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Verse-by-Verse Bible Commentary
1 John 4:12
No one has seen God at any time; if we love one another, God abides in us, and His love is perfected in us.
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Adam Clarke Commentary
No man hath seen God at any time - The very words, with the change of ἑωρακε for τεθεαται, of this apostle in his gospel, John 1:18. We may feel him, though we cannot see him; and if we love one another he dwelleth in us, and his love is perfected in us - it has then its full accomplishment, having moulded us according to its own nature.
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Albert Barnes' Notes on the Whole Bible
No man hath seen God at any time - See the notes at John 1:18, where the same declaration occurs. The statement seems to be made here in order to introduce a remark to show in what way we may know that we have any true knowledge of God. The idea is, "He has never indeed been seen by mortal eyes. We are not, then, to expect to become acquainted with what he is in that way. But there is a method by which we may be assured that we have a true knowledge of him, and that is, by evidence that we love another, and by the presence of his Spirit in our hearts. We cannot become acquainted with him by sight, but we may by love."
If we love one another, God dwelleth in us - Though we cannot see him, yet there is a way by which we may be assured that he is near us, and that he even dwells in us. That way is by the exercise of love. Compare the notes at John 14:23-24.
And his love is perfected in us - Is carried out to completion. That is, our love for each other is the proper exponent of love to him reigning in our hearts. The idea here is not that we are absolutely perfect, or even that our love is perfect, whatever may be true on those points, but that this love to others is the proper carrying out of our love toward him; that is, without this our love to him would not have accomplished what it was adapted and designed to do. Unless it produced this effect, it would be defective or incomplete. Compare 1 John 4:17. The general sense is this: "We claim to have the love of God in our hearts, or that we are influenced and controlled by love. But however high and exalted that may seem to be as exercised toward God, it would be defective; it would not exert a fair influence over us, unless it led us to love our Christian brethren. It would be like the love which we might profess to have for a father, if it did not lead us to love our brothers and sisters. True love will diffuse itself over all who come within its range, and will thus become complete and entire." This passage, therefore, cannot be adduced to demonstrate the doctrine of sinless perfection, or to prove that Christians are ever absolutely perfect in this life. It proves only that love to God is not complete, or fully developed, unless it leads those who profess to have it to love each other. See the notes at Job 1:1. On the meaning of the Greek word here used, ( τελειόω teleioōsee the notes at Philemon 3:12. Compare the notes at Hebrews 2:10.
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The Biblical Illustrator
1 John 4:12
No man hath seen God at any time.
The nearness of God
There is a saying of Hazlitt's, bold, and at first seeming to be wondrous true, "In the days of Jacob there was a ladder between heaven and earth; but now the heavens have gone further off, and have become astronomical." This may be taken as illustrating the belief of a large number of people who imagine that somehow or other the earth in its youth was better off and nearer God than it possibly can be, with the larger, fuller, and more accurate scientific knowledge that it has now; a fancy that the heavens have gone further away because of our knowledge of them. But no wise man would wish to go back from the effect of the scientific analysis, or undo those results of it which are the glory of the age. Because by a flash of lightning I can speak to the other side of the world--because I live in a generation in which men gain the strength of giants, and can move mountains--am I further from God? I think not. Man's nearness to God, or distance from Him, arises from no scientific knowledge, or from the want of it. Man grows near to God by the likeness of his own soul. Still, you may say, that the revelation of God's power made by science has removed the sense of His immediate presence. Then science has done a good work. Such a sense of nearness, brought about by a want of knowledge and a mean apprehension of God's power, might belong to idiots, and is certainly unneeded by mankind. God is to us a greater Being than the ancients ever knew. Though we may fancy that the heavens or whatever other material place men may have thought He dwelt in have grown distant, His Spirit has grown near. It is the glory of earthly love to clasp, to hold, to have in near communion, to see, to hear, to touch. If we were speaking of mere humanities, we might, with Hazlit, lament the time when earth was so near to heaven. But when we come to speak of Him whom no man hath seen at any time, we go to the spirituality of things--we measure no longer by earthly measure. If the God you long to know is the God of the Spirit who comes to the hearts of all who seek for Him in spirit and in truth, who, in every motion of desire and love, lives in the soul, who stirs men to penitence, draws them from His own sweet influence--if this is the God you seek and long to know, your God is always near you. So long as men can hold to this spiritual perception of God, science has done no mischief; and whilst it has increased man's knowledge has increased, too, his belief in his nearness to God; has shown Him that his knowledge of nature has altered no canon of the eternal laws; has cast no shade on any brightness of human mercy or human love; has made no change in any way in the glorious relationships between the human soul and God, by which man alone can rise to the height of his own marvellous capacities, and which alone is his belief, his pride, his hope. A religion, such as you and I profess--a religion which teaches that God's dear Son came down from heaven to earth, and took upon Him the form of man; and which teaches, further, that in the Spirit God is still as near as when in the person of His Son He walked in Nazareth, dignifies alike the earth and man--makes man more lovable, the earth more glorious--and the presence of God to such as care to know it, an eternal reality. (G. Dawson, M. A.)
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Coffman's Commentaries on the Bible
No man hath beheld God at any time: if we love one another, God abideth in us, and his love is perfected in us:
No man hath seen God at any time ... Blaney was probably correct in seeing this as a warning to Christians against "trying to know God in any other way than the one he is describing."[35] Some have sought, outside of Christianity, to know more about God, hoping for a clearer perception; but this apostolic warning declares all such attempts to be futile. However, "John is not here discounting the visions of God reported in the Old Testament, but meaning that those visions were partial and incomplete. It is in Christ that we see God (John 14:9)."[36]
If we love one another ... Love of the brethren is the primary meaning of this. The humanistic philosophy that reads this "love of all mankind" is an inadequate conception. "Our love toward God is perfected and brought to maturity by the exercise of love towards our brethren in him (Christ)."[37]
The warning in this verse to the effect that the revelation of God is available to people only in Christ is widely needed. All such things as astrology, spiritism, witchcraft and Satanism are basically ways of finding a so-called "reality" apart from Biblical revelation. This apostolic injunction states unequivocally that there is nothing out there which might enlighten or bless people. The true revelation has already been given through people who is "the way, the truth, and the life." Despite this basic truth, the spectacle of a high ranking ecclesiastic losing his life in a desert while trying to communicate with spirits, only recently, was spread on the pages of the newspapers.
God abideth in us ... Why make excursions into deserts or dark rooms, or explore the mysteries of esoteric cults, or plunge into the abyss through drugs or alcohol? when all the while God himself will take up residence in the very soul of one who will through loving open up room for Him who is love.
[35] Harvey J. S. Blaney, op. cit., p. 391.
[36] Leon Morris, op. cit., p. 1268.
[37] A. Plummer, op. cit., p. 104.
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John Gill's Exposition of the Whole Bible
No man hath seen God at any time,.... The same is said by the Evangelist John, John 1:18; but here it is observed with a different view, and upon another account; there it signifies that no man has seen and looked into the counsels and designs of God, and been able to make a discovery and declaration of his mind and will, his love and grace, and which is there ascribed to the Son of God; see Gill on John 1:18; but here the sense is, that whereas God is invisible in his nature, and incomprehensible in his being and perfections, so that there is no coming to him, and seeing of him, and conversing with him in a familiar way, and so not of loving him as he is in himself, and ought to be loved, as one friend sees, converses with, and loves another, and finds his love increased by sight and conversation; then we ought to love the saints and people of God, who are visible, may be seen, come at, and conversed with, see 1 John 4:20; for this clause stands among the arguments and reasons for brotherly love:
if we love one another God dwelleth in us; not as he does in his Son, by union of nature; nor as in heaven, by the displays of his glory; nor as in the whole world, by his omnipresence and power; but by his Spirit, and the communications of his love, and by his gracious presence and communion, which he indulges the saints with; for such who love one another, as they appear to have the Spirit of God, of which that grace is a fruit, so they are by the Spirit built up a fit habitation for God, and by which Spirit he dwells in them; and such may expect the presence of God, for they who live in peace, the God of love and peace shall be with them:
and his love is perfected in us; not that love of God, with which he loves his people; for that admits of no degrees, and is not more or less in itself, or in his heart; but is always invariably and unchangeably the same, and is full, complete, and perfect in his own breast, as it was from all eternity; and does not pass by degrees, or gradually rise from a love of benevolence to a love of complacency and delight, or increase as our love does to him and to one another, on which it has no dependence: nor is this love perfected in the saints in this life; that is to say, they have not perfect knowledge and enjoyment of it; nor have they all the effects of it bestowed upon them, and applied unto them; the perfection of it, in this sense, will be in heaven: but the love with which God is loved is here designed; and it is called his, because he is both the object and the author of it; and this is no effect as to degrees; yea, sometimes, instead of abounding and increasing, it goes back, it is left, and waxes cold; and it will not have its completion till the saints come to heaven, and then it will be in its full perfection and glory, when faith and hope shall be no more: but the sense is, that this grace of love is sincere and hearty, and without dissimulation; it is unfeigned love; and it is in deed and in truth, and not in word and in tongue only; and this appears to be so, by the love which is shown to the brethren, the children of God; so that love to God in the saints is perfected by love to the brethren, just in such sense as faith is made perfect by works, James 2:22, that is, is made to appear to be genuine, right, and true.
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Geneva Study Bible10 No man hath seen God at any time. If we love one another, God dwelleth in us, and his love is g perfected in us.
(10) A third reason: Because God is invisible, therefore by this effect of his Spirit, that is, by charity, he is understood to be not out of us, but united with us and in us, in whom he is so effectually working.
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Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible
God, whom no man hath seen at any time, hath appointed His children as the visible recipients of our outward kindness which flows from love to Himself, "whom not having seen, we love," compare Notes, see on 1 John 4:11, see on 1 John 4:19, 1 John 4:20. Thus 1 John 4:12 explains why, instead (in 1 John 4:11) of saying, "If God so loved us, we ought also to love God," he said, "We ought also to love one another."
If we love one another, God dwelleth in us — for God is love; and it must have been from Him dwelling in us that we drew the real love we bear to the brethren (1 John 4:8, 1 John 4:16). John discusses this in 1 John 4:13-16.
his love — rather, "the love of Him," that is, "to Him" (1 John 2:5), evinced by our love to His representatives, our brethren.
is perfected in us — John discusses this in 1 John 4:17-19. Compare 1 John 2:5, "is perfected," that is, attains its proper maturity.
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Robertson's Word Pictures in the New Testament
No one hath beheld God at any time (τεον ουδεις πωποτε τετεαται theon oudeis pōpote tetheātai). Perfect middle indicative of τεαομαι theaomai (John 1:14). Almost the very words of John 1:18 τεον ουδεις πωποτε εωρακεν theon oudeis pōpote heōraken (instead of τετεαται tetheātai).If we love one another (εαν αγαπωμεν αλληλους ean agapōmen allēlous). Third-class condition with εαν ean and the present active subjunctive, "if we keep on loving one another." God abideth in us (ο τεος εν ημιν μενει ho theos en hēmin menei). Else we cannot go on loving one another. His love (η αγαπη αυτου hē agapē autou). More than merely subjective or objective (1 John 2:5; 1 John 4:9). "Mutual love is a sign of the indwelling of God in men" (Brooke). Is perfected (τετελειωμενη εστιν teteleiōmenē estin). Periphrastic (see usual form τετελειωται teteleiōtai in 1 John 2:5; 1 John 4:17) perfect passive indicative of τελειοω teleioō (cf. 1 John 1:4). See 1 John 4:18 for "perfect love."
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Vincent's Word Studies
Beginning the sentence emphatically, and without the article: God as God. "God hath no man ever yet seen." Compare John 1:18.
His love
Not our love to Him, nor His love to us, but the love which is peculiarly His; which answers to His nature.
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Wesley's Explanatory Notes
No man hath seen God at any time. If we love one another, God dwelleth in us, and his love is perfected in us.
If we love one another, God abideth in us — This is treated of, 1 John 4:13-16.
And his love is perfected — Has its full effect.
In us — This is treated of, 1 John 4:17-19.
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Calvin's Commentary on the Bible
12No man hath seen God The same words are found in John 1:18 of John's Gospel; but John the Baptist had not there exactly the same thing in view, for he meant only that God could not be otherwise known, but as he has revealed himself in Christ. The Apostle here extends the same truth farther, that the power of God is comprehended by us by faith and love, so as to know that we are his children and that he dwells in us.
He speaks, however, first of love, when he says, that God dwells in us, if we love one another; for perfected, or really proved to be, in us is then his love; as though he had said, that God shews himself as present, when by his Spirit he forms our hearts so that they entertain brotherly love. For the same purpose he repeats what he had already said, that we know by the Spirit whom he has given us that he dwells in us; for it is a confirmation of the former sentence, because love is the effect or fruit of the Spirit.
The sum, then, of what is said is, that since love is from the Spirit of God, we cannot truly and with a sincere heart love the brethren, except the Spirit puts forth his power. In this way he testifies that he dwells in us. But God by his Spirit dwells in us; then, by love we prove that we have God abiding in us. On the other hand, whosoever boasts that he has God and loves not the brethren, his falsehood is proved by this one thing, because he separates God from himself.
When he says, and his love is perfected, the conjunction is to be taken as a causative, for, or, because And love here may be explained in two ways, either that which God shews to us, or that which he implants in us. That God has given his Spirit to us, or given us of his Spirit, means the same thing; for we know that the Spirit in a measure is given to each individual.
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Scofield's Reference Notes
(See Scofield "Matthew 5:48").
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John Trapp Complete Commentary
12 No man hath seen God at any time. If we love one another, God dwelleth in us, and his love is perfected in us.
Ver. 12. No man hath seen God] If we read that any hath seen him, we must understand it, that indeed they did see Mercavah, velo harocheb, the chariot in which God rode, but not the rider in it, as that Rabbi speaketh. (Rab. Maim. More Nevochim, iii. 7.)
His love is perfected in us] i.e. Either actively; our love is demonstrated in the excellency of it. Or else passively; the love that God beareth to us is abundantly declared perfect, in that he worketh such a gracious inclination in us. And in this latter sense understand the apostle, 1 John 4:17, touching love made perfect.
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Thomas Coke Commentary on the Holy Bible
1 John 4:12. No man hath seen God, &c.— "God himself is an invisible Spirit, whom no man hath seen nor can see with his bodily eyes. But as he is the great Fountain of benevolence, if we love one another with cordiality and entire sincerity, it appears that God dwelleth in us, and that his love is perfected in us; for this is the best proof we can give of our love to him, and of the prevalence of his grace in our hearts, transforming us into his image."
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Heinrich Meyer's Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament
1 John 4:12. The blessing of brotherly love is perfect fellowship with God.
θεὸν οὐδεὶς πώποτε τεθέαται] comp. 1 John 4:20 and Gospel of John 1:18. In opposition to Rickli's view, that these words were spoken in polemic reference to the false teachers who pretended to see God, i.e. to know Him fully, Lücke rightly asserts that in that case the apostle would have more definitely expressed the polemic element; τεθέαται does not here at all denote spiritual seeing or knowledge (Hornejus, Neander, Sander, Erdmann), but seeing in the strict sense of the word (de Wette, Düsterdieck, Braune). John, however, does not here emphasize this invisibility of God (in which He is infinitely exalted above man; comp. 1 Timothy 6:16) in order to suggest that we can reciprocate the love of God, not directly, but only through love to our visible brethren (Lücke, Ebrard; similarly Hornejus, Lange, etc.), but in order thereby to emphasize still more the following: ὁ θεὸς ἐν ἡμῖν μένει κ. τ. λ. as the Scholiast in Matthiae indicates by paraphrasing: ὁ ἀόρατος θεὸς καὶ ἀνέφικτος διὰ τῆς εἰς ἀλλήλους ἀγάπης ἐν ἡμῖν μένει; a Lapide correctly interprets: licet eum non videamus, tamen, si proximum diligamus, ipse invisibilis erit nobis praesentissimus (so also de Wette, Düsterdieck, Erdmann, Myrberg, Braune). The πώποτε which is added shows that τεθέαται is regarded as the simple perfect, and does not "include past and present" (Lücke); nevertheless with the thought: "no one has seen God at any time," the further thought: "no one can see Him," is tacitly combined. That the apostle had in view the passage Exodus 33:20 (Sander), is the more improbable, as both thought and expression are different. In reference to the appearances of God which the O. T. in Genesis 12:7; Genesis 17:1, and elsewhere, relates, Spener rightly remarks: "All such was not the seeing of the Divine Being Himself, but of an assumed form in which His being manifested itself."
ἐὰν ἀγαπῶμεν ἀλλήλους, ὁ θεὸς ἐν ἡμῖν μένει] In these words the blessing of brotherly love is stated: With brotherly love fellowship with God is associated, because, indeed, love is of God. The explanation of several commentators: "if we love one another, then it may thereby be known that God is in us," weakens the thought of the apostle.(267) God's dwelling in us is certainly not meant to be represented here as a result or fruit of our love to one another (as Frommann, p. 109, interprets); and just as little is it the converse relation; but it is the inseparable co-dependence of the two elements, which mutually condition each other (so also Braune).
καὶ ἡ ἀγάπη αὐτοῦ τετελειω΄ένη ἐστὶν ἐν ἡ΄ῖν] ἡ ἀγάπη αὐτοῦ is not here "the love which God has to us" (Calovius, Spener, Russmeyer, Sander, Erdmann, etc.), for the idea τετελειω΄ένη ἐστίν does not agree with this, comp. 1 John 4:18, but the love which the believer has; αὐτοῦ may, however, be either the objective genitive (so most commentators) or the subjective genitive; but in the latter case we must not interpret, with Socinus: "ea dilectio, quam ipse Deus nobis praescripsit," nor, as Calvin thinks probable: "caritas, quam Deus nobis inspirat," but "the love which is inherent in God" (which is His nature and ἐξ αὐτοῦ); this, however, considered as dwelling in believers ( ἐν ἡ΄ῖν) as the soul of their life (so also Brückner and Braune). This explanation, in which no object which would restrict the general idea of love has to be supplied (comp. 1 John 4:7-8; 1 John 4:16; 1 John 4:18), deserves the preference, because the specific love to God is first mentioned in 1 John 4:19. Quite unjustifiably Ebrard asserts that ἡ ἀγ. αὐτοῦ denotes "the mutual loving relationship between God and us; comp. 1 John 2:5."
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Johann Albrecht Bengel's Gnomon of the New Testament
1 John 4:12. ὁ θεὸς, God) otherwise invisible. Comp. 1 John 4:20.— ἐν ἡμῖν μένει, dwelleth in us) This is treated of in 1 John 4:13-16.— τετελειωμένη ἐστὶν, is perfected) accomplishes all things, which follow upon the expiation of sins. This is treated of, 1 John 4:17-19.
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Matthew Poole's English Annotations on the Holy Bible
The essence of God is to our eyes invisible, incomprehensible to our minds; but by yielding ourselves to the power of his love, so as to be transformed by it, and habituated to the exercise of mutual love, we come to know him by the most pleasant and most apprehensible effects, experiencing his indwelling, vital, operative presence and influences, whereby he is daily perfecting this his own likeness and image in us. This is the most desirable way of knowing God, when, though we cannot behold him at a distance, we may feelingly apprehend him nigh us, and in us.
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Justin Edwards' Family Bible New Testament
Is perfected; by producing in us its proper fruits, and is thus shown to be genuine, complete.
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Cambridge Greek Testament for Schools and Colleges
12. Θεὸν οὐδεὶς πώποτε τεθέαται. As R.V., No man hath beheld God at any time, to mark the shade of difference between this and Θεὸν οὐδεὶς ἑώρακεν πώποτε (John 1:18). Here gazing and contemplation are implied; there not. Each word suits its own context. The order here is striking: God no man ever yet hath beheld. In both cases Θεόν stands first with great emphasis and without the article. Dr Westcott tabulates a number of instances and draws the following conclusion from them: "In Θεός the general conception of divinity is prominent, and in ὁ Θεός that of the One Being in personal relation to others". This distinction holds good with great precision in the present passage. Comp. ὃν εἶδεν οὐδεὶς ἀνθρώπων οὐδὲ ἰδεῖν δύναται (1 Timothy 6:16).
Once more (see on 1 John 4:7) the connecting lines of thought are not on the surface, and cannot be affirmed with certainty. What follows seems to give the clue to what otherwise looks like an abrupt transition. 'I say we must love one another, for by so doing we have proof of the presence of the invisible God. No amount of contemplation ever yet enabled any one to detect God's presence. Let us love one another, and then we may be sure that He is not only with us but in us, and not merely is, but abides'. For μένει see on 1 John 2:24 : He is not a momentary visitant but a permanent friend and guest.
ἡ ἀγάπη αὐτοῦ. The love of Him. 'His love to us' can hardly be meant: in what sense would our loving one another perfect that? Moreover, as already noticed, 'the love of God' in this Epistle commonly means man's love to Him, not His to man (1 John 2:5, 1 John 3:17, 1 John 5:3). 'His love' might possibly mean the love which characterizes Him, or the love which He has implanted in us; but the other is simpler. Our love to God is developed and perfected by our loving one another. We practise and strengthen our love of the Unseen by shewing love to the seen. See on 1 John 2:5.
τετελειωμένη ἐν ἡμῖν ἐστίν. In a perfected form is in us: 'is perfected in us' hardly does justice to the Greek. Τελειοῦσθαι is frequent in Hebrews (Hebrews 5:9; Hebrews 7:28; Hebrews 11:40; Hebrews 12:23) and in this Epistle (1 John 2:5; 1 John 4:17-18).
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Greek Testament Critical Exegetical Commentary
12.] God hath no one ever beheld (what is the connexion of these words, so suddenly and startlingly introduced? It is evident that 1 John 4:12 is connected with 1 John 4:11, by the words ἐὰν ἀγαπῶμεν ἀλλήλους, taking up again ὀφείλομεν ἀλλήλους ἀγαπᾷν. But it is also evident that it is connected with 1 John 4:13 by the ἐν ἡμῖν μένει, κ. τ. λ. And it is further plain, that these words, θεὸν οὐδεὶς πώποτε τεθέαται, must have some close reference to ἀλλήλους ἀγαπᾷν, seeing that they stand between those words in 1 John 4:11, and the resumption of them in 1 John 4:12. It would appear by this, that the idea of connecting them with ἡμεῖς τεθεάμεθα, 1 John 4:14, in the sense, "but we have truly beheld," &c., as Carpzov., is a mistake. Œc. (and similarly Thl. and Aretius) takes it as if some objector were introduced,— ἀκόλουθον δ' ἦν εἰπεῖν τινα, καὶ πόθεν τοῦτο λέγεις περὶ πραγμάτων ἀθεάτων καὶ ἀνεφίκτων, καὶ διαβεβαιοῖς ἡμᾶς οἷς μήπω τις ἔγνωκε; and that the Apostle, συντρέχων τοῖς οὕτω λέγουσι φησὶ καὶ αὐτὸς ὅτι θεὸν μὲν οὐδεὶς ἑώρακε πώποτε, σύμφημι καὶ αὐτός. ἀλλ' ἐκ τῆς εἰς ἀλλήλους ἀγάπης φησὶ γινώσκομεν ὅτι ὁ θεὸς ἐν ἡμῖν ἐστι. But of this objection there is not the slightest trace in the text: and had the Apostle intended to adduce such an one, he would, as Düsterd. well observes, have replied to it not from the effect of our love to one another, but from the facts of the mission and ministry of the Son of God. Of the remaining Commentators, there are two great divisions. The first consists of those who take the axiom as referring forward to ὁ θεὸς ἐν ἡμῖν μένει: i. e. our inner communion of life with God whom we have not seen must be realized and will be realized, by love towards one another: so the Scholl., I.,— ὁ ἀόρατος θεὸς κ. ἀνέφικτος διὰ τῆς εἰς ἀλλήλους ἀλάπης ἐν ἡμῖν μένει, and II.,— τοῦτο οὖν κατορθώσει, φησίν, ἡ ἀγάπη, τὸ ἔνοικον ἡμῖν γενέσθαι θεόν, ὃν οὐδεὶς πώποτε τεθέαται. And so Hunnius, Seb.-Schmidt, Spener, Joach. Lange, Socinus, Grot., Rosenm., Baumg.-Crus., Rickli, Neander, De Wette, Sander, Düsterd., Huther, al. Düsterd. quotes Rickli's representation of this view as the best: "To behold God,—to perceive Him immediately and according to His infinite divine essence, is given to no man here: we cannot apprehend God: but then in the highest and the best manner do we perceive Him inwardly, as His true children, if we love one another, for then God abideth in us." And all this is most true. But I would submit that although it might explain 1 John 4:12 and what follows, it does not explain the place of 1 John 4:12 in the context at all. How comes the Apostle thus suddenly to introduce this axiom and what follows it? Clearly, 1 John 4:11; 1 John 4:14 are connected: the same strain of argument is going on, and it is most improbable that a thought thus foreign to that argument would be introduced into the midst of it. Obviously, this is a great defect in this interpretation. Let us turn to the other, and see whether we have it supplied. It takes the words as saying this: "We cannot immediately return to the invisible God the love which He has shewn to us: for no man has ever seen Him: i. e. He is not to be seen by any. But if we love our brethren, whom we do see, God abides in us, we are His children, objects of His love, and so, by love to our brethren, love to God is perfected in us." (Lücke.) And thus or nearly thus, Corn.-a-lap., Mayer, Schlichting, Episcopius, Bengel, Whitby, G. Lange, Jachmann.
Now this interpretation, as above given, has the merit of being linked to what went before, by our inability to return God's love: but I must feel that Düsterd.'s objection to it is fatal: it gives a sense wholly alien from St. John's habit of thought, in alleging that we cannot return God's love, and further alien in giving as a reason for this inability, that He is invisible. It would be a most unjustifiable use of 1 John 4:20, to convert it thus and make it say that we cannot love God whom we have not seen.
Thus it appears that each view has something to recommend it, each something to discommend it. Is there no third way to be found? In examining 1 John 4:11, we find an unexpected substitution, εἰ οὕτως ὁ θεὸς ἠγάπησεν ἡμᾶς, καὶ ἡμεῖς ὀφείλομεν (not τὸν θεόν, but) ἀλλήλους ἀγαπᾷν. Why so? Here, 1 John 4:20 will guide us to an answer, if rightly used. Not, because we cannot love God whom we have not seen: but because the exponents of God whom we have not seen are our brethren whom we do see. And the Apostle, in substituting ἀλλήλους, does not for a moment drop or set aside the higher τὸν θεόν, but in fact leads up to it by putting its lower and visible objects before us. And then 1 John 4:12 comes in as an explanation, an apology as it were, for this substitution, in the following manner: ἀλλήλους ἀλαπᾷν, I say: for the love to God, which is our ὀφειλή, is love towards one whom we have never seen, and cannot exist in us (as 1 John 4:20) unless by and with its lower degrees as manifested towards our brethren whom we have seen. By our love to them are we to know, how far we have love to Him: if that be present, He dwelleth in us, and ἡ ἀγάπη αὐτοῦ τετελειωμένη ἐστὶν ἐν ἡμῖν. And thus (see below) the way is prepared for 1 John 4:15-16, which take up and bring to a conclusion the reasoning): if we love one another, God abideth in us (for the reason already stated in 1 John 4:8, and restated in immediate connexion with this very matter in 1 John 4:16, that God is Love, and every one that loveth is born of God, knows God, abides in God and God in him), and (simply the copula: not as Calvin, "copulam accipit causalis particulæ loco") the love of Him (i. e. ἡ ἀγάπη αὐτοῦ, as in ch. 1 John 2:5, where we had the same expression, our love to Him, not, as Beza, Bengel, Sander, al., His love to us. This is evident not merely from ch. 1 John 2:5, but from the context here: see it explained above, and remember that it is our love to God which is here the subject, as evinced by our love to our brethren. This is further shewn by the recurrence of the same expression in 1 John 4:17, ἐν τούτῳ τετελείωται ἡ ἀγάπη μεθ' ἡμῶν, and 1 John 4:18, ὁ φοβούμενος οὐ τετελείωται ἐν τῇ ἀγάπῃ. And so the majority of Commentators. Calvin proposes as a possible alternative, "caritas, quam nobis inspirat." Socinus renders "dilectio quam ipse Deus nobis præscripsit." But both these are forced, and agree neither with usage nor with the context) is perfected (see note ch. 1 John 2:5. Here, as there, it signifies, has reached its full maturity: the ἀγαπᾷν ἀλλήλους being the token and measure of it. The form τετελειωμένη ἐστίν, like all resolved forms of verbal tenses, brings out more strongly the peculiar temporal force of the verb substantive united with the import of the participle as a predicate. Hence in this case, the present sense always contained in the perfect, predominates, and there is more reason than ever for rendering "is," not "hath been") in us (on the view above maintained of ἡ ἀγάπη αὐτοῦ, ἐν ἡμῖν keeps its primary and obvious sense, "in us," "within us," as in ch. 1 John 2:5).
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Whedon's Commentary on the Bible
12. No man hath seen God—Neither with bodily nor mental eye. And so we can know him as he is, love, only in the light of that circumfused love wherewith we love one another and him, to which we attain through the divine Propitiator, who has reconciled and unified us all in love, and through whom God has given us his Spirit, affirming him to be love. If we love one another with divine love, our incapacity to ocularly see God is remedied in this luminiferous ether of love.
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Expository Notes of Dr. Thomas Constable
No one has seen God in His pure essence without some kind of filter (cf. John 1:18). Instances in which the biblical writers said that people saw God were theophanies, manifestations of God in human or angelic form (e.g, Genesis 18:1-22; Exodus 33:18-23; et al.). [Note: See Baker"s Dictionary of Theology, s.v. "Theophany," by Wick Broomall.] Whenever we love one another we make it possible for God to "abide" in close fellowship with us. Furthermore God"s love reaches a fullness and depth in us that is possible only when we love one another. It attains its full flower ( 1 John 4:19).
There are three stages of God"s love in1John. These stages are love manifested to the world ( 1 John 4:9), love given to the family of God ( 1 John 3:1), and love perfected in a smaller group within this family (i.e, those who abide in God, 1 John 4:12). The love of God does not reach perfection until it finds objects of love beyond itself. When it does, God, whom no one has seen, will be visible in this manifestation of love.
"God"s love for us is perfected only when it is reproduced in us or (as it may mean) "among us" in the Christian fellowship." [Note: Stott, p164. Cf. Westcott, p152.]
The same phenomenon occurs in human families. When a child says or does something just like one of his or her parents, we see the parent in the child"s behavior (cf. 1 John 3:9).
"The love of God displayed in His people is the strongest apologetic that God has in the world." [Note: Bruce, p109.]
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Schaff's Popular Commentary on the New Testament
1 John 4:12. This verse contains three clauses, which are severally dilated on, though in a rather different order, in the seven verses which follow: the invisibility of God as the object of love; His invisible indwelling nevertheless; and the perfect operation of His love in our hearts as the representative of His invisible self.
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The Expositor's Greek Testament
1 John 4:12. "God—no one hath ever yet beheld Him". By and by "we shall see Him even as He is" (1 John 3:2), but even now, if we love, we are no strangers to Him: He abides and works in us. τετελειωμένη, "carried to its end"; see note on 1 John 2:5.
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George Haydock's Catholic Bible Commentary
No man hath seen God at any time. No mortal man hath seen God and the perfections of his divine Majesty in such a manner as the blessed in heaven, but we have powerful motives to love and serve him, and to love our neighbour for his sake. (Witham)
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E.W. Bullinger's Companion Bible Notes
No man = No one. Greek. oudeis.
seen = beheld. App-133.
dwelleth. Greek. meno. See p. 1511.
perfected = made perfect. App-125.
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Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible - Unabridged
No man hath seen God at any time. If we love one another, God dwelleth in us, and his love is perfected in us. God, whom no man hath seen at any time, appoints His children the visible recipients of our outward kindness, flowing from love to Himself, 'whom not having seen, we love' (1 Peter 1:8 : cf. note, 1 John 4:11; 1 John 4:19-20). Thus, 1 John 4:12 explains why, instead (in 1 John 4:11) of saying, 'If God so loved us, we ought also to love God,' he said, "We ought also to love one another."
If we love one another, God dwelleth in us - for God is love. It must have been from Him dwelling in us that we drew the love we bear to the brethren (1 John 4:8; 1 John 4:16 : discussed, 1 John 4:13-16).
His love - rather, 'love of (i:e., to) Him,' evinced by love to His representatives, our brethren.
Is perfected in us. (Discussed, 1 John 4:17-19.) Compare 1 John 2:5, "Is perfected;" i:e., attains its maturity.
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Treasury of Scripture KnowledgeNo man hath seen God at any time. If we love one another, God dwelleth in us, and his love is perfected in us.
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The Bible Study New Testament
No one has ever seen God. John 1:18. "Some may claim to have seen God in a vision or to have heard Him speak to them. But in fact, no one has ever seen God! But Jesus, the Song of Solomon, has told us about Him. The only actual proof that God lives in us (Ephesians 2:22), or that his love is made perfect in us (1 John 2:5), is that we love one another!"
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E.M. Zerr's Commentary on Selected Books of the New Testament
No man hath seen God literally, but we may exhibit evidences of spiritual knowledge of Him by having love for the brethren. If we do so it will cause God to cl-well in us or in our midst spiritually. His love is perfected or made complete in us when we follow His example of loving the children of God.
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Toy Machine Bags
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Ambush Skateboarding Reviews
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subset: commoncrawl


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The documents to the right are the Coast Guard's Port State Control Annual Reports from 1998 to the present. They provide key statistics related to enforcement of the regulations under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), and the International Ship & Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code. Any questions or comments should be directed to the points of contact on the back cover of the report.
Note: An error has been identified in the original 2013 PSC Annual Report that impacted the detention ratios of the Flag Administrations of the Cayman Islands and Tanzania. Corrections have been made to pages 7, 8, 10 and 12 of the original report to address the error. As a result of the error, the Cayman Islands has been removed from the list of targeted Flag Administrations and placed on the list of those Flag Administrations qualified for the U.S. Coast Guard Qualship 21 Program.


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Girl Group My Darling (마이달링) Make their "Dramatic" (드라마틱) Debut
Girl group "My Darling" (마이달링) made their "Dramatic" (드라마틱) debut on April 25th, 2018!
The new girl group consists of four members Seora, Habyeol, Naye, and Danmi. The girls made their official debut with their track "Dramatic" on April 25th, 2018.
The video itself is simple and cute. Nothing about it was too over the top, and was clearly meant to further the meaning of the song and present the girls talents in a neat and effective manner. Which is extremely well thought out for a debut video. Visually, the music video puts a lot of emphasis on the "sweet" image that the girls have, especially with it's use of soft lighting and light pastel colors. This aspect makes the video light-hearted and easy to watch and enjoy.
In addition to the cute music video the song itself is really sweet,as well as the dance that accompanies it. In the song the girls talk about falling in love and it seeming to be too good to be true. They express their joy and excitement over falling in love, as well as their thoughts on it being too good to be true. The lyrics are very relatable to anyone who's ever been in love or has simply had a crush on someone. Lyrically the song is great and very enjoyable, but when it's paired with the lovely vocals of the My Darling members it excels to an entirely new level.
Another great addition to the video is it's choreography which fits very well in the theme and feel of the music video as a whole. In terms of the girls' overall talents as a group, I am very excited to see how they continue to improve and grow as artists moving forward. They are certainly a group we will be keeping our eyes on.
If you haven't had a chance to check out their debut MV you can do so here! Of course we here at OSKP always want to know your thoughts so don't forget to leave us a comment!


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To the Artist's Page To our home page
To Shane Allison's previous piece To Part II
Wondering I. Drive in the night, after The Pretender to Hungry Howie's & home again. Finger deep in hot wings, chomp on celery sticks dipped in blue cheese salad dressing & wonder where you are. Who's in your life during Saturday Night Live? Are you asleep in your bed? Visions of strawberry Chap Stick dance in your head. Think about you as poems run out of me like something I shouldn't have eaten. I watch you walk past Thagard Health Center, past the pool to your purple car in the parking lot of your fraternity house where you're buried alive in some girl's panties, Treating her breasts like pillows. I want to be your one nightstand, the fattest notch on your bedpost, all the girls you write poems about
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2012 Airstream Eddie Bauer 25 - Texas
- Year: 2012
- Make: Airstream
- Model: Eddie Bauer
- Length: 25
- Condition: Excellent
- Country: United States
- State or Province: Texas
- City: Grapevine
- Zip/Postal Code: 76051
- Type of Sale: Private Seller (Individual)
- Phone (Optional): 817-939-0727
- Listed: November 16, 2017 10:05 am
- Expires: This ad has expired
Information about the ad poster
- Listed by: Skybug13
- Member Since: November 15, 2017
Other items listed by Skybug13
- No other ads by this poster found.
Excellent Condition! Used less than 15 times. Original bedding, backpacks, and all maintenance records included. Holding Tank thoroughly cleaned and sanitized. No leaks or malfuctions. We love our Airstream, but simply do not use it often enough. Non Smokers. Oven and stove have never been used.
I can say with confidence that you will not find a more well cared for trailer.
Please contact Andy 817-313-7011 or Gina 817-939-0727 or email firstname.lastname@example.com for further details.
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I'm building a new PC and want to upgrade my OCZ 600W StealthXStream. It was released in 2007, so I think it's quite old by now.
My specs are:
Ryzen 5 2600X
G.Skill - Flare X Series 16GB (2 x 8GB) DDR4-3200
1 x M.2 NVMe SSD, 1 x SATA SSD, 1 x HDD
I live in Ireland and My budget is about €100. I will do small overclock of RAM timings, but nothing else. From what I understood from lurking, 450W will be enough. I like how quiet my current PSU is. I would get BitFenix Whisper M but it's a bit expensive here (€112). On other Amazon sites I can see it for €77..
I would like to order from Amazon.co.uk because it has the lowest prices here and free delivery with Prime.
Just looking at it, Corsair RM550x (€93) and EVGA 650GQ (€85) look nice.. They are high up on tier lists (I know you guys hate those words). But I really don't know what else to go by.


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Tips To Help You Prevent Gum Disease
Gum disease is a serious dental problem that affects nearly one out of two individuals who are over the age of 30. Gum disease can progress and turn into periodontal disease. Once this occurs, the problem cannot be reversed. It can cause your gums to deteriorate to the point that your teeth begin to loosen and/or even fall out.
Because periodontal disease cannot be reversed, it is important to work hard toward preventing gum disease altogether. Here are a few tips that can help you prevent gum disease.
Increase Your Vitamin C Intake
Vitamin C is important in helping to prevent gum disease. Those who have a vitamin C deficiency or are not getting enough vitamin C are at increased risk of getting gum disease.
It is important to note that some foods that contain vitamin C, such as oranges, are acidic. As such, you should brush your teeth or rinse your mouth after eating these types of foods. If you do not routinely get enough vitamin C from your food, consider taking a multivitamin or vitamin C supplement.
Drink Enough Water Daily
There are many health benefits associated with drinking enough water per day. Drinking at least eight 8-ounce glasses of water per day can help boost your metabolism, manage your weight, and improve your dental health.
Staying hydrated increases the saliva in your mouth. Saliva helps to prevent cavities and also decreases the amount of plaque, which can be vital to preventing gum disease. Drink enough water each day, and begin experiencing the benefits, including a decrease in your chances of getting gum disease.
Consume a Healthy Diet
The final tip that you can use to help prevent gum disease is to consume a healthy diet. Eating sugary drinks and food is bad for your dental health, including your gums. Sticking to healthy items, such as fruits, vegetables, and lean meats, also helps to increase your immunity. Having a higher immune system can help your body naturally to prevent gum disease.
In addition to each of these tips, it is also important to brush your teeth, floss them, and seek regular dental treatment. That, in conjunction with the above tips, can help you to prevent gum disease. If it has been six months or longer, now is the perfect time to schedule an appointment with a family dentist to have your teeth and your gums looked at and cleaned.


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Info Strategy Group
Info Strategy Group
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|Top Laos-related topics
|Top Malaysia-related topics
|Top endangered species in India
|Top Brunei-related topics
|Java banteng (bull)
|Conservation status
|Scientific classification
|Binomial name
|Bos javanicus
d'Alton, 1823
B. j. birmanicus
The Banteng (Bos javanicus), also known as Tembadau, is a species of wild cattle found in Southeast Asia. Banteng have been domesticated in several places in Southeast Asia, and there are around 1.5 million domestic Banteng, which are called Bali cattle. These animals are used as working animals, and for their meat.[2] Bali cattle have also been introduced to Northern Australia, where they have established stable feral populations.[3]
The banteng is similar in size to domestic cattle, being 1.55 to 1.65 m (61 to 65 in) tall at the shoulder, and weighing 600 to 800 kg (1,300 to 1,800 lb).[4] It exhibits sexual dimorphism, allowing the sexes to be readily distinguished by colour and size. In mature males, the short-haired coat is blue-black or dark chestnut in colour, while in females and young it is chestnut, with a dark dorsal stripe. Both males and females have white stockings on their lower legs, a white rump, a white muzzle, and white spots above the eyes. The build is similar to that of domestic cattle, but with a rather slender neck and small head, and a ridge on the back above the shoulders. The horns of females are short and tightly curved, pointing inward at the tips, and those of males arc upwards, growing 60 to 75 cm (24 to 30 in) long, and being connected by a horn-like bald patch on the forehead.
Banteng live in sparse forest where they feed on grasses, bamboo, fruit, leaves and young branches. The Banteng is generally active both night and day but in places where humans are common they adopt a nocturnal schedule. Banteng tend to gather in herds of two to thirty members.
The Banteng is the second endangered species to be successfully cloned, and the first to survive for more than a week (the first was a Gaur that died two days after being born).[5][6] Scientists at Advanced Cell Technology in Worcester, MA, U.S. extracted DNA from Banteng cells kept in the San Diego Zoo's "Frozen Zoo" facility, and transferred it into eggs from domestic cattle, a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer. 30 embryos were created, sent to Trans Ova Genetics, which implanted the fertilized eggs in domestic cattle. Two were carried to term and delivered by caesarian section.[7] The first was born on April 1, 2003, and the second two days later. The second was euthanized[8], but the first survived and, as of September 2006, remains in good health at the San Diego Zoo.
The domesticated form of the banteng was first introduced to Australia in 1849 with the establishment of a British military outpost on the Cobourg Peninsula called Port Essington. 20 animals were taken to the Western Arnhem Land, in current day Northern Territory, as a source of meat. A year after the outpost's establishment, poor conditions including as crop failure and tropical disease lead to its abandonment. With the departure of British troops, the banteng were released from their grazing pastures and allowed to form a feral population.[9] By the 1960's, researchers realized that a population of about 1,500 individuals had developed in the tropical forests of the Cobourg Peninsula.[10]
Since their introduction in 1849, the population has not strayed far from its initial point of domesticated life; all currently live within the Garig Gunak Barlu National Park.[11] As of 2007, the initial population had grown from only 20 in 1849 to 8,000-10,000[12] and is used exclusively for sport hunting and Aboriginal subsistence hunters.[13]
As of February 2005, the Banteng population of the Cobourg Peninsula is 10,000 head, making the population in the Northern Territory the largest in the world. Before the study by Charles Darwin University it was believed that only 5,000 pure-strain Banteng survived worldwide. In their native range the largest herd numbers less than 500.
The Banteng of the Cobourg Peninsula have developed slightly different life processes than their domesticated counterparts. Growth over lifetime is sexually dimorphic; males grow faster and are larger than females.[14] Furthermore, females reach maximum body mass in three to four years, while males take five to six. Sexual maturity occurs three to four years, and two to four years in males and females respectively. Fecundity also declines in older females. Breeding is seasonal, with maximum mating occurring during the months of October and November, and most births take place in the winter months of June to August. Calf mortality is high in the first six months of life, and declines quickly thereafter with increasing body size. When compared to domestic populations, it was found that increased food in captive conditions allowed respectively higher fecundity, earlier maturation, and lower juvenile mortality.[14]
Despite being a non-native species, the feral Australian banteng has adapted to positively interact with native avian populations. Studies have shown that mutual relationships have developed involving the removal of ectoparasites residing on the bovid body by the Torresian crow (Corvus orru). [15] This is especially notable because it is the first-known relationship of such a kind, which only needed 150 years to develop, where a native bird shares a mutual symbiotic relationship with a non-native wild mammal.
Within the Garig Gunak Barlu National Park, where practically all Banteng reside, there has been limited damage due to overgrazing. They are primarily found within the monsoon forests, but cause little damage, especially when compared to feral pigs.[16] Within the forest, densities were found to be around 70 per square kilometer, and have remained near their initial introduction point 140 years ago because of the possibility that their habitat is a uniquely suitable mosaic of grassland and monsoon forest.[16] Another likely reason for their limit dispersal is the presence of fences along the southern end of the peninsula installed to manage movement of other feral species like the water buffalo.[17] Interaction with the habitat is also unclear in another aspect involving monsoonal forest succession into grasslands. [18] Within the Garig Gunak Barlu National Park researchers noticed that monsoonal seedling were encroaching into previously well established grasslands. It is thought that the grazing by banteng limits potential fuel for grassland fires to take back monsoonal forest and spreads monsoonal seeds, but was still unclear after the study. [18]
Since Australian banteng are considered an invasive non-native species, some environmental scientists believe that a complete removal of the limited population will allow previously occupied habitat to regress back to its pre-1849 state and allow native species to return. However, this thought of return to pristine conditions is not clearly favorable because of the socio-economic niche it has formed, as well as playing an integral role in helping to recover endangered wild individuals in Asia.
Small populations in northern Australian are heavily relied on as a source of income for sport hunting as well as Aboriginal peoples. Studies revealed that as much as AU$200,000 can be made annually on hunting without damaging populace stability.[11]
The current population of banteng in Australia has become the center of debate due to the endangered status it has achieved in its native Asia. Wild bantengs are incredibly rare in Asia due to loss of suitable habitat, even though they are regularly used in domestic agricultural settings as grazers. But these domestic bantengs of South East Asia have varying degrees of introgression from other domesticated Bos species. The Australian bantengs are derived from the domesticated form and not from the rare wild form. However, genetic studies have revealed that the Australian bantengs are identical to the Asian Bos javanicus and are therefore not crossed with other species, what places the Australian population in a different conservation category relative to its domesticated conspecific in South East Asia.
Since a small founder event occurred with only approximately 20 previously domesticated individuals, a genetic bottlenecking has inevitably occurred, causing all current individuals in Australia to be genetically similar and lacking genetic diversity due to generational inbreeding. This was proven using microsatellites, 12 in all, were used to determine that their inbreeding coefficient was high, F=0.58.[11] These findings were comparatively much higher than the endangered artiodactyl populations in Southeast Asia. Despite the limited genetic pool of this population, conservationists are hopeful that preservation of at-risk populations can transpire. Some have proposed a deliberate introduction of the endangered populations to the stable but non-native Australian variety will enable viable conservation, even though it is not entirely known how it will affect Northern Territory grazing ranges.[13]


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Forklift Operator (2765500)
Last Updated: 2019-11-25
Employer: Intercontinental PackagingLocation: Opelika, AL
NO PHONE CALLS TO EMPLOYER. Operate forklift to load and unload trailers. Putting away stock and bringing stock to machines. Prefer experience dealing with corrugated stock. Be willing to work Monday through Friday and some Saturdays. Forklift experience in an industrial setting is preferred. Pay depends on experience.
- Registered Apprenticeship


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Since 2001 I am grateful to have been supported by my family, friends and colleagues to continue to operate my business. I continue to enhance my skillset to stay current and am passionate about supporting people in business.
I am honored to have been the First Certified Professional Secretary in Brandon in 1996 and was supported by Simplot Canada Limited (Now Koch Fertilizer) to obtain that designation.
I currently type over 100 words per minute and am very passionate about business. This skillset offers my clients efficiency and more value.
If you are a home based business, small business or corporation that requires business support, I offer full business services. Whether you are considering starting a business, are starting a business, or have been in business for a while and need to re-brand or re-market I am here to help you.
I offer foundation branding and marketing services such as logo design, website design, social media, uploading your domain name onto the search engines, email marketing, branding sessions, graphic banner image design for social media, business card design and print, letterhead and more.
If you are in need of registering a domain name, I had been a reseller for Godaddy for over 10 years. I still promote them and can register your domain name, activate your business email account and get your business online with website builder templates in literally 1 day!
Business Intelligence Coaching includes soft skills training and coaching to help you determine your skillset, services, and prioritize your branding and marketing. I will work with you to determine and prioritize your skills, confidence, determine your success and what it means to you, and create YOUR roadmap for operating your business! (More on this further down the page!)
Branding sessions are very unique and my clients value them immensely. They include your skillset, your innovation, benefits, your value that you offer and includes a very comprehensive 30 second elevator speech. This includes learning how to effectively use mind mapping to build your business. I conduct a full LAB profile to determine your convincer language that will help magnetize your proper clients and I teach you many business tools, techniques, and modalities that you can use daily to enhance your business and continue to take it to the next level.
I also offer a complete Marketing Consulting Report analysis of your business and the steps that you can take in order to grow your business over a 5 year period.
I look forward to working with you to help you enhance your business so you can do more of what you love to do!
If you have a business question that you would like support with, text it to Janice 204.761.3680
If you have a business question that you would like support with, call Janice 204.761.3680
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MEDICRO GmbH
Klostersteig 19
91580 Petersaurach
Phone: +49(0)9872.969931
Our background
For nearly 20 years we have been assisting companies in all areas of study organization, marketing authorization, medical writing, translations and any regulatory matters as a strong and reliable partner in medical technology, biotechnology and the pharmaceutical industry.
MEDICRO is a contract research organization and consulting company located in the Nuremberg Metropolitan Region, operating worldwide. It is our goal to convince you through cost efficient services, profound knowledge and quick response times. Years of cooperation with satisfied customers show that high quality standards pay off for both sides.
Our mission
- Innovative – MEDICRO is your innovative partner in clinical trials and PMCF studies!
- Focused – Your wish is our concern! We achieve highest quality through motivation and dedication.
- Efficient – Your study, your clinical evaluation, your regulatory matters or your translation –performed by us efficiently!
Your needs and expectations
If you expect highest quality and best services for your projects, then MEDICRO is the right partner for you. In particular regarding the transition to the MDR, a quick implementation, compliance with requirements, on-schedule execution and a reliable and professional partner is what is important to you. We provide advice in all matters relating to the MDR.
Take the chance to meet us in person here in Nuremberg. Be captivated by a brief moment experiencing the Magical Touch, and afterwards get convinced of our expertise. MEDICRO is your partner who consults, assists and acts in your interest.


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The Angry Birds Movie 2 (2019) English+Hindi | 720p | HQ | x264 | 854 MB | MKV | MP4 | Animation
The Angry Birds Movie 2 (2019) English+Hindi | 720p | HQ | x264 | 854 MB | MKV | MP4 | Animation
Title: The Angry Birds Movie 2 English
Genres: Animation | Adventure | Comedy | Family
Country: Finland | USA
Language: English
Release Date: 14 August 2019 (USA)
Quality: 720p HQ DVDScr x264
Format: MKV
Size: 850-MB
King Mudbeard, the ruler of the Bad Piggies, plots revenge against the Angry Birds after they devastated his homeland in a prior battle to reclaim their eggs,[N 2] leading to a comical war that seemingly does not end until a mysterious purple bird named Zeta from "eagle island" threatens extinction of them all with her own plans by cryokinetic technology after being fed up with living in a remote, arctic island. To avoid a frozen fate, the Birds and Pigs forge an uneasy alliance against Zeta and embark on a new adventure.
Download The Angry Birds Movie 2 (also referred to as Angry Birds 2 English Movie) 2019 computer-animated comedy film based on Rovio Entertainment's Angry Birds video game series, produced by Columbia Pictures, Rovio Animation and Sony Pictures Animation,[N 1] and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing. The sequel to The Angry Birds Movie (2016), the film is directed by Thurop Van Orman, co-directed by John Rice, and written by Peter Ackerman, Eyal Podell, and Jonathon E. Stewart. The film stars Jason Sudeikis, Josh Gad, Danny McBride, Maya Rudolph, Bill Hader and Peter Dinklage reprising their roles from the first film, with newcomers Leslie Jones, Rachel Bloom, Awkwafina, Sterling K. Brown, and Eugenio Derbez joining the cast. The film was theatrically released on August 2, 2019 in the United Kingdom and Ireland, and will be in the United States on August 14, 2019.
- Jason Sudeikis as Red
- Josh Gad as Chuck
- Danny McBride as Bomb
- Leslie Jones as Zeta
- Bill Hader as Leonard
- Rachel Bloom as Silver
- Awkwafina as Courtney
- Sterling K. Brown as Garry Pig
- Eugenio Derbez as Glenn
- Peter Dinklage as Mighty Eagle
- Beck Bennett as Brad Eagleburger
- Zach Woods as Carl Eagle
- Pete Davidson as Jerry Eagle
- Lil Rel Howery as Alex
- Dove Cameron as Ella
- Nicki Minaj as Pinky
- Brooklynn Prince as Zoe
- Genesis Tennon as ViVi (Vincent)
- JoJo Siwa as Jay
- Maya Rudolph as Matild
- Anthony Padilla as Hal
- Tiffany Haddish as Debbie
- Colleen Ballinger as Roxanne
- David Dobrik as Axel
- Faith Urban as Beatrice
- Sunday Urban as Lily
- Alma Varsano
- Gaten Matarazzo as Bubba


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If you want some good information on this subject, then you so in for cat genie reviews. This is something very important and also helps one in if you own the pet then things are easier. It is very important, that you take good care of things. Once many people are having pets, then you need to keep them in check.
If you have pets, this is something really good. You will not need to look anywhere else, this is one of the best things that you can get and enjoy your time. There will be no problem. Many people are facing some serious issues and there could, this a good product and can give you real value for money.
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Class Launch
Surrey: Thur Jun 27 2:00pm during Cake Therapy
We have a small schedule for summer and will go over the classes at the beginning of cake therapy. Come and see what we have planned for summer in Surrey.
One Last Cake Therapy Before Summer
Surrey: Thurs Jun 27 – 2:00pm – 3:00pm or Sat Jun 29 – 9:30am – 10:30am
Tom's Sewing Centre
#102 – 8338 – 120th St
Surrey, BC


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Timeline of the Florida High School Shooting
Investigators has shared the precise timeline of the mass shooting that unfolded at a high school in Parkland Florida.
The details were provided to the public by Broward Country Sheriff Scott Israel.
2:19 pm: The shooter arrived at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in an Uber. The shooter the entered one of the stairwells and readied his rifle.
2:21 pm: He began firing shots in to the 1st of 4 rooms. More shots were fired into the 2nd and 3rd rooms and then he went back to the 1st room and fired more rounds. He then targeted a 4th classroom.
The shooter then walked to the 2nd floor through a stairwell where he shot another victim.
He then walked to the 3rd floor where he dropped his gun and backpack and ran out of the school with other fleeing students.
He ran to a Walmart close to the school and bought a drink at the Subway sandwich shop inside the Walmart.
3:01 pm: The shooter then walked on foot to a near by McDonald's where he inside the restaurant.
3:41 pm: The shooter left the McDonald's on foot and was spotted by a Police officer who recognized him from a description of the shooter.
3:44 pm: The shooter was arrested without incident in Coral Springs.
The shooter is being held without bond and is facing 17 charges of premeditated murder.


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Pose As Odd Squad Agents!
- May 21, 2015
- Comments : 864
Check out Gus and me posing as Odd Squad agents! Pose as an agent and share your picture below. Have you noticed odd things happening in the Kingdom? To find out why, tune in to PBS KIDS for new episodes of Odd Squad next week,... read more


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If you were running a transect of a Middle Eastern city from the old city center to the urban expansion zone, one of your conclusions might be that:
the well-to-do are abandoning the old city
Washington, D.C., is to New York City, as Rabat is to:
How many of the following cities are on the continent of Africa?
Jerusalem / Cairo / Tehran / Istanbul / Alexandria
Which one of these cities is not located in the Fertile Crescent?
What is the general relationship between urbanization and civilization?
They evolved hand in hand
Which one of the following countries does not have an urban tradition that dates back several millennia?
United Arab Emirates
A tell (or tel) is:
a hill which gained height as one ancient city was built on top of the remains of another
Which one of these statements about Middle Eastern cities is incorrect?
Petrodollars give Middle Eastern cities a developmental edge over cities in other parts of the world.
Dubai's Burj Khalifa:
anchors the city's new mixed-use downtown
The cultural landscape within the walls of old Jerusalem includes sites that are sacred to:
Jews, Muslims, and Christians
In Tehran, apartment living contrasts sharply with traditional housing. How?
In traditional housing, privacy was a low priority; but, in apartments privacy rights became major political issues.
What is the relationship between the kasbah and the medina in a city like Rabat?
The kasbah is located inside the medina.
Ur and Uruk were:
among the first true cities in world history
Which of these features are least likely to be found in the medina of a Middle Eastern city?
parking lots
The growh of global internet is:
being driven by the popularity of mobile Internet connections
What city served as an imperial capital for an almost record-setting 1600 years under Romans, Byzantines, and Ottomans?
Which one of the following elements of the built environment of Middle Eastern cities does not promote cooling and temperature control?
Expansive urban squares maximize air circulation.
Cairo has:
expanded to engulf the famous pyramid complex on the Giza plateau
Istanbul, Tehran, and Cairo are:
the anchors of the Middle East's urban triangle
Facets of the housing problem in Middle Eastern cities include:
the emergence of gecekondu and bidon a petrole
finding affordable housing for the middle class
an ongoing reduction in public housing availability
finding affordable housing for the middle class
an ongoing reduction in public housing availability
The concept of dualism applied to urban tourism in the Middle East suggests that:
tourists experience one part of the city, while residents experience a different part
In the cities of what country on the following list would you find most signs in the Arabic language?
Which one of these statements about Jerusalem is incorrect?
It occupies an attractive site and strategic location.
Which city's new cathedral opened in 2001 to commemorate the nation's 1700 years of Christianity?
Yerevan, Armenia
Unskilled immigrants take low-wage jobs in cities such as Dubai and Doha. These workers are most likely to come from:
India and Sri Lanka
The focus of a traditional home in cities of southwest Asia was the:
Several megalopolises are developing in the Middle East. Which one of them spans two continents?
the Marmara megalopolis
What is the status of green space in Beirut?
There is an average of 0.8 square meters of green space per person
Hajj-related tourism brings over 2 million visitors annually to what city?
was converted from a Christian city to a Muslim city under the Ottomans
In which one of the following empires might the cities be described as "Islamic cities"?
Ottoman Empire
Uprisings in the cities of what two countries began the revolt which led to demands for democracy, free elections, and an end to corruption across the Arab world?
Tunisia and Egypt
The "quarters" that developed within the old walled cities of the Middle East:
mimicked the security and social cohesiveness of the village
In the near future, what city may emerge as the first to achieve metacity status in the Middle East?
The minarets that punctuate the skylines of Middle Eastern cities are associated with:
Damascus and Aleppo. Sana'a and Aden. Tripoli and Benghazi. These city pairs illustrate:
rival urban cores within a single country
In the Arab Middle East, you would go to a souk (or suq) to:
buy something
The Persian/Arabian Gulf's leading city in terms of business, entertainment, and consumer services is:
Wooden lattice over windows and staggered doors on opposite sides of the street illustrate the high value which the Islamic religion places on:
Mecca's core is dominated not by a Central Business District, but by a:
"Central Religious District" anchored by the Great Mosque


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Manchester United director Maurice Watkins has led a team of lawyers who helped set up a new body representing football leagues around the world.
The World League Association will aim to be the leading voice of leagues across the globe and will come into being later this year.
Mr Watkins, joint senior partner at Brabners Chaffe Street, led a team of sports lawyers at the firm who advised on the structure and constitution of the WLA.
Representatives from the world's major professional leagues travelled to Manchester to get the organisation up and running last week.
Mr Watkins said: "We are pleased to be associated with the World League Association, which continues our work with the leading football leagues in the world."
Brabners already works with the European Professional Leagues, which was founded in 2005.
The WLA will have 11 members, six from the EPFL and five from the other founding members, which are the South African Premier Soccer League, Major League Soccer, in America, the Thai Professional League and the United Arab Emirates League.
The work done by the Brabners team comes as the firm has also been appointed to the a panel aiming to give sports governing bodies access to reasonably priced legal advice.
The Legal Panel Framework has been set up by Sport England, Sport Wales, UK Sport and the Sport and Recreation Alliance.
It will provide services across 19 areas of law, including child protection, governance, athlete selection, EU sports policy and major events.
Jason Smith, a sports law partner in Brabners' Manchester office, said: "This appointment clearly provides us with an opportunity to share the expertise we have acquired from working within this sector for many years, including with British Cycling, British Swimming and Commonwealth Games England to help such sport and recreation bodies face the increasingly legal environment in which they operate."
- Do you receive the MEN business bulletin? Take the hard work out of keeping up with Manchester business news and sign up for the twice-daily email


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If you have suffered ill effects or injury from a delay in diagnosis, misdiagnosis or from poor advice provided by your GP or other health practitioner, we can help you to secure compensation. Examples of other health practitioners might include physiotherapists, community midwives, health visitors and carers and can be made against those working within the NHS or privately.
If you have suffered as a result of medical negligence in the last three years call us today on 01689 887887 to speak to one of our medical negligence solicitors. Or simply submit your details on our brief online claim form and we will contact you shortly.
Read our FAQs, which addresses questions such as "am I eligible to make a personal injury claim", "how is my injury claim pursued", "how long will my personal injury claim take" and "how much compensation will I receive from my negligence claim"?


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questions to ask a girl on an online dating site
January 23, 2019
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The trees have fallen and the Silmarils lost. Teleperion bears one last flower of silver, and Laurelin a single fruit of gold, which were taken and put into vessels to hang in the sky as great lamps. With these lamps they resolve to illuminate Middle Earth, bringing light to the people's there and hindering Melkor's (literally) dark deeds.
Good news: the Valar have a solid idea that they need to actually pay attention to Melkor and the danger he poses.
Bad news: with the arrival of humans imminent (plus the waking of the dwarves), waging war on Melkor might take out the life they're charged with preparing the world for.
Isil the Sheen the Vanyar of old named the Moon, flower of Telperion in Valinor; and Anar the Fire-golden, fruit of Laurelin, they named the Sun. But the Noldor named them also Rana, the Wayward, and Vasa, the Heart of Fire, that awakens and consumes; for the Sun was set as a sign for the awakening of Men and the waning of the Elves, but the Moon cherishes their memory.
It's almost shocking to me to see that the waning of the Elves starts so early. But the Sun and the Moon are hung in the sky, each steered by a Maiar. Arien for the Sun and Tilion for the moon. Arien... is kind of amazing, mightier than her hunter counterpart, a spirit of fire, undecieved by Melkor, and with eyes too bright for even the Eldar to look upon. As the Sun Melkor dares not come near her and her might. Like I said, kind of amazing.
The original plan was to have the Moon and the Sun in the sky at the same time, crossing opposed with their lights mingling. Like many myths of the Sun and the Moon, the path the follow now is the result of an attraction between them. In this case Tilion, wayard and uncertain in speed, seeks to come near Arien, drawn in by her splendor while yet the flame of Anar scorches him and the Moon itself. Even when Varda decrees a change in path, a course across and under the world, Tilion's pace remains unsteady.
The withered husks of the trees still stand in Valinor, and while Melkor will not come near the Sun, his failed attacks against Tilion unsettle the Valar. And so they fortify their home and mount continuous guards, closing all egresses save one, for the Eldar must at times need to breath the air from the land of their birth as carried by the breeze, and for their kin they refuse to sunder entirely from.


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Rob Gronkowski Schedules Press Conference to Announce 'Next Chapter'
Rob Gronkowski is about to make his next move after retiring from the NFL earlier this year. According to Henry McKenna of USA Today, the former New England Patriots tight end has scheduled a press conference in New York on August 27. McKenna said the press conference will be about Gronkowski unveiling his "next chapter" and he will "tackle new opportunities."
Rob Gronkowski appears to have scheduled a meeting with the media for 8/27 in New York City. Per a PR agent, Gronk plans to unveil his "next chapter" as he "tackles new opportunities."— Henry McKenna (@McKennAnalysis) August 13, 2019
Does this mean Gonk is returning to the NFL? It would make sense because he's only 29 years old and he still has a few good years left in him. However, with him having a press conference in March to announce his retirement, it's hard to believe that will happen.
"I am so grateful for the opportunity that Mr. Kraft and Coach Belichick gave to me when drafting my silliness in 2010," Gronkowski said according to 247Sports. "My life experiences over the last 9 years have been amazing both on and off the field," he wrote on the post that has generated more than 250,000 likes and thousands of comments. "The people I have meet, the relationships I have built, the championships I have been apart (sic) of, I just want to thank the whole New England Patriots organization for every opportunity I have been giving and learning the great values of life that I can apply to mine."
Once he retired, the thought was Gronkowski would become part of the WWE family. But pro wrestler Mojo Rawley said Gronk won't join him in the ring anytime soon.
"He just wrapped up a decade-long career breaking records," Rawley said. "For every record, he had he probably had as many injuries or surgeries putting his body on the line for the team and the fans. Right now he's doing nothing. He's going to lay low and stay off the television a little bit and heal up. He'll reflect and make that next move and make that decision carefully.0comments
"But in the future, we have talked about it extensively. Wrestling is something that he both loves watching, and that little bit of taste he had in the ring with me at WrestleMania a couple years ago with me got him all fired up. So, he's ready to do something at some point."
Gonk has nothing to prove on the football field as he finished his career with 521 receptions, 7,861 yards and 79 touchdowns. Along with winning three Super Bowls, Gronk was named to the Pro Bowl five times and he was named to the All-Pro First Team four times. So it's going to be very interesting what the former tight end announces at the end of August.
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Challenging Questions Concerning Christ
Contributed by Donnie Martin on Sep 14, 2002 (message contributor)
Summary: It is possible to know someone for many years and yet not have truly perceived the intricate qualities of their real person. The same is true of the relationship between the saint and the Savior. Have we grasped who He is?
Challenging Questions Concerning Christ
Text: John 14: 8-10
Intro: It is amazing sometimes that we humans can be so familiar with something or someone and yet somehow be oblivious to its or their real nature. It seems so contradictory to know, and yet not to know, at the same time.
How often have we heard the statement, "I thought I knew everything there was to know about that person. But I've discovered I really didn't know them at all." That statement simply reveals that it is possible to know a person, and yet not really perceive all of the intricate qualities of their personality.
It is precisely this idea that is brought out by Jesus' response to Philip's question. As a matter of fact, Jesus seems almost amazed that Philip had not yet discerned His true nature. He said, "Have I been so long time with you, and yet hast thou not know me, Philip" (John 14: 9)?
Philip had lived and worked with Jesus for almost three and a half years, and yet he had not grasped the fact that to see Jesus was to see God the Father. Their characteristics and personalities were identical. Jesus had previously stated that He and His Father were one (John 10: 30).
With these thoughts in mind, I want to suggest three other questions that I believe are implied by our Lord's question to Philip. As we consider these questions, it is my hope that we will come to truly perceive the person of Christ in a better way.
Theme: When Jesus asked, "Hast thou not known Me," I believe He was also asking:
A. Jesus Was Holy In His Character.
NOTE: Our Savior's character was spotless through and through. He was the same in the dark as He was in the light.
Supreme Test of Goodness
The supreme test of goodness is not in the greater but in the smaller incidents of our character and practice; not what we are when standing in the searchlight of public scrutiny, but when we reach the firelight flicker of our homes; not what we are when some clarion-call rings through the air, summoning us to fight for life and liberty, but our attitude when we are called to sentry-duty in the gray morning, when the watch-fire is burning low. It is impossible to be our best at the supreme moment if character is corroded and eaten into by daily inconsistency, unfaithfulness, and besetting sin.
F. B. Meyer in Our Daily Walk
1. The Old Testament prophesied the righteousness of Christ.
Isa.11: 1 "And there shall come forth a rod out of Jesse, and a Branch shall grow out of his roots:
4 But with righteousness shall he judge the poor, and reprove with equity for the meek of the earth: and he shall smite the earth with the rod of his mouth, and with the breath of his lips shall he slay the wicked.
5 And righteousness shall be the girdle of his loins, and faithfulness the girdle of his reins."
Jer.23: 5 "Behold, the days come, saith the Lord, that I will raise unto David a righteous Branch, and a King shall reign and prosper, and shall execute judgment and justice in the earth."
2. The New Testament testifies to Christ's righteous character.
a. Gabriel declared the holy nature of Christ.
Luke 1: 35 "That holy thing which shall be born of thee shall be called the Son of God."
b. Demons declared the holiness of Christ.
Mark 1: 23 "And there was in their synagogue a man with an unclean spirit; and he cried out,
24 Saying, Let us alone; what have we to do with thee, thou Jesus of Nazareth? art thou come to destroy us? I know thee who thou art, the Holy One of God."
B. Jesus Was Holy In His Conduct.
1. Peter proclaimed Christ's doings to be impeccable.
Acts 10: 38 "How God anointed Jesus of Nazareth with the Holy Ghost and with power: who went about doing good, and healing all that were oppressed of the devil; for God was with Him."
I Pet.2: 21b "…Christ also suffered for us, leaving us an example, that ye should follow his steps:
22 Who did no sin, neither was guile found in his mouth:"
2. Isaiah prophesied Christ's death to be in innocence.
Isa.53: 9 "And he made his grave with the wicked, and with the rich in his death; because he had done no violence, neither was any deceit in his mouth."
NOTE: Folks, as Christians we have a great responsibility. Our lives are to point people to Christ, for we are His ambassadors. That knowledge should affect how we live.
Queen Victoria
When Queen Victoria was a child, she didn't know she was in line for the throne of England. Her instructors, trying to prepare her for the future, were frustrated because they couldn't motivate her. She just didn't take her studies seriously. Finally, her teachers decided to tell her that one day she would become the queen of England.
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