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Impact evaluation of contracting primary health care services in urban Bangladesh
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The Urban Primary Health Care Project (UPHCP) was implemented by the Government of Bangladesh in response to rapid urbanization and growing inequalities in access to and quality of primary health care. The goal of the project was to improve health status of the urban poor living in city corporations and municipalities through the provision of health care services by NGOs that are contracted through public-private partnership. The first phase of the project started in 1998 and the project is currently in its fourth phase covering more urban areas than the first three phases. This study evaluates the impact of the second phase project (UPHCP-II) on health outcomes, mainly child diarrhea, acute respiratory infection, antenatal and postnatal care, skilled birth attendance, breastfeeding prevalence, contraceptive prevalence, sexually transmitted infections, and HIV/AIDS awareness.
The effect of the project was estimated through propensity score matching between project and non-project areas comparing baseline and endline surveys over a six-year period from 2006 to 2012. An innovation of this study is the recalibration of the sampling weights that allows the use of these two independent surveys in impact evaluation.
Over the six-year period, UPHCP-II improved the health status of the population in project areas compared to non-project areas. The study found significant improvement in health outcomes in terms of reduced diarrhea and acute respiratory infection in children, which explains the downward trend in child mortality rate. Moreover, the project also improved antenatal care and skilled birth attendance. Contraceptive prevalence and HIV/AIDS awareness and avoidance increased, and sexually transmitted infections decreased.
UPHCP-II was effective in achieving its health outcome targets, while previous studies show that it was efficient in the delivery of health care and clients were highly satisfied because health facilities were in close proximity, and doctors and staff were perceived as responsive in delivering high quality of care. The results of this study could help inform future design and implementation of urban health interventions that involve contracting primary health care service delivery in Bangladesh and other similar settings.
KeywordsContracting Primary health care Maternal and child health Urban health Bangladesh Impact evaluation Propensity score matching UPHCP-II
Antenatal care
Acute respiratory infection
Average treatment effect on the treated
Behavior change communication and marketing
Comprehensive reproductive health care center
Dhaka City Corporation
Demographic and health survey
Non-government organization
National Institute of Population Research and Training
Non-project area
other city corporations
Project area
Primary health care
Postnatal care
Propensity score matching
Sexually transmitted infection
Total fertility rate
Under-5 mortality rate
Urban Primary Health Care Project
Second Urban Primary Health Care Project
Urban Primary Health Care Services Delivery Project
Bangladesh's 26.7 million urban population in 2011 is projected to be 100 million by 2050 [1]. Because of rapid urbanization, the proportion of urban population is expected to exceed the rural population by 2040 [2]. The large influx of people in cities expanded the slum areas without basic infrastructure and social services [3]. Moreover, the search for employment to escape poverty, natural disasters, river erosion, and multiple effects of climate change drives rural to urban migration, resulting in the growing number of impoverished city dwellers. The health status in urban slums is often worse than in rural areas. For example, the mortality rate for children under 5 in urban slums was 91 per 1000 live births in 2006 [4], compared with 77 per 1000 live births in rural areas in 2007 [5].
While the urban poverty incidence decreased from 28.4% in 2005 to 21.3% in 2010, the non-negligible proportion of subsistence poverty at 7.7% in 2010 [6] means that a sizable poor population still have limited access to essential health care, compounded by their lack of health awareness. Because the poor have a small asset base, their provision for health welfare is sensitive to their daily income and vulnerable to economic shocks. Poor health limits productivity and constrains their income gains, preventing the impoverished from escaping poverty. Rapid urbanization causes challenges to urban health regarding poor sanitation and hygiene, which increases the burden of communicable diseases. Pollution in urban areas also compromises the health and welfare of city dwellers. Poor quality of housing also contributes to the hazards that poor urban households face. However, due to the heterogeneity of the urban population, poverty targeting is challenging. Even affluent households, based on their housing characteristics and ownership of durable goods, reside in poor neighborhoods. Public health facilities could not efficiently adjust to the fast-paced increase in urban population, sacrificing effective health care services. There is also the possibility that poor households live near affluent neighborhoods, thus establishing health facilities near poor neighborhoods might not be accessible to all poor households. Because of higher living standards in urban areas, the cost of curative care takes a large proportion of poor households' income. The double burden of disease, the combined burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases, is a pressing problem for the urban poor in slum areas due to infectious disease and accidents in overcrowded living conditions, and mental ill-health from social fragmentation and weak community support mechanisms (relative to rural areas) [7].
The Urban Primary Health Care Project (UPHCP) was developed, financed, and implemented by the Government of Bangladesh (with financial and technical support from Asian Development Bank and other development partners). The project had a design of contracting primary health care services to non-government organizations (NGOs) to improve and support urban health across Bangladesh amidst the growing urban population and increasing difficulties in unaided access to health care of the urban poor. UPHCP started in 1998 and covered the city corporations of Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, and Rajshahi and demonstrated increased maternal and child health care utilization with improved equity among the poorest half of the population [8, 9]. The Second Urban Primary Health Care Project (UPHCP-II) (2005-2012), which is evaluated in this study, expanded coverage to include two additional city corporations, Barisal and Sylhet, and five municipalities, namely Bogra, Comilla, Sirajganj, Madhabdi, and Savar. The third phase project known as the Urban Primary Health Care Services Delivery Project (UPHCSDP) (2012-2018) covered 10 city corporations and four municipalities (more urban areas compared to the first two phases), and the ongoing fourth phase (UPHCSDP-II) (2018-2023) covers 12 city corporations and 13 municipalities (more urban areas than the first three phases).
UPHCP-II provided primary health care (PHC) through partnership agreements, expanded the network of urban PHC infrastructure, and provided capacity building to support project implementation and operationally relevant research. UPHCP-II aimed to improve equitable access and use of urban PHC services in the project area, with a focus on the poor; to improve the quality of PHC services in the project area; and to improve the cost-effectiveness, efficiency and the institutional and financial sustainability of PHC, with at least 30% of all PHC services provided for the poor.
The UPHCP-II modality of contracting primary health care services to NGOs follows the first phase's design [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. UPHCP-II financed 24 project areas, each covering 200,000 to 300,000 people, and established comprehensive reproductive health care centers (CRHCC) that provide emergency obstetric care, newborn care, and other specialized services. At least one PHC center catering to 30,000 to 50,000 people, and at least one satellite or mini-clinic per 10,000 people was established in each project. At project completion, 24 CRHCC, 161 PHC centers, 24 voluntary counseling and confidential testing centers for HIV/AIDS, and 24 primary eye care centers were established.
A set of health care services under UPHCP-II, called the essential services package plus, included immunization and growth monitoring of children; micronutrient support for malnutrition; family planning; prenatal, obstetric and postnatal care with special attention to prevent eclampsia; sexually transmitted infections, and HIV/AIDS; other reproductive health; and child health services. The project also included systematic case management of pneumonia and diarrhea in children; health education; sanitation, safe water and waste disposal; case management and services dealing with tuberculosis, leprosy, malaria, filarial and visceral leishmaniasis; and management of emergency cases.
UPHCP-II provided free health services and medicines to the poor, who were identified through household poverty surveys. Health entitlement cards (red cards) were given to the identified poor households and their members for free health services. Approximately 32% of each major type of service was provided to a poor client; non-poor or non-entitlement card holders pay subsidized rates [16].
UPHCP-II also included a behavior change communication and marketing (BCCM) component, which educated the urban population in order to increase their knowledge, improve their attitude, behavior, and practices related to health. BCCM activities included dissemination of information through posters, stickers, billboards, radio programs, and TV serials. The UPHCP-II rainbow logo clearly identified health facilities under the project, and thus established brand recall. Included in the communication program were pregnancy-related knowledge, awareness of communicable and non-communicable diseases, family planning methods, antenatal and child care, vaccination, violence against women, and others. Seminars and trainings were conducted to sustain effective and efficient delivery of health care, and capacity-building activities focused on pro-poor and gender-sensitive targeting and monitoring [17].
This study evaluates the impact of UPHCP-II on selected health outcomes using household surveys. The endline survey was collected under the comprehensive monitoring and evaluation component of UPHCP-II. The baseline survey used was not originally intended for evaluating UPHCP-II and has a different domain structure from the endline survey, as discussed in Section 2. Nonetheless, the two surveys have similar questionnaires, implying that outcome variables can be calculated using the same definition. The innovation introduced by this study is the recalibration of the sampling weights that allows the use of these two independent surveys in impact evaluation.
The effect of the project was estimated through difference-in-differences of health outcome indicators with propensity score matching between designated project and non-project areas. The results of the study can help inform implementation of ongoing urban health interventions and design of future ones in Bangladesh and other settings involving contracting primary health care. This study demonstrates the possibility of assessing the impacts of health projects with no baseline (or endline) surveys by utilizing standard demographic and health survey (DHS) type questionnaires as ex-ante measures of health status.
UPHCP-II's monitoring and evaluation system involved facility-based routine service delivery statistics, independent quality assurance assessments, facility-based surveys including client satisfaction, household poverty surveys, and baseline and endline surveys of urban households; all of which contributed to continuous improvement in the delivery of health services to intended beneficiaries throughout the project period. This impact evaluation uses the Urban Health Survey (UHS) 2006 (baseline) and the UPHCP-II Endline Survey 2012 (endline). Refer to [4, 18] for details regarding the baseline and endline surveys, respectively.
Both baseline and endline surveys have a DHS-type questionnaire that measures information on child and maternal health status, and other relevant health outcomes. The household surveys consist of a women's questionnaire that captured the socioeconomic, demographic, and health-related information. Within the women's questionnaire is a section of all the respondent's children. The sample includes households in UPHCP-II project and non-project areas of Dhaka, Chittagong, Rajshahi, Khulna, Barisal, and Sylhet city corporations; as well as other municipalities. Households were identified as project areas (PA) following the same project areas identified in the second phase of the project, while non-project areas (NPA) are areas not covered by the project. The baseline and endline surveys used multi-stage cluster sampling that gathered information from 12,069 and 20,868 households, respectively. The similarity in the sampling design is an advantage when using two unrelated household surveys to measure the impact of the project. The sampling weights of the baseline were recalibrated to match the sampling design of the endline survey thereby making the two surveys comparable for impact evaluation.
Recalibration of the baseline sampling weights
To further ensure comparability, the baseline survey weights were recalculated by assuming the sample selection procedure was that of the endline survey. The rationale is that the sampling weights reflect the sampling design of the survey, thus recalculating the sampling weights restructures the sampling design to make the two surveys comparable. Sample sizes in estimating the health outcome indicators are reported in Additional file 1: Appendix 1. The estimated health outcome indicators for the baseline and endline surveys in both PA and NPA are reported in Additional file 1: Appendix 2.
Estimating project impact
The health outcome indicators examined include under-5 mortality rate (U5MR); child, infant and neonatal mortality; indicators of child nutrition such as stunting (height-for-age), wasting (weight-for-height) and underweight (weight-for-age); breastfeeding rates; prevalence of childhood diarrhea; and acute respiratory infection (ARI). Maternal health indicators examined include antenatal (ANC) and postnatal care (PNC); skilled birth attendance; contraceptive prevalence; sexually transmitted infection (STI); and HIV/AIDS awareness and avoidance.
Propensity score matching (PSM) was applied to health outcome indicators by matching using household and individual characteristics by survey period between PAs and NPAs. Correcting selection bias is the main objective of this approach. Treatment effects were then estimated between the baseline and endline surveys using matched difference-in-differences. The sample size per indicator varies due to the differences in characteristics of the target respondents, and only indicators with adequate sample size were evaluated.
where Ti is the dummy for PA (treatment group) for the ith individual, Xi is a vector of observed characteristics, and β is the vector of coefficients in the logit model.
where ω(i, j) is 1 if individual j in NPA is matched with individual i in PA, and zero otherwise under the nearest-neighbor matching approach. Estimated project effects are in terms of percentage point change.
Equation 2 performs matching separately for the baseline and endline surveys. A logit model for the propensity scores was first estimated for the endline. Variables satisfying the balancing test in the endline were also the ones used as matching variables in the baseline. The matching procedure was done separately for women and children. Applying eq. 2 to child- and women-related indicators, four matching procedures were performed: (1) children in the baseline, (2) women in the baseline, (3) children in the endline, and (4) women in the endline.
The variables that were used for matching the women are (1) wealth index, (2) age, (3) parity, (4) highest educational attainment, (5) religion, and (6) major geographic grouping (Dhaka city corporation, other city corporations, and municipalities). For matching the children, variables used were (1) age of child, (2) gender of the child, in addition to the women variables given above. The treatment group is a sample of individuals from designated PA and not restricted to individuals who have accessed UPHCP health facilities. The estimated logit models are reported in Additional file 1: Appendix 3, with summary statistics of the propensity scores in Additional file 1: Appendix 4. Results of the balancing test and graphs of the propensity score distributions are in Additional file 1: Appendix 5.
Health indicators such as U5MR and total fertility rate (TFR) are aggregated statistics, in which project impacts cannot be evaluated by the individual-specific nature of PSM. Moreover, impact evaluation was performed only on indicators with sufficient sample in both treatment and control groups, thus nutritional status was not included due to inadequate sample in the control group.
Number of Individuals Per Area After Matching Sampling Designs
Project Area
Non-project Area
Project Area
Non-project Area
Neonatal, infant, and U5MR
In terms of equity, U5MR in the baseline are 98.5 and 20.8 per 1000 live births in the lowest and highest wealth quartile, respectively; while in the endline these are 46.9 and 45.5 per 1000 live births. Over the 6-year period, the differential in U5MR between the lowest and highest wealth quartiles reduced from 77.7 to 1.4 by 76.3 per 1000 births. This suggests that the equity gap in access to and quality of health services reduced dramatically.
Child nutrition
Childhood diarrhea and acute respiratory infection
Project Impact on Diarrhea, ARI and Fever Prevalence
Health Indicator
Bootstrap SE
Diarrhea Prevalence
ARI Prevalence
Fever Prevalence
ARI and Fever Prevalence
ANC, PNC and skilled birth attendance
Project Impact on ANC, PNC and Skilled Birth Attendance
Health Indicator
Bootstrap SE
ANC Coverage (at least 1 visit)
ANC Coverage (at least 2 visits)
ANC Coverage (at least 3 visits)
PNC Coverage - All mothers who gave birth within 5 years preceding the survey
Skilled Birth Attendance
Project Impact on Breastfeeding
Health Indicator
Bootstrap SE
Ever Breastfed
Breastfed within 1 day of birth
Contraceptive prevalence, STI prevalence and HIV/AIDS awareness
Contraceptive Prevalence, STI Prevalence and HIV/AIDS Awareness
Health Indicator
Bootstrap SE
Contraceptive Prevalence (married women)
STI Prevalence (women)
HIV/AIDS Awareness
HIV/AIDS Avoidance
Child-related outcomes
Several estimates of improvements in health indicators show the project's effectiveness. Child mortality rates decreased during the project implementation period. U5MR reduction in PA was 9.5 per 1000 live births greater than that of NPA. Moreover, neonatal, infant, and child mortality rates decreased greater in PA than NPA. Despite the fact that the decrease in under-five mortality rates cannot be attributed solely to the project, the reduction of U5MR in PA compared with NPA is too large to be ignored.
There was also an improvement in the overall nutritional status of children as explained by the reduced prevalence of underweight children. Moreover, reduction in stunting and underweight prevalence is higher in PA than NPA (Additional file 1: Appendix 2). Furthermore, the increase in wasting prevalence is lower in PA than in NPA. The UHS 2013 also observed increased wasting in city corporation's non-slum areas from 11% in 2011 to 16% in 2013, while in city corporation's slum areas wasting prevalence remains unchanged at 19%. Feeding practices could be one of the major reasons for this increase. Increased involvement of mothers in out-of-house economic activities may hamper feeding practices of children and urban families. Wasting prevalence falls as the age of children increases. However, UHS 2013 revealed a U-shaped relationship between wasting and age of children that might be associated with feeding practices – a recent phenomenon for children under-five [20]. Still, malnutrition in Bangladesh is complex and factors range from poverty and hunger, low rates of exclusive breastfeeding, inadequate complementary feeding, and recurrent infections [21].
Despite the significant reduction of ARI from the baseline to the endline surveys, the Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey (BDHS) shows a different result in ARI incidence, which increased from 3.3 to 4.8% from 2007 to 2011. The discrepancy could be due to seasonal effects in the timing of data collection. BDHS 2007 was conducted in March to August while BDHS 2011 was conducted in July to December. UPHCP-II had a significant impact in reducing ARI and fever prevalence by around 4.9 percentage points (Table 2) through systematic case management and knowledge dissemination of ARI and fever prevention.
The reduction of 3.6 percentage points in diarrhea prevalence among children can be attributed to the wide information dissemination activities under the project. BCCM provided technical assistance to NGOs in knowledge dissemination on proper hygiene, sanitation, and proper treatment of diarrhea [17]. Treatment of diarrhea in Bangladesh by oral rehydration therapy is common and people are used to buying oral rehydration saline from pharmacies and shops. Available data show use of oral rehydration therapy is universal, although there is limited supply of oral rehydration salts from health facilities since diarrhea incidence declined substantially. UHS 2013 found that the use of open latrine in slum areas declined from 40% in 2006 to only 2% in 2013 [20].
Mother-related outcomes
The project had a significant effect on increasing at least three ANC visits by 4.2 percentage points. The unexpected result for PNC implies that the project was less effective in following-up post-delivery care possibly due traditional norms where the mother and newborn generally stay in the home after childbirth. Outreach for PNC was also lower due to high household mobility, where around 37% of the women in the sample changed their residence when the project was being implemented. Other parallel interventions in selected NPA areas were effective, for example, evaluation of Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) Manoshi found 2.4 times increase in PNC visits in BRAC project areas between 2007 and 2011 [22].
Prevalence of ever breastfed children was reduced which may be due to emerging economic opportunities in the urban areas where traditional breastfeeding practices are interrupted. All other surveys in recent years found 98% coverage of ever breastfeeding in urban areas of Bangladesh. In spite of this, breastfeeding of infant within 1 day of birth had an increasing trend.
The project also increased contraceptive prevalence rate by 4.5 percentage points, decreased STI prevalence on women by 2.1 percentage points, and increased HIV/AIDS awareness and avoidance by 2.4 and 2.1 percentage points, respectively. Pill, condom, and injectables are widely used modern methods of family planning. Subsidized social marketing and commercial sources are leading providers of these methods in urban areas. The share from UPHCP-II in providing modern methods of family planning was only about 5%. Nevertheless, the project was successful in demand creation and reproductive health message dissemination through outreach workers and counseling sessions at static facilities compared to parallel programs implemented in NPAs as there were observed improvement in HIV/AIDS awareness and avoidance. Outreach services under parallel programs in NPAs were not fully in place except in urban slum programs by BRAC.
The trend in urban TFR between baseline and endline is unexpected. Urban TFR increased from 2.26 children per woman in the baseline, to 2.61 children per woman in the endline in project areas, while it increased from 2.27 children per woman in the baseline to 2.67 children per woman in the endline. This could be due to a sizable migration flow as around 39.9 and 45.1% of the women in the PA and NPA, respectively, changed their residence from a rural to an urban area during project implementation. Rapid urbanization, mostly by migration of rural households with large household size, could have increased TFR in project areas. These migrants mostly belong to the poorest quintile and TFR among the poor is about one child more than that of the richest quintile [20]. In contrast, urban TFR, as reported in the BDHS, decreased from 2.4 in 2007 to 2.0 children per woman in 2011 [5, 23], which is lower than the replacement rate. Progress in knowledge dissemination changed the behavior of women, as seen in the increase of modern contraceptive use, knowledge of HIV/AIDS avoidance, and decreased STI prevalence, which can all be attributed to the effectiveness and impact of the project.
Behavioral change component
The effectiveness of the project was also supported by a BCCM component which organized orientation for slum leaders, members of the ward PHC coordination committees, and local female leaders fighting violence against women; advocacy meetings for female ward commissioners and other influential women leaders; conferences for local stakeholders; and workshops for project NGOs [16]. The increase in ANC coverage and skilled birth attendance is evidence of improved follow-up by health staff and community outreach workers, and increased access and health seeking behavior due to the project's efforts in behavior change through information, education and communication activities. Television advertisements and other promotional materials regarding the health services were also found to be effective modalities of information, but need to be improved as 15.1% of adults in the survey could recall the contents, material and messages of the campaigns [24].
The endline evaluation of the BCCM component reports that there was an increase in the visiting patterns of adults to UPHCP-II health facilities, which shows awareness of the program and heightened initiative of seeking health services [17]. There was development in pregnancy-related knowledge, prenatal and postnatal child care, vaccination, acute respiratory infection, prevention of sexually transmitted infections and improved awareness that treatment is available for such diseases. Adults who visited the health facilities had positive feedback on the quality of the service delivery, and advised their neighbors and relatives to visit the health facilities for services.
The project was found to be effective in delivering health services with positive impact on various health indicators examined in terms of reduced diarrhea and acute respiratory infection in children, which could explain the downward trend in child mortality rate. Moreover, the project also improved antenatal care and skilled birth attendance. Contraceptive prevalence and HIV/AIDS awareness and avoidance increased, while sexually transmitted infection decreased.
The increase of antenatal care coverage, improvement in breastfeeding practices of women, decrease in diarrhea and acute respiratory infection prevalence, and increase in skilled birth attendance could explain the reduction of U5MR and other indicators of child mortality in project areas, and improvement in the overall nutritional health of children. Still, malnutrition in Bangladesh is complex and remains persistent with factors ranging from poverty and hunger, low rates of exclusive breastfeeding, inadequate complementary feeding, and recurrent infections [21].
Effectiveness of the project was also seen through improved quality of care as a result of a quality assurance supervisory mechanism, capacity-building activities, and health facilities established in close proximity to beneficiaries. The pro-poor delivery of health services was found to be effective due to a behavior change campaign that reduced health inequalities across wealth classes. Wide campaign coverage coupled with effective and efficient delivery of health service increased the receptivity of the beneficiary population and enhanced the impact of the project. Fees for health services for clients with capacity to pay helped NGOs meet their contractual income targets and indirectly contributed to the project's sustainability.
Moreover, previous studies observed improved satisfaction of clients to the project. The patients expressed satisfaction with the UPHCP-II because of the close proximity of the strategically positioned health facilities to maximize accessibility. The patients also highlighted the good quality of service as another reason for their satisfaction with the project [25].
The total number of health services provided by the NGOs increased over time. It was initially observed that the cost per service was relatively high, but had decreased toward the end of the project implementation period as NGOs began to become accustomed and recognized by the community in their respective project areas [25]. Moreover, the capacity of NGOs increased as measured by the availability of staff, training, management of equipment and drugs, infection prevention, waste disposal, and use of registers [16]. These observations imply that the NGOs were becoming efficient in service delivery over time as a result of increased skill of the health personnel through capacity building and added innovations in management and implementation.
UPHCP-II was effective in improving the health status of the urban population in the project area. However, continuous efforts should be invested further to improve the nutritional status of children to reduce the prevalence of wasting. Safeguards should be set in place to actively mitigate the acute effects of malnutrition due to sudden economic shocks or political turmoil, and natural calamities. Behavior change communication and marketing activities could still be improved to increase breastfeeding practices despite the emerging economic opportunities available for women. Furthermore, PNC coverage and skilled birth attendance could still be improved, which would further reduce neonatal and infant mortality. This could be achieved by improving post-delivery health seeking behavior, quality of care, and by making sure that health services are easily accessible by the beneficiaries, particularly urban poor and mobile populations. For instance, the informal private-for-profit providers located in poor slum settlements fill an important gap in coverage where formal provision is largely absent and limited to a few NGOs providing primary care on specific days and hours of the week. Formal service delivery efforts can learn from successful strategies and prioritize the provision of affordable and quality care close to where the poor reside and at hours convenient to the working population [26].
A system of accounting all the target beneficiaries and their health status would also be vital in ensuring that the essential needs of the individual or household are provided regardless of the NGO providing the health services. This issue arises due to the mobility of project beneficiaries who transfer to or from a project area, and it could be addressed by providing each beneficiary a unique identification. The identification system could build on the existing structure of the health entitlement cards. Such a system would allow the monitoring of health status and health care utilization across different facilities in different geographic areas. It could also enable the measurement of project impact from the national or community level down to the individual or household level.
Furthermore, several primary health care projects are simultaneously present in urban Bangladesh. Increased harmonization across these projects is essential to maximize collective impact towards distributing benefits equitably across the population. Amidst rapid urbanization, new approaches to sustainable financing, efficient governance, and enhanced engagement of partners which are responsive to the dynamic conditions of the urban poor are crucial to assure greater effective coverage of comprehensive and continuous essential health services [27]. The coordination among donor institutions should include dialogue in setting clear delineation of program areas to minimize redundancy of benefits, and to fully optimize the delivery of health services. Forming an interoperable data platform across all urban health facilities from various projects would be beneficial for monitoring the health status of urban population. With this platform, improved measures of project effects can be generated as well as evidence for informing urban health policies and guiding responses to changing primary health care needs.
In order to accelerate toward universal health coverage, innovations such as government strategic purchasing of health services by contracting private and NGO sectors, high coverage of essential services, strong referral networks, strong cadre of community health workers, and ambitious experimentation and research in proven, cost-effective interventions, which were integral to Bangladesh's impressive achievements in health need to be sustained [28]. Lessons learned from the UPHCP-II experience and this impact evaluation study are aimed at enhancing effective design, implementation, management, and delivery of health services in ongoing and future urban health interventions to achieve effective and sustainable universal health coverage.
Not applicable.
Authors' contributions
Conceived and designed: MLA and BC. Contributed materials and analysis tools: SKB. Wrote the paper: MLA, BC and SKB. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.
The authors received no specific funding for this work.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
A Technical Review Committee chaired by Director General, National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT) and comprising various stakeholders from the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Local Government Division, Urban Primary Health Care Project, Directorate General of Family Planning, Directorate General of Health Services, etc. approved the study.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
MLA was a consultant for Asian Development Bank and contributed to the impact evaluation research. SKB is from the National Institute of Population Research and Training, Bangladesh—the institution that administered the baseline and endline surveys. BC is an Asian Development Bank official and managed the project during the closing stage. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this study are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent.
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- 28.Adams AM, Ahmed T, El Arifeen S, Evans TG, Huda T, Reichenbach L. Innovation for universal health coverage in Bangladesh: a call to action. Lancet. 2013;382:2104–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Open Access The Article is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as appropriate credit is given to the IGO, a link is provided to the Creative Commons licence, and any changes made are indicated. This license enables owners of copyright- or database-protected content to waive the rights they hold in their works and thereby dedicate them to the public domain, to the extent permitted by law, so that others may freely build upon, enhance and reuse the works for any purposes without restriction under copyright or database law.


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A Most Wanted Man is the third feature film directorial effort by Anton Corbijn (1955, The Netherlands), and also the third film for which he's taken still photographs during shooting and produced a diaristic photobook afterwards. The resulting work, Looking at A Most Wanted Man, is a reportage of theView book
filmmaker Anton Corbijn has worked with some of the biggest names in music and Hollywood, creating a slew of monographs in the meantime. His latest book, Waits/Corbijn '77-'11, brings together images from a long-term collaboration with friend and musician Tom Waits. Including 145 images that Corbijn has takenView book
Berkom, Claudette van de Rakt, Chris Bonis, Bart van Baardwijk, Daan Verschuur, Merel van Beukering, Klaartje Esch, Cath Hermans, Tanya Long, Maarten Corbijn, Fren Nabuurs, Judit Hettema, Iris Box, and Morena Romijn. The exhibition can be viewed from 12pm to 5pm on Saturday June 16th and Sunday June 17thView article
In honor of Inside Out - the documentary about Anton Corbijn which is being released on March 22nd at the Berlin Film Festival- the makers of the documentary are organizing a competition in collaboration with photography magazine DIGIFOTO Pro. You are invited to participate in the competition by postingView article
On February 17th, the documentary "ANTON CORBIJN INSIDE OUT " by filmmaker Klaartje Quirijns will go into premiere at the Berlin Filmfestival, providing us with a peak inside the life of this fascinating man. The documentary sketches an intimate portrait of the filmmaker, photographer, artist, designerView article
The latest book of renowned music photographer Anton Corbijn, Inwards and Onwards, offers a selection of his photography focusing on artists, both musical and visual. The book includes 36 square-format images in his distinguished black and white style, taken between 1994 and 2011, and includes artistsView book
Anton Corbijn's works have been awarded with the prestigious Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds Prize 2011. The winning amount is 150.000 euro and half of it will go into a culture fonds of which Corbijn can decide which name it's going to carry and what it's mission will be. This will be announced thursdayView article
with portfolios of international photographers like Robert Capa, Helmut Newton, Henri Cartier-Bresson, Man Ray as well as Dutch heroes like Anton Corbijn , Rineke Dijkstra, Gerard Fieret and many, many more. Also former GUP collaborators as well as exhibitors at Naarden Photo Festival Rob Hornstra, KoosView article
Anton Corbijn, the shy ministers son who has become as famous as the rock stars he photographs. Its not impossible but has become extremely difficult, because the music industry has changed drastically since Corbijn published his first photos in the New Musical Express 30 years ago. Anton Corbijn, bornView article
The rock photographers I most admire, who include Pennie Smith, Barrie Wentzell, Lex van Rossen, Al Wertheimer, Bob Gruen, Kevin Cummins, Anton Corbijn, Kate Simon and Dennis Morris, all worked for the music press in the '70s. This was not well-paid work. On the contrary, it was barely survival ratesView article
I admire greatly Elliott Erwitt's ability to capture documentary shots that have a very humane, warm and cleverly humorous quality to them. Anton Corbijn uses his intuition wonderfully to create unusual portraits in the environment in which he meets his subjects. What kind of concerts and artists doView article
Anton Corbijn's second film is a fact. After Control (2007), for The American he took his inspiration from the short story A Very Private Gentleman by Martin Booth. But Corbijn wouldn't be Corbijn if he didn't capture anything on camera. Inside The American is his photographic diary of the shooting processView book
about the turbulent life of Joy Division front man Ian Curtis (1956-1980), Anton Corbijn kept a diary. A visual diary, in which photos are accompanied by handwritten notes and here and there a sketch. In this way, Corbijn takes you through the entire creative process of the making of this legendary filmView book

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Blood Ties - Book 2 of the Noble of Blood series, is out today! Pick up where Dartein left off at the end of Blood Price and see what magic unfolds as the drama heightens!
NEW BOOK RELEASE: Blood Ties is out today!
A L Wright Updated
- dark fantasy
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Frontier Christmas
December 7 @ 6:00 pm - 8:30 pm
The Annual Frontier Christmas is a featured holiday highlight of "Arizona's Christmas City" Prescott. Luminarias, hand-made decorations, fresh-baked cookies and hot cider welcome locals and out-of-town visitors to celebrate a full dose of holiday spirit and good cheer on the Museum grounds immediately following the Prescott downtown Courthouse lighting ceremony. Admission is $5 and children, 17 and under are free, to celebrate the warmth and spirit of "Christmas past" as the Museum (and the City) puts on its holiday finest. Co-hosted by Findlay Toyota of Prescott. Refreshments courtesy of Safeway, Prescott Valley


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Many today have turned to purchasing medical equipment online. Not only are most on-line sources of medicines and medical supplies much cheaper than in a drugstore or other institution, but such products from Canada will also be cheaper to start with, and among many causes of this is a result of the exchange rate. The value of the Canadian dollar are lower compared to that of the US dollar. Coupled with being offered on-line at a lower cost, you can understand why so many are turning to exactly the web for their medical needs.
Are the drugs the same from Canada to everywhere else? You could find that lots of the brand names which you are acquainted with may appear unavailable. This is mainly due to how Canadian authorities does things somewhat differently with regards to regulations and laws concerning the names of drugs. Generic, or No title drugs, which contain the very same ingredients as these well known brand names, are accessible and in a lower cost. Canadian medical supplies like medical lab equipment can be much more affordable as well. Internet based shops on-line dealing in Canadian medical equipment have earned accreditations and end up being well trusted sources for supplying affordable, yet top quality solutions.
Most Trusted Online Pharmacies
The best on-line pharmaceutical web stores are fully accredited and offer a dependable and safe service to customers all over the world. So long as you've a valid original prescription given to you by an accredited doctor, you can place an order and receive your shipment. Now, even if Canadian medical supplies can be gotten on-line for very little cost, it is still common sense to check out exactly the supply store in question. Research exactly the company – are they in good standing with exactly the Better Business Bureau? Are all transactions done safely, with encryption protection and on a secure server? How attentive is their help desk staff? Ask a lot of relevant questions.
Ask about exactly the cost of delivery, about exactly the quality of their products, and about any policies which they've – do you get satisfactory answers? As soon as they check out, finding a good resource because of all of your medical transactions will end up with your saving a lot of expenses and without compromising on your health in exactly the slightest. Most pharmacies that run on-line can be very client friendly and offer a very timely service to their clients. More likely than not, client support agents may have a background, involving pharmaceutical work and are well informed. Ask them questions pertaining to the drug or supplies you that require. See that they've a few ways to contact them – a tool free telephone number, and an email address.


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Injury Types
Road accidents and occasionally medical mistakes, can cause catastrophic damage to both children and adults.
If the person concerned is either too young or mentally incapable of bringing an action for damages, the law allows for fair compensation to be applied for.
By law, it is not possible for certain categories of people to bring a claim on their own. These categories are:
- A child, which is any person under the age of 18 years.
- A person (a Protected Party) who is lacks the mental ability to make decisions for themselves owing to an impairment of their mind or brain.
People in both these categories will need another person, known as a Litigation friend (LF), to instruct solicitors on their behalf.
In most instances, parents or a relative will act as a "Litigation Friend", but where this is not possible or appropriate, a professional LF may be appointed. The "Litigation Friend" is required by law to act competently and fairly, take all decisions and have no personal interest in the claim.
Time limits
A claim for compensation for personal injury must usually be issued within 3 years of the accident, however there are exceptions and children and Protected Parties fall into that category.
For children, the time limit is three years past their 18th birthday. If, for example, someone born on 1st January 2000 had an accident in 2005, they would have until 31st December 2021 to make a claim.
For a Protected Party, they would have 3 years from the time that they were no longer disabled to make a claim. If however the person never becomes mentally able to start proceedings themselves, there is no time limit for commencing the claim.
Award of damages to children
With damages for a personal injury, whether agreed in negotiation between the parties or by a judge at trial, the Court has to approve the settlement on behalf of the child to ensure that it is reasonable and proper. Once the judge has gone through the papers, asked any relevant questions and is satisfied with the award, he will make an order approving it on behalf of the child.
Where the amount paid is of significant value, the money will remain in Court and be managed for the child.
The money retained by the court will be invested and payments will be made to the child as requested by the LF if the court thinks appropriate.
If the child is capable of managing their affairs on reaching 18, the court will transfer all funds to them.
Protected Persons
The court will also have to approve any settlement and also decide if the person is a "Protected Beneficiary". This is someone who is incapable of handling their affairs due to a mental disorder.
If they do decide, on medical evidence, that the person is a Protected Beneficiary and the award is in excess of £30,000, the court will order the LF to apply to the Court of Protection to appoint a Deputy to look after their financial affairs.
Funding your claim
We offer a full range of funding options including "No Win, No fee", whereby you do not have to pay any upfront costs and there is nothing to pay should you lose the case.


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It's hard not to stop and admire alice McCALL's 'Now Or Never' maxi dress - it's made from tiered layers of crinkled Swiss-dot chiffon that elegantly swish as you move. This pastel-pink design has a décolletage-framing V-neckline and contrasting black grosgrain ties at the waist and cuffs. Channel the runway and style yours with loose waves and a sweep of kohl.
alice McCALL Now Or Never tiered Swiss-dot chiffon maxi dress Women's Party Dresses VU6XFdZd


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Redeemer's University students get business grants
Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State has given three of its students seed funds to implement their business proposals. The students were presented their cheques on Thursday during one of the events marking the Bursary Week of the institution. According to the bursar of the university, Mrs Olutayo David, the gesture is meant to encourage entrepreneurship […]Read More


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The room that he was given was large and comfortable, it had a large bed, one larger than he had ever slept on, the mattress was so soft that he wondered what it was made from, the lavatory was amazing, flowing water in a large tub, the water was warm as if it had come… Continue reading The Wizards of Pangea – The Sorcerer Chronicles – 2
Tag: make your own way
You have a story in mind, now how do you get it written? Part 1
I've shared my personal story, first story I developed, and the first book I published. My intent was to inspire anyone who is an aspiring writer, to write your book. It doesn't matter if it is a great story, good story, a biography, personal journey, poetry, or any other type of book. It is your… Continue reading You have a story in mind, now how do you get it written? Part 1
You Need Exposure for Sales
When it come down to it the bottom line is that you need exposure in a major way if you want to make constant sales from new followers and or users and or believers in your company, product or brand and you also want to keep the veterans around. Whatever it is that you are… Continue reading You Need Exposure for Sales


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Yan Ling Lo – Ms. Lynn
Hello! I'm Ms. Lynn! I was born and grew up in Shanghai, China during the early 1960's, and I had a very unique childhood.
We did not have toys, however, friends of all ages were plentiful and always eager to play creatively. All of the kids in my community were constantly ready to jump in and make up games that we would play all day. All of the games were rich in language, and we learned a great deal about the world around us through wordplay and song. We played games like "jump over the camel", where one of us would bend down as a camel would on four "legs", and the rest would jump over. The child who played the camel would slowly rise up to increase the difficulty level. We would count and chant as the children tried their hardest to clear the camel. We also played a game with mahjong tiles and a bean bag. We would throw the bean bag up, counting as it flew through the air, and arrange the tiles into a pattern before the bean bag hit the ground. Through this game, we learned about shapes, colors and patterns. Another simple game I enjoyed so much was spinning a wet into the air and catching it with one finger while trying to keep it spinning. It was quite acrobatic and full of song and dance.
My most prominent childhood mentor was my Mother. She showed me, by example, how to teach myself anything that I wanted to learn. Her method was simple: just believe in yourself, jump into a new learning adventure and persevere until you've fully gained the knowledge or skill. She also taught me how to turn a tedious job into a fun and playful learning experience. From early on in my life, I learned how I could do anything and everything by remaining dedicated and enjoying the process.
My Mother also showed me the importance of thinking outside of the box. She was never limited or confined by tradition or convention, but rather, she was interested in the learning new things, exploring the world and constantly improving herself. Like mother like daughter, I always strive to be open, learn and fully understand myself and the world that surrounds me. After I feel confident, I concentrate on improving or creating something new. I believe that mastery brings us ultimate freedom and joy!
During my college years, I discovered my passion in learning language. I became especially interested in learning and teaching English as a second language. So, I switched my major from Chemistry to English. After graduation, I stayed on campus to teach ESL.
My family moved to the United States in 1990. I stayed home with our two children until they went to college. As my kids took their next step in education, I felt compelled to return to teaching. However, this time, instead of ESL, I taught Chinese as a second language. I helped develop and launch the first Chinese language program in Old Bridge Township, New Jersey. Within three years, the program expanded from two classes in the high school into several classes at two middle schools.
Now, as I join the wonderful Lupine Lane team, I cannot contain my excitement! Through my total dedication as their teacher, my goal is to guide the Lupine Lane kids to develop Chinese language knowledge and skill. But perhaps more importantly, I hope to share and instill the joy of learning and inspire the kids to grow within themselves every single day!


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Cedar Breaks Ccc Camp
Plate 1375X. Cedar Breaks CCC Camp 1935 – 2006 Viewed west to the old CCC Camp at the head of Long Valley. The north-south fence in the retake is the boundary of Cedar Breaks National Monument. Thus, the CCC Camp was built partly on the Dixie National Forest. The pile of material closest to the camera in the 1935 image was ash and rock from the camp's fire pit. Conifers have increased, though, many of the older spruce were recently killed by insects and disease. The meadow appears more vegetated today than it did in earlier times. Aspen visible near the left edge of the retake has not successfully regenerated in many years due to repeated browsing by deer and elk, as livestock have been excluded from the National Monument for 70 years.
Photo Information:
Original photograph taken by Avard Rogers in 1935; retake by Charles E. Kay on August 4, 2006 - - Photo No. 5710-4. Original photograph (Zion 12672) held by the National Park Service, Zion National Park, Springdale, UT.
Vegetative Community:
Conifer, Aspen, Dry Meadow
South West: Section 36, Range 9 West, Township 37 South; UTM 339150 E, 4165000 N; elevation 10,300 ft.


text: On 31/01/13 07:45, the mail apparently from Jandhyala, Anu included: > Hello, > > I picked up the support */libwebsockets-1.0-chrome25-firefox17/* > version of libwebsockets today. First of all, it is fantastic, thank you > – I did not need to define my own extension callback-hacks for > webkit-deflate-frame (in the earlier version this hack failed for > receive, but worked for sending). > > This current version works seamlessly with firefox, IOS and chrome. I > have ran it in the debugger to review the data prior to deflate/inflate. > It shows ~50% reduction in message bytes. Tomorrow I will stress test > for latencies. > > But we think the compression time is so small, we will only benefit (our > base message are in XML!!) > > Kudos, Andy Green! Thanks... it's also due to other contributors too ^^ If you are interested in latency tracking, we have been stressing it with ab for http "from outside", Edwin van den Oetelaar found it was necessary to improve servicing pending connections at the listen socket if some connections were not to get very long latencies, which was done after the 1.0 release. (I will make an soname bump and 1.1 release shortly). For websocket protocol latencies, I added yesterday a patch that can watch any interesting syscalls and confirm we don't block there http://git.libwebsockets.org/cgi-bin/cgit/libwebsockets/commit/?id=d636e35c2bc6a443ee27142f01f24a80a235dce8 For normal connections I think it's OK and we shouldn't block, but SSL requires more care which should also have been done now. Otherwise I didn't make any "ab"-style latency testing "from outside" using websocket protocol yet. Any results will be interesting. If you have a lot of activity in and out, there were also fixes after 1.0 in the rx flow control api side. If clients are too slow taking what you need to give them, a backpressure mechanism is needed to indicate this to the data source that it must slow down or stall sending. The lws_mirror protocol in the test server in HEAD shows how to do that properly now. There's also a lot of improvements around easy daemonization support and extra configure options to restrict the build to server or client only. For those reasons it might be worth trying the HEAD version of the library. -Andy


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It's graduation day for sixteen-year-old Malencia Vale, and the entire Five Lakes Colony (the former Great Lakes) is celebrating. When Cia is chosen, her father finally tells her about his own nightmarish half-memories of The Testing. Armed with his dire warnings ("Cia, trust no. Read "The Testing Guide" by Joelle Charbonneau available from Rakuten Kobo. Sign up today and get $5 off your first download. In the scarred and. your feedback! Click here. cover image of The Testing. Read A Sample. The Testing. The Testing Series, Book 1 · The Testing. by Joelle Charbonneau. ebook .
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In the scarred and war-battered United Commonwealth, ten-year-old Cia Vale watches her older brother Zeen dream about being chosen for The Testing. Editorial Reviews. From School Library Journal. Gr 7 Up-Like almost every year-old in the The Testing (The Testing Trilogy Book 1) by [Charbonneau, Joelle] .. #66 in Teen & Young Adult Science Fiction & Dystopian Romance eBooks. Editorial Reviews. From School Library Journal. Gr 6–10—In this sequel to The Testing Study (The Testing Trilogy) - Kindle edition by Joelle Charbonneau. # in Teen & Young Adult Sci-Fi Action & Adventure eBooks; # in Teen.
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A majority of job seekers, 67%, say that a diverse workforce is important when evaluating a company or job offer, according to a Glassdoor diversity hiring survey.
Yet, just 33 companies on the Fortune 500 have a woman CEO. That's an increase from last year's total of 24, but it signals that corporate America still has a long way to go in its efforts to hire and promote more women.
Looking at the roughly 900,000 employers on its platform, Glassdoor analyzed which CEOs received the best approval ratings from its staff. Out of the 100 CEOs ranked on the U.S., seven women made the cut.
Leading the pack is In-N-Out Burger CEO Lynsi Snyder, who ranked third out of 100 with a 99% approval rating. Following Snyder is Cathy Engelbert with a 97% rating. (Though Engelbert will officially take on a new role as commissioner of the WNBA on July 17, she was still CEO of Deloitte during the time period employee reviews considered for this ranking were submitted.)
These are the women who made Glassdoor's 2019 list of America's top 100 CEOs:
100. Cindy Mi, VIPKID
CEO approval rating: 90%
Employee review: "Flexible, no minimum hours or maximum hours, great pay, great parents and students!"
72. Lynne Doughtie, KPMG
CEO approval rating: 92%
Employee review: "Great work life balance. Young professionals who become friends. Hard to beat five weeks paid time off in addition to the firm holidays."
61. Tricia Griffith, Progressive Insurance
CEO approval rating: 93%
Employee review: "Flexible work arrangement, access to a lot of resources/technology, work/life balance, nice campuses, good management, a lot of different opportunities/jobs, campuses are located near shops, restaurants and park systems, pay is excellent."
53. Pamela M. Nicholson, Enterprise Holdings
CEO approval rating: 94%
Employee review: "Everyone who has succeeded in Enterprise Holdings started at the beginning as a management trainee. You have the ability to reach out to nearly anyone in any position and they will be able to relate, answer questions, and help keep you motivated. You forge relationships with other employees that last a lifetime."
52. Colleen Wegman, Wegmans Food Market
CEO approval rating: 94%
Employee review: "Management really cares about the work and their well-being. There are two yearly raises and you get awarded 20 hours pay for not taking a vacation as a part-timer, one extra dollar per hour on Sundays and there is plenty of opportunity to work more hours for more money if you just ask."
15. Cathy Engelbert, Deloitte*
CEO approval rating: 97%
Employee review: "You are assigned a coach who is invested in your career and leadership seems genuinely engaged in your success."
*Engelbert will officially take on a new role as commissioner of the WNBA on July 17. She was still CEO of Deloitte during the time period employee reviews considered for this ranking were submitted.
3. Lynsi Snyder, In-N-Out Burger
Cindy Mi, Founder & CEO of VIPKid, speaks during Fireside Chat on Day 2 of CNBC East Tech West at LN Garden Hotel Nansha Guangzhou on November 28, 2018 in Nansha, Guangzhou, China
Dave Zhong/Getty Images for CNBC International


text: Explore Dubai and broaden your horizons Brought to you by In Dubai, you'll find all the right ingredients for a sun-soaked trip. From traditional Arabic souks for shopaholics to family-friendly resorts which will keep the children occupied, there really is something for everyone to enjoy. Explore Dubai... Start now Start Exploring For foodies 16 Jul 2019, 3:00pm 10 great Indian restaurants in Dubai, including vegetarian options 13 Feb 2019, 4:30pm Seven of the best family brunches in Dubai 25 Jan 2019, 9:09am Where to find the best Emirati food in Dubai 26 Oct 2018, 11:15am A foodie's guide: the best vegetarian and vegan restaurants in Dubai For families 04 Sep 2019, 4:53pm Enjoy the perfect family winter sun holiday in Dubai 11 Mar 2019, 11:45am Why April is the perfect time to explore Dubai's best attractions 28 Jan 2019, 12:39pm A guide to the best family-friendly hotels in Dubai 27 Nov 2018, 5:51pm Six of the best theme parks and water parks in Dubai 26 Oct 2018, 11:30am The ultimate guide to a family holiday in Dubai For grown-ups 01 Aug 2019, 4:09pm Seven of the best areas to stay in Dubai 12 Jun 2019, 1:33pm Why Dubai is the next big wellness holiday destination 26 Mar 2019, 1:30pm An art lover's guide to Dubai in 24 hours 13 Mar 2019, 11:30am Incredible wedding and honeymoon destinations in Dubai 26 Feb 2019, 3:40pm 11 hipster hangouts in Dubai 20 Feb 2019, 11:30am Five of the best spa experiences in Dubai 29 Jan 2019, 5:09pm Your essential guide to the Dubai World Cup 25 Jan 2019, 9:18am The most romantic things to do in Dubai 22 Nov 2018, 3:41pm Where to find the six best golf clubs in Dubai For everyone 09 Sep 2019, 11:02am The best upcoming events in Dubai 02 Sep 2019, 12:41pm Seven things to do on a stopover in Dubai 23 May 2019, 12:44pm What to pack for a holiday to Dubai: an insider's guide 01 May 2019, 3:14pm Nine alternative places to visit on your return holiday to Dubai 15 Mar 2019, 11:45am What it's like to visit Dubai during Ramadan 12 Mar 2019, 2:39pm Why Dubai's Hajar Mountain hotspot should be top of your bucket list 20 Feb 2019, 11:45am What to do on a 24 hour stopover in Dubai 28 Jan 2019, 3:09pm What can you do on the newly refurbished Queen Elizabeth 2 hotel in Dubai? 04 Dec 2018, 5:33pm Why Dubai is the place for festive shopping 29 Nov 2018, 10:53am Luxury for less in Dubai: insider tips to live it up on a budget 26 Oct 2018, 2:14pm Dubai's souks and markets: an insider's guide 26 Oct 2018, 9:45am Dubai's most Instagrammable hotels and beach clubs


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Clicks Group Limited - Sandton, Gauteng
To efficiently execute all operational activities of the store, including expenses, stock management, shrinkage, general housekeeping and administration.
Clicks Group Limited - Morningside, Gauteng +1 location
Degree or Diploma in retail / finance management, pharmacy or related (External applicants). To efficiently manage and control all operational activities of the…
Giraffe - Randburg, Gauteng
The role also requires for the candidate to handle packing for dispatch. The role of general hand requires the applicant to assist in various hands-on tasks…
MotoVantage Holdings (Pty) Ltd - Randburg, Gauteng
Use an effective approach to handle special telephone tasks like call transfers, taking messages, call backs, holds, interruptions, and.
MotoVantage - Randburg, Gauteng
Liaison with Clients, Policy Holders, General Public, Corporate Clients & Internal Staff,. The successful candidate will be responsible for the end to end…
MotoVantage - Randburg, Gauteng
Accurate capturing of all types of business within set and provided deadlines. Capturing and validating contracts and policies onto relevant system.
SPS - Sandton, Gauteng
PSIRA Registered Certificate-Be of sober habits -Have 2+ years experience in the security field-Clear criminal recordIf interested, please EMAIL your CV to the…
Outsourced Business Solutions - Sandton, Gauteng
HR AdministratorSpecific responsibilities Recruitment and interview process administration Create and maintain recruitment and staff files Administration of…
Kaiser HR Services - Sandton, Gauteng
Must be willing to travel*. Proven track record of above average sales attainment*. Must be able to work on an Ad Hoc part time basisAttitude:
Delineate Group Pty Ltd - Randburg, Gauteng
Code B (code 8) drivers license? 5 years fleet management experience? Our client requires the service of a Fleet Supervisor for the Fleet Department situated at…
Executive Placings - Sandton, Gauteng
Microsoft Outlook with strong Excel skills Travel and Tourism Diploma or Industry Experience Knowledge of Tourplan, Maximizer, WETU, Social media platforms of…
Executive Placings - Sandton, Gauteng
Extensive knowledge of Tourplan, alternatively, another reservations system In-depth geographical, logistical and product knowledge of South, Southern and East…
Giraffe - Sandton, Gauteng
Filing, admin, Recons, completion of application forms, etc. Capturing all source documents into Pastel up to general ledger/trial balance.
Clicks Group Limited - Randburg, Gauteng
To efficiently execute all operational activities of the store, including expenses, stock management, shrinkage, general housekeeping and administration.
Dante Personnel - Sandton, Gauteng
Own vehicle with valid driver's licence. If you do not hear from us within 5 days, please accept that your application was unsuccessful.
The Joblink - Marlboro, Gauteng
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El Hurakán has 25 ratings and 1 review. Lina said: Lo que más me gustó de este libro es la forma en que Castro Caycedo entrecruza los. la bruja-German Castro. nicolaspulido LA BRUJA. INTEGRANTES: NICOLAS VARGAS. -DEIVID LEURO. -NICOLAS PULIDO. German Castro Caicedo. La bruja es una serie de televisión colombiana producida y transmitida en por Caracol Televisión. Historia basada en el libro La bruja, del escritor colombiano Germán Castro Caycedo.
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After leaving, he directed the "Enviado Especial" special correspondent TV show, which introduced the modern journalism in Colombia, for about 20 years.
Germán Castro Caycedo – Wikipedia
En Secreto Spanish Edition. An Italian citizen visits Cartagenawhere he dies for causes never truly clarified. Vastro Advertising Find, attract, and engage customers. Get fast, free shipping with Amazon Prime.
The intent of the book is to show the Indians' opinion about white people, who throughout time have been wild invaders. Amazon Renewed Refurbished products with a warranty. Vitalina Uribe dastro it really liked it Jul 04, HaroLd Amado Castro marked it as to-read Apr 01, Amazon Inspire Digital Educational Resources.
LA BRUJA by Lorena Pedraza on Prezi
Withoutabox Submit to Film Festivals. Simultaneous chronicles of conquistadores crossing the Atlantic, with slaves below decks and the jungle traps they faced, and a modern-day Colombian Navy sailing the seas, contemplating the differences in our historical evolution. Open Preview See a Problem? Are you an author? East Dane Designer Men's Fashion. Amazon Music Stream millions of songs.
La bruja (serie de televisión)
By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. The stories of some pilots in the Colombian Orinoco region, where brave men face extreme jungle conditions, flying old DC-3 airplanes to carry people, food, medical supplies, and sometimes funny payloads, like beer or animals.
Andres Dario Gutierrez Poveda rated it it was ok Oct gernan, No trivia or quizzes yet. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Alexa Actionable Analytics for the Web. This page was last edited on 17 Januaryat Castro Caycedo's stories, collected on his travels across the country, about Colombian teenagers between 18 and 25 years old. Want to Read saving…. This book relates the Colombian citizens' mass emigration to the United States, passing through Mexico.
English Choose a language for shopping. Carlose Lopez rated it really liked it Nov 28, Lists with This Book. Amazon Rapids Fun stories for kids on the go.
Sus historias cortadas de la realidad son tejidas con base en investigaciones minuciosas y vivencias propias en los lugares donde acontecen los hechos.
Available for download now.
Eduardo Martinez added it Oct 06, El palacio sin mascara. Shopbop Designer Fashion Brands. Pablo Vasquez rated it did not like it Mar 30, Colombian male writers Colombian journalists Male journalists births Living people. A love story, partly written in Russia and partly in Colombia, set by the illegal drug trade.
Candelaria Spanish Edition Jul 01, Ginebra rated it it was amazing Apr 13, Get to Know Us.
David added it Dec 03, ComiXology Thousands of Digital Comics. After studying anthropology for 3 years on the Universidad Nacionalhe worked with El Tiempo newspaper from to as a general columnist.
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The title of the book is, precisely, the last words said man wrote in his diary. Hernando added it Mar 27, Popularity Popularity Featured Price: Connie Tobar added it Nov 29, To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up. Leetha rated it really liked it Mar 17, Low to High Price: Only 1 left in stock – order soon.


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Gatwick Airport Train
Jump on the Gatwick Thameslink train and get into central London quickly and easily. Your ticket is valid any day of the year! Just skip the line at the ticket machine and hop directly on board, when you arrive. If you want to book a return ticket, you have 30 days from your outbound travel date to use it!
- Skip the line at the ticket machine and board directly
- Fully flexible: Travel at any date of the year!
- Receive your e-tickets directly into your email inbox
- The return ticket can be used any day within a month of outbound travel
- Children under 5 years old travel for free
What can I expect?
Take the Gatwick Thameslink to London
The journey to London Blackfriars takes approximately 35 minutes and the trip to London St. Pancras takes about an hour.
From Blackfriars, Farringdon and St Pancras you can easily take the tube or grab a cab to your final destination such as Piccadilly Circus, Trafalgar Square, Oxford Circus, Covent Garden, Russell Square, Kensington, Bayswater or Paddington.
How does it work?
If you book round trip tickets, the return journey back to Gatwick Airport has to be used within 30 days.
How do I get my tickets?
Shortly after your order is complete, you will receive a confirmation and receipt of your order by email.
Important information
- Please note: You must fill in first travel date on the ticket we send you. For example, if you travel from Gatwick Airport the 15th of June 2020, you must write '15th of June 2020' on your ticket.
- Please note: It is your responsibility to check the train timetable before your journey, especially the train times to and from the airport for flights that arrive or depart very early in the morning or late at night, or in case there is a limited service due to maintenance work, etc.
- We are not able to refund (either partial or in full) for tickets that cannot be used if the train timetable does not fit in with your scheduled flight arrival or departure time. If trains are cancelled due to maintenance work etc. then there will always be a replacement bus service offered.
- A ticket for this Gatwick airport train (Thameslink) is not valid on the Gatwick Express.
- On bank holidays, the Gatwick Thameslink will not run as frequently as normal, and on December 25 the Gatwick Thameslink does not run.
Maintenance work until January 2020:
Extensive maintenance and line update works are scheduled from now until at least January 2020. Departure suspensions and reduction of services per hour might occur, mostly during nights and sometime weekends. If a service is not operating for longer periods, a replacement bus service will be in place. Please account for extra time mostly on your way to the airport.
Staff are available at the stations to help you, so please ask them if you have any questions.
Ticket categories
You can order a round trip or one-way ticket between Gatwick Airport and any of the central London stations with Thameslink.
Are there child rates for the Gatwick Thameslink?
Yes, child rates are available for children between the ages of 5-15 for the Gatwick Thameslink. Children under age 5 travel free when accompanied by a paying adult (maximum 4 children can travel free for each adult).
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"Getting off the airplane and into London was efficient and smooth using this train. The only problem I had was to figure out that the ticket lets you in directly to the platform: you just have to present the ticket to the guard. At first i thought it was a voucher one had to use to redeem an actual ticket; indeed mine was just a print-out, whereaseveryone was scanning their ticket. I am glad i asked the guard who let me in."
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Create an inviting walkway or garden accent with the Gardman Westminster Garden Arch. The panels of this arbor are decorated with vertical spires topped by golden orbs under oval arches. The gentle arch of the top adds a welcoming look for your garden or yard. Horizontal bars on the top of the arch and sides add support and visual interest to the piece. For a truly personalized accent, train your vines and climbing plants to grow through the leaf pattern by weaving them in and out of the metal d
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I am new member from sweden. I have had hexacopters before but it was a couple of years ago and now I am thinking of buying a hexacopter again and I have looked at Turnigy Talon hexacopter framekit. Is this a good framekit to begin with for a beginner?
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'Unforgiven' Recap
'Unforgiven' Recap
Um. Did Snow White and Prince Charming murder Maleficent's baby?! I mean, no—of course they didn't.
密码: 童话镇, season 4, 4x14, recap
I remember visiting this website once...
It was called 'Once Upon a Time' recap: 'Unforgiven' | EW.com
Here's some stuff I remembered seeing:
'Once Upon a Time' insiders on Snow and Charming's big secret
'Once Upon a Time': Did you catch those 'Lost' Easter eggs?
'Once Upon a Time' recap: 'Darkness on the Edge of Town'
Um. Did Snow White and Prince Charming murder Maleficent's baby?!
I mean, no—of course they didn't. When Snow took a break from vague monologuing to finally confess the deep, dark secret that she and Charming had been alluding to all night—the reason she and Charming believe they must stop the Queens of Darkness once and for all, the heavy original sin that's apparently so dastardly even so much as learning of its existence could set Emma on the fast train to Evil Village—said secret was worded extremely carefully: "Because of us, Maleficent lost her child."
The key word there, of course, is "lost." (Isn't it always?) Given
's love of twisted family dynamics, chances are very good indeed that Lil' Mal isn't dead at all. In fact, I'd bet my best horned headdress that her true identity is that of a character we've already met—maybe one within Storybrooke's town line, maybe one wandering somewhere in the so-called Real World. (The smart money pegs Emma's old pal Lily as Maleficent's secret spawn; we know already that the character will pop up again in the back half of the season, and she's apparently important enough that the show decided to name a whole episode after her.)
Chances are, though, that we'll be waiting awhile for all the down-and-dirty details of how the True Luvvahs wrested away Mal's dragon baby—not to mention the reveal of who fathered said baby. (Any guesses? I'm gonna say… Scar.) In the meantime,
has us mostly treading water, especially with a fairyback that neglected to provide any real answers.
That fairyback follows Snow, Charming, and the Queens of Darkness, who accost the royal couple as soon as they return from their honeymoon. They've got a quest for the newlyweds: As the baddies explain, Regina is preparing to unleash a curse so dark "it makes that poisoned apple thing she did to you look like child's play." (That's right, Snow: It's a curse that'll… force you to
The absolute horror!) They may, however, be able to stop Regina by taking a little jaunt to
the Tree of Wisdom, a mystical plant whose wisdom can only be unlocked by two extraordinarily valiant heroes.
Snow and Charming agree to their terms uneasily, figuring that the enemies of their enemy are their friends. They're spooked, though, after a couple of red-shirt bridge guards try to pull a "you shall not pass" on the Queens of Darkness—and Maleficent responds by going full dragon and spit-roasting the poor guys. (Wait—
Why aren't they mad at her for not just flying them over the bridge?) So Snow and Charming decide to head off on their own, reaching the Tree of Wisdom before the Queens do… only to be harshly rejected by it when they attempt to ask how to stop Regina's curse.
Why, exactly, did the tree refuse to play ball? Oh, any number of possible reasons—but the one Maleficent comes up with, when she and the other Queens catch up with the Charmings, is that the baby Snow doesn't know she's carrying could be a great force for good—or, possibly, a great force for evil. That message, which seems pretty logical and straightforward (of course enormous power could go either way!), completely rattles the unborn child's parents. Clearly, "you can be
when you grow up!" is a message that isn't too common in the Enchanted Forest. The heroes and the villains uneasily part ways, but we know from the end of the fairyback that their paths will cross again—because, as Maleficent later tells Snow, she too is with child.
Maleficent is also at the center of the episode's present-day story line, even though she doesn't actually appear in this timeline until the hour's almost over. That's because Ursula and Cruella spend the ep preparing to resurrect her—and naturally, they achieve their goal by playing everyone in Storybrooke like a fiddle.
Remind me again how these two clearly malevolent mega-villains weren't kicked out of town immediately after being let inside? Anybody? Bueller?
James Bay adds some tambourine to Rihanna, Kanye West\'s \'FourFiveSeconds\'
Kelela and Arca team up for the gorgeous future-R&B track \'A Message\'
Modest Mouse share \'Of Course We Know,\' announce tour dates
Comedian Matt Braunger on pilot season, his new album \'Big Dumb Animal,\' and the science of titles
Netflix nabs Cary Fukunaga\'s \'Beasts of No Nation\'
Elizabeth Henstridge talks \'Agents of SHIELD\'...while playing \'Mario Kart\'
\'Dancing With the Stars\': 11 snap judgments on portraits
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Sales, Services Of Switchgears & Spares, Repairing / Reconditioning in LT / HT, Circuit Breakers, SF6 Gas Purifiion / Reclaiming, Testing / Calibration of Relays, Trivector & Energy Meters, H.V.Insulation tests up to 40 KV AC / DC Range, Recovery / Transfer / Purifiion of SF6 Gas from SF6 Breaker Poles as well as empty / used SF6 Gas
TM 5-684 Electrical Exterior Facilities - Ebook download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read book online. Scribd is the world''s largest social reading and publishing site. Search Search
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2017-11-1 · In a pump tube, a gas is mechanically compressed, producing very high pressures and sound speeds. The intensely heated gas produced in such a tube can be used to drive light gas guns and shock tubes. Three concepts are presented that have the potential to allow substantial reductions in the size and mass of the pump tube to be achieved.
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RF-300 Separating Series SF6 Recovery Device allows the preparation of used SF6 gas containing an inadmissibly high percentage of nitrogen or air to the desired quality so that the SF6 can be reused in gas compartments.The purity degree of the prepared SF6 gas corresponds to the IEC 60480 guideline for used SF6 gas.
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The recovery unit is suitable for SF6 electrical appliances and GIS coined electrical appliances. The device is composed of recovery system, refilling system, vacuum system, purifiion system, gas storage system according to the standard of DL/T662-1999 "sulfur hexafluoride refilling and recovery device".
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OSI is a generic, protocol independent standard, acting as a communication gateway between the network and end user. 1. TCP/IP model is based on standard. The OSI model and the TCP/IP models were both created independently. The TCP/IP network model represents reality in the world, whereas the OSI mode.
Beginners Guide to The TCP/IP Protocol Suite and networking model. Learn why protocol stacks and layers are used and the differnce between. Both the OSI and TCP/IP models for network layers help us think about the interactions that happen on the network. This blog explains how.
In this article, learn about the differences between the DoD and the OSI models and get details about the DoD's version of TCP/IP. Find useful. The OSI model and the TCP/IP models were both created independently. The TCP/IP network model represents reality in the world, whereas the OSI mode.
Another question is: If OSI had been adopted instead of TCP/IP would the internet today . Does the Internet use the TCP/IP or the OSI model?. OSI is a general model. 5. TCP/IP model cannot be used in any other application. 6. . to use TCP/IP. Why is TCP implemented instead of OSI?.
Figure 1: Networking reference layers for an example of computer sending an email. TCP/IP models made up of four layers application transport Internet network interface cards one important thing to know about the OSI. Why are the OSI and TCP/IP network models important in networking? Provide an example from one of the labs that illustrates the performance of The OSI and.
The basic difference between TCP/IP and OSI Model is that TCP/IP is a client- server model, i.e. when the client requests for service it is. Following are some similarities between OSI Reference Model and TCP/IP Reference Model. Following are some major differences between OSI Reference Model and TCP/IP Reference Model, with diagrammatic comparison below. In OSI model the transport layer guarantees the delivery of.


text: Plugin category: Admin Suggested name: EmptyReset What I want: I would like a simple plugin that when no players are in a world, it erases the world file and replaces it with a predefined world. This should work for multiple different worlds. Inside the "EmptyReset" folder, there is a config file as well as a "Worlds" folder. The worlds folder is where you place the untouched worlds to get copied when a world gets reset. The config should look something like this: --------------------------------- #Default configuration for EmptyReset #Format worlds to get reset when empty as shown below # world_folder_in_root_directory,world_folder_in_EmptyReset_worlds_folder derpworld1,cleanderp derpworld2,cleanderp derpworld3,cleanderp --------------------------------- Ideas for commands: No commands needed for this plugin. Ideas for permissions: No permissions are needed for this plugin When I'd like it by: As soon as possible If you need any more information, or don't even know what the hell I am talking about, please let me know