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Best InkJet Printers: Ink cartridges refer to ink containers that have an inbuilt print head. These small boxes of ink (cartridges) are filled with liquid ink, which is then used by the printer to print out your documents or the images that you need from your device. Most printers that can print color, come with one black cartridge and a color cartridge that combines 3 primary colors to come up with a variety of color combinations.
Best Ink Jet Printers
To buy a printer, we have to look at its quality and features. But can we get everything in one? Even if we get everything in one, we might have to pay a higher cost for it. Also, maintaining its stability comes with a price.
So, what should you look for in the best inkjet printers? Not
Here is an idea for what you should know before buying the inkjet printers.
- Graphics and Text Quality
- Photo Printing
- Connectivity
- Duty Cycles and Paper Capacity
- Inkjets for the Office
- Specialty Inkjet Printers
Looking at the above-mentioned points will make you choose your inkjet printer wisely. The list below contains the best inkjet printers.
Epson Wireless Color All-in-One Inkjet Printer Workforce WF-7610
| Product Name: Epson WorkForce WF-7610 | Price: Rs. 46,832 /- |
Epson WorkForce WF-7610 Specifications:
|Item Height
|43.2 Centimeters
|Item Width
|72.6 Centimeters
|Screen Size
|Item Weight
|22 Kg
|Product Dimensions
|56.9 x 72.6 x 43.2 cm
|Item model number
|Wireless Type
|Number of USB 2.0 Ports
|19 Watts
Epson WorkForce WF-7610 Review:
The Epson WorkForce WF-7610 is a high-resolution printer which is capable of printing stunning graphics as well as images. Using the Epson Connect option you can directly print documents from your iPhone, iPad, tablets, smartphones, and more. The Epson paper tray holds for more than 250 papers plus a rear tray for specialty paper including envelopes, labels, and card stock. Finally, the Epson WorkForce is a high-quality and versatile multi-function device which is the best suit for all purposes.
- Fast Print Speeds
- Can't auto-sense paper type
Bottom Line: The printer is massive compared to its competitors. But the features that Epson Wireless Workforce WF-7610 gives, the size can be neglected.
Canon Pixma Pro 100 A3 Wi-Fi Single-Function Printer
| Product Name: Canon Pixma Pro 100 A3 | Price: Rs. 40,000 /- |
Canon Pixma Pro 100 A3 Specifications:
|Item Height
|21.6 Centimeters
|Item Width
|69.1 Centimeters
|Screen Size
|13 Inches
|Item Weight
|19.6 Kg
|Product Dimensions
|38.6 x 69.1 x 21.6 cm
|Item model number
|Wireless Type
|Included Components
|Printer, Starter Ink Kit, Cable, Installation CD, Manual
Canon Pixma Pro 100 A3 Review:
The Canon Pixma Pro 100 A3 is a large format pro-level printer which emphasizes on excellent photo quality. This does not seem to use too much ink and hence is a pocket saver too. Although it is very large and bulky, it can produce up to 19″ x 13″ prints. This Canon Pixma model is so designed that it is not only the best suit for people intending to print in color but also for those who are in want of black and white.
- Uses Dye-based cartridges which make high-gloss prints
- Not recommended for extensive plain paper printing
Bottom Line: Canon Pixma Pro 100 A3 provides great photo prints with high gloss prints.
HP DeskJet 5075 All-in-One Ink Advantage Wireless Colour Printer with Duplex Printing
| Product Name: HP DeskJet 5075 | Price: Rs. 7,299 /- |
HP DeskJet 5075 Specifications:
|Model Name
|DeskJet Ink
|Product Dimensions
|44.5 x 36.7 x 12.8 cm
|RAM Size
|Memory Storage Capacity
|Max Print speed Monochrome
|10 pages_per_minute
|Max Print Speed Colour
|7 pages_per_minute
|Printer Output Type
|Screen Size
|2.2 Inches
|Batteries Required
|Wireless Type
|802.11.n, 802.11.g, 802.11.b
|Modem Speed
|56 kilobits_per_second
|Total USB Ports
|Connector Type
HP DeskJet 5075 Review:
Possessing a maximum print speed of 10 per minute, HP DeskJet is one of the best InkJet printers. The HP DeskJet 5075 printer offers fast and versatile performance with hands-free productivity. It's double-sided printing automatically prints two-sided documents. If you can ignore the amount of ink it takes to print, it is the best suitable printer for general purposes.
- Cheap
- All-in-one printer
- Duplex Printing
- More usage of Ink
Bottom Line: HP DeskJet 5075 has a lot to offer in accordance with its price. But the duplex printing is slower and the usage of ink is more compared to its competitors.
Canon Pixma MG 3070S All-in-One Wireless InkJet Color Printer
| Product Name: Canon Pixma MG 3070S | Price: Rs. 4,095 /- |
Canon Pixma MG 3070S Specifications:
|Product Dimensions
|30.6 x 42.6 x 14.5 cm
|Max Print Resolution Monochrome
|4800 x 600 Pixels
|Max Print Speed Monochrome
|8 images_per_minute
|Max Print Resolution Colour
|4800 x 600 Pixels
|Max Print Speed Colour
|4 pages_per_minute
|Printer Output Type
|Printing Technology
|Max Input Sheet Capacity
|Maximum Scanning Size
|A4 / Letter (216 x 297mm)
|Included Components
|10 Watts
|Batteries Required
|Connector Type
Canon Pixma MG 3075S Review:
The Canon Pixma MG 3075S possesses a print speed of 8 pages per minute which is very reasonable for printers of this price range. This printer is the best suit for day-day printing purposes like small scale printings. Canon Pixma MG 3075S offers the best value for money as it possesses wireless printing, printing over the cloud, and direct printing services. Also, the scanning and printing resolution is very satisfactory hence proving it a worthy device.
- Cheap
- Wireless Printing
- Vivid Colors
- Absence of duplex printing
Bottom Line: Offers wireless printing and Pixma Cloud Link at a suitable price. The quality is quite impressive and prints are adequately sharp. But on the bad side, it has no Bluetooth or USB plug and play.
HP DeskJet 2622 All-in-One Wireless Colour InkJet Printer
| Product Name: HP DeskJet 2622 | Price: Rs. 3,899 /- |
HP DeskJet 2622 Specifications:
|Item Weight
|4.53 Kg
|Package Dimensions
|47.2 x 35 x 18.8 cm
|Max Print Resolution Monochrome
|600 x 300 Pixels
|Max Print speed Monochrome
|6 pages_per_minute
|Max Print Speed Colour
|3 pages_per_minute
|Printer Output Type
|Printing Technology
|Inkjet Printer
|Display Technology
|Icon LCD display
|Display Resolution Maximum
|1200 x 1200
|Batteries Included
|Batteries Required
|Connector Type
HP DeskJet 2622 Review:
The HP DeskJet 2622 can print up to 6 pages per minute which is very reasonable for printers of this price range. Also, the wireless printing feature is a good addition and plus to this printer. The Wi-Fi range of this printer is pretty good and can offer you prints although you are two rooms away from it. The only problem is that the black color cartridges vaporize automatically and create light black spots on the printer.
- All-in-one Wireless and color printer
- Original cartridges evaporate quickly
Bottom Line: HP DeskJet 2622 is cheap and efficient. But the cartridges that come along have resulted in quick evaporation. The features and efficiency make it one of the best inkjet printers in accordance with its price.
Also, read:
The Best Ink Tank printers
Best Laser Printers of 2019
Best Photo Printers
The Best All-in-one Printers
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Volume 57, Issue 4, Pages 143-145
An Asiatic Tingid New to North America (Heteroptera)
Boston University, USA
This article is in the public domain. This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.
This article has no abstract.


text:
Grand Hotel in Armidale
Grand Hotel
Grand Hotel
A really nice Armidale Pub.
"One of Armidale's smaller pubs The Grand has been extensively rennovated and now provides a sophisticated comfortable bar, bistro and beer garden." - David Carse
Grand Hotel
Photo Date unknown
Photo submitted by Gary Bell, Many Thanks
- 251 Rusden Street,
New South Wales 2350
- Phone:
- 02 67723149
- Website:
- www.thegrandhotelarmidale.com.au/
Grand Hotel


text:
Additional information
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Stay warm and covers up while changing in and out of your wetsuit or beach clothes with the Corp Poncho.
Large, oversized arm openings
Warm hood
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text: In which language you want to express your idea isn't a matter but whether you generate the ideas in the same language is of course a matter! Who does so, is speaking well such language. Who fails is getting some struck and loses his fluency. Here is a no task when one speaks his mother tongue but a second language! Only the ways both contextual and remedial methodologies, one could let his brain generate ideas in second language. Listening and imitating is called contextual method. Knowing the rules and practising some test questions is called remedial method. A learner who wants to be fluent in a language have to course both. V.MAHENDIRAN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR IN ENGLISH. email@example.com


text:
Mina Shabnam Lee
Urologist Denver
Address: 2045 Franklin St, Denver, Colorado 80205
Phone: 3038258822
Latitude: 39.7475
Longitude: -104.9701
Specialty: Urologist doctors
Description - Mina Shabnam Lee Urologist Denver
Doctor Mina Shabnam Lee specialist Urologist. The address of the doctor's office is 2045 Franklin St. You can see the map to us on the interactive map. Find other doctors in Denver


text: philsta Players 82 posts 9,176 battles Report post #1 Posted July 6, 2017 Just got into a game after trying to log in five times only to find my engine dead and the enemy CV farming a lot of out DC'd ships. The enemy got five kills for nothing other then being able to log into the game and farm players who couldn't defend themselves. If it was a one off I could understand however since ranked started the servers have been temperamental at best. Do you think WG will refund the poor guys who got DC's their repair costs? I'm sure they had a "fun and engaging" experience...... You can see that about the same number of the enemy team were probably DC'd too. Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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Modern History
139 Products
Filtered to: British & Irish history
Crown of Blood
The Deadly Inheritance of Lady Jane Grey
In 1553, 17-year-old Lady Jane Grey was proclaimed Queen of England to prevent the accession of Henry VIII's Catholic daughter Mary. Thirteen days later she was imprisoned in the Tower, and in February 1554 she was beheaded. This narrative history draws on previously overlooked sources to create a vivid and engaging portrait of an intelligent, charismatic and deeply religious girl caught up in the power politics of her age, whose courage shone through her final, harrowing ordeal.
The Trials of the King of Hampshire
Madness, Secrecy and Betrayal in Georgian England
Every family has its skeletons, but in 1823 the aristocratic Wallops were about to have theirs laid bare to the world. This compulsively written, meticulously researched biography tells the dramatic story of the Third Earl of Portsmouth. Wealthy and well-connected, a friend of Byron and Jane Austen, he was widely considered a harmless eccentric until – amid accusations of blackmail, abduction and sodomy – his own family set out to have him declared insane in a trial that scandalized the nation.
The History of England, Volume IV
The fourth volume of Peter Ackroyd's epic History of England begins in 1688 with a revolution and ends in 1815 with a victory. Against a vivid backdrop of coffee houses and playhouses, it charts the creation of those pillars of modern Britain, the Bank of England and the Stock Exchange, the rise of newspapers, the birth of the novel, and the technological developments that transformed England from a land of green fields to one of iron and coal.
A Gentleman's Guide to Duelling
Vincentio Saviolo's 'Of Honour and Honourable Quarrels'
Annotated woodcuts of historical duels and methodical swordplay illustrate this classic guide to resolving a gentlemen's disagreement in Elizabethan England. Honour, pride and shame were at the heart of most duels, and Italian fencing master Vincentio Saviolo's prose, which has been subtly updated for the modern reader, suggests ways for both challenger and defender to navigate the labyrinth of etiquette without resort to the rapier, his favoured weapon of combat.
How to Be a Tudor
A Dawn-to-Dusk Guide to Tudor Life
Historians trawl through documentary records to reveal how people lived in the past, but few actually experience it first-hand. Ruth Goodman, presenter of the BBC TV series Tudor Monastery Farm, has done just that, eating, sleeping, working, dressing and dancing like a Tudor. Drawing on these adventures with characteristic wit and humour, she describes a day in the life of an ordinary person, from dawn to dusk, during one of the most vibrant periods of English history.
Henry VIII, Thomas Cromwell and the Pilgrimage of Grace
Autumn 1536: Henry VIII has broken with Rome and is eyeing the wealth of the monasteries. In the north of England, 30,000 men loyal to the Catholic Church take arms against him in the uprising known as the Pilgrimage of Grace. Using the rebels' own testimony, this narrative history examines their motives and beliefs, charts the course of the ill-fated insurrection, and describes the rhetoric, rewards and retribution employed by Henry's minister Thomas Cromwell to thwart them.
An Illustrated Introduction to the Stuarts
Arranged chronologically from the accession of James I in 1603 to the death of Queen Anne in 1714, this book describes an era of unprecedented change and turmoil. The Stuart century saw wars of religion, the Civil War and the plague, but also the flourishing of art, literature, philosophy and science.
The Ecology of Enclosure
The Effect of Enclosure on Society, Farming and the Environment in South Cambridgeshire, 1798–1850
South Cambridgeshire has some of the richest arable land in England and has been cultivated for millennia. By 1800, industrialization and massive population growth had resulted in an enormous increase in the demand for food, which in turn led to enclosure. This book presents a study of social and agricultural life in South Cambridgeshire before enclosure, then describes the process of enclosure and its effects on society, farming and the environment in the region between 1798 and 1850.
News and Rumour in Jacobean England
Information, Court Politics and Diplomacy, 1618–25
David Coast's study examines how political news was concealed, manipulated and distorted in late Jacobean England, and how the flow of information to and from the king was managed by his Secretaries of State and diplomats.
The Private Lives of the Tudors
Uncovering the Secrets of Britain's Greatest Dynasty
The six wives of Henry VIII and the virginity of Elizabeth I are the stuff of popular history, but the lives of the Tudor monarchs away from the public eye are little known. Drawing on contemporary correspondence and eyewitness accounts, this book takes us into their kitchens, bathrooms and bedrooms to reveal, through what they ate, what they wore, how they worshipped, whom they loved and how they gave birth, the intimate moments of their daily lives.
An Elizabethan Assassin
Theodore Paleologus: Seducer, Spy and Killer
John Hall explores the myths and controversies surrounding Italian nobleman Theodore Paleologus, heir apparent to the throne of Byzantium, who in 1597 arrived in England to murder a traitorous compatriot, then remained in the pay of the Earl of Lincoln to sow misery among the English aristocracy until his death in 1636. The biography also scrutinizes Paleologus's offspring, who fought one another in the English Civil War, and backs their father's long-dismissed claim to the imperial throne.
England's Lost Colony
In the 1650s, a group of Cavaliers fled Cromwell's England for the lush coast of Surinam. Here, they established a colony named after its founder, Sir Thomas Willoughby. This absorbing book explores the untold story of the colony's rise and fall. The rich cast of characters includes Willoughby himself, the playwright Aphra Behn, the indigenous people and their rulers, and the planters and mercenaries who would turn this utopia into a hell of terror and slavery.
Science in Wonderland
The Scientific Fairy Tales of Victorian Britain
Showing how new scientific discoveries were presented to Victorian children through 'fairy tales of science', Keene's study introduces 19th-century debates about education, scientific progress and the role of fantasy.
Censoring Queen Victoria
How Two Gentlemen Edited a Queen and Created an Icon
After Queen Victoria's death, it was decided to publish her correspondence. Based on unprecedented access to royal archives, this work of historical detection profiles the men chosen to edit the letters: the depressive schoolmaster Arthur Benson, and Viscount Esher, a royal confidant obsessed with Eton schoolboys. It shows how their decisions shaped our perception of Victoria, and reveals aspects of the queen not intended for public scrutiny.
Life in the Georgian Court
When Queen Anne died in 1714, George, Elector of Hanover, acceded to the British throne. Organized in four main acts – Childhood, Marriage, Scandal and Death – rather than as a comprehensive history, this is a collection of true stories from the Georgian era. Romantic, tragic, eccentric and sometimes gory, the tales are engagingly told, revealing the real people beneath the wigs and pomp of the period, and complemented by a useful timeline and a section of black-and-white portraits.
Margaret of York
The Diabolical Duchess
Reared in a dangerous world, Margaret of York was one of history's great survivors. This biography tells how, from her Burgundian exile, she sought to avenge the overthrow of the House of York by sending pretenders to contest the throne of Henry Tudor. Slightly off-mint.
Plague, War, and Hellfire
The year 1666 saw England struck by numerous catastrophes, including a devastating outbreak of plague, the Great Fire of London and an intensification of the second Anglo-Dutch War. This colourful account of the fateful year (and events leading up to it) is peopled by actors, courtiers, politicians and scientists, including Samuel Pepys, Robert Hooke and Nell Gwynn, and evokes a nation in the grip of great artistic, social and scientific change.
The Sultan and the Queen
The Untold Story of Elizabeth and Islam
Excommunicated in 1570, Queen Elizabeth I found the key markets of Catholic Europe closed to English merchants; instead, she reached out to the Shah of Iran, the King of Morocco and the Ottoman Sultan. This gripping history reveals how English merchants, sailors and diplomats plied their trade with the Muslim world, creating a fashion for the Orient in London that was reflected in the plays of Marlowe and Shakespeare. Off-mint and felt-tip mark on lower trimmed edge.
The Life and Works of Robert Baillie (1602–1662)
Politics, Religion and Record-Keeping in the British Civil Wars
The letters of the Glaswegian minister Robert Baillie (1620–1662) are a common source for the history of Scotland during the violent years 1637–1660. This first biography of Baillie establishes his significance as a polemicist, theologian and contemporary historian.
How Fat Was Henry VIII?
And Other Questions on Royal History
Beginning with a section of 'Royal Conundrums' such as the nature of Queen Victoria's relationship with John Brown and whether James II's baby son was a changeling, Raymond Lamont-Brown indulges our curiosity about all things royal with very thorough answers. Other sections include Pretenders and Usurpers; Murders, Plots and Assassinations; Palaces, Castles and Love Nests; and finally, Rumour and Scandal - wherein we learn which monarch topped the list for siring royal bastards.
The Seymours of Wolf Hall
A Tudor Family Story
Originating in France, the Seymour family accompanied William the Conqueror to England and served the crown for generations; but came to prominence in the Tudor era. Jane was Henry VIII's third queen and mother to Edward VI, and her brothers Edward and Thomas rose to high office, only to end their lives at the executioner's block. The two brothers are the main focus in Loades's study of the rise and fall of the family and their ancestral home at Wolfhall, Wiltshire. Slightly off-mint.
Prince Arthur
Had the first-born son of Henry VII lived into adulthood, the crown would not have passed to his younger brother: Arthur Tudor, rather than Henry VIII, would have ruled and England's subsequent history would have been quite different. This study of Arthur (1486–1502) describes the life of a prince royally matched to Catherine of Aragon, groomed and destined for the throne; and it shows how, when Arthur died, Henry inherited his brother's wife, but not his careful preparation for kingship.
Fatal Rivalry
Henry VIII, James IV and the Battle for Renaissance Britain
The decisive battle at Flodden Field in 1513 marked the climax of the personal and political tension between England's Henry VIII and his brother-in-law James IV of Scotland. This book traces the origins and escalation of their rivalry, with analysis of the political and military manoeuvres leading up to Flodden. It ends with an account of the battle itself, which saw the first artillery exchange on a British battlefield, and an assessment of James's level of responsibility for Scotland's defeat.
The King's Pearl
Henry VIII and His Daughter Mary
Against the traditional image of 'Bloody Mary' promoted by Protestant propaganda, and against the more recent portrayals of Mary Tudor as a pitiable and tragic figure, this study presents Mary as her father's daughter, a strong-willed risk-taker. The book examines her life during the reign of Henry VIII and her complex and dramatic relationship with her father, and reveals England's first queen regnant as a gambler who 'staked everything – life, freedom, religion – in a bid for the throne, and won'.
A Brief History of Henry VIII
Reformer and Tyrant
Described by Derek Wilson as 'a magnificent piece of propaganda', Holbein's portrait of Henry VIII depicts a proud, belligerent and powerful monarch. Wilson argues that a realistic understanding of Henry requires 'the rejection of this forceful icon' and, drawing on a lifetime's work on this period, his study provides a fresh assessment of the king's character and his response to the bewildering changes of the Renaissance and Reformation era.
The King's Bed
Sex, Power and the Court of Charles II
Charles II was obsessed by women, and his conquests ranged across the classes, from the actress Nell Gwyn to the aristocrat Barbara Villiers. For the first time, this revealing book places the king's compulsive philandering at the centre of an account of his reign. Taking us behind the scenes, it introduces a colourful cast of court favourites, politicians and a parade of mistresses fighting for influence over a king ruled – and ruined – by his passions.
Scandalous Liaisons
Charles II and His Court
The court of Charles II was the most hedonistic in the history of England. This book charts the king's dalliances from his youthful exile in France, and profiles his mistresses: Barbara Villiers, Louise de Kérouaille and, everyone's favourite, Nell Gwyn. Filled with promiscuous beauties and poxed swaggerers, and packed with intrigue, espionage, illicit liaisons and fierce duels, it draws on a wealth of contemporary letters, diaries, satires and lampoons to bring this decadent world to life.
Sex, Money & Personal Character in Eighteenth-Century British Politics
How and why did the Anglo-American world become so obsessed with the private lives and public character of its political leaders? Marilyn Morris finds answers in 18th-century Britain, when a long tradition of court intrigue and gossip spread into a broader and more public political arena with the growth of political parties, extra-parliamentary political activities and a partisan print culture. Her study highlights the contradictions, self-deceptions and inconsistencies inherent in personalized politics.
Anne Boleyn
Adultery, Heresy, Desire
'A narrative that balances on the cusp of old and new, equally informed by both', the story of Anne Boleyn – her courtship, marriage and eventual tragedy – is often told, yet remains something of a mystery. Amy Licence approaches Anne's life from the long perspective of the ambitious Boleyn family; she examines how, as queen, Anne overreached contemporary ideas about both women and aristocrats, and how she developed the sophisticated tastes and expectations of Renaissance culture, patronage and queenship.
Censorship and Cultural Sensibility
The Regulation of Language in Tudor-Stuart England
Debora Shuger offers a new approach to the history of early modern English censorship. Attempting to recover the system of beliefs and values 'that made the regulation of language, including state censorship, seem like a good idea', the study deals with issues that remain relevant today: the rhetoric of ideological extremism, the use of defamation to ruin political opponents, and the grounding of law in theological ethics.
An Illustrated Introduction to the Regency
The Regency, which lasted from 1811 to 1820, was more than a political period – it was a style, a fashion, a state of mind. Illustrated in colour, this compact introduction charts the era's extraordinary outpouring of creativity: the writing of Austen, Byron and Shelley, the paintings of Turner and Constable, the architecture of Nash and Soane, and the sartorial elegance of Beau Brummell.
A Brief History of the Tudor Age
Beginning with the victory of Henry Tudor in 1485 and ending with the death of Queen Elizabeth I in 1603, this is a vivid account of a contradictory age of great cultural achievement and terrible violence. Opulent life at court, voyages of discovery, scholarship and the flowering of English drama are juxtaposed with poverty, the narrow lives of peasants, harsh justice and war. First published as The Tudor Age.
Strangers to That Land
British Perceptions of Ireland from the Reformation to the Famine
In two parts, covering the periods 1540–1660 and 1660–1850, this volume presents first-hand descriptions of Ireland by English, Scottish and Welsh writers who visited the country, and provides notes on the authors and the historical context of their writings. Among the great range of writers represented are Edmund Campion (visiting in 1570), John Wesley (c.1750), Thomas de Quincey (c.1800), Thomas Carlyle (1849) and Queen Victoria (1870).
Civil War
The History of England. Volume III
The 17th century was one of the most turbulent England had seen; at its centre stands the Civil War, the execution of Charles I and the despotic rule of Oliver Cromwell. This third volume of Peter Ackroyd's magisterial national history charts that era of revolution and religious conflict from the accession of James I to the exile of his grandson James II, and from the literary riches of Shakespeare and Milton to the often insecure lives of ordinary men and women. Slightly off-mint.
The King's Revenge
Charles II and the Greatest Manhunt in British History
After the beheading of his father Charles I in 1649, the 19-year-old Prince of Wales vowed to seek revenge and, from exile, instigated the biggest manhunt in British history. The search lasted over 30 years, with show trials and assassination squads scouring the country for the men who dared to sit in judgement of King Charles. Following the hunt in this fast-paced historical narrative, the authors tell an engrossing tale of intrigue, espionage, ambition and betrayal.
Power, Politics & County Government in Wales
Anglesey 1780–1914
This study of public administration at the county level in Wales during the 'long' 19th century couples a detailed examination of what happened in one county – Anglesey – with overviews of events in other parts of Wales. Griffith explores the social and cultural contexts of county government in Wales, and assesses the shifts in the character and efficacy of local government, initially under a landed magistracy and later under a democratically elected council.
The Savage Storm
Britain on the Brink in the Age of Napoleon
David Andress chronicles the 'remarkably dogged, occasionally despairing, but at last overwhelmingly successful British fight against the continental power embodied in the 'Grand Empire' of Napoleon Bonaparte'. He describes the military conflict itself, but also examines how it affected both high politics and the very active social resistance of the time. As well as the international contest of ideologies, the study considers the bitterly divided society within Britain, even as it prevailed over Napoleon.
James VII
Duke and King of Scots, 1633–1701
In this scholarly biography the Duke of Albany, later James VII and II, is 'discussed from birth to death as a prince of Scotland'. That Scottish perspective allows Mann to re-evaluate traditional views of the king as a Catholic extremist and absolutist who failed through incompetence; to reassess his personality and motives; and to give a full account of James as a member of the royal house of Scotland, as a commander, as king and, finally, as exile.
A Year in the Life of Stuart Britain
Among the momentous events described in the Stuart year are the Great Plague, the Great Fire of London, the Union of Scotland and England and the publication of Newton's Principia; and the witnesses to this 17th-century Britain include Pepys, Evelyn, Defoe and John Bunyan.
A History of Britain
Book IV: The Stuarts, Cromwell and the Glorious Revolution
Part of a series first published in 1937 and used in schools for decades, this book tells the dramatic events that affected the British Isles during the 17th century as a chronological narrative in fast-paced prose – from the accession of James I to the reign of William and Mary and the treaty of Utrecht in 1713. Edited and updated by David Evans, former Head of History at Eton. No jacket.
Dublin Castle and the First Home Rule Crisis: The Political
Journal of Sir George Fottrell, 1884-1887
Presenting information supplied by administrators to politicians including George Fottrell, earls Spencer and Carnarvon, Sir Robert Hamilton and Gladstone, this collection of documents gives a 'worm's-eye-view' of Irish affairs. Camden Fifth Series. Vol.33
Fishguard Fiasco
An Account of the Last Invasion of Britain
With revolutionary fervour and help from Irish republicans, the French mounted an invasion of Britain in February 1797. The troops landing at Fishguard in Pembrokeshire were designed to divert attention from a larger force attacking Ireland but this contingent failed to arrive leaving the intended assault on Bristol, via Wales, an isolated and forlorn effort. This history explains the circumstances of the invasion and how it was put down by a handful of local militia.


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Evaluation of a Soluble Tetrazolium/Formazan Assay for Cell Growth and Drug Sensitivity in Culture Using Human and Other Tumor Cell Lines1Dominic A. Scudiere,2 Robert H. Shoemaker, Kenneth D. Paul!, Anne Monks, Siobhan Tierney, Thomas H. Nofziger, Michael J. Currens, Donna Seniff, and Michael R. BoydProgram Resources, Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research Facility, Frederick, Maryland 21701 [D. A. S., A. M., S. T., M. C., T. N., D. S.J, and Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 [R. S., K. P., M. B.J
ABSTRACTWe have previously described the application of an automated microculture tetrazolium assay (MTA) involving dimethyl sulfoxide solubilization of cellular-generated 3-{4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTTHormazan to the in vitro assessment of drug effects on cell growth (M. C. Alley et al., Proc. Am. Assen. Cancer Res., 27:389,1986; M. C. Alley et al.. Cancer Res. 48:589-601,1988). There are several inherent disadvantages of this assay, including the safety hazard of personnel exposure to large quantities of dimethyl sulfoxide, the deleterious effects of this solvent on laboratory equipment, and the inefficient metabolism of M l'I by some human cell lines. Recognition of these limitations prompted development of possible alternative MTAs utilizing a different tetrazolium reagent, 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-S-|(phenylamino)carbonyl|-2//-tetrazolium hydrox ide (Ml), which is metabolically reduced in viable cells to a watersoluble formazan product. This reagent allows direct absorbance readings, therefore eliminating a solubilization step and shortening the microculture growth assay procedure. Most human tumor cell lines examined metab olized Y IT less efficiently than Mil; however, the addition of phenazine methosulfate (I'MS) markedly enhanced cellular reduction of Y IT. In the presence of PMS, the Y IT reagent yielded usable absorbance values for growth and drug sensitivity evaluations with a variety of cell lines. Depending on the metabolic reductive capacity of a given cell line, the optimal conditions for a 4-h .VIT incubation assay were 50 UKof XTT and 0.15 to 0.4 tig of PMS per well. Drug profiles obtained with representative human tumor cell lines for several standard compounds utilizing the Y1"!-I'MS methodology were similar to the profiles obtained with MIT. Addition of PMS appeared to have little effect on the metabolism of MIT. The new XTT reagent thus provides for a simplified, in vitro cell growth assay with possible applicability to a variety of problems in cellular pharmacology and biology. However, the MTA using the XTT reagent still shares many of the limitations and potential pitfalls of MIT or other tetrazolium-based assays.
fications of Mosmann's
cell response to chemotherapeutic agents. We have found that this MTA3 approach allows reproducible estimates of drug sensitivity in a variety of human and other tumor cell lines. Moreover, because of its microscale and potential for automa tion, the MTA is one of several assays under consideration by the National Cancer Institute for potential application to a large-scale antitumor drug-screening program (7, 8). The previously described MTA (7, 8) requires DMSO solu bilization of MTT-formazan generated by cellular reduction of the MTT tetrazolium reagent. This step is not only laborious, but also may risk exposure of laboratory personnel to large quantities of potentially hazardous solutions in DMSO. Fre quent DMSO exposure also produces deleterious effects upon some laboratory equipment. Therefore, to allow the investiga tion of a simplified MTA and to address potential problems associated with solvent handling, a series of new tetrazolium salts have been developed which, upon metabolic reduction by viable cells, yield aqueous-soluble formazans (11). In this paper we describe the development of one such tetrazolium salt (XTT) and its application to the MTA. MATERIALS AND METHODS
INTRODUCTION The metabolic reduction of soluble tetrazolium salts to insol uble colored formazans has been exploited for many years for histochemical localization of enzyme activities (1,2). In one of the earliest efforts to develop a practical in vitro drug sensitivity test. Black and Speer (3) utilized a tetrazolium/formazan method to assess inhibition of dehydrogenase activity by cancer chemotherapeutic drugs in slices of excised tissue. As an in situ vital staining process this phenomenon has also been used for identifying viable colonies of mammalian cells in soft agar culture (4) and for facilitating in vitro drug sensitivity assays with human tumor cell populations in primary culture (5). Mosmann (6) described a tetrazolium-based assay which al lowed rapid measurement of growth of lymphoid cell popula tions and their response to lymphokines. Recent reports from our laboratories (7, 8) and others (9, 10) have described modiReceived 7/10/87:revised1/6/88;accepted 5/17/88.The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. 1Supported by NCI Contract N01-CO-23910 with Program Resources. Inc. 2To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at Building 539. National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research Facility. Frederick, MD 2170I. 4827
Cell Lines and Culture. Cell lines (Table 1) were maintained as stocks in RPMI 1640 (Quality Biological, Gaithersburg, MD) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Sterile Systems, Logan, UT) and 2 HIM L-glutamine (Central Medium Laboratory, NCI-FCRF). Cell cultures were passaged once or twice weekly using trypsin-EDTA (Central Medium Laboratory, NCI-FCRF) to detach the cells from their culture flasks. Drugs. All experimental agents were obtained from the Drug Syn thesis and Chemistry Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, DCT, NCI. Crystalline stock materials were stored at -70"C and solubilized in 100% DMSO. Compounds were diluted into complete medium (RPMI 1640 plus fetal bovine serum) plus 0.5% DMSO before addition to cell cultures. MTT-Microculture Tetrazolium Assay. Cellular growth in the pres ence or absence of experimental agents was determined using the previously described MTT-microculture tetrazolium assay (7, 8). Briefly, rapidly growing cells were harvested, counted, and inoculated at the appropriate concentrations (100-^1 volume) into 96-well microtiter plates using a multichannel pipet. After 24 h, drugs were applied (100-fil volume) to triplicate culture wells, and cultures were incubated for 6 days at 37C.MTT (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) was prepared at 5 mg/ml in PBS (Dulbecco and Vogt formulation, without calcium and magnesium: Quality Biological, Gaithersburg, MD) and stored at 4C. On Day 7, MTT was diluted 1 to 5 in medium without serum (in the MTA described in Refs. 7 and 8, MTT was diluted in complete medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum), and 50 ^1 were added to microcul ture wells. After 4-h incubation at 37C,250 p\ were removed from3 The abbreviations used are: MTA, microculture tetrazolium assay; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; MEN. menadione; MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5diphenyltetrazolium bromide; PBS, phosphate-bufTered saline; PMS, phenazine methosulfate; XTT, 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-|(phenylamino)carbonyl]-2//-tetrazolium hydroxide, inner salt, sodium salt; le ',. 50% inhib itory concentration; NCI, National Cancer Institute; FCRF, Frederick Cancer Research Facility; DCT, Division of Cancer Treatment.
Table 1 Cell strains used in this study MTT/XTT absorbance" with the following PMS concentrations*
lineH23H322H324H358H460A549LOXHT-29MCF-7CCD-19 Cell adenocarcinomaLung carcinomaLung bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinomaLung carcinomaLung bronchioloalveolar carcinomaLung large cell adenocarcinomaMalignant melanomaColon adenocarcinomaBreast adenocarcinomaLung LUMCR-5W138P388OriginLung fibroblastLung fibroblastLung fibroblastMurine leukemiaSourceaaaaab"c'b"a'o'b"\feMTT,0.0
0.023 0.006* 0.175 0.031 0.186 0.057 0.204 0.034 0.250 0.015 Background (n= 13) " Data represent average absorbance minus background from triplicate wells. Cells were inoculated at 1250 cells/well. Culture duration was for 7 days, and MTT or XTT incubation for 4 h at 37'C. * PMS concentration: 0.001 mM = 0.015 ig/well; 0.01 mM = 0.15 ng/well; 0.025 mM =>0.38 ng/well. ' Supplied by Dr. A. Gazdar, Navy Medical Oncology Branch, Division of Cancer Treatment, NCI, Bethesda, MD. ''Obtained from the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, MD. ' Supplied by Dr. O. Fodstad, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway. ''Supplied by Dr. K. Cowan, Clinical Pharmacology Branch, Division of Cancer Treatment, NCI, Bethesda, MD. * Supplied by the NCI, DCT Tumor Repository, NCI-FCRF, Frederick, MD. * Mean SD of 39 triplicate well background measurements.
each well, and 150 Ml of 100% DMSO were added to solubilize the MTT-formazan product. After thorough mixing with a mechanical plate mixer, absorbance at 540 nm was measured with a Dynatech Model MR 600 mciroplate reader. XTT-Microculture Tetrazolium Assay. The new tetrazolium reagent (XTT) was designed to yield a suitably colored, aqueous-soluble, nontoxic formazan upon metabolic reduction by viable cells. The chemical structures of MTT, XTT, and their respective formazan reduction products are shown in Fig. 1. The presence of two sulfonic acid groups in XTT is the key to its aqueous solubility in both the tetrazolium ion form and the formazan form. XTT has a single net negative charge at physiological pH, and bioreduction of the central positively charged tetrazolium nucleus increases the net charge to two. The corresponding reduction of MTT reduces the net positive charge to zero, and thus the MTT formazan is quite insoluble. For the present investigations, XTT was obtained by a synthetic procedure described elsewhere (11). The XTT reagent is now available from at least one commercial supplier (Polysciences, Warrington, PA). The XTT-assay methodology was essentially the same as that de scribed using the MTT reagent with the following modifications: XTT was prepared at 1 mg/ml in prewarmed (37C) medium without serum. PMS (Sigma, St. Louis, MO; Catalogue No. P9625) was prepared at 5Tetrazolium Formazan
mM (1.53 mg/ml) in PBS. The 5 mM PMS solution was stable at 4C for at least 3 mo. MEN (Sigma; Catalogue No. M5625) was prepared at 10 mM (1.72 mg/ml) in acetone. MEN was prepared fresh immedi ately before use. Fresh XTT and PMS were mixed together at the appropriate concentrations. For a 0.025 mM PMS-XTT solution, 25 n\ of the stock 5 HIMPMS were added per 5 ml of XTT (1 mg/ml). Fifty M!of this mixture (final concentration, 50 /tg of XTT and 0.38 ig of PMS per well) were added to each well on Day 7 after cell inoculation. For experiments designed to examine various PMS concentrations, 5 mM PMS was diluted in PBS before addition to the 1-mg/ml solution of XTT. After an appropriate incubation at 37C (4 h unless otherwise indicated), the plates were mixed on a mechanical plate shaker, and absorbance at 450 nm was measured with the Dynatech Model MR 600. Absorption spectra of tetrazolium reagents, formazan products, and cellular-generated formazans were measured with a Beckman Model MVI scanning spectrophotometer.
RESULTS Metabolic Reduction of XTT by Human Cells. To determine the suitability of the new XTT reagent for a microculture growth inhibition methodology, we investigated the ability of several human tumor cell lines to reduce XTT to a measurable aqueoussoluble forma/an product. Table 2 shows typical MTT and XTT metabolism data for different cell inoculation densities. Two human lung tumor cell lines were incubated for different times with MTT (only 4-h data shown) or XTT, and the absorbances were measured. Cell line A549 reduced MTT far more efficiently than H322, illustrating two extremes of cellular metabolic ability. Neither cell line was able to efficiently reduce XTT during the 4-h incubation time, thus making obligatory longer incubation times for the generation of a substantial absorbance. These data also indicated that the formazan prod uct resulting from the cellular reduction of XTT was not toxic to human tumor cells over the 96-h period of this experiment. The absorbance continued to increase, and microscopic exam ination of cultures confirmed that cells remained viable in the presence of the XTT-formazan. Table 1 compares absorbance measurements with MTT and XTT for several cell lines. In all cases the metabolic reduction of the tetrazolium was substan tially less for XTT than for MTT (Table 1). Table 1 also
electron-coupling agents as a substitute for PMS in an XTTMTA. In initial experiments, one such agent, menadione (1), has proved promising, resulting in both a manageable back XTT ground and large enough absorbance values for several cell lines tested (Table 3). After careful microscopic observation, we have li0.020.080.070.188.8.131.52.180.190.270.320.000.000.010.020.040.090.150.220.270.260.2324 h0.070.180.320.440.530.550.540.520.500.520.540.020.020.020.050.110.210.340.480.550.520.4848h0.220.400.590.850.820.850.830.820 Cell lineA549H322density"102039781563126251,2502,5005,00010,000102039781563126251,2502,5005,00010,0004h0.150.280.518.104.22.168.188.8.131.52.750.000.000.000.010.020.040.250.480.65 yet to observe crystal formation in experiments utilizing XTT in combination with menadione; however, since our total ex perience with menadione is thus far more limited than with PMS, we cannot yet conclude that crystal formation is totally eliminated with this alternative electron-coupling reagent. To evaluate the relationship between measured absorbance and viable cell number at the time of tetrazolium addition, cells were plated, allowed to attach for 1 h, and incubated with MTT or XTT plus PMS for 4 h (Fig. 2). At optimal PMS plus XTT conditions (as with MTT), absorbances peak and plateau at different inoculation densities depending on the cell line being studied. From such data (Fig. 2) a range of cell densities which give rise to a detectable and relatively linear range of absorbance values can be determined for each cell line at a given assay duration. An extensive discussion of the effects of inoculation density and culture duration is given in Ref. 8. XTT-metabolism data for the murine leukemia cell line, P388, are also given in Table 1. The conventional MTA requires The inoculation cell density: cells inoculated/well. * Data represent average absorbances minus background from triplicate wells. the use of a centrifugation step prior to medium aspiration for Culture duration was for 7 days. P388 and other suspension cell lines. Use of the XTT reagent ' Plates were incubated at 37'C in 5% CO.. for the indicated time. eliminates the need for centrifugation of suspension cell lines. XTT has proved useful for other suspension cultures, including illustrates the marked enhancement of the metabolic reduction human leukemia cell lines (data not shown). of XTT in the presence of the electron-coupling agent, phenaThe absorbance values obtained with two human cell lines as zine methosulfate (1). The addition of 0.01 or 0.025 ITIMPMS a function of PMS concentration are given in Fig. 3. From data (0.15 or 0.38 /ig/well) resulted in a marked increase in measured such as these, we have determined that all of the cell lines absorbance, and absorbance measurements generally were equal examined thus far yield adequately quantifiable absorbance to or greater than those obtained for MTT. One complication measurements when incubated with XTT plus 0.01 to 0.025 of the addition of PMS was an increase of background absorb mM PMS. Some of the cell lines which metabolized MTT less ance (no cells in the well) with increasing concentrations of efficiently also required a larger PMS concentration to yield added PMS (Table 1). With the conventional MTA the liquid adequate absorbance values. The addition of PMS had little medium is aspirated from the assay well prior to solubilization qualitative or quantitative effect on the MTT response of the of the formazan product. This step results in lower background cell lines tested (Fig. 3). absorbance with MTT in comparison to XTT, since with the Spectral Characteristics of XTT Tetrazolium/Formazan. Spec soluble XTT derivative, the aspiration step is deleted. Back tral analysis of the MTT and XTT/formazan products derived ground absorbances at PMS concentrations equal or less than from A549 cells in culture is shown in Fig. 4. Although the 0.38 ig/well are nevertheless acceptable, since control absorb absorbance spectrum of XTT is rather different than for MTT, ances are at least 3.5-fold greater than background at the the addition of PMS resulted in little qualitative difference in optimal PMS concentration. either spectrum. The absorbance maxima for cellular-generated, On occasion, we have observed crystal formation in microDMSO-solubilized MTT-formazan and aqueous-soluble XTT/ culture wells containing PMS and XTT, sometimes resulting formazan are 560 and 475 nm, respectively. XTT/formazan in diminished absorbance measurements for some cell lines. can be easily discriminated from the background or from the The presence of such crystals in a given microplate renders the unreacted XTT tetrazolium reagent. data difficult to interpret and compromises the reproducibility Application of XTT to Drug Sensitivity Assays. To determine and validity of an experiment. In addition to high-pressure the suitability of the XTT assay for large-scale drug screening, liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy analysis of crys we utilized XTT microculture methodology to generate drug tals, we initiated studies to examine the potential role of several sensitivity profiles for some representative standard compounds experimental variables in crystal formation: pH; temperature; and experimental agents. Figs. 5 and 6 show drug profiles generated for Adriamycin-treated H 324 cells using both the cell density; and incubation time. Presently we conclude that PMS is necessary for crystal formation, and that an alkaline MTT and XTT reagents. The profiles were very similar for pH (which can occur if plates are removed from their CO2 both reagents supplemented with 0.005 to 0.01 HIM PMS. environment for too long a time) exacerbates the problem. We Lower PMS concentrations resulted in very low XTT absorb do not yet have an experimental solution to this occasional ance measurements precluding accurate drug treatment analy interference by crystal formation; thus, until this problem is sis. The drug profiles using MTT were virtually identical for all resolved, careful microscopic examination of individual microPMS concentrations studied. Treatment of human tumor cell culture wells is necessary to ensure the absence of crystal lines with several other experimental compounds resulted in formation in a given experiment. All data presented in this comparable IC50values (drug concentrations resulting in a 50% paper result from experiments in which crystal formation was inhibition of growth) for either the MTT or XTT methodology (Table 4). Analysis of the data in Table 4 using the Spearman not observed. In addition, we are examining the utility of otherMTT/XTT absorbance* at the following metabolism timi''
SOLUBLE TETRAZOLIUM/FORMAZAN ASSAY Table 3 Comparison ofmenadione and phenazine methosulfate in the XTT-MTA MTT/XTT absorbance at the following PMS/MEN concentration XTTCellHIMPMS1.433
mM PMS2.110
mM MEN1.065
mM MEN1.107
mM MEN2.973
0.740 1.573 0.403 1.514 1.059 0.789 1.026 LOX 1.312 0.409 0.802 0.651 0.937 1.151 H322 0.535 1.241 2.763 3.210 1.721 2.427 0.987 H460 2.124 MCF-7 1.551 0.737 0.459 1.434 1.299 1.443 0.553 HT-29 1.411 1.519 2.553 1.464 1.084 0.300 0.953 0.217 0.472 1.121 1.324 1.042 0.423 1.241 H23 0.006'0.01 0.210 + 0.0100.025 0.191 0.0110.01 0.187 0.0140.05 0.1 20 0.0440.10 0.1 26 0.0380.20 0.1 09 0.021 Background (n = 1)MTT,0.022 Data represent average absorbance minus background from triplicate wells. Cells were inoculated at 1250 cells/well, culture duration was 7 days, and MTT or XTT metabolism was for 4 h at 37C. * PMS concentration: 0.01 mM = 0.15 jig/well; 0.025 mM = 0.38 /ig/well. MEN concentration: 0.01 mM = 0.086 Mg/well; 0.05 mM = 0.43 Mg/well; 0.10 mM = 0.86 jig/well; 0.20 mM = 1.72 jig/well. c Mean SD of 21 well background measurements.
e s o
'S. O10 20 30 40 Cells/Well 50 ( x 1000) 60 70 80 90
0.0001 0.0005
Phenazine Methosulfate Concentration (mM) Fig. 3. Absorbance measurement as a function of PMS concentration. The PMS concentration indicated on the abscissa is the concentration of PMS in the XTT-PMS solution added to microculture wells. Culture duration, 7 days. A549 MTT (D), A549 XTT (), LOX MTT (O), LOX XTT (A).
40 Cells/Well
50 ( x 1000)
Fig. 2. Absorbance measurement as a function of viable cell density: MTT (A) and XTT (B). Viable cells were plated at the indicated cell density, allowed to attach for 1 h, and incubated with MTT or XTT plus 0.025 mM PMS (0.38 /ig/ well) for 4 h. A549 (O), H460 (D), MCF-7 (A), H322 (V), LOX (), HT-29 ().
rank-order correlation method revealed a highly significant association between IC5o's derived from MTT and XTT assays (r = 0.76, P = 0.0001). DISCUSSION In exploring the suitability of a new microculture methodol ogy for large-scale drug screening in the NCI/DCT drug-screen-
ing program, we initially developed a useful assay based on the reduction of MTT tetrazolium salt to a formazan product which could be easily and quickly measured in a multiwell scanning spectrophotometer system (7, 8). In this paper, we describe the evaluation of a different tetrazolium reagent which is metabolically reduced by human cells to an aqueous-soluble formazan product. Several design criteria for the new tetrazolium reagent were considered: bioreducibility of the tetrazolium; usable spec trum of the formazan product; low cellular toxicity of both the tetrazolium and formazan; and the aqueous solubility of the tetrazolium and formazan. Certain critical assay modifications were required before the new XTT reagent would approach these requirements. The XTT reagent alone proved unsuitable
550 (nm)
Wavelength (nm)
Fig. 4. Absorption spectra of MTT (A) and XTT (B) formazan products derived from cultured A549 cells (1000-cells/weIl inoculation, 7-day culture duration, 4h incubation). Formazan products after incubation with the tetrazolium reagents plus: 0 HIM(1) 0.001 HIM(0.5 pg/well) (2), and 0.02S HIM(0.38 ^g/well) PMS (3). Nonreduced XTT tetrazolium (4). Background (absence of cells), tetrazolium plus 0.025 mM (0.38 /ig/well) PMS (5).
for direct incorporation into the MTA; during a 4-h incubation, none of the human cell lines tested was able to sufficiently metabolize XTT to yield a formazan absorbance significantly greater than background. However, supplementation of the XTT incubation mixtures with the electron-coupling agent PMS resulted in adequate absorbance levels. Depending upon the metabolic capacity of a given cell line, the optimal condi tions for a 4-h XTT incubation assay are 50 ^g of XTT and 0.15 to 0.4 ng of PMS per well. Fig. 2 illustrates that cellular reduction of XTT resulted in a formazan product which was not itself toxic to the cells under the assay conditions used. Cells retained the capacity to metab olize XTT for at least 96 h without evidence of toxicity. How ever, since metabolism times of 6 hr or less are required for our high-flux assay applications, and since the addition of XTT terminates the assay, the viability of cells after 24 h or more XTT metabolism times is not immediately relevant to the present usage. The longer incubation times resulted in both elevated absorbance measurements and increased background absorbances. XTT metabolism times of 2 to 6 h proved a suitable compromise between background and cell-generated absorbance. The new XTT reagent used with PMS allowed application of the MTA to additional cell lines with various growth character istics previously difficult to accommodate with the MTT-based MTA. For example, the XTT reagent greatly enhanced the usefulness of the MTA for the evaluation of cell growth and inhibition of human fibroblast cell lines (Table 2). Fibroblast cell lines are generally inefficient at metabolism of the MTT tetrazolium reagent; however, usable absorbances were obtained with XTT plus PMS. Also, the use of XTT eliminates a centrifugation step from the MTA methodology for nonadherent4831
cell cultures. The XTT-MTA has proved usable for several suspension cell lines, including P388 and human leukemia cell lines. The XTT reagent may have an advantage for other applications of the MTA for cell growth measurements (e.g., for potential antiviral compounds) where the aspiration step required by the MTT-MTA would be undesirable for either technical or safety reasons. It is beyond the scope of this paper to consider other potential uses of the XTT methodology; e.g., to multiceli aggregates and spheroids, however, these potential applications would appear both feasible and straightforward. The initial experiments designed to assess the utility of the XTT-MTA in drug sensitivity assays indicate that, with certain compromises, XTT can be substituted for MTT to give com parable sensitivity and accuracy. Drug profiles obtained utiliz ing XTT are similar to the MTT profiles for a variety of human tumor cell lines and several experimental compounds. More extensive XTT-MTA experiments utilizing a panel of 48 human tumor cell lines treated with a wide variety of experimental drugs are under way to further explore the applicability of the XTT reagent to large-scale drug screening." Results of these experiments will be detailed separately. Even though the XTT-MTA offers several advantages over other in vitro assay systems, several inherent shortcomings must be considered. XTT, along with other tetrazolium approaches, depends on cellular reductive capacity, including the activity of mitochondrial dehydrogenases. The assays depend on a corre lation between tetrazolium enzymatic reduction (reflected by absorbance measurements) and some associated culture char acteristic such as cell number (6, 8, 9) or cell protein (8, 12). This assumption requires that cellular reductive capacity is4 A. Monks et al., unpublished results.
Adriamycin Concentration
Fig. 5. Dose-response cunes for Adriamycin-treated H324 cells (1000-cells/ well inoculation, 7-day culture duration, 6-day Adriamycin treatment, 4-h incu bation with MTT plus various PMS concentrations). Points, mean values from a single experiment calculated from triplicate wells subtracting background. Zero HIM(D), 0.001 mM (),0.001 HIM(O), 0.01 HIM(A), 0.025 HIM(), and 0.10 mM PMS (V). The PMS concentrations are the concentrations of PMS in the XTT-PMS solution added to microculture wells.
CompoundADRI*HgCbBLEOMIT-CBCNUACT-D5-FUCell lineA549H125H322LOXHT-29MCF-7AS49H125H322LOXHT-29MCF-7 10a2.94 x 106.39 x 105.10 x 10'4.84 x 10*1.03 X 10'6.70 x 102.39 x 10'4.38 x 10'1.97X x 10'1.77 x 10s2.15 10'2.16 x 10s1.35X x 10'1.93 x 10'1.54X 10'1.52 X 10s5.88 10'5.22 x IO71.77 x IO71.92X x 10'1.81 x 10'1.94 10s5.98 x 10'8.74 x 10"2.61 x 10*1.30 x 10'1.01 x 10'1.80X x 10"6.35 x 10'1.76X 10'5.79 x 10'1.88X 10'5.56 x IO79.31 IO71.98 x IO77.35 x 10'7.35 x 10'1.12 x IO71.53 x IO82.43 x 10'3.75 x 10'1.53 x 10'4.17 x 108.19 x 10'2.70 x 10'2.97 x 10'4.30 x 10*4.46 x 10*2.36 x 10'4.20 x 10*3.12 x 10'2.45 x 10*1.30 x 10'4.76 x 10'4.27 x 10'7.94 x 10'3.74 x 10'4.49 x 10'2.73 x 10'2.78 x 10'2.63 x 10'3.03 x 10'2.42 x 10'1.60 x 10'2.29 x 10'1.75 x 10'1.39 x 10'7.97 x IO81.43 x 10'1.36 x 10*1.45 x 10s2.02 x 10'5.36 x Iff2.73 x IO76.24 x 10'1.67X x IO72.29 x 10'1.75 10*1.24 x IO63.36 x IO77.15 x 10*7.69 x x IO7XTT2.28 X IO7 " ICvalues calculated from seven concentration-dose responses. Cell inocu lation densities: 1000 cells/well for all cell lines except H322 (2000 cells/well). MTA: 7-day culture duration, 6-day drug treatment, 4-h incubation with MTT or XTT plus 0.01 mM (0.15 (ig/well) PMS. *ADRI, Adriamycin; BLEO, bleomycin; MIT-C, mitomycin C; BCNU, 1,3bis(2-chloroethyl)-l-nitrosourea; ACT-D, actinomycin D; 5-FU, 5-fluorouracil.
120 r
Fig. 6. Dose-response curves for Adriamycin-treated H324 cells (same exper imental conditions as in Fig. 5). MTT, 0 mM PMS (D); XTT, 0 mM (), 0.0001 mM (O), 0.001 mM (A), 0.01 mM (), 0.025 mM (V), 0.10 mM PMS (O).
constitutive and remains relatively constant throughout the time duration of an experiment. However, any regulation of the cellular metabolic machinery resulting in different enzyme ac tivity at any time will render this assumption invalid. Thus, changes of reductive capacity resulting from enzymatic regula tion, pH, cellular ion concentration (e.g., sodium, calcium, potassium), cell cycle variation, or other environmental factors may affect the final absorbance reading. For example, Mosman (6) has reported that mitogen-stimulated mouse spleen cells produce more MTT-formazan than do resting cells. Perturba tions of these factors by experimental test compounds may further exacerbate this variability. In addition, the XTT-MTA has several unique shortcomings which must be considered before adaption of this assay for generalized drug testing. The present requirements for the addition of an electron-coupling agent increase the complexity of the cellular reduction environ ment (1, 13) potentially resulting in greater variability and a lack of reproducibility. PMS sometimes can cause nonspecific deposition of formazan (13), and Pearse (1) recommends that intermediate electron acceptors be avoided except to demon strate activities which cannot otherwise be revealed. The occa sional appearance of crystal formation, as yet not completely understood, is a potential interference requiring microscopic surveillance of each individual microwell. Whereas this problem may be less significant for other applications (e.g., antiviral), it
may nevertheless preclude adaption of the XTT methodology to more complex drug-screening paradigms (e.g., involving large cell line panels). Substitution of a different electron trans port agent for PMS in the XTT-MTA may eliminate the crystal problem; however, additional work is required to better char acterize the menadione-XTT system. In addition, the relatively elevated background levels characteristic of XTT plus PMS result in the inability to utilize this method for some cell lines that exhibit poor metabolic capacity and also decrease the reliability and reproducibility of drug sensitivity measurements at drug concentrations resulting in growth inhibition greater than 80% of control values. At these levels of growth inhibition, the relatively large background absorbances generated by XTT plus PMS (or manadione) in growth medium (Tables 1 and 3) can result in signal/noise ratios of less than one. While safety and efficiency considerations argue for the pos sible advantage of the XTT over the MTT-based assay for applications to high-flux drug sensitivity screens, nevertheless, there remain serious problems with the XTT-based MTA, as well as tetrazolium assays in general. Such questions should continue to be of major concern and consideration for adaption of any particular assay protocol for general usage in anticancer, antiviral, or other drug-screening programs. However, the pre sent investigation demonstrates the feasibility of a microculture methodology utilizing a water soluble tetrazolium/formazan reagent, suggesting the inherent advantages in the development of additional reagents which might not require the use of electron-coupling agents. In addition, our present cell line panels of human tumor cell lines (8) would provide a useful resource for studying the biological activity and suitability of such new materials. ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe authors express their appreciation to all additional staff members of the In Vitro Cell Line Screening Program for technical assistance in
cell line characterizations and assay development. They also thank Dr. Philip Skehan, Dr. David Vistica, and Dr. James McMahon for helpful discussion and commentary on the manuscript and Marthena Finneyfrock for help with manuscript preparation.
REFERENCES1. Pearse, A. G. E. Principles of oxidoreductase histochemistry. In: Histochemistry, Theoretical and Applied, Ed. 3, Chap. 20. Edinburgh: Churchill Liv ingston, 1972. 2. Altman, F. P. Tetrazolium salts and formazans. Prog. Histochem. Cytochem., 9: 1-56, 1977. 3. Black. M. M., and Speer, F. D. Effects of cancer chemotherapeutic agents on dehydrogenase activity of human cancer tissue in vitro. Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 25:218-227, 1953. 4. Schaeffer, W. I., and Friend, K. Efficient detection of soft-agar grown colonies using a tetrazolium salt. Cancer Lett., 1: 275-279, 1976. 5. Alley, M. C, and Lieber, M. M. Improved optical detection of colony enlargement and drug cytotoxicity in primary soft agar cultures of human solid tumour cells. Br. J. Cancer, 49: 225-233, 1984. 6. Mosmann, T. Rapid colorimetrie assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J. Immunol. Methods, 65:55-63, 1983. 7. Alley, M. C., Scudiere, D. A., Monks, A., Czerwinski, M., Shoemaker, R. II., and Boyd, M. R. Validation of an automated microculture tetrazolium assay (MTA) to assess growth and drug sensitivity of human tumor cell lines. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res., 27: 389, 1986. 8. Alley, M. C., Scudiere, D. A., Monks, A., Hursey, M. L., Czerwinski, M. J., Fine, D. L., Abbott, B. J., Mayo, J. G., Shoemaker, R. H., and Boyd, M. R. Feasibility of drug screening with panels of human tumor cell lines using a microculture tetrazolium assay. Cancer Res., 48: 589-601, 1988. 9. Carmichael, J., DeGraff, W. G., Gazdar, A. F., Minna, J. D., and Mitchell, J. B. Evaluation of a tetrazolium-based semiautomated colorimetrie assay: assessment of chemosensitivity testing. Cancer Res., 47: 936-942, 1987. 10. Cole, S. P. C. Rapid chemosensitivity testing of human lung tumor cell lines. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 17: 259-263, 1986. 11. Paull, K. D., Shoemaker, R. H., Boyd, M. R., Parsons, J. L., Risbood, P. A., Barbera, W. A., Sharma, M. N., Baker, D., Hand, E., Scudiere, D. A., Monks, A., and Grote, M. The synthesis of XTT: a new tetrazolium reagent bioreducible to a water-soluble formazan. J. Heterocyclic Chem., in press, 1988. 12. Finlay, G. J., Wilson, W. R., and Baguley, B. C. Comparison of in vitro activity of cytotoxic drugs towards human carcinoma and leukemia cell lines. Eur. J. Cancer Clin. Oncol., 22: 655-662, 1986. 13. Kiernan, J. A. Oxidoreductases. In: Histolgica)and Histochemical Methods, Theory, and Practice, Chap. 16. New York: Pergamon Press, 1981.


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Hi All,
Just for fun I ran a Boss MT-2 (boosted with an Savage Drive) into a Deluxe Tweed with Greenback and a single SM57.
Had this Metal Zone since they came out, around 30 years ago haha.
Well, give her a go and report back if you will
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Johnson says lavish spending plans would work after no-deal Brexit
- 2019-07-04
Boris Johnson has suggested he could maintain lavish spending promises even if a no-deal Brexit wiped out the scope for extra borrowing by instead using the £38bn "divorce settlement" payment with the EU.
Questioned at a hustings event in York on Thursday evening about his near-£5bn annual pledge of extra money for schools, which was among a series of expensive spending and tax commitments he has made, Johnson was asked if this extra cash would be delayed if the UK left without a deal.
Johnson replied, to cheers from the audience: "It may have escaped your notice, but in the event of a no-deal Brexit, we will have an additional £39bn to spend.Read Full Article


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Otozō Yamada is the most famous person named Otozō. Their Zodiac sign is ♏Scorpio. They are considered the most important person in history born with the first name of Otozō.
The name Otozō is considered very unique in the world, and no other famous people have this specific name. If this is your name - feel special!


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13 User photos
Ashlee Jodry · Married on 17 of December of 2016
We had a great experience with Patrick. He was great to deal with and made sure you had everything you needed. He even followed up after the wedding to clarify understanding with our marriage certificate and name change. Thank you so much!!Sent on 09/01/2017
Elijah Jouk · Married on 10 of December of 2016
We were very happy to have found someone like Patrick to be our marriage commissioner. We had the best marriage ceremony and we loved his humor and how he referenced our personal vows in his speech on the spot. I would recommend Patrick to anyone without a doubtSent on 08/01/2017
Patrick Smiley - Marriage Commissioner's reply:Elijah and Megan, thank you for your kind words. Buffalo Mountain Lodge is such a great venue and it was a pleasure to officiate your ceremony. All the best!
Jessica Hillestad · Married on 28 of November of 2016
Patrick was a pleasure to work with for our November 2016 wedding.Sent on 06/12/2016
My husband and I were planning a helicopter elopement out of Kananaskis so finding a marriage commissioner was a bit of a tricky task. Patrick responded to our request quickly and assured us that heli-weddings were right up his alley and he had no reservations with them. Patrick continued this trend of quick responses throughout the months leading up to our wedding date.
Patrick sent us a list of questions to answer prior to our meeting (to go over final details) with him in October 2016. It was clear that Patrick knew what to ask to make each ceremony unique to the couple.
Our in-person (Patrick did offer to talk over the phone or on Skype - whichever was most convenient for us) meeting reaffirmed that we chose the right person to marry us. He was friendly and professional and took the time to get to know us as a couple. We left his home feeling ready for the day to come.
Due to an unseasonably warm November, we ended up having a change of plans for our heli-wedding. We had to get married on the ground instead of where we had planned to fly to as there was no snow for our portraits at this original destination. Patrick was very accommodating with this last minute change even if it meant he was shorted a helicopter ride! He simply told us to tell him where he needed to be and he would be there and assured us he would get us hitched no matter how plans changed. Patrick even provided his wife as our second witness.
I could not have asked for a better ceremony on our wedding day. Patrick made us laugh but at the same time made us truly appreciate what a beautiful thing marriage was with his words. It was the perfect length and we walked away with a keepsake booklet of the ceremony to cherish.
I would highly recommend Patrick if you are looking for a marriage officiant that is accommodating, flexible, extremely responsive, professional and downright fun!
Patrick Smiley - Marriage Commissioner's reply:Hi Jessica, Thank you for your review! It turned out to be a very nice spot in Kananaskis and I hope you enjoyed your heli-photos at Marvel Pass. All the best to you both!
Chantelle Bondar · Married on 05 of February of 2016
We were married on February,05,2016 at the buffalo mountain lodge in Banff Alberta. After many phone calls and inquiries we were referred to Patrick through our venue. What a wonderful treat it was to find him. His last name very suiting as our guests including ourselves had noting but smiles and tears of joy. We chose to have our ceremony personalized and he did a phenomenal job of fitting our love story into our vows. He was very friendly and easy to work with, answered all our questions promptly and professionally. Made us feel like he really took the time to get to know us and made our ceremony absolutely stunning. 5 smiles out of 5 thank you so much Patrick for making our day so special and memorable!Sent on 09/02/2016
Shawn Bursey · Married on 24 of December of 2015
We had our wedding xmas eve and there was no problem with Patrick coming. We had written our own vows and also wanted a saying the blessing of the hands said as well. Patrick added all of these to our outdoor ceremony without any question. Patrick was so friendly and professional and just made our day that much better. I would recommend him to anyone.Sent on 11/01/2016
Erica Paxton · Married on 19 of December of 2015
We were absolutely thrilled with our officiant, Patrick Smiley. He was so kind and caring since our very 1st meeting with him, and helped us through the entire process. As anybody getting married, all of this is so new but he was able to make everything so simple and make sure everything was in order. He took charge during the rehearsal and the Wedding ceremony to make sure everything ran smoothly, and it did. He is such a good speaker and we were overall, very happy. We would definitely recommend him for anyone else needing an officiant!Sent on 23/12/2015
Andre Savard · Married on 13 of August of 2015
Let me tell you about Patrick Smiley . Not only is his last name suiting , He was the perfect marriage commissioner who made my now wife Melanie and I feel very comfortable. He was very quick to respond to any questions we had and he exceeded our expectations. Patrick was a huge part in our absolutely perfect day I would recommend Patrick to anybody Thank you patrick for your serviceSent on 18/08/2015
Patrick Smiley - Marriage Commissioner's reply:Thank you Andre,
Tracy McKenzie · Married on 27 of July of 2015
Patrick was our officiant for our July 27th, 2015 wedding at the Bear and Bison Inn and could not have asked for any one better! He is always smiling (perfect last name!!) and he put us right at ease. Very easy going and extremely knowledgeable on different ceremony options like the "wine" (Jameson) box ceremony that we wanted to include. Very professional and prompt with emails as well. Thanks Patrick for being apart of our big day!Sent on 30/08/2015
Paul and Tracy McKenzie
Patrick Smiley - Marriage Commissioner's reply:Thank you Tracy and Paul. I wish you many years of happiness and I know you are looking forward to sharing that bottle of Jameson on your 5th Anniversary!
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Over the last few months I have been devoting a lot of time to the engineers and the search for materials that they require, which often seem difficult to find. After a while I started jotting down the helpful information I came across both here and in other places, as I would forget them by the time I next needed them. I thought it might be helpful for us all to start a thread devoted to places that have been fruitful for certain materials. The first two entries I added long after I had used them, so I might have got the information a little bit mixed up, so if anyone sees an error then please correct it. Maybe you have found even better places or techniques, if so then please do share.
As I said, all the information here I have gathered from other people, so I cannot take any credit for it, except to say I have found them to be accurate and very productive.


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Are you sure?
This action might not be possible to undo. Are you sure you want to continue?
Becoming a Christian doesn't fix all your problems.
You're saved, but you aren't free—yet. Your daily life is still plagued by the fear of failure and weighed down by worry. Bad attitudes keep you stuck. If you want to move forward, then you must be willing to change your mind.
God shows us in His Word a better way to think. Are you willing to trust Him with your thoughts?
Next to salvation, changing your thinking may have the single greatest impact on your life.
Change your mind.
Change your life.
the Author
Change happens whether we want it to or not; it's inevitable. Some people are creatures of habit; they want to do things the same way, every time. Others like to experience change. They want to
change things up, so that they can have more variety in their lives. Managing change has become a cottage industry. Several authors have written books about change—why we need it and how to manage it. A few business consultants have made careers discussing the topic.
We find that some things are easy to change. We might change everyday things, such as our hairstyles, clothes, or what we eat for lunch. However, I have discovered that the most important things are not our physical appearance, the clothes we wear, or the foods we eat. The important things are what we think and do.
God gave human beings the free will to think, act, and respond to the world around us. He has also shown us, as believers, how we should think and behave. The apostle Paul addressed this issue in Romans:
I beseech you therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, that you present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable to God, which is your reasonable service. And do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind, that you may prove what is that good and acceptable and perfect will of God (Romans 12:1–2).
The Greek word rendered as conformed means to fit into a fixed pattern, like a schematic. Paul uses this word to illustrate that we have become identical to something else. In this case, we have fit into the pattern of the world. If we conform to the world, then we will think and act the same way that the world does.
Paul wants believers to know that God does not think it is acceptable for them to fit into the world's pattern. This pattern is not God's pattern. God created all things in the world, and His creation is
good; however, Satan polluted the world through sin. God wants us to act better, above the world's standards. He wants us to be transformed. The Greek word translated as transformed is metamorpoo, from which we get the word metamorphosis. A metamorphosis is a complete change. For example, when a caterpillar enters a cocoon and emerges as a butterfly, it undergoes a metamorphosis. Those two stages of life represent both a complete end and a new beginning for the animal. It is still the same creature, but it looks and behaves quite differently. God wants His followers to have such a metamorphosis—a dramatic change in what we think and do.
How does God want us to change? Paul says that God wants a transformation of our minds. It should not surprise us, then, that when a person accepts Christ, the new believer's life often becomes unrecognizable. Even people who previously knew the new believer now see a different person. As the butterfly is different from the caterpillar, so is the new believer different from the rest of the world. Of course, some people do not change immediately. Few have had an instantaneous experience like Paul's dramatic conversion on the road to Damascus (Acts 7:37–8:3, 1 Corinthians 15:3–8, Galatians 1:11–16). However, if we follow God's pattern, the eventual change will be noticeable and effective.
Paul characterizes this transformation as a renewal of the mind. Your mind is the part of your soul that activates or originates behavior, such as good works. However, because it is part of the soul, your mind is influenced by your emotions and other external forces. Our purpose as humans is to do God's will. Paul says that renewing our minds will enable us to know and, by extension, do God's good, acceptable, and perfect will.
As you begin to renew your mind, you will be able to understand the good will of God. As your mind continues to be renewed, you will then understand the acceptable will of God. Finally, when your mind has been renewed, you will understand the perfect will of God for your life. Understanding God's perfect will is the key element of spiritual maturity. You will be conformed to biblical ways of thinking, and, as a result, you will learn to live by the example of Christ with the help and power of the Holy Spirit.
This book is a brief journey into the process of renewing believers' minds. It may sound simple, almost silly even, but what our minds do is think. Consequently, we must understand what we need to learn to think about differently. This book is divided into five parts, and each part deals with one of the following concepts—attitude, success and failure, worry and anxiety, insecurity, and fear. Many things have influenced your thinking, so you will need to
change your mind. That is what I had to do, and I believe it is part of every believer's journey toward spiritual maturity.
The dictionary provides several definitions for attitude. The first definition is a settled way of thinking or feeling about someone or something, typically reflected in a person's behavior. We often think in certain patterns due to our upbringing, education, experiences, and emotions. Of all the topics that I will touch on in this book, attitude is the most pervasive and profound personal characteristic. In fact, changing your attitude is the precursor to changing your mind about anything. A change in attitude may have the greatest single effect on your behavior and success in life, except for salvation itself. The Bible records several examples of the importance of a change in attitude. In the case of Jacob and Laban, the Lord took matters into His own hands to make up for Laban's negative change in attitude—
Jacob heard that Laban's sons were saying,
Jacob has taken everything our father owned and has gained all this wealth from what belonged to our father. And Jacob noticed that Laban's attitude toward him was not what it had been.
Then the Lord said to Jacob,
Go back to the land of your fathers and to your relatives, and I will be with you.
So Jacob sent word to Rachel and Leah to come out to the fields where his flocks were. He said to them, "I see that your father's attitude toward me is not what it was before, but the God of my father has been with me. You know that I've worked for your father with all my strength, yet your father has cheated me by changing my wages ten times. However, God has not allowed


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The two-foot high flowering
The two-foot high flowering thing does not sound like watermelon. You are correct: watermelon would be a vine that pretty much creeps across the soil. Instead of pulling the invader and risking upsetting the watermelon's roots, cut it as close to the soil like as you can (be careful not to nip the vine). Do that as often as needed. Good luck with the melons!


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With its now-completed move uptown, Peters Family Eyecare has a clear vision for its future centered on patient care.
The eye care clinic and store's new modern-style home in the building at 219 S. Main St., next to Subway, has been owned by Dr. Randy Peters, OD for about a decade, since Peters first eyed it as perfect for an eventual move to expand its staff level, services, frame selection and floor plan.
"One of the reasons why we did this is we believe in continuing to move forward and part of moving forward is serving our patient population," said Peters. "The more people we can help, the better I sleep at night. I have a passion for helping people through their eyes."
The building nearly doubles the clinic's floor space, from 2,500 square feet at its former 1206 S. Main St., location, to 4,500 square feet at its new facility.
The extra space has enabled Peters, not only to hire four employees, with several more to come, but also to expand eyewear selection to include more options within popular brands like Coach, Prada, Oakley, Ray Ban and others. Peters estimates selection has almost tripled.
"We needed to move about three years ago. We had been short on space," explained Peters, who said he held off on a move to save money and "do it the right way."
"It was kind of my dream to move back towards downtown Bryan. That was in the back of my mind when we bought this building ... We finally realized it.
"It feels awesome to be in our new space," he said. "We can't wait to have our community and our patients check us out and see what we've done."
As a medical professional, an expansion on the clinic's specialization in dry eye has Peters particularly excited about the extra space.
"As our patient population has expanded, we now are in a situation where we can offer services at the highest level," he said. "We have specialized in dry eye, but now we have a dedicated dry eye space here."
As he explained, that area of expertise has been highlighted in recent years, as new information on the topic becomes available.
"What we've found out about dry eye is that it's way more common and it's way more complicated than we ever thought as a profession," said Peters, noting he himself has suffered from dry eye for a decade following Lasik surgery.
"Since then, I've had an inherent interest in trying to not only help myself, but more importantly helping my patients," said Peters.
"Whether it's providing simple things like lubricant drops, which might be a first step, to walking right up the ladder and providing them with an ultrasound treatment called MiBoFlo or even helping to repair their corneas with these things called amniotic membranes, which help people at the highest level when it comes to making their eyes heal better."
And Peters said the firm will continue to explore any and all new avenues for services moving forward.
"One of the things we hear from our patients is that they've never had such a thorough, more advanced eye exam," said Peters.
"That's part of the reason we continue to expand. We're not afraid to offer as many services and technology-based eye care solutions as we can so that people leave our practice feeling like they've received value and quality eye care.
"To me, that's so important, whether it's the eye care or the eyewear, that they feel like they are more than satisfied."
For Peters Family Eyecare, the process of the move officially began about six months ago, and entailed the reconfiguration of four units within the 217 219 S. Main St. building into three units.
But for Peters himself, trying to get back to the downtown portion of the Fountain City has been a long held desire for his practice, which he originally moved to Bryan in the mid-1990s.
"We came to Bryan back in 1995 and just fell in love with downtown Bryan," recalled Peters. "It was a December night, it was snowing, the lights were on on the square. We just felt almost immediately that this was home to us."
In conjunction with the move, Peters is increasing his weekly availability and the clinic will now remain open until 5 p.m. on Fridays.
"We anticipate that the new hours will be more efficient, customer-friendly and convenient for our patients," said Peters.
Peters thanked Bryan Mayor Carrie Schlade, Bryan Area Chamber of Commerce Executive Director Dan Yahraus, Williams County Economic Development Corporation Executive Director Matt Davis, as well as Bryan Engineering Department officials Andy Waterston and Brian Wieland, Welling Construction Inc. and others for their aid throughout the process.
A Bryan Area Chamber of Commerce ribbon-cutting ceremony will be held Aug. 12 at 11 a.m., with additional plans for a community open house to be held in the near future.