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Freshwater mineral nitrogen and essential elements in autotrophs in James Ross Island, West Antarctica
Pavel Coufalík
Daniel Nývlt
Petra Prochazková
Ondřej Zvěřina
Kateřina Trnková
Kateřina Skácelová
Josef Komárek
Polish Polar Research | 2016 | vol. 37 | No 4
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The lakes and watercourses are habitats for various communities of cyanobacteria and algae, which are among the few primary producers in Antarctica. The amount of nutrients in the mineral-poor Antarctic environment is a limiting factor for the growth of freshwater autotrophs in most cases. In this study, the main aim was to assess the availability of mineral nitrogen for microorganisms in cyanobacterial mats in James Ross Island. The nitrate and ammonium ions in water environment were determined as well as the contents of major elements (C, N, P, S, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, Mn) in cyanobacterial mats. The molar ratios of C:N, C:P and N:P in mats were in focus. The growth of freshwater autotrophs seems not to be limited by the level of nitrogen, according to the content of available mineral nitrogen in water and the biogeochemical stoichiometry of C:N:P. The source of nutrients in the Ulu Peninsula is not obvious. The nitrogen fixation could enhance the nitrogen content in mats, which was observed in some samples containing the Nostoc sp.
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Review of the putative Phorusrhacidae from the Cretaceous and Paleogene of Antarctica: new records of ratites and pelagornithid birds
Marcos M. Cenizo
Polish Polar Research | 2012 | No 3
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fossil birds
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Remains referred to Phorusrhacidae from the Cretaceous and Paleogene of the Antarctic Peninsula, and mainly known through informal and succinct descriptions, are reassigned here to other bird lineages recorded in the Antarctic continent. New records of ratites, pelagornithid birds, and penguins are added to the Upper Eocene avifauna of Seymour Island. Moreover, the original allocation for an alleged cursorial seriema−like bird from the Maastrichtian of Vega Island is refuted, and its affinities with foot−propelled diving birds are indicated. The indeterminate Pelagornithidae specimen represents the largest pseudo−toothed bird known so far. It is concluded that there is no empirical evidence for the presence of terror birds in Antarctica.
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The effects of temperature on the behaviour of the Antarctic sea star Odontaster validus
Anna Kidawa
Tomasz Janecki
Marta Potocka
Polish Polar Research | 2010 | No 3
| 273-284
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Many Antarctic marine benthic invertebrates are adapted to specific environ− mental conditions (e.g. low stable temperatures, high salinity and oxygen content). Changes caused by global climatic shifts can be expected to have significant impact on their physiol− ogy and distribution. Odontaster validus, an ubiquitous, omnivorous sea star is one of the "keystone species" in the Antarctic benthic communities. Laboratory experiments were car− ried out to study the effect of temperature rise (from 0 to 5#2;C) on some vital biological func− tions that sea stars must perform in order to survive in their environment. Parameters such as behavioural reaction of sea stars to food and food odour, locomotory performance and abil− ity to right were measured. Temperature increase significantly impaired the ability of O. validus to perform these functions (e.g. lowering the number of sea stars able to right, in− creasing time−to−right, reducing locomotory activity, weakening chemosensory reaction to food and food odour). At temperatures of 4 and 5#2;C a loss of motor coordination was ob− served, although at all tested temperatures up to 5#2;C there were single individuals perform− ing successfully.
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Application of the dendrite analysis in the discussion on the biogeography of the Antarctic
Jacek Siciński
Polish Polar Research | 1986 | vol. 7 | No 3
| 305-317
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The method of construction and division of dendrites proposed by Florek et al. (1951) was used for defining of the Antarctic biojjeographic areas. The affinity matrices of Knox and Lowry (1977) resulting from the analysis of the distribution of Antarctic Polychaeta and Amphipoda were taken as a basis for dendrite construction The results of the present analysis are compared with the conclusions of these authors and similarities and differences are discussed on the background of the hitherto published biogeographic divisions of Antarctica.
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Macrozooplankton in the southern Drake Passage and in the Bransfield Strait during BIOMASS-SIBEX (December 1983 January 1984)
Zbigniew Witek
Wojciech Kittel
Henryk Czykieta
Maria I. Żmijewska
Ewa Presler
Polish Polar Research | 1985 | vol. 6 | No 1-2
| 95-115
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Macrozooplankton was collected at 63 stations by means of a Bongo sampler in the layer from the surface to a depth of 200 m. Wet formalin volume of siphonophors, polychaetes, pteropods, copepods, amphipods, euphausiids, chaetognaths, salps, and the remaining animals was determined; the distribution of major species was presented. Low diversity in macrozooplankton composition was observed in the study area. As far as biomass was concerned, salps predominated in the whole area; they occurred in exceptionally large quantities Large amounts of krill were also observed in some areas. Besides salps and krill, other euphausiids had the greatest share in the zooplankton; they were more abundant than copepods. Macrozooplankton biomass without salps and krill was low when compared with the values known from literature.
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Another look at tarsometatarsi of early penguins
Piotr Jadwiszczak
Polish Polar Research | 2015 | No 4
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foot anatomy
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The tarsometatarsus, a compound bone from the lower leg in birds, is the most important skeletal element in fossil penguin taxonomy, especially in the case of early members of this group. However, any attempt to go beyond the problem of mere classification obviously requires the better understanding of osteological traits under consideration. This in turn touches on the issue of interplay between bone and concomitant soft−tissue structures, such as muscles, tendons and vessels. This paper focuses on the more holistic comprehension of the tarsometatarsal section of the Eocene penguin foot, based on the analysis of the myology and the vascular system of its modern counterparts. A number of graphical reconstructions are provided with a discussion of the role of the hypotarsus and inter− metatarsal foramina.
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Additions to the lichen flora of Victoria Land, Antarctica
Jerzy Smykla
Beata Krzewicka
Karina Wilk
Steven D. Emslie
Lucyna Śliwa
Polish Polar Research | 2011 | No 2
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lichenized fungi
penguin colonies
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Lichens of relict penguin colonies and sites affected by active penguin colonies were investigated in Victoria Land, Ross Sea sector, continental Antarctica. A total of 17 coastal sites, seven in northern and ten in southern Victoria Land, have been investigated across 7 ° of latitude from 71 ° to 78 ° S. Altogether 40 taxa of lichens have been identified. Four of the recorded species are new to the Antarctic – Caloplaca erecta , C. soropelta , C. tominii and Physcia tenella ; two species are new to the Victoria Land area – Lecania nylanderiana and Lecanora polytropa . The first lichen records from Beaufort Island are also provided. Data presented here expand the knowledge on the occurrence, diversity and distribution of Victoria Land lichens.
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A new fossil Adamussium (Bivalvia: Pectinidae) from Antarctica
Fernanda Quaglio
Rowan Jane Whittle
Andrzej Gaździcki
Simões Marcello Guimarães
Polish Polar Research | 2010 | No 4
| 291-302
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Destruction Bay Formation
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Adamussium jonkersi sp. nov. is described from the Late Oligocene Destruction Bay Formation, Wrona Buttress area, King George Island (South Shetlands), West Antarctica. The unit, characterized by volcanic sandstone, is a shallow marine succession deposited in a moderate- to high-energy environment. The thin-shelled pectinids, collected from the lower part of the unit, are preserved mostly as complete valves. Shell thickness, sculpture pattern and umbonal angle suggest a free-living, inactive swimming life habit.
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Tourism at Antarctic Arctowski Station 1991-1997: policies for better management
Piotr Ciaputa
Katarzyna Salwicka
Polish Polar Research | 1997 | vol. 18 | No 3-4
| 227-239
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Arctowski Station
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Henryk Arctowski Station, the research station of the Polish Academy of Science in Admiralty Bay, King George Island, West Antarctica, is one of the most heavily visited bases in Antarctica. Between the seasons 1991/92 and 1996/97, 12884 tourists were recorded. A specially designed tourist trail was marked to divert visitors toward alternative attractions, not only the station buildings. Tourist management goals include: environmental protection, minimising waste and pollution, respecting the rules relating to protected areas, and prohibition of collections and souveniring.
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Antarctic oceanobiological expeditions organized by the Polish Academy of Sciences
Stanisław Rakusa-Suszczewski
Krzysztof Jażdżewski
Ryszard Ligowski
Polish Polar Research | 1998 | vol. 19 | No 1-2
| 61-79
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The paper provides information on oceanobiological expeditions to the Antarctic organized by Polish Academy of Sciences. The scope of research of five expeditions is described and main achievements of Polish Antarctic studies are summarized.
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Distribution of Euphausia frigida, Euphausia crystallorophias, Euphausia triacantha and Thysanoessa macrura in the southern part of Drake Passage and in the Bransfield Strait during the 1983—1984 austral summer (BIOMASS-SIBEX)
Wojciech Kittel
Zbigniew Witek
Henryk Czykieta
Polish Polar Research | 1985 | vol. 6 | No 1-2
| 133-149
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In the plankton samples collected with a Bongo net besides Euphausia superba the following species of the Euphausiacea were found:. £. frigida, crystallorophias, E. triacantha and T. macrura. The most aboundant and most frequently caught species was T. macrura equally distributed throughout the research area. The species E. frigida also occurred regularly though in much smaller numbers. E. triacantha occurred sporadically, mainly in the western part of the research region, and E. crystallorophias only at two stations in the Bransfield Strait. Some aspects of the biology and ecology of the mentioned above species are presented in this study.
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The influence of sex and maturity stage of krill (Euphausia superba Dana) upon the content and composition of its lipids
Anna Kołakowska
Polish Polar Research | 1991 | vol. 12 | No 1
| 73—78
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Using a thin layer chromatography the content and composition of krill lipids was examined in different sex and maturity stages. The content of lipids decreased in the following sequence: immature males — females with eggs — juvenile specimens — spent females — mature males. In females the differences concerned mainly phospholipids and waxes, in males — triacylglicerols; this fact proves the different utilisation of lipids for reproduction in both sexes.
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The lipid compositionof some Antarctic Crustacea
Anna Kołakowska
Polish Polar Research | 1991 | vol. 12 | No 1
| 79—89
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A composition of lipids of some Antarctic Crustacea (Euphausia superba. E. triacantha. Thysanoessa macrura and Mysidacea gen. sp. indet.) caught in the Admiralty Bay (South Shetlands) was compared. Lipids of E. superba differed in low content of waxes that evidences for different management of lipids than in other examined Crustacea.
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The hepatics reported from the Antarctic and an outline of their phytogeography
Ryszard Ochyra
Jiři Váňa
Polish Polar Research | 1989 | vol. 10 | No 2
| 211-229
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A short review of the history of the hepaticological exploration of Antarctica is given in the present paper. An annotated check list of all taxa of hepatics reported from within the Antarctic botanical zone, based on literature data and unpublished records, is included. Altogether 22 species of liverworts, excluding two taxa known only at generic level, representing 18 genera and 13 families, are known to occur in the Antarctic. All species of hepatics, except for Cephaloziella varians which is also known from Greater Antarctica, occur exclusively in the maritime Antarctic region. In the livewort flora of Antarctica, the southern temperate and subantarctic elements are predominant (72.7%) and the bipolar element is remarkably scarce, albeit the bipolar taxa belong to the most widespread and frequent of the impoverished Antarctic hepatic flora. Distribution patterns of all known Antarctic liverworts are briefly discussed and several floristic elements and subelements are recognized.
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Joannes Georgius Adamus Forster, his voyages and Polish relations
Zbigniew Wójcik
Polish Polar Research | 1989 | vol. 10 | No 1
| 31-45
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Forster's biography
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J. G. A. Forster, member of J. Cook's expedition towards South Pole, spent the majority of his life in Poland. In the years 1784—1787 he was professor of natural history at the Wilno University. Born near Gdańsk, he never lost the consciousness of his Polish citizenship. Forster's publications have enriched the culture and science of England. France, Germany, Poland and other countries.
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The density structure of krill aggregations and their diurnal and seasonal changes (BIOMASS III, October- November 1986 and January 1987)
Małgorzata Godlewska
Zygmunt Klusek
Polish Polar Research | 1988 | vol. 9 | No 2-3
| 357-366
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On the basis of acoustically registered cross-sections of krill aggregations, regular, irregular and layer forms were distinguished. Regular forms are most frequently observed during spring and in the day time, while irregular forms are most frequent during summer and night hours. The density histograms made for two hour intervals clearly show the day-night difference, but the seasonal (spring, summer) difference is less pronounced. Mean density of swarm is lowest during the night and reaches a maximum in early morning hours. The mean volume backscattering strength values (Sv) for spring and summer are nearly identical. We suggest that regular forms correspond to foraging swarms and irregular forms to feeding swarms as described by Hamner (1984).
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Benthic fishes of the Elephant Island shelf (BIOMASS III, October—November 1986 and February 1987)
Krzysztof E. Skóra
Polish Polar Research | 1988 | vol. 9 | No 2-3
| 385-398
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24 species of 8 fish families were found to occur on the shelf of Elephant Island during austral spring and summer of 1986/87 season. Notothenia gibberifrons was a predominant species (78—83% per catch). The presence of Champsocephalus gunnari and Chaenocephalus aceratus (15—20% per catch) almost completed fish composition profile. A pronounced decrease of Notothenia rossi (0.03—0.04% per catch) was noticed. Some specimens of Champsocephalus gunnari were characterized by a spawning-time shifted by almost half a year comparing to the remaining part of its population.
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Mesoscale hydrodynamic processes in the region of Bransfield Strait and the southern part of Drake Passage during BIOMASS-SIBEX 1983/84
Alfred Grelowski
Andrzej Majewicz
Marianna Pastuszak
Polish Polar Research | 1986 | vol. 7 | No 4
| 353-369
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hydrodynamic processes
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The attempt was made to describe the dynamics of water masses in the southern part of the Drake Passage and the Bransfield Strait in the time period from December 1983 to January 1984. The dynamic topography at the surface (referred to 500 dbar surface) allowed to define the eastward flow of water in the Bransfield Strait and to observe, in the same region, the presence of a rather weak counter-current of the Weddell Sea origin. In the Drake Passage, a general north-eastern direction of water flow of the Bellingshausen Sea was found. In the Bransfield Strait, as well as in the Drake Passage, the relative velocities of geostrophic flow were low: 0.22 and 0.06 m s-1 respectively. The analysis of Rossby and eddy numbers and Rossby radius made it possible to regionalize the dynamic phenomena but could not be fully used for their classification.
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Horizontal and vertical distribution of Ostracodain Drake Passage and Bransfield Strait (BIOMASS-SIBEX, December 1983-January 1984)
Katarzyna Błachowiak-Samołyk
Maria I. Żmijewska
Polish Polar Research | 1995 | vol. 16 | No 3-4
| 149-161
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The material discussed in this paper was collected in the Drake Passage and Bransfield Strait (Antarctica) within the framework of the BIOMASS-SIBEX programme. Samples were collected by hauling Nansen nets verticaly through the 100 — 0, 300—100 and 500 — 300 m layers in December 1983 and January 1984. Of the six species recorded — Metaconchoecia isocheira, Alacia hettacra, Alacia belgicae, Metaconchoecia skogsbergi, Boroecia antipoda and Discoconchoecia off. elegans — the first three, endemic to Antarctic waters — were predominant (92.9%). Ostracoda were found most abundantly in the eastern part of the study area — between Elephant Island and South Orkney Islands, and in the south-western part of Bransfield Strait. Their vertical distribution depended on the hydrological conditions. Ostracoda were most numerous in the 500—300 m and 300 — 100 m layers; very few were recorded in the 100—0 m surface layer.
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The right to freedom of research under the Antarctic Treaty System
Jacek Machowski
Polish Polar Research | 1990 | vol. 11 | No 3-4
| 419-434
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law and politics
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Freedom of research is one of the fundamental principles upon which the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) was founded. Its scope is defined by the limitations imposed by relevant legal rules. They provide among other for prohibition of scientific investigation of military character and declare that no activities — including research — shall constitute a basis for territorial claims in Antarctica. Of particular importance are limitation;' imposed on freedom of research for the benefit of environmental protection. But, contrary to some views, most scholars consider that the freedom of research and the protection of the environment and ecosystems in Antarctica are equally important principles central to the whole ATS. They are inter-dependent and neither one should be attributed priority over the other. In the best interest of science, Antarctic research needs to be controlled to the necessary minimum of environmental impact and risk.
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A guide to Tertiary geochronology of King George Island, West Antarctica
Krzysztof Birkenmajer
Polish Polar Research | 1989 | vol. 10 | No 4
| 555-579
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Tertiary geochronology
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The paper presents an overview of lithostratigraphy and radiochronological and biochronological data for the Tertiary volcanic and sedimentary successions of King George Island, South Shetland Islands (West Antarctica). Special stress was laid on dating fossiliferous terrestrial and marine strata and glacial and glacio-marine deposits of Tertiary age. for which King George Island offers the most complete and so-far best documented standard in the Antarctic Peninsula sector of West Antarctica.
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On the age of fossil flora from Barton Peninsula, King George Island, West Antarctica
Antoni K. Tokarski
Władysław Danowski
Ewa Zastawniak
Polish Polar Research | 1987 | vol. 8 | No 3
| 293-302
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Three tectonic units occur in folded stratified volcanic sequence on Barton Peninsula. Fossil flora (Del Valle et al. 1984) occurs in the basal part of the upper unit which age is not younger than Paleocene. The rocks of the middle and lower units are older, possibly Mesozoie.
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Variations of physical conditions, nutrients and chlorophyll α contents in Admiralty Bay (Kind George Island, South Shetland Islands, 1979)
Maciej Lipski
Polish Polar Research | 1987 | vol. 8 | No 4
| 307-332
Słowa kluczowe
Admiralty Bay
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In 1979 54 water samples were collected at two oceanographic stations located in Admiralty Bay. Ranges of seasonal changes were found for the values of ten parameters: water temperature, salinity, dissolved О, pH, the contents of PO4 , Si, NO2, NO3, chlorophyll α and plant carotenoids at six depths between surface and 400 m. Data for temperature and salinity showed the absence of distinct thermoclines or haloelines which reflects the very low stability of waters in the Bay. The concentrations of nutrients were high during the entire year and they were not limiting for phytoplankton growth. Only nitrates decreased distinctly during algal blooms. The high dynamics of waters in the Bay causes a lowering in the chlorophyll α content to a maximum of about 2 mg/m3. Oceanographic, hydrochemical and hydrological conditions in Admiralty Bay are typical for the Antarctic shelf waters in this geographical region.
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Necrophagous invertebrates of the Admiralty Bay of King George Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica)
Piotr Presler
Polish Polar Research | 1986 | vol. 7 | No 1-2
| 25-61
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necrophagous invertebrates
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In 1977 and 1980 rich materials of necrophagous invertebrates were collected in the Admiralty Bay of King George Island. The collecting was carried out in 9 stations differing with respect to their habitat conditions. The stations were established at depths ranging from 5 to 90 m. In baited traps placed in the stations 295074 specimens of various animals belonging to almost 100 taxa were caught. It was found that 23 species out of the above mentioned taxa were necrophagous, and 10 further species were suspected of necrophagy. On the basis of their specific composition and domination structure the summer and winter assemblages of necrophagous invertebrates were described and compared with each other. An analysis of spatial and seasonal changes in the structure and abundance of these assemblages was carried out. and the habitat preferences of particular species as well as a list of species displaying permanent or seasonal necrophagy were determinted. Three forms of the competitive community of necrophagous invertebrates were distinguished.
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Lipids of some Antarctic animals of the Admiralty Bay (King George Island, South Shetland Islands)
Anna Kołakowska
Polish Polar Research | 1987 | vol. 8 | No 4
| 391-402
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animal lipids
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The amount and composition of lipids m some Antarctic animals were studied. The material consisted of crustaceans (Euphausia superba, Paramoera sp., Orchomene sp.), tunicates (Salpa thompsoni) and vertebrates (Notothenia rossi marmorata and Hydrurga leptonyx). The author's data are discussed on the background of available literature information.
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Sima Maleki Varnosfaderani , Seyed Hadi Razavi , Anna Maria Fadda
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Morteza Adeli Milani , Maryam Ghobadi Dana , Babak Ghanbarzadeh , Ainaz Alizadeh , Peymaneh Ghasemi Afshar
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Nancy Ruiz-Gonzalez , Aurelio Lopez-Malo , Enrique Palou , Nelly Ramirez-Corona , Maria Teresa Jimenez-Munguia
Valorization of Pineapple Peels through Single Cell Protein Production Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCDC 364
Posted: 2019-01-11
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Over the past three decades Doug Evans has amassed more than 900 antique tools and related items, a hobby he originally started to supplement another hobby.
"I got out of university and I was farting around with old cedar strip boats," said Evans. "I used to love going fishing with my dad and I got into that to the level that all of a sudden I had three boats in my yard."
He needed the proper equipment if he wanted to use traditional methods.
"I needed a hand tool and there were two old guys locally that got me into hand tool collecting," said Evans. "My wife, if she could have shot them on sight, look out, because, all of a sudden, Dougie is a user, a collector and a dealer all in the same first year."
Evans was born in Red Rock in northern Ontario near Nipigon.
"We moved down to Oshawa where a lot of my family were from," he said. "I went to school at Waterloo for engineering and was living in Guelph for a while and my wife and I sort of settled on Fergus in '96. We have one son who just graduated from nursing at Western."
Evans' day job as an inspector in the nuclear energy industry may appear as a technological contrast to his passion but it has indirectly enabled him to grow his collection.
"I work in quality doing inspections at Darlington Nuclear so I'm away from home five days a week and I'm back home on weekends," he said. "So, I can cover a lot of ground in the province. It facilitates my addiction."
His Prior to Power hand tool exhibit is part of an ongoing series at the Wellington County Museum and Archives.
"It's a program called Wellington County Collects and we work with different collectors all across Wellington County," said exhibit curator Lindsay Woelfle. "It was interesting to go through his collection and try to decide how we narrow down his 900 plus pieces to one room. He is really passionate about the plane so that is something he wanted to include."
Evans is constructing a timber framed building to properly store and display his growing collection in one place.
"In this room is probably 15 per cent of my collection," he said. "We can't get it all in here and display it well."
Many of the tools come with interesting and sometimes tragic stories such as a Japanese ship builder's tool kit that includes two antique wood planes.
"They wanted $100 for the chest with all these tools but they were odd tools and I thought, what am I going to do with this," he said. "Finally, they called me back and said $50 if you want to come and get it. The guy came to Canada in 1900. He was basically a ship builder and he got hit by the boom and knocked unconscious. He was swept overboard and they never recovered the body."
Evans is reluctant to assess the total value of his collection but individual, authenticated pieces can range from $50 to $4,000 or more and include pamphlets, catalogues, posters and photographs. Some of his more cherished items bear a pierced heart and shield stamp from the Evans family who were tool makers in Britain.
"I have to go with the family pieces even though they are suspect family pieces," he said. "The Evans' stamp is pretty good statistics but I have no concrete proof in either case."
He laughed when an audience member at a presentation this past Sunday asked if he would describe himself as an eccentric.
"I don't know about that," he said with a grin. "But I am obsessive compulsive."
Evans travels far and wide and often off the beaten path in search of what he calls "unobtainium" fuelled by a combination of curiousity, perseverance, tireless research, timing and luck.
"Sometimes it's that piece of junk you see at the Aberfoyle Antique Market," he said. "Why don't other people find tools at Aberfoyle? Because Dougie is there at 5:59 a.m. and he is making waffles for his wife back in Fergus at 8 o'clock. The early bird gets the worm."
He said the overall antique market crashed in 2003 but a young, user-market, subculture has helped the hand tool market maintain its value.
"I have an email list of almost 200 guys and 95 per cent are between 25 and 45 and they are all users," he said. "Most users aren't doing this for a living. Some are part of the knit-your-own-underwear-crowd."
There is also demand from professional craftspeople.
"Conservation woodworkers are paid to use hand tools to do the work and it costs a fortune," he said. "A lot of hobbyists are doctors, lawyers, and surgeons. Do you think they care what they are paying for these tools? They want the best. Is that what it costs? Send me two."
The Prior to Power exhibit will run until Jan 5, 2020. For more info on the exhibit and others at the Wellington County Museum and Archives visit www.wellington.ca


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White Laguiole Peeler Set (2 Piece)
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Family ► Malvaceae.
Habitat ► Throughout the warmer parts of India.
Ayurvedic ► Used as a substitute for Balaa.
Siddha/Tamil ► Ottatti.
Action ► Leaves—used in inflammation of intestines and bladder. Flowers—an infusion is used in bronchitis. Root—emollient and refrigerant. Used in external application for lumbago and rheumatism.
Urginea indica (Roxb.) Kunth.
Family ► Liliaceae.
Habitat ► Western Himalayas, Bihar, Konkan and along the Coromandel Coast. U. maritima (L.) Baker is native to Mediterranean region.
English ► Indian Squill, Sea Onion (red and white varieties).
Ayurvedic ► Vana-palaandu, Kolakanda, Vajrakanda.
Urtica dioica Linn.
Unani ► Unsul-e-Hindi, Isqueel-e-Hindi, Piyaaz-Dasti, Piyaaz-Sahraayi, Jangali Piyaaz.
Siddha/Tamil ► Narivengayam.
Action ► Used as a substitute for European Squill, Urginea maritima. Expectorant (in dry respiratory conditions, whooping cough and bronchial asthma), antispasmodic, emetic (in large doses), diuretic (promotes fluid elimination in heart disease), cardiac tonic (effect, non-cumulative). Used topically as a hair tonic for dandruff and seborrhoea (active constituent is thought to be scilliroside of the Red Squill.)
Key application ► Urginea maritima—in milder cases of heart insufficiency, also for diminished kidney capacity. (German Commission E.)
Bulbs contain cardiac glycosides, scillarens A and B. Bulb, leaves and root contain stigmasterol, sitosterol and campesterol. Bulbs also contain hentriacontanol, octacosanoic acid. Defatted air-dried bulbs afforded 6-desacetoxyscillirosidin.
Urginea maritima (White Squill) is contraindicated in potassium deficiency or when digitalis glycosides are being used (Francis Brinker), in hyper-calcaemia and hyperkalaemia (Sharon M. Herr).
Urginea coromandeliana Hook. f. non-Wight, synonym U. wightiana Hook f. (Coromandel coast and in dry regions of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil
Nadu up to 3,000 m) is used as a substitute for Indian Squill (U. indica).
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NNE proudly presents Transmission & True Order, two of the UK\'s finest tributes to the respective music of two of the most influential bands of the 70s and 80s.
June 15, 2019
With all the classics hits, Transmission and True Order pay homage to two of Factory Records most pivotal artists (Joy Division and New Order), with of course the latter providing the capital that built the Hacienda nightclub.
So join us at Paisley's home of live music, The Bungalow, as we celebrate the impact that Factory Records had on global music and popular culture.
Strictly Vinyl concludes the fantastic line up as they take us on the final leg of the Factory Journey – Hacienda Classics – through until 1am.


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President Uhuru Kenyatta Opens World Press Freedom Day 2013 convention in Kenya
He told the participants that his government will protect the rights of journalists.
Posted by African Press International on May 2, 2013
President Uhuru Kenyatta Opens World Press Freedom Day 2013 convention in Kenya
He told the participants that his government will protect the rights of journalists.
Posted in AA > News and News analysis | Tagged: Africa, Kenya, Labour Day, Nairobi, Press freedom, Uhuru Kenyatta, Uhuru Park, World Press Freedom Day | Leave a Comment »
Posted by African Press International on May 2, 2013
Kenya Correspondents Association (KCA) joined the media fraternity in Kenya, the Eastern African Region and globally in marking the 2013 World Press Freedom Day being marked on May 3 with a call for enhanced security and good pay for the scribes.
Posted in AA > News and News analysis | Tagged: Freedom of the press, George Saitoti, International Criminal Court, Kenya, Media, Uhuru Kenyatta, William Ruto, World Press Freedom Day | 1 Comment »
Posted by African Press International on May 2, 2013
TOLIARA, – Health experts fear the interruption of food assistance in Madagascar is increasing incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in Toliara, the capital city of Madagascar's southern Atsimo-Andrefana region.
Malnutrition and TB are intimately linked: Malnutrition weakens the immune system, increasing susceptibility to the disease, while TB reduces appetite, worsens the absorption of micronutrients and alters patients' metabolism.
Donors suspended all but emergency assistance to Madagascar in 2009, after President Marc Ravalomanana was deposed in a coup d'etat. The paucity of donor funding has seen food assistance dwindle "to a very serious level", said Xavier Poncin, head of the TB programme at the UN World Food Programme (WFP) in Madagascar.
The impact of Cyclone Haruna, which struck the country in February, has compounded the problem. Since the cyclone, the donors' food supply chain has been intermittent, Poncin told IRIN.
TB cases are already appearing to increase. Voangy Rasoarinindrime, head of the TB treatment centre in Toliara, told IRIN that in the first three months of 2012, 56 new cases were registered for treatment, compared to 68 cases for the same period this year.
"Many people can come into contact with TB, but [do] not become sick if they are healthy enough to fight off the illness. But now that food is scarce after the cyclone, many people have low immunity and so the illness takes root," she said.
Less food aid, less treatment
Madagascar's National Programme Control of TB (PNLT) said 2012 saw 26,182 confirmed cases of TB, although the total number of infections is thought to be about 50,000.
About five percent of cases are fatal. Nine percent of those treated for TB do not complete the six-month treatment regime, risking the onset of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). WFP estimates that about 0.49 percent of all TB cases in Madagascar are MDR-TB.
Food supply at the TB treatment centre in Toliara was depleted in February, in the aftermath of Cyclone Haruna, said Rasoarinindrime. "People are unable to work during treatment, and they still need to feed themselves. We have some patients who left. They said since there was no more food aid here, they would have to go back to work to feed their families," she said.
Food aid "also encouraged people to come here and receive treatment in the first place. Now they are very upset that there is no more food. Some still come from the remote regions with their baskets ready to receive their rations," Rasoarinindrime continued. "I'm afraid fewer people will actually be completely cured and that this will cause an augmentation in the amount of cases."
Some of Madagascar's TB patients receive food aid from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Others receive food from WFP's Food by Prescription (FBP) programme, which targets 23,000 beneficiaries – both TB patients and their families – during the six months of treatment. But the FBP programme has been temporally suspended in 22 of 51 health facilities due to WFP Madagascar's funding shortage.
"If the lack of funding persists, the situation might even worsen as food availability in the pipeline allows for programming in the few remaining partner health centre until September 2013," said WFP's Poncin.
Senaz Ratsimbazafy, a 26-year-old waitress in Toliara told IRIN she began feeling sick in November 2012. "I couldn't breathe and I coughed all the time," she recalls.
After she was diagnosed with TB, she left her job and was put on the six-month course of antibiotics. In the first months of treatment, she received food assistance for her and her 80-year-old grandmother. "Now, my father's family have to help us, as there is no more food aid, and I can't go back to work for another two months," she said.
Waiting for improvement
According to a 28 March 2013 country briefing by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization's (FAO) Global Information and Early Warning System (GIEWS), Cyclone Haruna affected about 42,000 households. Meanwhile, a locust infestation is thought to have affected half the country, and rains have been erratic. "An estimated 13 million persons [of the country's 20 million people] are potentially at risk" from food insecurity in 2013-14, the briefing said.
"Despite an increasing number of people living below the poverty line, most international donors are still limiting their support due to the political situation. And this has direct consequences on WFP programmes," Poncin said.
More than three-quarters of the population now live on less than US$1 a day, according to government figures – up from 68 percent before the political crisis. Elections are scheduled for July; if they are judged "free and fair", more donor support could be unlocked.
There are other barriers to TB treatment, as well. Eighty percent of the population is rural, and 65 percent live 10km or more from a health centre.
"We had a woman here recently who refused treatment completely," Rasoarinindrime said. "She lived in a remote region and insisted she had to go back and take care of her family. I told her, 'You will die and you will contaminate your family.' Moreover, it might create and contribute [to] spreading multidrug-resistant TB, which is much more difficult to treat – but she left anyway."
Laundry worker Celerine Ravaonirina, 46, lives 14km from the clinic where she is receiving treatment for TB. Because she has to care for her four children, she travels to the clinic and back each day. "In the beginning, we paid for a pousse-pousse [rickshaw], but now I'm able to walk," she said. "However, I'm still not able to work."
ar/go/rz source http://www.irinnews.org
Posted in AA > News and News analysis | Tagged: Atsimo-Andrefana, Cyclone Haruna, IRIN, Madagascar, Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis, Toliara, Tuberculosis, World Food Programme | Leave a Comment »
Posted by African Press International on May 2, 2013
Labour Day Celebrations in Kenya grazed by Hon Kenyatta and Hon Ruto. The two leaders, President Kenyatta and Deputy President Ruto were in a jovial mood. This was their first 1.May Labour day celebrations as President and deputy president respectively.
They watched parades performed by workers from various unions passing the dias. The president, in his speech to the workers raised minimum wages by 14 percent.
Posted in AA > News and News analysis | Tagged: Deputy President Ruto, International Criminal Court, Kenya, Kenyatta, Labour, Raila Odinga, Uhuru Kenyatta, Vice president, William Ruto | Leave a Comment »
Posted by African Press International on May 2, 2013
JOHANNESBURG, – South Africa attracts the largest number of asylum seekers in the world, but grants refugee status to very few of them, ranking only thirty-sixth in the world for the size of its refugee population, which the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) puts at about 58,000.
The Department of Home Affairs, the government ministry tasked with managing the asylum system, approved just 15.5 percent of the applications it processed in 2011, less than half the global average recognition rate of 38 percent, according to UNHCR.
Researchers and activists have repeatedly pointed to serious flaws in the country's refugee status determination process, including the lack of individualized assessments, misapplications of both local and international refugee law, and high levels of corruption among Home Affairs officials. The government's routine response has been that its asylum system is simply overwhelmed by the sheer number of applications it receives.
In fact, although South Africa still receives the largest number of asylum applications in the world, the number of claims registered has dropped by more than half, from 222,000 in 2009 to 107,000 in 2011, possibly the result of the increased number of asylum seekers being turned away at the country's borders and from its refugee reception offices in recent years.
Despite the reduced demand, a 2012 study by Roni Amit of the African Centre for Migration and Society (ACMS) at Witwatersrand University in Johannesburg, found that the problems with refugee status determination processes, identified in an ACMS study two years earlier, had not diminished.
Amit reviewed 240 refugee decisions issued in 2011 and found, among other things, that refugee status determination officers (RSDOs) had routinely failed to thoroughly investigate country of origin conditions and misapplied fundamental aspects of refugee law. South Africa's 1998 Refugees Act established six grounds for persecution that qualify victims for refugee protection, but Amit found that RSDOs limited their definition of persecution to political grounds and only considered a history of persecution as evidence of future risk. A woman who fled Kenya to avoid forced circumcision, a Ugandan man who fled persecution for being a homosexual, and a man who was targeted by the police in his country for exposing mineral trafficking were all rejected.
Amit concluded that "South Africa's asylum system exists only to refuse access to the country and makes no attempt to realize the goal of refugee protection… [but] functions solely as an instrument of immigration control".
Bias, corruption
Although part of the problem appears to be insufficient training of RSDOs and an unmanageable workload that requires them to make at least 10 refugee decisions a day, Amit also described "a general anti-asylum seeker bias that excludes the majority of claims".
"It's this general idea you hear coming out of Home Affairs all the time that the majority of people are economic migrants and they're abusing the asylum system," Amit told IRIN. She added that refugee rights are not a popular cause in South Africa, where asylum seekers and refugees are just as much a target for xenophobic attitudes and violence as other foreign nationals, particularly if they live in impoverished areas where they are viewed as competing with locals for scarce jobs and resources.
The Department of Home Affairs did not respond to repeated attempts by IRIN to ask about its refugee status determination processes, but Amit's findings are borne out by the experiences of several asylum seekers IRIN interviewed.
Caroline* fled South Kivu Province, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, after her husband was murdered by rebels and she was held captive in a rebel stronghold and repeatedly raped for a month. She was denied refugee status in 2010, after an interview at the refugee reception office in Pretoria that lasted just 30 minutes. When she told the interviewer about the conflict in South Kivu, he did not seem to believe her. "I wasn't feeling well, I was shaking – that's when he stopped the interview," she told IRIN. "There were more things I was supposed to tell him, but he said, 'As you can see, there are many people waiting.'
"My interpreter said, 'Whatever your story, they're not going to give you anything unless you pay money', but I had nothing; I'd just arrived in the country."
Gertrude Nkey, 51, also fled the conflict in Kivu, leaving behind her husband and six children after an attack that has left her traumatized. "I didn't decide to leave Congo, I just ran and people helped me and I found myself here in South Africa," she told IRIN.
It took four visits to the refugee reception office in Durban before she was finally admitted to the building, only to be sent away to find someone who could help her fill out the eligibility form in English. Finally, one of the interpreters employed by Home Affairs agreed to help her, but the interview was cut short when she started crying and her application was subsequently rejected. "I think because I didn't have any money for them, they didn't want to help me," she said.
An interpreter who works at the refugee reception office in Pretoria – who asked not to be named – said these stories were typical. "The officers say, 'Give me money, and I'll give you refugee status,'" she told IRIN. "They'll say they've lost a file, but if a bribe is found, they find the file."
Several local refugee rights organizations have documented corruption at refugee reception offices. Eleven volunteers with People Against Suffering, Oppression and Poverty (PASSOP), who monitored the refugee reception office in Cape Town over a two-week period in 2011 all reported witnessing corrupt practices, including the payment of bribes to security guards to cut queues and the sale of fake documents by men working outside the office who appeared to have connections with officials inside.
The interpreter said a small minority of RSDOs "do their job properly", and that, in the absence of a bribe, the outcome of an application depended mainly on the mood of the interviewer and which country the applicant was from. "If there's no war in that country, they will reject the application no matter what the individual says."
David Cote of Lawyers for Human Rights, which provides legal services to asylum seekers in Johannesburg and Pretoria, confirmed that claimants are often pre-judged based on their country of origin. "You can tell from the decisions that a lot of it is 'cut and paste' and based on outdated country-of-origin information," he told IRIN.
According to UNHCR's deputy regional representative, Sergio Calle-Norena, RSDOs have access to REFWORLD, a UNHCR website with all the latest country-of-origin information. "If they don't make use of that information, it could be lack of interest or lack of time," he commented. "They have to process 10 interviews a day; you can't get into detail in that time."
An initial decision can be appealed but the backlog of cases and the limited capacity of the Refugee Appeal Board, which consists of four members, means that asylum seekers often wait up to five years for an appeal hearing. Tjerk Damstra, former acting chair of the board said that, at the time his term ended in 2012, only about 10 percent of decisions were reversed.
Although some asylum seekers have legal representation at the appeals stage, Cote said that RSDOs rarely allow any kind of representation during the initial status determination interview. Applicants who have recently arrived in the country are required to fill out an eligibility form in English, usually before receiving any information about the asylum process. According to Amit's report, failure to include relevant details in one's story on this form is often viewed as grounds for questioning the claimant's credibility and rejecting their application.
The interpreter who spoke to IRIN said she often helped people fill out their eligibility forms but that there was a shortage of interpreters for some nationalities, particularly Somalis.
Calle-Norena says UNHCR has been engaging with the government about structural, operational and capacity problems in South Africa's refugee status determination process, which emerged in an analysis the agency did last year. "In general, these problems were acknowledged by the government, but a discussion of corrective actions has yet to take place," he told IRIN.
UNHCR has also offered technical advice and training for RSDOs, which the government has yet to accept. The agency limits its involvement in individual asylum cases to those facing critical protection risks or imminent deportation to a place where their life or freedom would be at risk. "We can only do [mandate determinations] in those cases," said Calle-Norena, explaining that, as a signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention, the South African government holds the primary responsibility for implementation while UNHCR can only provide a supervisory role.
*Not her real name
ks/rz source http://www.irinnews.org
Posted in AA > News and News analysis | Tagged: 2010 FIFA World Cup, Government, IRIN, Johannesburg, Refugee, South Africa, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Witwatersrand University | 1 Comment »


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Comments Posted By Allyson
Displaying 31 To 40 Of 40 Comments
i like scoops. scoops like me. we have a symbiotic relationship. i like to scoop ice cream with my scoop. my scoop likes the fact that i put it to use by scooping ice cream. also things like watermelon. we are on a friendly basis
» Posted By Allyson On 07.10.2010 @ 11:02 pm
matching is good. colors match. things match. i match daily. its good to match.
» Posted By allyson On 06.16.2010 @ 4:11 pm
A spine. I don't have one. Apparently. Sometimes I feel like people could walk all over me. But I know that's not true. I am a bit of a coward though. But who isn't, really? What is cowardice anyway?
» Posted By Allyson On 06.04.2010 @ 6:42 pm
We took a detour on our way to class today. Unfortunately it lead us to the bathroom where we heard two people doing exactly what we were planning on doing. I'm glad. I never wanted to do it in the first place.
» Posted By Allyson On 05.02.2010 @ 8:01 am
It was clear, round, and small. In fact, it was so specifically her that it made sense. Too much sense for the moment, he thought, though he knew that in hindsight, he'd find it some mysterious working of fate. It glistened under the fluorescent lights of the shop, the harsh brightness making the little gem seem that much more creative and wonderful.
» Posted By Allyson On 03.16.2009 @ 5:28 pm
i put some bread in the toaster, and ran upstairs to get my socks. when i came down i fell down the stairs, and bumped my head. when i got back into the kitchen, i soon smelled the smell of burned toast.
» Posted By Allyson On 12.19.2008 @ 11:03 am
I walk a long this path. Wondering what will happen… if anything will happen. This is the best thing that has ever happened to me. I love him and I don't want to loose what we have. I don't know what the future holds…
» Posted By Allyson On 10.23.2008 @ 9:25 pm
i always wanted a bunny but my parents never wanted to buy one for me because of the sole reason they mate so much. However, I picked out the best name for a cute bunny pet, Hip Hop. Clever huh? I thought so when I was 9. I still will keep that name in the back of my head if I do happen to buy a bunny one day. For now I'll just stare at them from my kitchen window.
» Posted By Allyson On 03.29.2010 @ 9:27 am
this is something that most people now to trust but choose not to. unfortunately, most people know that they will always regret going against it in the first place. and a mothers is always right ;)
» Posted By Allyson On 10.25.2009 @ 8:23 pm
Back To Stats Page
we are always trying to save time,
we count the minutes and always feel under pressure
Is because of these that we never stop tu enjoy de little moments.
» Posted By allyson On 01.01.1970 @ 12:00 am