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You'll have to drive to get to work faster
But Grand Rapids is bucking that trend with bus rapid transit service.
October 4, 2019
Getting to work every day can be a pain, but the amount of pain varies depending on where you live and how you get to your job. Read More
Tree damage can be thorny issue for neighbors
Bill addresses responsibility for damage when tree falls on neighbor's property.
September 13, 2019
An old philosophical question asks, "If a tree falls in a forest and no one is around to hear it, does it make a sound?" Read More
Changing climate challenges potato growers, chipmakers
Study warns warming temperatures will increase storage costs.
February 15, 2019
Michigan is the nation's largest grower of potatoes for chips — about one in four bags sold in the U.S. is made from Michigan potatoes. Read More
State workers get go-ahead in job discrimination cases
November 28, 2014
Federal courts have dealt a double defeat to the state in job discrimination-related suits by former employees. Read More
Legal fees vary tremendously across state, survey finds
But it's not just geography; practice specialties play a role, too.
October 10, 2014
LANSING — So you need a lawyer. Read More
Food benefits program will get new fraud detection system
Currently, about 5 percent of recipients are disqualified for improper use.
September 26, 2014
LANSING — Anti-fraud efforts by Michigan and other states should be ramped up to improve the integrity of the $73-billion-a-year Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, SNAP, a new federal report says. Read More
Realtor misled condominium buyers
Couple is entitled to more than $470,000 in damages.
November 22, 2013
LANSING — A couple who bought a South Haven condo built on contaminated land two blocks from Lake Michigan is entitled to about $470,000 in damages from the realtor and her real estate agency that handled the deal, the Michigan Court of Appeals has ruled. Read More
More public transit — except buses — on road to privatization
Local transit agencies make their own decisions.
October 11, 2013
LANSING — Most public transit agencies across the country contract with private firms to provide some services and operations, a new federal study shows. Read More
Lawmakers propose making elected sheriffs and prosecutors non-partisan positions
February 26, 2013
LANSING — Two traditional political battlegrounds could become, well, less bloody, if 83 county prosecutors and 83 county sheriffs were elected without Democratic or Republican affiliations. Read More
Lawmakers push law for witnesses
May 31, 2009
LANSING — Liar, liar, pants on fire? Or liar, liar, pants in prison?
It should be the second option, according to lawmakers who want prison time for witnesses who deliberately lie to legislative panels.Read More


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When dogs or other animals feel threatened, they may attack.
When animals attack, people often sustain injuries including broken bones and punctures, cuts and scrapes that may lead to scarring.
Animal attacks can also run up expensive medical bills and lead to secondary infections. Emotional and financial hardships can also result.
When a dog attacks another dog or a person, their owner may be held accountable in court.
The attorneys at Skaug Law are committed to helping you seek maximum compensation for your injuries.
If you or a loved one were injured due to the negligent actions of an animal owner, talking to a Meridian dog bite lawyer can help your case. Our dedicated personal injury attorneys can tell you about your rights and options following a vicious animal attack.
Call our office 24 hours a day, seven days a week to discuss your case.
Dog Bite Lawsuits in Meridian
To bring a lawsuit against a dog owner, the injured party is required to file within the statute of limitations, or deadline.
In the State of Idaho, the deadline to file a personal injury suit involving a dog bite or animal attack is two years.
The last day someone can file a claim against a dog owner is two years from when a person or their pet was bitten or harmed by a canine or other animal.
An experienced Meridian dog bite lawyer at Skaug Law can be a beneficial advocate throughout the legal process.
According to Idaho Statutes §25-2810, certain dogs are considered dangerous or at-risk. This list applies even if the animal acted without justified provocation, or the owner was aware of the canine's aggressive behavior.
People who were lawfully on another's property, while a dangerous canine was loose, could have a valid claim against the owner of the pet for any damages or injuries. Damages and injuries that occurred at a public location in Meridian might also be compensable.
Secondary Injuries After a Person is Bitten
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), approximately 4.5 million dog bites occur every year. About one-fifth of these injuries require medical attention, and some lead to severe illnesses.
Since most dogs have about 60 forms of bacteria in its mouth, some bite victims become sick after an attack.
Secondary injuries after an incident with a dog may include Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), rabies, and Pasteurella. These infectious conditions can painful and may require a lengthy regimen of medical care.
Even after a small bite, an injured person in Meridian may accumulate a mountain of medical bills and could miss work and suffer lost earnings. Canine bite victims might also suffer emotional and physical trauma.
Some injured claimants may also develop a new fear of contact with animals, or they may become anxious and stressed whenever they leave the safety of their residence. A dog bite attorney in Meridian can help injured people win compensation for their injuries and damages.
Seek the Assistance of a Meridian Dog Bite Attorney
A canine attack, or even a bite, may result in a windfall of damage including high medical bills, missed time from work as well as emotional and psychological trauma.
If you have suffered harm because of a dangerous animal, call a Meridian dog bite lawyer now.
You may be eligible for compensation. Call now to discuss your case for free with an attorney at Skaug Law.


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Before it closes, visit Miami MoCAAD's Reconstructing Identity: An Exploration of Identity and Diaspora Through Artistic Practice, a pop-up exhibition of painting, sculpture, photography and drawings. Hours: Wednesday – Friday, 12-6pm; Sat., 1-5pm, until June 27 when the exhibit ends. Historic Ward Rooming House at 249 NW 9th St., Overtown, Miami, Fl. 33136. Exhibition organized by Donnamarie Baptiste.
Hampton Art Lovers presents The Art of a Caged Bird Singing: The Personal Art Collection of Maya Angelou & FrancoFiles, Code Noir: A Visual Exploration of Negritude in New Orleans, Haiti and Senegal at the Historic Ward Rooming House, built in 1925 (249 NW 9th St. Overtown). From July 11th to September 8th.
Moderated by Rosie Gordon-Wallace Artist Talk with Sculptor Basil Watson and Christopher Norwood, Director and Curator of Hampton Art Lovers. The show by Jamaican artist Basil Watson: Awakening, Drawings and Sculptures is on view at the Historic Ward Rooming House. "The harmonious expression of one's vision of life."


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Digital and peer-to-peer lenders, most of which launched after the financial crisis, are tightening lending standards as they expect the US to enter an economic downturn. These lenders are vulnerable during economic stress because they depend on market funding, which is sparse during such a period.
Online lenders brace for US economic downturn
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Police Officer Fired Over Deadly Shooting Was 'Rehired' To Get Lifetime Pension
U.S. cop Philip "Mitch" Brailsford, 28, shot and killed unarmed man Daniel Shaver, 26, in the hallway of an Arizona hotel three years ago.
After being acquitted of the murder in December 2017, Brailsford was temporarily rehired two years later as an officer and is now classified as medically retired, not fired -- and being paid a pension for the rest of his life.
He fatally shot Shaver -- who Bodycam footage showed was on his knees with his hands up, sobbing, then crawling on all fours when he was shot -- after responding to reports of a man pointing a gun out of a hotel room window.
No weapon was found on Shaver's body, but Brailsford said during his trial he believed Shaver was reaching for one.
The police report said Shaver had earlier shown guests in his hotel room a rifle that he used for work, but it later emerged the rifle was an airsoft or pellet gun.
Brailsford was fired by the Mesa Police Department after the shooting for violations of department policy, a termination which he later appealed.
In August 2018, he signed an agreement with city officials stating he was being temporarily rehired by the police department "for the sole and limited purpose" of allowing him to apply for accidental disability pension and medical retirement.
READ MORE: Aussie Woman's Cop Killer Sentenced To 12 Years Jail For Her Shooting Death
The agreement's terms prevented Brailsford from performing any job duties, or getting paid during the 42-day reemployment period.
The former officer has been receiving his monthly pension benefits for nearly a year now, but his medical retirement was not made public until recently.
Brailsford was being reimbursed by The City of Mesa "for medical expenses arising out of his treatment for PTSD," according to the agreement.
The City of Mesa "determined Brailsford met the qualifications for medical retirement citing information provided by multiple independent medical professionals," spokesman Kevin Christopher told AZ Family.
The Public Safety Personnel Retirement System Local Board [PSPRS] have listed Brailsford's monthly medical retirement benefit at around $3,560.
He will receive the pension for the rest of his life, unless the local board requests a new medical diagnosis which shows a recovery from PTSD.
People took to social media to express their dismay at the revelation of Brailsford's temporary reinstatement and ensuing medical pension.
One Twitter user called Brailsford "a racist, a bigot, and a menace to society" and said the Mesa Police Department should "save their money for the astoundingly expensive lawsuit you'll have to settle".
Another user expressed "outrage" at the situation and called for the officials who rehired Brailsford to be fired.
Contact the author: firstname.lastname@example.com


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Real Estate | Courier-Journal Powered by Placester


text: Snow Will Slam into Connecticut New Year's Eve CT BoomDecember 29, 2017 Well, that dream of a White New Year's Eve will come true. So, if you want to start 2018 off with a shovel in hand, the stars aligned just for you. There be p... Read More... WEATHER0 Comments


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Wine caves are a "Cool" and fun place to taste wine
Caves are great for wine storage
This would be a great place for any party
These are a few of the wine cave photos I took on our trip.Now I just have to decide which ones I need to blow-up and hang on the wall
August 27, 2013
Categories: Art . Tags: California, cave photos, Caves, doors, Russian River, Sonoma Vally, Wine, Wine cave, wine caves . Author: hotrodhigh . Comments: Leave a comment
While traveling down HWY 1 in California, I assumed I would take photos of waves & rocks. But I found something more interesting…FENCES. Hopfully you will enjoy them as much as I did
Fort Ross an old Russian fort
August 1, 2013
Categories: Uncategorized . Tags: Art, California, fence, hyway 1, photographer, photography, Russian Fort . Author: hotrodhigh . Comments: 2 Comments
San Francisco July 2013
July 27, 2013
Categories: Uncategorized . Tags: boats, California, Golden gate bridge, San francisco, Seal, ship, Street musician . Author: hotrodhigh . Comments: Leave a comment


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v. Crim. No. 08-216/15-562 (DRD) AUREA VAZQUEZ-RIJOS, ET AL.,
The two cases before the Court are borne of a sequence of events dating back as far as September,
2005. The relevant sequence of events culminated on September 24, 2015, upon the arrest of Defendant
Aurea Vazquez-Rijos in Madrid, Spain. The United States filed two separate criminal actions, 08-216 (DRD)
and 15-562 (DRD), charging the defendants with various offenses alleged to have occurred between those
two dates. The United States now moves to consolidate the indictments whereas Defendant Charbel
Vazquez-Rijos has moved the Court have his charges tried separate from those of the other defendants. For
the reasons provided below, the Court DENIES the United States' Motion to Consolidate (Docket No. 648)
and GRANTS Defendant Charbel Vazquez-Rijos' Motion to Sever Count (Docket No. 681). 1
On March 18, 2005, Aurea Vazquez-Rijos ("Aurea") married Adam Anhang-Uster ("Adam"), a
Canadian businessman and real estate developer living in Puerto Rico. Per the indictment, Adam allegedly
had an estimated net worth of approximately $24,000,000.00 at the time and the two signed a pre-nuptial
1 Case 3:08-cr-00216-DRD Document 771 Filed 06/19/17 Page 2 of 11
agreement providing for the division of assets, spousal support, and the adjudication of Adam's inheritance
rights in the event of his death. On September 21, 2005, Adam filed a petition to dissolve the pair's marriage.
On September 18, 2005, three days prior to Adam filing for dissolution of the marriage, Aurea met
with her sister, Marcia Vazquez-Rijos ("Marcia"); her sister's boyfriend, Jose Ferrer-Sosa ("Jose"); and Alex
Pabon-Colon ("Alex") at the Pink Skirt, a restaurant in Old San Juan, Puerto Rico owned by Aurea. The four
discussed the possibility of Alex inflicting a beating upon Adam. Three days later, on September 21, the day
of Adam's filing, Aurea and Jose again met with Alex. Aurea and Jose proposed that Alex murder Adam in
exchange for a payment of $3,000,000. Aurea, Jose, and Marcia agreed to notify Alex of the time and place
where the murder was to take place. Aurea offered money to Alex for the latter to buy a firearm to use in the
On September 22, 2005, Aurea phoned Adam thirteen (13) times in order to convince Adam to dine
with her at the Pink Skirt. The pair drove from Adam's office to Old San Juan. Around this time, Jose informed
Alex that Aurea and Adam were at the Pink Skirt and that the murder was to take place that evening. While
the pair were walking back to the parking garage, they were intercepted by Alex at the corner of San Justo
and Luna streets in Old San Juan. Alex stabbed Adam several times while Aurea watched. Aurea then
instructed Alex to injure her in order to give the appearance that Adam's murder was the result of a robbery
gone wrong.
Sometime in March of 2006, Alex wrote a letter to Aurea, Jose, and Marcia in an attempt to collect
on the agreed-upon sum for Adam's murder. The letter was hand-delivered to the Pink Skirt by a person
unknown to the Court at this time. Marcia received the letter and advised the person delivering the letter that
The Flight
Sometime in 2006, Aurea moved to Florence, Italy. While in Italy, Aurea went by the name "Aurea
Dominicci." On June 4, 2008, the grand jury returned an Indictment (Docket No. 3) against Aurea charging 2 Case 3:08-cr-00216-DRD Document 771 Filed 06/19/17 Page 3 of 11
her with conspiracy to commit murder-for-hire. That same date, Magistrate Judge Camille Velez-Rive issued
Beginning on or around August of 2011, Aurea; her brother, Charbel Vazquez-Rijos ("Charbel"); her
sister, Marcia; her mother; and a person unknown to the Court at this time plotted to dupe the Jewish
Community of Florence, Italy into certifying that Aurea and her daughters were of Jewish descent, thus
enabling her to move to Israel. On June 19, 2012, after receiving falsified documentation prepared in concert
by the aforementioned individuals, the Jewish Community of Florence issued a letter certifying that Aurea
and her two daughters were Jewish and registered members of the Jewish Community in Florence.
On August 31, 2012, Charbel incorporated Glatt Kosher Traveller's Inc. in the Puerto Rico State
Department. Charbel also opened a United States Post Office Box for the corporation, applied for a certificate
of registry in the Puerto Rico Treasury Department, and obtained an IRS Employer Identification Number for
the corporation. Aurea used the corporation as a means of generating income while living in Italy. On
On June 4, 2008, the grand jury returned an Indictment (Docket No. 3) against Aurea Vazquez-Rijos
and Alex Pabon-Colon. Both defendants were charged with two counts of violating 18 U.S.C. §1958,
conspiracy to use interstate commerce facilities in the commission of murder-for-hire and use of interstate
commerce facilities to commit murder for hire. The government alleged Defendant Vazquez-Rijos hired
Defendant Pabon-Colon to murder her husband, Adam Anhang-Uster, for financial gain. The government
posits Aurea stood to inherit significantly more money as a surviving widow than a divorcée.
On July 29, 2013, the government filed a Superseding Indictment (Docket No. 129) against Aurea
Vazquez-Rijos, Alex Pabon-Colon, Jose Ferrer-Sosa, and Marcia Vazquez-Rijos. The four defendants were
charged with two counts of violating 18 U.S.C. §1958, conspiracy to use interstate commerce facilities in the
3 Case 3:08-cr-00216-DRD Document 771 Filed 06/19/17 Page 4 of 11
commission of murder-for-hire and use of interstate commerce facilities to commit murder for hire. The
allegations were expanded to include the fact that Defendant Vazquez-Rijos enlisted the assistance of her
sister, Marcia Vazquez-Rijos, and her boyfriend, Jose Ferrer-Sosa, to hire Pabon-Colon to murder her
On August 15, 2013, the government filed a Second Superseding Indictment (Docket No. 145)
against Aurea Vazquez-Rijos, Alex Pabon-Colon, Jose Ferrer-Sosa, Marcia Vazquez-Rijos, and Charbel
Vazquez-Rijos. The charges and allegations against Aurea, Alex, Jose, and Marcia remained the same. \
Charbel Vazquez-Rijos, Aurea's brother, was charged with one count of violating 18 U.S.C. §1623, perjury
before the grand jury, for allegedly falsely declaring before the grand jury that he never met Alex Pabon-
On September 9, 2015, the government filed an Indictment (15-cr-562, Docket No. 1) charging
Charbel with one count of endeavoring to obstruct, influence, and impede the due administration of justice, in violation
of 18 U.S.C. § 1503; one count of tampering with official proceedings, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1512(c)(2); and one
count of concealing a person from arrest, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1071. The indictment stemmed from Charbel's
assistance of Aurea in a purported attempt to evade authorities by moving to Italy and, later, endeavoring to relocate
to Israel.
On February 2, 2017, the government filed a Superseding Indictment (15-cr-562, Docket No. 34)
against Charbel Vazquez-Rijos. The government dropped the prior charge of concealing a fugitive. Instead,
Count Three charged Charbel with conspiracy to obstruct the due administration of justice, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§371. Charbel allegedly participated in a conspiracy to submit false documentation to the Jewish Community
of Florence, Italy in hopes of falsely portraying Aurea and her daughters as Jewish.
On March 31, 2017, the United States filed a Motion to Consolidate Cases (Docket No. 648). The
government moved to consolidate both indictments for trial averring that the facts of 15-562 (DRD)
overlapped with the facts underlying the United States' theory regarding Aurea Vazquez-Rijos' flight to avoid
4 Case 3:08-cr-00216-DRD Document 771 Filed 06/19/17 Page 5 of 11
prosecution as being proof of guilt. The government posits the Court should try both cases jointly because
On April 17, 2017, Aurea filed a Response in Opposition to Motion to Consolidate Cases (Docket
No. 665). She argued the underlying events in both indictments are not part of the same series of events as
the allegations in 8-216 and 15-562 do not constitute a joint criminal enterprise. Aurea asseverates the
government is attempting to try her for offenses of which she is not charged.
On April 27, 2017, Charbel filed a Response in Opposition to Motion to Consolidate Cases, (Docket
No. 680). Charbel alleged the jury would not be in a position to adjudicate the facts of each offense separately
if the indictments are consolidated. He averred the charges are different in nature, participants, victims,
locations, and time frames and, accordingly, most of the testimony provided at trial would be irrelevant to
Charbel's charges.
On that date, Charbel also filed a Motion to Sever (Docket No. 681). Charbel requested the Court
sever Count Five of indictment 8-216 and try it together with the charges brought under 15-562. As the sole
defendant charged in Count Five of 08-216, Charbel posits that he would be severely prejudiced by the
spillover effect of being tried for a nonviolent offense together with the murder-for-hire defendants.
Consolidation and Opposition to Severance (Docket No. 693). The government assured the Court that
Charbel's motive in helping Aurea to escape from murder-for-hire prosecution is sufficient basis for joinder.
Moreover, the government countered Charbel's argument regarding the indictments' difference in victims by
averring that Adam Anhang-Uster's family continues to be victimized by Charbel's actions as their Aurea,
who allegedly hired their son's murderer, was not apprehended until ten years after his murder. Lastly, the
government alleged the potential prejudice posed by spillover evidence is insufficient to warrant separate
5 Case 3:08-cr-00216-DRD Document 771 Filed 06/19/17 Page 6 of 11
On May 8, 2017, Marcia filed an Opposition to the Government's Second Motion for Consolidation
(Docket No. 696). Marcia argued the government has not linked the murder-for-hire offenses in time, space,
or subject matter with the obstruction of justice and tampering with official proceedings charges. Marcia
argues the the jury will quickly realize the initials "M.V.R.", mentioned throughout the 15-562 indictment,
represent Marcia Vazquez-Rijos, although she is not charged in this case. Like Aurea, Marcia posits the
government is attempting to try her for crimes with which she is not charged.
Motion to Consolidate
The government seeks to consolidate indictments 08-216 and 15-562 for trial. The government argue
the murder-for-hire and obstruction of justice counts consist of the same series of events and should be tried
together. Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure provides for the joinder of offenses when the offenses "are of
the same or similar character, or are based on the same act or transaction, or are connected with or constitute
parts of a common scheme or plan." Fed. R. Crim. P. 8(a). The same rule provides for the joinder of
defendants "defendants if they are alleged to have participated in the same act or transaction, or in the same
series of acts or transactions, constituting an offense or offenses." Fed. R. Crim. P. 8(b). The Court must be
satisfied the "counts meet one of the conditions already quoted, and those conditions, although phrased in
general terms, are not infinitely elastic." United States v. Randazzo, 80 F.3d 623, 627–28 (1st Cir. 1996).
Courts typically construe the rules "generously in favor of joinder." United States v. Boulanger, 444
F.3d 76, 87 (1st Cir. 2006)(citing United States v. Meléndez, 301 F.3d 27, 35 (1st Cir.2002)). "In determining
whether counts are properly combined for trial, we historically have considered whether the charges are laid
under the same statute, whether they involve similar victims, locations, or modes of operation, and the time
frame in which the charged conduct occurred." United States v. Taylor, 54 F.3d 967, 973 (1st Cir. 1995)(citing
United States v. Chambers, 964 F.2d 1250-51 (1st Cir.1992) and United States v. Gray, 958 F.2d 9, 14 (1st
6 Case 3:08-cr-00216-DRD Document 771 Filed 06/19/17 Page 7 of 11
Cir.1992)). However, "'[s]imilar' does not mean 'identical,' and we assess similarity in terms of how the
government saw its case at the time of indictment." Boulganger, id. (internal citations omitted).
Consolidation of the indictments would lead Defendant Charbel Vazquez-Rijos down a perilous path
of jury confusion. A cursory reading of both indictments prompts the conclusion that the facts relayed together
above are the result of two distinct series of events with related protagonists. The first series of events gave
rise to the indictment of Aurea, Marcia, Jose, and Alex for the murder of Adam Anhang-Uster. While only
Alex is alleged to have provided the fatal stab wounds, the Vazquez-Rijos sisters and Ferrer-Sosa conspired
to hire Alex to commit the murder, which they understood would give them access to Anghang-Uster's
Pursuant to the indictment in 15-562, the second series of alleged criminal acts began in August of
2011, nearly six years after the murder of Adam Anhang-Uster. The indictment charges Charbel with
conspiring with Aurea, Marcia, and several other individuals to conceal Aurea from the authorities by duping
the Jewish Community of Florence into certifying that Aurea and her daughters were Jewish, enabling their
flight to Israel. Charbel is also charged with establishing and duly incorporating Glatt Kosher Traveller's, Inc.
in Puerto Rico on or around August 31, 2012, nearly seven years after the murder.
The Court first states the obvious: (1) there is a significant time gap between the events giving rise
to the two indictments and (2) the events occurred on two separate continents. The stark differences in both
time and location weigh against consolidation as the witnesses and documentary evidence to sustain the
charges of the two indictments will be substantively different. The Court turns to the remaining analytical
The two indictment are predicated upon statutes that are in no way similar. Indictment 08-216
charges a violent offense—murder—in one of its most sinister forms—for hire. This crime is punishable by
death, although no defendant faces the death penalty herein. On the other hand, indictment 15-562 charges
crimes entailing dishonesty and obstructive conduct towards the authorities. These types of crimes generally 7 Case 3:08-cr-00216-DRD Document 771 Filed 06/19/17 Page 8 of 11
give way to short sentences. Trying offenses together where the elements of the offenses and potential
The victims of the charged offenses are also distinguishable. The Merriam-Webster dictionary
defines a victim as "one that is injured, destroyed, or sacrificed under any of various conditions" or as "one
webster.com/dictionary/victim (last visited Jun. 14, 2017). The government argues Adam Anhang-Uster's
parents continue to be victimized by those who concealed Aurea from capture. However, as stated above,
the requirements for joinder, "are not infinitely elastic." Randazzo, 80 F.3d 628. Charbel helped dupe federal
law enforcement, international law enforcement, and the members of the Jewish Community of Florence, not
Anghang-Uster's parents.
The government favors that the Court consolidate for judicial efficiency purposes, as they argue the
evidence relating to Aurea's efforts to evade capture, which gave rise to 15-562, is relevant to prove
consciousness of guilt in 08-216. Nevertheless, "Congress did not provide for joinder for unrelated
transactions and dissimilar crimes merely because some evidence might be common to all of the counts."
Randazzo, id. The limited amount of witnesses needed to prove the charges in 15-562 pale in comparison to
the amount of witnesses, both factual and experts, necessary to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt as
to the murder-for-hire counts.3 Most importantly, the evidence of the murder-for-hire scheme is not probative
of any of the elements of the offenses charged in 15-562. The high risk of prejudicial spillover evidence and
guilt-by-association if Charbel is tried with his sisters, who are accused of violent crimes, is too great to ignore.
The government's final argument, that the events of the two indictments are part of a series of events,
falls similarly short. There is a seven-year gap between the two charged schemes. The aim of the second
scheme, to evade authorities, is distinguishable from the first scheme, to use facilities of interstate commerce
3An additional factor considered by the Court is the amount of CJA fees to which counsel for Charbel for hours will be entitled forhis hours spent at trial listening to testimony by witnesses that are of no relevance to his client's charges.
8 Case 3:08-cr-00216-DRD Document 771 Filed 06/19/17 Page 9 of 11
to commit murder-for-hire. The first scheme had the overreaching goal of gaining access to Anhang-Uster's
fortune. Marcia, Aurea, Jose, and Alex participated in this scheme while Charbel is not mentioned in
connection with any of the events leading up to Anghang-Uster's murder. Separate trials would place the jury
in a better position to adjudicate the charges against Charbel without grouping him together with his sisters'
plot to commit murder-for-hire. Accordingly, the Court finds the fact that evidence may be common to both
trials does not override the fact that the analytical factors proscribed by the First Circuit in Taylor all weigh
heavily against consolidation. The United States' Motion to Consolidate Cases (Docket No. 648) is hereby
Having ruled against consolidation, the Court must weigh the merits of Defendant Charbel Vazquez-
Rijos' motion to sever Count Five of the Second Superseding Indictment in 08-216, perjury before the grand
jury, and try the aforementioned count together with the counts charged in 15-562. "If the joinder of offenses
government, the court may order separate trials of counts, sever the defendants' trials, or provide any other
relief that justice requires." Fed. R. Crim. P. 14(a) ("Rule 14"). Generally, "defendants who are properly
joined in an indictment should be tried together." United States v. Floyd, 740 F.3d 22, 36 (1st Cir. 2014). This
rule has particular weight in conspiracy cases where severance "will rarely, if ever, be required." Id. (quoting
United States v. Flores–Rivera, 56 F.3d 319, 325 (1st Cir.1995) (internal quotation marks omitted).4 Charbel
is not charged in the murder-for-hire conspiracy and, as a result, faces a slightly smoother road than his
4 The Court urges counsel for Defendant Marcia Vazquez-Rijos to have these principles firmly in mind when preparing her Motionfor Severance. See id. at 37("Demonstrating unfair prejudice sufficient to require severance of coconspirators' trials 'is a difficultbattle for a defendant to win.'").
9 Case 3:08-cr-00216-DRD Document 771 Filed 06/19/17 Page 10 of 11
Defendant must demonstrate that denying severance will deprive him of a fair trial, resulting in a
miscarriage of justice. United States v. Soto-Beniquez, 356 F.3d 1, 29 (1st Cir. 2003) (citing United States v.
Baltas, 236 F.3d 27, 33 (1st Cir.2001)). "The question of whether joinder of offenses unduly prejudices a
defendant is addressed to the district court's sound discretion." United States v. Richardson, 515 F.3d 74,
80–81 (1st Cir. 2008)(citing United States v. Casas, 425 F.3d 23, 36 (1st Cir.2005); United States v. Alosa,
14 F.3d 693, 694–95 (1st Cir.1994); and United States v. Fenton, 367 F.3d 14, 22 (1st Cir.2004)). In Zafiro
v. United States, the Supreme Court explained that district courts should only grant a severance request if
"there is a serious risk that a joint trial would compromise a specific trial right of one of the defendants, or
prevent the jury from making a reliable judgment about guilt or innocence." Zafiro, 506 U.S. 534, 538-39
(1993). After making an initial finding of the potential prejudiced posed by joinder, "the district court has a
duty to weigh the prejudice . . . against the expense and inconvenience of separate trials." United States v.
Small, 423 F.3d 1164, 1181 (10th Cir. 2005), cert. denied., 546 U.S. 1190 (internal quotations and citations
omitted); see United States v. Blankenship, 382 F.3d 1110, 1120 (11th Cir. 2004)(same); United States v.
The Court holds the facts of this case warrant severance of Count Five. As discussed above, the
evidence relevant to the murder-for-hire counts is inadmissible to prove the perjury count. In addition to being
inadmissible to prove the perjury charges, there is great potential for prejudice if the Court denies severance.
A defendant tried for perjury together with four defendants accused of murder-for-hire stands to suffer greatly
Aside from the potential prejudice factor, severance of Count Five and its consolidation with the
charges in 15-562 would serve the interests of judicial efficiency. The charges in 15-562 are similar to Count
Five of 08-216 as they are all offenses which entail degrees of dishonesty towards the authorities. These
implicate similar statutes and "involve similar victims, locations, [and] modes of operation" as well as a similar
location. United States v. Taylor, 54 F.3d 967, 973 (1stCir. 1995). Thus, instead of the Court presiding over 10 Case 3:08-cr-00216-DRD Document 771 Filed 06/19/17 Page 11 of 11
a trial where dozens of witnesses testify regarding a murderous plot and one or two witnesses testify about
an isolated incident of perjury before the grand jury, the Court will preside over a trial where all witnesses'
testimony is probative of the underlying charges. Most importantly, because a separate trial is already
scheduled for Charbel's charges under 15-562, the additional witnesses needed to prove the perjury charge
will not substantially alter the course of the existing proceedings. Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Defendant
For the reasons provided above, the Court finds the events giving rise to indictments 08-216 and 15-
562 do not constitute the same series of events and are, therefore, not subject to being tried together. Thus,
the United States' Motion to Consolidate (Docket No. 648) is DENIED. Moreover, the potential prejudice
posed by spillover evidence if Count Five is tried together with Counts One through Four of indictment 08-
216 outweighs the benefit of consolidation for trial. Consequently, Defendant Charbel Vazquez-Rijos' Motion


text:
Philadelphia, PA (PRWEB) October 22, 2004
"People are sick of saving their money and watching their 401KÂs, so they are trying to have a little fun this year said Rich Williamson, President of PierreÂs Costumes.
"We had seen a slowing of people celebrating Halloween in the past couple of years, but this year our costume business is stronger than everÂ, he continued.
Williamson noted that the fact that Halloween is on a Sunday this year has definitely helped to make it a big party weekend. Midnight on Saturday starts Halloween.
"The trend is towards a kinder more celebratory Halloween these days." Said Williamson. "People are dressing as Kings & Queens, as well as Pirates and Flappers.
Being in the Costume business as long as PierreÂs has makes them more qualified to comment on the long-term trends than anyone else. They have seen many trends come and go over the years.
"I have also seen a huge increase in large costume balls and high end parties this year" Said Williamson ÂThere will be no lack of places for people to go to on Halloween weekend. Williamson continued ÂThe average person has returned to the kind of costume spending that we saw pre September 11. If the Halloween costume business is any indicator, the economy is rebounding nicelyÂ
People are spending more money and energy to enjoy the largest holiday in the Autumn. People want to have fun again and return to life as they remember it.
For additional information contact: Richard Williamson  President PierreÂs Costumes. 215-925-7121 or email@example.com
About PierreÂs Costumes: Pierre's Costumes was founded in 1943. They have been creating original costumes and mascots for longer than most costume companies. PierreÂs provides costumes to TV, Film, Theatre, Parades, Sports Teams, Parks, and the public. PierreÂs not only rents and sells costumes but also creates on-of-a-kind costumes too. They are located in the historic Old City section of Philadelphia.


text:
Buju Banton was bornon 15 July 1973 in Jamaican, is Jamaican musician. Buju Banton who is currently serving a ten year sentence is one of the greatest dancehall, ragga, and reggae musicians of the 20th century. His music is known to have resemblance with the music style of Bob Marley and has earned positive and favorable reviews. Banton's journey as a musician began very early; he was 12 when he picked the microphone for the first time to 'deejay' and 'toast'. A huge fan of Burro Banton, a renowned dancehall reggae deejay of the mid-eighties and nineties, Buju tried to match his voice and in the process developed his own style. He rose to stardom with his albums ''Til Shiloh' and 'Inna Heights' which increased his international audience. Majority of his songs criticize the violence prevalent among the youth of Jamaica. Some of the songs also deal with issues like AIDS and try to promote the use of contraceptives. For the philanthropic themes of his songs he was invited to meet the Prime Minister of Jamaica and was bestowed with several awards and honors. However, drug abuse and trafficking has brought his career to standstill as he was convicted of possessing cocaine and has been imprisoned for the same. To know more about this famous reggae and dancehall musician, read the biography below.
$4 Million
After repeated convictions and several trials, he is currently serving a 10-year jail sentence which will end in January 2019
'Before the Dawn' released on September 28, 2010 was a Grammy Award winning album
His 'Rasta Got Soul' released on 21st April 2009 was also a big hit and won a Grammy nomination
'Friends for Life' an albums largely based on politics was released in 2003 and in 2006 he released 'Too Bad' which revisited the dance hall style of music
His next album was 'Unchained Spirit' released, in 2000 which enjoyed moderate success
In 1998, he collaborated with the punk band 'Rancid' to release 'Misty Days', 'Hooligans' and 'Life Won't Wait'
His international fame grew with the release of the 1997 album 'Inna Heights' which has the hit numbers 'Destiny' and 'Hills and Valleys'
In 1995 he released 'Til Shiloh' an album with enjoyed a cult status as it was a shift from the popular dancehall music and focused on reggae and propounded Rastafarianism
In 1993, he released his next album 'Voice of Jamaica' which won him several awards and great appreciation from the public
In 1988, his first recorded song 'Boom Bye Bye' was released and in 1991 he signed up with Penthouse Records labels in collaboration with producer Dave Kelly
In 1986 one of his fellow deejays introduced him to producer Robert Ffrench who helped him release his first single 'The Rule' in 1987


text:
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Well Established Locksmith Business.
- ID Ref 5224
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If you are looking for that sea change here is your chance to have it all
Current owner will assist and train incoming purchasers for 90 days for them to settle into the business with ease.
If you are a lock smith by trade this is a great opportunity for the right person, also suitable for husband and wife team.
PRICE $195,000 - with a long lease and option to buy the freehold.
Finance available to approved purchasers.
For more information quote BSV 0895 and call Michael NOW !! or submit an enquiry.
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Product 181/682
This elegant gold coiled embroidered short tulle dress with golden lace will bring picture perfect sweetness to you little girl's special day. The classically designed satin bodice is elegant and she'll love the lace at the waist. The skirt made from lovely lace has underneath netting for fullness and full lining for comfort while the center back zipper allows for easy peasy changing. Have your little girl wear this dress for Flower Girl Dress, Easter Girl Dress, and other Formal Events.
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2007-Aug-20, 06:20 AM
Probably many people saw the news about a China Air plane that caught on fire on the ground (after landing) at Naha Airport. Everybody was evacuated. I'm what happened will eventually become clear, but can anybody guess why an airplane engine would catch fire and blow up several minutes after the plane landed and while it was taxiing to the terminal? It seems unlikely to me. Maybe the engine was already overheated, and the lack of airflow made the fire start?


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Designation system
|grinding wheels are labelled according to ISO 6104 and ISO 525 standards.
In addition to the labelling of the grinding wheel (see table below), a certificate (label) is included with each wheel containing the full specifications, dimensions, consignment number, product number and maximum approved operating speed.
|Aluminium oxide / silicon carbide
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Curiosity Shop #061: Zelda Dungeon Mailbag
Posted on June 23 2011 by Axle D. Wilder
Okay, so here's the new mailbag. This time we've still got about half Skyward Sword questions, but the rest are a mix of Link's Awakening, Ocarina of Time 3D, and a little about the Four Swords downloadable re-release. 10 questions in all. Enjoy!
Questions and timestamps:
(00:09) – What is your favorite moment in Link's Awakening?
(00:54) – Is the free downloadable Four Swords the original one or a new one?
(01:19) – What do you think about the downloadable Four Swords game?
(02:19) – Are the sound effects in Ocarina of Time 3D re-done, or are they the same as on the N64?
(03:04) – What do you think about the timeline placement of Link's Awakening?
(04:18) – Why does Link have 8 hearts in the first dungeon in the demo of Skyward Sword?
(05:33) – Do you think that Tingle will be in Skyward Sword?
(06:34) – Do you think the harp that Zelda carries in Skyward Sword could be the same one Sheik has in Ocarina of Time? They look the same.
(07:43) – Do you think the angelic statue in Skyloft is Farore, Din, or Nayru, or someone else?
(08:44) – Will they use the sky as frequently as the Great Sea in The Wind Waker, making the player spend a long time there?
Be sure to submit your name/username and questions to our contact page, or if that page doesn't work then email them to email@example.com for next week's mailbag! Try to make the questions about Skyward Sword, Ocarina of Time and OoT 3D, and Link's Awakening.
Can you guess the quote on the paper, the sound at the beginning, or any of the music? What's your favorite moment in Link's Awakening? And what do you think about its timeline placement? And what do you think about the downloadable Four Swords game? Tell me in the comments!


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Dzi are priceless and should never be sold. The protection that Dzi give to the wearer is immense and that is the very reason why that is sought after. People don't mind paying huge price to own it and receive continuous blessing from it.
People wonder why some people part off money in millions to buy this. There is a Reason!!
Dzi stones are said to do a number of things. Some protect its wearer from negative energies or accidents; some attract wealth or wisdom, while others might bring you love and happiness.
The benefits of the Dzi are given below and think twice if you have one and planing to sale.
1. One-Eyed Dzi The bead of Light; enabled better thinking process and improved wisdoms.
2. Double-Eyed Dzi Enabled harmony between husband and wife, build a happy family, successful career and good relationship with others.
3. Three-Eyed Dzi represents the three stars of luck: happiness, honor and longevity. It is the bead of wealth and health to bring continuous fortunes. Also known as the God of Wealth (Zambala) in esoteric doctrine.
4. Four-Eyed Dzi Represents Avalokiteśvara,Mañjuśrī, Ksitigarbha, and Samantabhadra; the four great Bodhisattvas, scattering and destroying all hindrances for the wearer.
5. Five-Eyed Dzi Blessing by Kuvera, the god of wealth, for continuous fortunes and longevity, perfect and good luck, endless of happiness.
6. Six-Eyed Dzi Restores the physiological functions of the viscera and bodily strength, release from the suffering of the six ways of sentient existence (Samsara), to remove (by magic, prayer, incantation) impending ill fortune, represents increment of fortunes.
7. Seven-Eyed Dzi Perfection in every aspect of life: good fate, good name, career, fortune, health, long life and marriage.
8. Eight-Eyed Dzi Doing well and complete in everything, venerable and wealthy, protected by Eight Auspicious Signs. Avoids influences by the eight groups of demon-followers and enter the eightfold noble path.
9. Nine-Eyed Dzi Accumulation of meritorious virtue, increases compassionate, separates from suffering and obtains happiness, escapes from the human world of woes and finds salvation, resplendent authorities and gains advantages.
10. Ten-Eyed Dzi Removes all karmic hindrances, increases respect-inspiring virtue, live a joyful life and perfect in every way.
11. Eleven-Eyed Dzi Represents the five Dhyani Buddhas and the Brilliant Mantra of Six Words, accumulates blessedness and wisdoms and dispels calamities.
12. Twelve-Eyed Dzi Represents the twelve divine generals mentioned in the sutra of Medicine Buddha (Bhaisajya); accumulation of honor, power and influence.
13. Thirteen-Eyed Dzi Represents the five Dhyani Buddhas and Eight Auspicious Signs; the body and mind always at ease, unafraid and march forward courageously to achieve the highest level of the conduct.
14. Fifteen-Eyed Dzi Represents the Seven Treasures and the Eight Dharmas, aids and blesses by Devas to achieve all wishes.
15. Twenty One-Eyed Dzi Increases the power of Buddha-truth, achieves all one's wishes, integrated with the nature and reaches the highest Poetic level, the Mahayana.
One thing to remember concerning these curious little stones is this, a Dzi stone may repel things, but it also can store them. When a negativism comes at you, your stone may block it or absorb it. They can also give very positive energies to you, while absorbing a bit of your energy in the process. In other words, a bit of them goes into you and a bit of you will go into them.
The downside to this is that if you are not the original possessor of the stone, you may get slapped with some of the first owner's bad karma.
The way to prevent this from happening is to "cleanse" your Dzi stone when you get it. This will release all of that stored up nastiness, and will allow you to introduce yourself to your Dzi stone, and form a fresh spiritual bond.
Dzi beads are of supernatural origins.
Fortunate Bhutanese owner put on the Dzi during Tshechu and big festivals.


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Improve Access and Outcomes Across the Care Continuum
- Philadelphia, PA
Driven by payer reform, technological and scientific advances and consumer demands, the healthcare industry is undergoing unprecedented transformation. The shift from volume- to value-based payment and care delivery has driven healthcare providers to reshape their approach and many have answered the call for personalized, convenient and coordinated patient care by forming large organizations such as IDNs and ACOs.
Understanding these complex health systems and how they interact with all of the industry's stakeholders is crucial for manufacturers to better support and meet the needs of these growing networks.
To address the challenges and opportunities ahead, join a distinguished group of industry pioneers at CBI's 4th Annual Partnering with IDNs BioPharma Strategy Summit, for a highly collaborative meeting on refining care coordination, increasing patient engagement and adherence, and ultimately, improving patient outcomes.
Great networking with the experts on specialty pharma and IDNs. Thought-provoking topics filled the agenda.Regional Account Manager II, Biopharmaceuticals, Novo Nordisk
Highly recommend this conference.
This conference is a great forum to create partnerships between manufacturers and health systems. Information is sharedVanderbilt University Medical Center
that helps create a symbiotic relationship.
Well organized and good speaker selection.Assistant Director, Specialty Pharmacy Services, University of Illinois
The content was current and helped to frame future thinking, allowing us to compare what we are doing, to what others may need in order to create a successful partnership.Pfizer
Consistently this conference pushes my thinking into the future and provides a view of what is 'around the corner' in healthcare.Director, Joint Health and Renal, Sanofi Biosurgery


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Home>Products>DiMarzio>New acoustic guitar strings martin Dimarzio acoustic guitar martin Norton martin guitar strings Humbucker martin guitar strings acoustic medium Electric martin guitars acoustic Guitar Pickup w F Spacing - DP160FB Black
New acoustic guitar strings martin Dimarzio acoustic guitar martin Norton martin guitar strings Humbucker martin guitar strings acoustic medium Electric martin guitars acoustic Guitar Pickup w F Spacing - DP160FB Black
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Brand New Dimarzio Norton Humbucker Pickup with F Spacing in Black. DP160FB
The sound of a Norton is right between FRED and The Tone Zone. Its got some FRED-like harmonic overtones that can only be described as nasty, with more of the power and mid-range of the heavyweight Tone Zone. The same patented dual-resonance design used in FRED® and The Tone Zone delivers a sound thats hotter and "bigger" than any vintage model, but not as loud as a distortion-class humbucker. Norton might be our most versatile bridge pickup. Combine it with a wide choice of neck pickups like the Air Classic, PAF, PAF Pro and Air Norton.
Recommended For
Bridge position in all solid body guitars. Can also be used in neck position with higher output humbuckers.
Tech Talk
Norton was originally designed to extend the tonal range and power of standard output humbuckers without going over the top. Its more modern than a PAF sound: the benchmark Les Paul/Marshall combination yields more midrange crunch and high frequency pick harmonics than vintage-style pickups were capable of putting out. Norton is really good for opening up the sound of mahogany set-neck guitars.
Wiring: 4 Conductor
Magnet: Alnico 5
Output mV: 352
DC Resistance: 12.62 Kohm
Year of Introduction: 1994
Patent: 4,501,185
for more info visit www.dimarzio.com
We are an Authorized Dimarzio dealer and every pickup will be sold Brand New with a full Australian warranty!
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Welcome to our new MSC line of "aromatics". We're starting with diffuser blends from our best selling scents from both our bath & body and men's line. Expect to see us branch out into other products in the coming months– these are humble beginnings.
With our extensive essential oil library, we are happy to offer custom scents tailored to you!
Backcountry Bourbon Beard Oil
[tab name="Description"]
Top: Spice, Sweet Plum
Middle: Toasted Oak, Vanilla
Base: Patchouli, Tonka Bean, Cedarwood
"But of course adventures run on all sorts of whisky." - Atticus
Strong notes of toasted oak wrapped in a bed of warm vanilla with a hint of spice. Our Backcountry Bourbon embodies a dram of your favourite whisky had in celebration of long hikes and hard won views.
This beard oil contains a small amount of phthalate and paraben free fragrance in addition to essential oils.
[tab name="About Our Beard Oil"]
- Our premium Beard oil will soften your beard which helps sooth itch and improve overall feel.
- The oils draw in and hold moisture that will keep your beard feeling and looking healthy.
- Your skin is moisturized as well, helping to control beard-druff.
- Each Beard Oil has innovative and multilayered scents that we formulate ourselves.
- We use only high quality essential oils and all but one of our beard oils are fragrance oil free.
- Depending on beard size and frequency of use, our Beard Oil should last you about 3 months.
- Comes in a high quality drawstring cloth bag to protect your beard oil while travelling.
[tab name="Ingredients"]
Each Beard Oil is made with six complimentary oils supplemented by vitamin E:
- Organic Argan Oil: This is the main ingredient for our beard oils. Argan oil is a powerful moisturizer and protects your skin and hair.
- Black Cumin Seed Oil: is believed to help with hair growth and to have positive effects on skin conditions such as psoriasis.
- Organic Jojoba Oil: A liquid wax that is similar to the protective barrier made by your skin. Easily absorbed through hair follicles but doesn't block them.
- Organic Almond Oil Creates a barrier on your skin and allows your skin to absorb more water and protects from water loss.
- Organic Hemp Oil: Believed to stimulate hair growth, high in omega 3, 6 and 9 essential fatty acids, anti inflammatory and is easily absorbed by skin and hair.
- Macadamia Nut Oil: Known to be anti-inflammatory, moisturizing, skin softening, antioxidant and antimicrobial.
- Vitamin E: Highly skin nourishing, Vitamin E also protects the beard oil from oxidation, improving shelf life.
[tab name="Directions"]
Apply just a couple drops to the palm of your hand. Work oil from base of beard outwards, as needed. Apply after a shower to your towel dried beard for best results. Beards in drier climates will benefit from a couple applications per day.


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Take medication for a thyroid disorder, if necessary. Tinnitus can be related to both hyperthyroidism, or an overactive thyroid, and hypothyroidism, or an underactive thyroid. Your doctor can check for swelling or lumps in your thyroid gland, which is in your throat, and order blood screens to test its function. If they find an issue, they'll prescribe medication to regulate your thyroid hormone levels.[17]
Tinnitus can occur as a sleep disorder - -this is called the "exploding head syndrome". This most often occurs while falling asleep or waking up. It is a tremendously loud noise. Some theorize that this syndrome is due to a brief seizure in auditory cortex. It is not dangerous.(Green 2001; Palikh and Vaughn 2010). Logically, anticonvulsants might be useful for treatment.
Another example of somatic tinnitus is that caused by temperomandibular joint disorder. The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is where the lower jaw connects to the skull, and is located in front of the ears. Damage to the muscles, ligaments, or cartilage in the TMJ can lead to tinnitus symptoms. The TMJ is adjacent to the auditory system and shares some ligaments and nerve connections with structures in the middle ear.
The researchers next tested whether tinnitus could be reversed in noise-exposed rats. The animals received VNS paired with various tones other than the tinnitus frequency 300 times a day for about 3 weeks. Rats that received the treatment showed behavioral changes indicating that the ringing had stopped. Neural responses in the brain's auditory cortex returned to their normal levels as well, indicating that the tinnitus had disappeared.
Changing Prescriptions, OTC Medications and Food Additives. Sometimes the cause of tinnitus is a prescription (such as an antibiotic), an over the counter medication or a food additive. As an example, two very common prescriptions that have been shown to cause tinnitus are quinine and chloroquine, which are both used to prevent malaria. Certain diuretics and cancer medications can also cause tinnitus. Even something as simple as OTC aspirin can generate tinnitus in some people. The food additives NutraSweet, Splenda and Aspartame have all been linked to tinnitus, and a whole host of other side effects, in clinical studies. These man-made food additives should be eliminated from your diet completely. If any of your medications are causing your tinnitus, your doctor may recommend stopping, reducing or switching them out for other medicines to see if that helps cure your tinnitus.
Demographic variables (age, sex, type of tinnitus) and baseline THI scores of placebo (n = 16) and treatment (n = 11) groups did not significantly differ from one another at the start of the study. At 3 months, participants in the treatment group reported significantly lower scores on the THI when compared to the placebo group (p < .05). The treatment group also showed an 11-point drop in THI scores when comparing baseline and 3 months (p < .05; please see Figure 2). THI scores for the placebo group comparing both time points were non-significant. Past studies have indicated that the minimum change in the THI score to be considered clinically significant is a drop of 6 to 7 points.9 As such, the results of our clinical study suggest that tinnitus and its related symptoms can produce a clinically significant reduction in tinnitus within the first 3 months using the personalized music-based therapy.
Repeated loud noise exposure can be a cause of tinnitus as well as hearing loss. Loud music may cause short term symptoms, but repeated occupational exposure (for example, musicians, factory and construction workers) requires less intense sound levels to cause potential hearing damage leading to tinnitus. Minimizing sound exposure, therefore, decreases the risk of developing tinnitus. Sound protection equipment, like acoustic ear-muffs, may be appropriate at work and at home when exposed to loud noises.
High-pitched ringing. Exposure to a very loud noise or a blow to the ear can cause a high-pitched ringing or buzzing that usually goes away after a few hours. However, if there's hearing loss as well, tinnitus may be permanent. Long-term noise exposure, age-related hearing loss or medications can cause a continuous, high-pitched ringing in both ears. Acoustic neuroma can cause continuous, high-pitched ringing in one ear.
Tinnitus (pronounced "tin-it-tus") is an abnormal noise in the ear (note that it is not an "itis" -- which means inflammation). Tinnitus is common -- nearly 36 million Americans have constant tinnitus and more than half of the normal population has intermittent tinnitus. Another way to summarize this is that about 10-15% of the entire population has some type of constant tinnitus, and about 20% of these people (i.e. about 1% of the population) seek medical attention (Adjamian et al, 2009). Similar statistics are found in England (Dawes et al, 2014) and Korea (Park and Moon, 2014).
This tinnitus treatment we developed makes use of software that customizes a music-based therapy for each individual tinnitus sufferer. The software achieves this by incorporating a computational model of the "tinnitus brain." This model captures changes in the auditory brain which may be causing the tinnitus.5,7 We do this by taking into account the individual's audiogram and a pitch match of their tinnitus, which generates a tinnitus profile unique to him or her. The software then uses the model to predict how each music track can be altered spectrally to reduce tinnitus for that specific tinnitus profile. Delivering the treatment using headphones that could produce high frequencies (above 10–12 kHz) was an integral part of treatment effectiveness. With such headphones, the treatment could work by taking advantage of the same kind of brain plasticity that may contribute to the person's tinnitus in the first place without being limited by a lack of high-frequency sounds.8 By incorporating the latest tinnitus research into our software, we developed a treatment approach that provides greater promise in treating tinnitus than existing treatments with a one-size-fits-all approach.
Acoustic Neural Stimulation. This relatively new treatment has shown to be effective in reducing, and in some cases eliminating, symptoms in patients whose tinnitus just won't go away or is very loud. The treatment utilizes a device small enough to fit into the palm of your hand that delivers a broadband acoustical signal embedded in special music you can listen to via headphones. The treatment eventually desensitizes you to the ringing in your ears by stimulating changes in the neural circuits in your brain.
What does he mean by "ends up in the brain"? Essentially, something that causes even temporary hearing damage — such as exposure to very loud noise or a blow to the head — can change activity patterns in the brain in ways that cause the ringing. Even though some damage or problem in the ear triggered tinnitus to begin with, you continue to hear the sound you do because of a signal from the brain.
Hyperactivity and deep brain stimulation. Researchers have observed hyperactivity in neural networks after exposing the ear to intense noise. Understanding specifically where in the brain this hyperactivity begins and how it spreads to other areas could lead to treatments that use deep brain stimulation to calm the neural networks and reduce tinnitus.
Other therapies. Other treatments that have been studied for tinnitus include transcutaneous electrical stimulation of parts of the inner ear by way of electrodes placed on the skin or acupuncture needles, and stimulation of the brain using a powerful magnetic field (a technique called repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, or rTMS). Transcutaneous electrical stimulation has been shown to be no more effective than a placebo. In two small trials, rTMS compared with a sham procedure helped improve the perception of tinnitus in a few patients.
If you're not sure of what is causing your tinnitus, a hearing care professional can help pinpoint the issue through a series of tests. It can be helpful to take notes of the sounds you are regularly or irregularly experience to help your hearing healthcare professional put together the clues to what may be causing it. Be sure to alert your practitioner of any pertinent medical history, medications or excessive noise exposure that could be playing a role in your tinnitus.
Shelly-Anne Li is the VP of clinical research and operations at Sound Options Tinnitus Treatments Inc. As a research methodology consultant for various projects, she brings expertise in health research methods, as well as experience from conducting multi-site randomized controlled trials, mixed methods studies and qualitative research. Shelly-Anne Li is currently a PhD candidate at University of Toronto, and obtained her MSc (health sciences) from McMaster University.
Due to the large variability in tinnitus, a one-size-fits-all approach (as offered by maskers) will have limited benefits. Indeed, there is evidence that being able to customize a sound therapy (e.g., using the tinnitus pitch or hearing loss profile), will provide greater benefits7,8 for tinnitus sufferers. Given the evidence supporting this line of thinking and the limitations of existing tinnitus management options, we were driven to develop and rigorously test an enjoyable, personalized sound therapy that has potential to provide lasting relief to tinnitus sufferers.
As a hearing healthcare provider, I regularly get asked about a cure for tinnitus. Trust me, if there was one, I would be using it! I have had tinnitus for more than seven years. It makes it hard to sleep, to concentrate, to read a book. Basically, anything that is normally done in quiet became a struggle for me. (To see how tinnitus is affecting you, take our free tinnitus test.)
Hyperactivity and deep brain stimulation. Researchers have observed hyperactivity in neural networks after exposing the ear to intense noise. Understanding specifically where in the brain this hyperactivity begins and how it spreads to other areas could lead to treatments that use deep brain stimulation to calm the neural networks and reduce tinnitus.
Somatic tinnitus is caused, worsened, or otherwise related to your body's own sensory system. Sensory signals coming from various parts of the body are disrupted, causing a spasm that produces tinnitus. Those who have somatic tinnitus usually have it in only one ear. Depending on the root cause your doctor may come up with treatment options to alleviate the symptoms.
This well-designed study found that using CBT alongside elements of standard therapy can help patients with tinnitus of varying severity. However, the differences in outcomes between the two groups were quite small, and this technique can only help manage tinnitus rather than curing it, as some papers implied. Also, the patients in the study were followed for only 12 months, so it is unclear whether this approach can help in the longer term.
Assessment of psychological processes related to tinnitus involves measurement of tinnitus severity and distress (i.e., nature and extent of tinnitus-related problems), measured subjectively by validated self-report tinnitus questionnaires.[18] These questionnaires measure the degree of psychological distress and handicap associated with tinnitus, including effects on hearing, lifestyle, health and emotional functioning.[62][63][64] A broader assessment of general functioning, such as levels of anxiety, depression, stress, life stressors and sleep difficulties, is also important in the assessment of tinnitus due to higher risk of negative well-being across these areas, which may be affected by or exacerbate the tinnitus symptoms for the individual.[65] Overall, current assessment measures are aimed to identify individual levels of distress and interference, coping responses and perceptions of tinnitus in order to inform treatment and monitor progress. However, wide variability, inconsistencies and lack of consensus regarding assessment methodology are evidenced in the literature, limiting comparison of treatment effectiveness.[66] Developed to guide diagnosis or classify severity, most tinnitus questionnaires have been shown to be treatment-sensitive outcome measures.[67]
Almost everyone has had tinnitus for a short time after being exposed to extremely loud noise. For example, attending a loud concert can trigger short-lived tinnitus. Some medications (especially aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs taken in high doses) can cause tinnitus that goes away when the drug is discontinued. When it lasts more than six months, it's known as chronic tinnitus. As many as 50 to 60 million people in the United States suffer from this condition; it's especially common in people over age 55 and strongly associated with hearing loss. Many people worry that tinnitus is a sign that they are going deaf or have another serious medical problem, but it rarely is.