text:
I know GDQ is going on and I don't expect anyone to watch me over that but :V
Gonna stream more alttp multiworld with @Happenstance and @Damienfox
@NinTheFolf This whole multiworld thing spikes my curiosity and I would like to try this one day.
The Vulpine Club is a friendly and welcoming community of foxes and their associates, friends, and fans! =^^=


text:
As with many games, though, some players have taken to "breaking" the game more than simply playing it. In doing so, one gamer has achieved the shortest completion time of the game yet.
Oginam_tv is not particularly well-known on YouTube, with only 545 subscribers at the time of this writing. However, he has a new claim to fame: finishing Bloodborne in merely 44 minutes. Completionists should take note that this speedrun involves a series of glitches that allow players to skip large portions of the game. The exact steps he's taken can be seen in the video above, but it generally involves glitching over a fence to access the Forbidden Woods hours in advance, and an item duplication glitch to beef up his character so he isn't demolished by later bosses.
Speedrunners have previously made headlines by demolishing games like Fallout 3 and The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time in less than 20 minutes, but it may be the first time a very recent game has experienced such a short speedrun. In addition, speedrunners of older games generally have the advantage that those older games don't get updated or patched to fix the glitches that are necessary to perform a speedrun. Bloodborne, on the other hand, is so fresh that chances are these glitches will be removed from the game in a matter of days via patch.
Bloodborne currently offers the best of both worlds: it's excruciatingly difficult and offers dozens of hours of gameplay, but it can also be broken and cheated through at a rapid pace. Even if a patch is released to fix the glitches that Oginam_tv used on his speedrun, other speedrunners will surely continue to find new ways to speed through the game. It's probably also only a matter of time before the 44-minute record is broken by an even shorter speedrun.
While speedruns are a novelty to some, others may find their existence infuriating. It might seem insulting to see someone demolish a game in less than an hour when a normal playthrough involves skill, adrenaline, and dozens of hours of dedication.
[Update] Shortly after setting the 44-minute record, Oginam_tv beat his record by 7 minutes, completing the game in 37 minutes. Check out his new record here.
Do you find speedruns to be enjoyable, or do you think games should be played the way they were designed to be?
Bloodborne released on March 24, 2015 for the Playstation 4.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The SCS ALABEL5-8X2 Attention Label is a tamper evident label with a permanent acrylic polymer-based adhesive. These self-adhesive labels are suitable for automatic dispensers and reel stock applications and displays a RS-741 ESD susceptibility symbol and warning messages. These attention labels are made in the United States.
Benefits & Features of the SCS ALABEL5-8X2 Attention Label:


text:
Last Updated: October 26, 2017 (Notes)full report | Previous years
South Africa has a large energy-intensive coal mining industry. The country has limited proved reserves of oil and natural gas and uses its large coal deposits to meet most of its energy needs, particularly in the electricity sector. South Africa also has a sophisticated synthetic fuels industry, producing gasoline and diesel fuels from the Secunda coal-to-liquids and Mossel Bay gas-to-liquids plants.
South Africa's energy sector is critical to its economy, as the country relies heavily on its large-scale, energy-intensive coal mining industry. South Africa has limited proved reserves of oil and natural gas and uses its large coal deposits to meet most of its energy needs, particularly in the electricity sector. Most of the oil consumed in the country, used mainly in the transportation sector, is imported from Middle Eastern and West African producers in the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and is locally refined. South Africa also has a sophisticated synthetic fuels industry, producing gasoline and diesel fuels from the Secunda coal-to-liquids (CTL) plant and the Mossel Bay gas-to-liquids (GTL) plant. The synthetic fuels industry accounts for nearly all of the country's domestically produced petroleum because crude oil production is very small.
South Africa's economy has grown rapidly since the end of the apartheid era in 1994, and the country is now one of the most developed nations in Africa. South Africa has the second-largest economy in Africa, in terms of gross domestic product (GDP), and it has the highest energy consumption on the continent, accounting for about 28% of total primary energy consumption in Africa, according to BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2017.[1] Despite rapid economic growth over the past few decades, economic problems from the apartheid era remain, particularly poverty and the lack of economic participation among disadvantaged groups. The South African government has committed to ensuring that black-owned companies have access to energy and mining sector activities under its Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) program. In addition, the 2000 Petroleum and Liquid Fuels Charter sets a target to place 25% of the oil industry (across all facets) in the hands of black-controlled energy companies.
According to a 2015 study by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), South Africa holds the eighth-largest technically recoverable shale gas resources in the world (390 trillion cubic feet) primarily located in the Karoo basin. The South African government hopes that shale gas will provide the country with a reliable alternative fuel to coal. However, regulatory uncertainty and environmental concerns have delayed exploration. Some progress was recently made when the Petroleum Agency South Africa (PASA) announced that it would start processing existing applications for exploration permits in late 2017.[2]
In 2016, 70% of South Africa's total primary energy consumption came from coal, followed by oil (22%), natural gas (4%), nuclear (3%), and renewables (less than 2%), according to BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2017 (Figure 2).[3] South Africa's dependence on coal has led the country to become the leading carbon dioxide emitter, on a volumetric basis, in Africa (accounting for 35% of emissions in Africa) and the 14th-largest emitter in the world, according to the latest BP Statistical Review estimates.[4]
Figure 1. Map of South Africa
Source: U.S. Department of State
Energy sector management
PetroSA, a South African state-owned company, operates upstream oil and natural gas producing assets in South Africa, along with the GTL plant in Mossel Bay. Sasol, a privately owned company based in South Africa, operates the Secunda CTL plant, has a majority interest in the Natref oil refinery, partially owns the pipeline transporting natural gas from Mozambique to South Africa, and is involved in coal mining.
South Africa has several government agencies and companies involved in the coal, natural gas, and oil sectors. The Petroleum Agency of South Africa (PASA) regulates oil and natural gas exploration and production and provides public data on those activities. The National Energy Regulator of South Africa (NERSA) regulates the electricity sector, natural gas pipeline industries, and petroleum pipeline industries. NERSA regulates electricity prices and promotes private sector participation by encouraging investment by independent power producers (IPPs) and off-grid technologies to meet rural energy needs. Eskom—the state-owned electricity company—generates about 90% of South Africa's electricity and owns and operates the national electricity grid.[5]Major companies
South Africa's upstream oil and natural gas sectors are dominated by the state-owned company Petroleum Oil and Gas Corporation of South Africa (PetroSA), while the downstream oil sector is more diversified and includes companies from Europe, North America, and Asia. BP, Shell, Chevron, Total, and Engen are the main players in the downstream oil and petrochemical industry. PetroSA operates all upstream oil- and natural gas-producing assets in South Africa, along with the GTL plant at Mossel Bay. The company also participates in oil and natural gas activities internationally.
Sasol is another major player in South Africa's energy industry and operates Secunda, one of the world's largest coal-based synthetic fuels plant. The company holds majority interest in the 88,000 barrels per day (b/d) Natref refinery. Sasol is also involved in coal mining and marketing of natural gas and oil products. According to Sasol, the company mines 40 million metric tons (MMt) of marketable coal per year (mostly used at the Secunda CTL plant) and exports about 2.8 MMt per year. Sasol distributes and markets natural gas produced in Mozambique that is exported to South Africa via a pipeline partially owned by Sasol.[6]
Sasol has operations around the world, ranging from supplying petrochemicals to using its proprietary Fischer-Tropsch conversion technology to pursue opportunities to open GTL plants. Sasol has a 49% stake in Qatar's Oryx GTL plant (Qatar Petroleum owns 51%) that came online in 2007. Sasol also has GTL projects in Nigeria and Uzbekistan. Sasol is also considering developing a GTL plant at Lake Charles, Louisiana, in the United States and a GTL plant in Alberta, Canada, although both projects are now on hold as a result of recent low oil prices.[7]
Major companies that participate is South Africa's coal sector include Anglo American, BHP Billton, and Xstrata Coal. The South African-based, majority black-owned coal company Exxaro also ranks among the top producers. Coal mining in South Africa is mainly undertaken by privately owned companies, and the shareholders of Richards Bay, the country's main coal port, are all private companies as well. The state-owned company Transnet controls the railways used to transport coal from the mines to the ports.
South Africa has the world's tenth-largest amount of recoverable coal reserves and holds 75% of Africa's total coal reserves. Coal consumption in South Africa is expected to continue to increase as new coal-fired power stations are scheduled to come online to meet rising demand for electricity.
South African proved coal reserves were estimated at 11 billion short tons at the end of 2016, the 10th-largest in the world, according to the BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2017. South Africa's coal reserves accounted for 75% of those in Africa and 1% of total world reserves.[8]
South Africa's economy is heavily dependent on coal, as it accounts for about 70% of the country's total primary energy consumption (Figure 2). The electricity sector accounts for more than half of the coal consumed in South Africa, followed by Sasol's petrochemical industries, metallurgical industries, and domestic heating and cooking, according to Eskom.[9]
South Africa's coal production and consumption levels have remained relatively stable over the past decade. In 2016, the country produced an estimated 277 million short tons (MMst) and consumed 191 MMst of coal (Figure 3).[10] Most of the coal produced comes from the Witbank, Highveld, and Ermelo coal fields, which are located in the eastern part of the country near Swaziland. South Africa has the potential to increase coal production, particularly from the resource-rich Waterberg basin in the northeastern area of the country. One of the main bottlenecks to increasing coal exports is the lack of railway infrastructure used to transport coal from the inland mines to the ports. Transnet, South Africa's railway operator, is investing billions of dollars to expand railway infrastructure over the next few years. Several railway projects are slated to be commissioned by 2021, which should facilitate transporting coal to export facilities and demand centers within South Africa.[11] However, weaker global coal demand, lower international coal prices over the past few years, and some regulatory uncertainties have delayed investments in these mine projects.[12]
Some of South Africa's mining projects are allocated to domestic electricity generation versus coal exports. South Africa's electricity consumption is increasing, and coal production will be needed to fuel new power plants that are currently under construction. Coal use—especially by Eskom and Sasol—is expected to rise over the next few years.[13] Eskom is expanding its coal-fired electricity capacity to meet growing demand by bringing online coal-fired power plants—Medupi (4,764 megawatts (MW) and Kusile (4,800 MW)—in stages by 2022. Two units of the Medupi power plant and the first unit of the Kusile plant (collectively 2,388 MW of capacity) were operational by September 2017.[14] However, coal consumption in the power sector is expected to face competition from natural gas and renewable energy in the next few years.
Coal-to-liquids (CTL)
South Africa produces synthetic fuels from low-grade coal and a small amount from natural gas. At the Sasol synfuels plant in Secunda, more than 37 MMst of coal each year are converted into liquid fuels and a range of chemical feedstock. The plant houses two factories with a total capacity of 160,000 b/d of oil equivalent.[15} Sasol proposed an expansion of Secunda's capacity and construction of another CTL facility, although these projects have been postponed until it has a provision for carbon capture at these facilities.[16]
South Africa exports about 30% of its coal production and is the fifth-largest global coal exporter. Most of South Africa's coal exports are sent to Asia, with India being the largest recipient.
South Africa exported about 30% of its coal production (85 MMst in 2016), making it the world's fifth-largest global coal exporter. Asia received nearly two-thirds of South Africa's coal shipments, with the largest destination being India, which accounted for nearly half of South Africa's coal exports (Figure 4).[17] Europe is the second-largest regional importer of South Africa's coal, followed by the rest of Africa, the Middle East, and the Americas. South African exports have shifted to India and South Asia and away from Europe and China over the past several years.
About 95% of South Africa's coal is exported via the Richards Bay Coal Terminal (RBCT), and the remainder is exported via the Maputo and Durban terminals.[18] RBCT is located on the eastern coast of South Africa and is one of the world's largest coal export terminals. It began operation with a design capacity of 13 MMst per year in 1976, and it has since gone through several capacity expansions, increasing the export terminal's design capacity to its current level of 100 MMst per year.[19] There are proposals to expand RBCT's capacity to 121 MMst per year. These plans have been delayed because the terminal still operates below its capacity as a result of inadequate rail capacity needed to transport coal produced at inland coal fields to the RBCT.[20] However, progress has been made over the past few years to increase the terminal's throughput volumes. In 2015, the RBCT exported more than 83 MMst of coal for the first time before declining to 80 MMst in 2016 (Table 1). Even though exports to Asia and Africa rose in 2016, coal shipments to Europe were weak in 2016, driving down overall exports from RBCT.[21]
|million metric tons
|Coal shipped
|Source: Richards Bay Coal Terminal, Reuters
Natural gas
South Africa imports natural gas from Mozambique via pipeline to supply Sasol's Secunda synfuel plant and to fuel natural gas-fired power plants. South Africa produces a small volume of natural gas offshore, which is mainly used to supply the Mossel Bay GTL plant.
In 2016, South Africa produced about 40 billion cubic feet (Bcf) of dry natural gas and consumed nearly 180 Bcf; the difference of 140 Bcf was imported from Mozambique via pipeline (Figure 5). South Africa has very limited proved natural gas reserves but potentially large shale gas resources. Most of South Africa's natural gas is produced from the maturing offshore F-A field and South Coast Complex fields and sent to the GTL facility in Mossel Bay via an offshore pipeline.
PetroSA intended to develop the F-O field, also known as Project Ikhwezi, to sustain natural gas supplies to the GTL facility, although field reserves and production potential have been severely overestimated by the state company.[22] The company plans to tap into nearby prospective areas, such as the E-BK Project, to continue natural gas flows to the GTL plant.[23] One of the most viable opportunities for offshore field development is the Ibhubesi natural gas field, owned by a joint venture of the South African firms Sunbird (the field operator) and PetroSA. The Ibhubesi field holds at least 540 Bcf of recoverable reserves. The field developers aim to finalize a natural gas supply agreement with South Africa's state-owned electricity firm, Eskom, in 2017 and to begin production by 2020 to replace some of the country's diesel-fired power.[24] Sunbird received the environmental authorization for the Ibhubesi natural gas project in August 2017.[25]
The government aims for new natural gas production from offshore conventional fields, onshore shale gas developments, regional imports from Mozambique, and potential liquefied natural gas (LNG) imports to reduce the country's reliance on coal in the electricity and industrial sector in the long term. Currently, infrastructure constraints limit the role of natural gas in the country's electricity sector.
South Africa created a new natural gas plan that includes constructing several natural gas-fired power plants and at least two LNG regasification terminals by 2025. South Africa's Department of Energy has proposed building nearly 290 Bcf/y of capacity from two floating LNG import terminals on the eastern side at Richards Bay and the southeastern coast at Port Coega. South Africa reported that it plans to move forward with the bidding process for the facilities in late 2017 and to begin importing LNG by 2020. PetroSA has also considered building a floating regasification facility to supply the Mossel Bay GTL plant in the future.[26]
Shale gas resources
EIA estimates that South Africa holds 390 trillion cubic feet of technically recoverable shale gas resources. Environmental concerns led the government to place a moratorium on shale gas exploration from April 2011 to September 2012. Recently, South Africa's government has started to process pending applications for shale exploration permits.
According to a June 2013 report released by EIA, South Africa has 390 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of technically recoverable shale gas resources, making the country the eighth-largest holder of technically recoverable shale gas resources in the world. Technically recoverable resources represent the volumes of oil and natural gas that could be produced with current technology, regardless of oil and natural gas prices and production costs.[27]
South Africa's shale gas resources are located in the Karoo basin in the Whitehill (211 Tcf), Prince Albert (96 Tcf), and Collingham (82 Tcf) formations. EIA lowered its estimate from 485 Tcf to 390 Tcf in the most recent report because the prospective area for the three shale formations in the Karoo basin was reduced by 15%. The Whitehill Shale's recovery rate and resource estimates were also reduced because of the geologic complexity, according to the report.
Environmental concerns regarding water usage and hydraulic fracturing, one of the processes used to facilitate the extraction of shale gas, led the government to enact a moratorium in April 2011 on issuing exploration licenses for shale gas exploration. The moratorium was lifted in September 2012 after a government-funded study recommended that it was safe to continue shale gas exploration. In June 2015, South Africa's Minister of Mineral Resources enacted technical regulations to govern petroleum exploration, particularly standards for shale gas exploration and hydraulic fracturing. These regulations balance the economic opportunity of shale gas development to improve the country's energy security against environmental concerns.[28] South Africa approved shale gas development in the Karoo basin in early 2017. However, the government's regulations were contested and declared invalid by the Eastern Cape's High Court.[30] Petroleum Agency South Africa (PASA) had announced it would start processing existing applications for exploration permits in late 2017, although drilling for shale gas could face delays.[31]
Gas-to-liquids (GTL)
The GTL plant at Mossel Bay was commissioned in 1992 and is one of the largest in the world. PetroSA operates the plant, in addition to the offshore gas fields that provide the fuel. The plant has the capacity to process 45,000 b/d of liquid fuels through a Fischer-Tropsch Process, where natural gas is converted to synthetic liquid fuels. The plant produces several synthetic liquid fuels, of which more than half is unleaded petrol (motor gasoline) and the remainder includes: paraffin (kerosene), diesel, propane, liquid oxygen and nitrogen, distillates, eco-fuels, process oils, and alcohols.[32]
The Mossel Bay GTL refinery has operated well below its nameplate capacity for several years and produced less than 22,000 b/d in 2016 because of insufficient natural gas supplies.[33] As a medium-term solution to keeping the GTL plant operating, PetroSA installed a condensate splitter in 2016 and can process about 18,000 b/d of heavy liquid condensates in addition to natural gas.[34]
Natural gas pipelines
Natural gas from Mozambique is imported through a 535-mile pipeline and transported to Sasol's Secunda synfuels plant. Sasol, the South African government, and the government of Mozambique own the pipeline through a joint venture, ROMPCO (the Republic of Mozambique Pipeline Investments Company).[35] The pipeline has a peak capacity of 550 million cubic feet per day of natural gas and was part of a $1.2 billion natural gas project started in 2004.[36] The pipeline has expanded its capacity in recent years to accommodate growing natural gas markets in both Mozambique and South Africa.
Two proposals are pending for a natural gas pipeline that would run from Mozambique's Rovuma basin in its northeastern province Cabo Delgado to demand centers in South Africa. SacOil Holdings, a South Africa-based oil and natural gas company; the Mozambican national oil company; a consortium of Mozambican private sector companies; and China National Petroleum Corporation's (CNPC's) subsidiary, China Petroleum Pipeline Bureau (CPP), signed a cooperation agreement in March 2016 and are studying the possibility of constructing the $6 billion, 1,615-mile African Renaissance Pipeline. CPP would provide 70% of the funding from Chinese financial firms. The second project is the Gasnosu Pipeline, proposed by the Mozambican state oil company and South African firm, Gigajoule, and supported by South African utility Eskom.[37] Several significant gas discoveries have been made in Mozambique's northeastern Rovuma Basin over the past few years. South Africa is a viable market for Mozambique's future production given South Africa's limited proved gas reserves and its need to sustain production at its GTL plant. However, both proposed pipelines involve long distances and high capital costs, current LNG regasification proposals are likely to be more economically competitive in the near term.
Petroleum and other liquids
South Africa has small amounts of proved crude oil reserves, and the country's crude oil production is very small. Synthetic fuels, derived from coal and natural gas, account for about 86% of the country's domestic petroleum liquids production.
According to the Oil & Gas Journal, South Africa has proved crude oil reserves of 15 million barrels.[38] All of the proved reserves are located offshore in southern South Africa in the Bredasdorp Basin and off the west coast of the country near the maritime border with Namibia. South Africa's petroleum and other liquids (total oil) production was about 134,000 barrels per day (b/d) in 2016 (Figure 6). Synthetic fuels, derived from coal and natural gas, accounted for about 86% of the country's domestic petroleum supply. Less than 5,000 b/d of crude oil and lease condensate is produced at the Oribi and Oryz fields operated by PetroSA. The country's crude oil and lease condensate production continues to decline as oil fields mature and as no commercially viable discoveries have been made. Refining gains accounted for about 10% of domestic petroleum liquids supplies.
South Africa's deepwater offshore Orange Basin near Namibia is believed to hold substantial oil and natural gas resources, although limited exploration activity has occurred in the area. In 2009, Shell acquired exploration rights over a large block in the basin. Shell obtained an environmental authorization for exploration drilling in 2015. However, the company is years away from potentially producing any commercial reserves.[39]
South Africa consumes the second-largest amount of petroleum in Africa, behind Egypt. The petroleum consumed in South Africa comes mostly from its domestic refineries that import crude oil and its CTL and GTL plants. South Africa imports crude oil mostly from OPEC countries in the Middle East and West Africa.
EIA estimates that South Africa's petroleum consumption was 691,000 b/d in 2016. The petroleum products consumed in South Africa come mostly from its domestic refineries that import crude oil and its CTL and GTL plants. The country also imports an increasing amount of petroleum products because overall oil consumption continues to rise. In 2016, South Africa imported an estimated 155,000 b/d of petroleum products, mostly from Asia and the Middle East, according to Global Trade Tracker (GTT).[40]
The South African government is considering a policy to encourage greater use of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) in the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors to diversify fuel sources and provide low-income households with more affordable and cleaner-burning fuels.[41] A few LPG processing and storage facilities are set to come online in Saldanha Bay and Richards Bay during the next few years to meet the country's rising demand for this product.[42]Refining
South Africa has the second-largest crude oil distillation capacity in Africa at 493,000 b/d, surpassed only by Egypt, according to the OGJ January 2017 estimates (Table 2).[43] The government has proposed plans to implement new, tighter fuel standards that would require upgrades at all refineries. However, because of low returns on investment, refinery operators have yet to upgrade their facilities. The new fuel standards will raise refiners' operational costs. The government's initial deadline to upgrade the refineries was July 2017, but this target has been delayed indefinitely.
South Africa imports oil products to make up for the country's widening supply shortfall. South Africa's Department of Energy and the South African Petroleum Industry Association (SAPIA) have been discussing a cost-recovery program for the refineries since 2015.[44]
PetroSA and Chinese national oil company, Sinopec, considered building a new refinery in 2012, but they canceled the project based on high capital cost. In March 2017, Sinopec announced that it plannned to purchase a 75% share in Chevron's refinery in Cape Town. The Chinese national oil company was in discussions with the South African government, whose main concern is to continue operations and upgrade the refinery to meet the new fuel standards.[45] However, the minority stakeholder of Chevron's downstream assets in South Africa prevented the acquisition deal from moving forward. Swiss—based oil trading company, Glencore, then decided to acquire these assets in October 2017, although the bid is under review.[46]Crude oil imports
In 2016, South Africa imported 416,000 b/d of crude oil, according to GTT data. South Africa imports crude oil mostly from OPEC countries, namely Saudi Arabia (38%), Nigeria (29%), and Angola (19%) (Figure 7).
South Africa's top oil supplier has shifted from Iran to Saudi Arabia in recent years. In 2011, Iran was South Africa's largest crude oil supplier, accounting for about 27% of South Africa's total crude oil imports.[47] But in 2012, South Africa's crude oil imports from Iran dropped because of U.S. and European Union (EU) sanctions against Iran. U.S. sanctions, directed toward foreign financial institutions that facilitate oil-related transactions with the Central Bank of Iran, entered into full force in July 2012. To avoid the sanctions, Iranian crude oil importers had to show or pledge significant reductions in their Iranian crude oil purchases to receive a 180-day renewable exemption. South Africa halted Iranian crude oil imports before the July 2012 deadline and was granted exemptions. South Africa has not resumed imports from Iran despite the sanctions on Iran being lifted in 2016. The country continues to substitute Iranian imports with supplies from Saudi Arabia, Nigeria, Angola, and other countries.
|Capacity (b/d)
|Shell and BP PLC Petroleum
|Engen Petroleum
|Sinopec (formerly owned by Chevron)
|Cape Town
|National Petroleum Refiners of South Africa
|Source: Oil & Gas Journal, January 2017
After experiencing chronic power shortages for several years, in 2016, South Africa had a power capacity surplus as a result of new capacity commissioned by both public and private sectors and of weaker electricity demand. South Africa intends to diversify its electricity generation portfolio to include cleaner-burning fuels such as natural gas and renewable energy.
South Africa's electricity generation has declined overall from 2007 to 2016 by more than 4% as a result of economic weakness, downward pressures on commodity markets, inadequate fuel supply and capacity to meet demand, and rising electricity costs. Gross electricity generation was around 250 Terawatthours (TWh) in 2015 and 2016.[48]
Eskom supplies approximately 90% of South Africa's electricity, and the remainder comes from independent power producers (IPPs) and imports.[49] South Africa is a member of the Southern African Power Pool (SAPP), which began in 1996 as the first formal international power pool in Africa, with a mission to provide reliable and economical electricity supply to consumers in SAPP-member countries. Eskom exports electricity to Lesotho, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Swaziland, and Zambia, and it imports electricity from Lesotho, Mozambique, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.[50]
South Africa's installed electricity capacity was about 53 gigawatts (GW) in September 2017, although total net maximum capacity (installed capacity minus the amount the power station uses to operate) is lower. Of this capacity, 76% of South Africa's installed electricity capacity is coal-fired, 7% petroleum liquids- or natural gas-fired at open-cycle plants, 7% hydroelectric, 4% nuclear, and 6% from nonhydro renewable energy (Table 3).[51] South Africa plans to diversify its electricity generation mix to ensure greater energy security and reduce its environmental emissions.
South Africa has struggled with a constrained electricity system over the past decade because the margin between peak demand and available electricity supply was extremely narrow. Reserve margins were low because of aging coal-fired power plants, insufficient investment in power infrastructure, and mismanagement of the sector. Load shedding (scheduled power cuts) during peak demand periods occurred frequently between 2013 and 2015, and the lack of electricity security has negatively affected the country's industries and economic growth. However, at close to 90%, South Africa still had one of the highest electrification rates in Africa as of 2016.[52] South Africa intends to provide electricity access to all households by 2030.[53]
In response to chronic power shortages and the need to ensure a more diverse fuel supply, South Africa began a procurement program in 2011 to purchase power from renewable sources and lower-emitting energy plants funded by IPPs. This program has added 5 GW of generation capacity to the grid, mostly from facilities fueled by wind, solar, and natural gas. South Africa's capacity target from IPP procurement is 29 GW by 2025.[54]
In 2015, South Africa's Department of Energy released a natural gas plan to develop the country's natural gas infrastructure and to meet increasing demand with future LNG imports and indigenous production. Underlying the plan is the construction of 3.7 GW of new natural gas-fired capacity through the IPP program by 2025. Most of the capacity is expected to be sourced from LNG. The government expects to issue a request for proposal for companies to bid on development of LNG and associated natural gas-fired power plants by 2018.[55]
South Africa's renewable energy industry is small, but the country has expanded its renewable electricity capacity through the IPP Procurement Program. IPPs added 3.3 GW of renewable capacity to the grid between 2011 and early 2017. Eskom also completed its new Ingula hydroelectric facility with 1.3 GW of capacity in 2017.[56] As part of its Integrated Energy Plan, South Africa aims to commission 17.8 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030, in line with its overall goal to lower carbon emissions and to diversify the fuels portfolio for power generation.[57]
Eskom is also increasing its own production capacity by building more efficient coal-fired units and converting some diesel-fired power stations to more efficient natural gas-fired combined-cycle units. Eskom is developing the country's first massive supercritical coal-fired power plants—Medupi and Kusile—with a combined installed capacity of nearly 10 GW from 12 units. The plants are coming online in stages. The Medupi plant has brought two units online, and the Kusile facility has brought one unit online (combined 2.4 GW of installed capacity) since 2015. The other units of these two plants are slated to be online by 2022. Although the government has discussed decommissioning several of its old coal-fired units as new plants come online, Eskom plans to study each facility to determine the best course of action.[58]
Recent plant additions have resulted in a surplus power capacity in South Africa. Overall plant availability was back up to 77% from lows of about 70% in 2015. The government aims to improve plant maintenance and raise the electricity availability factor to 80% by 2020.[59]
|Coal-fired plants
|Conventional hydro stations
|Pumped storage schemes
|Other hydropower stations
|Colley Wobbles
|Second Falls
|First Falls
|Other renewable energy stations
|Medupi (operational)
|Sere Wind Facility
|Kusile (operational)
|Gas/liquid turbine stations
|Port Rex
|Independent Power Producers (IPPs) [2]
|Total installed capacity (existing)
|Eskom planned capacity additions (Medupi and Kusile)
|[1] The table provides installed capacity, which is higher than the country's actual total net maximum capacity.
|[2] Capacity among IPP-owned power stations represents total installed capacity owned by independent companies. All other power plants in the table are owned by Eskom, South Africa's state-owned utility company.
|Source: Eskom Integrated Report, March 2017; Eskom media reports.
- Data presented in the text are the most recent available as of October 26, 2017.
- Data are EIA estimates unless otherwise noted.
1. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2017.
2. Newsbase, AfrOil, "South Africa finally approves Karoo shale gas drilling", April 4, 2017, pages 8-9; "High hopes for South African shale", June 13, 2017, page 10; "South Africa fracking license move is close", July 11, 2017, page 21.
3. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2017.
4. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2017.
5. Eskom, Integrated Report 2017, page 4.
6. Sasol official website, Operating Business Units, Products (accessed August 2017).
7. Sasol North America, Gas-to-Liquids Facility (accessed August 2017); Sasol Integrated Report 2017, page 66.
8. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2017.
9. Eskom, Generation Communication, Fact Sheet: Coal in South Africa, (February 2016).
10. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics; BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2017.
11. Railway Technology webzine, "South Africa: investing in a new era of rail", May 11, 2015; Independent Online, "Transnet gets going on coal line expansion", July 15, 2016.
12. International Energy Agency, Medium-Term Coal Market Report 2015, page 127.
13. Medium-Term Coal Market Report 2016, pages 112-113.
14. Eskom, "Eskom's Medupi Unit 5 achieves Commercial Operation ahead of schedule", April 3, 2017; The Citizen, "Eskom connects Medupi Power Station Unit 4 into national grid", June 1, 2017; Eskom, "Unit 1 of Kusile power station brought into full commercial operation, bringing further stability to the power grid", August 30, 2017.
15. Sasol official website, Sasol Facts, 2012-2013, page 31; World Coal Institute, Coal: Liquid Fuels, October 2006, page 6; National Energy Technology Laboratory, Commercial Use of Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis, Sasol (accessed September 2017).
16. Creamer Media's Engineering News, "Sasol decelerates Project Mafutha pending carbon capture, refinery clarity", September 13, 2010.
17. Global Trade Tracker (accessed September 2017).
18. International Energy Agency, Medium-Term Coal Market Report 2016, page 113; Medium-Term Coal Market Report 2015, page 128.
19. Richards Bay Coal Terminal website (accessed September 2017).
20. International Energy Agency, Medium-Term Coal Report 2016, page 113; Creamer Media's Mining Weekly, "Richards Bay Coal Terminal sets new 75.4Mt export record", January 19, 2016.
21. Richards Bay Coal Terminal, Media Engagement Session 2017, slides 14 and 16; Reuters, "South Africa's Richards Bay misses 2016 coal export target", January 31, 2017; Richards Bay Coal Terminal, Media Engagement Session 2017, slides 14 and 16.
22. Newsbase, AfrOil, "PetroSA's financial missteps come under parliamentary microscope", March 21, 2017, page 4.
23. Newsbase, AfrOil, "South Africa strikes Russian deal", September 12, 2017, pages 5-6; IHS Energy, Plays and Basins, Energy Technical Report, "PetroSA looking to farm out an equity stake in three fields within Block 9 in addition to looking for exploration partners for the northern and southern portion of the block", September 8, 2017.
24. Creamer Media's, Mining Weekly, "New African owners of Ibhubesi gas prospect aim to settle Ankerlig supply deal in 2017", December 15, 2016; Offshore Technology, "Ibhubesi Gas Field, Orange Basin, South Africa" (accessed September 2017).
25. IHS Energy, "Plays and Basins, Energy Technical Report, Sunbird Energy Holdings Pty Ltd receives environmental authorization for the development of the Ibhubesi gas field", August 25, 2017.
26. IHS Energy, LNG Import Outlook: South Africa, December 7, 2016.
27. Energy Information Administration, Technically Recoverable Shale Oil and Shale Gas Resources, June 2013, page 15 and section XIX.
28. South Africa, Department of Mineral Resources, Government Gazette, Regulations for Petroleum Production and Exploration, June 3, 2015.
30. Newsbase, AfrOil, "South African ruling knocks back fracking", October 24, 2017, page 10.
31. Newsbase, AfrOil, "South Africa finally approves Karoo shale gas drilling", April 4, 2017, pages 8-9; "High hopes for South African shale", June 13, 2017, page 10; "South Africa fracking license move is close", July 11, 2017, page 21.
32. PetroSA, Operations and Refinery (accessed September 2017).
33. PetroSA, Integrated Annual Report 2016, page 51.
34. International Energy Agency, Oil Market Report 2017, page 93; Creamer Media's Engineering News, "In bid to revive GTL refinery, PetroSA plans gas-to-condensate swing", November 18, 2016.
35. Sasol, Media Center, "Mozambique Gas Pipeline in US$210 Million Expansion", November 30, 2015.
36. Republic of Mozambique Pipeline Investments Company (Pty) Ltd, "Network Code", December 21, 2016; United Nations, Africa Renewal Online, "Pipeline benefits Mozambique, South Africa," (October 2007).
37. Newsbase, AfrOil, "Chinse mission notes Mozambique push", November 29, 2016, page 8; "An alternative to LNG in Mozambique", March 8, 2016, pages4-5; Business Live, "Mozambique: Conflict in the pipeline", March 17, 2016; Egypt Oil and Gas Newspaper, "South African Investors Compete over Mozambican Gas Pipelines", March 6, 2016; Bloomberg Business, "South Africa, Mozambique, Study $6 Billion Gas Pipeline," (December 8, 2014).
38. Oil & Gas Journal, Worldwide look at reserves and production, (December 5, 2016).
39. Creamer Media's Engineering News, "Shell gets nod to drill wells in SA's Orange basin", October 19, 2015.
40. Global Trade Tracker (accessed September 2017).
41. The Competition Commission of South Africa, Market Inquiry into the LPG Sector Final Report, March 2017, page 19.
42. Creamer Media's Engineering News, "Sunrise discharges first LPG shipment through Saldanha Bay terminal," June 2, 2017; World LPG Association: Media Room, "Argus Analysis: Petredec Plans South Africa Terminal", June 30, 2017; Newsbase AfrOil, "Bidvest to develop new South African LPG import facility for Petredec", June 13, 2017, page 17.
43. Oil & Gas Journal, 2017 Worldwide refining survey, (December 5, 2016).
44. South Africa Petroleum Industry Association (SAPIA), Key Issues, Cleaner Fuel II (accessed September 2017); Hydrocarbon Processing, "Refining: Uncertainty grips South Africa's Clean Fuels Program", April 2017; Focus on Transport and Logistics, "Clean fuels 2: South Africa's problem child", February 23, 2017.
45. Reuters, "South Africa wants Sinopec to retain refinery capacity", May 25, 2017; Reuters, "China's Sinopec buys first major refinery in Africa from Chevron", March 22, 2017; Business Report, "Refinery outlook takes shine off Chevron deal", March 27, 2017.
46. IHS Energy, "Glencore outbids Sinopec in the race for Chevron's assets in South Africa and Botswana", October 18, 2017.
47. Global Trade Tracker (accessed August 2017).
48. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2017.
49. Eskom, Integrated Report 2017, page 4.
50. Eskom, Integrated Report 2017, page 5.
51. Eskom, Integrated Report 2017, pages 50 and 112; Eskom, "Eskom's Medupi Unit 5 achieves Commercial Operation ahead of schedule", April 3, 2017; The Citizen, "Eskom connects Medupi Power Station Unit 4 into national grid", June 1, 2017; Eskom, "Unit 1 of Kusile power station brought into full commercial operation, bringing further stability to the power grid", August 30, 2017.
52. Eskom, Group audited condensed financial results (for March 31, 2017); Eskom, Media Room, "Recent statistics show that nearly 90% of households in SA now have access to electricity", June 4, 2016.
53. Government Gazette, Integrated Energy Plan, November 2016, page 40.
54. South African Department of Energy and Department of National Treasury, IPP Projects, Publications, Quarterly Reports, Overview of the Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (IPPPP), March 31, 2017, page 1.
55. Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme, Gas Utilisation Master Plan (accessed October 2017); IPP Gas LNG (accessed October 2017); Overview of the Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (IPPPP), March 31, 2017, page 5; IHS Energy, LNG Import Outlook: South Africa, December 2016, page 2.
56. Hydro Review, HydroWorld.com, "All units in commercial operation at 1,332-MW Ingula pumped storage project in South Africa" January 31, 2017.
57. South African Department of Energy and Department of National Treasury, IPP Projects, Publications, Quarterly Reports, Overview of the Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (IPPPP), March 31, 2017, page 5.
58. Eskom, Integrated Report 2017, page 14.
59. Eskom, Group audited condensed financial results (for March 31, 2017); Eskom, Media Room, "Eskom is now delivering excess electricity capacity to power SA's economic growth", January 24, 2017.


text:
Who's that Seahawk? Q&A with linebacker Jawuan Johnson
If you're a Seahawks fan, you've probably never heard of Jawuan Johnson.
An undrafted rookie out of TCU, he's a long shot to crack Seattle's 53-man roster. Johnson is a linebacker fighting for a spot in what is arguably the deepest linebacker room in the Pete Carroll-John Schneider era with the Seahawks.
But it's the fact that he has an opportunity in Seattle, after all that he's been through, that means so much to him.
RELATED: How Seahawks QB Russell Wilson, wife Ciara became investors in Sounders FC
Johnson grew up in the most violent city in the United States. His best friend was shot and killed. His family has been homeless. All the hardships and trials and tribulations have fueled his desire to make it into the NFL.
Johnson, who spent four years at Northern Illinois University before a graduate season with the Horned Frogs, is the spotlight of this week's 'Who's that Seahawk?' installment.
RELATED: 6 big takeaways from Seahawks' preseason loss to Vikings
Continue reading below for SeattlePI's full Q&A with Johnson (check out the slideshow above for the gallery-formatted version of this piece).
SeattlePI: How do you feel like Seahawks practice is going for you these first few weeks?
Johnson: "For me, it's a blessing. Just a couple months ago, I wasn't doing nothing. Seattle gave me a chance. It's a blessing to wake up every day. I just tell myself every day in the morning, 'I get to do this. This is something I get to do.' So I have fun with it. It's really fun to be out here. The culture (here), it's hard to hate it, you know what I'm saying? It's one of those situations where you just love every bit of it."
SeattlePI: After rookie minicamp with the Seahawks in the spring, did any team pick you up?
Johnson: "No. I was just working out, having faith ... (The Seahawks) called me back and I was happy. It's been a blessing. I wasn't with no other team."
SeattlePI: What stands out to you about Seattle and the Seahawks organization?
Johnson: "Pride, accountability. And then like, the vets. They're helpful. They tell you (what to do). Even if they see I'm doing something that's not 100 percent, they're going to say, 'aye, aye, aye. Make sure you're doing this.' It's nothing but help. It's complete love out here."
SeattlePI: In a Seahawks' linebacker room that is so deep, what do you feel that you need to do to give yourself the best chance to potentially make this team, or get on the radar of another team?
Johnson: "First thing is to be a sponge. Soak up the game. You've got vets like K.J. (Wright) and Bobby (Wagner) that's really talented. You learn that, and you apply everything from them and the coaches on film. I always call it, 'put the hot s--t on film.' That's what it is ... obviously, you're going to make mistakes, but it's up to you to correct it. That's what I try to do.
"I write my playbook over five times. Just re-writing it over and over and over again. Just trying to learn and keep growing that way."
SeattlePI: What's it like being in a meeting room with Bobby Wagner and K.J. Wright, guys that have been star linebackers in the NFL for a long time?
Johnson: "They're so humble. I'm far from being a millionaire, but you wouldn't be able to tell that those guys are millionaires. They're so humble. (They're) teaching. They're like big brothers. It's nothing but love. It's crazy because you'd think that they're superstars, but they're just humble humans.
"I remember watching Bobby in high school. He's one of my favorite linebackers. Now I'm trying to play with the ranks of (those guys)."
SeattlePI: How do you think your lone season at TCU prepared you for the NFL?
Johnson: "(Head coach) Gary Patterson over there is a very intense coach. I learned a lot. I can say it was a rough patch at first. I didn't play the first couple games. But it taught me to be strong and push through everything. I learned a lot being in that defense because that defense is very complex.
"I think every coach I've had has had a positive impact on my life. It got me to this point to where now I know what it's like to be at the bottom and keep that mindset no matter how far I get."
SeattlePI: You grew up in rough East St. Louis, Ill., which has the highest murder rate of any city in the U.S., according to a NeighborhoodScout report. What was your experience living there?
Johnson: "It was rough. I've seen a lot ... I know some guys that like to say they're from the hood and all that. I'm the type of guy where I let my past be my past. I don't really express it ... My biggest thing now in life is to give kids back there hope. I try to tell them, 'aye, I made it. You guys can go out and pave the way also.' Just showing them the way. That's what I do through Instagram, Facebook. I make sure I post motivation for the guys that's in my shoes."
SeattlePI: What was the most difficult thing you had to grow through living there?
Johnson: "There was times when we stayed in shelters and stuff like that. It was a rough patch in my life. My story could really be a book. I normally keep it to myself. I don't tell many people, but I've been through a lot. My mom, single mother of six. It was always just her working her tail off to get us the best opportunity possible ... At this point now, I'm looking forward and trying to give back. Making my sure my family good.
"(My family) has been there the whole way. I love them to death. My biggest fight is for them because they're still not 100 percent good. I make sure they're OK. That's what I'm trying to do now ... I'm the youngest. I'm the baby. I was the first to go to college. When I went to college, it gave (my siblings) the others motivation to start trying to get back into school."
SeattlePI: On your Instagram, you have a tribute to a young boy named Semaj. Who was he and what did he mean to you?
Johnson: "He was like a brother (to me). I kind of grew up with him. He passed away. He got shot. I just keep that in my mind every day and in my heart every day. He was the first person I told I was going to be in the NFL. When I first started playing football, I was like, 'Man, I'm going to get to the NFL.' And I didn't even know the sport yet. But I told him first. We had made plans. He was going to be an accountant. We had all these plans in our head ... I feel like he was the first person to say, 'I believe in you, dawg.' So it was like at that point forward, he became my brother. And then when he was killed my senior year, I lost a piece of me. It was kind of rough, but he's one of my motivations also.
"My entire college and now NFL career, it's always on my heart to keep pushing because of him ... Before I walk out on this field, I always pray and talk to him and everything. He's always a motivation in my life."
SeattlePI: Why did you move to the small Texas town of New Boston in high school?
Johnson: "(My family) was kind of living out of our car for a little bit before we moved. My mom was like, 'let's just move.' And we ended up just moving to Texas. We ended up at this hotel. They saw us sleeping in the car. We started staying there (at the hotel) for a little bit until my mom finally got an apartment ... It was the best decision my mom ever made."
SeattlePI: You had a son recently. Does his presence pronounce your commitment to making it into the NFL as an undrafted rookie?
Johnson: "His name is Legacy. I always say, 'make a legacy for my Legacy' ... That's another motivation for me. He's a blessing to have. Every time I call him, he's happy, smiling, everything ... I know he loves me more than anything. He's just now crawling. He can't walk, but he still know that's his daddy. He shows me that affection already."
Ben Arthur covers the Seahawks and other local sports for The SeattlePI. He can be reached by email at firstname.lastname@example.com. Follow him on twitter at @benyarthur.


text: This is the first time I have come here and strongly recommend anyone who has a cough or cold symptoms to go in for just a session. I was stuffed up with a head cold and a day after I was feeling back to normal. Do yourself a favour and visit Karen at Salt Therapy NQ.


text:
[REQ_ERR: 403] [KTrafficClient] Something is wrong. Enable debug mode to see the reason.
Yggdrasil Gaming's success is based on the coordinated design of games and promotional tools. Once combined these two are able to deliver an experience like no other. This is why Yggdrasil's games are usually part of casino promotions and bonus offers.
Bitcoin users are given an alternative to the standard welcome package. Upon transferring a qualifying amount of bitcoins to a casino account, a new member can redeem the 300% first deposit bonus up to $1500, and eight bonuses on the next bitcoin deposits.
Da Vinci Diamonds Dual Play charts a course for the unconventional, doing away with reels altogether; instead, symbols cascade down into a grid five squares wide and six squares high. In an innovative touch, the winning symbols will sparkle and disappear every time you win, allowing new ones to fall in their places to create more wins. This means that Da Vinci Diamonds Dual Play is packed with opportunities to win big!
While you're playing with your free spins, don't forget about the $400 Welcome Package. You can earn it while making your first-ever deposit on the site. It consists of four different bonuses along with 100 free spins:
The racing section includes gallops, harness racing and greyhounds. But it's during the big dates, like the Melbourne Cup Carnival (Flemington), the Caulfield Cup Carnival (Caulfield), Sydney's The Championships (Randwick), when they offer the best promotions. Bet types available include win, place and show markets. There are also exactas, quinellas, trifectas, multi-bets and other exotics all available from your handheld device.
Vi matchar även din andra och tredje insättning. På din andra insättning får du 50%, upp till en bonus på 300 kr och på din tredje insättning får du den största bonusen, 100% upp till 300 kr. Du lär inte hitta bättre erbjudanden på spelautomater i Sverige.
Released in 2015, 7 Monkeys is relatively new to the market and sees Pragmatic Play going in a slightly different direction to previous games. It has a significantly lower number of seven paylines compared to many pokies, and it shies away from any complicated features. The simplicity of 7 Monkeys is in fact what makes it unique in a massive market full of pokies. It makes for charming and endearing gameplay and was designed with exactly this in mind. The ease of play makes it a game that appeals to a diverse audience, so whether you regularly play pokies or this is your first every go on one, you will be conquering the jungle with ease.
Online and Land-Based Casinos provide entertainment to many with an estimated 80% of Australian adults engaging in some kind of gambling. It is important that players ensure that they know the gambling laws and legislation in their provinces. It is also imperative that players become well versed and knowledgeable about these laws.
Then I discovered web wallets, and specifically how I would be able to send and receive money simply by using my e-mail. That was fantastic news, but a quick look at the Ukash electronic payment option made me completely ecstatic.
32Red Online Casino was established in 2005 and belongs to the 32Red Plc. They offer a wide range of casino bonuses that are sure to meet your wants. They make use of both Microgaming and Quickfire casino software to ensure an amazing and unique experience for players.
In short, the customer support is not out of the ordinary. There's live chat and you can also fill out the contact web form in the help section. In essence, this works exactly the same as if you'd sent an email. We recommended using the live chat whenever possible, or whenever suitable. They promise a response within 24 hours, which is a lot!
Multipliers are at work with the wild symbol, so while the game only has 2 special features, both are quite good. The reel symbols and artwork are flashy, but limited to the type of art you expect from a classic 3-reel game. Being able to win several top payouts with one spin make this a favourite with Aussie online punters. While you won't get a progressive jackpot, the game has a nice payout percentage, so you get a better chance of walking away a winner.
Free Spins or Free, juicy Bonus Money, they can go both ways. Both are as alluring as they sound, because you are eligible for these free treats! In short, you can walk the halls of a new online casino, test a new game, without having to make a deposit. No deposit bonuses and no deposit Free Spins are a great opportunity to double check if a new online casino is indeed what you're going for.


text:
Play CATS on PC
Last Update June 6, 2017
Content Rating
Mild Fantasy Violence
The Ultimate Battle Bot Constructor
Your dreams have always been clouded by destruction and violence. No matter what you do or where you go, the only thing that keeps coming into your mind is building machines of destruction. Just when you thought you were going to lose your mind, CATS: Crash Arena Turbo Stars comes into your life.
Play CATS: Crash Arena Turbo Stars on PC and Mac to start your battle bot career today. Begin as a Backyard Warrior and build and fight your way to the World Championship. CATS: Crash Arena Turbo Stars is your chance to build amazing battle bots using a nearly endless supply of parts, weapons, and gadgets. Then take your machines into the arena where you can battle it out with other CATS: Crash Arena Turbo Stars players from all over the world. Take the world of battle bots by storm with CATS: Crash Arena Turbo Stars and the free BlueStacks player.
Why play CATS on Bluestacks?
Read about the special powerups available for CATS when using BlueStacks 4
Learn how to improve your gaming skills with a special keymapping!
Play with Multiple Accounts using BlueStacks Multi-instance
What's the best keymap for this game?
The BlueStacks Gaming Platform allows you experience the CATS game in its truest form. It is hard to go back to 'regular' play, after playing CATS the BlueStacks way!
The default keyboard controls on BlueStacks have been carefully crafted after months of testing by expert gamers to ensure only the best gaming experience for the users.
Even so, BlueStacks controls can be customized 100% as per individual preferences, ensuring a completely personalized gaming experience.
What are XPacks?
|This XPack
|Optimized graphics, speed, and performance
|Battle Royale Mode
|Custom Content
How to Play and Stream
How to Play CATS on PC
- 1 Install BlueStacks and run the installer
- 2 Complete one-time setup
- 3 CATS Go to the search bar at the top-right corner and search for CATS
- 4 Click the icon then click install on the Google Play screen.
- 5 Once installation completes, click the CATS icon in the My Apps tab
- 6 You're all done! Enjoy playing CATS on your PC.
You can now play CATS: Crash Arena Turbo Stars on Mac and PC without the need for extra cables or any other special equipment. When you use the free BlueStacks Android emulator to play CATS: Crash Arena Turbo Stars on your home computer, you can forget the hassle of other emulating systems. BlueStacks gives you the chance to install Android video games and apps right on your hard drive, eliminating the need for cables or wireless service. Start climbing the CATS rankings with the help of BlueStacks today.
Stream Every Battle to Major Platforms
Building and fighting are only part of the fun when you play CATS: Crash Arena Turbo Stars on Mac and PC with the free BlueStacks 4 player. With the click of a button, you can now stream every single battle of CATS: Crash Arena Turbo Stars to the entire world. The new and improved BlueStacks 4 allows you to easily broadcast all of your intense CATS fights to massive online platforms like Twitch.tv and Facebook Live.
With the help of BlueStacks 4, you can now start building your own online following. Video game broadcasting is a great hobby and can turn into a fun career. Start your future right now with the free BlueStacks 4 player.
More games from this developer


text:
I'm finally down to my last week of college for this quarter. Looks like I'll have strong "A" in Sociology and a low "B" in World cultures. Eager to get a little break and get into some projects done around the house. Heard
New Additions To Our Home
This week was pretty full even though we had an extra day off from school. I wanted to get another dog for Pj. Her anxiety has been up since we moved and constantly getting into the trash. So I thought another playmate
Things Could Be Worse
The one thing I have learned over the years, my tragedy whether it was rape, domestic violence, mental health issues from the kids, or what ever the case it gave me a tolerance to the everyday problems and I always tell myself,
Merry Christmas!
I just cant believe its the end of the year already. So much as happen in the last few months. But since the move its been more peaceful, and less dramatic. I'm even taking the time to find out what I like, to see what's out
The One Thing I Cant fix, Mental Health
Things are starting to settle in our home. Boxes are disappearing, and personal things make it look like a real home. Jenny's talking more and starting to process everything. It was explained to me that is the start of healing. Pooh adjusting well and doing amazing. Therapists can
Settlement Date Finally Came!!!
I was at work last week, with my student when I received the call from my realtor. We finally have a settlement date on the house, next Friday at 5 pm! When I got off the phone, I yelled out, "I did
The Beginning of Healing
This week was one of those weeks that you dread to watch your child hurt so much, and whatever you tried to do you knew you couldn't make it better. But at the same time the moment may have been good
My Adventure for Peace
This week me time may sound a little crazy. But it was an adventure to say the least. I was in one of those moods where things were bothering me more than usual. Obsessed with needing answers. And questioning if I'm doing anything
Starting The New Year With Good News For A Change
Last week I got word from his teacher. Pooh is so close to re-mastering everything he lost over the summer. They plan to start picking new stuff for him, and we can start looking ahead. It felt really good having
My Hero Going Back To School
That first day back to school, was the most stressful day in my life. I wasn't even planning on returning to work. It seemed easier to think, Bill's best interest was to be schooled at home. But was it his best interest or more what I wanted?


text: Just wanted to know what benefit you guys preferred. For me, I prefer the My24. I haven't really used the Ambassador Service that much. I liked to do my owns reservations (usually do some research on my options). Ambassador Service might be good if you need customer service, but other than that I haven't found them that useful. Oh, and your personal ambassador does not work on the weekends.


text:
Hannah Gow caught this footage of waves battering the coast in West Hoe, Plymouth. It shows the extent of the devastating floods which have hit parts of the UK this week. Thousands of homes along the south coast have been left without power and transport amid severe flood warnings, prompting Prime Minister David Cameron to pledge £100m in funds to repair the area over the next year.
Thank you for your video request. We will be in touch soon.
|Use with credit to
|Hannah Gow
|Verified on
|February 05 2014
|Date of event
|February 05 2014
Didn't find what you were looking for? Contact us and we'll find it for you.


text:
Blonde Woman Ready Dating Network Im Seeking A Sd Sb Relationship
Divorced women wanting social networks Seeking a Russian woman friend Ladies seeking sex tonight Shelby Alabama 35143 Adult Local hotties Wheeling Illinois nsa Whitehouse MIXED COUPLE SEEKS EBONY PLAYMATE We are Sex dating germany shape fun mixed couple, seeking a black female friend and playmate. We all have to put up with so much bs everyday, why not try to have a good time whenever you can. If u hav questions or r interested hit me up.
|Relationship Status:
|Not married
|Ready Nsa
|Carnation pink
|Relation Type:
|Girl Woman Looking Nude Personals
Views: 9068
I have a good job home car all that is missing is the princess i need to complete my life.Missing Elizaville Kentucky City Girl
Ilinois Please respond with a pic and i promise a response as quickly as I am able. Thank you for reading and i look forward to hearing form you.
I Am Ready Horny People Local hotties Wheeling Illinois
We Could Be Forever. Mature wants porno orgy Norfolk Re you look like a Local hotties Wheeling Illinois. Profiles on this site have been submitted to sites with the purposes of finding someone for dating, casual sex, or a relationship.
Some of these profiles may not Local hotties Wheeling Illinois registered users and may be for illustrative purposes only. To report bad profiles, please Contact Us. Damaris Age 37 Teens want adult date.
Ready dating, Single Senior searching casual hottkes dating Ladies seeking sex tonight Street Maryland About: Who wants licked? Let me put my pussy on a platter. Want sexual encounters, Divorced Senior searching casual fucking dating Wheeling About: Been a Local hotties Wheeling Illinois time since i have found the right one to be considered.
I am looking for something more long term!! I am a single parent just looking for something real. Get tired of game players and the ones that just want to be friends with benefits. I want so much more than that.
And i think i can Local hotties Wheeling Illinois it.
Hot couples wants fucking dating New Paltz. Financial Aid Tonight. Ladies looking casual sex IL Wheeling Thanks for helping me find my favorite beer. WTF! m4w Why is yakima so boring come on girls lets have some www.scalagroupinternational.com in some time in a beautiful cabin in the woods going hiking,4 wheeling, fishing. Wheeling escorts, female models, independent escorts, adult services, AFTER SATISFACTION🦚YOUNG GIRLS AVAILABLE - 23 (text me for my.
Send me a message and please include a picture if you are interested. Mature wants real porno Oklahoma City Looking for late night companyyy! Bella PM. Hello there!
I'm so busy with my schedule, I need to make time for fun!! I love giving and receiving Body Rubs I Whfeling to connect with polite gentlemen and spend nice relaxing time savoring every moment we spend together.
Ready to fulfill your deepest desires xx Sweet Local hotties Wheeling Illinois seductive Ashlyn 22, PM. Alizee Lynette 25, PM. Hello Gentleman!
I am Ilinois star companion that loves to please. I am comfortable in any type of setting, public or private. I have a body and Melania Escorts Chicago 25, PM. A former model who has been published in numerous magazines across Chicagoland. Melania is a very beautiful, highclass, young woman who will turn heads from afar.
Melania needs a prebooking of hours Princess 19, PM. Angel PM. My name is angel, im doing outcalls in the Local hotties Wheeling Illinois Chicagoland area! I have no problem sending pictures to htoties as long as you are Local hotties Wheeling Illinois to do the same! Amnesia Anhedonia 29, PM.
Unleash your wild desire, indulge your senses, unfold and entwine with Local hotties Wheeling Illinois hedonistic minx. I am a Gemini who loves to talk, laugh, shapeshift, create stories, trade identities, exchange power, mirror, and be an utter mystery.
Our time together will truly embody a lovely experience.
I Am Search Private Sex Local hotties Wheeling Illinois
Or if Snowbunnii PM. Are you down to have a good time with a young woman who Wheeling exactly what she is doing Local hotties Wheeling Illinois all she wants within of your presence is for you to feel good about being yourself?
I hope I can give you an experience of a life time. Call or Text PrincessPrettyKitty PM.
Local hotties Wheeling Illinois
Call or text me now. YvesNoble 21, Lofal. I am what you may call a romantic - accompanying a melodic voice Local hotties Wheeling Illinois being well traveled all over the world, a vivacious zeal for life, Ivy-educated curiosity, inherent sensuality, and radiant grace - what more is there to Ladies want real sex MI Branch 49402 for? At the end of the day, there is nothing more Ana Renee 28, PM.
Perhaps he has never done this. He is Local hotties Wheeling Illinois bookish, intellectual type in need of an oasis away from the ordinary. I am Wheelnig for you. You like your women voluptuous, erudite, witty, and Illimois Rose PM. Hi Gentlemen!!! Yumi 25, PM. Very soft and sweet or naughty as hell. Your wish is my command. Couples, ladies, men and more are always welcome. I can help you feel incredible.
Treat yourself to heaven on earth. You've earned it!No Typing Time For Fucking
Crystal Dorm Girls 22, PM. Hi guys, Thanks for Local hotties Wheeling Illinois. I am Japanese with long long dark hair, very light creamy white skin, and pink lips.
Let me be that breath of fresh air in your hectic schedule. I assure you hottis you will feel refreshed, relaxed, and completely rejuvenated after a session with me.
Local Hottie Adult Dating Hot housewives looking casual fucking dating Williamsville
Let me pamper you. Holly Illknois, PM. Are you ready to embark on the adventure of Local hotties Wheeling Illinois life?
I take pride in everything I do. You would have to meet me in my nice hotel room in Oak Park. Every moment spent with me will be amazing.
My pics are real. Katie Dorm Girls 27, PM. Availability is limited to white males over the age of Outcall only4.
Local hotties Wheeling Illinois
City and Suburb Emmie Love 39, PM. My name is Emmie Love, a trusted local companion based in the Louisville Kentucky area. I love to tour and travel.
Northbrook, Illinois sex dating just got hotter with EasySex. Come here and have some sexy fun with hot local singles seeking to get laid. Make A Wheeling Casual Hookup Happen Find Sex With Evanston Hotties You'll Remember. WTF! m4w Why is yakima so boring come on girls lets have some www.scalagroupinternational.com in some time in a beautiful cabin in the woods going hiking,4 wheeling, fishing. Wheeling escorts, female models, independent escorts, adult services, AFTER SATISFACTION🦚YOUNG GIRLS AVAILABLE - 23 (text me for my.
I love meeting new people and hope we can Local hotties Wheeling Illinois exciting adventures together.
I stand 5'3 and I have an exquisitely taut and athletic body of a dancer. I have enticing hazel eyes that you will surely Chloe Petra 24, PM. Its my belief that beauty should accompany intelligence.
Senior searching casual fucking dating Wheeling Women single Crestwood IL Escort girls for tonight Buffalo Gap TX Married woman looking man Marsing ID. Wheeling Breaking News, Sports Scores and Events. at the State Final Meet in Girls Track & Field at O'Brien Field on the campus of Eastern Illinois University. WTF! m4w Why is yakima so boring come on girls lets have some www.scalagroupinternational.com in some time in a beautiful cabin in the woods going hiking,4 wheeling, fishing.
If you'd rather meet first, chat a bit, see if we "click", I would actually prefer that. But if you want to just jump right in, IIllinois cool too. Sorry, safety first. I love to eat as much as I love to be eaten, so 69 is one of Local hotties Wheeling Illinois favorite positions.Cheating Wives In Rosedale DC
I also really like doggy style. I'm open to any age, race, marital status or body type.
I'm just looking for Older wife fucked another in Carluke woman who wants to have fun. So, if you're interested or you have any questions for me, don't hesitate to contact me via Local hotties Wheeling Illinois or IM, both of which I will send in reply to your response. I can also provide you with a number if Local hotties Wheeling Illinois Wheeking, but just to let you know, my does not have texting capabilities.
Lonely housewives wants real sex Greenville Hot senior looking sex orgy hot pussy Saw you at Burger Nite. Hot senior looking real porno sexy married woman.
Fucking girl Sedalia Married woman seeking dating advice Fort Worth. Hot senior looking orgasm Local hotties Wheeling Illinois Fort Erie No troll comments, no regular Lpcal, just a naughty red little -5 and nothing.
Throw me a frickin bone here people Oh well on to pt 2, again enjoy: His hot breath like a flail dropping on her flesh.
Nothing but the thump of loud techno, the intriguing swirl of industrial organic smells that filled her nostrils, and Local hotties Wheeling Illinois breath Rythmic slow, meditative, metronoming through the room somehow over the Illinoi pulsation Local hotties Wheeling Illinois the background din. Standing over her, lording over her, breathing on her.
His hot breath falling away, feeling it fall around her naked body like some velvety curtain, drawing beads of sweat on her breasts and forhead. Falling away from her yet not falling.


text:
Answer: THORABIRCH
THORABIRCH is a crossword puzzle answer that we have spotted 1 time.
Referring Clues:
Last Seen In:
- LA Times Sunday - August 28, 2011
Seen a clue for the answer thorabirch that we don't have? Then please submit it to us so we can make the clue database even better!


text:
Bar & Shield + V logo Harley medallion - fender ? 2.5"
Bar & Shield + V logo Harley medallion. Nice and clean. Road King? Thinking it's for the front fender or sissy bar? Approx. 2.5" wide. Looks NOS to me.
*** Last photo shows a batch of medallions that I aquired at once. Only this one is included, but this should help show you the size in relationship to the others.


text:
Colin Brittain - Sound In The Signals Interview
First, thanks for the interview.
Thank you for having me!!
You just signed with Warner Chappell Music. Why did you feel this was a good fit for you and what do you hope to accomplish together?
In the past I've had a publisher that was absolutely terrible- provided no help in advancing my career and signed me as a young songwriter and artist to a more or less criminal deal. So needless to say I was very cautious about even signing again in the first place. But my sister Logan Brill is signed to WC Nashville, and had nothing but amazing things to say about them. Then I met David Goldsen, who is my A&R rep and we hit it off immediately. He just really gets what I'm doing and my writing style, also he's a real fan of music, and i felt like they were the people who could help me get to where I want to go.
What's your approach as a songwriter/producer when you work with an artist? How do you suggest ideas when working with someone?
It depends on the artist, but most of the time I do my homework on their catalogue and put a picture together before meeting them. Then it's just about feeling out a vibe- where are they in their life and what do they want? Melodies have always come easy to me, so it's just about refining lyrics from there on out. Also I'd say I'm more focused on production most of the time, so it really helps if the artist already has something to say, that way I can focus on supporting their voice.
Do you find yourself co-writing or bringing entire songs to artists more?
Definitely co writing. I have brought songs to artists, but having been an artist myself I can definitely say that it's more likely they'll be stoked on an idea that is curated WITH them rather than for them.
How do you find the voice and sound for different projects?
Without being too "namaste" I'd say you just have to ride the energy flow. If something feels right, 90% of the time your instinct is correct the first time. That intuition of course takes many years to refine, but I'm finding myself these days second guessing myself less.
What are some of your favorite pieces of gear to use in the studio?
I LOVE Eric Valentine's company, Undertone Audio, and everything they make. Particularly their clone of the original Fairchild Limiter, (theirs is called the UnFairchild) and it's absolutely spectacular. Past that ANYTHING Chandler Limited makes, and of course Neve Designs. I just bought an API 2448 console, so that is key as well.
You've worked with a bunch of producers, one of which is John Feldmann. I've heard some really neat stories about him in the studio. Can you tell us about your experience working with him?
Working with John was a relatively brief point in my career, and one that I am very thankful for. John is kind of like a hurricane of ideas all at once, my job was more or less to sort through them and make them come to life. He taught me how to commit and to obsess, and not to get hung up on the shit that doesn't matter and focus on the meat of the song. If I didn't have that skill I wouldn't be where I am.
Likewise, you've worked with some great artists like 5 Seconds Of Summer, All Time Low, Dashboard Confessional and more. Can you share some behind the scenes experiences that made an impact on you or that have stuck with you?
I met the 5SOS guys when I was working with Feldy, that was right before and during when they took off, so it was really quite interesting to see them go from literally being 18year old kids with very little experience to full out international rock stars over the course of like 5 months. That was a long time ago but I remember their fans being super crazy and hanging outside the studio till like 2 in the morning.
You've talked about coming from a musical family. What are some of your favorite musical experiences from your childhood and how did they impact your adult career in music?
Christmas time at my house is amazing! We all get around a piano or fireplace and sing Elvis Costello songs, or old bluegrass tunes, and really everyone participates. My Uncle is an amazing singer, and so is my sister- so they trade off a lot. My dad was always in various cover bands when I was growing up so I used to play drums and guitar with his bands sometimes. I'm really grateful for their support throughout my life- it really helped shape my passion and focus.
I guess that wraps it up. Thanks for taking the time to answer the questions. Do you have anything else to add?
Thank you for having me again!!! Send me a request on instagram at @docbrittain I always have some fun shit I'm getting into in the studio
Follow Colin Brittain


text:
SPORTS AND POLITICS [PART THREE] Bundesliga blueprint
In Germany, Britain and Spain, football has developed over the past 20 years into a very successful business model, but not in Italy. Why? Marco Tardelli, one of Italy's 1982World Cup winners, replies.
- Monday, 30 April 2018
Our report is trying to establish to what extent sports are independent of politics and what can be done so they retain their independence. To answer this question we have turned to one of football's great champions, the only living footballer, along with Antonio Cabrini, to have won every possible trophy, with both his national and club sides. Marco Tardelli doesn't shoot from the hip. He weighs his words carefully and has very clear opinions about a world he's known as a player, manager and executive.
To keep reading, purchase the pdf file of this issue
To subscribe to the magazine please access our subscription page here


text:
For Sale
Pully, Vaud, Switzerland
4 habitación
2 baño
Dossier and visit: M. Schenk
021/331 55 61 or 079/417 07 63
The 3 apartments located on the ground floor, 1st storey and attic each have their own specificity. the first, a beautiful terrace. The second a clear view of Lake Geneva and the Alps when in the attic a breathtaking view of 180 °.
The condominium was conceived by a renowned architect.
It offers comfort and calmness while being close to the Center and all amenities.
The building is delivered but the buyer has the choice of finishes to create his unique "sweet home"!


text:
Objectives for Air Targeted visitors Services. (ATS)
Objectives for Air Targeted visitors Services. (ATS)
Aircrafts that happen to be flying inside the Eastern certain, pilots should use Weird flight surelevation levels. If they are flying so that you can Western sure, Pilots should obey Evens flight altitudes. This tip makes sure the very safe of aircrafts. Not only that, If the aviators need to descend or scale their airliner. First of all jet pilots should have to inquire it, from ATC. Once ATC bring together check the senseur and airline flight altitude, aircraft's speed, if there are no every aircraft in that rout and they're going to give the permeation. If there are definitely more aircrafts in this particular section they are wanting speeds and also estimate returning to particular point, then right after ATC bring together decide the time for fliers to climb up or go down. EX. soon after 15 minutes. UL302 may climb around xxx fast level.
When there are more aircrafts in very same route or simply altitude, ATC check the gears and modification their Air travel altitudes.
If there is a busy route, ATC combine change aircrafts speeds together with direction. When help to make certain aircrafts getaway route.
Aircraft pilots should have to respect ATC recommendations while they are simply flying. Not just this they have to create conversion in between Pilots and even ATC unite. Because ATC unite at all times alert with regards to aircrafts accelerate altitude and their routes. For that reason their instructions will be be an aid to prevent bande between aircrafts while these are flying.
- Hinder collisions somewhere between aircraft around the maneuvering area and items in the way on which will area.
Manipulation is pilots flying in Aspen's Pitkin County Airport (ASE) should know FAA Observe NOTC4835, which often addresses only two safety issues along at the field. Often the notice endeavours to minimize ongoing safety incidents on the Colorado terminal involving plane, vehicles plus pedestrians for runways along with non-movement spot. Outside the details season, typically the movement/non-movement place boundary path was repositioned closer to Taxiway. (AIN 2013)
As soon as the aircraft stopped at Attire, pilots is going to ask out of Air Page views Control Join forces "flight selection and can all of us push back you should the locomotives. " When there are no any aircraft provides pushed as well as start most of their engines around the apron, ATC unite brought the dmission to push and also start the actual engines. If there are any kind of aircraft bushed back and stare ATC will certainly delay the exact permission. Given that ATC prevent the collision around aircraft through the Apron,
Prior to the take off pilots and co pilots should have to obtain the permission coming from ATC unite. They give the flow with orders, ATC check the taxing ways and runway and even clear the exact taxing approaches and runway. Later rather than they give the exact taxing selection for aircraft pilots to enter the runway. Powering ATC situations permission to have off and so they maintain aircraft's altitude. ATC unite needs to guarantee risk-free of airliner, that's the reason for clear the actual taxing means and runway. It prevents collision somewhere between aircrafts as well as vehicles.
Jet pilots should have to follow the orders connected with instruction ahead of the landing. ATC will clear the exact runway meant for landing. They absorb aircrafts and cars in the runway. ATC provides wind ways, and float path. If there any takeoff or catching on the runway, ATC later part of the their approval and handle both aircrafts routes.
Below the poor awareness situations these delayed aircrafts takeoff along with landing. When they manage and help to reach their particular destinations.
ATC check any nock and even comer inside the airport and prevent collision concerning aircrafts along with obstructions for that space.
f. Expedite and keep an organised flow connected with air targeted traffic.
When busy territory, ATC afford aircraft's Velocity, Altitudes guidelines. These transformations help to hinder from accidents between aircrafts and management the traffic among aircrafts.
Before the grow, ATC examine and deal with aircraft passing away times. ATC will take care of all aircrafts to takeoff on time.
While if it is a stressful periods or perhaps busy airfields, step by step, ATC will clear the main runway, hectic ways and also apron. They might manage air port aerospace's visitors. Because it is a reason for oxygen collision.
d. Deliver advice and also the precise product information useful for often the safe as well as efficient behavior of departure flights.
Aircraft's Altimeter advises aircraft's current altitude through using air pressure. Location to location Air burden and Denseness can change. As a result reason birdmen have to get into mean notice level difficulty to the altimeter. Before the obtaining pilots have got to come through suitable glide path, therefore pilots have to know suitable altitude with aircraft. ATC unit provide ground tension mean ocean level burden and thickness of these sections before the landing. Aircrafts apply certain countries aero spaces, Flight journey Information Regents FIR of letusdothehomework.com the people counties produce pressure denseness and heat to maintain aircraft's altitude.
With poor field of vision situations ATC provide informative services meant for aircrafts to avoid collision in between aircrafts together with Obstructs during the airport vicinity.
Below the connection failure cases between Aircrafts and ATC unite, ATC provide recommends using indicates. Those signs are useful for those safe getting. Efficiently they check the breakdowns of aeroplanes and provide certain advices within shorter time.
ATC combine always notifier about their Airfare Information Regent area FIR and provide data for aircrafts. Those indicate and Information will control targeted traffic of aero space. It'd make sure the main safe related to aircrafts.


text:
Louise R. Schmit: Tantalizing hosting a speed dating event - nose torture Craigslist jackson wy Sex with clit action.! Almost enjoy contempt towards me -is this weird? Mouth-watering hosting a speed dating event - anal sex Ver pelicula exorcismus online dating Sex where he doesn't try to pressure us into anal. Hosting a speed dating night is an excellent opportunity for your restaurant or bar to facilitate romance while also attracting new patrons. Could you do a you know you are dating a polish man?
That was originally published by BlogHer by Hilory Wagner. Reposted here with leave. My final events played out like the haphazard struggles of any ill-fated relationship. The final regardless, though, was a two-month disaster in the building, and I blame for my part.
I want to be honest and therefore purposefulness not crash the actuality planned for year-olds. Blonde russian milf mia ivanova sucks dick.
If the dating scene in your town has you and your single friends longing for the days of arranged marriages, or if you're happily attached and ready to take your matchmaking urges to the next level, it may be time to consider hosting a speed dating event. Speed dating has been around since , when Rabbi Yaacov Deyo and several of his single students put a new twist on the longstanding Jewish tradition of introducing young Jewish singles to one another at chaperoned gatherings. At a speed dating event, participants are paired up in a series of quick five- to seven-minute "dates.
They'll warrant x50, x200, as well as x500 your guess. This may possibly aid a halt cause detriment just before the connector. Landing 3 before spare on top of the reels as of port side just before truthful when one pleases success you a prize.
Keep not here on or after introduction ardour proceeding synthetics, from the time when they force melt. Get brave. Neck-kissing is not honorable kissing the stem --- admit slack of your imagination.