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Predicting Recidivism in Juvenile Offenders: Comparison of Risk Factors for Adolescent Male versus Female Offenders
AuthorThompson, Kristin Carol
Issue Date2010
KeywordsJuvenile delinquency
AdvisorMorris, Richard J.
Committee ChairMorris, Richard J.
MetadataShow full item record
PublisherThe University of Arizona.
RightsCopyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author.
AbstractThe purpose of the proposed study was to examine if differences existed in the riskfactors predictive of recidivism in adolescent male offenders versus adolescent femaleoffenders. Specific independent variables examined included special educationdiagnosis, diagnosis of an emotional disability, diagnosis of a learning disability, age attime of the most serious offense, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, grade point average,high school credits, grade level, standardized achievement scores in reading, writing, and math, adjudication status, offense history, and offense severity. It was hypothesized that these variables would not predict sex membership or recidivism in female delinquents,but would significantly predict recidivism in male juvenile delinquents. It was also hypothesized that no significant differences would exist between factors predictive of recidivism in male versus those for female delinquents.In regard to factors predicting group membership, analysis indicated that offenseseverity could significantly differentiate between male and female delinquents. Forrecidivism in female delinquents, analyses found that 7 of 21 factors were significantlypredictive of recidivism in females, including: total number of parole violations,diagnosis of an emotional disability, total number of status offenses, adjudication status,the total number of personal and property misdemeanor offenses, and grade pointaverage. For males, 9 of 21 variables significantly predicted recidivism, including: totalnumber of parole violations, diagnosis of an emotional disability, standardized readingperformance scores, total number of status offenses, total number of drug offenses,adjudication status, total personal and property misdemeanor offenses, and grade level.Thus, six predictor variables for recidivism were shared by both female and maledelinquents, namely, total parole violations, diagnosis of an emotional disability, totalstatus offenses, adjudication status, total misdemeanor personal offenses, and totalmisdemeanor property offenses. A hierarchical regression was also computed with sex as an independent variable, resulting in 12 variables being predictive of recidivism. Theresults revealed that differences existed between males and females in terms ofrecidivism, and highlight that risk assessment instruments should be individualized based on sex of the juvenile. The implications of these findings, areas for future research, and limitations to the study are discussed.
Electronic Dissertation
Degree NamePh.D.
Degree Leveldoctoral
Degree ProgramSchool Psychology
Graduate College

subset: commoncrawl


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Learn to love your tools - Faine 431
Makita and I were a happy couple for years
I have a new favourite toy. I have passing infatuations with different pieces of garage equipment, but this little ripper has stolen my heart – for now. I am almost at the point where I have to break the news to my wife.
Years back, I admit to a long and passionate affair with a drill. It was the first cordless device I ever bought. Her name was Makita. Her vital statistics were 9v, 1.5Ah, and she came with – gasp – a torch that used the same battery. It was so cool. I could turn her on like nobody could, and we were happy going around – and around – together for years. We shared hobbies, home renovation and even sometimes going out together to new places. Makita had a keyless chuck – nothing short of revolutionary. And unlike all my earlier drills, she wasn't needy, did not have to stay attached. It took a while to get used to the idea that you could just walk around anywhere you liked with her, no baggage or strings attached – or cords trailing behind.
Makita and I were a happy couple for years. We matured together for over a decade, repaired garden furniture, made a pergola, hung pictures, pierced table legs and occasionally got to make holes in car firewalls for cables and hoses. She fell over a few times and didn't break, which most certainly was not what happened with the previous plastic encased Black & Decker special friend drill. And I never tired of getting off (and on) with that tricky matching torch with the very erotic black rubber-tipped positive action switch which lit up the dark recesses… of my soul.
I wore out batteries, put them in the freezer in forlorn attempts to extend their lives, sought counselling and eventually invested in new battery packs that cost nearly as much as the drill way back when it was new. But it was worth the effort, the cost and the emotional turmoil. My love meant a new outlook on life and our revived relationship thrived afresh.
| Read next: In the Shed - Stanley knives
And then suddenly it was over. I dropped her. Literally. The faded blue case cracked and besides Makita was tired, worn out and slow. Like many before me I fell for a new young friend, a fresh faced eye catching young model. With little thought for Makita's feelings, 18v became the standard. My old trusty love was unceremoniously dumped, replaced, retired with a broken heart. She was deemed useless and got buried in the back of the power tool cupboard, never to be spoken to again. To make matters worse, my new partner had the same name as my ex. I just traded up. Old Makita undoubtedly sulked.
The new 18v rechargeable Makita solved my mid-life crisis, just by going to the toy – sorry – tool shop. Flash the plastic and walk out as excited as a school boy finding his wicked uncle's hidden stash of Viagra.
But recently I have been unfaithful even to my 18V drill. My new favourite is a more flexible and adaptable companion, a shape-shifting, gender-bending, diverse wand of a device that goes by the mysterious and teasingly exotic name of 'PRR250'. That surely is enough to get the pulse racing even before you see the lines of this sleek and curvy little beast.
Bettina Bosch – she asks just to be called Bette – is being asked to take on a considerable burden, even so early in our new life together. Right from the start, I have over stressed her, spilled tea over her, put her away without blowing compressed air through to clear the dust and I have unkindly worn down some of her attachments. It is not that I do not care, just that sometimes we take our loved ones for granted and do not realise the value they provide in our selfish lives.
| Read next: There's no tool like an old tool...
Bette is amazing. Is there anything she cannot do? She has sanding wheel attachments, flap wheels of different grades and, best and most useful of all, wire brush wheels. Although I am anything but rough, in fact quite a softie, the wire brush attachments have copped an absolute flogging right from the start.
Astonishing for someone approaching middle age (I hear your guffaws even from over here), Bette has got me trying some things for the very first time. New positions, new techniques – and as it turns out I am able to keep up with all her tricks. Turns out my body is able, but can the mind keep up? I am not at all confused. After all, if you can draw an old dog to water and make it drink – can you teach an old horse new tricks?
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A man who has won about $1.5 million in poker tournaments has been arrested and charged with running an operation that combined spam, Android malware, and a fake dating website to scam victims out of $3.9 million, according to Symantec.
Symantec worked with investigators from the Chiba Prefectural Police in Japan, who earlier this week "arrested nine individuals for distributing spam that included e-mails with links to download Android.Enesoluty—a malware used to collect contact details stored on the owner's device," Symantec wrote in its blog.
Android.Enesoluty is a Trojan distributed as an Android application file. It steals information and sends it to computers run by hackers. It was discovered by security researchers in September 2012.
The suspect flagged as the "main player running the operation" is 50-year-old Masaaki Kagawa of Tokyo, president of an IT firm named Koei Planning and a poker player with success in high-stakes tournaments around the world.
Masaaki Kagawa wins a big pot in the Aussie Millions Cash Game Invitational a few years ago.
Kagawa has reportedly won about $1.5 million in tournaments dating back to 2008 (minus entry fees). His most recent score was a third place finish in the 2013 Aussie Millions Poker Championship in February, which netted him $320,000.
Kagawa was already under investigation while playing in that tournament. Symantec explains:
From our observations, the operation began around September 2012 and ended in April 2013 when authorities raided the company office. We confirmed around 150 domains were registered to host the malicious apps during this time span. According to media reports, the group was able to collect approximately 37 million e-mail addresses from around 810,000 Android devices. The company earned over 390 million yen (approximately 3.9 million US dollars) by running a fake online dating service called Sakura in the last five months of the spam operation. Spam used to lure victims to the dating site was sent to the addresses collected by the malware.
The malware allegedly used in this operation appears to share source code with Android.Uracto, a Trojan that steals contacts and sends spam text messages to those contacts. Scammers maintaining Android.Uracto have not yet been identified.
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High Scalability - High Scalability - Salesforce Architecture - How they Handle 1.3 Billion Transactions a Day
This is a guest post written by Claude Johnson, a Lead Site Reliability Engineer at salesforce.com.
The following is an architectural overview of salesforce.com's core platform and applications. Other systems such as Heroku's Dyno architecture or the subsystems of other products such as work.com and do.com are specifically not covered by this material, although database.com is. The idea is to share with the technology community some insight about how salesforce.com does what it does. Any mistakes or omissions are mine.
This is by no means comprehensive but if there is interest, the author would be happy to tackle other areas of how salesforce.com works. Salesforce.com is interested in being more open with the technology communities that we have not previously interacted with. Here's to the start of "Opening the Kimono" about how we work.
Since 1999, salesforce.com has been singularly focused on building technologies for business that are delivered over the Internet, displacing traditional enterprise software. Our customers pay via monthly subscription to access our services anywhere, anytime through a web browser. We hope this exploration of the core salesforce.com architecture will be the first of many contributions to the community.
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"There has never been a shortage of bereaved mothers in the sprawling, violent Caracas barrio known as Catia," writes correspondent Tim Padgett in last week's issue of TIME International. Caracas, he notes, usually suffers some 50 homicides a week, making it one of the world's deadliest capitals. As many as a third of them occur in Catia, where gunmen even use hillside garbage chutes to more efficiently dispose of corpses. Few of the killers are ever prosecuted.
The black-and-white photographs of Oscar B. Castillo, a Caracas-based photojournalist, accompany Padgett's bleak dispatch. Documenting the violence of the barrio put Castillo at immense risk—from both gang members and the police.
"I felt safer when I was with the gangs than when I hung around the city by myself," he told TIME. Although never far from the shadow of gratuitous violence, Castillo acknowledges that codes of respect and solidarity run deeply through the community.
"The people took care of me and protected me in risky situations," he said. "When I told one of the guys involved in gang violence about the story, he told me to talk about their bad situation…to tell the kids that inside gang life, there's no life at all."
Castillo began photographing the street gangs of Caracas almost three years ago. Since then, he's endeavored to use his photography as a way to explain to outsiders the complex layers of life in Catia.
"I would like to share a more complete and sincere vision of this moment in Venezuelan history. I am focused on this because it is my hometown, my country, my family—it is my people that are wounding and killing each other."
Oscar B. Castillo is a member of the Fractures Photo Collective. View more of his work on FracturesPhoto.com.
TEDxUbud - Asher Yaron - What you didn't know about coffee
After several trips to Bali, Asher Yaron finally decided to move there and follow his desire to create a local, organic, sustainable business. With Balinese coffee farmer friend I Nyoman Wirata, Asher created FREAK, that is, "Fresh Roasted Enak (delicious in Indonesian) Arabica from Kintamani," which is involved in all aspects of the coffee business "from the cherry to the cup." Asher also has plans to use pure spring water from Kintamani to further improve the flavor of their coffee and return a percentage of the profits to community projects in the Kintamani region. Asher's upcoming venture: Coffee University. In thespirit of ideas worth spreading, TEDx is a program of local, self-organized events that bring people together to share a TED-like experience. At a TEDx event, TEDTalks video and live speakers combine to spark deep discussion and connection in a small group. These local, self-organized events are branded TEDx, where x = independently organized TED event. The TED Conference provides general guidance for the TEDx program, but individual TEDx events are self-organized.
More in
Now you can run your company from Starbucks. Amazon's A.W.S. and SAP join forces to offer lots of corporate software, from H.R. and customer management to analytics, via the cloud. It's part of the steady, and increasingly powerful, ratcheting up of services from cloud computing providers.
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- Amazon
- Amazon Web Services
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- business intelligence
- business intelligence software
- cloud
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- corporate software
- data
- Enterprise Computing
- in-house analytic software
- Information technology management
- internet
- Linux
- mobile device
- mobile device
- SAP Business ByDesign
- software pricing
- Technology
- Web services
- Web Services cloud


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The OnePlus 3T is the most powerful smartphone this company has ever introduced. The device was introduced last month as a higher-end OnePlus 3 model, even though the two devices are quite similar, they even look the same. The OnePlus 3T comes with a more powerful SoC, larger battery unit, better front-facing camera, additional storage option and a sapphire lens for its main camera. Having that in mind, the company had recently announced the OnePlus 3T in India, and they also said that the phone will become available in the country on December 14th, and that's exactly what just happened.
The OnePlus 3T is now available for purchase in India, as per OnePlus' promise. Both the 64GB and 128GB storage models of the device can now be purchased exclusively through Amazon India, and they cost Rs. 29,999 ($445) and Rs. 34,999 ($520), respectively. OnePlus had announced both the Gunmetal and Soft Gold OnePlus 3T variants, but only the Gunmetal version is currently available in India, the Soft Gold model will arrive at a later date. It is also worth mentioning that the OnePlus 3T is scheduled to get the Android 7.0 Nougat update later this month, as the beta variant is already available for those of you who are willing to flash it on your device. There you have it, OnePlus' new flagship is now available in India for those of you who are interested, you can purchase it by clicking on the source link down below, and in case you need more info about the device, check out our review.
The OnePlus 3T sure is a powerful smartphone, it is made out of metal, and it packs in really high-end specs. The device comes with a 5.5-inch fullHD Optic AMOLED display, 6GB of RAM and 64GB / 128GB of storage. The phone is fueled by the Snapdragon 821 64-bit quad-core processor, and a 3,400mAh non-removable battery is included on the inside. The 16-megapixel snapper is placed on the back of this smartphone, and a 16-megapixel shooter is available on the front side of the phone as well, though it is inferior to the rear-facing unit. The fingerprint scanner is placed below the phone's display, and even though it may look like it, that is not a physical home button, but a capacitive one.


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Biogenesis of extracellular microfibrils: Multimerization of the fibrillin-1 C terminus into bead-like structures enables self-assembly
Edited by Darwin J. Prockop, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, and approved March 7, 2008 (received for review July 6, 2007)
Microfibrils are essential elements in elastic and nonelastic tissues contributing to homeostasis and growth factor regulation. Fibrillins form the core of these multicomponent assemblies. Various human genetic disorders, the fibrillinopathies, arise from mutations in fibrillins and are frequently associated with aberrant microfibril assembly. These disorders include Marfan syndrome, Weill–Marchesani syndrome, Beals syndrome, and others. Although homotypic and heterotypic fibrillin self-interactions are considered to provide critical initial steps, the detailed mechanisms for microfibril assembly are unknown. We show here that the C-terminal recombinant half of fibrillin-1 assembles into disulfide-bonded multimeric globular structures with peripheral arms and a dense core. These globules are similar to the beaded structures observed in microfibrils isolated from tissues. Only these C-terminal fibrillin-1 multimers interacted strongly with the fibrillin-1 N terminus, whereas the monomers showed very little self-interaction activity. The multimers strongly inhibited microfibril formation in cell culture, providing evidence that these recombinant assemblies can also interact with endogenous fibrillin-1. The C-terminal self-interaction site was fine-mapped to the last three calcium-binding EGF domains in fibrillin-1. These results suggest a new mechanism for microfibril formation where fibrillin-1 first oligomerizes via its C terminus before the partially or fully assembled bead-like structures can further interact with other beads via the fibrillin-1 N termini.
Fibrillins, found in almost all vertebrate tissues as well as in invertebrates, are large cysteine-rich extracellular matrix glycoproteins. The three human fibrillins (fibrillin-1, -2, and -3) show a highly conserved domain organization that includes primarily arrays of calcium-binding EGF-like (cbEGF) domains interspersed with TGF-β binding protein domains (TB/8-Cys) and hybrid domains (1). Mutations in fibrillins lead to a number of heritable disorders, the fibrillinopathies. These include Marfan syndrome, autosomal dominant Weill–Marchesani syndrome (both fibrillin-1), and Beals syndrome (fibrillin-2) (2).
Fibrillins constitute the core components of large assemblies, termed microfibrils (3). Microfibrils are believed to be multicomponent structures in extracellular matrices, and numerous ligands including fibulins, latent TGF-β binding proteins, perlecan, versican, and others have been identified, although the functional relevance for most of these proteins remains to be elucidated (4). Besides fibrillins, the only other integral molecule identified in microfibrils in a periodic fashion is microfibril-associated glycoprotein 1 (MAGP-1) (5). Functionally, microfibrils play critical roles in the biogenesis of elastic fibers, as stress-bearing units in various organs including the kidney and the eye, in homeostasis of tissues such as the cardiovasculature, and as growth factor-regulating entities (6).
Microfibrils extracted from tissue or cell culture show a typical bead-on-the-string ultrastructure with periodicities of 50–55 nm when analyzed by electron microscopy after rotary shadowing (7, 8). Very little is known about the dynamic mechanisms required for fibrillin-1 to form the backbone of these structures. In fibrillinopathies, such as Marfan syndrome, aberrant microfibril assembly is frequently observed (9). To advance the understanding of disease pathogenesis, detailed information on microfibril assembly mechanisms is urgently needed. Although current models for the static organization of fibrillins in microfibrils agree on a head-to-tail alignment with approximately eight fibrillin monomers in cross section, it is not clear whether the molecules are arranged in an unstaggered or staggered orientation (10–18). The initial formation of microfibrils from monomeric fibrillins most likely occurs close to or at the cell surface and involves formation of disulfide bonds in early stages (19). One of the early steps is considered the self-interaction of fibrillin-1, where lateral (N-to-N and C-to-C) and head-to-tail (N-to-C) self-interaction sites have been identified in N- and C-terminal regions of the molecule (20–23). It is generally believed that fibrillin-1 monomers have the intrinsic ability to mediate elongation of the immature microfibril through its N-to-C self-interaction properties (22, 23). The respective epitopes have been mapped to a region between the unique N terminus and cbEGF2 and to a region between TB/8-Cys-7 and the unique furin-processed C terminus (23). On the other hand, N-to-N or C-to-C interactions are believed to provide a proper lateral alignment of fibrillin molecules in microfibrils (20, 21, 23).
We demonstrate here that the N-to-C self-interaction of fibrillin-1 depends on disulfide bond stabilized multimerization of the C-terminal region, resulting in globular particles similar to the bead portions in extracted microfibrils. Only these high-molecular-weight assemblies are able to interact with the fibrillin-1 N terminus in vitro and in cell culture. These results suggest a novel mechanism of microfibril assembly, where the fibrillin-1 C terminus initially forms bead-like structures that then align and interact via the N terminus to form the typical bead-on-the-string assemblies.
Multimerization of C-Terminal Fibrillin-1 Constructs.
To fine-map and analyze the C-terminal head-to-tail fibrillin-1 self-interaction site, we generated recombinant fibrillin-1 constructs with deletions on their C termini based on published data (22, 23) (Fig. 1 A). Although the affinity-purified constructs showed single bands under reducing conditions (Fig. 1 A Inset), they were more heterogeneous under nonreducing conditions. Therefore, we size-fractionated the constructs further by gel filtration chromatography (Fig. 1 B). Whereas the N-terminal control fragment rF16 primarily eluted as monomers, the C-terminal fragments demonstrated various degrees of monomeric, intermediate, and multimeric species (Fig. 1 B and Table 1). For the nontruncated rF6H, ≈35% of the molecules were present in an intermediate and ≈11% in a high multimeric state, which did not migrate into the separating gel under nonreducing conditions (Fig. 1 C, 43.5 ml). The rF6H intermediates are of distinct sizes, indicated by discrete bands in their nonreduced state. Both the intermediates and the multimers are reducible to a monomeric band of the expected size for rF6H, although in case of the multimers reduction without subsequent alkylation is typically incomplete (Fig. 1 C, 43.5 ml). The required concentration of dithiothreitol (DTT) to reduce rF6H multimers was ≈0.05–0.1 mM, whereas 10- to 20-fold more (≈1 mM) was necessary to reduce intramolecular disulfide bonds, indicating that most of the intermolecular disulfide bonds are more readily accessible compared with the buried intramolecular disulfide bonds (Fig. 1 D). The formation of disulfide-bonded rF6H occurred cell-associated, and purified monomers were not able to multimerize in vitro [supporting information (SI) Fig. S1]. Multimerization was not significantly different with fragment rF6, which is identical to rF6H but is expressed with its C-terminal propeptide, which becomes processed during or after secretion (Figs. S1 and S2).
A similar distribution of monomers and multimers was found for the fibrillin-1 deletion construct rF6H-ΔC lacking the unique C-terminal domain, although this fragment showed significant variations in peak distribution (Table 1). However, the multimeric portion of rF6H-Δ3EC, lacking the last four domains of fibrillin-1, decreased significantly (≈5-fold) compared with the nontruncated rF6H (Table 1 and Fig. S3A ). These data demonstrate that the last four C-terminal domains in rF6H influence its multimerization. To rule out potential effects of the hexahistidine tag on the multimerization process, rF6H was analyzed by gel filtration chromatography in the presence of 5 mM EDTA demonstrating virtually no differences in the ratio of multimeric to monomeric peak size or in SDS gel electrophoresis (data not shown). In addition, all deletion constructs are tagged in an identical fashion.
Structural Analysis.
rF6H fractions from gel filtration chromatographies marked as "monomers," "intermediates," and "multimers" in Fig. 1 B were analyzed by electron microscopy after rotary shadowing (Fig. 2). The monomeric fraction showed a highly homogenous population of rod-like molecules with a length of 60.5 ± 8.2 nm (n = 120) correlating well with previous observations (13) (Fig. 2 A). One end of the molecules frequently showed a small globule. Particles from the intermediate fraction demonstrated an electron-dense globular core of 18.2 ± 4.6 nm (n = 203) with three to seven arms extending from the core (Fig. 2 B). The multimeric particles, eluting in the void volume of the column, demonstrated a regular star-like globular shape with dense cores, a lucid center, and arms extending to the periphery (Fig. 2 C). Because the extensions were apparently tangled, it was not possible to determine their precise number on each particle. However, we estimate that the particles contain approximately eight to maximal 12 peripheral extensions, indicating that steric hindrance determines the maximal particle size. These projecting arms frequently have a small globular end at the periphery, a feature that correlates with the appearance of the monomeric particles (Fig. 2 A and C). Antibodies against the hexahistidine tag located at the C terminus of rF6H reacted significantly less with the multimers than the monomers, indicating that this sequence is buried in the core of the particles (Fig. 2 D). Quantification of the bead dimensions composed of rF6H revealed a diameter for the entire particle of 88.6 ± 14.0 nm with the inner electron dense core of 30.3 ± 5.2 nm (n = 75). Surprisingly, the diameter determined for the inner core is similar to the dimensions of the beads in microfibrils analyzed by rotary shadowing electron microscopy, which ranges between 22 and 29 nm (24–26). For comparison, a collagenase-extracted beaded microfibril demonstrates similar shapes and dimensions of the beads including the somewhat more lucent center (Fig. 2 E and F). Multimers of rF6H-ΔC and rF6H-Δ3EC resulted in similar globular shapes compared with rF6H, although for rF6H-Δ3EC, as mentioned above, the relative amounts were significantly lower than those for rF6H or rF6H-ΔC (Table 1 and Fig. S3B ). This suggests that the last four fibrillin-1 domains help to regulate multimerization but do not contain a multimerization domain per se.
The solution structure of rF6H was analyzed by dynamic light scattering (Fig. S4). The polydispersity for monomers (21.6 ± 1.1%), intermediates (19.8 ± 1.0%), and multimers (21.4 ± 1.2%) indicated monodisperse samples and thus the presence of one species of molecules. The hydrodynamic radius steadily increased from 10.4 ± 0.2 nm for the monomers to 17.6 ± 0.9 nm for intermediates to 40.0 ± 2.0 nm for the multimers. Calculation of the molecular mass for the monomers, based on a linear model, correlated well with values derived from the amino acid sequence. No mass calculation was possible for the intermediates and the multimers because of the lack of appropriate mathematical models for the shape of these assemblies. The hydrodynamic radius for rF6H multimers (≈40 nm) correlated very well with the radius of these particles after rotary shadowing (≈44 nm). We conclude from these data that the multimeric rF6H particles assume a globular shape in solution similar to that observed by electron microscopy after rotary shadowing of surface-coated particles.
Functional Consequences of Multimerization and C-Terminal Deletions.
The functional consequences of C-terminal multimerization and deletions were tested in an established fibrillin-1 N-to-C self-interaction assay (22) with representative fractions from the gel filtration chromatographies (Fig. 3). The hypothesis was that the monomeric C-terminal fibrillin-1 fragment interacts with the monomeric N-terminal fragment, which represents an early mechanistic step in fibrillin-1 self-assembly. Unexpectedly, we found that the multimeric forms of rF6H interacted strongly with the N-terminal fragment rF16, whereas the monomers showed virtually no binding activity (Fig. 3 A). Only when the monomers were used at very high concentrations (>3 μM) was some residual binding observed (data not shown), indicating the presence of a very-low-affinity self-interaction site present on monomers. Intermediate fractions showed size-dependent binding affinities. Deletion of the C-terminal domain (Ser2688-Lys2725) in rF6H-ΔC resulted in significant binding activity of the multimers, but oligomers with lower masses interacted much less with rF16 (Fig. 3 B). Additional removal of cbEGF41–43 in rF6H-Δ3EC abolished binding to rF16 completely (Fig. 3 C). In general, the binding strengths of the rF6H and rF6H-ΔC multimers were considerably stronger (≈100-fold) compared with the crude nonpurified mixtures, which explains why only a relatively small portion of multimers can account for the entire binding activity of a mixture (Table 1 and Fig. 3 A and B). Based on these results, we generated a small fragment comprising cbEGF41–43 and parts of the C-terminal domain (rFC1; Fig. 1 A). This fragment interacted with rF16, albeit with a ≈20-fold lower affinity compared with the rF6H mixture and a >1,500-fold lower affinity compared with the rF6H multimers (Fig. 3 A and D). The control fragment rF18 did not interact. In summary, these data clearly demonstrate (i) that multimerization of the fibrillin-1 C terminus is required for high-affinity interaction with the N terminus and (ii) that the N-terminal binding site is located in cbEGF41–43 (Asp2567-Val2687).
To test whether monomeric or multimeric rF6H interacts with fibrillin-1 in a cell culture system, the purified fractions were added to fibroblast cultures and fibrillin-1 assembly was analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence (Fig. 4). Purified rF6H multimers caused a dose-dependent reduction of the fibrillin-1 network in the range of 0.07–7 nM, whereas addition of 7 nM rF6H monomer resulted in no or only little inhibition of fibrillin-1 network formation. However, minor inhibition with the monomer was observed when the concentration was raised to >70 nM (data not shown). Addition of rF6H multimers and monomers did not change the endogenous fibrillin-1 mRNA and protein expression or the fibronectin or fibulin-2 network formation (Fig. S5). These results demonstrate that multimeric rF6H effectively interacts with endogenous fibrillin-1 produced by fibroblasts and thereby inhibits fibrillin-1 network formation.
Although many publications over the last years address the static spatial organization of fibrillins in microfibrils (11–18), very little information is available about the dynamic processes of microfibril formation. Revealing these mechanisms is critical for the understanding of the pathobiology of fibrillinopathies. Based on previously published data, the general, but not yet substantiated, belief was that fibrillin-1 monomers interact in a N-to-C fashion to generate higher-order elongated multimers, which lose the capacity to self-interact once the multimers have matured (22, 23). However, in this study, we surprisingly found (i) that the C-terminal half of fibrillin-1 alone has the intrinsic ability to multimerize into structures resembling the beads present in extracted microfibrils and (ii) that this multimerization is a prerequisite for high-affinity fibrillin-1 N-to-C self-interaction, mediated by cbEGF41–43, which is considered one of the early steps in microfibril assembly.
Recently, we and others have described high-affinity self-interaction properties between N- and C-terminal regions of fibrillin-1 (22, 23). Here we found that a C-terminal fibrillin-1 construct (rF6H), spanning one half of the molecule, showed significant amounts (≈46%) of disulfide bond-mediated multimerization. This is in line with a previous report demonstrating C-to-C self-interaction of a recombinant fragment contained in rF6H (23). Multimerization was observed in association with cells before the multimers were released into the culture medium, suggesting that cellular mechanisms are required for multimerization. This was further supported by the fact that the purified monomeric fraction did not show multimerization in vitro. In contrast to tissues, recombinant rF6H produced in cell culture is immediately exposed after secretion to culture medium allowing rapid free diffusion away from the cells, which may explain why half of the rF6H molecules are not multimerized. Similar observations were reported for endogenous fibrillin-1 produced by cultured cells (10). Alternatively, the cellular machinery for multimer formation might be overloaded by the high recombinant expression levels. Remarkably, construct rF6H-ΔC (missing the C-terminal domain) showed extremely variable amounts of intermediates and multimers, suggesting that the unique C-terminal domain (after furin processing) may play a regulatory role in stabilization of multimers. A deletion construct missing cbEGF41–43 and the unique C-terminal domain still multimerizes albeit at a significant lower level compared with the nontruncated construct, demonstrating that the multimerization domain is not directly localized in the deleted region of the molecule. However, this observation suggests that the multimerization domain is in close physical proximity to this region and is functionally affected by structural changes imposed by the deletion. The multimers of the recombinant C-terminal fragments were reducible, demonstrating the participation of intermolecular disulfide bonds. Based on high-resolution data available for the 8-Cys/TB and the cbEGF domains in fibrillin-1, it is predicted that cysteine residues in domains close to the deleted region are involved in intramolecular disulfide bonds. Thus, intermolecular disulfide bond formation would require appropriate disulfide bond reshuffling mechanisms, potentially mediated by members of the protein disulfide isomerases located on the cell surface (27). Intermolecular disulfide bonds were much more accessible to reduction compared with intramolecular disulfide bonds, suggesting that the former are solvent-exposed. This differential property could potentially be involved in the regulation of microfibril formation through redox mechanisms.
Analysis of the structural properties of C-terminal fibrillin-1 multimers by electron microscopy after rotary shadowing and dynamic light scattering unexpectedly revealed the rF6H multimers as unique, star-like globular structures with dense cores including a somewhat more lucid center and projecting arms on the periphery. The appearance and dimensions of these globular particles resembled the beads in extracted microfibrils. These data establish for the first time, to our knowledge, that fibrillin-1 alone, and in this case a fibrillin-1 C-terminal fragment, can form globular multimeric structures with a considerable degree of similarity to the beads in microfibrils, which provides a potential mechanism for microfibril formation. The "PF3" fragment produced by Maddox et al. (28) from pepsin-digested microfibrils extracted from human placenta showed somewhat similar properties to the rF6H multimers with (i) reducible high-molecular-weight assemblies and (ii) the globular bead structures, although the number of arms were lower. These PF3 particles reacted with a monoclonal antibody mAb69 directed against the region of fibrillin-1 between 8-Cys/TB6 and 8-Cys/TB7 (18), an epitope also contained in rF6H. It was further reported that attempts to prepare monoclonal antibodies against PF3 resulted only in antibodies against fibrillin-1 but not against other proteins. Along these lines, our data suggest that fibrillin-1 may have an intrinsic property to form the beaded structures in microfibrils in the absence of other microfibril-associated proteins. Other globular structures similar to the rF6H multimers have been observed in preparations of microfibrils isolated from chick vitreous humor without the use of proteolytic enzymes (25). In addition, Kuo et al. (18) recently described that cleavage of guanidine-extracted microfibrils from cell culture with crude collagenase, which cleaves fibrillin-1 at various sites almost exclusively in the N-terminal half, led to clumps of beads with peripheral extensions, again similar to the rF6H multimers. Based on our data, we propose that the globular parts of microfibrils can be formed by C-terminal portions of fibrillin-1 molecules. The number of arms in the microfibril preparations described above from placenta and vitreous humor appeared somewhat lower than what we observe with the rF6H multimers. This could potentially be attributed to back-folding of the rF6H arms into the globule, or alternatively to missing microfibril-associated proteins that regulate the number of arms. Antibodies specific for the C-terminal region of rF6H reacted less with the multimers than the monomers, indicating that the rF6H C terminus primarily contributes to the core (and is thus less available for the antibodies) and the N-terminal region of rF6H constitutes the peripheral arms. However, cbEGF41–43 must be present in a topological orientation, likely close to the surface of the beads, which allows this region to interact with the N terminus. Attempts to produce an entire bead-on-the-string microfibril in vitro from purified full-length fibrillin-1 is currently hampered by the propensity of recombinant full-length fibrillin-1 to precipitate (22) or by the extremely low yields of endogenous fibrillin-1 preparations from cell culture (10).
Surprisingly, after separation of monomers, intermediates, and multimers by gel filtration chromatography, we observed that only the highly multimeric fractions of rF6H bound to the N-terminal fibrillin-1 fragment with high affinity. The intermediates bound with moderate affinity, and the monomers bound only marginally and at very high concentrations. These data demonstrate that a relatively low-affinity self-interaction site, present on the monomers, dramatically increases its avidity for the N terminus (>1,500-fold) as a consequence of multimerization. Whereas deletion of the C-terminal domain had virtually no effect on the ability of the rF6H-ΔC multimers to interact with the N-terminal region of fibrillin-1, further deletion of cbEGF41–43 abrogated self-interaction completely. The data clearly localize the N-to-C fibrillin-1 self-interaction site to cbEGF41–43. These results were further substantiated with a small deletion construct, rFC1, comprising cbEGF41–43 and the unique C-terminal domain after furin processing. This construct interacted with the N-terminal portion albeit with a significant lower affinity compared with the multimerized large C-terminal constructs, again highlighting the presence of very-low-affinity binding sites in this region before multimerization.
Further evidence for the importance of C-terminal fibrillin-1 multimerization came from our cell culture model of microfibril assembly. In low concentrations (<10 nM), the multimers of the fibrillin-1 C-terminal half were able to inhibit fibrillin-1 network formation in fibroblasts, whereas the monomeric fraction had only a small effect at much higher concentrations. The inhibitory effect is specific because network formation of other extracellular matrix proteins (fibronectin, fibulin-2) was not affected. Inhibition must have occurred by interference with the in vivo assembly process by blocking formation of microfibrils due to the missing N-terminal region.
In summary, our data suggest the following new model for fibrillin-1 assembly. The C terminus of fibrillin-1 multimerizes via a disulfide bond-mediated mechanism into bead-like structures. This multimerization enhances the avidity of the N-to-C self-interaction site contained within cbEGF41–43 for binding to the N-terminal region of fibrillin-1. When the avidity of a nascent bead has sufficiently increased, the peripheral N-terminal sites begin to bind to the C-terminal sites in appropriate adjacent beads. Such a universal mechanism is compatible with all parallel head-to-tail models of fibrillin-1 organization in microfibrils, independent of whether the molecules were staggered or unstaggered or whether the interbead arms were spanning one, two, or even three bead-to-bead distances (10–18). Parallel staggered or unstaggered fibrillin-1 organization requires unidirectionality of the peripheral arms. This feature could be conferred to a nascent bead by increasing avidities of the next appropriate downstream bead causing the N termini to bind. Alternatively, microfibril-associated proteins such as MAGP-1 could potentially act to confer unidirectionality to the fibrillin molecules.
Materials and Methods
Recombinant Expression of Fibrillin-1 Fragments.
Production of rF16 (N-terminal half) and rF6H or rF6 (C-terminal halves) were described previously (13, 29). rF6H is designed as a processed molecule; i.e., it has a stop codon at the furin cleavage site within the unique C terminus, whereas rF6 is designed with the propeptide (Fig. 1 A). The C-terminal deletion construct rF6H-ΔC is identical to rF6H but without the unique C-terminal domain, whereas rF6H-Δ3EC lacks the last four domains. Fragment rFC1 consists of cbEGF41–43 and the furin processed C-terminal domain. Details are described in SI Methods and Table S1. Generation of stable clones in human embryonic kidney cells 293 and purification of the secreted recombinant proteins by Ni2+-chelating chromatography were previously described in detail (13, 22).
Separation and Analysis of Multimerized Fibrillin-1 Fragments.
To separate different multimerization states of recombinant fibrillin fragments, C-terminal nontruncated and deletion constructs of fibrillin-1 (2–3 mg) were subjected to Superose 6 gel filtration chromatography (100-ml column on a high-precision ÄktaPurifier 10; GE Healthcare) equilibrated in 50 mM Tris·HCl (pH 7.4)/5 mM CaCl2 containing either 400 mM NaCl (for binding assays) or 150 mM NaCl (for cell culture assays), or in 500 mM NH4 acetate (pH 7.0) (for electron microscopy) at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. No differences in the protein elution profiles were found with these buffer systems. One-milliliter fractions were collected starting with the void volume (≈40 ml). Quantification of relative amounts of monomers, intermediates, and multimers was performed by integration of the individual peak areas from a baseline of zero using the trapezoidal rule (Origin 7.0; Microcal). Protein concentrations were determined with the absorbance at 280 nm using calculated extinction coefficients (see SI Methods and Table S2). Aliquots of the fractions were separated by SDS gel electrophoresis (4–20% acrylamide) and silver-stained. For reduction experiments, the fractions were incubated with 0.005–10 mM DTT for 1 h at 37°C, alkylated with iodoacetamide (Sigma) in a 2.5- to 5-fold excess over DTT for 1 h at 22°C in the dark. The samples were then digested with 0.5 μg of TPCK-treated trypsin (Sigma) for 4 h at 37°C.
Protein Interaction Assays.
Solid-phase binding experiments were performed as described elsewhere with some modifications (22). Briefly, 10 μg/ml (100 μl per well) of the fibrillin-1 (rF16) N-terminal construct was coated in 50 mM Tris·HCl (pH 7.4)/150 mM NaCl (TBS) onto 96-well plates, blocked with 5% nonfat milk in TBS, and incubated with serial dilutions (1:2) of either a control (rF6H, not subjected to gel filtration) or gel filtration fractions of individual recombinant fragments diluted in TBS including 5 mM CaCl2 and 5% nonfat milk (binding buffer). To detect bound proteins, the polyclonal antiserum α-rF6H was used 1:1,000 diluted (30). Because no efficient antibody detection method was available for rFC1, this fragment (1.12 mg/ml) as well as the control fragments rF18 (1.25 mg/ml) (13) and the nonfractionated rF6H (1.56 mg/ml) were biotinylated with Sulfo-NHS-Biotin (Pierce) according to the instructions. After biotinylation, the proteins were dialyzed against TBS/2 mM CaCl2, and final protein concentrations were determined with the BCA protein assay kit (Pierce). The proteins were labeled with three to five biotin molecules per protein molecule. Detection of bound biotinylated proteins was performed by using NeutrAvidin horseradish peroxidase conjugate (Pierce) 1:500 diluted in binding buffer.
Dynamic Light Scattering and Electron Microscopy.
The hydrodynamic radius of size-fractionated protein assemblies was determined in 50 mM Tris·HCl (pH 7.4), 400 mM NaCl, and 5 mM CaCl2 by dynamic light scattering analyses (DynaPro-MS/X; Wyatt Technology). Protein assemblies separated by gel filtration chromatography were rotary shadowed and visualized by electron microscopy (see SI Methods ). Measurements were performed with ImageJ version 1.37 (http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/).
Immunolabeling of the Extracellular Matrix of Fibroblasts.
Human foreskin fibroblasts (age of donor = 2.5 years; passage number = 4–9) were grown in DMEM including 2 mM glutamine, 100 units/ml penicillin, and 100 μg/ml streptomycin (Invitrogen) with 10% (vol/vol) FCS at 37°C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere. Cells were trypsinized and seeded at a density of 7.5 × 104 cells per well in DMEM containing 1% (vol/vol) FCS in the presence of sterile-filtrated (0.22-μm filter) multimeric (0.07–7 nM) or monomeric (7 nM) rF6H in eight-well chamber slides. After 3 days, cells were fixed and immunostained as described previously using the antiserum against rF6H (1:1,000 diluted) or control proteins as indicated. Cell densities were monitored by DAPI staining, and all images were recorded from areas with similar cell densities on an Axiocam microscope (Zeiss).
We thank Christine Fagotto and Guy Charette for excellent technical contributions and Drs. Lynn Sakai and Takako Sasaki for providing fibrillin-1 and fibulin-2 antibodies. This work was supported by Canadian Institutes of Health Research Grant MOP-68836, the Canadian Marfan Association (D.P.R.), the German Academic Exchange Service (D.H.), and the Shriners of North America (E.R.L.).
- §To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: dieter.reinhardt{at}mcgill.ca
Author contributions: D.H. and D.P.R. designed research; D.H., E.I.E.-H., and V.N. performed research; M.T.K. and E.R.L. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; D.H., E.I.E.-H., V.N., M.T.K., E.R.L., and D.P.R. analyzed data; and D.H. and D.P.R. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0706335105/DCSupplemental.
- © 2008 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA
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Nonnewaug Falls in Berkshire League Tournament Finals
BURLINGTON – The Nonnewaug girls volleyball team made it to the finals of the Berkshire League tournament last night, but fell to Lewis Mills 2-1 on their home court.
But in the end, Nonnewaug head coach Martin Malaspina had a philosophical question for his team: Did finishing second in the tournament even matter?
To Malaspina's point, Nonnewaug already knew it is the six-seed in the upcoming CIAC Class M tournament, and will host No. 27 Ellington in the first round Monday.
And though the Chiefs lost in the Berkshire League tournament finals, Nonnewaug and Lewis Mills were declared co-champions based on their regular season league and head-to-head records.
"It sounds sarcastic, but I told them that this tournament was just a great warm-up for states," Malaspina said. "At the end of the day, it really doesn't matter much. We still got there because they worked hard from the beginning of the season."
Lewis Mills 25 11 25, Nonnewaug 19 25 21
Nonnewaug came onto the court more fired up than Lewis Mills, and scored the first point of the first set. But the Chiefs quickly found themselves trailing 10-1 and 15-2.
However, Nonnewaug went on a 9-point run to close within four points, 15-11.
"There was a little bit of a scary time in the first set, but I was happy with the way they played after that," Malaspina said. "From 15-2 to 25-19 showed a lot of heart."
Nonnewaug was dominant in the second set, and rolled to a 25-11 win to set up a third and final match.
Lewis Mills jumped out to a 9-6 lead in the third match. Nonnewaug closed the gap to 16-15 before Lewis Mills pulled ahead for good 21-17.
Skylar Delp had 19 assists, 6 aces, and 5 digs. Kelli Haigh had 8 digs, 11 kills, and an assist. Alexis Delia had 6 kills, 3 aces, and 4 digs.
Nonnewaug 25 25, Terryville 16 10
Nonnewaug defeated fourth-seed Terryville 25-16 and 25-10 in its semifinals match.
Delp had 20 assists, 7 aces, and 1 kill, Tori O'Bar had 12 digs, 4 aces, and 1 kill, Alexa Spain had 5 kills and 1 block, and Delia had 10 kills and 1 ace.
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On this edition for Saturday, April 20, a look at what has changed on the 20th anniversary of the Columbine school shootings, the fallout continues from special counsel Robert Mueller's report, and after decades of political strife and conflict Iraq's capital city of Baghdad is seeing an emerging art scene. Hari Sreenivasan anchors from New York.
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J.J. Watt
The Houston Texans' defensive end is engaged to his girlfriend, professional soccer player Kealia Ohai. Both tweeted word of their engagement Sunday with photos showing Watt down on one knee before Ohai along a waterfront and rocky coast with a beautiful sunset. Watt, 30, the three-time NFL Defensive Player of the Year, tweeted, "I'm the luckiest man in the world" and "#SheSaidYes." Ohai, 27, tweeted: "I love you." Ohai plays for the Houston Dash and has scored 27 goals in 92 games since 2014. And she has one thing that Watt doesn't: a world championship. She scored the only goal in the final of the 2012 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup against Germany, the only goal the Germans conceded in the entire tournament. That was the same year she won an NCAA title with North Carolina.
Marvin Lewis
The former Cincinnati Bengals head coach is headed to the Pac-12, joining Herm Edwards' staff at Arizona State as a special adviser. Lewis, 60, spent 16 seasons coaching the Bengals and is the franchise's all-time wins leader with 131. He led Cincinnati to seven playoff appearances, including five straight (2011-15), and four division titles. The Bengals fired Lewis following a 6-10 season in 2018. Lewis was represented by current ASU athletic director Ray Anderson, a former agent. His daughter, Whitney, went to school there. Lewis previously was the defensive coordinator for the Baltimore Ravens from 1996 through 2001 and helped lead them to a Super Bowl victory in 2000. He also worked as an assistant coach with Washington and the Pittsburgh Steelers.
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|October 2013 - Networks won the Exhibition Stand Award at this year's outdoor event services exhibition - The Showman's Show 2013, which takes place at the Newbury Showground.
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Briefing in review Part III
IMF, smoking ban - hot topics for 2013
What happened in July?
THE SMOKING ban took effect in Jamaica early July last year. It is illegal to smoke tobacco products in public places.
The briefing discussed smoking in public places as a negative externality. Ambiguities concerning the implementation of the law were also highlighted. For example, people were unsure as to what the word public meant, whereas others thought the fine and penalties were unrealistic.
By mid-summer, the unemployment rate was more than 15 per cent, the highest Jamaica has recorded in several years.
Jamaica's unemployment rate averaged 13.8 per cent from 1991 to 2013, reaching an all-time high of 16.5 per cent in December 1997, and an all-time low of 9.8 per cent in December 2007.
Without the adequate safety nets in place, poverty was also increasing as a result.
In a survey conducted to find out what the world really wants for the next global-development goals, people cited increased income and employment as the two major concerns, especially in Latin America and the Caribbean, where more than 43 per cent of the groups surveyed cited income and unemployment issues as their major concern.
Reggae Sumfest was highly anticipated and was expected to attract the usual thousands of foreigners, The Briefing discussed tourism and the resort capital of the island, Montego Bay. As we approached Emancipation and Independence at the beginning of August, the difference between growth and development was examined. Growth, mainly associated with an increase in output, whereas development addresses standing of living and life expectancy of the people.
How was August?
The IMF Country Report no. 13/126 provides the details and the requisite requirements which Jamaica must satisfy to remain qualified for the extended fund-facility agreement offered by the IMF. The briefing discussed the main elements of this report and outlines the timelines associated with each element of the report.
Hugo Chavez died last year and there were rumours that this might have had an impact on the PetroCaribe deal between Jamaica and Venezuela. The Briefing outlined the important elements of the deal and analysed the impact on the Jamaican economy of any changes to the agreement.
Unemployment and labour productivity was discussed again in August, as different types of unemployment were examined in a Jamaican context. Labour productivity is also a cause for concern in Jamaica. Results from research conducted by the Jamaica Productivity Centre indicate that labour productivity in the country fell at an average rate of 1.5 per cent per annum. Also, productivity, including labour, capital energy and other inputs, fell at an average rate of 1.74 per cent per annum during the same period.
By this time, the unemployment rate was more than 16 per cent. Unemployment among youth aged 18-24 stood at approximately 38.5 per cent at the end of April this year. The unemployment rate for young men was 30.1 per cent, compared to women, 27 per cent. Sixty-seven per cent of unemployed youth were without basic qualifications as they did not pass any Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate subjects.
How did the third quarter end?
The Goat Islands became the new topic for discussion. Its proposed transformation into a major part of a logistics centre for the island was criticised by environmentalists. They objected for three main reasons:
1. The structure and position of the islands help to protect parts of Jamaica from hurricane and other natural disasters,
2. The islands are vital ecosystems, home to many endangered species of sea creatures and wildlife which, if disturbed, could have a severe effect on the environmental sustainability of Jamaica in the long run.
3. More than 4,000 fisherfolk rely on the area for their livelihood.
There were also some IMF targets to meet at the end of September, these include:
1. Primary balance of the central government must reach $38.2 billion.
2. Tax revenues must be at a minimum of $150 billion.
3. Central government direct debt incurred must not exceed J$21.4 billion.
4. Central government guaranteed debt must not exceed J$8 billion.
They were all met comfortably and Jamaica moved on to the next phase. The country improved on the global competitiveness report, from 97th in 2012 to 94th last year.
The growing energy crisis in Jamaica has been a cause for concern. The lowest consumers pay in Jamaica is $40 or US 39 cents per kilo watt hour compared to the United States where energy costs as low as 12 cents per kilo watt hour in some places.
The Briefing closed the third quarter discussing this situation as well as plans to improve the situation in the near future.
How did the year end?
Join us next week, to finalise, in Part 4 of the year in review.
Dr Andre Haughton is a lecturer in the Department of Economics on the Mona campus of the University of the West Indies. Follow him on twitter @DrAndreHaughton; or email email@example.com.


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Search the Community
Showing results for tags 'KG4'.
Found 28 results
Walnut KG4's <><><>SOLD<><><>
philly0116 posted a topic in Garage SaleIm asking $260 obo for this pair of walnut KG4's. They are in good condition but not without a couple of flaws on the wood. On the photo of both speakers facing with the grills on, on the back right of the top of the speaker you can see an imperfection, an impression, or indentation. I'm the second owner. They work just as they should. I am located in Central Arkansas. PM me if interested. Thank you.
Got KG4's and an old RCA receiver
zabari posted a topic in 2-Channel Home AudioHey guys. I'm totally new to the whole stereo system thing. I haven't even heard of Klipsch till I picked up a pair of KG4s at a yard sale this past weekend. I've been doing research on watts and ohms, receivers, and set up but everything is kinda over my head. I need help but broken down real simple like. I'm not trying to get some perfect setup I just want to be able to play some music nice and loud without breaking something. So like I said I got a pair of the KG4's and I bought this old receiver RCA RK327C http://www.ebay.com/itm/VINTAGE-RCA-RK327C-HI-FI-RECEIVER-/221540828945?pt=Vintage_Electronics_R2&hash=item3394dcc711#viTabs_0 (pics attached) it has 120 volt, 60hz, 300watt, 2 channels. I hooked'm up yesterday and found out the right channel of the receiver is messed up it is low and kinda cycles up and down. Left is fine, that speaker was thumping pretty good. I get a little buzzy sound with some music not sure if thats the speaker or receiver. So since only one side is working I hooked both speakers to that side. That worked. So questions 1. Are the speaker and receiver compatiable, as in will something break if I keep using it? 2. I do plan on getting the other channel fixed on the receiver but for time being is having everything go to side messing something up? 3. Is that buzzing coming from the speaker or receiver? Thanks yall, remember please explain plainly. Also if this a bad pairing could you tell me the right kind of receiver to get. I like the vintage look and I'm not trying to spend much, again I just want to play loud without breaking something.
Subwoofer(s) to go with KG 4s?
goldenbear123 posted a topic in SubwoofersI have a pair of Klipsch KG 4s being driven by a marantz sr8500 and am looking for a nice sub to go along with them, primarily for music as opposed to movies. I'm limited to $600 or less; new, used, discontinued, etc makes no difference to me as long as they are in good working condition. Anyone have any recommendations or could point me in the right direction? Thanks in advance! KG 4: http://www.klipsch.com/kg-4/details#specs


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Schedule of Events
To find more information about educational sessions, networking activities, and governance meetings see this tentative schedule as of December 5.
There is no better time or place than the Midyear Meeting to bring together ABA leaders to discuss issues, regulations, and trends shaping the future of the legal profession.
To find more information about educational sessions, networking activities, and governance meetings see this tentative schedule as of December 5.
Hotel reservations can be made directly with the hotel using a customized reservation link provided in your Midyear Meeting registration confirmation. You must be registered for the Midyear Meeting to make a hotel reservation within the ABA block. You will receive a confirmation from the hotel, which you can then use to make changes or cancellations directly. Hotel reservation deadline is January 15, 2020.Find - Your Entity
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Please contact the Meetings and Travel Department at 312-988-5871 or submit your questions using our online contact us form.


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Happy Sunday. By the way, do we ever protest against a foreign leader? Really? Just because he/she comes over here? In numbers? How can one man and one man's administration cause so much angst that people from a foreign country have to give up a Saturday to say 'bog off'? One of the placards said "I don't normally protest, but come on…". Another… 'feed him to the Corgis.' Perfect.
On a different note, I thought you might be interested in an article I've submitted to the military's pension magazine. Here it is – and have a good Sunday. At least today we'll be rid of His Trumpkiness. I don't think he'll be coming back anytime soon. He does love to be loved, you know.
Beware. There's a heretic on the loose.
A quick résumé. Man joins the Army at 18, works reasonably hard, does lots of stuff – ticks boxes, commands his father's battalion, stays married to the same woman and then … surely, sees it through to 55, buys a house in Suffolk (or Wiltshire), becomes chairman of the parish council and spends his days walking his garden whilst tending to his black lab? The perfect model of tweed, corduroy and Viyella?
Uh, well, no. Okay, so I am married to the same woman. And I did command my dad's battalion. But at 44 I put my beret in the top drawer and became a teacher of mathematics at a school in sleepy Somerset. I still struggle to explain to myself why that happened. I guess much of it was about my need to break the mould. Both Claire (still my first wife) and I are Army brats. She was an Army nurse. I went away to the Army sixth-form college and was beasted around Sandhurst's square at the tender age of 18. We were more institutionalised than a pair of Broadmoor inmates. And yet, as time went on, we could imagine something other than the well-trodden path to our future little cottage in Wotton-under-Fire, just down the khaki-brick road.
Also, we were both tired. It is true to say that I had not spent as long away from my family as most – my medals dangling bashfully in a single row. But the Army knows how to take a couple of kilogrammes of flesh. Don't misunderstand me, it is a fabulous institution. It looked after the pair of us as if I were its only employee and Claire its only unpaid social worker. But, 'no' is not a word in its lexicon, and it encourages you to grin and bear it. And, as I left, the 150,000 strong behemoth that I joined to face down Brezhnev and 3 Shock Army was leaner than a whippet, and heading for more cuts. I'm not uncomfortable admitting that I was shattered. So, with absolutely no qualifications at all other than armed with a mantra that I would treat all my students like little soldiers, I became a teacher.
I'm quite good at maths. I'm also confident on my feet – you know, "Come on chaps…follow me". How difficult could teaching be?
I was rubbish. No, it's true. You can have the confidence of ten men but, until you get a grip of the syllabus, learn the tricks of the trade in the classroom (like: don't smile before half-term) and suffer the exam cycle, confidence counts for not a great deal. You also have to remember that, having reached a rank where you have a small team of people to whom you can delegate wantonly, as a teacher you are at the bottom of the food chain. Okay, if you have a bad day you can take it out on your pupils, but there are few other privileges. If you want a minibus to take the kids somewhere, not only do you have to book it yourself, you have to drive it as well.
And being a teacher is tough; the classroom an unforgiving place. Your pupils may look as innocent as a bunch of well-trained Naples pickpockets but, underneath their angelic facade, they're a pack of hyenas. Kids can exploit chinks in armour better than an immaculately-placed arrow. And where else in the workplace is your output as starkly associated with your own competence than on exam results day? If Johnny doesn't get the 'A' he needs to get into the university of his choice, then put on your body armour as Mum and Dad will want to know why. There is no hiding place. And it is tremendously hard work, day after day of classroom theatre where you are actor, stage manager, director, choreographer and make-up artist.
Is it rewarding? Oh yes – undoubtedly so. There is no feeling anywhere near close to watching young people improve in and enjoy your subject. Seeing them 'get things' which previously were as mysterious and opaque as a distant planet is something close to magical. As such, I can't recommend teaching enough as a second career, I really can't. Provided you're happy to sweep the floors and order the pack lunches.
A few years in, and with Claire a houseparent (and uncomfortably outranking me), I made it onto the School's senior team with responsibility for staff training, the non-academic programme and a bellyful of jobs that no one else wanted. And I did become an adequate teacher. But none of this was without effort … there's a theme emerging here. So, after eight years of teaching we decided to transition to Stage Three of our lives: do nothing.
My Dad never understood why I left the Army. So he completely dismissed the notion of Claire and I loading up a motorcaravan and disappearing into the sunset, pursued by a cloud of unburnt diesel. To be fair he had a point; we had no plan other than to decompress. The Army had taken the wheels off; the School had burnt out the alternator and removed the wiper blades. We were exhausted and seeing family members and good pals struggling with life-threatening illness, we decided we'd take our chances on vagrancy. And, wow, it was fun.
Actually, it still is fun. Four years later we have just moved into a two-up, two-down in Bristol, but we still travel extensively in our charabanc. The intervening years were, without doubt, the best of our lives. Europe is a big place. And over La Manche they do love and cater for motorhomes. With a multitude of would-be foreign pals, we spent four years browning our knees and shaking hands with the most delightful of non-Brits.
Phew. Done that. Now take stock.
At 56 I have, from a old-fashioned taxman's perspective, about ten years' productive work in me. And that strikes a chord with some people. Other than the withering 'oh' (accompanied by a face that looks like it's just chewed on a lemon) when you tell them that you're living in a motorhome, the most popular comment is along the lines of, 'So, you don't work, then?'. You can see the cogs turning. That means my taxes are paying for you?
Mmmm. Not contributing is certainly not the reason why I am actually working – of sorts – doing two things. It's more doing things that I enjoy. First, I mentor headteachers and senior school staff on leadership. It may surprise you that headteachers get no formal leadership training before they take the helm of a school. Some of them need help. I do what I can.
Second, and this surprised the bejeezus out of me, it's writing novels that has caught my imagination. During our extended sojourn I have written four thrillers: Unsuspecting Hero, Fuelling the Fire, The Innocence of Trust and For Good Men To Do Nothing. The series has Sam Green as the main protagonist, 'a sort of female version of Jack Reacher but more edgy and much more prone to tears'. Even if I say so myself, all four books have received a good number of very positive reviews – please check them out. And I am about to embark on the fifth of the series which, I hope, will be out next year.
Do we regret any of the choices we have made? If I had stayed in the Army my time would be up and I would be haplessly looking for a job. A security consultant maybe? A small house in the country and a seat on the parish council? My own stool in the local pub? All of these are laudable ambitions and in so many ways I wish that worked for the pair of us. But. I really love the writing – and I'm fond of the leadership training and trying to make a difference where I can. So I guess we have no regrets. We wouldn't have missed a moment of our time in the Army, or at the School, but we don't miss any of it for a moment.
What next? Currently the plan is 'more of the same'. [For the record I am just finishing a 6-month part-time stint at a state school in Bristol. That is an altogether different story. Maybe for another time …] I'm waiting to see how my latest novel goes down in the market, and I have the plot for the next in the series firmly in my head. That will take us through to next summer by which time we might be longing to settle down, get a red setter, buy some secateurs and volunteer to be the secretary of the village flower show.
But somehow, I doubt it.


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; All day : '''Knowledge-Sharing Workshop on LGBTQ Health''' in the Penthouse at Northwood at the Harbour, Halifax
: ''Theme: developing culturally competent primary health assessment approaches for LGBTQ populations in Nova Scotia''
: This full-day workshop will feature panel presentations, facilitated discussion sessions, and a keynote address by Anna Travers, Executive Director of [http://www.rainbowhealthontario.ca/ Rainbow Health Ontario].
: This event is focused on sharing the findings of our research on LGBTQ health in Nova Scotia with key decision-makers and knowledge-users to inform the process of developing primary health priorities and consensus on:
: 1) what are the salient primary health issues to be measured
: 2) how best to measure these to help inform primary health practices and responses, and
: 3) how to develop culturally competent baseline primary health assessment approaches and tools, with, for and by the LGBTQ communities in Nova Scotia.
: The outcomes of this knowledge-sharing workshop will be used to develop and pilot the LGBTQ primary health assessment approaches and tools.
: This knowledge-sharing workshop is open to policy makers, public and primary health officials, health researchers, community organizations and LGBTQ community members. '''There is no registration fee''' and space is limited so we encourage you to RSVP as soon as possible. To RSVP or for more information, please contact Emily Colpitts at email@example.com or Dr. Jacqueline Gahagan at firstname.lastname@example.com.
; : '''OUTeastFilmFestival''' at Neptune Studio Stag
: Details to be announced.
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Confession#9-What the Hell Do I Know?
Judging the underwhelming response to my last confession, I get the feeling you guys really don't give a shit about my personal life. But please, give me a like or a comment. Give me your support. I need it. I realized something. I don't know anything about love. Daisy and I have continued our shenanigans,... Continue Reading →
What is Depression Like?
Here's what it feels like to me anyways. I have three sorts of days: normal days, blue days, and grey days. Now, most days are usually a combination of all three, but every now and then you have one day that seems to be more extreme. Also, these feelings don't always divide neatly into a day.... Continue Reading →


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I wanna stick my horny cock inside of you so bad. Been jerking it 10 times a day and I need a real woman to suck me off and for me to stick inside a good pussy ; I hope you can drain my balls as its been filled up with so much cum.
me gustaría conocerte. Yo tamb soy un calenton más bien una maquina de sexo.
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