text:
Productivity and Growth in Turkish Manufacturing Industry: 1980–2001
The objective of this study is to analyze and explain the factors influencing the value added growth in Turkish public and private manufacturing sectors during 1980–2001. With this aim in view, a Two-Deflator Growth Accounting (TDA) method is applied in the study. It is revealed that industries as a whole have positive value added growth with no negative contribution of capital. Although human capital's contribution to the industrial sector's growth as a whole and especially to public sector industries is not very significant, its contribution to the private sector industries remains significantly high. The overall contribution of raw labor is able to explain most of the contribution of labor to value-added growth in Turkish manufacturing industry during the period 1980–2001.
Growth, TFP Growth, Manufacturing Industry
Scarcity of resources is one of the main reasons to produce under efficient and productive production processes to get the highest possible volume of output. Researchers often find that productive production process is the result of the growth of Total Factor Productivity (TFP), and the two-way causality between TFP growth and output growth has also proved by several times, especially by Harberger, and Robles among others (Robles, 2000, Harberger, 1998). It is a general feature that when TFP increases, the growth rate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) follows an upward trend; while lower TFP growth is correlated with decreases in GDP growth rates. Thus, it is possible to understand growth in GDP by explaining the elements affecting positively the changes in TFP. This is likely to be the rationale behind almost all studies aiming at explaining the process of output growth through the analysis of TFP growth (Robles, 2000).
Obtaining a stable and sustainable economic growth is one of the main macroeconomic challenges of ruling agents in every typical economy. Therefore, the [End Page 187] sources and the outcomes of economic growth are being studied and analyzed by economists. According to several authors who analyzed sources of output growth, the difference between the sum of the contributions of labor and capital to output growth can be explained by the residual or Total Factor Productivity (TFP) (Cho, 2000). TFP growth enables firms to create competitive capability which is a special advantage. As stated by Harberger, the growth of TFP and cost reduction in the production process occur at the same time (Harberger, 1997). Hence, real cost reduction in the production process leads to a strong competitive advantage (Kim, 2001). A primer study which aimed to investigate the sources of economic growth was initiated by Tinbergen in 1942 (Tinbergen, 1959). Today, his method in analyzing the sources of growth is called the traditional growth accounting method. He initially explained the difference between the growth of inputs and output growth as a residual which is commonly defined as TFP. Empirical studies have brought home the fact that growth in output can be attributed to growth in TFP. In many studies, output growth is tried to be explained by analyzing the behavior of its components (Robles, 1997). In the literature, the sources of output growth are categorized under three main headings: the Traditional Approach (TA), Extended Traditional Approach (ETA) and the Two-Deflator Approach (TDA).
Since in every economy one of the main objectives of the government is to achieve a stable and sustainable economic growth rate, the study of the sources of growth becomes a critical issue. There are indeed various sources of economic growth such as innovative technology use, economic policy changes, technological advances and so on (Harberger, 1998, Notaro, 2003). Turkey started to carry out the neo-liberal economic policies since January, 1980. To this end, industrialization and import substitution formed the main economic policy of the government in subsequent years. However, these policies could not be sustainable because of high inflation rates and balance of payments problems. After each crisis, currency devaluation took place in order to increase exports. The government decreased relative prices and real wage rates in sectors that are export oriented to give them a comparative advantage. Precautionary measures were taken for the labor-intensive industries in the manufacturing and energy sectors. However, despite lower wages, export volumes did not increase as targeted. Throughout the studied period, the initial results of neo-liberal economic policies taken a decade ago started to be effective, but economic and financial crises of 1994, 2000 and 2001 brought about a reduction in out in every sector of the economy.
Like other countries, it is necessary for Turkey to produce under efficient and productive production processes to get the highest possible volume of output especially in the manufacturing industry. Sources of economic growth in Turkish manufacturing industry have been analyzed, among others, by the State Planning Organization (SPO, 2004) and Krueger and Tuncer (Krueger and Tuncer, 1982). Taymaz and Saatçi (Taymaz and Saatci, 1997) analyzed stochastic production frontiers for Turkish textile, cement, and motor vehicles industries in a panel data technique. Saygili, et al. (Saygili et al., 2005) also deal with this issue. Önder and Lenger (Önder and Lenger, 2000) define TFP as improvement in technical efficiency and use the translog stochastic frontier production function in their analysis. Ismihan and Metin-Ozcan (Ismihan and Metin-Ozcan, 2005) applied co-integration technique in order to analyze the determinants of total factor productivity (TFP). Cecen, et al. (Cecen et al., 1994) analyze the causes of development during the pre-liberalization (1960–80) and post-liberalization (1980–88) periods [End Page 188] consecutively. Karadağ, Önder, and Deliktaş (Karadağ, 1989) applied panel data analysis to measure total factor productivity changes in privately-owned Turkish manufacturing industries for the period of 1980–2000. But, these studies provide little information relating to productivity at industrial branches. Besides, they do not analyze the contribution labor to output growth in a disaggregated form.
Furthermore, these studies use Traditional Approaches (TA). Therefore, they fail to ascertain the contributions of different qualities of human factor to Total Factor Productivity. It is our contention that the traditional approach to study the sources of growth in Turkish manufacturing sector suffers from many limitations, and therefore, a better analytical approach is called for. Our study tries to fill-up the knowledge gap and aims at investigating the sources of growth in Turkish manufacturing industry for the period 1980–2001 with the help of a better method – the two-deflator approach. In sympathy with the conventional wisdom, we acknowledge that labor, capital and TFP can broadly explain the major economic sources of growth. In the present study, the contributions of these factors to growth will be examined separately for public and private manufacturing sectors, enabling thereby a comparison of production efficiencies in these manufacturing sectors in Turkey. The paper is organized in the following way. In the next section, a literature review on the two-deflator approach is presented. The third section records the empirical findings of the study, and the last section incorporates the main conclusions of the study.
Literature Review
As it is stated earlier in this paper, there are mainly three approaches in the growth accounting literature. The traditional approach (TA) was initiated by J. Tinbergen (Tinbergen, 1959) and based on the theory of production; it is further extended by Solow and Kendrick (Kendrick, 1956, Solow, 1956). Tinbergen's approach deals only with the changes in input quantities. However, Solow explains the changes through residual, which is a portion that remains after subtracting the total sum of contributions of inputs from the output growth. Then extended traditional approach (ETA) is developed by Jorgenson (Jorgenson and Griliches, 1967b). This method is also based on the theory of production. However, it requires detailed data in order to analyze the contributions of inputs to output growth. Therefore, inputs are disaggregated by several hundred classes in the ETA. Although Jorgenson's approach is much elaborate, it fails to consider all the changes in human capital. Hence, it does not make a great difference from the traditional method.
TFP measures gain importance in most of the contemporary studies on the analysis of economic growth. The TFP and its growth rate has been become increasingly prominent since the publication of the studies by Krugman (Krugman, 1994) and Young (Young, 1994). They studied the sources of output growth by measuring the effects of changes in TFP growth in East Asian developing countries. According to their conclusions, changes in TFP growth does not play a more significant role than the role of other inputs on the level of output growth as in the case of Singapore. This discrepancy is newly explained by Hsieh (Hsieh, 2002) and he defines the TFP growth through changes in factor prices. Hsieh (Hsieh, 2002) also finds a large discrepancy for Singapore the results given by the TA and the ETA. According to him, the reason for the large [End Page 189] discrepancy for Singapore is the use of a constant rate of return to capital, despite a high rate of capital accumulation. Hsieh's method does not take into consideration the productivity of human capital to measure its effect on the level of output growth.
In the literature there are several studies that aimed to discriminate the separate effects of changes in the quality of human capital on changes in the level of output. Coen and Hickman (Coen and Hickman, 2006) identify the factors contributing to the growth of output as productivity and labor supply. Park (Park, 2006) analyzes the sources of human capital investment and concludes that education policy plays a crucial role for human capital investment and that it promotes growth if it is properly implemented by the government. Due to similar motivations, Harberger (Harberger, 1991) put forward a Two-Deflator Approach (TDA) which permits a more complete assessment of the contribution of human capital quality to growth. Unlike the TA and ETA, the TDA method is based on the theory of capital and provides highly disaggregated analysis of the contributions of human quality changes to output growth. Harberger (Harberger, 1998) defines TFP growth as real cost reduction due to duality of the measures of optimal output growth (Cepeda, 2000).
Except the ones, which apply method of Jorgenson, other traditional growth accounting methodologies use highly aggregated data to examine the sources of growth. Of course measuring productivity at aggregated level is important, but measuring productivity at disaggregated level across firms and/or industries provides more reliable results compared with the measurement of productivity at the aggregate level. In his dissertation study, Cho (Cho, 2000) explains that the act of aggregation introduces many complications. A Two-Deflator Approach (TDA) is used in our study as it requires less data and gives similar results as the TA and the ETA (Miyajima, 2004). Moreover, it allows for better assessment of the contribution of human capital quality to growth than the method of Jorgenson (Jorgenson and Griliches, 1967a). Since TDA is based on the theory of capital, there is no need for distinguishing capital into quality and quantity forms. The only need is to measure initial physical capital stock. Hence, the inventory method is applied first. We first provide a background for measuring capital stock, and afterwards, the Two-Deflator Approach is elaborated.
Measuring Capital Stock
Depreciation rate of i'th sector.
So, the value of real capital stock at the end of each period equals the initial capital stock (depreciated value) plus adding to physical capital in every year. Here, measuring initial capital stock is a crucial issue. In some studies, it is measured by dividing the average value of the last four to five years' investments by the sum of average growth rate of GDP and real rate of return at the corresponding years (Robles, 1997). [End Page 190] So this methodology is used to measure the initial physical capital stock in this study. It can be obtained by the following formula:
Once all the variables are expressed in real terms by dividing all with GDP deflator or CPI, capital stocks can be estimated by using the perpetual inventory method (PIM). Capital stock's contribution to output growth is proportional to capital stock itself. For making the estimate, the annual nominal sectoral physical capital investments for every type of physical capital are obtained from State Institute of Statistics (SIS, 2001). Then, by applying the PIM real values of physical capital stock at the end of any given year the necessary calculations can be made by using the following formula:
Machinery and equipment, buildings, land and site amelioration, transport equipment, office furniture, land and site
Growth rate of GDP (average 5% for Turkey,)
Depreciation rate of the type of capital
Average of the Ith component of investment (1979–1981)
One can also find out the initial capital stock on the basis of the assumption that in the past, the capital stock grew at the same rate as the real sectoral GDP (gi). In this respect, the following formula can be used:
Two-Deflator Approach (TDA)
As stated earlier, the TDA approach is based on the theory of capital. There is no need to construct a production function explicitly. Rather, as it is given in the study of Cho (Cho, 2000) the analysis of production is viewed as "a social project post-evaluation".
In the TDA method, all the nominal data are transformed into aggregated real values by either the Consumer Price Index or the GDP Deflator. Harberger (Harberger, 1991) analyzed production under capital theory in his TDA methodology, in this way, as there is no need for dividing capital into quantity and quality contributions as required under the ETA. Here, capital is regarded as the amount of savings that remains after meeting expenditures on consumption and production. One of the main distinguishing factors of the TDA from other traditional methods is the analysis of the disaggregated [End Page 191] human capital contributions to output growth. In spite of this, labor is analyzed in the TDA by taking into account the wage bill of an industrial sector as crude input. Data for the wage bill in Turkish aggregate manufacturing sectors for the period of 1980–2001 are obtained from the State Institute of Statistics (SIS). In our formulation, the total wage equals the summation of the wage paid to all classes of labor multiplied by the number of labor hours used in the sector. As it is clearly defined earlier in this paper, one of the most distinguishing characteristics of the TDA is that there is no longer the need for formulating a production function. Its roots are linked to capital theory. Therefore, the contribution of capital to the growth of value added is calculated by the help of the following formula:
In the TDA, before measuring residual, the value of output is expressed in real terms by using a GDP deflator. Since there is no longer the need for constructing production function, as is depicted in traditional approaches, the real value of GDP can be divided into two components: labor income (the wage bill) and capital (property) income. Besides, income from capital stock can be obtained by multiplying the value of depreciated capital stock with the rate of return.
Deflated Value Added
Basic Wage (2/3 of Real GDP per Capita)
Rate of Return to Capital Net of Depreciation
Depreciation Rate
Capital (Deflated)
Here, Y* is the real value of output rather than the quantum (Q), and is equal to the value of the output at the national level. Under the ETA, Q is measured by applying different indices corresponding to different types of inputs. Hence, at the firm or industry level, Y* is different than Q because it is calculated by a GDP deflator. K*,r* and δ* are the capital stock, the rate of return and the depreciation rate of the capital stock series respectively. By a little manipulation of the
[End Page 192]
Real Cost Reduction (RCR)
Therefore, the residual as a percentage of output under the TDA is obtained by the following formula (Harberger, 1998):
Every class of labor is clearly specified under the TDA. There are two main differences between the traditional approaches and the TDA. First, human capital quality effect on labor's contribution to growth is clearly defined in the TDA. Second, an analysis of the relative price effect is feasible under TDA, because all the quantities are expressed in real terms by aggregate price indices as opposed to quantum in traditional approaches. Hence, the residual in the TDA is also expressed in real terms rather than in quantum. The only difference between the two equations seems to be the measures of human quality effects on labor's contributions to output growth (Robles, 2000). Unlike in other traditional approaches, there are two deflators that are used in the TDA: value added (Y) and Net Capital Stock (K) are deflated by a GDP Deflator and labor income is deflated by a wage deflator which is taken as 2/3 of RGDP per capita. In order to deflate the output and capital, the following procedure is followed:
Different Manufacturing Branches
Different Types of Capital
GDP Deflator
In the TDA method, the total wage bill in sector i, is at the same time equal to the basic wage (W* ) which is multiplied by the number of basic labor units (L*).
[End Page 193] where
Wage Bill at Each Industry
Basic Wage
Number of Basic Labor Units at Each Industry
Number of Labor at Each Industry
Labor Classes
Here, is a measure expressed in basic units of labor such that a worker who is represented as is attributed with a specified level of human capital skills. For example, the basic labor units of a doorkeeper at a firm or industrial sector is attributed as ten, while it is fifteen for a blue color production worker, twenty for a white color labor, and fifty for an engineer. W* (basic wage) is the payment made to this basic unit of labor and it is considered as the second deflator, which is taken as two-thirds of Real GDP per capita in this study. After defining the basic wage rate W* basic labor units can be measured with the help of following formula:
Since disaggregated data are not required for the application of the TDA, the wage bill here is the aggregated number. Total wage bill for each industrial sector can be divided into two main segments as the compensation to raw (basic) labor and the compensation to human capital.
is the compensation paid for the raw (basic) labor component of the labor force
is the compensation paid to the human capital component of the labor force
Change in raw labor would change the total wage bill as shown in the following formula.
[End Page 194] Total wage bill changes due to either change in raw labor or human capital. Human capital can be divided into two parts as the maintenance component of human capital (that is, endowing new workers with the existing average human capital in the industry) and the change in the quality of human capital.
Raw Labor Contribution
Human Capital Contribution
Human Capital Maintenance
Human Capital Quality Upgrade
With the help of these equations, following equilibrium can be obtained:
Traditional approaches to growth measures do not provide sufficient analysis of human capital quality changes as part of labor's contributions to growth. Any change in human capital quality is attributed to changes in residual in the TA. For instance, if human capital quality improves residual enlarges. On the other hand, a change in human capital quality is analyzed under several labor classes in the ETA. By
where [End Page 195]
Growth of Total Labor Contribution
Growth of Raw Labor Contribution
Growth of Human Capital Contribution
The Human Capital Contribution to Growth (GHCC) can be divided into two sub components. These are formulized as follows.
Growth of Human Capital Maintenance
Growth of Human Capital Quality Upgrade
That is, the contribution of Human Capital to the growth of value added is:
As Harberger (Harberger, 1998) mentions in his study on the growth process, growth is not a homogenous phenomenon. That is, the TFP growth is not occurring at every manufacturing branch at the same time. Most of the time, it is concentrating in some manufacturing branches taking positive numbers which are called by Harberger as the "winners" and the rest are "losers". This statement contradicts the view of Solow who states that technological progress which is an attribute to growth, is evenly distributed in all sectors of the industry (Solow, 1957). Solow assumes that the change in technological progress shifts the production function Y=A(t)f (K,L), A(t) to an upper level. [End Page 196] Thus, the cumulative effect of technical change occurs evenly in every sector of the industry, which is in contradiction with the ob the TFP growth can occur in any sector at any time (Harberger, 1998).
In this context, his study develops the sunset-sunrise diagrams. Since the TFP is concentrated in some sectors, by forming a situation like the sunset-sunrise diagram, the sectors which are positively or negatively contributing to growth can be clearly visible. The rising slope part of the diagram is shaped by the positive TFP growth industries' cumulative contributions to the growth of value added, and the decreasing slope part of the diagram is because of the negative TFP growth industries' cumulative contribution to the growth of value added. In order to construct a sunset-sunrise diagram, first, TFP of each manufacturing sector is sorted in a descending order. The contribution of each manufacturing branch to value added growth can be calculated by the multiplication of their TFP by the value added (VA) of each of them. Then, the contribution to VA growth of each branch is cumulated and the percentile of them is calculated. However, the value added is cumulated in a different column. Finally, cumulative contribution to the TFP growth constitutes the vertical axis; cumulative contribution to VA constitutes the horizontal axis. An example of the diagram is shown below in Figure 1.
In the diagram, 50 percent of the manufacturing branches with respect to their contributions to value added indicate that they are responsible for a cumulative TFP growth of 0,8 percent. The peak point of the TFP growth is accounted for by 75 percent of the manufacturing branches with the TFP growth of 1,1 percent. Henceforth, the slope of the diagram starts to take negative values, that is, the concentrations of the TFP growth of manufacturing branches are less than 1,1 percent. For instance, 95 percent of the manufacturing branches account for the TFP growth of 1,0 percent. [End Page 197]
Empirical Findings
General Findings
Empirical application of the TDA is examined and the corresponding explanations of the results are provided in this section of the study. The raw data on the variables (value added, capital, and labor data) used in the study were obtained from the State Institute of Statistics. Data on capital are classified in six categories, such as machinery and equipments; transportation vehicles; building construction; land reclamation and the construction of non-buildings; land; and office furniture and equipments. The corresponding depreciation rates for each type of capital in each sector are available in the webpage of Turkey's Ministry of Finance. There is a lack of appropriate data on aforementioned types of capital, particularly for the manufacturing industry in Turkey. For this reason capital stock is calculated by applying perpetual inventory method (PIM).
The international standards of industrial codes (ISIC) were used to depict each manufacturing industry; a separate table including the explanations of those codes is provided in the appendix of this study. There are two main types of labor in Turkish manufacturing industry as production workers, and managerial and administrative workers. The average sources of value-added growth in the total manufacturing industry of Turkey between 1980 and 2001 are shown in Table 1.
According to Table 1, during the studied period, except in the manufacture of miscellaneous products of petroleum and coal (354) and other manufacturing industries (390) with −0,3% and −1,4% respectively, the average growth rates of almost all industries are positive figures. An average of the top figures is around 16% and is achieved by petroleum refineries (353) and manufacture of professional and scientific and measuring and controlling equipments (385). Nevertheless, more than half of all manufacturing industries acquire positive TFP growth rates. However, although labor's contribution to growth is −18,2%, the highest rate of TFP growth with 24,7% is accounted for by the manufacture of leather and products of leather (323). All sectors of the industry have positive contributions of capital to value added growth and the manufacture of wearing (322) acquired the highest rate as 17,9%. Unlike capital, labor's contribution was found to be negative in some industries. Those are manufactures of leather and products of leather (323) (−18,2%), manufacture of wood and wood cork (331), (−0,6%) manufacture of rubber products (355) (−2%), non-ferrous metal basic industries (372) (− 0,3%) and other manufacturing industries (390) (6,5%) However, the value added growth in the Manufacturing Industry as a whole is positive in the analyzed period. In this context, it is necessary to point out that Turkey experienced three economic and financial crises successively in 1994, 1999 and 2001. Every crises did bring output decline and currency depreciation. Since Turkish industry is mostly based on imported [End Page 198]
[End Page 199]
[End Page 200]
raw materials, the depreciation of TL against the US Dollar during the crises period caused a rise in the cost of production. Hence high inflation rate persisted for a long period of time.
Table 2 shows the average sources of growth that occurred in the public manufacturing branches during the same period. According to this table, almost half of the manufacturing industries have shown negative value added growth. While manufactures of leather and products of leather (323) and manufactures of furniture and fixtures (332) have the highest negative figures −35,4% and −42,8% respectively; petroleum refineries (353) have the highest positive value added growth 14,2 %. Unlike the total manufacturing industry, capital's contribution to value added growth in some public manufacturing branches took negative values. It would not be wrong to say that unsatisfactory public sector management failed to carry out programs to implement the free market rules of the globalization game. As an offshoot of inefficient public sector management, the public sector industries generated negative growth rates. The TFP growth rates have also negative values in almost half o all the publicly-owned industries. The highest negative TFP growth is seen in the manufacture of furniture and fixtures (332) (−39,2%). which at the same time shows the highest negative value added growth(−42,8%).
As seen in Table 3, contrary to the shameful performance of the public sector, the value added growth is found to be positive in almost all privately-owned manufacturing industries except petroleum refineries (353) and manufacture of miscellaneous products of petroleum and coal (354) with −2% and −7,6% respectively. However, the TFP growth rates are not as remarkable as the value added. Nearly half of the industries on average have shown negative productivities. The contribution of capital to value added growth is positive except in the manufacture of pottery, china and earthenware (361) (−2%) and manufacture of glass and glass products (362) (−12,1%). Labor seems to be the most important source of the value added growth in private industries with its positive contributions except in the manufacture of wood and wood cork (331) (−0,3%). Yet, throughout the whole period, private manufacturing industries have made remarkable contributions to the value added growth.
Contributions of Labor to Growth
As explained earlier, the TDA is more useful in decomposing human capital's contribution to growth than traditional methods. Table 4 represents the decomposition of the contribution of labor to total manufacturing industry's value added growth. Throughout the period, except a few stray years, labor's contribution was negative to the value added growth. But, raw labor's contribution shows very few negative figures; most of the negative contribution is found in human capital quality upgrading. During this period, the highest rate at total labor's contribution to growth occurred in the manufactures of footwear (324) (2,5%) and of furniture and fixtures (332) (2,4%). [End Page 201]
[End Page 202]
[End Page 203]
[End Page 204]
[End Page 205]
Tables 5 and 6 summarize, in order, the components of public and private labor's contributions to the value added growth. Not surprisingly, labor's contributions to value added growth in publicly-owned industries show mostly negative figures especially for raw labor and human capital maintenance. Although nearly all private industries show positive contributions in raw labor and human capital maintenance, the contribution of human capital quality improvement has the most negative figures, although their contributions are mostly positive in public industries. The trend is opposite in the private sector. In the public sector, most of the positive contribution to the value added growth is accounted for by the improvement of human capital quality.
Figures 2 and 3 show the value added growth and TFP growth in public and private manufacturing industries, and the relative performance can be gauged from these figures. It is clear that private manufacturing industries' value added growth can satisfactorily explain the total growth at the industry level. [End Page 206]
Figures 4, 5 and 6 below make the comparison of the contributions of different components of labor very clear. [End Page 207]
[End Page 208]
[End Page 209]
The Concentration of TFP Growth among Manufacturing Branches
According to Harberger (Harberger, 1991), growth is not a homogenous phenomenon. Growth of TFP can occur in any industry at any time. Sometimes it is observed that industries which have insignificant contributions to value added growth have the highest level of TFP growth. Following Harberger (Harberger, 1991), positive values of TFP concentrated in some manufacturing industries are referred to as the "winners," while the rest are "losers." This view is different from the view entertained by the protagonists of traditional approaches. For instance, Robert Solow (Solow, 1956) attributes the TFP growth mainly to technological progress, and he observes that it is evenly distributed over all the sectors of the economy.
In this context, Tables 7, 8 and 9 summarize the concentration of cumulative TFP growth among manufacturing industries for the period 1980–2001. As Table 7 shows, manufactures of leather and leather products (323) industries are contributing only 1.5% to the cumulative value added growth (1760665546/ 1,1728E+11) and contribute 17,5 percent to the cumulative TFP growth. These tables help to appreciate the ranks of the manufacturing branches from the highest to the lowest TFP rates. For example, manufactures of leather and leather products (323) (as a whole), petroleum refineries (353) (in the public sector) and manufactures of glass and glass products (362) achieve the highest TFP growth throughout the studied period. [End Page 210]
[End Page 211]
[End Page 212]
[End Page 213]
The following sunrise-sunset diagrams are constructed to show more clearly the concentration of TFP growth among the manufacturing branches. As Figure 7 reveals, total manufacturing branches which are cumulatively contributing to the value added by 30 percent generate 80 percent of cumulative TFP growth.
[End Page 214]
As shown in Table 8, petroleum refineries (353) contribute 21,9 percent (765744976/ 35010202205) to the cumulative value added growth and their contribution to the TFP growth is 80,3 percent (1680336561/ 2092520595).
The sources of growth in Turkish Manufacturing Industry have been examined in this paper by considering twenty nine main sub-branches of the manufacturing industry under public and private sectors. The sources of growth vary across these manufacturing branches. Earlier empirical studies applying traditional methods to analyze the sources of growth at the aggregate level were unable to explain the dynamics of growth at the sectoral or firm level where growth really takes place.
Our empirical study reveals that as a whole, industries have positive value added growth with no negative contribution of capital. However, capital's contribution to output growth in the public sector is negative in some branches. Raw labor's contribution to growth plays the most significant role both at the aggregate industry level and also in private sector industries. One of the main differences between the previous empirical studies applying traditional methods and the TDA is that the latter method is able to decompose human capital's contribution to growth and analyze sectoral details. The TDA method can capture the fact human's capital's contribution to the growth of private sector industries, as in our study, may be significantly positive, although its contribution is not significant at the industry level, and particularly to the public sector.
The present study reveals that TFP growth rates across public and private sectors vary considerably. During the studied period, almost half of the public and private sectors showed positive rates of TFP growth. However, the distributions of TFP growth rates across public and private sectors represented by the Sunrise-Sunset diagrams vary across sectors and over time. Our empirical study finds that public manufacturing sectors are less efficient than the private ones. In order to let them operate efficiently and productively, it will be necessary to subsidize some of these industries and introduce market principles to make them more competitive. If the tax rate on imported raw [End Page 215] materials is reduced, the cost of production can be considerably minimized and the firms can be more competitive. One of the main revenue sources of the government budget is the Value Added Tax (VAT) especially in a developing country like Turkey. Although the VAT is an important income source of revenue, it is often mismanaged in Turkey. Therefore, in order to increase government revenues, a sensible restructuring of the VAT collection should be implemented. A suitable debt management policy is also necessary for Turkey. Economy in tax collection and a suitably phased debt management policy should be able to release some resources that may be utilized for subsidies. As a matter of fact, a liberalized open economy like Turkey should gradually reduce import and export tariffs. A comprehensive export policy can give more incentives and cost reduction to make the sector more contestable and competitive. Cheaper import cost of raw materials for export industries can go a long way to enhance their competitiveness in the international market. For better macroeconomic performance at the industrial level, not only inputs costs but also transport costs and agency-based costs need to be reduced. All these along with human capital investment, better technology and infrastructure can contribute significantly to the industrial development of Turkey. [End Page 216]
International Standards of Industrial Codes
|Food manufacturing
|Manufacture of food products not elsewhere classified
|Beverage industries
|Tobacco manufactures
|Manufacture of textiles
|Manufacture of wearing apparel, except footwear
|Manufacture of leather and products of leather, leather substitutes and fur, except footwear and wearing apparel
|Manufacture of footwear, except vulcanize or moulded rubber of plastic footwear
|Manufacture of wood and wood cork products, except furniture
|Manufacture of furniture and fixtures, except primarily of metal
|Manufacture of paper and paper products
|Printing, publishing and allied industries
|Manufacture of industrial chemicals
|Manufacture of other chemical products
|Petroleum refineries
|Manufacture of miscellaneous products of petroleum and coal
|Manufacture of rubber products
|Manufacture of plastic products not elsewhere classified
|Manufacture of pottery, china and earthenware
|Manufacture of glass and glass products
|Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products
|Iron and steel basic industries
|Non-ferrous metal basic industries
|Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment
|Manufacture of machinery except electrical
|Manufacture of electrical machinery, apparatus, appliances and supplies
|Manufacture of transport equipment
|Manufacture of professional and scientific, and measuring and controlling equipment not elsewhere classified, and of photographic and optical goods
|Other manufacturing industries
[End Page 217]


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(CT) Savayman replied to greentumater's topic in ATC 2016I'm not sure how you come to your conclusion that CAG 'dropped the ball'? Chad and others tried to find people to take over running the ATC but in the end we had no takers for 2020. I've personally talked to several folk and there are still conversations ongoing but it won't happen until someone steps up to run it.
Gifts for the Holiday's
(CT) Savayman posted a topic in Public AnnouncementsIf you are looking for gifts for the Holiday's check out the CAG store for some cool stuff! Mug's, T-Shirts & Hoodies, Beanies, Caps, Decals etc https://www.carpanglersgroup.com/forum/index.php?/store/category/14-cag-store/
Fall Big 4 2019 - The Winners!
(CT) Savayman posted a topic in 2019 CAG Fall Big4Here are the Winners of the Fall Big 4 2019 Big Carp Tackle Vouchers will be applied to your BCT Account under your email address Big Common & Big Mirror prizes will be announced soon! Thanks to everyone who took part!
FFF 2020 - Register Here!
(CT) Savayman replied to FJR1's topic in FFF 2020Iain Sorrell (CT) Savayman CT & MA
Final few days & a Rule Reminder!
(CT) Savayman posted a topic in 2019 CAG Fall Big4The 2019 Fall Big 4 is almost over! Please note this important rule for any last minute additions to the Leaderboard! The Competition will run from October 1st at 0:01am until midnight on November 30th 2019. All uploads must be completed by midnight on November 30th. If you have an issue whereby the upload of an entry is not accepted by the CAG Leaderboard on November 30th you must contact Willem through email@example.com by Midday December 1st and we will review your entry and assist you in completing the entry on the following days. No upload or messages posted with a date/time of December 1st midday or beyond will count. As the weather might be be a factor for many trying to get out and add to their final tally I hope you are rewarded for your efforts and perseverance.
Hi Jennifer, How wonderful you found these posts! Yes he was certainly quite the character and an extraordinary angler. If we can help in sharing photos or put you in contact with those who fished with him please let me know. All the best, Iain
Creel Limit On Carp In NY?
(CT) Savayman replied to Ken's topic in Public AnnouncementsI wrote a letter on behalf of CAG and its membership. But I would encourage everyone to submit individual letters as well.
NACA Magazine - Call for Submissions!
(CT) Savayman posted a topic in Public AnnouncementsIf you would like to submit a story or article on carp fishing for the next edition of the North American Carp Angler (NACA) magazine please get in touch with our editor-in-chief Dean Brookes via email@example.com It can be a technical article (such as rigs or other aspects of carp fishing), an adventure story, making baits, carp science or history etc. Let's hear from you!
New Members Only Discussion Area.
(CT) Savayman replied to (CT) Savayman's topic in Public AnnouncementsAll fixed - you are good to go until 08-03-2021
CAG Membership Drive - Deeper Winner!
(CT) Savayman posted a topic in Public AnnouncementsCongratulations to Tim Marshall who won the Deeper Pro + Sonar Package in the CAG Membership draw!
Images uploads.
(CT) Savayman replied to Willem (JD)'s topic in 2019 CAG Fall Big4What phone do you have Mike?
It would be nice if you joined CAG as member and help promote CAG in your videos
CAG Membership Drive - Winners!
(CT) Savayman replied to (CT) Savayman's topic in Public AnnouncementsSo... After trying to contact Mike Ratcliff Jr and receiving no response we have run the draw for the Deeper Pro once again... The winner is Tim Marshal !
Official 2019 Fall Big 4 LOGO
(CT) Savayman replied to Willem (JD)'s topic in 2019 CAG Fall Big4No problem. As long as it can be seen clearly in the photo.


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You are currently browsing the tag archive for the 'girl shirts' tag.
Well it's not really a sneak peak because you only get to see the tag but it's something right? 🙂 . Today we printed new shirts that are going to come out this month (Yess!!! I love new shirts). So keep checking back. 🙂


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Vastavam web: The 12th edition of Indian Premiere League (IPL) will begin on March 23rd. Every IPL team is currently busy preparing for this private league. Players are practicing on the field and in the free time, they are busy with shooting for the television commercials (TVC).
As part of one of the TVCs, our very own popular anchor Suma Kanakala has shared the screen with Australian cricketer David Warner who is part of SunRisers Hyderabad team. Sun Risers is going to promote Tenali Double Horse Menapagullu for which Suma is the brand ambassador. This New Commercial was shot in the combination of Australian Cricketer David Warner and Suma. Suma took to her Instagram handle and shared a picture of her with Warner. The Anchor asked her Followers how was the photograph and also conveyed best wishes to Sunrisers Hyderabad.


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Best-selling author and magician, Lon Milo DuQuette, who has practiced magicians, and brought them to light in Enochian Vision Magick>/i>. Read Enochian Vision Magick by Lon Milo DuQuette by Lon Milo DuQuette by Lon Milo DuQuette for free with a 30 day free trial. Read eBook on the web, iPad, . Originally published on October 22, Our friend Lon Milo DuQuette returns to the show in Podcast 52 to discuss his latest book, Enochian.
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Just a moment while we sign you in to your Goodreads account. De quadranten van de elementen hebben de zelfde rangschikking als de Golden Dawn, dus afwijkend van Bejamin Rowe, and Donald Tyson Weird Stuff is more than a book. In Dee and his clairvoyant See all titles by this author. Nov 08, Flameater rated it it was amazing. An Introduction and Practical Guide to the Magick of All the elements for a wonderful movie.
Since he has been a National and International governing officer of Ordo Templi Orientis, a religious and fraternal organization founded in the early part of the 20th century. Books by Lon Milo DuQuette. Angels who give cryptographic codes that only can be decyphered after they are done. It took too long to get to the purpose for me picking it up and when it did I really wasn't interested anymore.
As always, Mioo Milo DuQuette has presented his information in an accessible, but solid manner. Chris Harris rated it it was amazing Nov 28, I read this book from cover to cover and was engrossed by the history and amazed at how quickly I began to understand this complex system. Quotes from Enochian Vision M Get a broader perspective of what Enochian entities might be, before you invite one over for tea.
Want to buy this book?
Podcast 52 – Lon Milo DuQuette's Enochian Vision Magick
Irina Lapshina August 2,7: Nov 26, Richard rated it lpn it. Mustafa Al-Laylah rated it really liked it Jul 09, K vizion it it was amazing Jun 27, The third and last of these incorporated a series of "calls" to be recited in an angelic language in order to raise the consciousness of the magician to a level where angelic contact is possible.
This attunement process resulted finally in the reception of the Enochian system.
Lon Milo DuQuette is the author of 15 critically acclaimed books on Magic and the Occult, and one of the most respected writers and lecturers in the field of Western Mystery Traditions.
Selected pages Title Page.
Podcast 52 – Lon Milo DuQuette's Enochian Vision Magick
A new language that makes sense, written letter by letter with the help of a crystal ball. Want to Read Currently Reading Read. John Dee from a historical perspective including his mathematical skills, astrology, extensive interest in esoteric theory and practices, and his work as a spy. It should be on every Enochian djquette bookshelf.
It is a tool for you to udquette rehabilitate the minds of friends. Best-selling author and magician, Lon Milo DuQuette, who has practiced Dee's system for over twenty-five years, has seized upon elements of the original Dee material overlooked by adepts of the Golden Dawn, Aleister Crowley, and other modern magicians, and brought them to light in Enochian Vision Magick.
John Dee and Edward Kelley. Enochizn a free website or blog at WordPress. No trivia or quizzes yet.
duqquette Published June 1st by Weiser Books first published May 31st John Dee and Edward Kelley. He is also an award-winning singer-songwriter and recording artist whose musical career has spanned over 50 years. One of the virtues of this book is that it goes to the source, but it does not reject all the developments of the Golden Dawn.
In the spirit of David Icke and James Redfield, Freeman illustrates a world that is both cosmic and miraculous. Podcast 53 — Poke Runyon Previous post: The author just cleans the field, taken out the unnecessary adds, and recover what was lost.
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4.5For five years Wang ZhiYong still has vivid dreams of his wife, Lin XinYi, who had already died. He loved her so much that when she died, he started living a mechanical life; a life dedicated solely to work, work, and work. He never glanced at any woman until Cheng Jia, a woman who looked like his wife appeared. She piqued his interest as he misses his wife, but she was too naive to make out any conclusions about his generosity, or was she? What life will they have with ZhiYong mistaking her as his wife while Cheng Jia innocently brushed off all malicious intents? Will he delude himself or love her as who she is?
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Complete the daily and EXP missions, as well as every week's reading missions to obtain EXP and SS as rewards.Learn more about the rules 1. You can obtain the corresponding EXP and Bonus SS as rewards by completing daily missions and EXP missions, as well as weekly reading missions. 2. The obtained EXP can raise your user level. 3. Bonus SS can be used to unlock chapters, gift authors, etc. They are effective for 30 days. 4. Daily Tasks and corresponding rewards renew daily at 00:00 UTC+8. Don't forget to claim your rewards in time. 5. Weekly Reading Missions refer to the time you spend reading novels and comics on Webnovel every week. 6. The weekly reading time is calculated while your device is connected to the Internet. This might result in a delay of several minutes.
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text: El_Toro_86 1,268 Posted December 31, 2018 Nobody interested? Can't find enough quarters dimes and nickels in the couches at the Selmon athletic center? Been almost 4 weeks and nothing except for a tweet from Newberg about Kerwin Bell. CCS has 4 assistant positions to fill and recruiting is about to get back in full swing. Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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Lead Phlebotomist (Peds Outpatient Clinic - Edward Curd Lane)
Your Role:
Oversees the daily operations, staffing, and workflow in the department to ensure consistent superior customer service and turnaround time independently. Oversees consistent compliance with department policies, procedures, and operational guidelines and has a key role in training, competency assessment, safety and compliance. In the absence of an on-site supervisor, will assume a leadership role. KEY RESPONSIBILITIES:
TECHNICAL CAPABILITIES: PHLEBOTOMY (NOVICE): - Possesses sufficient fundamental proficiency to successfully demonstrate phlebotomy in practical applications of moderate difficulty. Generally works under the direction of others while accomplishing assignments. SPECIMEN COLLECTION - (NOVICE): - Possesses sufficient fundamental proficiency to successfully demonstrate specimen collection in practical applications of moderate difficulty. Generally works under the direction of others while accomplishing assignments. QUALITY ASSURANCE - (FUNDAMENTAL AWARENESS): - Understands the goal of increasing organizational productivity and individual performance by making the products and services within your work assignments more efficient and more effective. Demonstrates quality management practices on the job which result in superior products and services delivered. MENTORING & COACHING - (FUNDAMENTAL AWARENESS): - Has training, direct exposure, limited experience, or past experience in mentoring and training others. Has mentored and/or trained co-workers on a team on a technical or functional subject. CUSTOMER SERVICE - (NOVICE): - Demonstrates the ability to influence customers. Knows how to verify and clarify the needs and expectations of customers. Responds quickly and efficiently to customer service requests. Participates in and conducts meetings with customers. Keeps customers informed of status via standard reporting techniques. Meets the continuing service needs of a customer group, including requests for changes in work content. Responds to customers with an appropriate level of urgency, energy, persistence and tenacity.
Position Qualifications:
High School Diploma or GED (or equivalent experience) and 3 years relevant experience
Position Shift:
Monday - Friday Day Shift
Click here to learn how we are: Defining Personalized Care
Discover Vanderbilt University Medical Center:
Located in Nashville, Tennessee, and operating at a global crossroads of teaching, discovery and patient care, VUMC is a community of individuals who come to work each day with the simple aim of changing the world. It is a place where your expertise will be valued, your knowledge expanded and your abilities challenged. It is a place where your diversity -- of culture, thinking, learning and leading -- is sought and celebrated. It is a place where employees know they are part of something that is bigger than themselves, take exceptional pride in their work and never settle for what was good enough yesterday. Vanderbilt's mission is to advance health and wellness through preeminent programs in patient care, education, and research.
VUMC Recent Accomplishments
Because we are committed to providing the best in patient care, education and research, we are proud of our recent accomplishments:
* US News & World Report: #1 Adult Hospital in Tennessee and metropolitan Nashville, named to the Best Hospitals Honor Roll of the top 20 adult hospitals, 10 nationally ranked adult specialty programs, with 3 specialties rated in the top 10 nationally, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt named as one of the Best Children's Hospital in the nation, with 10 out of 10 pediatric specialties nationally ranked.
* Healthcare's Most Wired: Among the nation's 100 "most-wired" hospitals and health systems for its efforts in innovative medical technology.
* Becker's Hospital Review: named as one of the "100 Great Hospitals in America", in the roster of 100 Hospitals and Health Systems with Great Oncology Programs and to its list of the 100 Hospitals with Great Heart Programs.
* The Leapfrog Group: One of only 10 children's hospitals in the to be named at Leapfrog Top Hospital.
* American Association for the Advancement of Science: The School of Medicine has 112 elected fellows
* Magnet Recognition Program: Received our third consecutive Magnet designations.
* National Academy of Medicine: 22 members, elected by their peers in recognition of outstanding achievement
* Human Rights Campaign Healthcare Equality Index: 6 th year in a row that Vanderbilt University Medical Center was a Leader in LGBTQ Healthcare Equality.


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Dan Shaw
Solutions in the Pipeline?
With a recent lead testing scandal still festering, Milwaukee officials are again looking to use the city budget to curtail the threat posed by lead water pipes and flaking paint throughout the city. Read more
'We Are Reaching the End of the Rope'
When Milwaukee County officials tried to increase local sales taxes in 2008, they gave the final say on the proposal to state lawmakers. Many now think that was a mistake. Read more
Getting to Work in Milwaukee
Proposed cutbacks in bus routes and lack of road construction in the interstate system threaten Milwaukee's advantage as an easy city for commuting. Read more
Forum for Positive Change: Wisconsin Policy Forum Aims to Guide Public Policy, Inform Citizenry
The forum's "Municipal Datatool," released in July, is an online database offering a trove of information on everything from municipal spending and debt to income, population and property taxes. Read more
Republicans Push for New Regulations for Wireless Providers
Among Midwestern states, Wisconsin is the only one to have not adopted federally recommended rules meant to lower barriers to the development of 5G wireless networks. Read more
The Green List: Madison-Based Website to Track Environmentally Sound Products
Madison entrepreneur Steve Kokette aims to provide accurate information for consumers on truly green products. Read more
Critics See We Energies Trying to Muscle Competition Out of Renewable-Energy Market
We Energies' attempt to charge homeowners who generate their own solar power begs the questions: How much of the market for solar power will belong to large utilities? Read more
Demand for Recyclable Materials Is in Decline
You can't just throw anything old into your recycling bin. Read more
No More Tax Breaks for Moving Jobs Out of Wisconsin?
Wisconsin lawmakers are trying to pass a bill that would close a fiscal loophole offering tax breaks to companies leaving the state. Read more
A 'Fair Deal' for Milwaukee County
The Milwaukee County Board and Milwaukee County Executive Chris Abele don't agree on much, but they agree that the county needs financial help from the state. Read more
No End in Sight for Milwaukee's Building Boom
Milwaukee's record-breaking building boom is not receding, due to several high-profile development projects to come in the near future. Read more
Closing the Dark Store Loophole?
For a seemingly abstruse issue, the so-called dark-store loophole in state law received a resounding rejection when it was put on the ballot this past November. Read more
Milwaukee County Struggles to Save 'JobLines' Used By Hundreds Daily
JobLines, bus routes set up to bring people to work, are struggling to find funding, despite their popularity among Downtown Milwaukee workers. Read more
Kroger 'Doubles Down' on Midtown Center Pick 'n Save
While retailers left the Midtown Center, grocery store giant Kroger has chosen to to double down by investing in the Midtown neighborhood. Read more
Many Question Walker's Claims About the Zoo Interchange
After seeing his promise to create 250,000 private-sector jobs in his first term in office fail utterly, Gov. Walker was no doubt happy to check off a different priority on his to-do list, but was he right in doing so? Read more
Scott-Holes Dead Ahead!
Many people have found themselves at odds in recent years with Scott Walker over his transportation policies; even some of his fellow Republicans have questioned his heavy reliance on borrowing to pay for construction and repair projects. Read more
Squeaky Wheels Getting Greased
As long as Wisconsin's elected public officials aren't greatly increasing their support of local road projects, it's hard to believe they would have ever halted the ongoing general trend toward the adoption of county wheel taxes. Read more
Does the MSO Project Add to an Already Overcrowded Milwaukee Theater Market?
In many ways, Milwaukee would seem blessed by its abundance of theaters and performance venues for both the fine and popular arts. But, is it an over-abundance? Read more
Have Milwaukee County's Finances Become Unmanageable?
"Can the county afford a park system as extensive as it is today?" asks Wisconsin Policy Forum's president Rob Henken. "Can Milwaukee County government continue its current level of support for things like the zoo, museum and the Marcus Center?" Read more
Where Will Foxconn's Workers Come From?
As Wisconsin tries to recruit and train a new generation of skilled tradespeople, the state is faced with the problem of where to find the enormous numbers of workers needed to construct the Foxconn facility. Read more


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Tag Archives: cars
Icona Vulcano ($3.8 Million Dollar Supercar)
Icona held the European debut of the Vulcano hypercar at Salon Prive 2013, a car featuring a 790hp V12 alongside a 160hp electric motor producing a total of 950hp!
With plans for the first car to be ready a year from now, other engine options are being explored including am 870hp twin-turbo V6 hybrid and a 750hp V8. Official pricing has not been revealed but expect in $3.8 million range.
Lamborghini Veneno $4.5 million supercar
Supercar combines jet fighter looks with a 552kW V12 capable of rocketing it from 0-100km/h in 2.8 seconds.
starting at $4.5 million
Cadillac Elmiraj Concept Coupe
The Elmiraj Concept (500 horsepower), a new design vision for a grand coupe expressing the pure enjoyment of driving. The appearance is streamlined and pure, a fresh new expression of Cadillac's Art & Science design philosophy. The Concept also represents an exploration of how Cadillac designers are approaching the expansion and elevation of the top of the range.
Scott Storch Talks Spending $30 million in One Year
Famed music producer Scott Storch opens up about the craziest purchases he's ever made, and details how he spent over $30 million in one year. He explains where the money went and how he actually ran out of things to buy with all of his riches.
source: VladTV
Swizz Beats Sells Ali Art Piece for $24,000
Rapper, producer, designer and entrepreneur Swizz Beatz has added another job to his resume: visual artist.
The Bronx native auctioned off his first original art piece — a cool portrait of Muhammad Ali painted on a vintage Porsche hood — at a benefit for Smile Design Gallery on Tuesday night.
The piece sold for $24,000 and will be donated to charity.
The Lambo Suv Goes On Sale 2017
The Lamborghini Urus Suv has been confirmed for production.
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'This is where humanity lies': Muslim couple defy Srinagar's curfew and walk miles through the violent streets to bring food to their starving Pandit friends
Stealthily, they walk miles through the deserted streets of Srinagar during curfew hours.
The man is carrying a white sack on his shoulder. His wife keeps an eye out for security patrols.
At first glance, Zubeda Begum and her husband looked like just another desperate family trying to fend for themselves in the troubled summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir.
The city has been racked by deadly protests following the killing of Hizbul Mujahideen commander Burhan Wani in a gun battle with security forces on Friday.
Zubeda Begum and her husband brave the curfew in Srinagar with a bag of food for their Pandit friends
The Muslim couple are defying the curfew and risking their lives for what may be termed an act of humanitarian civil disobedience.
Across the river Jhelum, a Hindu family have run out of food because of heavy restrictions on public movement. Begum and her husband have set out in order to feed them after her friend from the distressed family called out for help.
"She called me in the morning, saying her family needed food supplies," Begum says.
"They have an ailing grandmother staying with them. I am taking the food to them. It is difficult but we are trying to reach them."
During a curfew, Srinagar's shops remain shut for days and there is no means of transport on the roads. To add to their woes, police have limited public movement.
With no transport around, the couple chose to walk with a sackful of food to Jawahar Nagar.
Grateful Diwanchand Pandit welcomes Begum and her husband in, calling their goodness succour for his family.
According to the couple, the risk and effort of their long walk were paid for with the warmth they received after reaching the doorstep of Diwanchand's house in Jawahar Nagar.
Pandit's wife and the Muslim woman are teachers in a local school.
The Pandit family have been living in the Valley for many years. The unrest of past days has impacted on supplies of essential commodities in the region.
"Everyone is suffering here. We are so glad that these people came here. This is where humanity lies," says Pandit, as he sees the Muslim couple walking into his home with food.
Relieved: Diwanchand Pandit's family, who were running out of food in Jawahar Nagar. Pandit's wife and Zubeda Begum are both teachers in a local school.
In the midst of this violence, Zubeda's heartwarming story is a perfect example of how human kindness prevails even in times of adversity.
Security forces in riot gear patrolled Srinagar and other parts of the Valley on Monday. The city was largely closed, with shops and other business establishments shuttered because of the curfew.
The clampdown continued in 11 police-station areas of Srinagar, and in Kulgam, Pulwama and Shopian districts.
Authorities have also partly blocked mobile and internet services, as a precautionary measure.
The curfew was imposed after the killing of Wani, who had become a poster-boy for militancy in Kashmir. He used social media to rally the support of young Kashmiris, authorities say.
The death toll from the violence sparked by Wani's killing reached 30 on Monday, with fresh clashes occurring between police and protesters in Shopian, Pulwama, Anantnag and Kulgam districts of Kashmir.
The number of those injured touched 300, including 150 security and police personnel.
Protesters set a security post on fire in Achan village in Pulwama district, officials said.
Police fired shots at unruly mob in Shopian, in which two people were injured. They were hospitalised in Srinagar.
Separately, one army jawan was killed in Pakistani firing on the LoC in a ceasefire violation. According to military sources, Pakistani troops were providing cover fire to infiltrators trying to cross into India.
Amarnath Yatra resumes after three days
By Ashwini Kumar
Under heavy guard, around 25,000 Amarnath pilgrims stranded in the Kashmir valley travelled back home on Monday as authorities resumed the sacred journey after a three-day suspension.
Pilgrims have been stuck at Baltal and Pahalgam since the weekend because of the unrest that followed the killing of Hizbul Mujahideen commander Burhan Wani in a gun battle with security forces.
Stranded Amarnath Yatra pilgrims arrive at a railway station in Ahmedabad
As the precautionary suspension of the Amaranath Yatra was lifted, devotees waiting in Jammu proceeded for Baltal under tight security. Officials said they would review the situation before dispatching the next batch on Tuesday.
Meanwhile, pilgrims leaving Jammu for the cave shrine sounded unfazed by the trouble in the Valley.
"It's a great feeling that we are going (to the holy cave)," said Pranav Shah from Kanpur.
"Our wish has been granted. Finally, we'll have the darshan (of the sacred site)," added Puja Bhan, a Delhi resident.
Another pilgrim from Kanpur, Sanjay Nigam, said violent demonstrations in the valley were no deterrent to his spiritual journey.
"We are not scared. We are glad that the yatra resumed," he said.
Devotees returning from the Amarnath shrine spoke about the blockade of all major roads in the Valley. Demonstrators, they said, used poles and rocks to stop traffic movement on the national highways.
Freight carriers demanded police escorts for their trucks supplying fuel to the hill regions of Kashmir and Ladakh.
"Anti-national elements are attacking our truckers in the Kashmir valley. Hundreds of our drivers are injured. If the government doesn't provide security to them, we will stop oil supplies," warned Anan Sharma, the president of the Oil Tankers' Union.
Killings continue in Kashmir but police insist violence is waning
By Naseer Ganai in Srinagar
Three days after the killing of Hizbul Mujahideen commander Burhan Muzaffer Wani, Kashmir remains on the boil.
Police sources have confirmed nine more killings, taking the death toll to 30, including one policeman who drowned after protesters pushed his vehicle into a river.
Police said the intensity of violence was less on Monday, though protesters overran deserted Special Operation Group (SOG) camps at Litter and Lasipora in Pulwama district of south Kashmir.
A woman walks past policemen patrolling the streets during a curfew in Srinagar on 11 July
At Sopore in north Kashmir, an empty police post was set ablaze by the angry protesters.
In Srinagar, clashes broke out at several places with protesters throwing stones and bricks at the police and paramilitary forces.
The security forces fired tear smoke shells and pepper gas, and resorted to aerial firing in retaliation.
Curfew and restrictions continued to remain in force in south Kashmir, Srinagar, and various districts of north Kashmir.
According to eyewitnesses, two people were wounded when paramilitary forces opened fire at the protesters, who defied curfew at Zirpora in Bijbehara area of south Kashmir on Monday. The wounded were shifted to Srinagar for treatment.
Eyewitnesses claim the police beat up the people carrying the injured.
Police sources said that of the 30 killed, 12 people were from Anantnag, nine from Kulgam, three from Pulwama, four from Shopian, and one from Srinagar.
They added that there was no proper record of the wounded, but the number of the civilian protesters could be in the hundreds. They said the number of injured policemen stands at 150.
A police spokesman said the situation in the Valley remained under control, though incidents of arson and mob attacks were reported at some places.
"Police and paramilitary personnel deployed exhibited maximum restraint while dealing with the situation," said the police spokesman.
Hospital shelled
As the police fired tear gas shells inside the main hospital of Kashmir, SMHS, on Saturday evening, the Doctors' Association of Kashmir said it was an act of unspeakable brutality.
"This is a wanton disregard to international humanitarian law under which medical facilities and personnel must be protected. It is sickening that doctors and hospitals are attacked by those who are meant to protect them. Hospital staff was beaten and ambulances were damaged by forces while they were ferrying critically injured patients - and this act of madness is highly condemnable," the DAK said.
Geelani appeals
Defying his hawkish image, senior separatist leader and chairman of the Hurriyat Conference, Syed Ali Geelani, has appealed to people not to attack police stations and check posts.
He said attacks on police stations could provide an excuse for the government forces to open fire.
Geelani said the way people showed their resentment against India since Friday evening was an eye-opener for the country and the world community.
"People of Kashmir are against illegal occupation of India in Kashmir," Geelani said.
He accused the government of spoiling peace in Kashmir, and rejected its claim that protesters are forcing security men to resort to firing. Geelani said Indian soldiers were indulging in proactive actions.
The separatist political parties have extended their strike for two more days.
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