color the brow, then sets it with a tinted brow gel. The liner comes in 11 shades, so every bride, no matter her hair color, can find a just-right shade.
"The Veluxe Brow Liners are amazing to create soft diffused all-over-color for the brows, and when the point is kept sharp, it can be used to create defined strokes that mimic individual hair," Shakir says. "The color options are amazing, especially for blondes and redheads who are sometimes be hard to match just right!"
SHOP NOW: Nordstrom, $21
Anastasia Beverly Hills Brow Wiz
This wax formula is perfect for outlining and filling in the brows for an au naturale look that makeup artist Sofia Beskasnova loves. "It works like magic," she says. "This eyebrow pencil is very precise, helping me to fill in sparse areas and create natural-looking define brows. My brides love natural-looking eyebrows that complement their face without taking away from individual beauty."
SHOP NOW: Sephora, $21
Anastasia Beverly Hills Brow Powder Duo
For an even more filled-in look, artist Anna Breeding suggests this two-shade powder compact. "Using a powder helps to gently fill in the brows between the hair strokes you created," she says. "It is softer than using something heavier like a pomade."
SHOP NOW: Sephora, $23
Damone Roberts Brow Pencils
If there is ever a day that long-lasting makeup is essential, it would be the day you say "I do." For brows that won't budge, look no further than Damone Roberts Brow Pencils, artist Carli L. Styles's go-to. "I love the pencils!" she says. "They have a semi wax finish that is long-lasting. The texture allows it to adhere to the brow hairs [and it's] also really good for clients with no brow hairs."
SHOP NOW: Damone Roberts, $18
Laura Geller Universal Brow Pencil
Another long-lasting formula is Laura Geller's Universal Brow pencil. Ashlee Glazer loves it for its gel formula that adheres to skin. The one-stop-shop of brow pencils, it comes with a spoolie attached for convenient grooming and a detachable sharpener, so there's no need to buy extra accessories.
SHOP NOW: Dermstore, $24
Hourglass Cosmetics Arch Brow Sculpting Eyebrow Pencil
Makeup artist Erin Guth is all about products that deliver buildable color, and this one definitely does the job. Its combination formula—powder, pencil, and wax—works to create a natural yet full look, a.k.a. the perfect wedding-worthy duo. "The triangular shape has a precise tip to draw in individual hairs and a flat edge that yields amplified color," she explains. "Plus, the opposite end encloses a spoolie that can be used to blend the pigment and brush the brows into place."
SHOP NOW: Neiman Marcus, $34
Senna Cosmetics Brow Book
Used along with a precision brush, an eyebrow powder is the perfect way to achieve a naturally shaped brow. This Brow Book comes with nine matte shades and two highlighters, and the brand's Brow Pro 40 brush makes it easy to apply. "The angled brush is firm and narrow, making it the perfect tool to apply the matte finish powder to a depth that suits you, while carefully enhancing your shape," Guth says. "It also has a spoolie to brush the brows into place and diffuse the powder if you happen to apply too much."
SHOP NOW: Dermstore, $88
Diorshow Brow Styler Ultra-Fine Precision Brow Pencil
A favorite of makeup artist Emma Willis, and used at Dior fashion shows, this ultra-fine pencil is perfect for creating individual fine brow strokes. While the pencil comes in multiple hues, its universal shade promises to work for any hair color or skin tone. Hey, if it works on the runway, it will definitely hold up for a walk down the aisle.
SHOP NOW: Sephora, $29
Kelley Baker Brows Brow Defining Pencil
This ultra fine pencil's long-wear formula glides on flawlessly, creating clean, straight lines to define your brows. Willis recommends pairing it with one of their brow gels for the perfect finish. She says, "Kelley's Brow Gels have super small, thin brushes ideal for adding a little extra color with precision, and will keep brows in place without overloading them!"
SHOP NOW: Kelley Baker Brows, $22


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HCL Technologies
Padmajaya Bhagavathiammal
Deputy General Manager, HCL Technologies
Writes About :
Padmajaya is an Associate General Manager with HCL Technologies and has over 15 years of experience in Software industry. Having good experience in Software Product Development, Testing, and Management, her interest is to develop innovative solutions to address the key challenges in the Testing domain. She is associated with ERS Software Practice – Continuous Test Engineering Optimization team that is into addressing the most common testing challenges and needs.


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Whoot Whoot! Highland Burn blog tour starts today. I have to start off by saying My Family Heart Book Reviews and Tours ROCKS!! Tonya and Victoria have made my first blog tour a huge success. These ladies have worked so hard to keep the tour organized and basically did all the work for me so I can concentrate on writing:) Thank you sweeties!! xoxo
Be sure to check out these amazing blogs who have supported me today. ~Victoria Zak~
Highland Burn Guardians of Scotland Book one
Author Victoria Zak
Release Date July 19, 2014
Amazon US http://amzn.to/1qF2lAy
Amazon UK http://amzn.to/1odTL41
Smashwords: http://bit.ly/1q7q6Ll
Barns and Noble http://bit.ly/1AjjwcU
Paperback http://amzn.to/1sAfef9
Book Blurb:
Will Love's Flame Quench the Dragon's Fire? …
The past never stays in the past, it rears its ugly head eventually. James the Black Douglas knows this all too well. With a past that has left him vengeful and his dragon blood thirsty, his reputation as a ruthless warrior haunts his enemies in their sleep. As his allegiance stands with Robert Bruce, the King of Scotland, he must now repay a debt to the king and agrees to marry his daughter, Abigale Bruce. The problem is he doesn't want a wife. When flames start to burn out of control between him and the auburn-haired lass, he must decide to either kindle the flames of passion or shelter her from the truth and set her free.
It's What Shines in the Dark That Brings Forth Your True Light…
Determined to keep his daughter safe and out of the hands of the English, Robert hides Abigale behind the safe walls of a nunnery. After eight long years of living her life in seclusion, Abigale is finally set free. But her new found freedom comes to an abrupt halt when she learns of her betrothal to the infamous Bogeyman – James the Black Douglas. She soon finds herself falling in love with the uncontainable and haunted man. Is her love enough to soften his hardened heart?


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Wednesday, 2 February 2011
"Made for Evenings"
You may have seen the recent launch of the Horlicks 'Made for evenings' campaign - a huge success to say they haven't advertised in over four years! The campaign is aimed at celebrating tea and coffee that people love to drink in the day, whilst reserving the evenings for Horlicks - Grey London have created the campaign which is backed by off-line and on-line promotions to get more people involved.
It is a pleasant watch - I myself do not drink Horlicks but I do appreciate adverts that make me stop. And want to know more - and this satisfies just that. It is nicely executed and paired with the soft undertones of people actively busy in the day, it makes me desire the moment I sit down after a long day! A perfect match!
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(BI Intelligence)
This story was delivered to BI Intelligence "E-Commerce Briefing" subscribers. To learn more and subscribe, please click here.
Walmart has acquired e-commerce pureplay ShoeBuy for $70 million in a bid to bolster inventory on Jet.com and help boost overall online sales growth, reports Recode.
While the acquisition has the potential to breathe new life in Jet.com's wavering performance, the marketplace's struggles with customer loyalty in the past could minimize ShoeBuy's contribution.
Jet.com's sales soared during the holidays, but maintaining this growth will be challenging. Jet.com has had trouble breeding customer loyalty and encouraging shoppers to return for future purchases. As of February 2016, 70% of all sales were from first-time buyers, according to Slice Intelligence, meaning just 30% of purchases were from loyal shoppers.
Even with new inventory from ShoeBuy, Walmart could continue to see limited returns from Jet.com if consumers fail to come back for future purchases. Looking ahead, Jet.com will need to focus on engaging consumers and encouraging them to return via initiatives like loyalty programs, or by expanding inventory and product categories.
E-commerce has been on the rise in the last several years, thanks in large part to titans in the industry such as Amazon and Alibaba. E-commerce will truly become the future of retail, as nearly all of the growth in the retail sector now takes place in the digital space.
BI Intelligence, Business Insider's premium research service, forecasts that U.S. consumers will spend $385 billion online in 2016. Moreover, BI Intelligence predicts that number will grow to $632 billion in 2020.
This is hardly surprising considering e-commerce's healthy growth. Though the U.S. retail average growth rate in the first half of 2016 was just 2% for total retail, it was 16% for e-commerce.
The number of online shoppers has grown by nearly 20 million from 2015 to 2016. And these 224 million shoppers are spending more, as the total amount spent online grew from $61 billion in the first quarter of 2015 to $68 billion in Q1 2016. Finally, these customers are transacting more frequently, as the number of online transactions has risen by 115 million from 2015 to 2016.
But all of this shopping online creates its own set of challenges, both for consumers and the companies that are trying to get their products onto shoppers' screens and into their shopping carts. In short, you need a plan.
And to create your ultimate e-commerce battle plan, you need the right intel.
BI Intelligence is here to help.
Our team of industry experts has you covered on topics such as:
- Shopping cart abandonment
- Marketing effectiveness
- Merchandise returns
- Customer satisfaction
- Social media monetization
- Mobile payments
- Accommodating shoppers at the 11th hour
- And much more
Interested in getting the full bundle of nearly 80 reports? Here are two ways to access it:
- Subscribe to an All-Access pass to BI Intelligence and gain immediate access to this report and over 100 other expertly researched reports. As an added bonus, you'll also gain access to all future reports and daily newsletters to ensure you stay ahead of the curve and benefit personally and professionally. >> START A MEMBERSHIP
- Purchase & download the full bundle from our research store. >> BUY THE REPORTS
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Graphic Node Graphics v2.0 (Mac OSX)
Graphic Node Graphics v2.0 (Mac OSX) | 97.42 MB
Graphics is the ultimate set of illustrations suitable for any iWork document that requires color, texture, and authenticity. You will definitely find the right illustration among the 1,870 high-quality images.
The Clipart category is a collection of 100 beautiful, detailed images in two different resolutions. Their content ranges from cars and buses to swimming pools and coffee cups. If you need an illustration for a real estate, urban development, or travel industry topic, look no further! Transparent backgrounds allow placing images on top of different patterns.
Illustrations is an arresting collection of 247 images, ranging from lipsticks and watches to airplanes and factories-just drag and drop any of these images onto your presentation slides or text content. Icons is a set of 306 slick, colorful icon images, including designs for electronics, medicine, transport, and the green movement. They will a touch of style to your website or infographic presentation.
People Clipart contains 300 top-quality images, depicting people and their reactions in various work and leisure situations. They will help you put a friendly face on your slides, posters, Web pages, and other content. Photos contains 700 high resolution photo images.
Traffic Signs is a collection of 217 images of traffic signs used in the US and Europe. Speed limits, warnings, and bicycle lane marks – everything is covered. As other clipart products, traffic signs include transparent backgrounds, which allow placing the images on backgrounds of your choice.
The Graphics for iWork collection contains 5 sets of high-quality illustrations:
– 300 Clipart,
– 156 Illustrations,
– 306 Icons,
– 300 People Clipart
– 217 Traffic Signs
What's New in Version 2.0:
– Includes New 700 photo images.
Requirements: OS X 10.9 or higher, 64-bit processor..
For other news, visit my profile every day!
To Unzip the files use 7zip or WinRar.
I recommend to download as fast as you can or you will lose file you need ( Links dead because of Copyright Infringement )


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Hi guys, we're back in anti-bio-land yet again.
Coo has a chest infection and a temperature so we're battening down the hatches, keeping cosy and hoping things settle down soon! I'm not really surprised as November is usually a difficult month for us. After the pneumonia of previous years, Coo's prone to chest infections now and living on the coast, November is usually pretty much, windy, wet and chilly!
Yet again, I'm digging out my hard hat and flak jacket!
The anti-biotics should kick in soon so hopefully we'll be doing a whole lot better in a few more days.
Meantime, I'm keeping cosy and warm with some soothing hot chocolate
but which one to pick...
Right now I have three on the go! lol
Tangy chocolate orange,
Zingly mint and my current favourite...
Turkish Delight - Mmmmmm!
I do hope you're keeping cozy and comfy where you are too!
If you need a wee pick-me-up, try some hot chocolate - it sure works for me!
Maz x
Saturday, 3 November 2012
Back in Anti-bio-land...
Labels: medication, pneumonia
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A fitting way to honor heroism
Amid the shock and horror of what happened on Sept. 11, 2001, a group of ordinary Americans became heroes by sacrificing their own lives to save others.
A monument to them, the passengers and crew of Flight 93, exists in south central Pennsylvania. It is at the site of where their airliner crashed, killing all 40 of them along with the terrorists who planned to dive the plane into a target in Washington, D.C.
What they did, on a day when evil seemed almost unstoppable, reminded Americans of why we will prevail in the war against Islamic terrorists.
Now there is a new monument. It is one of which both Americans and our adversaries should be aware, for very different reasons.
It is the USS Somerset, a 684-foot-long Navy vessel that will be put into service Saturday. Named for the Keystone State community near where Flight 93 went down, the Somerset is packed with tributes to the heroes who fought back against their captors.
Someone in the Defense Department thought carefully in deciding on a ship to honor the Flight 93 heroes. The Somerset is referred to by the Navy as an "amphibious transport dock."
That means she carries troops, helicopters to carry them into battle, tilt-rotor aircraft and assault watercraft to support them. In other words, the Somerset is precisely the type of vessel from which lightning-fast assaults against terrorists and their bases would be launched.
Let us hope she and her crew, memorializing the Flight 93 heroes on one hand and avenging them on the other, have very successful careers.


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EUREKA is a European intergovernmental network bringing together more than 40 countries around a common goal: to encourage R&D and industrial innovation in order to stimulate the competitiveness of companies and the marketing of new products, processes or services.
The programme facilitates the coordination of national funding in order to encourage European and international RDI projects. To that end, it brings together 41 countries centred around Europe and three associated countries, namely South Korea, South Africa and Canada, determined to set up initiatives enabling the implementation of innovative transnational projects.
Founded in 1985, from the outset, EUREKA opted for a bottom-up approach covering all technological themes and targeting all civilian projects which aim to develop new products, processes or services. Only military projects are not eligible. Thus, EUREKA invites innovation stakeholders to develop technological projects based on their own enterprise strategy and to take charge of the definition of projects which will improve their competitiveness and reinforce their position on the market.
The EUREKA network provides a quality label for the projects selected but relies on its Member States' funding agencies to provide funding for RDI activities.
Belgium has been a member of EUREKA since the network's creation. In this frame, Innoviris, along with the VLAIO for Flanders and DG06 of the Walloon Public Service, is the funding agency for this network and enables Brussels stakeholders participating in a EUREKA project to receive funding for the project's implementation.
A genuine cooperation and discussion platform between the network's member or associated countries, EUREKA is also a political platform defining a pan-European strategy around the competitiveness of innovative enterprises.
Programme's activities
EUREKA covers several sub-programmes or initiatives:
Eurostars: a purely bottom-up programme supporting the market-oriented R&D projects of small and medium enterprises.
Clusters: EUREKA clusters are programmes initiated by enterprise groupings around a theme of particular strategic importance for European competitiveness. Thus, every year, these clusters launch calls for projects open to all in order to bring together the sector's European stakeholders around projects implementing a strategic road map. Seven clusters currently exist
Umbrellas: Umbrella initiatives are thematic networks bringing together stakeholders from the same sector with a view to setting up cooperations between them. There are currently three Umbrellas in the fields of tourism, manufacturing industries and surface material engineering.
EUREKA Network projects: a purely bottom-up and very open sub-programme, they are the main mechanism of the EUREKA programme. They offer a label for RDI projects implemented through international cooperation which have been validated by the participating partners' States.
EUREKA information and contact points
EUREKA secretariat: the EUREKA secretariat, based in Brussels, is the network's central unit. It organises the network's activities, coordinates discussions, manages the database and ensures communication. It also ensures the implementation of the sub-programme Eurostars.
National Projects Coordinator (NPC): Contact points in member and associated countries, the NPC ensures the network's operational functioning in its respective country. They inform potential candidates and project participants, help them in their procedures and provide a link between them, national administrations and the EUREKA secretariat.
The Brussels NCP is Mathilde Reumaux (see contact details below). For further information about the other Belgian NCPs and the NCPs in other participating countries, please consult the corresponding websites.
Belgium Switzerland Sweden call in the EUREKA netwerk
In the framework of an agreement gathering these countries (the EUREKA network), the innovation funding agencies of Belgium (Brussels, Wallonia and Flanders), Switzerland and Sweden encourage and financially support the applied research or development projects involving at least two entities coming from at least two of the here above mentioned countries.
A call for proposals will therefore be launched (automn 2017) to fund collaborative innovation projects between these countries (with at least two entities of two different countries).
More information will be available soon. On the 04.10.2017 an event is organised, more information here.
Innoviris contact person
Marianne Da Silva
International Projects Advisor
Industrial Research and Innovation Team
Tel. +32 2 600 50 20


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From 07th to the 11th of September 2016
Festival and Congress Centre in Varna - close to the beach
How do I get there?
- If you arrive by train, it is a 20 minute walk from the station to the Festival Centrе along bul Primorski or trough the streets leading to the city centre
- If you arrive by plane, Varna Airport is situated outside the city. You can take bus №409 from Terminal 1, which will drop you off at the city Cathedral. It takes 15 minutes on foot to get to the Festival Centrе from there. The bus ticket costs between 1 and 3 BGN. If you prefer to take a taxi from the airport, the ride to the city centrе should cost between 7 and 15 BGN


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University of Cincinnati Magazine
The award-winning UC Magazine is available both in print and online. The 48-page print magazine comes out in March and September and is mailed to donors, contributing alumni and full-time faculty and staff. The Web version contains all print issues, as well as extensive Web exclusives, such as news updates, UC rankings, videos, image galleries and feature stories.
- E-Currents, a service provided to UC faculty and staff.
- University of Cincinnati E-News Tips, a service available to media who wish to be updated on UC news. Contact the campus office of media relations for details.
- University of Cincinnati AlumNews, a service available to UC alumni, in conjunction with the Alumni Association. Contact the Alumni Association if you are interested in receiving this news service.
- E-Health News Daily, a daily electronic publication highlighting the latest news media placements and upcoming coverage related to research, patient care and education at the UC Academic Health Center. Read E-Health News Daily online or subscribe.
Visitors Guide
Each winter, we produce the university Visitors Guide. Deans, directors and department heads are notified when new guides arrive. Requests for copies are filled on a first-come, first-served basis as long as supplies last. Order a Visitors Guide.
Findings is the official publication of the University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center. It is published the first Monday of every month for faculty, staff, students and friends of the university.
Dean's List
The Dean's List is an electronic publication of the UC College of Medicine (COM), published each Monday for COM faculty, staff and students.
UC Highlights
A collection of ratings, rankings, and comments by external entities about the University of Cincinnati.
To view this document, you will need Adobe Acrobat Reader, a free download.


text: Artifact Details Title Lab-11/20 Catalog Number 102756004 Type Still image Date ca. 1975 Publisher Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) Identifying Numbers File number 5819 DEC identification number Format Transparency Description Shots of the Lab-11/20, including a close-up of the screen. Category Publicity photograph Collection Title Digital Equipment Corporation records Series Title Still images: General slides and transparencies Credit Gift of Hewlett-Packard Company Lot Number X2675.2004